Urinary system

The nephron begins as a double wall globe known as boman’s glomerular capsule.
The inner- most layer of the capsule is a capillary network called the glomerulous. A
renal corpuscle is made upo of a boman’s capsule and an enclosed glomerulous.
The first part of the tubule is the proximal convoluted tubule. The following part is
the decending limb of henle which narrows as it dips into the medula. Part of the
ascending limb. As the loop straightenes it increases in diameter and extends to the
cortex as the ascending limb of henle. In the cortex the renal tubule again becomes
convoluted and is known as the distal convoluted tubul. This ends by merging with a
large straight collecting duct. Collecting ducts pass through the renal pyramids and
open into the calyx where urine is now emptied into the renal pelvis.

Functions of the nephron

Help regulate pH

Produces the harmone erythropoietin

Removed selected amount of water and solute

Removes toxins from the blood

The process of urine formation

Glomerular filtration

Tubular reabsoroption

Tubular secretion

Urine is mostly water (95%) and contains waste products such as urea, uric acid,
creatinine, sodium,potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, hydrogen ions. In glomerular
filtration the glomerulous filters water and certtain dissolved substances from blood.
Blood cells and proteins which are too large to pass through the membrane do not
enter the boman’s capsule. Tubular reabsorption process it tranprts substances out
of the tubular fluid and back into the bloood. About (99%) of the oringinal filtrate
volume is reabsorbed. The reabsorbed filtrate flows through the renal veins to enter
the general circulation because excess ions and metaboliic waste products are not
readily reabsorbed, so therfore the small volume of urine produced contains a high
concentration of metabolic waste. The proximal tubule is the primary site for
reabsorption of water and solutes, aproimatly 65% of the filtrate volume is
reabsorbed here. The decending limb reabsorbs mostly water, the acending limb
reabsorbs mostly sodium, potassium and chloride ions. The distal tubule reabsorbs
mostly sodium and water, the collecting duct reabsorbs mostly water.
 Tubular secretions

Substances will move from the plasma into the fluid tubules. The amount of certain
substances excreted into the urine may eventually exceed the amount originally
filtered in the glomerulous. The proximal tubule actively secretes pennisylin
creatinine and hystamine into the tubular fluid. The entire renal tubule actively
secretes hydrogen ions thus helping to regulate the pH of body fluids. The distal
tubule and collecting ducts secretes potassium.

Homeostasis

The kidneys maintain homeostasis by regulation of the pH and body fluids. The
kidney is a powerful regulator of pH but responds more slowly than the respiratory
system. As the pH of body fluid deceases below normal the rate at which the distal
tubule secrete hydrogen ions increases at the same time reabsorbtion of
bicarbonate ions increase. On the other hand as body fluid pH increses above
normal (7.45) thye rate of hydrogen ion secretion decrease and the amount of
bicarbonate lost in the urine increases.

Age related changes in the urinary system

Kidneys decrease in size beginning as early as age twenty. At twenty the kidneys
ways about 260 grams and by age 80 it weights 200 grams. This is because of
reduced blood flow to the kidneys

The fuctional glomeruli and blood vessels become twisted and irregular, this inhibits
filtration at the boman’s capsule. By age 80 almost half the kidneys glomeruli have
ceased to fuction

Capacity for reabsorbption and secreation are decrease

Kidney disease are more common in older adults these include kidney stones and
UTI.

Decreased ability to eliminate urea uric acid and toxins

Weakened bladder muscles which predisposes to urinary incontinence

Key terminology

Bowman’s capsule

Cortex

Decending limb of henle

Detrusor muscle

Distal convoluted tuble

Erythropoietein

Glomerulus

Internal urinary sphincter

Renal artery

Renal vien

Loop of henle

Minor calyces

Major calyces

Nephrons

Renal capsule

Renal corpuscles

Ureter

Uretra

Urine

Trigone

Renin

Renal pyramids

QUESTIONS

A scant amount of urine is called

a) Hematuria
b) polyuria
c) oliguria
d) pyuria
e) none of the above

pus in the urine is called

a) hematuria
b) polyuria
c) oliguria
d) pyuria
 e) none of the above

blood in the urine

a) hematuria
b) polyuria
c) oliguria
d) pyuria
e) none of the above

hemodialysis is the same as

a) hematuria
b) polyuria
c) oliguria
d) pyuria
e) none of the above

besides the urinary system, which system controls urine production and micturition

a) mucular
b) endocrine
c) nervous
d) integumentary
e) none of the above

which system besides the urinary system is involved in the production of vitamin D

a) muscular
b) endocrine
c) nervous
d) integumentry
e) none of the above

urea is the product of the liver breaking down

a) water
b) ammonia
c) sugar
d) starch
e) none of the above

which of the following is NOT one of the processes used by the nephron in urine
formation

a) glomerular filtration
b) micturition
c) tubular reabsorption
 d) tubular secretion
e) none of the above

how much of the kidney can be non-functional and still keep the person alive?

a) 2/3
b) ½
c) 1/3
d) ¾

The regulation of pH is the control of which ions?

a) Hydrogen
b) Potassium
c) Calcium
d) Sodium
e) None of the above

The actice form of the vitamin D is

a) Calcium
b) Calciferol
c) Chloride
d) Sodium
e) None of the above

The innermost layer of the kidney is

a) Renal sinus
b) Hilum
c) Renal corsule
d) Real fascia
e) None of the above

The part of the kidney consisting of connective tissue and fat is the

a) Renal sinus
b) Hilum
c) Renal capsule
d) Renal fascia
e) None of the above

The part of the kidney that anchors it is the

a) Renal sinus
b) Hilum
c) Renal capsule
d) Renal fascia
 e) None of the above

The millions of microscopic collecting tubules make up the

a) Nephron
b) Parenchyma
c) Pyramids
d) Cortex
e) None of the above

In the ducts of the pyramids, urine is directly collected by the

a) Nephrons
b) Minor calyces
c) Major calyces
d) Ureter
e) None of the above

Podocytes make up which layer of bowman’s glomerular capsule?

a) Visceral
b) Parietal
c) Outer
d) Cortex
e) None of the above

Those material in the blood responsible for the acid or alkaline components of blood
are

a) Salts
b) Sugars
c) Electrolytes
d) Plasma
e) None of the above

All of the following are part of the process of urine formation EXCEPT

a) Tubular formation
b) Glomerular filtration
c) Tubular reabsorption
d) Tubular secretion
e) None of the above

The daily production of urine depends on all the following EXCEPT

a) Fluid intake
b) Temperature
c) Humidity
 d) Emotional state
e) None of the above

The detrusor muscle consists of how many layers

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) None of the above

The stretch receptors in the bladder gegan to send messages when there is how
much urine in the bladder?

a) 700-800ml
b) 500-600ml
c) 400-600ml
d) 200-400ml
e) None of the above

Which of the following can become acute following strep throat

a) Cytitis
b) Gout
c) Glomerulonephritis
d) Glycosuria
e) None of the above