Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sch in t SE002
HC TON V DY TON
NH TH NO?
c
Prof.
Dr. Nguyen Tien Zung
c
Sputnik
Education
y l phin bn in t min ph
dnh cho cc bn c ca
Sputnik Education
Mc lc
Li gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hc ton nh th no? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1
1.2
Hc ton c ci g? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3
Xa b cc ro cn tm l . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Hiu v nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2
2.3
2.4
Cu hi lm g? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5
2.6
ng x vi hc sinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
i mi lin tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.12
Hi ha gia cc thi cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Dy hc l mt ngh cao qu . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.2
Gi tr ca ngi thy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.3
3.4
Trc ht l thng yu tr . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
Dy hc qua cc v d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.10
Cc v d v nhm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
Sputnik Education
Li gii thiu
Quyn sch nh ny bn v nhiu kha cnh khc nhau ca vic
hc ton, dy ton, v chng trnh mn ton, c bc ph thng
v bc i hc. N c hnh thnh t cc bi vit ca tc gi v vn
ny trong qung thi gian t 2009 n 2015, da trn cc kinh
nghim bn thn v cc nghin cu tm ti ca tc gi, t rt
ra cc kt lun v vic nn hc ton nh th no, dy ton ra sao
cho hiu qu. Quyn sch cng phn tch mt s hc thuyt sai lm
v gio dc mi ngi cnh gic, v mt s im bt cp trong
chng trnh ton ph thng hin ti.
i tng chnh ca quyn sch l cc bc ph huynh hc sinh
mun hng cho con em mnh gii ton, cc sinh vin v gio vin,
ging vin mun hc ton v dy ton c tt hn, v cc nh qun
l v ci cch gio dc.
Quyn sch c chia lm 3 chng. Chng mt l Hc ton
nh th no?. Cc bc ph huynh hc sinh s thy trong nhiu
li khuyn c th v vic nn hng con em mnh hc nh th no
cho vui v hiu qu. Cc bn hc sinh sinh vin cng c th trc tip
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Chng 1
Hc ton nh th no?
1.1
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1.2
Hc ton c ci g?
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1.2. Hc ton c ci g?
Mt l do rt chnh ng l, ton hc l cng c cho tt c cc
mn khc. Vt l, ha hc, lch s, v.v. cho n mn ting Vit (ng
php: phn tch cu trc l gch ca cu v cch hnh vn) u dng
n cc khi nim ton hc. Nh vt l ni ting Paul Dirac c ni:
"Nu Cha tn ti, th Ngi l mt nh ton hc v i". Bi mi th
trong th gii ny u c cu trc ton hc. Ton hc chnh l cng
c khng th thiu nu chng ta mun hiu th gii.
Chng trnh gio dc hp l cn c thit k sao cho c s phi
hp nhp nhng gia cc kin thc ton cn cho cc mn v cc
th c hc trong bn thn mn ton. Mt v d v vic km phi
hp l khi sch ha hc lp 11 dng n c tch phn hai chiu (!)
trong khi chng trnh ton ph thng khng h nhc n tch phn
.
Ngoi vic lm cng c cho cc mn khc, ton hc cn l mn
hc c bit thch hp rn luyn kh nng suy ngh v tr tu ni
chung. Mt ngi, bt k l lm ngnh g, nu ham hc ton th cng
s c li th v cc k nng v c tnh sau:
- Kh nng lp lun l gch v chnh xc, suy ngh mch lc.
- Nhn bit c nhng lp lun sai tri, thiu l gch.
- Kh nng miu t th gii, m hnh ha cc vn bng ngn
ng ton hc.
- Kh nng hiu cc vn phc tp.
- Kh nng phn tch chin lc, su sc, c lp.
- Linh hot v tip cn cng mt vn t nhiu hng khc
nhau
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Xem
chng
hn:
http://www.careercast.com/jobs-rated/jobs-rated-2014-
ranking-200-jobs-best-worst
14
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1.3. Xa b cc ro cn tm l
mi trng lnh mnh, v.v.
1.3
Xa b cc ro cn tm l
15
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1.4
17
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20
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1.5
21
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1.6
23
24
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1.7
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1.8
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34
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n. Ci m ti c gng lm
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40
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Chng 2
Mt s iu nn v khng
nn khi dy ton
2.1
Hiu v nh
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2.1. Hiu v nh
mai) c th tra cu rt nhanh mi nh ngha, cng thc, v.v., nhng
hiu chng th vn phi t hiu, khng c my mc no hiu h
c. Khi mi lm gio s, theo thng l ca nhng ngi dy trc
ti, ti thng khng cho php sinh vin mang ti liu vo phng thi
trong cc k thi cui hc k, v bi thi hay c 1 cu hi l thuyt
(tc l pht biu ng mt nh ngha hay nh l g th c
im). Nhng trong thi i mi, vic nh y nguyn cc nh ngha
v nh l c t gi tr, m ci chnh l phi hiu m s dng c
chng. Bi vy nhng nm gn y, trong cc k thi ti dn dn cho
php hc sinh mang bt c ti liu no vo phng thi, v thi khng
cn cc cu hi pht biu nh l na. Thay vo l nhng bi
tp (tng i n gin, v thng gn ging cc bi c trong cc ti
liu nhng thay tham s) kim tra xem hc sinh c hiu v s
dng c cc kin thc c bn khng.
V mt hnh thc, chng trnh hc Vit Nam (k c bc ph
thng ln bc i hc) kh nng, nhng l nng v nh m nh
v hiu, v trnh trung bnh ca hc sinh Vit Nam th yu so
vi th gii. (Tt nhin vn c hc sinh rt gii, nhng t l hc sinh
gii thc s rt t, v cng kh so c vi gii ca phng Ty).
Vn khng phi l do ngi Vit Nam sinh ra km thng minh, m
l do iu kin v phng php gio dc, ch tr em gc Vit Nam
ln ln nc ngoi thng l thnh cng trong ng hc hnh.
Hin tng rt ph bin Vit Nam l hc sinh hc thuc lng cc
kin thc trc mi k kim tra, ri sau khi kim tra xong th ch
thy tr thy. Vit Nam rt cn ci cch chng trnh gio dc theo
hng tng s hiu ln, v gim s hc go, nh nh con vt.
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2.2
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2.3
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50
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2.4
Cu hi lm g?
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2.4. Cu hi lm g?
Mt kin thc ng hc l mt kin thc c ch g , lm g
. Nu nh hc sinh hc mt kin th vi l do duy nht l thi
ch khng cn l do no khc, th khi thi xong ri kin thc
s d b o thi khi no. Nhng mn thc s ng hc, l nhng
mn, m k c nu khng phi thi, hc sinh vn mun c hc, v
n em li s hiu bit m hc sinh mun c c v nhng k nng
cn cho cuc sng v cng vic ca hc sinh sau ny. Cn nhng mn
m hc ch thi c l l nhng mn khng ng hc.
Cng may l phn ln ging vin khng ri vo tnh trng dy
mn khng ng hc, m l dy mn hc ng hc, vi mt chng
trnh gm cc kin thc ng hc. Tuy nhin, ging vin c th bit
l hc chng lm g, v sao ng hc, trong khi m hc sinh
cha chc bit. Chnh bi vy lun cn t cu hi lm g,
khuyn khch hc sinh t cu hi , v tm nhng tr li cho cu
hi . Mt tr li gio iu chung chung kiu n quan trng, phi
hc n t c gi tr, m cn c nhng tr li c th hn, n quan
trng ch no, dng c vo trong nhng tnh hung no, em
li cc k nng g, v.v.
Tic rng vic gii thch ngha v cng dng ca cc kin thc
cho hc sinh cn b coi nh, khng ch Vit Nam. C ln ti hi
mt lp i hc ngnh ton ang hc i s tuyn tnh Vit Nam
l i s tuyn tnh dng lm g?. H tr li l khng bit. C ln
ti hi mt nhm sinh vin ngnh sinh vt Php mi hc xong mn
phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh, rng h c bit v d phng trnh
no xut pht t cc vn thc t khng. H cng tr li l khng
h bit. Nu nh ging vin gii thiu cho hc sinh bit cc cng
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2.5
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56
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2.6. ng x vi hc sinh
Nhng chng ta ng lm dng v kh ny, v hy hng cho ch
sinh ca chng ta n mt x hi mi lnh mnh hn, m t cn
n s gian di. t c vy, cc lut chi phi c thay i
sao cho hp l v minh bch hn.
Tt nhin, khng ch Vit Nam, m trn th gii cng c nhiu
ngi hm danh ho v lm n gi di, tuy t l chc l t hn
nhiu. Ti bit c nhng gio s nc ngoi c trnh cao, nhng v
qu hm danh nn dn n lm n gi di. Sinh vin Php m ti
dy cng c quay cp. Bn thn ti khi i hc cng tng quay cp.
Tt nhin ti chng c g t ho v chuyn , nhng cng khng
n ni qu xu h khi m nhng ngi xung quanh ti cng quay
cp. Chng ta l con ngi th khng hon thin, nhng hy hng
ti hon thin, gip cho cc th h sau hon thin hn.
2.6
ng x vi hc sinh
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60
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2.7
61
62
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2.8
65
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l a, mt s m k hiu l a.
S 0 ch c mt cn bc hai l s 0 vit l 0 = 0.
u l nhng th hnh thc, gio iu trong cc cu trn?
Ti lm ton my chc nm nay, cha bao gi phi dng n k
hiu tp hp cc s v t, v n khi c sch ny ti mi bit tp
hp cc s v t c k hiu l I! y l mt kin thc hnh thc
khng dng lm g c, v cng chng phi l kin thc, v th gii
cng chng dng k hiu .
Cu s v t l s c vit di dng s thp phn v hn khng
tun hon tuy ng v mt hnh thc ton hc, nhng rt rm ri
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lm bi tp v d nh s 7 l s v t.
Hai khi nim s v t v cn bc hai l hai khi nim quan
trng v c lp vi nhau. Cn c thi gian hiu tng khi nim,
khng hiu sao li c dn vo chung mt mc, c nh l cn bc
hai ca mt s th l s v t!
C ai ni cn bc hai ca 4 l -2 khng? Khng ai ni th c, m
ngi ta ch ni cn bc hai ca 4 l 2. Tc l cn bc hai ca mt
s thc dng a, lun c hiu l s thc dng c bnh phng
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2.9
73
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2.10
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2.11
i mi lin tc
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2.11. i mi lin tc
to ra xu hng ngi ca t b mn no s ch bit chuyn ngnh
hp y, tm nhn khng m rng ra. mt s trng i hc tin
tin, ni c nhiu ging vin trnh cao (v vi nguyn tc l
l gio s hay ging vin cao cp th trnh dy bt c mn
no trong cc mn ton bt buc bc c nhn), cng vic ging dy
khng phn chia theo t b mn hp nh vy, m ging vin (cao
cp) no cng c th ng k dy bt c mn no bc c nhn.
Tt nhin, vic thay i mn dy i hi cc ging vin phi c
gng hn trong vic chun b bi ging (mi ln i mn dy, l mt
ln phi chun b bi ging gn nh t u), nhng i li n lm
tng trnh ca bn thn ging vin, gip cho ging vin tm hiu
nhng ci mi (m nu khng i mn dy th s khng tm hiu, do
sc ). c bit l cc mn bc cao hc: vic chun b bi ging cho
mt mn cao hc mi c th gip ch trc tip cho vic nghin cu
khoa hc ca ging vin.
Ti c mt s kinh nghim c nhn v vic ny. V d nh mt ln
nm 1999 ti nhn dy 1 hc k cao hc v h ng lc Hamilton,
v trong qu trnh c ti liu chun b bi ging cho mn ,
ti pht hin ra mt s vn c bn lin quan n dng chun a
phng ca h ng lc cha c nghin cu, v iu thc y
ti nghin cu c mt s kt qu kh tt. Nm 2008 ti nhn dy
mn i s (m rng trng v mt t i s giao hon) cho sinh vin
ton nm th 4, tuy rng trc ti hu nh khng ng chm n
nhng th . Vic dy mn i s gip ti nm chc thm c
mt s kin thc v i s, v d nh hiu thm ngha ca tnh cht
Noether (y l tnh cht c trng ca i s, i ngc vi gii
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2.12
Hi ha gia cc thi cc
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Bt chc sng to
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K lut t do
K lut qu th nght th, t do qu th lon. Trong gio dc, li
c truyn nhiu khi qu kht khe, cha m thy c sn sng nh tr
em hoc dng hng hnh pht nhc hnh khc. Li gio dc nh vy
c xu hng bin con ngi thnh n l ch bit phc tng. Nhng
trong thi i mi li c s thi qu theo hng ngc li: cha m
thy c c khi bt lc v khng dm nghim khc vi tr em, khng
bit lm sao gi k lut.
C ging vin rt kh tnh. Sinh vin ln li i hc t xa my
chc km n mun 5 pht cng b ui khng c cho vo lp,
nhng l kh tnh vi sinh vin trong khi li d tnh vi bn thn,
t mnh c nhng khi i mun hay khng chun bi ging t t. K
lut kiu nh vy khng lm cho sinh vin phc, m ch lm cho h
thy bt cng. C ging vin th li ging bi kiu h hi chp cc
th ln bng trong khi sinh vin di lm vic ring, ni chuyn
ring o o. Lm nh vy th cng khng c sinh vin tn trng.
V khng gi c k lut trong lp th cht lng dy cng kh m
tt c, khi m sinh vin no mun hc cng kh hc ni trong mt
lp n o hn lon.
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Chng 3
94
3.1
Dy hc l mt ngh cao qu
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3.2
Gi tr ca ngi thy
A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops
Henri Brooks Adams
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3.3
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3.4
Trc ht l thng yu tr
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3.5
Who dares to teach must never cease to learn John Cotton Dana
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3.6
S tn trng hc sinh
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106
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3.7
Uy tn ca ngi thy
107
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3.8
If a child cant learn the way we teach, maybe we should teach the
way they learn Ignacio Estrada
109
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3.9. Dy hc qua cc v d
k tng bc. gim tc v tng cng s tham gia ca SV, c
th gi SV ln bng gii trc tip, v mnh ng bn cnh hng dn
cc bc. Nn xen k gia vic mnh gii mu cho SV, vic gi SV ln
bng gii ti ch, v vic yu cu SV lm thm bi khi nh ri n
lp kim tra li xem kt qu lm c ng khng.
3.9
Dy hc qua cc v d
115
116
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3.9. Dy hc qua cc v d
1) a ra nh ngha hnh thc (vi hai php ton v mt h tin
, vit y ra tn kh nhiu dng).
2) a ra mt s v d kh hin nhin (cc tp tha mn tnh
cht nhm).
3) Mt v d khng hin nhin c a ra theo cch: k mt
bng php tnh, v kim tra bng tha mn cc tin ca mt
nhm.
(ngoi ra c th cn nhng bc khc, nh mt s tnh cht n
gin, v.v.)
Cch dy trn c nhp khu t nc ngoi vo VN trong th
k trc (trc Vit Nam cha c dy mn ny, cc nh ton
hc u tin ca Vit Nam l c o to nc ngoi ri du nhp
chng trnh v Vit Nam), c l ng vo lc trng phi hnh thc
ang thnh hnh trong cch ging dy ton hc trn th gii, v cho
n nay n cha c iu kin thay i Vit Nam. (Hy vng nhng
ngi vit gio trnh mi thay th cc gio trnh c s vit theo li
hin i, trc gic, d hiu hn!). Trong 3 bc trn, c n 2 bc
l t trn tri ri xung: bc nh ngha hnh thc (m thiu gii
thch t u ny sinh ra nh ngha nh vy, lm g), v v d hnh
thc cui (ci bng t u ra?!). Bc th hai, gm cc v d
n gin (nh l tp s thc, tp s phc, tp s phc b i im 0,
v.v.) cng khng c hp dn, v sinh vin bit r cc tp ri,
thm nh ngha v nhm th c gip ch g trong vic hiu thm cc
tp ?!
Cc bn tham gia tho lun c ng vi ti mt im l: tuy
c c hc hay c i dy v nhm, nhng hc v dy khng thy
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3.10
Cc v d v nhm
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3.10. Cc v d v nhm
loi i xng: mt i xng tc l mt bin i nhng vn bo ton
ci g , v bin i ngc li c).
Ti cm rubik v lp i lp li 2
ng tc sau: xoay pha trn 1 ci
(quay 90 theo chiu kim ng
h), ri xoay bn phi 1 ci (cng
90 theo chiu kim ng h), ri
li xoay pha trn 1 ci, ri li xoay
bn phi mt ci, c th. Mu ca
rubik nhy lon ln, nhng sau mt
hi nhy lon nh vy th li ... tr
v ng v tr ban u. Ti con
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3.10. Cc v d v nhm
homothethy chnh l mt nhm, v nhm ny chnh l (tng ng
vi) nhm nhn tnh R .
Hy vng vi my v d trn, bn c, d cha bao gi bit khi
nim nhm, hiu c nhm l g: mt nhm chnh l mt tp cc
php i xng ca mt vt. Mt php i xng c ngha l mt php
bin i o nghich c m bo ton cc tnh cht no (v d
nh l bo ton hnh dng ca vt, hay l bo ton t l gia cc
cnh, v.v.). Ty theo ta yu cu bo ton t th hay nhiu th, m
nhm i xng tng ng s to (c nhiu i xng) hay nh (ch c
t i xng).
Sau khi hiu trc gi v nhm nh trn ri, ta c th ni n hai
php tnh t nhin ca nhm:
- Php nghch o (quay ngc li v ch c).
- Php nhn: php nhn chng qua l composition: tc l thc
hin php i xng ny tip theo php i xng khc.
Ton b nh ngha hnh thc ca mt nhm, vi hai php ton
trn v cc tin i km, chng qua l vit li mt cch cht ch
nh ngha mt nhm l mt tp cc i xng ca mt vt.
Bonus: mt bi tp v nhm. Bn c no t m th lm bi
ton ny. Tuy trong bi khng c ch nhm no, nhng n l
mt v d v nhm! Gi s f : R R l mt hm s thc tha mn
f (f (x)) = x vi mi x. Chng minh rng f c v s im gin on
(khng lin tc).
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3.11
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3.12
123
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3.13
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3.14
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3.15
Tm ra sai lm m trnh
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3.16
Dy gii bi tp nh th no?
129
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*** HT ***
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Mc tiu ca Sputnik Education l to ra cc sn phm gio dc
c cht lng cao nht nhm gp phn i mi nn gio dc ca Vit
Nam. Nu bn c thch quyn sch ny, hy tham gia ng h T sch
Sputnik, bng nhng vic nh:
- Qung b sch cho T sch Sputnik, mua sch ca Sputnik
c v lm qu tng.
- Tr thnh cng tc vin ca Sputnik trong vic vit, dch, phn
phi sch, v.v.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
Mt s a ch lin lc (lin h v cng lm sch v phn phi
sch):
E-mail: ptdo@sputnik.vn, contact@sputnikedu.com,
httthanh@sputnik.vn
in thoi: Mrs. Thanh 091 323 9846, Mrs. H 090 200 8386,
Ms. Qunh Anh 093 518 5555, Mrs Phng 090 206 1246.
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