M0 Nutritional Herbology Probable Action 1. Stimulates the organs of the digestive tract (i.e. liver, stomach, gall bladder, pancteas) to produce digestive fluids Possible Action 1. Antileukemic activity 2, Dissolving gallstones 3. Liver ailments The primary active principles are anthraquinone compounds, 10 to 20% being O-glycosides based on emodin, 80 to 90% being C-glycosides (aloin-like) including barbaloin. These constituents have a cathartic effect through stimulating Peristalsis of the large intestine and bring about their action in six to eight hours. They are absorbed from the small intestine and act on the nerves of the large intestine. This stimulates motor propulsion in the colon. Because the anthraquinones are'absorbed, the laxative effect can be transmitted to infants of nursing mothers taking cascara, The fresh bark of cascara sagrada causes gripping and nausea, Severe cramping may also occur. Weakness due to loss of potassium, pigmentation of the mucous membranes of the colon by melanin, discoloration of the urine and hypokalemia may also result from excessive ake. The USP standards for cascara bark require that it be aged at least one year before use. DOSAGE Dried powdered bark (aged at least 1 year): 2-4 gm at bedtime Alcoholic aqueous extract (70:30) 2-5 ml at bedtime "REPARATION Alcoholic aqueous extract (70:30) (using dried powdered bark): 1 art herb to 1 part water and 2 parts alcohol. Seal and set overnight; fer and reduce volume one-half by boiling. RADITIONAL FORMULAS Lavative Blood purifier HEMICAL CONSTITUENTS 1. Volatile oils not detected 2. Fixed Oils and Resins The Major Herbs 111 ‘A. Fatty acids and resin not characterized Phenols and Phenolic Glycosid Seponins-not detected Alkaloids-not detected Other Constituents A. Moisture Content 1 fresh 72.3% 2. air dried 9.0% B. Carbohydrates 1. glucose 2. starch GENERAL REFERENCES 6, 9, 33, 42, 43, 49, 50, 51, 52, 61, 67 Common name: ‘CHAMOMIL Latin name: Anthemis noblis Family: Compositae Part Used: flowers General Classification: aromatic Systems Affected: Properties urinary, digestive, circulatory, nervous system carminative, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antibacterial, imulant, antifungal, hypoallergenic12 Nutritional Herbotogy NUTRITIONAL PROFILE (calculated on a,zero moisture basis) very, very low low ave high high Alumina 27mg Ash (toa) 62% Calcium — 672 mg Calories — 299 Cabohydats 785% onium 0.60 mg Cobalt — 5.8 omg Crude Fiber 720% Dieay fiber 38.6% Fat — 39% Tron — 7 mg Moc 202 mg Myce 5.2 mg Niacin ee 4.9 mg Phosphorus 322, mg Pasi 1320 smg Protein a ns % Rbfvin 0.43 mg Sdeiun 078 mg Silicon — 3.1 mg Sodium — 258mg Thimine 0.08 mg Tin a 10° omg Vitind 365 Tw ‘nin 26.7 mg Zine = trace FOLK HISTORY AND USE Perhaps no plant was better known to the common folk of the Middle Ages than chamomile. Old herbalists dismiss a discussion on the uses of chamomile as “Jost time and labor,” since knowledge of this herb ‘was 50 widespread. The plant is native to Eurasia and its first reported use was by early Egyptians who dedicated chamomile to their gods because of the people's belief in the plants curative powers. It has since been cultivated in North ‘The Major Herbs 113, and South America, and is presently cultivated in Belgium, France and England. Besides its medicinal virtues, chamomile finds widespread use as a flavoring agent. It is used in most major food categories including alcoholic beverages such as vermouth and a variety of bitter tonics, non-alcoholic beverages (teas), desserts, candies, ete. Chamomile is the most popular herbal tea flavor in the world. It not only provides a stimulating, carminative and hypnotic action, but also a pleasant apple-type flavor to teas. The Greeks named it “ground apple” because of its scent and morphology. The name chamomile is derived from “kamai’ (on the ground) and “melon” (an apple). The Spaniards call it “Manzanilla” or fle apple, which is also the name of an alcoholic beverage flavored with chamomile. Chamomile is also used to add a golden tint to hair and to scent chamomile shampoo formulas. It has also been used as an enema or douche and as a pomade for bathing. The Arabians used it in massage oils, Both Anthemif nobile L. All. (German chamomile) and Matricaria recutita L. (Roman chamomile) have been used for centuries for medicinal purposes. Both produce essential oils containing azulenes such as chamazulene, but vary in appearance. German chamomile oil is characteristically more blue than Roman chamomile oil ‘As medicinal agents, the two have been used for similar complaints. ‘The amount of research conducted with German chamomile indicates that there is more interest in this plant. The production of Roman chamomile has been dropping, ‘One note of caution to users of chamomile flowers; they contain pollen and are often adulterated with minor quantities of other herbs. ‘These can cause allergic reactions in some people, Therefore, those who are sensitive to these substances should take proper precautions. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES Definite Actions 1. Antimicrobial effects especially on gram positive bacteria Ge. staphylococcus aureus and candida albicans) due to volatile oil 2. Anti-inflammatory action (due to volatile oil) 3. Antispasmodic action on smooth muscles (due to volatile oil and flavonoids) 4, Antithrombotic action (due to coumarins) Probable Actions114 Nutritional Herbotogy 1. Analgesic action (due to volatile oils) 2. Antipyretic action (due to volatile oils) ‘The major effects of chamomile are due to its volatile oils. Therefore it is imperative that the freshest herb be used before the oils evaporate. Most tea bags are double sealed to insure freshness, but lose this seal when opened. Be sure to purchase high quality teas in boxes of 16 bags ot less, The actions of chamomile are strongest on the liver and kidneys where the volatile oils apparently stimulate the organs to purge themselves of toxins. To avoid a loss of volatile oils in the herb, an extract is conveniently described under preparations which can be added to teas to strengthen them. The extract may also be used alone. Chamomile is a well studied herb and most of its folk uses have been verified chemically. The volatile oils are bactericidal and fungicidal, especially against gram positive bacteria (e.g. staphylococcus aureus) and Candida albicans. The oil is also analgesic, antispasmodic, anti- inflammatory, antipyretic and antianaphylactic (hypoallergenic), ‘The major constituents of the oils are: chamazulene (antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antiinflammatory), famesene, (-) bisabolol (anti- inflammatory), en-yn-dicycloether (smooth muscle relaxant Azulenes have been documented to be both hypoallergenic and anti- inflammatory. Azulenes were shown to prevent allergic seizures in guinea pigs as long as 60 minutes after administration. The prevention of allergic seizures suggests that azulenes work by inhibiting the release of histamine. (Bisabolol is one of the principle components of German chamomile. Itis anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimycotic, and uleer- protective with a low toxicity. (-)Bisabolol inhibited ulcer development induced by indomethacin, stress and ethanol in animals. The time was decreased by ()bisabolol for the healing of ulcers from chemical stress (such as acetic acid) or heat coagulation. The medicinal properties of German chamomile are most often attributed to chamazulene, -bisabolol and its oxides, and cis-en-yn- dicycloether. However, the flavonoids and coumarins must also be considered active principles. Many flavonoids exert the following beneficial effects on capillaries: 1. chelation of metals, retarding vitamin C oxidation 2. antithrombotic effects 3. stimulation of the Many flavonoids have antiviral and antibacterial activity as well Both flavonoids and the coumarins have an antispasmodic muscle relaxant effect The Major Herbs 115 DOSAGE 1. Dried powdered flowers: 1-4 gm thrice daily 2. Tea: 2-4 gm thrice daily 3, Aleoholis Aqueous extract (70:90) 1040 ml thrice daily PREPARATION 1. Alcoholic Aqueous extract (70:30) | ‘A. add 1 part fresh herb to? parts alcohol. Seal and set overnight; filter. : B. add 1 part air dried herb to 3 parts water and 8 parts alcohol Seal and set overnight; filter. TRADITIONAL FORMULAS 1. Kidney formulas 2. Liver formulas 3. Antigas formulas 4. Poultices 5. Sedative formulas CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS 1. Volatile ois (0.241.955) A. Flavonoids (antispasmodic) 1. apigenin apigetsin 2 3 4 5 6 Cou116 Nutritional Herbology 1. umbellferone 2. hernianin 4. Saponins-not detected ! 5. Alkaloids-not detected 6. Other Constituents A. Moisture content 1. fresh 81.2% 1 sugars (uncharacterized) 3 acd) tach Polysaccharide (consisting mainly of D-galactouronic GENERAL REFERENCES 9, 26, 33, 34, 35, 49, 50, 51, 52, 61, 67, 68, 69 oe ‘Common name: Latin name: Family: Part Used: General Classification: Systems Affected: Properties: CHAPARRAL Larrea tridenta Zygophyllaceae whole herb bitter stomach, intestine, lungs antiseptic, antibiotic, parasiticide, alterative, expectorant, diuretic ‘The Major Herbs 117 NUTRITIONAL PROFILE (calculated on a zero moisture basis) very very low low ave high high Am 29.0 mg htt) Soe Calcium EE oe Gd Calories as eed Cbohydts (ese nin og mB Cobalt as 93 mB Cade ibe eae Dietary br a2 2 Fat es ase) 2) Iron — 3B Mersin we ™s Manganese * 5.2 mg Niacin - i Phosphous uaa ms ri 1370 mg. Protein ss os 2 bi 017 mg Sct a =e Silicon a st Be Sodium a ae ™s hrc 0.51 mg Tin — 14 mB nie tile BY ‘inn eo ae pos = trace FOLK HISTORY AND USE Chaparral is a strongly scented, olive green shrub native to the Sonoran, Mojave and Chihuahuan deserts of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Chaparral is an Indian name referring broadly to any dense thicket of shrubs growing in alkali soils. Today it is better known as the Greasewood or Creosote bush. This is in reference to the characteristic odor it pervades, especially after a rainstorm. ‘The Maricopa and Pima Indians of the United States boiled the18 Nutritional Herbology branches to extract the gum. The decoction was used for stomach and digestive difficulties. ' Spanish colonizers of the southwest deserts found the native Americans using an aqueous extract of the leaves and twigs as a tea to ‘reat a wide variety of ailments, including arthritis, cancer, venereal disease, tuberculosis, bowel cramps, rheumatism and colds. One MEDICINAL PROPERTIES Definite Action 1. Antimicrobial; a 2. “Antioxidant act Probable Action 1. Expectorant effects (due to volatile oil) 2. Diuretic effects (due to volatile oil) 3. Antispasmodic effects on smooth muscles (due to flavonoids) 1. Antitumor activity As might be expected, most of the attention focused on chaparral tea in recent years is concerned with the use of the herb, and its prineipal ingredient, nordihydroguariaretic acid (NDGA), NDGA is a potent antioxidant, especially for fats and oils. As such, was once thought to be potentially useful in the treatment of cancer. Early studies in rats did indicate that NDGA exerted an inhibitory effect on some tumor cells, but follow-up studies with the tea in human beings have not confirmed the rat studies, Further study on the antitumor potential of chaparral seems in order since other antioxidants such as beta-carotene and vitamins C and E have found a place in both cancer prevention and cancer therapy. Other properties of chaparral are more straight forward. One known active agent is the resin which makes up 15 to 20 percent of the herb. This phenolic resin provides antimicrobial, antioxidant and antispasmodic effects associated with the herb. NDGA has been widely studied and has proven to be antibacterial, antifungal and antipara: it is especially effective against skin bacteria The antispasmodic effects are probably provided by the flavonoids which include ternatin, herbacetin and gossypetin. The volatile oils, as wellas the phenolic resin, account fo ing properties that provide the stimulus for the expectorant and diuretic effects of the herb. The Major Herbs 119 iatism and cold formu! ‘The traditional uses of chaparral in rheum: eae are based on ths irtation stimulus that rid the body of toxins, Th herbalso has antibiotic principles that affect the intestinal flora as DOSAGE ie da 1. Dried powdered herb 1-2 gm thi 2: Aqueous exact (Bt water tea 1 cup hice daily 5: Aqueous stoke exact 630 12 mite daly Not: Active principos are hot water and alcohol soluble TRADITIONAL FORMULAS 1, Blood purifier formulas 2. Arthritis formulas 3. Respiratory formulas 4. Cancer formulas CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS 1. Volatile oils (0.1 0.25%) A. Terpencids ‘alpha and beta pinene limonene campene boreal ‘camphor igamma-endesmol calamenene any Ketones (provide characteristic odor ofthe pl shexen-3-one B._ Resin (see phenols and phenalic glycosides) 3, Phenols and Phenolic Glycosides A. Resin 1, Mlavonoids 20 have been characterized, including biotic, antifungal, antioxidant principle) iydroguariaretic acid (NDGA) bother ignanes related to NDGAB. Carbohydrates 1 sugars 2. starch 3. gum GENERAL REFERENCES 1, 9, 11, 12, 37, 38, 43, 45, 51, 53, 79 Common name: (CHICKWEED Latin name: Stellaria media Family: Caryophyllaceae Part Used: whole herb General Classification: bitter Systems affected: Girculat latory, respiratory, urinary, diges Properties: diuretic, demulcent, anipyretic NUTRITIONAL PROFILE (calculated on a zero moisture bas very very low low ave high high el 196 mg hi) 15.7% me 10 mg a 213 Carbohydrates 60.2 * Chromium a 11 mg Cobalt a 1 mg Crude Fiber 1.8 Dicry ber 32.9 ® Fat Es 48 % Iron _——————— 2530 mg i 529mg \_ nse 15.3 mg Niacin — a7 mB his 493 mg i 1840 mg, Eee 21.7 * — 013mg = 043 mg Silicon — 15.7 mg ‘Sodium —_—— 7 mg Thiamine a 0.21 mg Tin - trace imi 79 UO — 69 mB nd $2 mg FOLK HISTORY AND USE Chickweed is one of the most common weeds in the world, native to all temperate regions of the wo yecause it blooms as early as March jout the summer. Its seeds are scattered by the wind. feed pollen is a common cause of allergies in the spring, yet the air-dried herb very seldom provokes an allergic reaction.Reading list Anderson, FJ. An illustrated history of the herbals. Colurm- bia University Press: New York, 1977, Blunt, W. & Raphael, S. The illustrated herbal. Frances Lincoln/Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 1979. Boxer, A. & Back, P. The herb book. Octopus Books: London, 1980. British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Parts 1~3, British Herbal Medicine Association: London, 1976~81. Dyer. S. A pocket book on herbs. Octopus Books: London, 1982, Eagle, R. Herbs, useful plants. BBC Publications: London, ~ 1981 Fitter. R.. Fitter, A. & Blamey, M. The wild flowers of Britain and northem Europe, 3rd edn. Collins: London, 1974, Grieve, M. A modern herbal (ed, & introd. by C-F. Leyel). Penguin Books: London, 1976, Griggs, B. Green pharmacy: a history of herbal medicine. Jill Norman & Hobhouse: London, 1981 Griggs, B. The home herbal: a handbook of simple remedies. Jill Norman & Hobhouse: London, 1982, Grigson, G. The Englishman's flora. Paladin Books: St Albans, Herts, 1975, Groves, E. Growing herbs. The Herb Society: London, 1977. Growing herbs. The Herb Society: London, 1977. Hepper, F.N. Bible planus at Kew. HMSO: London, 1981 Hlava, B. & Lanski, D. A guide in colour to kitchen herbs ‘and spices. Octopus Books: London, 1980. Inglis, B. Natural medicine. Collins: London, 1979. Launert, E. The Hamlyn guide oedibleand medicinal plants of Britain and northern Europe. Hamlyn: London, 1981. Law, D. The concise herbal encyelopedia, 2nd edn. John Bartholomew: Edinburgh, 1982. Useful addresses British Lane House, Cowling, Keighl Tel. 0535 34487 bal Medicine Association W. Yorks BD22 0 LX. ‘The Herb Society 34 Boscobel Place, London SW1W 9PE. Tel. 01-235 1530 Le Strange, R. A history of herbal plants, Angus & Robert son: London, 1977, Leung, A.Y. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients swsed in food, drugs and cosmetics. hn Wiley: Chichester and New York, 1980. Loewenfeld, C. & Back, P. The complete book of herbs and spices, 2nd edn. David & Charles: Newton Abbot, 1978, Loewenteld, C. & Back, P. Herbs for health and cookery. Pan Books: London, 1965. ‘Martindale's extra pharmacopoeia, 27th edn, Pharmaccuti- cal Press: London, 1977. Masefield, G.B., Wallis, M., Harrison, S.G. & Nicholson, B.E, The Oxford book of food plants. Oxford University Press: London, 1979. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. British poison ‘ous plants, 2nd edn. Reference book 161. HMSO: London, 1968. Culinary and medicinal herbs, 4th edn. Reference book 325. HMSO: London, 1980, Mitton, F. & Mitton, V. Miton’s practical modern herbal. Foulsham: London, 1982. Page, M. & Stearn, W.T. Culinary herbs. Wisley handbook 16. The Royal Horticultural Society: London, 1979, Polunin, O. Flowers of Europe. Oxford University Press: London, 1979. Reader's Digest nature lover’ library. Field guide tothe wild flowers of Britain; Field guide to the trees and shrubs of Britain. Reader's Digest: London, 1981 Schauer, T. A field guide to the wild flowers of Britain and Europe. Collins: London, 1982, Stobart, T. Herbs, spices and flavourings, Penguin Books: London, 1977. ‘Stuart, M. (ed.) Eneyelopedia of herbs and herbalism. Orbis Books: London, 1979 (also published in an abbreviated form as The colour dictionary of herbs and herbalism, 1982). Thomson, W.A.R. (ed.) Healing plants: a modem herbal. Macmillan: London, 1980, Trease, G.E. & Evans, W.C. Pharmacognosy, 12th edn. Bailligre-Tindall: London, 1983, Botanical Society of the British Isles fo Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 SBD National Institute of Medical Herbalists 148 Forest Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN2 SEY. ‘Tel. 0892 30400 Index of scientific names ‘Numbers in bold type refer to main entries A Abies bates 228 “eh milo 19,49 “rok prrmice 80 “conta nape 34,8 ‘Acoru calms $2 ‘Adoni esas 83 ‘Adonis ana $3 ‘Adoni ataratis 53 ‘Adonis verte 36,53 ‘esas higpocasion 54 ‘Agron expatora 19,85 Agropyron repens 56 “Alchemitavugoris $8 ‘Ache sontochlora $8 Allan copa 89 Allan ste 19, 59,60 ‘Almas guinase 61,253 ‘sinat neane ‘Alma os 1 Alinae firs 39,57, 62,187 ‘thoes ree 57 Amygdates commmunis 234 “Anchsaofeialis 6 “Anchusa tncorie 63 “anemone hepatica 168 “Anatom gravels 19,64 “Angelia archangaica 19,68 “angela str 6S “Antnmaia dice 66 ‘anthem nobis 12 “Ars anerris 67 “Arion ai 181 Archangel ofcinals 68 Arcsephpoe unaars 7, 9, Arstlchia clematis 7. “Armoracialpoifla 72 ‘Grice montana 73 ‘neon abn 74 317Anemia bens 78 “Anemia rac 19,76 ‘anomie vulgare 77 Sarum mecaatin 35,78 ‘Asoram eropacum 79 “Asperai odorata 151 “Asranta major 80 “Ampex horns 108 ‘arples pee 106, “Aropa belladonna 34, 81,168, Aven fara #2 Avena sativa 2 B Ballo miro #8, 189 ‘els peronis Berbers vulearis BS Besoies officals 278 Beads pent 86 Borage officinalis 19, 63,87 Prasca nigra #8, 270 Bryon iba 34,89. Boni dice 40 ‘Buplsroiderorensis 183 ‘Bra sempervirens 35,90 © Calenduteofratr 19,91 alin vagais 9 absentia 98 (Cannabis sana 35,34, 150 Capel urs paso 98 CCpstci am 6 Cana cae 98,119, Casi anpusifie 11,159, CCemurium eryhraee 100,194 Contarino 100 (Conan vulgare 238 Caria ana 101 (Chamaermelur noble 19,102, 104, 108 Gramaenerion ngusiotum 140 Chamomile rete 19,103, 102,253 Chamomile uovetens 04 (Chetan maj 105,240 ‘Chenopon atoam 106 {Chenopodium ambresiides 106 Chrsaiheru “ierarfoluom 107 Chrsamieraa.pathoiam 19, rena are 108 Cohort ingue 110 (Ges vier 35-411 incon sucinibre 147 laiesps purpurea 38,112 Clematis ete 35 413, (Cnc dened 11 Cocherin armoracis 2 Colchicum autunnale 35,15, 235 Cont maculata 38,136 (Cons ambigus 133 (Console regal 38,133 Comallaria majats 35,107 Comet sept 98 Coma enacts 118 Conan svn 199 (Coro varia 38 128 (Corda buoe 121 Coats cave 35,121, Crataegus 123,124 asrgus money 123,124 aang orca 123 Gucwrite pepo 126 ‘Gumi mim 197 Chdomi oblonga 127 318 {Cynanchum vinctoicm 300 ara cords 28 Gyn scoparia 129 ecto majalis 202 Daphne meseram 35,130 Dane sramonart 35,131 Daucus carota 132 Delphine 133 Delphi console 38,133 Delphiniem sephsegra 133 ictus abs 138 igual ambioua 138 Digs grandiflora 35,138 Diguats ona 35.138. 136 Dia paren 38138187 Drosera rosie 138 Dryopersflzomat 35,139 ‘lym repens $6 Epilobium angusifolum 140 Enuise arvene 141 Equsenon pate 18 Enea wae 92 Enigeron canadensis 118 Ezrac enim YOO ‘lpi ofa 19,142 Fagopyrum eral 143 ‘agopyram ttc 83 ‘ara vena 340, Flipendde mara 144 Focnculam vugore 19, 64,148, 159 Fraprl mowchae 146 Pragaria vesce 87,146 Fronpul amas 248 Pracinasexcson 147 Fimaria officinale 148 Gap officinalis 49 Galop seen 180 Gatun odorata 181 (Genisatsoria 183 Geren robertianam 138 Geum arbanamn 156 Glechomshedercee 187 Gone max 158 ines glare 199 Grate officinalis 35,160 Hedera her 5,89, 197 161 eine anne 482 ‘Hellebors niger 8,35. 163 eliebora purpurascens 63 Helledora vn 168 epatea nobis Vet Herr glabra 165, 265 Herr brats 168 Mippophac rhamnoides 16 ramus ape 19,167 yoscyommiger 35,168 Hiyperica perforaum 19, 169 yperc eraprerum 162 Hymoput ofits 170 Impersonation 212 Ina Fei 9.171 Irs floronina V2 ‘is pala 112 {rs peudacorus $2 ats ancora 153 usin rep 148,173 “unipera commas 174 ‘Libr anagyroider 35,178 Lacwca save 178 aemeaserita 196 acca vice 85,196 ™ Lami lum 377 Lean angus 19,178 Lavandula imermedio 178 ‘Lavandula 178 Lavandula ofits 178 Lavandula pce 178 Lawson ners 63 ‘Leona cardio 479 Levitcum offcnate 160 Linariavdgoris 184 Lina statism YB “Litaspermam arvense 183 Lahespermam officinale 8 Lobartapubmonaria 27 ‘yeopedim annoinam 185 peopodiun lavatam 184 {yeopus europaeus 18 “Lyeopes vigiat 18S {ysimachia mommaara 186 Majorana horns 203 ‘Move moschase 188, ‘Matha neg 188 ‘Mate sess 57,187 Mais sexs mavritanica 188 Marmibiu valgare 19,189 ‘Matricar chamomila WO Matricara maricaroies 104 Marsa resi 108 Melon offina 190 ‘Melisa ofernalis 19, 191, 196 Menthe enspa 192 Mentha» piper 19, 192,198, 268 Mentha spicata 193 ‘Menyanhe erfolna 194 ‘Nava dice 287 ‘Naruto ofinale 198 etumbo mater 198 ‘Nepesetaria 19,196 Nigta damascene 197 ‘gel save 197 phar tee 198 ‘Nymphace alba 199 ‘Nomphoes pypnace 199 ‘Ocimum basic 19, 200 noni opens 201 Orcs more 302 ‘Ongonum disarms 134 ‘Onigoum majorana 19,203,204 Origen onies 203, Onigamum vugore 203,208 ual accent 208 Paeonis officiate 206 Papaveraemne 208 Papaer brats 38,207 Paper darian 208 Papaver ornate 207 ‘Papaverrhowar 207,208 Paper somoiferum 38.207, Perse fagrans 240 Penis hybrids 210 ‘arose espn 19.214 ‘Peucedanurn oxrthiu 212 Phawote cosines 213, Praseoks naar 213 Phasols valor 213 ‘Prats atehengt 214 Pompoels aria 625218 Pimpinel major 216 Pimpin ssifrage 286 Pings vupors 247 Pinus mage 218 Pins ig 218 Pinus nobus 218 Pinus sens 218 Planago lanceolata 219 Pranego ova 219 Pleas py 219 Polyps amara 220 Potygla vulgaris 220 Poiygonanon maifloram 221 Polygonanon odorata 324 ‘Polygonatam erin 221 Polygonum avculere 222 Polygonum bstora 19,223 oipgonum dropier 224 Polygonum laparifotum 228 Polyptian sdgare 226 ‘opus abe 227 Popa busaifers 225 Pops candcans 238 Popul gleados 228 Populus nigra 227,228 Populus remade 237,228 Pops remade, 228 Potraeanerina 229 Prim iaior 234 Pramas vers 19.294 Primal valgare'231 Prine ugar 232 Prana av 233,235 Prune eraifors 333 Pram eras 389 Prunus domerica 236 Prone das 233,284 Pram lara 233 Pron pose 233,238 Prams persica 7,333 Prams Spnese 67,233,236 Piimonaria angio 297 Pudmonaris officnate 297 Pulmonars saccharate 27 Pyrehru cinerea 107 era prace 398 Quer rer 238,238 R Ramaneuts feria 105,240,265, Raphorasrphanianen 23).29) Rephans sates Da ‘has etercns 242,249 Pharma rang 34 Rheum ofc as eum paar 248 ‘hea pom 284 icin comands 38,206 Robina peatoacaa 35287 ‘ie “ on caina 268 Fone contfotio 29 Rone dace 239 ‘ows gate 39 eunarinas offers 250 It pepe Bt Rabie acorn 381 Rubus freteona 282 ‘uaa 19, 67.283 umes ce 308 ‘a graveotos 384 Sali fagat255 ‘Sat rare 255 Sati feta 19,286 Sombucu but 258 Scat ir 255, 29,240 Sambuca acemone 260 Sanguorba minor 19,261 Sonputorb oficats 261 Senta earopen 262 ‘Saupe granules 255. ‘Sauyiape ronda 265 ‘Scvophaia noeon 266 ‘Scat cera 112 Sedu are 35,267 Sedu ben 367 Sompervvun tecoam 268Sotdeg virgoures 19, 272 Sophora japonica 143,273 Sorbus ancupara 274 ‘Spirace maria tad Tarasacam officinale 19,277 Tamu tacate 35,278 Tener chamaeyg 279 Teucron sorodonia 278 Thymus cards 250 Thyymas proce 280 Thymatpulegoider 280 Thymus serpy 289,281 Thymus vulgar 19, 20,281 Tia cords 42,283 Tita payphyos 288 Tia vagoris 283, Taft prvnse 19, 284,288 Tusa farfara 19,288 U Cis copie 28 ius glabra 289 Uimat minor 298 (mas procera 289 reds 177,290 Lie wrens 290, Veceiriam myrilas 70,291,292 Vaccinium aryeoceus 292 Vaccinia isdoea 70,29, 202 Valerian offinais 18,179,293 Verarao abn 35,298 Vera ngron 294 Vera vin 298, Index of common names [Numbers in bold type refer to main entries 1 Aaron's Rod295 ‘eae, Fae 35,247 ‘dons Spring 53 ‘Nein 19,29, 30,31, 88 ‘Neer 61.265 ‘er, Green 61 ‘Nimo ier 25,234 ‘Atmond Sect 234 ‘Ane, Caden 19,2125, Angoon Wis 65 ‘ane 6.7 19, 27, 29-32, 64 ns Ane, Star 9,215, foo ‘he 25,99, 98.44, 847 ‘pen, American 228 ‘ani 80 ‘aver Wood 29,23, 186 B Bain 29,91, 93,42, 191196 Bak eon 19,4 Balm ot Gen 238 Barer 31,33, 88 ‘Baa 19 20,27 33, 200 Bean Frens 213 Bean, Hast 213 Bean, Kidey 28,32, 33,213 Beam, Scriet Rnper 213 Bean Soya 158 Bearer 2,32, 78, 90,292 ease, Lady's 33,182 Beladonna 10.2481 Betbioe 93 Beton 275 Betony, Wood 275 Biter 25. 22 induces Hedge 93 Bic, Siver 26,29, 2,86 Brain he Bush 121 Birtwore 7 Bite, Canon 19,29, 233, Biteroneet 25,35.271 Bctbery 27°20, 32,282 Buckthorn 25,32, 67-333. 236 Baber 291 Biveote 99 Boghean 27,30, 35,194 Borage 19,39, 63,47 Bow 835,90 Bramble 252 Brandy Bote 198 Bryony, Bock 89 Bryony, Blak-tersed 34,89 Bryony, Red 69 Bryony, Waite 89 Dackbean 194 Dackthorn 242,242, ‘Buckthorn, Alder 21,26, 33,243 ‘Buethom, Se 28,166 Beckwhent, Green 143 ‘Buckwheat, Tarary 143 Bugleweed North American 185 “4,68, 69 Burdock, Lemer 68 Burdosk, Wooly 88, 69 Buret Said 19,261 ‘Buring Bush 29, 32,134 Burtebur 31,210 Burterwor, Common 217 © Calamis 52 Cepsiaan 96 (Caraway 6 119 Ccardoon 29,31, 128 {Carot 28,28, 82,132 {Castor Plant 79,24, 35,246 CCaimit 19,31, 35,396 Gainey 196 ‘camp 196 Gat foot 66 ‘Celandine, Greater 31,33, 36, 108,240, Ccatandine, Leer 105,240,265 {Cenaury, Common 23,26, 30, 31,33, 100, 190 (Chamonile 11, 30-34, 37, ‘na, 102104, 108, (chamomile, Gera 34,108 {Chamomile Roman 19,102 (Chamorie, Wild 19.31, 34,43, 3 (Cheese Renner 152 (Chery Bird 25,233,238 (Chery, Dear 25,253, (Chery, Morelo 239, (Chery Sour 25,233 (Chery, Wil 233,235 (Chery Winter 214 CChesna, Horse 28,54 (Chicory 33,110 227, 29-32, 98, ‘Chinese Lantern 214 Gary 257 (Clematis rect 35,113, Clover, Dutch 285 ‘Gover, Red 19, 204,288 (Gover White 285 Gover Yellow Sweet 190 ‘Clubs, Common 184 {Chibmoss, Iterated 184 (Coitsfot 18, 28-0, 32,288 Comite, Common i, 30,3, "48,276 CComitey, Tuberous 276 Conan 7, 5.27, 29,33, 119 {Comitomer 26,42, 9 Corals, Buous 35,121 {Couth, Common 29,3256 (Couch Grae 56 CConberry 28.33, 70,291,202 (Gowstp 19,52, 42,43, 251 Ceamery 392 (Creping lenny. 29,186 (Gre Incian 287 Cross, Ast 185 Cackoopiat 78 Cin. Black 32,197 (Caran, Bek 23,26,29,31,49, 248 Day 9,29, 30,86 Dandelion 19,28, 31~22, 42, Danewort 258 Di 7.8, 19,2, 31-33, 64 Diwany 3 Dittanyof Cree 134 dcr 28,29, 3133, 4,258, 259,260, Elder Reser 260 lecampene 19. 29-92, 171 Em Elin 389 Elm, Smooth 289 Elm, Wyeh 269 Egor Fungus 6,7,23,24,32,34, 35,112 verlasting, Mountain 66 Eyebrigh 19.142 Fat Hen 106 Feoel 6,8, 11.19,27,90-33,42, ‘4,145,159, eel ower 197 Verbascm desiioram 19,295, Verbascum phlomoider 296 Verbs thapsforme 298 Verbascum that 265 Verben offical 297 Veronica offnais 298 Vines major 209. Vines minor 35,299 Vinca rosee 298 Vincetxicum hrndinaris 300 Vinetcicum ofinate 300 Vile odorts 19,201,302 Viole coir 308 Viscum abu 303 Zea mass 308 FFenugresk 11,24, 26,32,93,37, He Fem, Male 29,35, 139 Fever 19,29, 108 Feverwort 100, Figwor, Common 266 reweed 140 Flog 172 Flag, Sweet 9,21, 30,44 82 Fag, Yelow 52 Flac 25, 33,97, 182 Fleabae, Canadian 29, 32,33, Fleerdedis 172 Forglove 30,31, 35,135—137 Foxglove, Large Yellow 31,35, Forgive, Woolly 31,35, 135, Fumitory, Common 33,148 Gate 7.8, 19,20,29, 3,59, 60 (GaePine 430 Gentian 154 (Gentian, Gest Yeliow 21,22, 326,27, 30, 31,33, 100,154, German, Wal 30, 33,279 Gipsywort 188 Golden Rin 178 (Gokienrod 19, 32,272 Goldenrod, Canadian 272 Goosehery, Cape 214 Goosefot, White 105 Goosearess 152 Greenwood, Dyers 153, ‘Grommeil, Common 28,183 ‘Grommell Field 185 Hawtborn 29,91, 33,123,124 Hiewtbora, Midland 31, 35,323, a Hearseme 31,42, 202 Heath, Cromeleaved 92 Heather 25,32. 33,92 Hepatice 30,31, 168 Hetiouope, Wier 210 Hotesore, American 294 Helioore, Black 8, 163,294 Helebore, Purple 163 Hebedore, White 294 Hotleborne, Fabe 25,31, 38, 4 Hemlock 25,35, 36,16 Hemlock, Water 111 Hemp 5,9, 18,38, 98,150 Hemp lian 98 Hempnetie, Common 180 319