Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems

Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems
Power Electronics in
Renewable Energy Systems
by
Prof. Frede Blaabjerg
Aalborg University
Institute of Energy Technology
fbl@iet.aau.dk
http://www.iet.aau.dk
28-04-2006
Workshop Energy Technology, April 27 2006 by Frede Blaabjerg
www.iet.aau.dk
Power Electronics in
Renewable Energy Systems
Outline
1. Development in Energy Technology
2. Wind energy systems
3. Solar energy systems
4. Summary
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1. Institute of Energy Technology

Where are we from?
13000 students
Founded in 1974
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Electricity production in 2004
The share of renewable energy production is still

very modest!
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Power capacities perspective until 2020
The installed capacity has to increase by over 80%

New power sources becomes interesting
More efficient use of the existing sources
From production to end user
Power balance extremely important
New energy storage devices
Distributed Power Generation Systems (DPGS) necessary

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Overview of DPGS
Advantages of DPGS:
Load management (peak shaving)

Power quality (required by standards!)
Enhanced voltage stabiliity
Reduced transmission losses
Potential for improving grid
reliability/stability
Disadvantage - high cost!

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Wind energy highest development

Solar energy next highest development
Wave energy largely unexplored
Tidal energy largely unexplored
Small hydro (<10MW), 47GW used, 180 GW
untapped (70% in developing countries).
Oldest technology (not covered)
Biomass 18GW used (2000), largely
unexplored. Used in CHP. (not covered)
www.iet.aau.dk
Classical Power System
REFRIGERATOR
TELEVISION
LIGHT
TRANSFORMER
THERMAL
HEAT
3
POWER STATION (CHP)
1 -3
MOTOR
TRANSFORMER
PUMP
ROBOTICS
3
INDUSTRY
POWER STATION
POWER SUPPLY
ac
dc
~
=
POWER STATION
Central power plants

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Future Power System

REFRIGERATOR
SOLAR CELLS
TELEVISION
DC
AC
SOLAR
Thermal
ENERGY
heat
LIGHT
TRANSFORMER
1-3
MOTOR
TRANSFORMER
POWER STATION (CHP)
PUMP
FACTS
ROBOTICS
COMPENSATOR
INDUSTRY
TRANSFORMER
FUEL
CELLS
DC
AC
POWER SUPPLY
ac
WIND TURBINE
TRANSFORMER
3
WIND TURBINE
Focus in this
presentation
dc
Demands
Stability
Frequency control
Voltage control
Optimized control
Protection
Less central power plants and more DPGS

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2. Wind Energy Systems
Actual installed power worldwide
The annual increase has decreased in 2004!
50 GW installed in 2005!
Predicted for 2010 - 180 GW (source WindForce 10)
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Actual installed power in Europe (MW)
(Source: EWEA The European Wind Energy Association

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Wind Turbine development

22
70 m
112 m
4.500 kW
Growth of WTGs
1.500 kW
46 m
37 m
30 m
46 m
600 kW
500 kW
300 kW
15 m
50 kW
1985
1989
1992
1993
1996
200x
Bigger and more efficient !

3.6-6 MW prototypes running (Vestas, GE, Siemens Wind,Enercon)
Danish Vestas and Siemens Wind stand for over 40% of the worldwide market
2MW WT are still the "best seller" on the market!
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The real challenge!
Problem to be solved wind power variation
Power Station
p(t) variable
p(t) variable
p(t) fixed
Energy storage?
Short-term solution - Long-term solution
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Power Conversion - MPPT
Power curve - Aerodynamic
1
3
Ptur = CpAv vwind
2
=
Cp
Cp;max
vtip
rrtrt
=
vwind
vwind
Techniques to limit the produced power

in high wind:
Stall control
Active stall control
Pitch control (replace stalling)
For each wind speed, there is a different shaft rotation speed

that leads tot the extraction of the maximum available power-->
MPPT --> variable-speed WT
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Power Conversion and control
Electrical Power
Wind power
Rotor
Power converter
(optional)
Generator
Gearbox (optional)
Supply grid
Consumer
Power conversion &
power control
Power transmission
Power conversion &

power control
Power conversion
Power transmission
Electrical control
Power control
Basic Topologies
Pref
Qref
Fixed speed with capacitor bank (old system, not used today anymore!)
Two-generator principle two pole-pairs (exists in many systems)
Rotor resistance control
Doubly-fed induction generator DFIG - wounded rotor (very common now!)
Squirell cage induction generator SCIG
Synchronous generator - External magnetized
Synchronous generator - Permanent magnets
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Basic topologies for variable-speed wind turbine
Fixed speed with capacitor bank (Danish concept)

Simple and robust
No slip ring using SCIG
Fixed speed and uncontrollable
Needs soft-starter
Gearbox
Needs capacitor bank
High mechanical stress
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Rotor resistance control

Higher speed range

Lower mechanical stress
Less grid pulsations
Improvement in Optislip (no rings)
Still reactive power compensation
Use basically slip-rings
Speed range still limited to 5-10 %
of nominal speed (above synchronous speed)
Higher power losses in the rotor
IV
Induction
generator
Rr < Rr < Rr
Grid
Gear
Pitch
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Resistance
control
Reactive
compensator
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Doubly-fed induction generator - wounded rotor

Limited speed range (-30% to +20%, typical)
Small-scale power converter (Less power losses, price)
Complete control of active Pref and reactive power Qref
Need for slip-rings
Need for gear
V
Doubly-fed
induction generator
Grid
Gear
Pitch
DC
AC
DC
Pref
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AC
Qref
www.iet.aau.dk

Induction generator - Squirrel cage rotor

Full speed range
No brushes on the generator
Complete control of active og reactive power
Proven technology
Full-scale power converter
Need for a gear
VI
Induction
generator
Grid
Gear
AC
DC
DC
Pitch
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Pref
AC
Qref
www.iet.aau.dk

Synchronous generator - External magnetized

Full speed range
Possible to avoid gear (multi-pole generator)
Complete control of active and reactive power
Small converter for field
Need of slip-rings
Full scale power converter
Multi-pole generator may be big and heavy
DC
AC
VII
Synchronous
Generator
Gear
AC
DC
Pitch
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Pref
Grid
DC
AC
Qref
www.iet.aau.dk

Synchronous generator - Permanent magnets

Full speed range
Possible to avoid gear (multi-pole generator)
Complete control of active and reactive power
Brushless (reduced maintenance)
No power converter for field (higher efficiency)
Full scale power converter
Multi-pole generator big and heavy
Permanent magnets needed in large quantities
IX
PM-synchronous
Generator
Multi-pole
AC
DC
Pitch
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Pref
Grid
DC
AC
Qref
www.iet.aau.dk

Technology comparison
2001
Design Concept
Fixed speed (Stall or active
stall regulation, fixed speed
operation, gearbox, poleswitchable asynchronous
Dynamic slip control (Limited
variable speed, pitch
regulation, gearbox, poleswitchable asynchronous
generators with variable slip)
Doubly-fed generator
(Variable speed operation,
pitch control, gearbox,
double-fed generator utilizing
power electronics in the
inverter)
Direct-driven variable speed
synchronous (generators with
large-diameter synchronous
ring generator, including pitch
control, but no gearbox,
utilizing power electronics in
the inverter)
Total
World-Market Share
Market Share Germany
23%
22%
11%
0%
50%
49%
16%
29%
100%
100%
- Power electronics is now in wind turbines

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Control of wind turbines
Basic demands:
Electrical:
Interconnection (conversion, synchronization)

Overload protection
Active and reactive power control
Mechanical:
Power limitation (pitch)
Maximum energy capture
Speed limitation/control
Reduce acoustical noise
Damp mechanical resonances
Control loops with different bandwidth

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DFIG Control Structure
The back-to-back converter is typically full-bridge VSI or

NPC (multi-level, high power)
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Control of Multi-pole Synchronous Generator
PMG
Generator
rectifier
Grid
inverter
Inductance
Grid
vDC
Pref
Power
control
vDC
Grid
control Q
vga,v gb, v gc
iga, igb, igc
ref
Control of Multi-pole Synchronous Generator
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Current developments, Vestas A/S Denmark
Target market: Big off-shore farms
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Vestas V120 off-shore turbine

Rated power: 4,500 kW
Rotor diameter: 120 m
Hub height: 90 m
Turbine concept: Gearbox, variable
speed, variable pitch control
Generator: HV DFIG
www.iet.aau.dk
Current Developments, Enercon GmbH Germany
Enercon E-112 gearless turbine

Rated power: 4,500 - 6,000 kW
Rotor diameter: 114 m
Hub height: 124 m
Turbine concept: Gearless, variable
speed, variable pitch control
Generator: Enercon ring generator
Target market: Large on-shore and off-shore farms.
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2. Distributed Renewable Power Sources
Current developments off-shore wind farms
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Horns Reef, Denmark, 80 x 2MW (Vestas V80, pitched, variablespeed, DFIG with gearbox)
In operation for more than 3 year
Extreme corrosion and mechanical stress
Experienced problems with transformer and generators,
premature corrosion
Horns Reef experience-->higher price per kWh, more than 50%
higher than on-shore
The planned developments with new off-shore farms are
delayed slightly
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3. Solar Energy Systems
Europe Potential
Annual total potential in NW Europe: ca.1000 kWh/m2/year (ca

50% direct and 50% diffuse radiation) In southern Europe :
ca.2000 kWh/m2/year
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Introducing Photovoltaics
Direct sunlight conversion to electricity using semiconductor
materials (ex. Si, Ga-As, etc)

Over 30 years experience

Modular (mW to MW)
Noise and pollution free
No moving parts
Reliable, long life (>20 year)
Low operation cost
Abundant resource (Si)
High manufacturing cost
Typical efficiency 15-18%
Roof-integrated PV system
Skyskrapper on
Broadway, New York
4.6 MWp, Springerfield, Tucson, Arizona, USA,

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6.3 MWp, Solar Park Muhlhausen,
Germany,
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Efficiency
The thermodynamic ideal limit is ~45%
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Photovoltaic Systems- stand-alone
Solar lighting in Mexico
PV/Wind in Korea
Solar/FC Source: IdaTech
Mobile Solar. Source Nasa
Source: Helios
A large variety of applications

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Photovoltaic Systems - Grid connected
PV Buildings. Source BCIT , Burnaby, British Columbia
Residential, not-integrated roof

Residential, integrated roof
Residential PV is
developing very fast in
Japan and Germany
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Power plants
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Power configuration for grid-connected PV systems
Central inverters
10 kW-250kW, threephase, several strings
in parallel
high efficiency, low
cost, low reliability, not
optimal MPPT
Used for power plants
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String inverters
1.5 - 5 kW, typical
residential application
each string has its own
inverter enabling better
MPPT
the strings can have
different orientations
Three-phase inverters
for power < 5kW
Module inverters
50-180W, each panel
has its own inverter
enabling optimal MPPT
lower efficiency,
difficult maintenance
Higher cost/kWp
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Converter topologies for PV inverters

on the LF side
with isolation
with DC-DC
converter
on the HF side
without isolation
PV
Inverters
with isolation
without DC-DC
converter
without isolation
Without boost / with boost of dc voltage

Galvanic isolation necessary some places
LF/HF transformer (cost-volume issue)
A large variety of possibilities
The optimal topology is not matured yet as for drives
Transformerless topologies having higher efficiency are
emerging
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PV inverters with dc-dc converter and isolation
PV
Array
DC
DC
PV
Array
Grid
DC
AC
DC
AC
DC
Grid
AC
DC
AC
On high frequency (HF) side
On low frequency (LF) side
The HF transformer leads to more compact solution but complex design

High frequency
bridge
High frequency
inverter
Line frequency
inverter
Filter
vx
Filter
PV
array
vgrid
High
frequency
tranformer
Typical solution with push-pull dc-dc converter with HF transformer and PWM fullbridge inverter with filter (LCL, LC,L)
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Transformerless PV inverters with boost
Boost
Converter
PV
Array
DC
Full bridge inverter
DC
Grid
DC
AC
PV
array
VDC bus
Filter
vgrid
Compact design
Leakage current problem
Safety issue
Boost converter, full-bridge PWM

inverter, grid filter
Time sharing configuration

Extra diode
Boost with rectified sinus
reference
PWM full-bridge inverter
Efficiency>96%
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PV inverters without boost

With isolation

Line frequency
transformer
DC
PV
Array
Grid
AC
PV
array
Filter
vgrid
Grid side trafo

High volume
Without isolation
Cascaded inverter
I1
DC
PV
Array
Grid
AC
PV
array
1
C1
E1
iinv
vinv
I2
PV
array
Filter
vgrid
Typical solution with full-bridge inverter

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Linv
b2
PV
array
2
vL
a1
C2
c1
vgrid
E2
d2
Multi-level solution for lower dc

voltage input
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Control of PV inverters
ug
SYSTEM
CONTROL
System control
Different control structures
Current control (THD limits)
Specific control functions
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
Grid synchronization (PLL)
Anti Islanding detection (standards)
Ancillary functions (future)
Grid control
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Anti-islanding methods
Passive methods
Under/Over Voltage (UV/OV) and Under/Over
Frequency (UF/OF)
Voltage phase jump detection
Detection of voltage harmonics
Active methods - resident in the inverter

Output power variation
Active Frequency Drift (AFD)
Slip-Mode frequency-Shift (SMS)
Positive feedback of frequency or voltage
Impedance measurement using external device or
harmonic injection
Harmonic injection is current methods for single-phase PV inverters
More info:
[Asiminoaie L.,Teodorescu,R., Blaabjerg,F., Borup,U. A Digital Controlled PV-Inverter with
Grid Impedance Estimation for ENS Detection IEEE Trans on PE 2005.]
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Cumulative installed capacity (MW)
Solar Photovoltaics Energy developments
3000
2500
connected
connected
GridGrid
grid
O
ff Off-
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1992 199319941995199619971998 19992000200120022003 2004

Cumulative installed capacity from 1992 to 2004 in
the IEA-PVPS reporting countries (source: IEAPVPS, http://www.iea-pvps.org
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2.5 GW installed until 2004! (Totally installed 3700 GW!)

Grid Connected PV System are growing fast
Japan is the biggest solar panel manufacturer
Germany is the biggest market in Europe
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Solar Energy Economics
It is expected that the production

price for PV panels will be halved
before 2010
The price of commercial solar
electricity is now ca. 5 times higher
then the conventional electricity (ca.
25-30 cents/kWh in USA)
and will be comparable with the
conventional kWh in 2020
(source: US Dpt. Of Energy)
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4. Summary
42
Required total capacity installed by 2020 - 6TW (2.4 TW new

installed)
Wind energy - very promissing RES, huge potential,technology ready
4 Eurocent/kWh (50% more for off-shore)
50 GW installed in 2005 - 1.3% global penetration
400 GW projected in 2020 - 8% global penetration
Higher penetration is possible if storage solution is found
Large off-shore is the key but needs more development to take off
Solar energy - very promissing RES, huge potential
PV - c-Si technology>90% market, residential, plants, stand-alone
>2.5 GW installed by 2004,
20 Eurocent/kWh 2005
4 Eurocent/kWh in 2020
New technologies are emerging (CPV, thin-film)
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4. Summary
Power electronics in RES
43
Renewable energy is on its move

Power electronics is an important player enabling better utilization of
renewable sources by implementing MPPT function (WT, PV), ridethrough capabilities, increase the capacity factor by using low wind/flow
range, etc.
Power converters are able to seamless transfer variable frequency
power to the fixed frequency grid (ac-dc-ac). Critical for WT, Hydro.
Storage solution could increase the capacity factor of RES like WT and
could increase penetration. Europe goal 20% RES by 2020!
Distributed Power Generation Systems (DPGS) will be a solution to
avoid energy crisis in the near future. (both conventional and RES)
On long-term it will decrease the power volume in the transmission level
and will make the central grid control very complex.
The future RES DPGS should be able to run in on-grid and off-grid
modes
Advanced control of grid converters including grid impedance
estimation, adaptive current control are emerging
Monitoring and advanced diagnosis will also be integrated
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Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems

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Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems

Workshop Energy Technology, April 27 2006 by Frede Blaabjerg