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Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

Phan I : DAT VAN DE


I. LY DO CHON DE TAI
Su nghiep xay dung XHCN a nude ta dang phat trien vdi toe do ngay
cang cao, vai qui mo ngay cang lan va dang duqc tien hanh trong dieu kien
each mang khoa hoc ky thuat phat trien nhu vu bao no tac dong mot each toan
dien len moi doi tuang, thuc day su tien bo cua xa hoi. Mot trong nhung trong
tarn cua su phat trien dat nuac la doi mdi nen giao due, phuang hudng giao
due cua dang, Nha nuac va cua nganh giao due & dao tao trong thdi gian trade
mat cung nhu lau dai la dao tao nhung con ngudi " Lao dong, tu chu, sang tao"
co nang lire thich ung vdi nen kinh te thi tradng, co nang luc giai quyet duac
nhung van de thudng gap, tim duac viec lam, biet lap nghiep va cai thien ddi
song mot ngay tot han.
De boi duang cho hoc sinh nang luc sang tao, nang luc giai quyet van de,
ly luan day hoc hien dai khang dinh: Can phai dua hoc sinh vao vj tri chu the
hoat dong nhan thuc, hoc trong hoat dong. Hoc sinh bang hoat dong tu luc, tich
cue cua minh ma chiem linh kien thuc . Qua trinh nay duac lap di lap lai nhieu
lan se gop phan hinh thanh va phat trien cho hoc sinh nang luc tu duy sang tao.
Tang cudng tinh tich cue phat trien tu duy sang tao cho hoc sinh trong qua
trinh hoc tap la mot yeu cau rat can thiet, doi hoi ngudi hoc tich circ, tu luc
tham gia sang tao trong qua trinh nhan thuc. Bo mon Hoa hoc d pho thong co
muc dich trang bi cho hoc sinh he thong kien thuc ca ban, bao gom cac kien
thuc ve cau tao chat, phan loai chat va tinh chat cua chung. Viec nam vung cac
kien thuc ca ban gop phan nang cao chat lugng dao tao d bac pho thong, chuan
bi cho hoc sinh tham gia cac hoat dong san xuat va cac hoat dong sau nay.
De dat duac muc dich tren, ngoai he thong kien thuc ve ly thuyet thi he
thong bai tap Hoa hoc giu mot vi tri va vai tro rat quan trong trong viec day va
hoc Hoa hoc d tradng pho thong noi chung, dac biet la d lap 8 tradng THCS
noi rieng. Bai tap Hoa hoc giup ngudi giao vien kiem tra danh gia ket qua hoc
tap cua hoc sinh, Tu do phan loai hoc sinh de co ke hoach sat vdi doi tuang.
Qua nghien cuu bai tap Hoa hoc ban than toi thay ro nhiem vu cua minh trong
giang day cung nhu trong viec giao due hoc sinh.
Ngudi giao vien day Hoa hoc muon nam vung chuang trinh Hoa hoc pho
thong, thi ngoai viec nam vung noi dung chuang trinh, phuang giang day con
can nam vung cac bai tap Hoa hoc cua tung chuang, he thong cac bai tap ca
ban nhat va each giai tong quat cho tung dang bai tap, biet su dung bai tap phu
hpp vdi tung cong viec: Luyen tap, kiem tra , nghien cuu... nham danh gia trinh
do nam vung kien thuc cua hoc sinh. Tu do can phai su dung bai tap d cac muc
khac nhau cho tung doi tuang hoc sinh khac nhau: Gioi, Kha , TB, Yeu.
Gv : Qudch Van Binh

Truwng THCS Tien Lu

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8


Bai tap Hoa hoc rat da dang phong phu song vdi nhirng nhan thuc tren, la
mot giao vien giang day tai dia ban Huyen Tien Lir cu the la tnrdng THCS Tien
Lir . Toi thay chat lugng doi tirgng hoc sinh d day chua dong deu, mot so hoc
sinh van dung kien thuc de giai bai toan Hoa hoc chira dirge thanh thao. Vi vay
muon nang cao chat hrgng ngudi giao vien can suy nghT tim ra phuong phap
giang day, Phan loai cac dang bai tap Hoa hgc phu hgp vdi dac diem cua hgc
sinh, nham phat trien nang luc tir duy, sang tao va gay hung thu hgc tap cho cac
em.
Tir nhirng van de tren, vdi mong muon gop phan nho be cua minh vao
viec tim toi phuong phap day hgc thich hgp vdi nhirng dieu kien hien co cua
hgc sinh, nham phat trien tu duy cua hgc sinh THCS giup cac em tu luc hoat
dong tim toi chiem lmh tri thuc, tao tien de quan trgng cho viec phat trien tu
duy cua cac em d cac cap hgc cao hon gop pMn thuc hien muc tieu giao due
dao tao cua huyen . Nen toi da chon de tai: " Phan dang bai toan Hoa hoc lop
8 d chuong trinh THCS".

II. NHIEM YU CUA BE TAI:


1, Neu len dugc co so ly luan cua viec phan dang cac bai toan Hoa hgc
trong qua trinh day va hgc
2, Tien hanh dieu tra tinh hinh nam virng kien thuc co ban cua hgc sinh 8
d tnrdng THCS .
3, He thong bai toan Hoa hgc theo timg dang.
4, Budc dau sir dung viec phan loai cac dang bai toan Hoa hoc, nham
giup cho hgc sinh linh hoi cac kien thuc mot each vung chac va ren luyen tinh
doc lap hanh dong va tri thong minh cua hgc sinh.

III. BOI TLTQNG NGHIEN CUtJ:


Hgc sinh khoi 8 d trudng THCS Tien Lir

IV MUC PICH CUA BE TAI:


Phan dang cac bai toan Hoa hgc nham nang cao chat hrgng hgc tap mon
hoa hgc cua hgc sinh ldp 8 THCS
V. GlA THUYET KHOA HOC:
Viec phan dang cac bai toan Hoa hgc se dat dugc hieu qua cao va se la
tien de cho viec phat trien nang luc tri tue cua hgc sinh d cap hgc cao hon khi
giao vien sir sung linh hoat va hgp ly he thong cac dang bai tap hoa hgc theo
muc do cua trinh do tu duy cua hgc sinh phu hgp vdi doi tugng hgc sinh ldp 8
THCS

Gv : Qudch Van Binh

Trudng THCS Tien Lu

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

VI. PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU


Trong de tai nay toi da van dung cac phuong phap nghien cuu khoa hoc
nhir: Phan tich ly thuyet, dieu tra co ban, tong ket kinh nghiem su pham va su
dung mot so phuong phap thong ke toan hoc trong viec phan tich ket qua thuc
nghiem su pham v.v.. .
Tham khao cac tai lieu da dupe bien soan va phan tich he thong cac dang
bai toan hoa hoc theo noi dung da de ra.
Tren co so do toi da trinh bay cac dang bai toan hoa hoc da suu tarn va
nghien cuu de nang cao kha nang, tri tue cua hoc sinh.

VII. BAI TOAN HOA HOC VA VAI TRO CUA NO TRONG


VIEC PHAT TRIEN TU DUY CUA HOC SINH
Mot so hoc sinh co tu duy hoa hoc phat trien la nang luc quan sat tot, co
tri nhd lo-gic, nhay ben, co oc tuong tuong linh hoat phong phu, ung doi sac
xao voi cac van de cua hoa hoc va lam viec co phuong phap.
Bai toan hoa hoc dupe xep trong giang day la mot trong he thong cac
phuong phap quan trong nhat, de nang cao chat lupng giang day va no co
nhung tac dung rat to Ion.
1. Bai toan hoa hoc co tac dung lam cho hoc sinh hieu sau sac cac khai
niem da hoc.
Hoc sinh co the hoc thuoc long cac dinh nghTa cua khai niem nhung neu khong
thong qua viec giai bai tap, hoc sinh chua the nao nam vung dupe cai ma hoc
sinh da thuoc.
2. Bai toan hoa hoc mo rang su hieu biet mot each sinh dong, phong phu va
khong lam nang ne khoi lupng kien thuc cua hoc sinh.
3. Bai toan hoa hoc co tac dung cung co kien thuc cu mot each thuong
xuyen va he thong hoa cac kien thuc hoa hoc.
4. Bai toan hoa hoc thuc day thuong xuyen su ren luyen ky nang, ky xao,
can thiet ve hoa hoc. Viec giai quyet cac bai tap hoa hoc giup hoc sinh tu
ren luyen cac ky nang viet phuong trinh hoa hoc, nho cac ky hieu hoa
hoc nho cac hoa tri cua cac nguyen to, ky nang tinh toan v.v...
5. Bai toan hoa hoc tao dieu kien de tu duy phat trien, khi giai mot bai toan
hoa hoc bat buoc phai suy ly, quy nap, dien dich, loai suy.
6. Bai toan hoa hoc co tac dung giao due tu tuong cho hoc sinh vi giai bai
tap hoa hoc la ren luyen cho hoc sinh tinh kien nhan, trung thuc trong lao
dong hoc tap, tinh sang tao khi su ly cac van de dat ra. Mat khac ren

Gv : Qudch Van Binh

Truong THCS Tien Lu

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

luyen cho hoc sinh tmh chinh xac cua khoa hoc va nang cao long yeu
thich mon hoc.

Gv : Qudch Van Binh

Trirong THCS Tien Lfr

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8


PHAN II. NOT DUNG DE TAI

PHAN DANG
CAC LOAI BAI TOAN HOA HOC TRONG GlANG DAY
HOA HOC LOP 8 O TRUNG HOC CO SO
A. DANG 1: TINH THEO CONG THUt HOA HOC

I . Tim khoi lirong nguyen to trong a g hop chat


Vi du: Tinh so gam cacbon C co trong llg khi cacbonic CO2 (C =
12; O = 16).
Nghien cuu de bai: Dura vao ti le so mol hoac ty le khoi luong gito cacbon va
khi cacbonic trong cong thirc C02.
Huong dan giai
Cach 1
Xac djnh ldi giai
Ldi giai
Budc 1: Vi4t CTHH cua chit.
Khi cacbonic co CTHH: C02
Buoc 2: Tinh khoi luong mol cua ho]3 1 mol C02 co chua 1 mol C
chat va khoi luong cua nguyen to 44 g C02 co chua 12 g C
trong 1 mol chat
11 g C02 co chua x g C
=> x = 3
=> Co 3g C trong llg C02

Buoc 3; Lap quan he vdi so lieu cua


dau bai
Budc 4: Tra ldi

Cach 2
Xac dinh ldi giai
Ldi giai
Budcl: Qui so gam dau bai cho ra
nco2- 44 = 0,25mol
mol
Budc 2: Viet CTHH cua chit. Tinh M
MC02 = 44 g
1 mol C02 co chua 1 mol C
Budc 3: Lap quan he ty le mol giua
0,25mol
nguyen to va hop chat. Tim khoi luong
C02 co chua 0,25 g C
chua biet.
Mc = 0,25.12 = 3g
Co 3g C trong 11 g C02
Budc 4: Tra ldi

II. Tim khoi lirong hop chat de trong do co chira a mol nguyen to:
Vi du: Can lay bao nhieu gam CH3COOH de trong do co chua 12g
nguyen to cacbon?
Gv : Qudch Van Binh

Truong THCS Tien Lfr

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

Nghien cun de bai: Dua vao ty le so mol hoac ty le khoi lugng giua nguyen to
va hop chat
Huong dan giai
Cach 1
Ldi giai
Xac dinh ldi giai
Buoc 1 : ViSt CTHH cua chat. Tinh M, CTHH : CH3COOH co : M = 60g
neu y nghTa ( co lien quan tbi chat tim)
Buoc 2: Lap quan he vbi so lieu cua 1 mol CH3COOH co chua 2 mol C
dau bai.
60 g CH3COOH co chua 24g C
x g CH3COOH co chua 12 g C
Tinh x
x= .12=30 g
24

C4n 30 gam CH3COOH

Buoc 3: Traldi

Cach 2

Xac dinh ldi giai


Budcl: Qui so gam dau bai cho ra
mol
Buoc 2: Viet CTHH cua chat. Tinh M,
neu y nghTa cua CTHH
Buoc 3: Lap quan he ty le mol giua
nguyen to va hop chat, suy ra so mol
chat
Buoc 4: Tinh khoi lugng m = n.M
Buoc 5: Tra ldi

Ldi giai
M c = 12g => nc = 12:12 = 1 mol

MCH3COOH = 60g
1 mol CH3COOH co chua 2mol C
0,5 mol CH3COOH <=
ImolC
mCH3COOH = 0,5 . M = 0,5.60 = 30 g
Can 30 g CH3COOH

III. Tinh ty le % ve khoi luong m cua moi


nguyen to trong hop chat:
Vi du : Tinh ty le%ve khoi luemg cua Hidro trong hcrp chat H2S04
Nghien cuu dau bai: Dua vao ty le khoi lugng giua hidro va axit de tinh ty le %
Huong dan giai
Cach 1
Ldi giai
Xac dinh ldi giai
Buoc 1: Vi4t CTHH cua chat. Tinh M CTHH : H2S04
cua hgp chat. Khoi lugng hidro co M = 98 g
trong M cua chat
MH = 2.1 = 2g
Gv : Qudch Van Binh

Trirdng THCS Tien Lfr

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8


Buac 2: Tim ty le %

%H = .100 = 2,04%

Budc 3: Tra ldi

H chiem 2,04 % ve khoi hrgng H2S04

98

Cach 2

Xac d|nh ldi giai


Lai giai
Tirang tir giai bai toan tim so gam CTHH : H2S04
nguyen to trong hop chat
M = 98 g
lmol H2S04 co chua 2 mol H
98 g H2S04 co chua x g H
=>X= .100 = 2,04%
98

H chiem 2,04 % ve khoi lugng H2S04

IV. Bai toan so sanh ham lirong nguyen to trong hup chat khac
nhau
Vi du: Co 3 loai phan bon hod hoc sau: NH4NO3 ; (NH4)2S04 ;
NH4Cl trong hap chat nao chua nhieu ham luong nita han.
Nghien ciiu dau bai: Tinh ty le % khoi luong cua N, suy ra chat nao co nhieu N
hon
Huong dan giai
Xac dinh ldi giai
Ldi giai
Buoc 1: Tinh ti le % cua N trong tung * NH4N03
hop chat
% N = .100% = 35% (1)
V
80

* (NH4)2 SO4

%N=

'

90

.100% = 21,21% (2)


v
132

*NH4C1
90

%N= .100% = 26,16% (3)


V
53,5

Budc 2: So sanh ti le % cua N trong Vay tu (1),(2),(3) ket luan ham luong
N co trong NHNOs la Ion nhat
cac hop chat tren va ket luan
B DANG 2: BAI TOAN VE LAP CONG THUt HOA HOC

Gv : Qudch Van Binh

Tririrng THCS Tien Lu

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc l&p 8

I. Bai toan lap cong thirc hoa hoc khi biet ty le % ve khoi
lirong cua cac nguyen to tao nen chat
Dang bai toan nay lien quan den: x : y : z = . %B %C
MA
MB
Mc

Vi du: Lap CTHH cua hop chat trong do S chiem 40% ; O chiem
60% ve khoi luong ?
Nghien cuu de bai: Tinh so nguyen tu cua tirng nguyen to dua vao ty le % khoi
luong trong tung nguyen to
Huong dan giai
Loi giai
CTHH tong quat: SxOy

Xac dinh loi giai


Budc 1: Viet CTHH dang tong quat
voi x,y chua biet

Ta co :

- Buoc 2: Tim ty le x : y
Budc 3: Vi6t CTHH dung

%S _ %0

x : y =- =

Ms

Ma
Vay CTHH la S03

40
32

16

= 1:3

II. Bai toan xac djnh ten chat:

Vi du: Cho 6,5 g mot ,kim loai hod tri II vao dd H2S04 du nguaid ta
thu duac 2,24 lit H2. Xac dinh ten kim loai ?
Huong dan giai
Xac dinh loi giai
Budc 1: Huong dan hoc sinh doi ra
so mol theo so lieu dau bai
Budc 2:
- VietPTHH
- Tim nguyen to chua biet
Budc 3: Tra loi

Loi giai
_ 6,5

R + H2SO4
lmol
0,1 mol
R=

0,1

nR-T

2,24

RSO4 + H2

=0,1 mol

lmol
0,1mol

= 65 Vay R la Zn

CAC BAI TAP TU5 GIAI


Gv : Qudch Van Bmh

Truong THCS Tien Lu

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

Bai 1 : Cho cac oxit sau FeO; Fe203 ; Fe304. Trong cac oxit tren oxit nao co ty
le Fe nhieu hon ca
; C . Fe304
A. FeO ;
B. Fe203
Bai 2: Trong nong nghiep ngudi ta co the dung CuS04 nhir mot loai phan bon
vi lirgng de bon ruong, lam tang nang suat cay trong. Neu dung 8 g chat nay thi
co the dua vao dat bao nhieu gam Cu ?
C. 3,3 g D. 4,5
A. 3,4 g;
B. 3,2 g;
Bai 3: Mot loai quang sat co chua 90% la Fe304 . Khoi luong sat co trong 1
tan quang do la :
C. 0,66 tan ;
A. 0,65 tan;
B. 0,6517 tan ;
D. 0,76 tan;
Bai 4: Thanh phan % ve khoi luong cua cac nguyen to Cu; S va O co trong
CuS04 lan luot la:

A. 30% ; 30% va 40%


B. 25% ; 25% va 50%
D; Tat ca deu sai
C 40% ; 20% va 40%
C. DANG 3: BAI TOAN CO BAN VE MOL, KHOI Ll/ONG

MOL VA THE TICH MOL CHAT KHI


I. Tlnh so mol chat trong mg chat
VI du: Tinh so mol phan tu CH4 co trong 24 g CH4
Nghien cu dau bai: Bieu thuc co lien quan m = nM
Huong dSn giai
loi
giai
Xac dinh
Buoc 1: Viet bieu thuc tinh m rut ra n
n

Loi giai

= VI

Buoc 2: Tinh M

M CH4 = 16g

Buoc 3: Tinh n va tra loi

n = = 1,5 mol
16

Vay 24 g CH4 chua 1,5 mol CFL


II. Tinh khoi luong cua n mol chat

VI du : Tinh khoi luong cua 5mol H20


Nghien cuu dau bai: Bieu thuc co lien quan m = n.M
Huong dan giai
Xac dinh loi giai
Buoc 1: Xac dinh khoi luong cua 1
mol H20
Viet CTHH
Gv : Qudch Van Binh

Loi giai

H20

Truong THCS Tien Lfr

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

M = 18g

Tinh khoi lugng mol M

m = 5.18 = 90g

Buoc 2: Xac dinh khoi lirong cua 5


mol H20 va tra loi
Buoc 3: Tinh n va tra loi

Vay 5 mol mol H20 co khoi lugng


90g

nguyen tir hoac so phan tir co chua trong n mol chat


Vi du: Tinh so phan tu CH3Cl co trong 2 mol phan tu CH3Cl
III. Tinh so

Nghien duu dau bai: Bieu thirc co lien quan den A = n.6.1023
Hirong dan giai
Xac dinh loi giai
Loi giai
Biroc 1 : Xac dinh so phan tir hoac so
nguyen tu co trong 1 mol chat
N = 6.1023

A = n.6.1023 = 2.6.1023

Buoc 2: Xac dinh so phan tu hoac so


nguyen tu co trong n mol chat

Vay : 2mol CH3C1 chua 12.1023 phan


tu CH3C1

Buoc 3: Tinh A tra loi

IV. Tim so mol co trong A nguyen tir hoac phan tir


Vi du: Tinh so mol H20 co trong 1,8.1c)23 phan tuH20
Nghien cuu de bai : Bai toan co lien quan den bieu thirc A = n.6. 1023
Huong dan giai
Xac dinh loi giai
Buoc 1 : Xac dinh so phan tu hoac so
nguyen tu co trong 1 mol chat
Buoc 2: Xac dinh so mol co A phan tu

Buoc 3: Tra loi

Loi giai

NH2O=6.1023
n

_ A
N

1023 0,3 mol


=
1,8.6.1023

Co 0,3 mol H20 trong 1,8.1023 phan tu

H20

V. Tim so mol co trong A nguyen tir hoac phan tu


Vi du: Tinh khoi lucmg cua 9.1023 nguyen tu Cu:
Huong dan giai
Xac dinh loi giai
Gv : Qudch Van Binh

Loi giai
10

Truong THCS Tien Lu

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8


Buac 1 : Viet cong thuc tinh m
Buac 2: Tinh Mvan

m =n.M
MCu = 64g

ncu
Buac 3: Tinh m va tra loi

9.1023
=
6.1023

1,5/MO/

mCu= 1,5.64 = 96 g

VI. Tinh the tich mol chat khi a DKTC


Vi du: Tinh the tich cua 3 mol khi trong V lit khi CH4 a DKTC?
Nghien cuu de bai: Bieu thuc co lien quan V = n.22,4
Huang din giai
Xac dinh lai giai
Buac 1 : Xac dinh the tich cua 1 mol
chit khi a DKTC

Lai giai
22,4 lit

Buac 2: Xac dinh the tich cua 3 mol V = n.22,4 = 3. 22,4 = 6,72 lit
chit khi a DKTC

CAC BAI TAP TU5 GIAI

Bai 1 : l/.Cho luong cac chat sau


a, 0,15 mol phan tu CO2
c, 0,12 mol phan tu 02
A.
B.
C.
D.

b, 0,2 mol phan tu CaCOa


d, 0,25 mol phan tu NaCl
2/. So phan tu trong nhung luong chat tren lan luot la
0,9. 1023 ; 1,3. 1023 ; 0,072. 1023 ; 1,5. 1023
0,8. 1023 ; 1,2. 1023; 0,72. 1023 ; 1,5. 1023
0,9. 1023 ; 1,4. 1023; 0,72. 1023 ; 1,5. 1023
0,9. 1023 ; 1,2. 1023; 0,72. 1023 ; 1,5. 1023

Bai 2:
l/.Cho luong cac chit sau:
a, 0,25 mol phan tu N2
c, 0,75 mol phan tu Cl2

b, 0,5 mol phan tu 02


d, 1 mol phan tu 03
nhung
luong
chit tren lln luot la:
2/. The tich 0 dktc cua
A. 5,6 lit; 1 1,2 lit; 16,8 lit va 22,4 lit
B. 1 1,2 lit; 1 1,2 lit; 16,8 lit va 22,4 lit
C. 5,6 lit; 5,6 lit; 16,8 lit va 22,4 lit
D. 5,6 lit; 1 1,2 lit; 0,56 lit va 1 1,2 lit

Gv : Qudch Van Binh

11

Truong THCS Tien Lu

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

BAI TOAN TINH THEO


PHlTONG TRINH HOA HOC
Tim so mol ciia chat A theo so mol xac tljnh cua 1 chat
bat ky trong PTHH

D. DANG 4 :

I.

Vi du: Tinh so mol Na20 tao thanh neu co 0,2 mol Na bi dot chdy
Nghien cuu dau bai: Tinh so mol Na20 dua vao ty le so mol giita so
mol Na va so mol Na20 trong PTHH.
Huang dan giai

Xac djnh ldi giai


Buoc 1: Vi6t PTHH xay ra

Ldi giai
4Na + 02 -+2 Na20

Buoc 2: Xac djnh ty le so mol giiia 4mol


2mol
chat cho va chat tim
Buoc 3: Tinh n chat can tim
0,2 mol
0, 1 mol
Co 0,1 mol Na20
Buoc 4: tra ldi

Tim so g cua chat A theo so mol xac dinh cua 1 chat bat
ky trong PTHH
Vi du: Tinh so g CH4 bi dot chdy .Biet rang can dung het 0,5 mol 02
va sdn pham tao thanh la C02 va H20 ?

II.

Huong dan giai


Xac djnh ldi giai
Ldi giai
Buoc 1: Vi6t PTHH xay ra
CH4 + 202 -> C02 + 2H20
Buoc 2: Xac dinh ty le so mol giua lmol
2mol
chat cho va chat tim
0,25 mol 0,5 mol
Buoc 3: Tinh n chat can tim
Buoc 4: Tra ldi
, m CH4 = 0,25.16 = 4g

III. Tim the tich khi tham gia hoac tao thanh
Vi du: Tinh the tich khi H? duac tao thanh 0 DKTC khi cho 2,8 g Fe
taca dung v&i dd HCl du ?
Gv : Qudch Van Blnh

12

Trirdng THCS Tien Lfr

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

Huong dan giai

Xac dinh loi giai


Buoc 1: Huong dan hoc sinh doi ra
so mol Fe
Buoc 2: Tinh sd mol H2
- Viet PTHH
- Tim so mol H2
Buoc 3: Tinh the tich cua H2

Buoc 4: Tra loi

Loi giai
nFe -

- = 0,05mol
56

Fe + 2HC1 -> FeCl2 + H2


lmol
lmol
0,05 mol
0,05mol
V H2 = 0,05.22,4 = 1,121ft
Co 1,12 lit H2 sinh ra

IV.
Bai toan khoi lirong chat con dir
Vi du: Ngudi ta cho 4,48 lit H2 di qua hot 24gCuO nung nong. Tinh
khoi luqmg chat ran thu duoc sau phdn img. Biet phan wig say ra
hoan toan ?
Giai
PTHH:
H2 + CuO -> Cu + H20
448
n cuo _ =0,3 mol
=0,2 mol ;
nn2 =
22,4

80

Theo PTHH ty le phan ung giua H2 va CuO la 1: 1.


Vay CuO du : 0,3 - 0,2 = 0,1 mol . S6 mol Cu duoc sinh ra la 0,2 mol
mcuo = 0,1 .80 = 8 g, mcu = 0,2.64 = 12,8 g
Vay khoi luong chat ran sau phan ung la: 8 + 12,8 ; 20,8 g

CAC BAI TAP TU GlAl


Bai 1: Neu cho 16,25 g Zn tham gia phan ung thi khoi lupng HC1 can dung
la bao nhieu ?
C. 18,3 g
B. 18,1 g
D. 15g
A. 18,25 g
Bai 2: Cho m g hon hop CuO va FeO tac dung voi H2 tac dung voi H2 d
nhiet do thich hop. Hoi neu thu duoc 29,6g hon hop 2 kim loai trong do Fe
nhieu hon Cu la 4 g thi can dung bao nhieu lit H2 d DKTC va khoi luong m la
bao nhieu ?
Bai 3: Kern oxit duoc dieu che bang each nung bui kem voi khong khi
trong Id dac biet. Tinh luong bui kem can dung de dieu che duoc 40,5 kg kem
oxit. Bilt rSng bui kem chua 2 % tap chdt?

Gv : Qudch Van Binh

13

Truong THCS Tien Lfr

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

BAI TOAN VE DUNG DICH


VA NONG DO DUNG DICH
Tfnh do tan cua chat
I.
Vi du: Tinh do tan cua CuS04 d 20 C. Biet rang 5 g nude hod tan
toi da 0,075 g CuS04 de tao thanh dung dich bao hod.
E. DANG 5:

Nghien cuu dau bai: Tinh so g chat tan toi da trong lOOg dung moi, suy ra do

tan hoac tinh theo cong thuc: Do tan T =

.100
mdm-

Huong dan giai


Ldi giai
Xac dinh ldi giai
Buoc 1: Xac dinh dieu kien diu bai 5g H20 hoa tan duoc 0,075 g CuS04
cho
" xg
100 g
Bubc 2: Tinh M khoi luong chat tan
xg trong 100 g dung moi
Budc 3: Tinh x
Budc 4: Tra ldi

0,075.100
=1,5 g
5

Vay d 20 C do tan cua CuS04 la 1,5 g

II. Tinh nong do C% cua dd


Vi du: Hod tan 0,3 g NaOH trong 7 g
duac ?

H20 . Tinh C% cua dd thu

Nghien cuu de bai: Tinh so g NaOH tan trong 100 g dung dich suy ra C%
Huong dan giai
Ldi giai
Xac dinh ldi giai
md2 = met + mdm = 0,3 + 7 = 7,3 g
Budc 1: Xac dinh khoi luong dd
Budc 2: Tinh khoi luong chat tan
trong 100 g dung dich suy ra C%
C% = .100 4,1%
57,3

Budc 3: Tra ldi

Nong do dung dich la 4,1 %

III. Tinh nong do CM cua dung d|ch


Vi du: Lam bay hoi 150 ml dd CuS04 ngudi ta thu duoc 1,6 g muoi
khan. Hay tinh CM cua dung dich ?
Nghien cuu dau bai: Tinh so mol CuS04 co trong 1 lit dd, suy ra CM
Gv : Qudch Van Bmh

14

Trudng THCS Tien Lfr

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

Huang dan giai


Xac dinh ldi giai
Budc 1: Boi ra mol

Lai giai
M CuS04 = 160g

n CuSCL =

- 0,01mol

V = 0,151it

Buac 2: Boi ra lit

Buac 3: Tinh CM

160

CM

_ 001 = 0,07 M
0,15

IV. Tinh khoi lutfng chat tan trong dd


Vi du: Tinh khoi luang mudi an NaCl trong 5 tan nuac bien. Biet
rang nong do mudi an NaCl trong nuac bien la 0,01% ?
Nghien cuu dd bai: Bieu thuc co lien quan C% =

.100

Huang dan giai


dinh
Ldi giai
giai
Xac
loi
Buac 1: Vidt congthuc tinh C%
C%= -.100
Buac 2: Rut me
mdd
C%.mdd
Buac 3: Thay cac dai luqng va tinh
mct =
100
toan
Budc 4: Tra ldi
= 0,0005 tin = 500g
met =
100

Co 500 g NaCl trong 5 tan nude bien

V. Tinh khoi lirong dung d|ch


Vi du : Can lay bao nhieu g dd H2S04 49% de trong do co chica 4g
NaOH?
Huong dan giai: Giai tuong tu nhu phan tinh khoi luqng chat tan trong dung
dich

VI. Tinh the tich dung djeh


Vi du Can phai lay bao nhieu ml dd NaOH 1M de trong do co chica
4g NaOH ?
Huong dan giai: Giai tuong tu nhu phan IV va phan V.

VII. Bai toan pha tron cac dd co nong do khac nhau:


Loai bai toan nay co each giai nhanh gon la ap dung phuong phap dudng cheo
Gioi mi va Ci lan luqt la khoi luqng va ndng do C% dd cua dd I
Goi m2 va C2 ldn luqt la khdi luqng va ndng do C% dd cua dd II
Khi tron dd I vdi dd II neu khong co phan ung hoa hoc xay ra thi ta co:
Gv : Qudch Van Bmh

15

Truong THCS Tien Lu

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

C!

/ C2 - C /

/Ci-C/

C2
Khi do co:

w, __/C2-C /
m2 /c, -Cl

Vi du: Caw phai lay bao nhieu g dd NaCl ndng do 20% vao 400 g dd
NaCl ndng do 15% de duac dd NaCl co ndng do 16% ?
Huang dan giai

Ldi giai
Xac dinh ldi giai
1
Budc 1 : Huong dan hoc sinh lap so 20
do dudng cheo
16
4
15
Budc 2: Tim ty le mi : m2
mi 1
m2 400 1 00 gam

-=
=> m, =
Budc 3: Thay cac dai luong va tinh m2 4
4
4
toan
Budc 4: Tra ldi
Vay cdn phai \iy lOOg dd NaCl
co C% = 20%

VIII. Moi quan he gifi-a C% va CM


De chuyen doi giua C% va CM ( hay nguoc lai) nhat thiet phai biet khoi luong
rieng D: D =

Vdd

Ta co the su dung cong thuc giua hai nong do: CM = C%.

Vi du: Hod tan 2,3 gNa kirn loai vao 197,8 g H20
a, Tlnh C% cua dd thu duac
b, Tlnh CM cua dd thu duac. Biet D = l,08g/ml
Giai

a, So mol Na da dung :

= 0,1mol

Phan ung xay ra:

2Na + 2H20 2NaOH


0,1mol
0,1mol
.40
0,1
=
= 4g
=> mNaOH
- Dung dich thu duoc co khoi luong la:
niNa + mH 2 o

Gv : Qudch Van Bmh

+ H2
0,05mol

- mH, = 2,3 + 197.8 - 0,05.2 = 200g


16

Truong THCS Tien Lu

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

Vay C% =

mdd

. 1 00

.100
200

=2%

b, The tich dd thu dirge:


,7

Vdd =

mdd

200 , 0 , ,
185ml
1,08

CM =

0,185

= 0,54M

IX. Bai toan ve pha tron cac dung dich co


chat tan giong nhau)

CM khac nhau(

Boi voi dang bai toan nay ta co the ap dung so do ducmg cheo

IC2-CI
v2 ICX-CI

Vj

Vi du: Can dung bao nhieu ml dd H2S04 2,5 Mva bao nhieu ml dd
H2S04 lMde khi pha tron chung vdi nhau duac 600ml H2SQ4 1,5 M?

Giai

Ap dung so do ducmg cheo:


2,5

0,5
1,5

V\
V2

_ 0,5
Hay V2 = 2 V,
1 = 0,5

Mat khac V, + V2 = 600 => Vi = 200 ml ; V2 = 400ml


Vay phai dung 200ml dd H2S04 2,5M pha voi 400ml dd H2S04 1M.

X.

Bai toan ve pha tron cac dung djeh co D khac nhau( chat
tan giong nhau)
Ta cung ap dung so do ducmg cheo giong voi cac dang a tren

Vx _/P2 -D!
V2 ID, -Dl
Vi du: Can pha bao nhieu ml dd NaOH ( D= 1,26 g/ml vdi bao nhieu
ml dd NaOH (D = 1,06 g/ml) de duac 500ml dd NaOH co D = 1,16
g/ml ?
Khi do ta co:

Giai
Ap dung so do ducrng cheo:
1,27

0,1

1,16
Gv : Qudch Van Bmh

17

Trucrng THCS Tien Lfr

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8


1,06

0,1

- = -- 1 Hay V! = V2 = 250ml
=
V2 1 = 0,1
XI. Bai toan do tan
- Do tan cua 1 chat la so gam toi da chat do tan dirge trong 100 g nude de
dirge dd bao hoa d nhiet do xac dinh .
- Khi nhiet do tang do tan cua cac chat thudng tang, nen neu khi ta ha nhiet
do dd xuong thi se co mot phan chat tan khong tan dugc nua, phan chat
tan nay se tach ra dirdi dang ran.

Vi du: Cho biet 20C, do tan cua CaS04 la 0,2 g va khoi luo'ng rieng
cua dd bao hoa la lg/ml. Tinh C% vaCM cua dd CaS04 bao hod a
nhiet do tren ?
Giai
Kh6i lugng dd la: 0,2 + 100 =100,2 g Vay C % =

ma
mdd

.100 = --.100
100,2

0,19%

CM = C%.

=0,19.

136 = 0,014M

CAC BAI TAP TU GIAI


Bai 1: a, Tinh CM cua dd thu dugc neu nhu ngudi ta cho them H20 vao
400g dd NaOH 20% Be tao ra 31 dd mdi?
b, Cho 40 ml dd NaOH 1M voa 60 ml dd KOH 0,5 M. Ndmg do mol
cua mdi chat trong dd lan lugt la:
A. 0,2M va 0,3 M;
B. 0,3M va 0,4 M
0,4M
0,
C.
va 1 M
D. 0,4M va 0,3 M
Hay giai thich su lira chgn
Bai 2: Tinh khoi lugng AgN03 ket tinh khoi dd khi lam lanh 450 gdd bao
hoa d 80 C. Biet do tan AgN03 d 80C la 668 g va d 20C 222 g
Bai 3: Cdn liy bao nhieu gam NaOH cho them vao lOOg dd NaOH 20% dd
thu dugc dd mdi co ndng do 25% ?

BAI TOAN HIEU SUAT PHAN UNG


F. DANG 6:
Bai toan tinh khoi luOng chat ban dau hoac khoi
I.
luOng chat tao thanh khi biet hieu suat

Gv : Qudch Van Bmh

18

Tririrng THCS Tien Lfr

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8


Dang bai toan nay ta can hirbng dan hoc sinh giai binh tlurong nhir chua biet
hieu suat phan ung. Sau do bai toan yeu cau:
- Tinh khoi luong san pham thi:

Khoi luong tinh theo phuong trinh x H%


Khoi luong san pham

=
100%

Tinh khoi luong chat tham gia thi:

Khoi luong tinh theo phuong trinh x 100%


Khoi luong chat tham gia =

H%

Vi du: Nung 120 g CaCO3 len den


song thu duac, biet H = 80%.
PTHH: CaC03

n caco3 =

1000C . Tinh khoi luang voi

Giai
il

CaO +C02

= 1,2 mol Theo PTHH ta co so mol CaO duoc tao thanh

la 1,2 mol => mcao = 1,2 .56 = 67,2 g . Hieu suat H = 80% = 0,8
Vay kh6i luong thuc te thu duoc CaO lal: 67,2.0,8 = 53,76 g

II.

Bai toan tinh hieu suat cua phan ung:


Khoi luong tinh theo phuong trinh

Ta co : H =

xl00%
Khoi luong thuc te thu duoc

Vi du: Ngudi ta khu 16g CuO bang khi H2 . Sau phan ung nguoi ta
thu duac 12g Cu . Tinh hieu suat khu CuO ?
Giai
PTHH: H2 + CuO

Cu + H20

n cuo = = 0,2 mol theo PTHH so mol Cu tao thanh la: 0,2 mol
80

mcu = 0,2.64 = 12,8 g H = . 100% * 95%


CAC BAI TAP TU GIAI
Gv : Qudch Van Binh

19

Truong THCS Tien Lu

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

Bai 1: Nung 1 tan da voi ( chua 90% CaC03). sau phan nun ngudi ta thu dugc
0,4032 tan CaO. Hieu suat cua phan ung la:
C. 90%
A. 80%
B. 85%
D. 95%
Bai 2: Tron 10 lit N2 vdi 40 lit H2 roi nung nong mot thdi gian d dieu kien
thlch hop. Sau mot thdi gian dua ve dieu kien va ap suat ban dau thay thu dugc
48 lit hon hop gdm N2; H2; NH3.
1 , Tinh the tich NH3 tao thanh ?
2, Tinh hieu suit tong hop NH3 ?

I. DANG 7:

BAI TOAN
VE TY KHOI CHAT KB!
VA KHOI LlTONG MOL TRUNG BiNH

MB
M = r~
nhh

N4U hdn hop gdm 2 chit thi:

MA < M < MB ( Neu MB > MA )


Vi du 1 :Phan tich mot hap chat nguai ta thay co thanh phan khoi
lucmg la 85,7% C va 14,3 % H. Biet ty khoi cua khi nay so vai H2 la
28.
a, Cho biet khoi luomg mol cua hop chat?
b, Xdc dinh CTHH
Hudng dan giai

Xac dinh ldi giai


Ldi giai
Budc 1: Hudng dan hoc sinh viet CTHH: CxHy
cong thuc tong quat, tim khoi lugng
d CxHy/ H2 = 28 => M
mol cua hgp chat
Budc 2: Tim khoi lugng cua tung
nguyen to; tim so mol cua C ; H

=> nil

772,

400
4

___

= 2.28 =56

- = - = 1 00 gam

4
56.85,7
= - = 48
100

_ 56, 14,3

; mH
=8
me
100
nc = 48/ 12 = 4 ; nH = 8/1 = 8

Budc 3: Suyrax;y
Budc 4: Tra ldi

Vay x = 4 ; y = 8
CTHH la : C4H8

Gv : Qudch Van Binh

20

Trirdng THCS Tien Lfr

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

Vi du2: Khdng khi xem nhugom N2 va 02 co ty le 4:1 . Xac dinh khoi


lucmg mol TB cua khdng khl

Mkk =
K.

4+1

= 28,8

DANG 8: BAI TOAN VE HON HOP

Doi voi dang bai toan hon hop thi thuong ta phai huong dan hoc sinh lap
phirong trinh hoac he phirang trinh de tim ra cac dai lirong can tim

Vi du 1: Hod tan mot lucmg hon hcrp 19,46 g gom Mg, Al, Zn ( trong
do so g cua Mg bang so gam Al) bang mot lucmg dd HCl 2M.Sau
phan ung thu duac 16,352 lit H2 ( DKTC).
a, Tlnh so gam moi kim loai da dung ?
b, Tlnh the tlch dd HCl can dung de hod tan toan bo san pham tren,
biet nguai ta su dung du 10% ?
Giai

PTHH: Mg + 2HC1
MgCl2 +H2
2A1 +6HC1 2A1C13 +3 H2
Zn + 2HC1 - ZnCl2 + H2
Goi a,b,c la so mol lan hrot cua Mg; Al; Zn

Theo cac PTHH tren ta co: S5 mol H2 la:( a + 3/2b + c) =

16,351

= 0,73mol

Ta co cac phirang trinh ve khoi luong cua hon hop:


24a + 27b + 65c = 19,46
24a = 27b

Ket hop lai ta co he:


( a + 3/2b + c) = 0,73
24a + 27b + 65c = 19,46
24a = 27b
Giai he ra ta duac: a = 0,27 , b = 0,24 , c = 0, 1
Vay mMg = 0,27.24 = 6,48 g; mAi = 27.0,24 = 6,48 g mZn = 0,1.65 = 6,5 g
b, So mol HCl tham gia phan ung bang 2a + 3b + 2c = 1,46. Vay the tich dd
HCl cin dl hoa tan h6n hgp la: 1,46 : 2 = 0,73 lit.
Do do the tlch HCl theo de bai se la : 0,73 + 0,073 = 0,803 lit

Vi du 2: Co mot hon hap gom 60% Fe203 va 40%> CuO . Nguai ta


dung H2(du) de khu 20g hon hap do.
a,Tlnh khoi lucmg Fe va Cu thu duac sau phan ung?
Gv : Qudch Van Bmh

21

Trirdng THCS Tien Lfr

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

b, Tinh so mol H2 da tham gia phan idig ?

Dap so: a, mFe = 10,5 g; mcu = 6,4 g


b, 0,352 mol H2

CAC BAI TAP TIT GIAI


Bai 1: Ngudi ta hoa tan hoan toan 9,52 g hon hop A gom: Fe; Fe203 ; Fe304

bang 850 ml dd HC1 0,4 M. Phan ung k4t thuc thu duoc 2,24 lit H2 (BKTC).
Tnih % khoi lirgng tirng chat trong A. Xac dinh nong do CM cac chat co trong D
( Biet the tlch khong doi).
Bai 2: Hon hoph gom Na va mot kim loai A hoa tri I ( A chi co the la K hoac
Li). Lay 3,7 g hon hop tren tac dung voi lucmg nude du lam thoat ra 0,15 mol
H2 ( DKTC) . Xac djnh ten kim loai A

PMnlll KETLUAN CHUNG


Hoa hoc noi chung bai tap Hoa hoc noi rieng dong vai tro het sue quan
trong trong viec hoc tap Hoa hoc, no giup hoc sinh phat trien tu duy sang tao,
dong thdi no gop phan quan trong trong viec on luyen kien thirc cu, bo sung
them nhirng phan thieu sot ve ly thuyet va thuc hanh trong hoa hoc.
Trong qua trinh giang day Mon Hoa hoc tai truong THCS cung gap khong it
kho khan trong viec giup cac em hoc sinh lam cac dang bai tap Hoa hoc, song
voi long yeu nghe, sir tan tarn cong viec cung voi mot so kinh nghiem it oi cua
ban than va su giup do cua cac ban dong nghiep. Toi da luon biet ket hop giua
hai mat :"Ly luan day hoc Hoa hoc va thirc tien dung lop cua giao vien". Chinh
vi vay khong nhung tung bude lam cho de tai hoan thien hon ve mat ly thuyet,
mat ly luan day hoc ma lam cho no co tac dung trong thuc tien day va hoc Hoa
hoc d truong THCS.

I . KET QUA CUA DE TAl

Be tai nay duoc toi ap dung trong day hoc tai truong THCS Tien Lu toi thu
duoc mot so ket qua nhu sau:
- So luong hoc sinh hieu bai thao tac thanh thao cac dang bai tap hoa hoc
ngay tai ldp chiem ty le cao
- Giao vien tiet kiem duoc thdi gian, hoc sinh tu giac, doc lap lam bai.
Phat huy duoc tinh tich cue cua hoc sinh
- Dua vao su phan loai bai tap giao vien co the day nang cao duoc nhieu
doi tuong hoc sinh.

Ket qua cu the nhu1 sau:

Gv : Qudch Van Bmh

22

Trirfrng THCS Tien Lfr

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

Lop So hoc sinh hieu bai vd lam tot cac dang bai tap

Nam hoc

2009 -2010
Khi chira
ap dung SKKN

2010 -2011
Khi da
ap dung SKKN

Loai yeu

Loai TB

0,9%

14,1%

0%

1,68%

Loai Kha

Loai Gioi

50%

35%

31,1%

67,22%

II. HlTOOVG TIEP THEO CUA SKKN


- Bo sung them cac dang bai toan dinh huong va dinh lugng a muc do
danh cho hoc sinh dai tra va hoc sinh kha gioi.
- ap dung dieu chinh nhung thieu sot vao giang day tai noi cong tac
- Van dung cac kinh nghiem giang day, tiep thu cac y kien chi bao, tranh
thu sir dong gop xay dung cua cac dong nghiep de dua de tai nay co tinh
thuc tien cao.
Trong qua trinh thuc hien de tai nay khong tranh khoi su thieu sot. Toi rat mong
dugc su quan tarn giup do, dong gop chi bao an can cua cac thay co de ban than
toi dugc hoan thien hon trong giang day cung nhu SKKN nay co tac dung cao
trong viec day va hgc

Toi xin chan thanh cam an !

Tien Lir , ngay 05 thang 04 nam 201 1

Ngirol thirc hien: Quach Van Binh


Gv : Quach Van Binh

23

Truung THCS Tien Lfr

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

Giao vien tnrcmg THCS Tien Lu

Phu luc
Trang

PHAN 1: DAT VAN DE


I. Ly do chon de tai
II. NhiemvudStai
III. Boi tirong nghien cuu
IV. Muc dich de tai
V . Gia thuyet khoa hoc
VI. Phuong phap nghien cuu
VII. Bai toan hoa hocva vai tro cua no trong
VIII. viec phat trien tu duy cua hoc sinh

1
2
2
2
3
3

PHAN 2: NOl DUNG DE TAI: PHAN DANG CAC LOAI 3


BAI TOAN HOA HOC TRONG GIAN DAY HOA HOC 6 4
THCS

A. DANG l: Tinh theo CTHH


B. DANG 2: Bai toan vc lap CTHH
C. DANG 3: Bai toan co ban vc mol ,

4
$

khdi lic&ng

mol vd the tlch molchdt khl


D. DANG 4: Bai toan tinh theo PTHH
E. DANG 5: Bai toan vc dung dich vd nong do
dung dich
F. DANG 6: Bai toan ve hieu suat phdn irng
I .DAN 7: Bai toan ve ty khdi chat khlvd khdi
luffng mol trung binh
E. DANG 8: Bai toan ve hon hop

11

13
11
19
20

PHAN III: KET LUAN CHUNG


Gv : Qudch Van Binh

24

Trirong THCS Tien Lfr

Sang kien kinh nghiem

Phan dang bai toan Hod hoc lop 8

21

Gv : Qudch Van Binh

25

Trirong THCS Tien Lfr

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