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MT S K NNG S DNG LNG LIN HP

GII PT-BPT V T
Nguyn Vn Cng GV THPT M c A-H Ni.
( Gi tng cc em hc sinh 12A4-THPT M c A HN nm 2014- 2015)

Khi gii cc bi ton v phng trnh,bt phng trnh v t trong cc k thi i hc hay hc
sinh gii cc tnh ,thnh ph ,mt trong cc phng php hay c s dng l a phng
trnh v phng trnh,bt phng trnh tch . gip hc sinh vn dng tt phng php ny
,ti xin gii thiu mt s k nng thng dng khi vn dng lng lin hp vo gii phng
trnh ,bt phng trnh v t.
Dng 1: Biu thc lin hp xut hn ngay trong phng trnh ,bt phng trnh.

a b

Lu :

ab

(a,b>0 a b);

a b

a3b

ab
3

a 3 ab 3 b 2
2

10x 1 3x 5 9x 4 2x 2 ( d b khi B nm 2008)

V d 1: Gii phng trnh

Phn tch: 10x 1 (9x 4) 3x 5 (2x 2) nn ta c li gii sau:

Li gii : iu kin: x 5 / 3 Bpt

10x 1 9x 4

x 3

10x 1 9x 4

x3

3x 5 2x 2 0

10x 1 9x 4

x 3
3x 5 2x 2

0 x3 0 x 3
3x 5 2x 2

So vi iu kin,bt phng trnh c nghim x 3 .

V d 2: Gii phng trnh : 9

4 x 1 3 x 2 x 3 (HSG K12 H Ni -2010)

Li gii: k x 2 / 3
x3

pt 9
x 3 9 4 x 1 3 x 2 ,Bnh phng 2 v ta c nghim x=6
4 x 1 3x 2
V d 3 Gii phng

2x 4

6x 4
x2 4

2 2x

Phn tch: Quan st phng trnh ta thy 2x +4 4(2-x)=6x-4.y l c s tt ta nhm

Li gii:k 2 x 2, Bpt 2x 4 2 2 x

6x 4
2

x 4

6x 4
2x 4 2 2 x

6x 4
x2 4

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x 3 / 2
Bnh phng hai v phng trnh (*) v chuyn v ta c

2
2x 4 2 2 x x 4(*)
4

2x 4 2 x x

2x 8 Do x 2 2x 8 0 x 4; x 2 Kt hp iu kin ta c x=2

V d 4: Gii phng trnh sau : 3x 2 x 1 2 x 2 x 3

Phn tch :Khi ghp cc biu thc trong cn ta thy 3 x 2 x 1 2 x 3 v phn tch biu
thc cn
li 2 x 2 x 3 2 x 3 x 1 xut hin nhn t chung.
Li gii : k x 2 / 3 .Pt
2x 3

2 x 3 x 1 2 x 3
x 1 0
3x 2 x 1
3x 2 x 1

1
x 1 (V nghim v VT<1,VP>1)
x 3 / 2 hoc
3x 2 x 1
Dng 2: Tm c 1 nghim ,thm ,bt lm xut hin biu thc lin hp.
V d 5 Gii phng trnh 3 x 1 6 x 3 x 2 14 x 8 0 (1) ( HKB-2010)
Phn tch:
Dng chc nng CALC ca my tnh b ti ta tm c nghim x=5 hoc
1
Ta tm mt s x ( x 6 ) sao cho 3x+1 v 6-x l mt s chnh phng tha mn phng
3
trnh trn D thy x=5 tha (1).V vy ta a phng trnh trn v dng (x-5)f(x)=0, ,v vy ta cn
lm xut nhn t chung x-5 t v tri ca phng trnh bng phng php lin hp. Mun vy tm
hai s a , b > 0 sao cho h phng trnh sau c nghim x=5.
3 x 1 a 0 a 4

b 6 x 0
b 1
1
Li gii : Tx x 6
3
3x 5
x 5
(1) ( 3x 1 4) (1 6 x ) 3x 2 14 x 5 0

( x 5)(3 x 1) 0
3x 1 4 1 6 x
x 5 0 x 5

1
1

(3 x 1) 0(*)
3 x 1 4 1 6 x
1
Ta thy phng trnh (*) v nghim vi x 6 .Vy x=5 l nghim duy nht .
3
5x 1 3 9 x 2x 2 3x 1 (HSG K12 H Ni -2012)

V d 6: Gii phng trnh

Phn tch :Tng t ta thy x=1 l nghim ,ngoi cch lm nh trn chng ta c th lm nhanh
nh sau:Thay x =1 vo
Li gii :k x 1/ 5

5x 1 2

5x 1 ta c 2, vo

9 x ta c 2 v th ta tch nh sau.

Bin i phng trnh

9 x 2 2x 2 3x 5

5 x 1
5x 1 2

1 x
3

(9 x)2 2 3 9 x 4

(x 1)(2x 5)

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x 1

5
1
Pt (*) v nghim v VP 5,VT < 5/2

(2 x 5)(*)
2
3
3
5 x 1 2
(9 x) 2 9 x 4
V d 7: Gii bt phng trinh 4 x 1 2 2x 3 x 1 (x2 2)
Li gii :k x 1 .x=-1 l mt nghim. xt x khc 1.Bt phng trnh tng ng

4( x 1 2) 2( 2x 3 3) x 3 x 2 2x 12

4(x 3)
x 1 2

4(x 3)
2x 3 3

(x 3) x 2 2x 4

4
4
(x 3)

x 1 3 0 x 3
2x 3 3
x 1 2

Kt hp iu kin ta c nghim l x 1; x 3

x 2

V du 8: Gii phng trnh

x 2 4x 7 1 x

x2 3 1 0

Phn tch :T phng trnh ta thy phng trnh c nghim khi x x 2 0 2 x 0 ,x=-1 tho
Li gii :Phng trnh x 2 ( x 2 4x 7 2) 3 x ( x 2 3 2) 3 0

(x 2) x 3

x x 1
6 x 1 0 x 1

6 0
x2 4x 7 2

x2 4x 7 2
x2 3 2
x2 3 2
2
2
2
2

x 1 x 5x 2 8 x 4x 7 x x 2 2 x 3 4 0 x 1
x 4x 7 2
x 3 2

x2 4x 3

x 2

x2 1

Cch khc:

pt x 1 1
x 1

x 2 4x 7 1 x 1 1

x 2 4x 7 1

x2 3 1

x2 3 1 0

x 2 4x 7 x 2 3 0

4
x 1 x 2 4x 7 x 2 3 2
0 x 1

x2 4x 7 x 2 3
Bnh Lun:Ta c th gii bi ton ny bng phng php hm s sau khi a v dng

x 2 x 2

3 1 (x)

( x)2 3 1 ,xt hm s f(t) = t

t2 3 1

Dng 3: Tm c nhiu hn mt nghim.

V d 9: Gii phng trinh

2 x 2 x 3 21x 17 x 2 x 0

Phn tch :Dng my tnh ta thy phng trnh c nghim x=1,x=2. suy ra phng trnh s c nhn
t l x 2 3x 2 .Ta thy ngay l khng th nhn v chia lng lin hp vi hai cn ngay.Vy th
lm th
3

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no tch nhm to ra x 2 3x 2 ?.Ta thc hin nhm gi nh nh sau.
2 x 2 x 3 mx n ; px q 21x 17 sau thay x=1,x=2 vo h phng trnh
2
2 x x 3 mx n 0

px q 21x 17 0

ta c m, n 1;1 ; p; q 3; 1 t ta c li gii sau

Li gii: k x 17 / 21 .Pt ( 2 x 2 x 3 x 1) (3x 1 21x 17) x 2 3x 2 0

1
9
x 2 3x 2

0 x 1, x 2
2
2 x x 3 x 1 3 x 1 21x 17
V d 10: Gii phng trinh 2x 2 4x 9 5x 6 7x 11 0
Phn tch: Phng trnh c nghim x=-1,x=2 nn ta lm xut hin biu thc x 2 x 2 lm nhn t
chung
Li gii :k x 6 / 5

Phng trnh

x x2
x x2
2 x x 2

0
x 2 5x 6 x 3 7x 11

2 x 2 x 2 x 2 5x 6 x 3 7x 11 0
2

x 2 x 2 0 x 1,x 2

2(*)
1
1

x 2 5x 6 x 3 7x 11
Vi iu kin x 6 / 5 ,

1
x 2 5x 6

1
x 3 7x 11

5 5
2 suy ra pt (*) v nghim .
4 9

V d 11: Gii phng trinh x 2 x 1 x 2 x2 2x 2

Phn tch :Bi ton ny ta khng nhm c nghim ca phng trnh ngay.Tuy nhin nu dng
my tnh b ti ta d tm c 2 nghim l x =3,828427125 ,x=-1,828427125 .ta thy
cc nghim khng p nhng quan st k ta li thy hai nghim tng l 2,tch l -7 t
ta lm xut hin nhn t chung l x 2 2x 7 trong phng trnh
Li gii :Phng trnh tng ng :
x 2 2x 7 3(x 2) (x 2) x 2 2x 2 0 x2 2x 7 (x 2)(3 x2 2x 2) 0

(x 1)2 1 (x 1)
x 1 8
0
x 2x 7
3 x 2 2x 2
x 1 8

Bnh lun:Ngoi cch lm trn ta cng bin i bt phng trnh nh sau . Do x=-2 khng l nghim
ca phng trnh

x2 x 1
x2 x 1
x 2 2x 7
x 2 2x 7
x 2 2x 2
3 x2 2x 2 3

x2
x2
x2
x 2 2x 2 3
4

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x 2 2x 7 0
1

1
2
x 2x 7

0 2
x 2 2x 2 3
x2
x 2x 2 x 1(VN)

Ti sao thm s -3 vo hai v ca phng trnh ? ,dng 4 s gip ta tm ra iu

V d 12 Gii bt phng trnh

x2 x 1 x 2
1

2
x4
2
x 1

Phn tch: Dng chc nng SOLVE ca my tnh ta c 2nghim ca phng trnh l

x 1,732050808;x 1, 732050808 .mi quan st ta thy chng khng p,nhng ta thy tng ca
chng l 0,tch ca chng l -3,v vy hai s l nghim ca phng trnh x 2 3 0 .T ta lm
xut hin x 2 3 trong phng trnh . Vi x 1,732050808 Biu thc
thc

c gi tr

x 1

x2 x 1
c gi tr 1,Biu
x4

1
.
2

V vy ta cn thm vo hai biu thc ny ln lt hai s 1, 1/ 2

Li gii :k x>-4 Phng trnh tng ng
x2 x 1
x2 3 1
1
x2 3
x2 3
x2 3
1
0

0
2
2
x4
2 2 2
2
x2 x 1
x2 1
2 x 1 x 1 2

1 x 4

x4

1
1
1
2
x2 3

0 x 3 0 3 x 3(tm)
2 2 x2 1 x2 1 2
x2 x 1
1 x 4

x4

V d 13: Gii phng trinh x 2 6 x 2 x 8

Phn tch :Phng trnh trn c th gii bng phng php t n ph hoc a v dng a 2 b2 .
Ti xin trnh by mt cch khc l s dng lng lin hp
Dng my tnh ta thy phng trnh c 1 nghim l

x8

73 5
thay vo
2

46 6 5 1 3 5

(1)
4
2

Do y l phng trnh v t vi h s nguyn,nn cc nhn t thng thng cng c h s nguyn

ta gi nh

x 8 =mx+n.Quan st (1) ta thy

73 5
1 3 5
3
nn
2
2

trong phng trnh s c nhn t l x 3 x 8

5

x 8 x 3 v l

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Li gii :Pt
( x 3 x 8) ( x 2 7 x 1) 0 ( x 3 x 8) ( x 3 x 8)( x 3 x 8) 0

73 5
x
x 3 x 8 0
2
( x 3 x 8)( x 2 x 8) 0

5 41
x 2 x 8 0
x
2

V d 14: Gii phng trnh

x 4 x2 4 x 4 20x 2 4 7x ( Hsg Tnh Thi Bnh k12/ 2010)

Li gii: T phng trnh suy ra x>0

Phng trnh

1
1
x 4 x 2 4 2x x 4 20x 2 4 5x 0 x 4 5x 2 4

0
4
2
x 4 20x 2 4 5x
x x 4 2x

x 4 5x 2 4 0 x 1,x 2
Bnh lun : tch c 7x = 2x +5x nh trn ta i tm hai s a,b tha mn a+b =7 v

x 4 x 2 4-ax=0; x 4 20 x 2 4 bx 0 c nghim x=1 ta tm c a=2,b=5

Dng 4: Xy dng biu thc lin hp trong phng trnh ,bt phng trnh
tng xut pht t vic nhiu phng trnh ,bt phng trnh nghim qu xu,khng ph
hp s dng dng 2,3 to c nhn t chung trong phng trnh.Khi ta s thm
mt i lng gi nh vo hai v ca pt,bpt,tm i lng gi nh bng phng php
cn bng h s ca cc t s
V du 15: Gii phng trnh: x 2 6 x 1 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 3 ( HSG Long An K12 2013)
Phn tch:S dng my tnh b ti ta thy phng trnh c nghim khng p.Do x=-1/2
khng l nghim nn ta bin i phng trnh v dng

x2 2x 3

x2 6x 1
.Ta s i tm mt s
2x 1

a no t vo hai v khi nhn lin hp v quy ng th s to c nhn t chung.

x2 2x 3 a

x 2 6 2a x 1 a
x2 6 x 1
x2 2x 3 a2
a

2x 1
2x 1
x2 2x 3 a

Lc ta cn xc nh a x 2 2 x 3 a 2 x 2 6 2a x 1 a .Ta tm c a=2
Li gii: D=R. x=-1/2 khng tha .Pt
x2 6x 1
x2 6 x 1
x2 2x 3
x2 2x 3 2
2
2x 1
2x 1

x2 2x 1

x2 2x 1
2x 1

x2 2x 3 2
x 1 2
x2 2 x 1 0

1
1

x 2 x 1

0 2
3 15
2
x 2 x 3 2 2 x 1
x 2x 3 2 2x 1
x
3
6

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Bnh lun:Tng qut hn ta c th thm vo hai v ca phng trnh vi i lng ax+b ri
tm a,b bng phng php cn bng h s nh trn. Xt v d sau

V du 16 Gii phng trnh: 2x 2 (x 1) x x 1 2x x2 x 2 6

Li gii: k x 0 .Nhn thy x = 1 khng l nghim ca phng trnh
Pt
2 x3 2 x 2 x 6
2 x3 2 x 2 x 6
2 x3 2 x 2 4 x
x 2 2x3 2x2 4 x x 2
x 1
x 1
3
2
3
2
1

2 x 3x 4
2 x 3x 4
1
0

(2 x 3 3 x 2 4)

x 1
x 1
2 x3 2 x 2 4 x x 2
2 x 3 2 x 2 4 x x 2
2 x 3 3x 2 4 x 2

V du 17:

Gii phng trnh x 2 x 6 5x 1 x3 3 2x 3

Li gii: k x 3 3 .bin i phng trnh tng ng ( x=1/5 khng l nghim cua pt)
x3 6x2 2x 3
x3 6x2 2x 3
x 3 4x 2 3
x3 3
2x x3 3 2x
x3 3 2x (*)
5x 1
5x 1
5x 1
3 21
x 0
.Nu x3 3 2x 0 3
x
2
2
x 4x 3 0
Nu

x3 3 2x 0 (*) tng ng

Gii hai phng trnh ta c nghim x=1, x

V du 18: Gii phng trnh

x3 4x2 3 0
x3 4x 2 3 x3 4x 2 3

5x 1
x3 3 2x 5x 1
x3 3 2x
3 21
,x 4 3 2
2

3 x 2 x 1 x 3 3 x 2 4 x 1

Li gii: D= R. Vit li phng trnh nh sau

x x 2 3 3( x 2 3) 7 x 8
x3 3x 2 4 x 1
2
2
x x 1

x x 1
x2 3
x2 3
7 x 8
7x 8
7x 8
7x 8
x2 x 1 x 3 2
x 2 x 1 x 3 2

2
2
x 3
x 3
x 3
x x 1 x 3

x 8 / 7

x 8 / 7
1
1

0
2

7 x 8 2
1 3 2 5
2
2

3
x
x
x

3

x x 1 ( x x 1) 1 x

2
( phng trnh

x 2 x 1 x 3 =0 v nghim)

V du 19: Gii phng trnh x 2 3 x 4 x 1 x 2 4 x 2

Li gii:k x 1 ,Pt

x2 3x 4
x 1 ( do x 2 4 x 2 =0 khng l nghim pt)
x2 4 x 2

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x2
x2
x2
x2
( x 1 1) 2

x 1 1 2
x 4x 2
x 4x 2
x 1 1 x 4x 2
x 2
x 2

1
1
2

0
x 2

2
2
x 1 1 x 4x 2
x 1 x 4 x 3 x 1 2 x 4 x 5
x 2
x 2, x 5

1
1

x 1 0(Vn)
x
x
5
1
0

x 1 2
x 1 2

Bi tp Vn dng:
1.Gpt : 2 x 1 x 2 3 x 1 0
3.Gpt :

x 2 12 5 3x x 2 5

5 Gpt x 2 x 6 5x 1 x3 3 2x 3

2.Gpt : 3 2 x 2 2 x x 6
4. Gpt

x 2 4 x 2 x 2 5x 1

6.Gpt 2 x 2 3x 7 4 x 5 0