Professional Documents
Culture Documents
luyen cho hoc sinh tmh chinh xac cua khoa hoc va nang cao long yeu
thich mon hoc.
PHAN DANG
CAC LOAI BAI TOAN HOA HOC TRONG GlANG DAY
HOA HOC LOP 8 O TRUNG HOC CO SO
A. DANG 1: TINH THEO CONG THUt HOA HOC
Cach 2
Xac dinh ldi giai
Ldi giai
Budcl: Qui so gam dau bai cho ra
nco2- 44 = 0,25mol
mol
Budc 2: Viet CTHH cua chit. Tinh M
MC02 = 44 g
1 mol C02 co chua 1 mol C
Budc 3: Lap quan he ty le mol giua
0,25mol
nguyen to va hop chat. Tim khoi luong
C02 co chua 0,25 g C
chua biet.
Mc = 0,25.12 = 3g
Co 3g C trong 11 g C02
Budc 4: Tra ldi
II. Tim khoi lirong hop chat de trong do co chira a mol nguyen to:
Vi du: Can lay bao nhieu gam CH3COOH de trong do co chua 12g
nguyen to cacbon?
Gv : Qudch Van Binh
Nghien cun de bai: Dua vao ty le so mol hoac ty le khoi lugng giua nguyen to
va hop chat
Huong dan giai
Cach 1
Ldi giai
Xac dinh ldi giai
Buoc 1 : ViSt CTHH cua chat. Tinh M, CTHH : CH3COOH co : M = 60g
neu y nghTa ( co lien quan tbi chat tim)
Buoc 2: Lap quan he vbi so lieu cua 1 mol CH3COOH co chua 2 mol C
dau bai.
60 g CH3COOH co chua 24g C
x g CH3COOH co chua 12 g C
Tinh x
x= .12=30 g
24
Buoc 3: Traldi
Cach 2
Ldi giai
M c = 12g => nc = 12:12 = 1 mol
MCH3COOH = 60g
1 mol CH3COOH co chua 2mol C
0,5 mol CH3COOH <=
ImolC
mCH3COOH = 0,5 . M = 0,5.60 = 30 g
Can 30 g CH3COOH
%H = .100 = 2,04%
98
Cach 2
IV. Bai toan so sanh ham lirong nguyen to trong hup chat khac
nhau
Vi du: Co 3 loai phan bon hod hoc sau: NH4NO3 ; (NH4)2S04 ;
NH4Cl trong hap chat nao chua nhieu ham luong nita han.
Nghien ciiu dau bai: Tinh ty le % khoi luong cua N, suy ra chat nao co nhieu N
hon
Huong dan giai
Xac dinh ldi giai
Ldi giai
Buoc 1: Tinh ti le % cua N trong tung * NH4N03
hop chat
% N = .100% = 35% (1)
V
80
* (NH4)2 SO4
%N=
'
90
*NH4C1
90
Budc 2: So sanh ti le % cua N trong Vay tu (1),(2),(3) ket luan ham luong
N co trong NHNOs la Ion nhat
cac hop chat tren va ket luan
B DANG 2: BAI TOAN VE LAP CONG THUt HOA HOC
I. Bai toan lap cong thirc hoa hoc khi biet ty le % ve khoi
lirong cua cac nguyen to tao nen chat
Dang bai toan nay lien quan den: x : y : z = . %B %C
MA
MB
Mc
Vi du: Lap CTHH cua hop chat trong do S chiem 40% ; O chiem
60% ve khoi luong ?
Nghien cuu de bai: Tinh so nguyen tu cua tirng nguyen to dua vao ty le % khoi
luong trong tung nguyen to
Huong dan giai
Loi giai
CTHH tong quat: SxOy
Ta co :
- Buoc 2: Tim ty le x : y
Budc 3: Vi6t CTHH dung
%S _ %0
x : y =- =
Ms
Ma
Vay CTHH la S03
40
32
16
= 1:3
Vi du: Cho 6,5 g mot ,kim loai hod tri II vao dd H2S04 du nguaid ta
thu duac 2,24 lit H2. Xac dinh ten kim loai ?
Huong dan giai
Xac dinh loi giai
Budc 1: Huong dan hoc sinh doi ra
so mol theo so lieu dau bai
Budc 2:
- VietPTHH
- Tim nguyen to chua biet
Budc 3: Tra loi
Loi giai
_ 6,5
R + H2SO4
lmol
0,1 mol
R=
0,1
nR-T
2,24
RSO4 + H2
=0,1 mol
lmol
0,1mol
= 65 Vay R la Zn
Bai 1 : Cho cac oxit sau FeO; Fe203 ; Fe304. Trong cac oxit tren oxit nao co ty
le Fe nhieu hon ca
; C . Fe304
A. FeO ;
B. Fe203
Bai 2: Trong nong nghiep ngudi ta co the dung CuS04 nhir mot loai phan bon
vi lirgng de bon ruong, lam tang nang suat cay trong. Neu dung 8 g chat nay thi
co the dua vao dat bao nhieu gam Cu ?
C. 3,3 g D. 4,5
A. 3,4 g;
B. 3,2 g;
Bai 3: Mot loai quang sat co chua 90% la Fe304 . Khoi luong sat co trong 1
tan quang do la :
C. 0,66 tan ;
A. 0,65 tan;
B. 0,6517 tan ;
D. 0,76 tan;
Bai 4: Thanh phan % ve khoi luong cua cac nguyen to Cu; S va O co trong
CuS04 lan luot la:
Loi giai
= VI
Buoc 2: Tinh M
M CH4 = 16g
n = = 1,5 mol
16
Loi giai
H20
M = 18g
m = 5.18 = 90g
Nghien duu dau bai: Bieu thirc co lien quan den A = n.6.1023
Hirong dan giai
Xac dinh loi giai
Loi giai
Biroc 1 : Xac dinh so phan tir hoac so
nguyen tu co trong 1 mol chat
N = 6.1023
A = n.6.1023 = 2.6.1023
Loi giai
NH2O=6.1023
n
_ A
N
H20
Loi giai
10
m =n.M
MCu = 64g
ncu
Buac 3: Tinh m va tra loi
9.1023
=
6.1023
1,5/MO/
mCu= 1,5.64 = 96 g
Lai giai
22,4 lit
Buac 2: Xac dinh the tich cua 3 mol V = n.22,4 = 3. 22,4 = 6,72 lit
chit khi a DKTC
Bai 2:
l/.Cho luong cac chit sau:
a, 0,25 mol phan tu N2
c, 0,75 mol phan tu Cl2
11
D. DANG 4 :
I.
Vi du: Tinh so mol Na20 tao thanh neu co 0,2 mol Na bi dot chdy
Nghien cuu dau bai: Tinh so mol Na20 dua vao ty le so mol giita so
mol Na va so mol Na20 trong PTHH.
Huang dan giai
Ldi giai
4Na + 02 -+2 Na20
Tim so g cua chat A theo so mol xac dinh cua 1 chat bat
ky trong PTHH
Vi du: Tinh so g CH4 bi dot chdy .Biet rang can dung het 0,5 mol 02
va sdn pham tao thanh la C02 va H20 ?
II.
III. Tim the tich khi tham gia hoac tao thanh
Vi du: Tinh the tich khi H? duac tao thanh 0 DKTC khi cho 2,8 g Fe
taca dung v&i dd HCl du ?
Gv : Qudch Van Blnh
12
Loi giai
nFe -
- = 0,05mol
56
IV.
Bai toan khoi lirong chat con dir
Vi du: Ngudi ta cho 4,48 lit H2 di qua hot 24gCuO nung nong. Tinh
khoi luqmg chat ran thu duoc sau phdn img. Biet phan wig say ra
hoan toan ?
Giai
PTHH:
H2 + CuO -> Cu + H20
448
n cuo _ =0,3 mol
=0,2 mol ;
nn2 =
22,4
80
13
Nghien cuu dau bai: Tinh so g chat tan toi da trong lOOg dung moi, suy ra do
.100
mdm-
0,075.100
=1,5 g
5
Nghien cuu de bai: Tinh so g NaOH tan trong 100 g dung dich suy ra C%
Huong dan giai
Ldi giai
Xac dinh ldi giai
md2 = met + mdm = 0,3 + 7 = 7,3 g
Budc 1: Xac dinh khoi luong dd
Budc 2: Tinh khoi luong chat tan
trong 100 g dung dich suy ra C%
C% = .100 4,1%
57,3
14
Lai giai
M CuS04 = 160g
n CuSCL =
- 0,01mol
V = 0,151it
Buac 3: Tinh CM
160
CM
_ 001 = 0,07 M
0,15
.100
15
C!
/ C2 - C /
/Ci-C/
C2
Khi do co:
w, __/C2-C /
m2 /c, -Cl
Vi du: Caw phai lay bao nhieu g dd NaCl ndng do 20% vao 400 g dd
NaCl ndng do 15% de duac dd NaCl co ndng do 16% ?
Huang dan giai
Ldi giai
Xac dinh ldi giai
1
Budc 1 : Huong dan hoc sinh lap so 20
do dudng cheo
16
4
15
Budc 2: Tim ty le mi : m2
mi 1
m2 400 1 00 gam
-=
=> m, =
Budc 3: Thay cac dai luong va tinh m2 4
4
4
toan
Budc 4: Tra ldi
Vay cdn phai \iy lOOg dd NaCl
co C% = 20%
Vdd
Vi du: Hod tan 2,3 gNa kirn loai vao 197,8 g H20
a, Tlnh C% cua dd thu duac
b, Tlnh CM cua dd thu duac. Biet D = l,08g/ml
Giai
a, So mol Na da dung :
= 0,1mol
+ H2
0,05mol
Vay C% =
mdd
. 1 00
.100
200
=2%
Vdd =
mdd
200 , 0 , ,
185ml
1,08
CM =
0,185
= 0,54M
CM khac nhau(
Boi voi dang bai toan nay ta co the ap dung so do ducmg cheo
IC2-CI
v2 ICX-CI
Vj
Vi du: Can dung bao nhieu ml dd H2S04 2,5 Mva bao nhieu ml dd
H2S04 lMde khi pha tron chung vdi nhau duac 600ml H2SQ4 1,5 M?
Giai
0,5
1,5
V\
V2
_ 0,5
Hay V2 = 2 V,
1 = 0,5
X.
Bai toan ve pha tron cac dung djeh co D khac nhau( chat
tan giong nhau)
Ta cung ap dung so do ducmg cheo giong voi cac dang a tren
Vx _/P2 -D!
V2 ID, -Dl
Vi du: Can pha bao nhieu ml dd NaOH ( D= 1,26 g/ml vdi bao nhieu
ml dd NaOH (D = 1,06 g/ml) de duac 500ml dd NaOH co D = 1,16
g/ml ?
Khi do ta co:
Giai
Ap dung so do ducrng cheo:
1,27
0,1
1,16
Gv : Qudch Van Bmh
17
0,1
- = -- 1 Hay V! = V2 = 250ml
=
V2 1 = 0,1
XI. Bai toan do tan
- Do tan cua 1 chat la so gam toi da chat do tan dirge trong 100 g nude de
dirge dd bao hoa d nhiet do xac dinh .
- Khi nhiet do tang do tan cua cac chat thudng tang, nen neu khi ta ha nhiet
do dd xuong thi se co mot phan chat tan khong tan dugc nua, phan chat
tan nay se tach ra dirdi dang ran.
Vi du: Cho biet 20C, do tan cua CaS04 la 0,2 g va khoi luo'ng rieng
cua dd bao hoa la lg/ml. Tinh C% vaCM cua dd CaS04 bao hod a
nhiet do tren ?
Giai
Kh6i lugng dd la: 0,2 + 100 =100,2 g Vay C % =
ma
mdd
.100 = --.100
100,2
0,19%
CM = C%.
=0,19.
136 = 0,014M
18
=
100%
H%
n caco3 =
Giai
il
CaO +C02
la 1,2 mol => mcao = 1,2 .56 = 67,2 g . Hieu suat H = 80% = 0,8
Vay kh6i luong thuc te thu duoc CaO lal: 67,2.0,8 = 53,76 g
II.
Ta co : H =
xl00%
Khoi luong thuc te thu duoc
Vi du: Ngudi ta khu 16g CuO bang khi H2 . Sau phan ung nguoi ta
thu duac 12g Cu . Tinh hieu suat khu CuO ?
Giai
PTHH: H2 + CuO
Cu + H20
n cuo = = 0,2 mol theo PTHH so mol Cu tao thanh la: 0,2 mol
80
19
Bai 1: Nung 1 tan da voi ( chua 90% CaC03). sau phan nun ngudi ta thu dugc
0,4032 tan CaO. Hieu suat cua phan ung la:
C. 90%
A. 80%
B. 85%
D. 95%
Bai 2: Tron 10 lit N2 vdi 40 lit H2 roi nung nong mot thdi gian d dieu kien
thlch hop. Sau mot thdi gian dua ve dieu kien va ap suat ban dau thay thu dugc
48 lit hon hop gdm N2; H2; NH3.
1 , Tinh the tich NH3 tao thanh ?
2, Tinh hieu suit tong hop NH3 ?
I. DANG 7:
BAI TOAN
VE TY KHOI CHAT KB!
VA KHOI LlTONG MOL TRUNG BiNH
MB
M = r~
nhh
=> nil
772,
400
4
___
= 2.28 =56
- = - = 1 00 gam
4
56.85,7
= - = 48
100
_ 56, 14,3
; mH
=8
me
100
nc = 48/ 12 = 4 ; nH = 8/1 = 8
Budc 3: Suyrax;y
Budc 4: Tra ldi
Vay x = 4 ; y = 8
CTHH la : C4H8
20
Mkk =
K.
4+1
= 28,8
Doi voi dang bai toan hon hop thi thuong ta phai huong dan hoc sinh lap
phirong trinh hoac he phirang trinh de tim ra cac dai lirong can tim
Vi du 1: Hod tan mot lucmg hon hcrp 19,46 g gom Mg, Al, Zn ( trong
do so g cua Mg bang so gam Al) bang mot lucmg dd HCl 2M.Sau
phan ung thu duac 16,352 lit H2 ( DKTC).
a, Tlnh so gam moi kim loai da dung ?
b, Tlnh the tlch dd HCl can dung de hod tan toan bo san pham tren,
biet nguai ta su dung du 10% ?
Giai
PTHH: Mg + 2HC1
MgCl2 +H2
2A1 +6HC1 2A1C13 +3 H2
Zn + 2HC1 - ZnCl2 + H2
Goi a,b,c la so mol lan hrot cua Mg; Al; Zn
16,351
= 0,73mol
21
bang 850 ml dd HC1 0,4 M. Phan ung k4t thuc thu duoc 2,24 lit H2 (BKTC).
Tnih % khoi lirgng tirng chat trong A. Xac dinh nong do CM cac chat co trong D
( Biet the tlch khong doi).
Bai 2: Hon hoph gom Na va mot kim loai A hoa tri I ( A chi co the la K hoac
Li). Lay 3,7 g hon hop tren tac dung voi lucmg nude du lam thoat ra 0,15 mol
H2 ( DKTC) . Xac djnh ten kim loai A
Be tai nay duoc toi ap dung trong day hoc tai truong THCS Tien Lu toi thu
duoc mot so ket qua nhu sau:
- So luong hoc sinh hieu bai thao tac thanh thao cac dang bai tap hoa hoc
ngay tai ldp chiem ty le cao
- Giao vien tiet kiem duoc thdi gian, hoc sinh tu giac, doc lap lam bai.
Phat huy duoc tinh tich cue cua hoc sinh
- Dua vao su phan loai bai tap giao vien co the day nang cao duoc nhieu
doi tuong hoc sinh.
22
Lop So hoc sinh hieu bai vd lam tot cac dang bai tap
Nam hoc
2009 -2010
Khi chira
ap dung SKKN
2010 -2011
Khi da
ap dung SKKN
Loai yeu
Loai TB
0,9%
14,1%
0%
1,68%
Loai Kha
Loai Gioi
50%
35%
31,1%
67,22%
23
Phu luc
Trang
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
$
khdi lic&ng
11
13
11
19
20
24
21
25