PHNG PHP DNG LNG LIN HP GII PHNG TRNH V T

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I. Mt s kin thc cn nh:
I.1. Mt s hng ng thc hay s dng:
2
2
+ x y x y x y
3
3
2
2
+ x y x y x xy y

4
4
2
2
+ x y x y x y x y

n
n
n 1
n2
n 2
n 1
+ x y x y x x y ... xy y

S dng nhng hng ng thc ny, ta c th quy phng trnh v t ban u v dng phng trnh
tch bng vic lm xut hin cc nhn t chung. T ta c th d dng gii quyt tip!
Thng th cc bi ton s dng phng php ny th tng tng qut ca ta nh sau:
- Gi s nu ta c phng trnh dng F x 0 vi F x xc nh trn mt min D no v
ta nhm c mt nghim x = a ca phng trnh th ta c th bin i phng trnh cho
li thnh x a G x 0 . n y ta ch vic x l phng trnh G(x) = 0 na l n! (Vic
x l phng trnh G(x)= 0 c th s dng cng c o hm hoc bng bt ng thc).
II. Cc v d minh ha:
Sau y, lm r thm ni dng v tng ca phng php, mi cc bn cng th sc vi cc v
d sau:
II.1. Cc bi ton m u
Cc bn hy th sc mnh vi cc bi ton ny trc nh!
Bi ton 1: Gii phng trnh sau:
x 1 x 4 x 9 x 16 x 100
Bi ton 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a) 3 x x 3 3
b) 3 2 x 1 3 x 1
c) 2 x 1 x 2 3 x 1 0
d) 9

4 x 1 3x 2 x 3

II. 2. Bi tp minh ha:

V d 1: Gii phng trnh
3 3 x 2 x 2 8 2 x 2 15

(1)

Gii:
Ta d on c nghim x 1 , v ta vit li phng trnh nh sau:

1 3 3 x 2 1

3 x 2 1

x4 3 x2 1

x2 8 3

x2 1
x2 8 3

x 2 15 4

x2 1
x 2 15 4

 x2 1

x4 3 x2 1
Mt khc, ta c:
3

1
x2 8 3

x 2 15 4

x 2 15 x 2 8 x 2 15 4 x 2 8 3

x 2 15 4

1
x2 8 3

Nn phng trnh thc hai v nghim.

Vy (1) c 2 nghim x 1, x 1 .
V d 2: Gii phng trnh sau

3 x 2 5 x 1 x 2 2 3 x 2 x 1 x 2 3 x 4 (2)

Gii:
tng:
Trc ht, kim tra ta thy c rng phng trnh cho c mt nghim x 2 nn ta s c gng a
phng trnh trn v phng trnh tch xut hin nhn t x 2 . Ta c nhn xt rng:

3x

5 x 1 3 x 2 3 x 3 2 x 2 v x 2 2 x 2 3x 4 3 x 2
Ta i n li gii nh sau:
2

(2) 3 x 2 5 x 1 3 x 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 2 3 x 4

2 x 4

3x 2 5 x 1 3 x 2 x 1

x 2

3x 6
x 2 x 2 3x 4
2

0
x 2 x 3x 4

3 x 5 x 1 3 x x 1

Mt khc, ta c:
2
3

> 0 vi mi x
x 2 2 x 2 3x 4
3 x 2 5 x 1 3 x 2 x 1

Vy phng trnh (2) c mt nghim duy nht x = 2.

V d 3: Gii phng trnh

2 x 2 7 x 10 x x 2 12 x 20 (3)
Gii:
Cng bng cch kim tra, ta thy pt (3) nhn x = 1 lm mt nghim nn ta c th a phng trnh (3)
v dng phng trnh tch xut hin nhn t x 1 .
Ta vit li nh sau:
3 2 x 2 7 x 10 x 1 x 2 12 x 20 x 2 (4)

x 2 7 x 10 x 1 0 v
nhn lin hp hai v ca (4) ta c:
18 x 1
16 x 1

x 2 7 x 10 x 1
x 2 12 x 20 x 2
rng hai phng trnh

x 2 12 x 20 x 2 0 v nghim nn

 x 1

x 7 x 10 x 1
2

x 12 x 20 x 2
2

(*)

Pt (*) 8 x 2 7 x 10 9 x 2 12 x 20 x 10
n y ta c hai hng gii quyt:
Hng 1: bnh phng hai v
Hng 2: kt hp vi pt (3) ta c h sau

8 x 2 7 x 10 9 x 2 12 x 20 x 10

2 x 2 7 x 10 x 2 12 x 20 x
Ly phng trnh th nht tr i 9 ln phng trnh th hai, ta thu c:

5
15 5 5
5 x 7 x 10 4 x 5
x
4
2
x 2 15 x 25 0

15 5 5
Vy phng trnh cho c 2 nghim x 1, x
.
2
x

V d 4: Gii phng trnh

3

162 x3 2 27 x 2 9 x 1 1

Gii:
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:

162 x3 6

162 x 2

2 162 x 2 4
3

162 x 2
3

2 162 x 2 4
3

3 x 1

27 x 2 9 x 1 1

2 3 x 1 9 x 2 3 x 1
2

3 x 3 x 1

3x 3x 1
27 x 2 9 x 1 1

2 9 x 2 3x 1
3

162 x 2
3

2 162 x 2 4
3

3x

0
27 x 2 9 x 1 1

Xt phng trnh:

2 9 x 2 3 x 1

162 x 2

2 162 x 2 4
3

2 9 x 2 3 x 1

162 x 3 2

2 3 162 x 3 2 4

3x
27 x 2 9 x 1 1

3x
3

162 x 3 2

Ta t a 3 162 x3 2 suy ra:

1
4
1
a 2
a
1

2 3 x 1 a 2 3 x 1 1 3 x x
3x
a
3x
2 a
2
3

Vy phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht x

1
.
3

V d 5: (Olympic 30/4 ngh)

Gii phng trnh sau: x 2 12 5 3 x x 2 5
Gii:

5
3
Ta nhn thy x = 2 l mt nghim ca phng trnh. Nh vy phng trnh cho c th phn tch
c v dng x 2 Q x 0 !
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
k: x

x 2 12 4 3 x 6 x 2 5 3
x2 4
x2 4

3 x 2
x 2 12 4
x2 5 3

x2
x2
x 2

3 0
2
x2 5 3
x 12 4
x2

x2
x2

3 0(*)
x 2 12 4
x2 5 3
1
1
x2
x2

0 nn pt (*) v nghim.
Do
x 2 12 4
x2 5 3
x 2 12 4
x2 5 3
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 2.
V d 6: Gii phng trnh

3x 2 7 x 3 x 2 2 3 x 2 5 x 1 x 2 3 x 4
Gii:
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

3 x 2 5 x 1 3x 2 7 x 3 x 2 2 x 2 3x 4 0
Bng cch nhn lin hp, ta c:

2
3

x 2
0.
2
2
x 2 2 x 2 3 x 4
3x 5 x 1 3x 7 x 3
2
3

Do
nn phng trnh c nghim duy nht x =
2
2
2
3x 5 x 1 3x 7 x 3
x 2 x 2 3x 4
2.
V d 7: Gii phng trnh
5 x 1 3 9 x 2 x 2 3x 1

Gii:
1
5

K: x .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:

5x 1 2 3 9 x 2 2 x 2 3x 5
5 x 1
1 x

x 1 2 x 5
2
3
3
5x 1 2
9 x 2 9 x 4

5
1

0
x 1 2 x 5

3
5x 1 2
9 x 2 3 9 x 4

5 5x 1 5
1

0
x 1 2 x

3
5x 1 2
9 x 2 3 9 x 4

Vy phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht x = 1.

V d 8: Gii phng trnh

x3 3x 1 8 3x 2
Gii:
2 6
2 6
,
x
3
3
bi ny, kh l ch ta khng th nhm ra ngay c nghim ca phng trnh dng lng lin
hp. Tuy nhin vi s h tr c lc ca cng ngh l chic my tnh Casio fx570 Es th mi chuyn
c v d dng hn!
Tht vy, ta s ln lt dng chc nng Shift Solve tm ra 2 nghim ca phng trnh l:
x1 0, 6180339887...; x2 1, 618033989... sau gn hai nghim ny vo hai bin A v B.
By gi ta s th tm xem A v B c mi quan h g vi nhau hay khng bng cch tnh A + B v AB,
ta thu c kt qu p sau: A B 1, AB 1 .
iu chng t A, B l hai nghim ca phng trnh: X 2 X 1 0
V t y, ta c th d on c x 2 x 1 chnh l nhn t ca pt!
Ta vit pt cho li thnh:

k:

x 3 3 x 1 px q 8 3x 2 px q 0

x 3 x 1 px q
3

x p 3
3

px q

p
x 1 q

8 3x 2

8 3 x 2 px q
2

0 2

3 x 2 2 pqx q 2 8
8 3 x 2 px q

2
2
2
2
n y, xut hin nhn t x 2 x 1 th p 3 x 2 pqx q 8 x x 1 vi l mt
h s. Chn = 4 th ta c mt cp (p, q) tha mn l (p, q) = (-1; 2). Khi (2) tr thnh:
x2 x 1
3
x 2x 1 4
0
8 3x 2 2 x

4
x 2 x 1 x 1
0
2
8

3
x

Xt f x 8 3x 2 2 x ta c: f ' x

3 x

f '( x) 0

8 3x
Ta c bng bin thin:

1 x

3 x
8 3x 2

2
3

64 6
64 6
2 6
kt hp vi x
0 f x
3
3
3
4
4
2 6
4
x 1
x 1

1
0
2
f x
3
64 6
8 3x 2 x
3
1 5
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim x 2 x 1 0 x
.
2
V d 9: Gii phng trnh
f x

x2 x 1 x 2 x2 2 x 2
Gii:
Cng bng cch lm nh V d 8 , ta phn tch c nh sau:

x2 2 x 7 3 x 2 x 2 x2 2x 2 0

x2 2x 7 x 2 3 x 2 2x 2 0

1 x 1
0
2
x 2x 2 3

x 1

x 2x 7
2

x 1 7

.
x 1 7
Ta cng c th gii thch theo cch khc ti sao li tm c lng x 2 2 x 7 nh sau:
Do x = -2 khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia hai v phng trnh cho (x + 2) ta c:
x2 2 x 2

c:

x2 x 1
. Gi s ta cn thm vo hai v ca phng trnh mt lng
x2

x 2 2 x 2 Ax B

x2 x 1
Ax B
x2

Ax B , khi ta

 1 A x

2 1 AB x 2 B 2

x 2 2 x 2 Ax B

Khi , ta cn chn A, B sao cho

1 A x 2 1 2 A B x 1 2 B

x2

1 A2 2 1 AB B 2 2
. T ta c: A = 0, B = 3.

1 A 2 A B 1 2B 1

V d 10: Gii phng trnh

3 x 2 x x3 x 2 4 x 4 x x 1
Gii:
K: 2 x 3 .
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:

3 x x 1

2 x x x3 x 2 4 x 4

x2 x 2
x2 x 2

x 2 x 1 x 2
3 x x 1
2 x x

2 x x 1

1
1

x 2 0
3 x x 1
2 x x

x 1
.
x2

- Vi bi ny, vic xut hin thm cc a thc cha tr tuyt i tng chng nh s gy cho ta thm
kh khn trong vic gii quyt. Nhng nh s dng phng php nhn lng lin hp, bi ton
c gii quyt nhanh chng! Khi y, ta ch cn chuyn cc lng trn v ng v tr v s dng pp
nhn lin hp l .
Sau y l mt s bi ton khc:
V d 11: Gii phng trnh
3

x2 1 x 3 x 1 x

x3
5
x2 6

Gii:
k: x 3
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:

x3
2
x2 6
x2 1 8
x 1 4
15 x 2 x 2

x3
x 3
2
x2 6
x 1 2
3 x2 1

2 3 x2 1 4
3

x2 1 2 x 3

x 3

x 1 2 x 3

x 3 2 x 5
x3
1
x3
2
0
2
x

6
2
3 2
x

2
3
x 1 2 x 1 4

x 3 x 3

x 3.

III. Bi tp
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
2 x 1 x 2 3x 1 0

(1)

S: x 1, x 2 2

Hng dn: pt 2 x 1 1 x 2 3 x 2 0 , trc cn thc lm xut hin nhn t chung x 1.

11 3 5
2
x 2 1 2 x 6 x 6 3 , sau trc cn thc lm xut hin nhn t

(2) 3 2 x 2 2 x x 6
Hng dn: pt 3

S: x 3; x

chung x 3.
1 x 2 x x2

x
1 x2

(3)

Hng dn: pt
(4) 9

S: x

1 x
2x x2
1
1 , trc cn thc lm xut hin nhn t chung l 2 x 1 .
x
1 x2

4 x 1 3x 2 x 3

Hng dn: pt 9

1
2

S: x 6

4 x 1 5 4 3x 2 x 6

S: x 3
x 2 4 x 2 x2 5x 1
Hng dn: pt x 2 1 4 x 1 2 x 2 5 x 3 , trc cn thc lm xut hin nhn t chung l x
3.
(5)

(6)

4 x 1 3x 2

x3
5

S: x 2

Hng dn: pt 4 x 1 3 2 3 x 2

x3
1 sau trc cn thc lm xut hin nhn t
5

chung x 2.
(7)

2 x 2 16 x 18 x 2 1 2 x 4

S: x 1; x

32 513
7

Hng dn: pt 2 x 2 16 x 18 2 x 4 x 2 1 0 , trc cn thc lm xut hin nhn t chung

l

x2 1 .