Reservoir Modeling

Fundamentals & methods for

Reservoir Modeling
(part 1)

For graduated program

By Trn vn Xun-HCMUT
2014

MC LC
CHNG 1:
1. YU CU MN HOC
2. VAI TRO Y NGHIA M HINH HOA VIA
CHNG 2: MT S VN L LUN V PHNG PHP XY DNG M HNH
A CHT
2.1 Tng quan v m hnh a cht
2.2 C s ti liu xy dng m hnh
2.3 Phng php xy dng m hnh a cht
2.4 M hnh cu trc (structural modelling)
2.5 M hnh tng (facies modelling)
2.6 M hnh tham s (petrophysical modelling)
2.7 Tnh ton tr lng du kh
2.8 nh gi v la chn m hnh
2.9 Chuyn i t l
Vi du 1
Chng 3: NG DNG M HNH A CHT NH GIA TR LNG
Phn tch s liu
Tin hnh M hnh ha
Up-scaling
Cased studies
Papers
3.1 Muc ich
3.2 c trng a cht
3.3 Qui trinh xy dng m hinh
3.4 Kt qua

CHNG 1:
1.1 YU CU MN HOC
Nm vng cc kin thc lin quan: a chn, a vt ly
ging khoan, mu loi, phn tich PVT, mi trng trm tich,
nhp a tng (a chn);
Phn nh m hinh v hng, m hinh 2D, m hinh 3D;
Thc hanh mt trong cc phn mm m hinh hoa: Petrel,
RMS

CHNG 1:
1.2 VAI TRO NGHIA M HNH HOA VIA

Xuat phat t ac trng bat ong nhat cua lat cat

tram tch;
Mo hnh a chat co the phan anh toan bo cac
bat ong nhat ve thach hoc cung nh cac tham
so vat ly khac nh o rong, o tham;
Giam rui ro ve kinh te;
Ket qua cua mo hnh a chat c s dung trong
cac nghien cu tiep theo;

6/30/2015

Phong Cong Nghe Mo

CHNG 2:

MT S VN L LUN V
PHNG PHP XY DNG M
HNH A CHT

2.1. Tng quan v m hnh a cht

M hnh a cht c xy dng vi muc ch lm sng t cu
trc a cht v s phn b cc tham s va cha ca i tng
nghin cu nh rng, thm, chiu dy hiu dng, bo
ha nc, ng thi cho php kim tra, nh gi li tr lng du
kh ca m.
M hnh a cht phai c hnh thnh, xy dng vi quy trnh
hp l, khoa hc, khai thc ti u cc d liu c (Hnh 2.1).
Kt qua m hnh a cht l c s xy dng m hnh khai thc
nhm phuc vu k hoch pht trin m (Hnh 2.2).

QC & Data Preparation

Time - Depth Conversion

Facies Modeling

Well Correlation

Seismic Interpretation

Structural Modeling

Geologic Cross-Section

Petrophysical Modeling

Volume Calculation

Hnh 2.1. GENERAL WORKFLOW

Hnh 2.2. Cc bc xy dng m hinh a cht

Hnh 2.3. Mt v du v MH a cht Late Oligocene, B Cu Long (by PVEP)

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2.2 C s ti liu xy dng m hnh

2.2.1 Ti liu a chn
Ti liu a chn: kt qua minh giai cu trc, t gy trn ti
liu a chn 3D, thuc tinh a chn (Seismic attributes).
Ti liu phn tch thch hc-vt l (petrophysics).
Tai liu a chn time-lapse 4D.

2.2.2 Ti liu a cht-a vt l ging khoan

Ti liu mu li: Xy dng phng trinh mi quan h gia
thm va rng;
Ti liu a vt l ging khoan: ng dung kt qua minh
giai log xc nh:
Thanh phn thch hc,
Tinh cht vt l,
Loi cht lu va.
Ti liu phn tch a tng va trm tich;

2.2.3 Ti liu cng ngh m

Ti liu phn tch p sut, th tch v nhit (PVT).

Tai liu phn tich th va va khai thc.
Ti liu phn tch cht lu.

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2.3 Phng php xy dng m hnh a cht

2.3.1 Phng trnh chung

Phng php xy dng m hnh a cht c

da trn c s cc thut ton thng k vi muc
ich phn b trong khng gian cc c tnh ca
va cha.

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2.3 Phng php xy dng m hnh a cht

2.3.2 La chn phn mm
Hin ti qu trnh xy dng m hnh a cht
c h tr bi nhiu phn mm nh: RMS, Storm
(Roxar), Petrel (Schlumberger).
Vic p dung co hiu qa cc cng cu trong phn
mm nay ty thuc vao c im a cht, a vt l
ca cc i tng cha cc vng m, cc bn trm
tch khc nhau.

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2.4 M hnh cu trc

Vic xy dng m hnh cu trc ong vai tr quyt nh v l
bc u tin xy dng m hnh a cht 3D. M hnh cu trc l b
xng ca ton b m hnh, c xc nh bi cc thng s nh
mng, s lp, chiu dy lp, s lng mng, gc xoay.
Kch thc mng v s lp c cn nhc la chn am bao
phan nh c tnh bt ng nht a cht ca i tng v ph hp
vi kha nng x l ca my tnh.
Chiu dy lp c xc nh theo chiu dy v s phn b ca
va cha theo chiu thng ng (theo s liu ging khoan) v am
bao s lng lp hp l.
Gc xoay ca m hnh ch yu c xc nh theo hng pht
trin ca cu trc, s tn ti v hng pht trin ca tng nc va
(Acquifer).
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2.4.1 Xy dng m hnh t gy

Xy dng m hnh t gy: cc t gy c to ra t cc t
gy c xc nh trn c s ti liu a chn (fault sticks).
V nguyn tc, to m hnh t gy, mt ca t gy m hnh
phai cha tt ca cc im ti liu ca t gy a chn. Tuy nhin
cc t gy m hnh phai c hiu chnh ph hp vi cc logic
v mt a cht. Th hin cu th nh sau: mt ca t gy m hnh
c th phai c hiu chnh am bao trng vi mt trt ca t
gy trn cc ban cu trc.
Cc t gy ct nhau phai c kt ni ti ng v tr giao nhau.
Nhng t gy chnh c th c s dung phn chia m
thnh cc khi ring bit khi c cc s liu chng minh v mi quan
h thy ng lc.
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2.4.2 Xy dng mng 3 chiu

Xy dng mng ng vai tr quan trng, l cng
cu nh gi v ng b cc s liu u vo.
To khung mng ca m hnh (pillar gridding):
Khung mng ca m hnh c xy dng trn c
s ng bin (boundary) ca m hnh c to
ra trong phn xy dng ban (make/edit surface).
Kch thc mng ca khung mng cn c
cn i vi s lng lp am bao tng s lng
mng ca m hnh nm trong gii hn tc x l
ca my tnh (v thi gian hp l).
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2.4.2 Xy dng mng 3 chiu (tt)

Khung mng ca m hinh bao gm ba li theo
cc chiu X, Y, Z, trong o li trn va li di
trng vi noc va y ca m hinh. Li cn li nm
chinh gia ca hai li kia.
Qu trinh chnh sa khung mng m hinh c tin
hnh am bao khng xay ra hin tng cc chng
ln ln nhau (overlap), nu khng s dn n sai s
cho cc m hinh tham s v sau cng nh kt qua
cui cng ca m hinh.

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2.4.3 Xy dng tng

To i (zonation): Trc khi tin hanh to i cn phai to ban
noc cc i cho m hinh. Vic to cc ban nay c thc hin
trn ca s to ban m hnh (make horizon).
Nguyn tc to ban m hinh la gn cc ban c xy
dng t a chn thanh ban noc cc va tng ng cho m hinh.
Sau khi hon chnh cc ban m hinh noc cc va, tin hanh to
cc va qua cng cu to va chnh sa va (make zones).
Mi va s c gii hn bi hai ban m hinh (horizon). Nu
va nao c chia thnh cc phu va nh th cn phai to cc ban
m hinh cho noc cc phu va tng ng.

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2.4.4 Xy dng Layer

Chia lp (layering): Mi va hoc phu va to ra s
c chia thnh mt hoc nhiu lp. Phn chia lp c th
c tin hnh theo nhiu cch: phn chia u hoc khng
u, phn chia t nc xung hoc t y ln, chia theo gi
tr chiu dy ca lp,
S lng lp ca mi va c chia ty thuc vo
ngha cng nh muc ich ca va o.
V du, cc va cha du kh hoc cc thn ct cha cn
c chia lp chi tit hn cc va cha nc hoc cc tp
st.
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2.4.4 Xy dng Layer

Nhn chung, chiu dy ca lp cng nh th m hnh

cng chi tit, tin cy cng cao. Tuy nhin, tc x l
ca my tnh s khng ch tng s ca m hnh. iu
ny ng ngha vi vic s lng lp hay chiu dy cc
lp phai c xem xt tnh ton hp l.
Thng thng vic phn chia lp c da trn c s
ng log tng (facies log) vi tiu ch am bao khng
b st hay mt cc thn ct. ng log tng ny c
xc nh t cc ng cong VLGK, ch yu l ng
gamma, SP.
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2.5 M hnh tng

M hnh ha tng c xy dng tun theo qui lut v phn

b a cht, mi trng trm tch, phn b thch hc, ngun
cung cp vt liu trm tch cng nh hng, th nm v din
phn b (Hnh 2.4).

Hnh 2.4. M hnh dng chay sng

2.6 M hnh tham s

2.6.1 M hnh rng
M hnh tham s l m hnh th hin s phn b ca cc tham
s vt l ca va cha trong khng gian. Cc tham s ny bao gm
rng, thm, chiu dy hiu dng, bo ho nc (hoc
bo ha du).
rng (tng hoc hiu dung) l tham s quan trng nht.
rng ca va cha lin quan trc tip n tr lng du khi ti ch
ca m hinh. Ngoai ra trong thnh h clastic, rng va thm
thng co quan h tuyn tinh vi nhau thng qua ham quan h
rng - thm.

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 rng cng la cc tham s vt l va chinh c trng cho tinh

cht thy ng hc ca dng chay trong m hinh khai thc. Vi vy,
kt qua ca qu trinh chy m phng khai thc v sau phu thuc rt
nhiu vao mc chinh xc ca m hinh rng.
C rt nhiu phng thc m hinh ho rng c pht
trin trn phn mm Petrel nh: phn b chun Gaux (SequePial
Gaussian Simulation), nhom phng php ni suy (Kriging,
Kriging by Gslib, trung binh s hc, trung binh dch chuyn)...

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Vi quan nim phn b tham s trong khng gian l phn b

mang tnh ngu nhin, phng php m phng rng
thng c la chn l phn b chun Gaux (Sequential
Gaussian Simulation).
M hnh phn b rng c xy dng trn nn ca m
hinh tng. S liu u vao cho m hinh rng la gi tr
rng (ng log rng) ca cc va cha ti v tri cc ging
khoan c chuyn i t l (upscale log).
Cng phan nh tinh ngu nhin v mt a cht, chng
trinh m hinh hoa nhiu ln chy (multi-realization) c p
dung.

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ng vi mi m hnh tng s c mt hoc nhiu m hnh

phn b rng c to ra sau mi ln ty thuc ngi s
dung.
M hnh rng c chn chy m hnh khai thc l
m hnh m ngoi s hp l logic v a cht, thng k
cn thit cn cn c kt qua tnh ton tr lng bng cc phng
php khc.
Nhn chung, phn b rng trong m hnh rng phai
bao ton tn hiu u vo v u ra theo nguyn tc chung v
ph hp vi m hnh phn b tng.
iu ny c th kim chng trn cc hnh anh, cc biu
hoc s liu thng k.

2.6.2 Cc tham s khc

M hnh thm co th c xy dng tng t cc bc nh
m hinh rng.
T cc kt qua nghin cu mu loi va a cht khu vc, mt ham
quan h rng- thm (trong thnh h clastic) c thit lp. Trn
c s ham s nay tinh ton c cc gi tr thm t rng.
Cc gi tr thm nay c chun ho thanh cc ng log
thm va sau o tin hanh xy dng m hinh thm nh m hinh
rng.
Mt phng php khc xy dng m hnh thm n gian va
nhanh hn la da trc tip vao m hinh rng.
Coi m hnh rng c chy m phng l bin s v nhp
trc tip bin s nay vao ham quan h rng-thm ta s thu c m
hnh thm.
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2.6.2 Cc tham s khc (tt)

M hnh chiu dy hiu dng (net pay) c xy dng
nhm muc ich tinh tr lng du khi ti ch ca m hinh a
cht.
M hnh ho chiu dy hiu dung c da trn nn ca m
hinh tng.
Phng php xy dng m hinh chiu day hiu dung nay co
th c thc hin n gian bng cch gn chiu day hiu dung:
Bng 0 nhng mng co kt qua phn b tng l st v
Bng 1 nhng mng c kt qua phn b tng la ct.

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M hnh bo ha nc (hoc bo ha du) c xy dng

theo hai cch khc nhau:
Chy phn b xc sut ngu nhin kt qua tnh bo ha nc
ti v tri ging khoan (cc ng log bo ha nc).
Xy dng m hnh bo ha nc da trn ham quan h gia
bo ha nc vi thm va rng (J function).

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2.7 Tnh tan tr lng du kh

Phng php tinh ton tr lng du khi s dung m hinh a
cht la mt phng php cho kt qua vi chinh xc cao hn
cc phng php thng thng do tinh chi tit a cht (ba chiu,
n tng mng) va kha nng bao hm cc yu t ri ro ca n.
Sau khi co phn b ca cc tham s cn thit nh tng,
rng, b dy tp cha, bo ha nc, ranh gii du-nc,
h s th tch thnh h cho mt tp cha, co th tin hnh tnh
ton tr lng du ti ch theo n v qui chun quc t (h SI),
hoc n v oil field.

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Summary: Averaging of core or formation data

Fundamental Volumetric and Recovery Equations

Hydrocarbons-Initially-In-Place (HCIIP)

Kt qua tnh ton th hin c phn b ca cc thng

s trn (cho bit gi tr ti tng cell).
T phn b ba chiu, cc phn mm ng dung u cho
php to ra cc ban trung binh (thng chn HCPV)
cho php hinh dung phn b theo din tich va nh gi
trin vng tng khu vc ca m.
Cc phn b nay cng thay i theo s ln chy theo
lut phn b ngu nhin.

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iu ny chng minh mt quy lut l tr lng

phu thuc nhiu vao s phn b mi trng va
tng a cht, cng mang tinh phn b ngu nhin
a cht.
S lng ging khoan cang tng thi phn b cc
thng s cang tim cn vi gi tr thc va tr lng
tinh c cang co tin tng cao.
Gi tr tr lng du ti ch cang gn thc t thi
cc phng n pht trin m cang hp l hn v
phng n u t s hiu qua hn.

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2.8 nh gi v la chn m hnh

Vic nh gi va la chn la vic lam cn thit nhm a ra m
hinh ph hp nht vi c trng a cht ca i tng cha va
toan b m chuyn i t l (upscaling) cho m hnh m phng
khai thc m.
C hai phng php thng dng nh gi va la chn m
hnh l:

Phng php ng va
Phng php tnh.

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Ni dung ch yu ca phng php tnh la nh gi

thng k, so snh kt qua ca u ra vi s liu u vao trn c
s biu din trc tip 3 chiu ca cc thng s mt ct ngang
va mt ct dc.
Trong phng php ng, vi vic s dung tng hp cc
s liu thy ng lc u vao ( rng, thm, dng chay, p
sut, thi gian,..) m hinh a cht (Realization) c nh gi
theo kha nng phan nh tinh cht thy ng lc ph hp vi
ban cht ca va, k ca trng hp khai thc nhn to (bm p
nc) hoc khai thc giam p t nhin.

2.9 Chuyn i t l
Do tng s lng mng ca m hinh chi tit thng ln hn
rt nhiu so vi kha nng x l ca my tinh hin co dng
chy m hnh m phng khai thc, nn m hinh chi tit cn c
chuyn i t l.
Qu trnh chuyn i t l phai bao toan c tinh bt ng
nht cng nh tng th tich rng ca m hinh a cht ban u.
Phng php dng chuyn i t l cho thng s la phng
php trung bnh s hc kt hp vi trung bnh trng s.

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Computerised Geological Model 10,000,000 cells.

Computerised Simulation Model 100,000 cells
43

Chuyn i t l (tt)
Hin nay, hu ht cng ty du kh v ang xy dng m
hnh a cht trm tch luc nguyn (kt hp cc nghin cu v mi
trng trm tch), thnh h carbonate, mng nt n vi s h tr
phn mm (Petrel, RMS) em li tin cy cao trong cng
tc nh gi tr lng v pht trin m.

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