2

AI HOC QUOC GIA THANH PHO HO CH MINH

TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOA
ong Th Anh ao

KY THUAT
BAO B THC PHAM

NHA XUAT BAN AI HOC QUOC GIA

THANH PHO HO CH MINH - 2005

Li noi au
Bao b a c s dung pho bien e cha ng tat ca cac loai hang hoa
trong qua trnh bao quan, van chuyen, phan phoi va kiem tra. Bao b co tac
dung bao ve chat lng hang hoa t khi san xuat, en trao oi thng mai va
tieu thu, mang lai s trat t, hieu qua kinh te va the hien s tien bo cua xa hoi.
T nhng vat cha ng tho s thi xa, khoa hoc ky thuat phat trien nhieu
phng phap ong goi tng ng vi loai vat lieu bao b, tao nen nhieu loai
bao b ap ng yeu cau ngay cang cao cua xa hoi. Cong nghiep bao b hnh
thanh va c chia thanh nhieu lnh vc theo oi tng c bao goi, trong o
thc pham la mot oi tng quan trong. V vay ma ky thuat bao b c phat
bieu la trai tim cua cong nghe thc pham, la nhan to lam nen chat lng thc
pham, v chnh s phat trien cua ky thuat bao b a tac ong en s phat trien
cua nganh cong nghe thc pham.
Cong nghe Bao b - ong goi Thc pham la mon hoc c s cua nganh
Cong nghe Thc pham, Khoa Cong nghe Hoa hoc Trng ai hoc Bach khoa ai hoc Quoc gia TPHCM.
Mon hoc nay a c PGS-TS Nguyen Xch Lien quan tam t nhng nam
1980. Neu khong co bao b ung quy cach hoac chat lng bao b kem .th hau
het san pham thc pham sau che bien b giam chat lng nhanh chong, b h
hong, khong am bao ve sinh an toan sc khoe cho ngi tieu dung v b nhiem
ban, chat oc hai va vi sinh vat mot cach de dang. Hang hoa khong the tieu
dung va xuat khau, han che nghiem trong s phat trien kinh te cua at nc.
Do o, nganh ky thuat bao b thc pham can phai c quan tam phat trien va
giang day gan lien vi nganh cong nghe thc pham.
PGS-TS Nguyen Xch Lien a rat quan tam, thu thap tai lieu, m mon
hoc Ky thuat bao b thc pham au tien cho nganh Cong nghe thc pham cac
tnh pha Nam, nham muc tieu truyen at kien thc c s thiet yeu cho sinh vien
va can bo ky thuat cua nganh, e kp thi nhan thc va nang cao nganh cung
nh kinh te nc nha.
KY THUAT BAO B THC PHAM c bien soan theo e cng mon hoc
Cong nghe Bao b - ong goi Thc pham, Khoa Hoa Trng ai hoc Bach
khoa - ai hoc Quoc gia TPHCM. Vi noi dung:
- Phan tch vai tro quan trong cua bao b trong bao quan thc pham:
am bao, on nh chat lng san pham sau qua trnh che bien, gii
thieu san pham vi khach hang va tnh tien dung trong phan phoi, kiem
tra, quan ly va tieu dung.
- Cau tao bao b e at c giai phap hu ch cho s tien dung va at
yeu cau chat lng,

- Phng phap ong bao b san pham phu thuoc vao vat lieu bao b a
chon va qui mo san xuat.
Chan thanh tri an PGS.TS Nguyen Xch Lien trong suot qua trnh cung
lam viec vi thay, toi a hoc hoi, s dung va phat trien cac y tng chuyen
mon e co the xuat ban cuon sach nay.
Chan thanh cam n Bo mon Cong nghe Thc pham a ho tr cho toi
hoan thanh cuon sach nay.
KY THUAT BAO B THC PHAM lan au xuat ban chac chan khong the
tranh khoi thieu sot, rat mong c s gop y cua qu ong nghiep, oc gia e
trong lan tai ban cuon sach c hoan thien hn.
Moi y kien ong gop xin lien he: Bo mon Cong nghe Thc pham - Khoa
Cong nghe Hoa hoc, Trng ai hoc Bach khoa - ai hoc Quoc gia TPHCM;
268 Ly Thng Kiet, Q.10, TP HCM.
ien thoai: (08) 8 646 251
PGS. TS ong Th Anh ao

MUC LUC
LI NOI AU

Chng 1
GII THIEU VE BAO B THC PHAM
1.1 Moi quan he gia bao b va chat lng thc pham

9
9

1.2 nh ngha bao b thc pham

13

1.3 Lch s phat trien cua bao b va ky thuat bao b thc pham

16

1.4 Moi quan he gia bao b thc pham va s phat trien cua xa hoi

27

1.5 Xu hng bao b hien nay cua the gii oi vi bao b thc pham

28

Chng 2
CHC NANG CUA BAO B THC PHAM - PHAN LOAI BAO B THC
PHAM
33
2.1 Chc nang

33

2.2 Phan loai

46

2.3 Yeu cau bao b cua thc pham xuat khau va noi tieu

51

Chng 3
NHAN HIEU THC PHAM

56

3.1 Vai tro cua nhan hieu thc pham

56

3.2 Noi dung ghi nhan bat buoc

58

3.3 Noi dung ghi nhan khuyen khch

65

3.4 Trnh bay cac noi dung ghi nhan bat buoc

65

3.5 Xac nhan cac ac tnh cua thc pham

66

3.6 Nhng quy nh ve dien tch phan chnh cua nhan (PDP)

71

Chng 4
MA SO MA VACH
4.1 Lch s phat trien ma so ma vach (MSMV)

75
75

4.2 Hieu qua EAN quoc te va ng dung vao cac nganh

76

4.3 To chc EAN Viet Nam (EAN-VN) va ap dung cong nghe MSMV
Viet Nam
77
4.4 ac iem cua ma so ma vach (MSMV)

77

4.5 Cau tao MSMV EAN-13 va EAN-8 cua hang hoa ban le

79

4.6 Cau tao ma so ma vach cua hang hoa phan phoi hay n v gi i

84

Chng 5
BAO B GIAY - BAO B VAN CHUYEN HANG HOA

96

5.1 Gii thieu bao b van chuyen hang hoa

96

5.2 Cau tao bao b giay - ng dung

98

5.3 Giay ba gn song - cau tao bao b van chuyen

103

5.4 Quy cach cua bao b van chuyen

108

Chng 6
BAO B THUY TINH

115

6.1 ac tnh chung cua thuy tinh

115

6.2 Thuy tinh silicat

117

6.3 Nguyen lieu va phoi lieu trong san xuat thuy tinh bao b trong cong
nghiep thc pham
117
6.4 Quy trnh cong nghe san xuat thuy tinh

126

6.5 Tnh chat vat ly cua bao b thuy tinh

127

6.6 Nap bao b thuy tinh

133

Chng 7
BAO B KIM LOAI

139

7.1 S phat trien va tnh chat cua bao b kim loai

139

7.2 Phan loai bao b kim loai

140

7.3 Cong nghe che tao thep trang thiec

142

7.4 Quy trnh cong nghe che tao lon ng thc pham

149

7.5 Vec-ni bao ve lp thiec

163

7.6 An mon hoa hoc

165

7.7 Bao b nhom

168

Chng 8
BAO B PLASTIC

179

8.1 ac iem chung cua plastic

179

8.2 Cac loai plastic lam bao b thc pham

181

8.3 Polyethylene - PE

182

8.4 Cac loai PE ong trung hp

187

8.5 Polypropylene - PP

189

8.6 Oriented Polypropylen - OPP

194

8.7 Polyvinylchloride - PVC

194

8.8 Polyvinyli dene chloride (PVDC)

197

8.9 Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH)

199

8.10 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

200

8.11 Polyamide

204

8.12 Polycarbonat (PC)

206

8.13 Polystyrene (PS)

207

8.14 So sanh ac tnh cua mot so loai plastic lam bao b thc pham

209

8.15 Ionomer

218

8.16 Cellophane

220

8.17 Nguyen tac che tao bao b plastic - ong thc pham vao bao b

220

Chng 9
BAO B GHEP NHIEU LP

238

9.1 Gii thieu - ac tnh - cau truc

238

9.2 Phng phap ong bao b tetra pak (bao b tetra brik)

242

Chng 10
AN TOAN VE SINH BAO B THC PHAM

249

10.1 Chat lng bao b thc pham

249

10.2 Ky hieu tai che cac loai bao b plastic

251

10.3 Tieu chuan an toan ve sinh vat lieu che tao thiet b va bao b

252

10.4 Pham mau in an bao b

260

10.5 Ve sinh chai lo tai s dung

261

10.6 Bao b bioplastic giam o nhiem moi trng

262

Tai lieu tham khao

268

Chng

GII THIEU VE BAO B THC PHAM

1.1 MOI QUAN HE GIA BAO B VA CHAT LNG THC PHAM
Thc pham (TP) c a vao c the ngi qua con ng tieu hoa nham
muc ch giup cho c the phat trien va tao nang lng cho cac hoat ong. oi
khi cung co nhng loai TP ch nham ap ng s thch an uong cua mot so ngi
ma khong co tac dung bo dng. Thc pham rat phong phu, a dang ve nguon
nguyen lieu, phng phap x ly che bien, va mau ma. Do o, moi loai thc
pham co mot ac tnh rieng va luon luon c the hien bi cac mat sau ay:
Dinh dng
Bao gom cac thanh phan: nc, protein, axit amin, tinh bot ng kh,
lipit, vitamin, khoang, cellulose, polysaccharit,...
Tu y theo nguon nguye n lieu, phng pha p che bien ma thc pha m
ch a nh ng than h pha n dinh d ng chu ye u khac nhau. V du: thc pham
t rau qua se co tha nh pha n gluxit nh tinh bot n g kh, khoan g,
cellulose va vitamin cao hn; th c pham t nguon o ng vat co ham l ng
protein va axit amin cao, va co the ham ln g lipit cun g rat cao, cung cap
nhn g axit beo cao khon g no rat can thiet cho nh ng hoat on g cua c the
ngi.
Cac thanh phan khoang trong thc pham nh Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu,
Zn, Se... rat can thiet oi vi c the.
Thc pham dinh dng la thc pham co cha phan ln cac thanh phan
mang tnh dinh dng t nguon nguyen lieu, va cac thanh phan nay khong b
bien oi ac tnh hoac ch bien oi mot phan.
An toan ve sinh
Tnh an toan ve sinh cua thc pham bao ham y ngha: thc pham khong

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gay oc hai cap tnh cung nh man tnh cho ngi s dung. Cac oc to co nguon
goc hoa hoc hoac vi sinh t nguon nguyen lieu ban au, hay c tao ra trong
qua trnh che bien phai c loai tr en mc thap hn gii han cho phep
tng ng vi tng loai thc pham. Trong qua trnh bao quan phan phoi san
pham cung phai am bao tnh an toan ve sinh.
San pham thc pham co the b h hong, giam chat lng mat i s an
toan oi vi ngi tieu dung do nhieu nguyen nhan:
- Vi sinh vat nhiem vao thc pham trong qua trnh che bien, ong bao
b, t bao b nhiem vao thc pham hoac t moi trng thong qua bao
b i vao san pham.
- Tac nhan vi sinh vat se tang sinh khoi tren moi trng thc pham, s
dung va lam bien oi cac chat dinh dng co trong thc pham, ong
thi sinh ra oc to gay mat gia tr cam quan, giam nhanh thanh phan
dinh dng va tao ra cac oc to co the gay benh cap tnh hoac man
tnh cho ngi s dung.
Cac kim loai nang nh As, Hg, Pb, Sb... t bao b, vat lieu polime; chat
mau tong hp hu c hay vo c e nhuom mau va in len bao b, t bao b kim
loai b an mon, hoac t cac monomer hu c, cac chat phu gia trong qua trnh
che tao plastic, nhiem vao thc pham eu co the gay ngo oc man tnh cho
ngi s dung thc pham.
Cam quan
Tnh chat cam quan bao gom cau truc, trang thai, mau sac, mui v san
pham, cung chnh la cac ac tnh e tao nen mot dang ve my quan cho thc
pham; tao nen khau v ac trng thch hp cho oi tng tieu dung.
Nhiem vu cua nganh cong nghe thc pham la nghien cu che bien, tao
nen san pham thc pham at chat lng.
Thc pham at chat lng la san pham thc pham at c cac mc tieu
chuan ve dinh dng, an toan ve sinh va cam quan.
Thc pham at tieu chuan dinh dng co ngha la at mot so ch tieu
dinh dng ung vi chung loai thc pham o a cong bo hoac a at quy
nh cua Bo Y te nh trng hp san pham sa bot dinh dng cho tre em va
ngi bnh thng phai at ham lng protein: 20 40% trong lng bot sa,
carbonhydrat khoang 40-50%, lipid: 14 25% va at ham lng
Ca2+ 700 mg/100g bot sa. Neu nhng thanh phan chnh cua mot loai sa
bot khong at trong gii han cac ch tieu cua loai sa qui nh a neu th xem
nh san pham khong at chat lng ve mat dinh dng.

11
Ham lng cac chat/100g sa (%)
Sa bot khong beo giau Ca
(danh cho ngi t 18 en 50 tuoi)

Sa Ensure dinh dng

cho ngi gia, benh

Tao nang
lng
(%)

Protein

33,3

15,9

14,4

Carbonhydrat

53,9

56,6

53,1

Beo

0,8

15,9

32,5

Ca

2000mg 2

0,28

0,16

Mg

110mg 0, 11

Thanh phan
dinh dng

0,05

Neu sa khong beo co ham lng chat beo >0,8% th b xem nh khong
at ve chat lng dinh dng.
e at tieu chuan an toan ve sinh san pham sa bot phai co ham am
khoang 3, 5 5% e tranh h hong chat beo, va tranh s xam nhap cua O2
cung nh hi nc vao sa se gay nen s oxy hoa chat beo, tranh nhiem vi
sinh vat t ben ngoai vao hoac vi sinh vat tiem an trong sa sinh oc to trong
san pham, co the gay benh.
Tieu chuan cam quan cua san pham c the hien qua cac ch tieu nh:
hat bot sa mn, xop, khong von cuc, co mui thm ac trng, v beo ac trng
cua sa, sa co the co v ngot do phoi tron mot lng ng.
Trong cong nghiep che bien thc pham, cac loai san pham eu c san
xuat theo mot quy trnh chung nh hnh 1.1.
Chat lng toan phan cua mot san pham thc pham che bien c quyet
nh t s la chon nguyen lieu, phu lieu, tng giai oan x ly che bien va
ong bao b.
Nguyen lieu c la chon theo tieu chuan a at trc, qua cac giai oan
x ly, che bien, cuoi cung hoan tat qua trnh san xuat cho ra san pham bi cong
oan tiet trung va ong bao b (theo ng c), hoac co the c ong bao b roi
thanh trung (theo ng d), hoac cung co loai san pham c ket thuc qua trnh
san xuat bang cong oan ong bao b (theo ng e). San pham thng c
bao on (theo ng g) va c ong bao b ngoai (bao b n v gi i) thanh
tng khoi kien ln hoac c ong bao b ngoai ngay ma khong qua giai oan
bao on (theo ng f). Sau o tng kien hang c nhap kho (tang tr) ch
phan phoi en ca hang, sieu th va ngi tieu dung.

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Hnh 1.1: Quy trnh chung che bien thc pham

Qua tng cong oan x ly, che bien cua quy trnh san xuat, ban thanh
pham co the c cha ng trong nhng vat cha ng e ch cong oan
che bien tiep theo lng cha ng khong can o lng chnh xac. Nhng vat
cha ng nay chnh la nhng bon cha, thau, ro, sot, khay, mam... co nap
che ay hoac khong, tuy theo yeu cau ky thuat - chung khong phai la bao b.
Tai cong oan ong bao b, thanh pham co the c qua thiet b nh
lng va ong vao tng bao b vi khoi lng nhat nh ong eu nhau va
chnh xac cho tng san pham hoan tat (bang may thiet b t ong, ban t ong
hoac thu cong).
- Cong oan nay nham muc ch dung bao b bao quan thanh pham, am
bao chat lng thanh pham sau khi ra khoi quy trnh che bien san xuat. Vat
lieu, cau truc bao b va phng phap ong bao b co moi lien he chat che
nhau. ong thi s trang tr nhng thong tin cua bao b cung a en gia tr
cam quan thu hut cao cua san pham.
- Viec ong bao b ngoai nham muc ch sap xep th lp san pham thanh
tng khoi, kien co khoi lng, so lng ln e thuan tien lu kho, de dang
trong kiem tra so lng chung loai va chuyen ch phan phoi en cac ai ly,

13

sieu th, ca hang. Ben canh o, bao b ngoai con co muc ch bao quan san
pham, cung nh bao b cua tng san pham, khong b rach v do va cham c
hoc trong luc chuyen ch boc d hang.
Tom lai, ky thuat bao b san pham thc pham bao gom: s bao boc tng
san pham va ong bao b ngoai (bao b n v gi i), la mot trong nhng
nhan to chnh quyet nh chat lng toan phan cua san pham thc pham che
bien cong nghiep.
1.2 NH NGHA BAO B THC PHAM
(Theo quyet nh cua Tong cuc Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng so 23
TC/Q ngay 20 thang 2 nam 1995).
nh ngha: Bao b la vat cha ng, bao boc thc pham thanh n v e
ban. Bao b co the bao gom nhieu lp bao boc, co the phu kn hoan toan hay
ch bao boc mot phan san pham.
Bao b phai am bao chat lng cho san pham, co the phan phoi, lu kho,
kiem tra va thng mai... mot cach thuan li.
Co the noi rang bao b TP c yeu cau mot cach nghiem khac ve cau
tao va chat lng thong tin (cau tao gan lien vi phng phap ong bao b).

Hnh 1.2: Cac dang bao b

Hnh 1.2 gii thieu cac dang bao b cua n v san pham.
1.2.1 Bao b kn
Nhng bieu tng cho bao b kn hoan toan (H.1.2a,b).

14

Loai H.1.2a: bao b kn mot lp bao b.

Loai H.1.2b: bao b kn nhieu lp.
Loai H.1.2g,h: bieu tng cho san pham c bao goi nhieu lp bao b,
vi bao b bao goi trc tiep thc pham la bao b kn hoan toan va cac san
pham c sap xep thanh kien ln trong cac bao b khong kn.
Bao b kn cha ng san pham lam nhiem vu ngan cach khong gian
chung quanh vat pham thanh hai moi trng (H.1.3):
Moi trng ben trong bao b: la khoang khong gian tiep xuc trc tiep
vi thc pham.
Moi trng ben ngoai: la khong gian ben ngoai bao b, se hoan toan
khong tiep xuc vi thc pham trong trng hp bao kn (H.1.3).
Bao b kn ngan cach moi trng ngoai khong the xam nhap vao moi
trng ben trong cha thc pham nham am bao chat lng thc pham khong
b bien oi trong suot thi han bao quan.

Hnh 1.3: Bao b chia moi trng thanh hai phan: moi trng ben trong bao b
va moi trng ben ngoai bao b
Loai bao b kn hoan toan c dung bao boc nhng loai thc pham che
bien cong nghiep, e am bao chat lng san pham sau qua trnh san xuat
va trong suot thi gian lu hanh tren th trng, cho en tay ngi tieu dung.
Bao b bao goi trc tiep thc pham la loai bao b kn mot lp se tien li, at
hieu qua kinh te cao trong cong oan ong bao b (v tiet kiem c thi
gian, cong sc va t ong de dang). Nhng thong thng mot lp bao b ch
cau tao bang mot loai vat lieu th khong am bao o kn hoan toan do moi
loai vat lieu eu co khuyet iem. Do o bao b mot lp thng c cau tao
dang ghep cua nhieu loai vat lieu e khac phuc khuyet iem cua tng loai
vat lieu rieng le.

15

1.2.2 Bao b h (hay ch bao boc mot phan san pham) (H.1.2c,d,e,f)
Loai H.1.2c,d,e,f: bieu tng cho dang bao b h, thanh pham c tiep
xuc vi moi trng ngoai.
Loai H.1.2c,d,f la loai bao b h ch gom mot lp bao b.
Loai H.1.2e: bieu tng cho bao b h gom hai lp bao b.
Bao b h gom co hai dang:
- Bao b h bao goi trc tiep loai rau qua hoac hang hoa ti song, cac
loai thc pham khong bao quan lau, hoac che bien an ngay. Cac loai rau, hoa,
qua ti sau thu hoach, cha che bien th van con ho hap va can c duy tr
qua trnh ho hap hieu kh mot cach thch hp (co ieu chnh), e co the keo
dai thi gian bao quan san pham trong qua trnh chuyen ch ti ni s dung,
th bao b bao e ong goi rau qua ti c lam bang vat lieu co kha nang
tham c hi nc, O2 , CO2 . Ngi ta co the uc lo tren bao b e thoat
kh CO2 , hi nc va cung cap O2 mc o can thiet cho rau qua ti; duy
tr c qua trnh ho hap hieu kh, tranh khong xay ra qua trnh ho hap yem
kh gay h hong rau qua ti.
- Bao b h con co the la lp bao b boc ben ngoai lp bao b cha ng
trc tiep thc pham, co nhiem vu quan trong la tao s xep khoi san pham e
thuan tien, an toan trong van chuyen, phan phoi, kiem tra, lu kho. V du: cac
loai bao b van chuyen dang thung khoi ch nhat, bang ba cng gn song, cac
ket bang plastic ng chai nc giai khat, bia.
oi vi cac loai thc pham khong c che bien theo qui mo cong
nghiep, hoac nhng thc an thc uong c bao goi san ch co the tieu dung
trong vong 24 gi, th bao b cua chung khong thuoc pham vi qui nh trong
nh ngha bao b tren ay.
Tnh chat bao b kn hay h c quyet nh bi vat lieu lam bao b, va
phng phap ong san pham vao bao b, cach ghep kn cac m cua bao b. Vat
lieu cua bao b kn phai ap ng tnh chong tham tat ca cac yeu to t moi
trng ben ngoai cung nh ben trong bao b:
- S xam nhap cua khong kh, oxy, CO2, hi nc, nc, cac loai kh hi,
mui hng, chat beo...
Phng phap ong san pham vao bao b, kieu dang bao b, cach han ghep
m bao b lai phu thuoc vat lieu bao b c chon.

16

1.3 LCH S PHAT TRIEN CUA BAO B VA KY THUAT BAO B THC

PHAM
1.3.1 Lch s phat trien vat lieu bao b
Lch s bao b thc pham a noi len s tien bo cua cong nghe thc pham
cung vi cong nghe vat lieu lam bao b, ong thi phan anh s phat trien cua
xa hoi loai ngi qua cac thi ky.
Thc pham ma chung ta ang s dung hang ngay co nguon nguyen lieu
xuat x t nhieu vung at, nhieu quoc gia tren the gii va c x ly che bien
theo s ket hp phong thai cua nhieu nen van hoa khac nhau va bien oi theo
s phat trien cua xa hoi. Bao b thc pham co mot trong cac chc nang quan
trong la cha ng va bao quan cha thc pham, nen a gan lien vi nhu cau
sinh hoat an uong cua con ngi theo tng thi ky.
T thi ky o a, vat cha ng thc an thc uong chnh la nhng khuc
go rong, nhng qua bau b a e kho, vo so oc. Sau o con ngi a biet dung
mot so bo phan cua thu rng e lam vat cha ng nh: da, xng, sng...,
Ben canh o, ho cung biet det long thu hoac canh nho, co lac thanh tam va
tao thanh tui cha ng. en thi ky o a mi, loai ngi a biet che tao vai
o cha bang kim loai co hnh dang nh chiec sng va phat hien ra at set
che tao o gom. Hn 4000 nam trc, ngi Moenjo-Daro (thuoc vung at
Pakistan ngay nay) a biet dung da thu bt kn cac lo, bnh bang gom e gi
am cho lua m, lua mach c cha ng trong o. Khoang 530 nam trc
cong nguyen, ngi dan Ba T a biet dung bnh gom s ng ru vang va
nc. Ben canh o, thuy tinh cung a c con ngi phat hien rat sm.
Khoang 1500 nam trc cong nguyen, con ngi a dung lo thuy tinh e cha
nhng chat long. Nam 79 sau cong nguyen, ngi La Ma a s dung cac bnh
lo thuy tinh lam vat cha ng ong thi vi o gom s. Trong thi ky nay,
hang hoa nh ru vang xuat khau cung c cha ng trong bnh to bang
at set nung. Nhng vung dan c nh bo toc Sepape a phat minh ra thung
tron bang go c lap chat kht bang nhng manh go theo lo mong, co nap
ay va c nieng chat bang nhng moc sat.
Vao the ky 15, trieu ai nha Minh (1368-1644) Trung Quoc a thiet lap
trung tam trao oi thng mai o gom s vi vung Nam, Tay A va Ai Cap.
Cung vao thi ky nay, cac vung dan c a vt ng xa e en trao oi
lng thc, hang hoa. Do o, cac phng phap bao goi e bao quan lng
thc, ap ng yeu cau van chuyen trong thi gian dai qua nhng vung kh hau
khac nghiet, a bat au c phat hien va biet en. Lng thc nh ngu coc
c on nh nhiet o va lam am trong suot qua trnh van chuyen trong nhng
tui da co pha cat, va xoan mieng tui lai e at o kn.

17

1.3.2 Cac loai vat lieu bao goi

Giay
c phat minh ra nham muc ch thay the cho a, go, vo cay, da thu ma
loai ngi dung e viet len trc o. Ngi Trung Quoc a phat minh ra giay
viet au tien vao nam 105, giay c lam t si lanh. Ke t nam 751, ky
thuat san xuat giay c truyen sang mien Tay A, sau o pho bien cac nc
chau Au va chau My.
Vao the ky th 16, chnh ngi Trung Quoc a phat minh ra giay ba cng.
Ky thuat lam giay c phat trien khong ngng, en nam 1867, cong nghe san
xuat giay t bot go xuat hien va en gia nam 1800 giay ba gn song (giay
carton gn song) c phat minh, m ra mot ky nguyen mi cho nganh bao b.
Giay ba gn song c s dung lam bao b ngoai cho a so cac loai san pham,
v no co tnh ben c rat cao, co the bao ve san pham cha ng ben trong,
chong lai nhng tac ong c hoc. Ben canh o, ac tnh nhe cua giay ba gn
song rat hieu dung khi van chuyen, boc d hang hoa. Ngoai ra, giay ba gn con
co the tai san xuat, tiet kiem nguyen lieu, t gay o nhiem moi trng.
Thuy tinh
Nam 1550 trc cong nguyen, vat lieu thuy tinh c phat hien, va
nhng chai lo thuy tinh mau c che tao. en nam 1200 sau cong nguyen,
ngi ta con dung thuy tinh lam chat men phu len be mat cac san pham gom
s. Nam 1200 sau cong nguyen, con ngi ta a khac ve tren khuon uc e
tao ra vat dung bang thuy tinh co hnh anh.
Cong nghe san xuat thuy tinh qua nhieu the ky a at en trnh o cao,
nhng gia thanh san pham van con at. T the ky 18 bc sang the ky 19, nen
khoa hoc ky thuat the gii tien bo va pho bien nhanh nen gia thanh san pham
thuy tinh a ha xuong thap. Cung trong thi ky nay, xuat hien yeu cau san
xuat chai thuy tinh ng ru Whisky va cac thc uong khac, o chnh la tac
nhan a a cong nghe san xuat thuy tinh at nh cao.
o gom
o gom tr thanh o gia dung e cha ng thc pham, dung lam chen
a an uong t rat lau i va pho bien khap the gii. Trc khi ton tai cong
nghe ong bao b chan khong va thiet b lanh vao the ky 19, nhng o dung
bang gom mau xam hoac nau, c trang tr bang cac oxyt kim loai mau,
thng c dung e cha moi th t b va tht muoi en ru qua. Cac
thng nhan cung dung cac bnh bang gom e cha nha thong, axit va cac
loai chat long cong nghiep khac; ho a s dung hnh anh trang tr tren cac
bnh gom e quang cao cho san pham.

18

o gom c san xuat lan au tien vao the ky 15. Nc c noi tieng
bi nhng loai men s lam t cac loai muoi vo c; chnh men s a lam cho
bnh gom cng hn va an toan hn nhng bnh gom co lp men cha ch.
Nganh o gom at nh cao vao the ky 18-19, sau o th no nhng cho cho
cac loai vat lieu va bao b khac.
Sat trang thiec
Khoang nam 1200, nhng ngi th thu cong Bohemia a phat hien ra
phng phap ma thiec len nhng tam sat mong. Phat minh nay c gi b
mat trong suot 400 nam, nhng nam 1620, mot Cong tc x Saxony a lay
c b mat nay. Thi ky o sat mang lai nhng nguyen lieu va may moc mi
cho viec cuon thep tam va trang thiec. S kien thep thay the sat va nhng hp
kim cng khac, a tao ieu kien san xuat cac c tam hay la kim loai rat
mong. T o a phat trien va ton tai cong nghe che tao lon, hop bang thep
tam, nhom, hp kim cua nhom va i en hoan hao nh hien nay.
Nhom
Vao nam 1825, nha nghien cu Oersted san xuat ra c nhng hat
nhom au tien. Viec tinh luyen nhom rat kho khan nen vao nam 1825, gia
nhom la 545USD/Lb. Hoang e Napoleon thng s dung tha va na bang
nhom khi tiep cac v khach ac biet. Nhng o trang sc vao thi N hoang
Victoria cung c lam bang nhom. Nam 1854, Deville va Bunsen a cai
thien phng phap tinh luyen nhom, do o vao nam 1885, gia nhom a giam
xuong 11,33USD/Lb, tuy van con kha cao. Nam 1886, Heroult va Hall phat hien
phng phap ien phan hien ai hn, e tach nhom t oxyt nhom. Nam 1888,
Bayer tm ra phng phap re tien hn e tach nhom t quang boxit. Nam
1982, gia a giam xuong con 0,57USD/Lb va en nam 1942, gia giam xuong
0,14USD/Lb.
Khi gia ca a mc hp ly, nhom c s dung cho nhieu muc ch. ac
tnh mem deo cua no cho phep che tao la nhom mot cach de dang. La nhom
au tien c san xuat vao khoang nam 1910, va trong au nhng nam 1920,
ky thuat cuon va in tren nhom c hoan thien. Ky thuat uc nhom e san
xuat cac loai la nhom xuat hien vao cuoi nhng nam 1970.
Thiec, ch va cac kim loai khac
Vao thi xa, cac loai hop va coc c san xuat t vang va bac, nhng
chung qua at cho nhng nhu cau thong thng. Ngi La Ma co xa thng
s dung ch trong nhieu th, bao gom ca ong dan nc. Ngay nay, van con lai
nhng bang chng cho thay ch a c s dung e han cac hop, lon bang kim

19

loai. Ho cung tm cach che tao tam hay la ch rat mong va v khong biet en
tnh oc hai cua ch nen a dung no e goi thc pham. Nhng la ch a c
s dung e bao boc trc tiep tra va thuoc la trong cac hop tra hoac thuoc la t
nhng nam 1826-1930.
La thiec co pham vi s dung rat ln. Hau het nhng hp kim cua thiec
c san xuat t thiec, ch, antimon, kem hoac ong va c s dung pho
bien do thiec tinh khiet rat kho cuon lai. Vao nhng nam 1930, pho mat c
goi bang thiec la co pha antimon; thiec la cung c dung e bao goi
chocolate vao nhng nam 1940.
Chat deo
Viec nghien cu thay the nguyen lieu cho cac qua banh billard bang nga
a dan en viec tm ra cellulose nitrat vao nam 1845. Vao nam 1862, nhng
hat nha nho au tien c trng bay tai mot cuoc trien lam ln Luan on.
Vao nam 1870, nha nghien cu Hyatt tao ra celluloid, la hon hp cua
cellulose nitrat va camphor. ay la mot trong nhng thanh cong au tien cua
chat deo nhan tao, ve phng dien vat lieu lan thng mai. Do celluloid va
nhng san pham cellulose nitrat rat de chay, nen cac nha nghien cu tiep tuc
tm kiem nhng hp chat kho chay hn nh cellulose acetat co the hoa tan
trong aceton, (hien c dung rong rai trong nganh sn mai).
Si viscose hay cellulose xanthate dung trong phuc hoi cac si cellulose
va mang chat deo c tm ra nam 1892. Si viscose c s dung rong rai
chau Au khoang gia nam 1912 ti 1914; va mang cellophane c gii thieu
My vao nam 1924. S them vao lp phu cellulose nitrat giup cho bao b co
kha nang chong am tot hn. Cho ti nam 1950, cellophane van chiem u the
hn so vi cac loai vat lieu bao goi khac.
Mang casein c gii thieu vao nam 1899. Cac loai nut va khoa bang
casein-formaldehyde c dung rong rai trong suot nhng nam 1920. Nha
casein van c dung cho en ngay nay di dang chat keo dan la nhu tng
cua casein va nha deo. Nhng loai nha khac c lam t qua trnh polyme
hoa formaldehyde vao nhng nam cuoi cua the ky 19 la phenol- urea-, va
melamine formaldehyde. Trong nhng nam 1930-1940 melamineformaldehyde
c dung nh chat lam tang o ben cua giay chong tham t.
Styren c chng cat lan au tien t nha cay balsam vao nam 1831 va
t o qua trnh polyme hoa styren c chu y. Vao nam 1866, styren c san
xuat t benzene, c chng cat than a. T thanh cong nay, polystyren c
s dung rong rai, nhng do tnh gion, co the de v, manh v gay nguy hiem
trong trng hp lam o chi tre em, hay bnh cha ng thc pham. Do o

20

a en hp chat mi tot hn so vi polystyren va cao su tong hp. S phat

trien ke tiep la: styren, acrylonitrile va butadien c ong polyme hoa e
san xuat nha ABS. Vao nam 1950, xop polystyren (EPS) c gii thieu va
sau o c dung lam tam cach nhiet va vat lieu em.
Qua trnh nghien cu cao su thien nhien a dan ti viec phat minh ra cac
lp phu bang cao su len cac vat lieu xay dng. Tiep theo o, rat nhieu loai
cao su tong hp co goc dien c che tao ra trong cac phong th nghiem. Vao
nam 1933, cao su butadien-styren c gii thieu, o la hp chat Buna S, rat
quen thuoc trong The chien th II. Hp chat tng t, Buna N, cung la mot
san pham thi ky chien tranh. Vao nhng nam 1950, nganh hoa hoc ve cao su
a co nhng bc tien rat nhanh, ve tnh an hoi cua cao su a c s dung
rong rai nh thanh phan cua keo trong bao b.
Monomer vinyl chloride (VCM) c san xuat lan au tien nam 1835, va
polyvinylchloride (PVC) c tm ra vao nam 1872. en nam 1912, PVC c
san xuat e lam vat cach nhiet cho day cap. Polyvinyl acohol c san xuat vao
nam 1924 t polyvinyl acetat b thuy phan. Ngi ta nhan thay polyvinyl acetat
qua mem va polyvinyl chloride qua cng; do o vao nam 1928 vinyl acetat va
vinyl chloride c ong trung hp. Hp chat nay c chng minh la rat hu
dung. Vi s them vao cua chat hoa deo, mot loat cac tam phu c san xuat.
Nhng mang che va ao ma c san xuat lan au tien trong nhng nam 1940 rat
nang mui chat lam deo, tuy nhien khi ky thuat phat trien, ngi ta a tm ra cac
loai polyme va chat hoa deo tot hn. Vao nam 1958, mang PVC co the co dan do
nhiet c gii thieu. Hp chat ong trung hp VC-acrylic co o ran cao. Hp
chat ong trung hp cua vinylchloride va vinyl ether c dung trong sn mai.
Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) c tm ra nam 1838. Hat monomer tinh
khiet c tong hp vao nam 1872 va polyme PVDC c tong hp nam 1916.
Chat nay co khoang nhiet o nong chay rat hep, kha gion va cng. Vao nam
1936, san pham ong trung hp cua VC va VDC c san xuat, lan au tien.
Hp chat polyester au tien c tm ra nam 1847. Ester acrylate c
che tao vao nam 1873 va methyl acrylate c trung hp nam 1880.
Polyacrylate c san xuat lan au tien nam 1927, va polymethyl methacrylate
vao nam 1933. Polyethylene-glycol-terephthalate (PET) c tm ra au tien vao
nam 1941 va c san xuat vao nhng nam 1950 di dang mang Mylar.
Mot trong nhng s phat trien quan trong nhat co lien quan en bao b xay
ra nam 1933, khi Fawcett va Gibson thuoc Cong ty Hoa chat Cong nghiep
Imperial (ICI) a tm ra polyethylene (PE) au tien, c x ly ap suat cao.
Nha PE c s dung au tien lam tam bao boc cac si day cap ien thoai
ngam, va trong suot the chien th II no c s dung nh chat bao boc cac day

21

cap cua radar. Vao au nhng nam 1940, Karl Ziegler a nghien cu va tm ra
phng phap xuc tac e san xuat polyethelene ap suat thap. Phng phap cua
Ziegler cho phep san xuat polyethelene co ty trong cao hn (HDPE) phng
phap cua ICI; loai nay a nhanh chong at doanh so ban cao vao nam 1956.
Vao nam 1961, Tien s Richard W. Rees cua hang DuPont phat minh ra
ionomer bang cach lien ket hoa hoc ion kim loai vi PE co cha cac nhom
axit. Nghien cu cua ong ve polyethelene ty trong thap (LDPE) a m ra
pham vi rong rai va th trng cho viec chuyen oi bao b theo khuynh hng
bao b chat deo nh ngay nay.
Vao nam 1954, Natta Y dung chat xuc tac cho s bo tr co nh cau truc
khong gian e san xuat polypropylene va phat trien nguyen tac thay oi cau
truc cua polyme e san xuat nhieu loai plastic ong trung hp nh ngay nay,
tao thanh chuoi polyme co ac tnh ap ng mot so yeu cau can thiet oi vi
xa hoi phat trien. Trong nhng nam ke tiep, nhieu hp chat ong trung hp
cua ethylene, propylene va butylene c a ra th trng.
Nhng loai chat deo khac c dung lam bao b bao gom polyamide
(nylon) c phat minh ra au tien nam 1937, di dang si va sau o c
phat trien sang dang mang vao cuoi nhng nam 1950. Polycarbonate c a
ra th trng vao nam 1959.
1.3.3 S phat trien cua cac loai hnh bao b
Cac loai thung cha, hop bang go, bnh s, tui da, bao vai eu a co t
rat lau. Di ay la nhng bc tien quan trong trong s phat trien cua cac
loai hnh bao b ma ang pho bien hien nay.
Hop bang kim loai
T s phat minh ra thep trang thiec vao nam 1200, ngi ta a co the tao
ra cac loai hop kim loai. Nhng mai cho ti nam 1764 mi xuat hien Luan
on cac loai hop nho bang kim loai e ng thuoc la. au nhng nam 1830,
diem va banh bch quy eu c cha ng trong cac hop thep trang thiec.
Mot vai loai hop c thiet ke vi cac loai hnh ac biet co ky t noi, nhng
loai khac co nhan hieu c in tren giay roi dan vao hop. Khoang gia nam
1850 va 1900, ky thuat in tren kim loai c phat trien. Nhng chiec hop ban
au c thiet ke vi 89 mau so vi ngay nay la 46 mau. Ngay nay cac loai
hop khong c in nhieu hn nam mau do chi ph cao.
Lon kim loai
Cac loai hop hnh tru c thiet ke bi Peter Durand vao nam 1810. Nhng

22

chiec hop au tien c han bang tay co cha mot lo ng knh khoang 34cm
tren nh. Sau khi thc pham c a vao qua lo, lo c ong lai bang cach han
mot mieng thep. Co nhng trng hp, mot cai lo nho c khoan e thoat kh
trong qua trnh nau va sau o c han lai. Nhng ngi th co the lam c 60
cai/ngay bang phng phap thu cong. Nhieu loai dung cu va ky thuat lap rap c
phat minh e lam cho cong viec che tao lon c de dang hn. Vao nam 1868,
cac loai verni c che tao e phu ben trong lon sat, chong lai s an mon lon bi
thc pham c cha ng va s h hong thc pham do nhiem kim loai t bao b.
Phng phap ghep m lon co dung cac hp chat han cua Max Ams c gii thieu
nam 1888, va vao nam 1900, a ra i cac loai may ghep m lon sat co cong suat
2.500 lon/gi, t o lon c san xuat theo phng phap ghep m. Cac loai lon co
nap ay co the a xuat hien t nam 1922. Ben canh o, loai lon han ay va nap
van c dung cho en ngay nay. Lon nhom c che tao e ng cac loai dau
nhn vao nam 1957, va c dung lam bao b cho san pham bia ke t nam 1963.
Nhng chiec lon au tien c m bang cach dung uc va bua. Chiec
khoa m o hop (khui hop) au tien c sang che nam 1866, da tren
nguyen tac on bay c gii thieu nam 1875. Cac loai nap co the xe c,
c lam bang giay nhom a xuat hien vao nhng nam 1950. Ngay nay, cac
loai hop ong goi chan khong co loai nap nay thng c lam t plastic cho
phep han kn va m de dang.
Chai va lo thuy tinh
ac iem cua nhng chai lo the ky 17 va 18 la co cau tao ac trng e
phan biet nha san xuat va cac san pham cha ben trong. Chiec may uc chai
t ong au tien bang phng phap ly tam c san xuat lan au tien nam
1889. Loai may hien ai Owen co the san xuat 20.000 chai/ngay.
Di thi N hoang Victoria (nc Anh), cac chai ng dc pham co
oc tnh cao c thiet ke ac biet. Nhng chai lo nay c che tao e ngi
s dung co the nhan biet nhng bat thng bang s cam nhan bi giac quan.
ac iem nay la bien phap an toan au tien c s dung. Nap chai cung tien
mot bc dai t dang nap go chuot nhon va cac loai nut ban c dung t
nam 1000 trc cong nguyen, theo Horace. e ong kn hn, nap chai c
phu sap hoac hac n. Nut ban c s dung chu yeu cho ti khi nut van ra i
nam 1892 va nut ban van c s dung cho chai ng ru cho en nay. Vao
gia thap nien 1930, a co nhieu th nghiem dan ti viec s dung nap bang
cao su va nha PE bat au t nam 1945; tiep theo polycellular vinyl c s
dung vao nam 1957. Nhng lp bao phu bang nhom c gii thieu nam
1960. Loai mi nhat c lam bang nhom va c thiet ke e co the xe c
vong xoan pha di, khi phan nay b ri khoi nap cho thay la chai a c

23

m, thng c ap dung trong viec khang cac loai chai ru hay nc giai
khat.
Nhng san pham nc uong ong chai co nap van bang nha hoac bang
kim loai; loai chai mieng rong c ong bang giay sap hoac bang la kim
loai. Cac loai nap chat hn c lam bang kim loai co em cao su. Ngay nay,
a so cac loai chai mieng rong co nap bang thep van ren, va c boc lp
platis dang mang co nham khang san pham.
Hop bang go va ba cng
T nhng nam 1630 cho en the ky 19, cac loai hop c che tao thu
cong bang cac tam go mong hoac giay ba cng (carton), cac loai nhan hieu
a c dan ben ngoai thung, hop e quang cao, phan biet.
Ngay nay viec san xuat hop va thung cha bang giay a tr thanh mot
nganh thng mai quan trong. Viec san xuat hop co the a bat au Anh vao
nam 1817. Va My a bat au sm hn vao nam 1810 tai Philadelphia. Cac
loai hop san xuat thi iem au thng co dang tron v kho tao goc canh
bang phng phap thu cong.
Nganh lam thung hop carton bang c gii bat au vao nam 1855, dung
e ng thuoc va ng keo.
Cac loai hop, thung giay a giup tiet kiem c khong gian rat nhieu
trong viec lu tr hang hoa trong kho hay ca hang. Vao nam 1870, Robert
Gair, ngi a thanh cong trc o trong viec san xuat tui giay, a phat minh
ra may cat va gap nep t ong. Vao au nhng nam 1900, cac loai ngu coc,
va banh bch quy c bao goi bang cac thung carton co trang sap, va c in
nhan hieu cua san pham, cac mau quang cao.
Giay goi va nhan hieu
Cach bao goi bang la cay a c dung t rat xa xa e ngan nga at,
nc va cac tac nhan gay h hai oi vi thc pham. Khoang nam 1550, cac
loai giay goi a c in ten cua ngi san xuat. Thuoc va thuoc la c ban
trong cac bao bang giay vao nhng nam 1660. Vao au nhng nam 1770,
ngi ta a co the mua inh ghim, thuoc la, tra va cac chat dang bot trong cac
hop giay. Vi s xuat hien cua giay lam bang may va thuat in a, cac nhan
hieu c in va ap dung cho hop, chai, lo, lon cha ng cac loai san pham.
Chang bao lau sau o, cac san pham thc pham c phan biet bang nhan
hieu thuan tien trong phan phoi lu kho tieu thu.
Nhng ngi ban keo thu cong Paris a bao goi san pham cua ho trong
cac giay mau co xoan hai au vao nam 1847. La kim loai a c dung e

24

boc cac loai chocolate t au nhng nam 1840 en nay. Ban au, la kim loai
c lam bang ch, sau o dung la thep e bao boc mot so thc pham nhng
vao na sau the ky 19 phan ln la kim loai c thay the bang giay trang sap
chong tham va c dan nhan hieu.
Giay sap ra i t y tng cua mot ngi th lam nen, ong khong muon
mang con ca mi cau c ve nha c boc bang giay bao tham t nc. Vao
nam 1877, ong thanh lap mot cong ty san xuat giay sap. en nam 1894, giay
phu paraffin c lot ben trong thung carton ng banh quy e chong tham chat
beo ra thung giay va chong hut am vao banh. Sau o vao nhng nam 1900 giay
phu paraffin c dung goi keo, banh m va mot so thc an kho mot cach pho
bien.
Giay sap xuat hien lam thanh mot loai vat lieu cach am tot trc khi co
s xuat hien cua cellophane va nhom vao nam 1912. Chang bao lau sau o,
giay sap va cac la kim loai c ket hp e san xuat ra mot loai bao b tot
hn. Vao cuoi nhng nam 1950 xuat hien cac loai mang chat deo co the han
bang nhiet va co dan c nh polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene chloride,
polyethylene va polypropylene. Nhng nam 1960 en 1970, la thi gian
xuat hien cac chat loai polyme - nha nhiet deo ong trung hp a cong
nghe bao b len nh cao.
Tui
Viec san xuat cac loai tui c bat au vao nhng nam 1618-1648. C s san
xuat tui giay au tien Anh a thanh lap nam 1844 Bristol. thi ky nay,
viec in an tren tui giay c thc hien bang cac may in a chay bang hi
nc. Chiec may lam tui au tien c phat minh nam 1852, bi Francis
Wolle My, tuy nhien cho ti nam 1902, nhieu loai tui van c lam bang
tay. Vao nhng nam 1870, nhng bao b bang giay co kch thc ln c
xep, dan keo a c thay the bi cac bao bang bong vai e ng cac khoi
lng ln nh ngu coc, lng thc, cac loai bot. Nam 1905, cac loai tui giay
co in nhan c san xuat theo day chuyen t ong va tiep theo la tui bang
plastic (nha nhiet deo) ra i, rat thong dung so vi tui giay.
Nghe thuat tao hnh
Nghe thuat trang tr a co t rat lau i bang chng la nhng ngi tien
s a biet sn, cham tro va ieu khac tren cac o dung co xa cua ho. Trong
nhieu ngan nam, nhng cong viec nh vay c ap dung vi tat ca nhng th
can c trang tr. Lch s the gii a khong ghi chep lai nhng th nghiem
phng phap in an au tien xuat hien luc nao. Nhng Trung Quoc viec in
tren giay au tien bang cac khoi go c cham khac vao khoang nam 868.

25

Cung Trung Quoc vao khoang nam 1041, nhng khoi go ri e in tng ky t
a c s dung. Nghe thuat in tren giay t nhng khoi go co chau Au c
bat au vao nam 1454.
Ky thuat in an bao b bao goi cac loai san pham a c phat trien bi
ngi th lam giay Andreas Bernhart vao nhng nam 1550 va phat trien cho
en nay. Vao au nhng nam 1600, mot vai loai san pham con c phan biet
bi ten ngi san xuat e tranh nham lan ve nha san xuat.
Vao khoang gia nhng nam 1700, nhng a bang thep hay ong c
cham khac a c s dung thay the cho cac khoi go trong viec in nhan. Phng
phap mi nay c ap dung e in tren o gom. Vao nam 1789, nguyen tac in
bang a c Senefelder Bavaria kham pha. Ky thuat in a a giup cho viec
in tren o gom nhieu mau hn, va viec in mau tren giay tr nen pho bien. Mot
so ngi th in, nh Currier va Ives, in mot mau tren bang in a va sau o them
vao mot mau khac bang cach ve tay. Vi s phat trien cua the ky 19, cac th in
tranh ua nhau trong viec tao ra cac be ngoai va cac nhan hieu ep hn.
Viec in trc tiep len cac tam thiec khong thanh cong vao nam 1864 do
nhng bang in c cham khac hoac bang a khong cho s tiep xuc tot. Viec
chuyen oi phng phap dien ra trong khoang 10 nam. Nam 1875 Robert
Barclay phat minh ra ky thuat in offset. Nam 1903, nguyen tac in offset c
cai tien vi toc o cao.
Ky thuat in noi bang khuon mem ra i Anh khoang nam 1890, nham
theo kp toc o cua may lam tui giay, mc in la aniline, kho nhanh c dung
in tren cac khoi cao su an hoi hoac a, va nguyen tac nay cung c dung
e in tren cac be mat khac. Nam 1905, may lam tui va may in c ket hp
vi nhau trong mot day chuyen.
Trong suot the ky 19 va 20, ky thuat nhiep anh c phat minh nh o cac
ban in co the c chuan b va khac bang axit. Viec chuan b cac ban in cang
lc cang t phc tap hn va giam c chi ph. Vao nam 1900, ky thuat in nhieu
mau lai c cai tien va ngi ta a co the in c sau mau cung mot luc.
S phat trien chung cua bao b va thiet b
Ky thuat ong goi phat trien rat nhanh, ve nguyen lieu va may moc.
Nhng chiec may au tien c che tao cho qua trnh lam bao b hoac in an
c van hanh bang sc ngi hoac dung nang lng hi nc, eu ong gop
vao s tang san lng va giam chi ph. Ben canh o mot vai loai may moc
c ket hp vao trong san xuat e cho qua trnh van hanh day chuyen c
hieu qua hn.

26

Cac loai thiet b can mong, thiet b lam giay sap, may lam hop va may
dan nhan.v.v... c phat trien trong nhieu thap nien trc va sau The chien
th I. Nhng may t ong phet keo len cac nhan hieu c che tao bi tap
oan New Jersey My khoang nam 1918.
May un ep (extruder) vat lieu plastic e che tao bao b ang c s
dung rong rai hien nay, a c phat minh au tien vao khoang nam 1840 e
san xuat cac ong ch. Khoang gia nam 1840 va 1860, may un ep c dung
e bao boc nha cac si day cap ien. Chiec may un ep au tien dung lc
ay cua pittong ch thch hp cho nhng bo phan nho nhng khong thch hp
cho cac tam hoac ong dai. May un ep dung truc vt c phat minh ra nam
1879. Vao nam 1912, may un ep co truc vt ln hn va co thung cha c
che tao, ty le chieu dai so vi ng knh truc (l/d) khoang 10 va c ket
hp vi he thong lam lanh. Nganh plastic at c mot so thanh cong trong
viec ep nha cho ti nhng nam cuoi cua thap nien 50. Sau o truc vt lai
c cai thien hieu qua hn ap ng vi nguyen lieu c nau chay ong
nhat nho vao ty le l/d c tang len. ay la loai truc vt co hai kenh vi hai
bo phan tron va nau chay khac nhau, co trang b cac thiet b o. Mot vai loai
may un ep khong co truc vt c nghien cu e canh tranh vi cac may
dung truc vt. Theo s cai tien cua may un ep dan ti nhng thay oi trong
vat lieu lam bao b, nhieu s ket hp gia cac nguyen lieu tao vat lieu ghep
va lp phu ben ngoai, thch hp e bao goi, ap ng nhng yeu cau cua nhieu
loai thc pham khac nhau. Trong nhng nam gan ay, may un ep a phat
trien en mc co the ep hai loai chat deo nong chay qua mot khuon e san xuat
mang mong co cau truc hon hp.
en cuoi the ky 19, vat lieu lam bao b c che tao bang he thong trang
thiet b t ong va theo o la s ra i cac thiet b nh lng thc pham e ong
thc pham vao bao b mot cach t ong.
Thiet b can, o va em a c che tao hoan chnh t nam 1900, cung
luc vi thiet b lam thung carton, dan keo va lam tui. Trong thap nien sau o
(khoang 1910), may moc c phat trien e bao goi cac loai thc pham co
kch thc rat nho nh cac loai keo, va ong kien hang hoa vao cac thung
carton. Khoang sau nam 1913, may moc c phat trien e gap cac thung
carton ng san pham t cac bang chuyen. Co s chuyen bien rat ln cua ky
thuat bao b va ong goi thc pham thi ky gia hai cuoc the chien: thc
pham c chuyen hng t dang ong goi kho ln sang ong goi thanh
nhng n v nho vi toc o cao, ong thi, cac nha san xuat may moc a
thuyet phuc cac nha san xuat thc pham thay oi nhng thiet b cu e thch
hp vi cac ky thuat mi. Nhng thiet b ong goi chan khong xuat hien
gia nhng nam 1950.

27

Ngay nay, neu thieu cac he thong trang thiet b ong goi t ong trong
san xuat thc pham th chi ph bao goi co the cao en mc khong chap nhan
c va mc o h hong san pham cung rat ln v khong am bao c an
toan ve sinh thc pham.
1.4 MOI QUAN HE GIA BAO B TP VA S PHAT TRIEN CUA XA HOI
S phat trien cua xa hoi cong nghiep hoa ong thi vi s phat trien cua
o th, va cong nghiep hoa nong nghiep a dan en hien tng tap trung dan
trong khu vc thanh th, s tang so lng phu n i lam va viec thay oi t
cac ai gia nh nong thon thanh cac gia nh nho. Nh the, can thiet phai
co s cai thien hieu qua trong phan phoi hang hoa, thc pham e co the cung
cap hp l cho ngi tieu dung. ay la khi iem cua thi ky bao b tieu thu
la cac bao b bao goi tng n v nho thay the cho viec ban tng khoi ln hang
hoa trc kia.
Ben canh o, theo s phat trien cua xa hoi, nang cao mc song cua ngi
dan a gia tang mc tieu dung va tao nen s thay oi yeu cau ve hang hoa,
thc pham. Tat ca nhng ieu nay a c the hien bang s gia tang cac hoat
ong vui chi, giai tr, du lch va cung vi no la s gia tang so lng cac ba
an ngoai tri... Ngoai ra ngi s dung con oi hoi thc pham phai co s thay
oi ve mau ma, kieu dang sao cho thuan li va phu hp vi tng trng hp
khac nhau va at chat lng an toan ve sinh thc pham (v du nh tre nho en
trng em theo sa hop tiet trung th rat thuan li va ve sinh). ong thi nha
san xuat cung quan tam thu hut s chu y cua khach hang bang viec tiep th
thong qua bao b. V vay, ngay nay bao b c s dung nh la mot cong cu
cua qua trnh marketing e at c gia tr gia tang cho san pham. ieu nay
giai thch tai sao trong xa hoi hien nay, chi ph cho bao b thc pham trong
tong chi ph chung cua nganh san xuat bao b la cao nhat. Va oi vi rieng
nganh cong nghiep thc pham th ty le chi ph cho bao b ngay cang cao so vi
tong chi ph san xuat thc pham. T o a en s canh tranh cao o nham
giam gia thanh san pham va yeu cau vat lieu bao b at tnh nang cao. Nhng
yeu cau nay a c thoa man bi s tao ra cac vat lieu bao b va he thong
ong goi mi, ac biet. Cac loai bao b a dang ve cau truc, cach trang tr,
thong tin, nhe, o day rat nho va em lai nhieu thuan li trong qua trnh bao
quan, s dung, phan phoi, kiem tra san pham.
Hau het nhu cau hang ngay ve thc pham cua cac gia nh, c ap ng
thong qua he thong sieu th. S tang trng nhanh chong cua phng thc
phan phoi t phuc vu la nh vao bao b hien ai. ieu nay khong ch giup
giam chi ph phan phoi (re hn t 5 7 lan), ma con bao quan thc pham
tranh c s h hong, a en hieu qua san xuat tang cao, ho tr cho viec

28

canh tranh ve gia cho cac san pham cuoi cung. Ch rieng trong lnh vc san
xuat thc pham, ty le h hong cua san pham tai cac quoc gia cong nghiep
hang au va cac quoc gia ang phat trien la 5% va 50%, neu ty le nay cang
ha thap th cang tao nhieu c hoi cho viec cai thien mc song va giam gia
thanh san pham cuoi cung. Ngi ta a anh gia rang ch rieng nganh cong
nghiep thc pham c, bao b va he thong trang thiet b ong bao b, cho
en phan phoi hang hoa eu hien ai a tiet kiem c 20 t USD/nam. Mc
tiet kiem nay ong gop tot cho viec cai thien mc song, giam gia thanh thanh
pham cuoi cung ma sau cung se tao ra mot s canh tranh manh me va s phat
trien chung cua toan quoc gia.
Vi phng hng chien lc phat trien bao b nganh thc pham, san
xuat thc pham cua at nc chac chan se co bc phat trien nhay vot ve qui
mo san xuat, ve nganh nghe, trnh o che bien, ve san lng va t suat hang
hoa, ay manh san xuat va xuat khau thc pham che bien a dang. S phat
trien nay se keo theo s phat trien tat yeu ve qui mo va trnh o phan phoi
trong th trng noi a cung nh th trng quoc te, do o nang cao thu nhap
t gia tr gia tang cua hang xuat khau cung nh gop phan tao cong an viec
lam cho ngi lao ong trong nc. V vay ma ky thuat bao b tren the gii a
phat trien rat manh; t hn mot thap nien trc ay va khong ngng ln manh
ve chung loai, ve trnh o che tao cung nh ve so lng.
Nc ta trong nhng nam gan ay, kinh te phat trien, nhu cau tieu dung
ngay cang c nang cao, trong o nhu cau ve thc pham che bien at chat
lng cao e tieu dung va xuat khau tang len manh me, t o thuc ay s
phat trien qui mo cong nghe bao b a dang va at chat lng cao.
S chuyen bien co tnh chien lc cua cong nghe thc pham a yeu cau
nganh bao b phat trien manh me ve lng cung nh chat vi mang nguyen
lieu plastic n, mang phc hp (mang ghep) hoac lon thep trang thiec, chai
lo nha (PET), chai lo thuy tinh, nhng thung cha bang ba cng gn song va
ba cng cac loai...
1.5 XU HNG BAO B HIEN NAY CUA THE GII OI VI BAO B TP
Rieng oi vi loai vat lieu lam bao b bang plastic, mc san xuat va mc
tieu dung trung bnh tnh tren au ngi tang cac nc phat trien va cang
tang cao nhng nc ang phat trien. Viet Nam la mot trong nhng quoc gia
co ty le s dung vat lieu plastic tang cao.
Sau ay la mc san xuat, tieu dung va mc tieu dung/ngi/nam oi vi vat
lieu bao b plastic mot so quoc gia tren the gii c trnh bay bang sau ay.

29

Xu hng hien nay cua nganh bao b la:

- San lng plastic nhiet deo ngay cang tang cao
- Ky thuat san xuat mang plastic, bao b bang vat lieu plastic ghep ngay
cang phat trien manh.
- Bao b phai ap ng c 3 chc nang chnh la bao ve hang hoa thc
pham ben trong, thong tin va thuan tien trong quan ly, tien dung; va
han che c s o nhiem moi trng bi bao b phe thai. Do o bao b
can c cau tao bi vat lieu:
- Co kha nang tai sinh
- c san xuat tuan theo cac luat ve bao ve moi trng nh bao b
c ghi ten loai plastic cau tao di ay e tien phan loai sau khi
thu hoi va tai sinh.
- e am bao cho viec tai sinh, can ghep hai trong nhieu loai nguyen
lieu co thanh phan giong nhau, tranh toi a viec pha tron cac loai
nguyen lieu plastic vao nhau.
- Cau truc mang pho bien nhat la mang ba lp.

Quoc gia
Nam
Uc
B
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Colombia
Phan Lan
Phap
c
Hungary
Israel
Y
Nhat
Han Quoc
Malaysia
Rumani
Slovakia
Slovenia
Nam Phi
Tay Ban
Nha

San xuat
(tan/nam)
2000
2001
1099
1146
5116
5200
0
0
3782
3680
4263
4244
0
0
585
587
6500
6561
15500 15800
1006
1035
499
496
3875
3875
14736 13881
12100 11987
1300
1530
311
293
464
427
197
203
650
835
3639
3626

Ty le
thay
oi
(%)
4,2
1,6
0,0
-2,7
-0,4
na
0,3
0,9
1,9
2,9
-0,6
0,0
-5,8
-0,9
17,7
-5,8
-8,0
3,3
28,5
-0,4

Mc tieu dung
(tan/nam)
2000
2001
1541
1601
1840
1767
47
50
4330
4217
3503
3998
526
532
471
475
5201
5298
12800 12800
680
697
750
796
6810
6925
11609 11018
4714
5032
1200
1214
244
260
159
193
206
213
900
910
3797
4034

Ty le
thay
oi
(%)
3,9
-4,0
6,4
-2,6
14,1
1,1
0,8
1,9
0,0
2,5
6,1
1,7
-5,1
6,7
1,2
6,6
21,4
3,7
1,1
6,2

Mc tieu
dung
/au ngi
2000
80
180
6
25
114
12
91
87
154
68
117
118
92
9
52
11
29
103
18
99

2001
83
172
6
22
118
13
91
87
160
68
124
104
87
9
51
12
36
107
18
102

Ty le
thay
oi/ngi
(%)
3,9
-4,4
2,4
-12,1
3,7
3,0
0,0
0,0
4,1
0,6
6,0
-11,9
-5,4
2,0
-1,9
12,1
21,4
3,5
1,1
2,5

30

Quoc gia
Tho Nh
Ky
Anh
My
Viet Nam

San xuat
(tan/nam)
723
850
2661
43822
938

2656
41719
1125

Ty le
thay
oi
(%)
17,5

Mc tieu dung
(tan/nam)
2158
1915

Ty le
thay
oi
(%)
-11,3

-0,2
-4,8
19,9

4713
44509
950

0,2
-3,8
116,0

4724
42817
1102

30

28

Ty le
thay
oi/ngi
(%)
-4,9

79
159
12

79
155
14

0,0
-2,8
16,7

Mc tieu
dung
/au ngi

Ghi chu: dau () ch s giam so vi mc cua nam 2000.

- T s gia tang san lng bao b cha ng thc pham cung vi ky
thuat vat lieu ghep at tnh nang bao quan cao do tnh chong tham kh,
hi cc cao, th so lng bao b phe thai ra moi trng cung ngay cang
tang cao lam cho tnh trang o nhiem moi trng them tram trong. V
vay, bien phap tai sinh vat lieu bao b t bao b phe thai ngay cang
c cac nganh ky thuat quan tam.
- Thng nhan khong nen lam dung gia thanh qua thap cua bao b
plastic ma s dung mot cach tha thai nhng bao b plastic phu tr ben
ngoai cha ng san pham. mot so quoc gia ho phai tnh toan hp ly
va s dung ung cach loai tui xach plastic, tui boc ngoai san pham,
khuyen cao khach hang phai ton them chi ph khi co yeu cau s dung
no va khuyen dung bao, tui xach plastic cu e khong ton chi ph mot cach
vo ch.
- Ngi dan phai t phan loai rac khi thai va phan thanh rac tieu huy
c va rac khong tieu huy c, trong o bao b thc pham phe thai
c chia thanh cac loai: kim loai, plastic, va giay ngay t luc c s
dung xong. Mot khi ca thanh pho, ca nc eu thc hien viec t phan
loai rac th viec thu gom rac cua cong ty ve sinh se nhe nhang hn va
viec tai sinh vat lieu bao b t bao b phe thai thc hien mot cach de
dang va kha triet e.
Trai qua cac thi ky, cach trnh bay bao b e co the hap dan ngi tieu
thu luon rat c coi trong, nh s dung bao b trong suot e khach hang co
the nhn thay san pham ben trong. V du, Anh cac loai tht ti thng c
ong bao b trong suot ca nh va ay. Hoac mot so vung chau Au nh
Scandinavia, Phap, c, ngi ta co xu hng ng thc pham trong cac tui
trang uc va co mot nap trong suot, hoac bao b trong suot hoan toan, co the
thay nguyen dang vat pham cha ng ben trong, tao tam ly an tam cho
khach hang oi vi san pham c chon.

31

Nhng nam 1990 co nhng loai bao b ac sac, la thanh tu cua nghien
cu khoa hoc . No xuat phat t vung Verifrais Phap. Ngi ta s dung
nhng giot axit nhe (nh axit amin) chay t con ca, tham qua pha di mam
uc lo gap mot tui nho ng cacbonat canxi hay cacbonat natri, phan ng sinh ra
nhieu kh cacbonic e bao ve san pham chong oxy hoa. Nhat cung co
trng hp s dung bao b ac biet, chat hap thu oxy c ng trong tui nho,
cho vao bao b cha cac lat ca kho trc khi han mieng, bao nho nay se hap
thu het kh O2 va do o lam giam s h hong va keo dai thi gian bao quan.
Mot so loai thc pham nh rau xa lach an lien can c ong bao b co
bm kh, vi bao b lam bang vat lieu plastic OPP. Rau qua ti song van con
ho hap, do o trong bao b cha ng rau qua can phai co mot lng O2 va
u e duy tr va keo dai s song cua rau qua. Neu hoan toan khong co O2
hoac lng O2 qua thap di mc co the ho hap, th rau qua se chuyen sang
qua trnh ho hap yem kh, dan en h hong nhanh chong. Viec a vao mot
lng O2 va u, hoac bao b co kha nang tham thau O2 mot mc o hp ly
la can thiet oi vi bao b cha ng rau qua ti song.
Cau hi:
1. Yeu cau oi vi ngi tieu dung khi mua hang hoa TP a che bien, bao
goi san:
A- oc nhan hieu
B- Khong c thao g niem phong tren SP e cam quan
C- Xem MS, MV
D- Nhn thay SP ben trong bao b
a)
b)
c)
d)

Tm cau tra li ung:

A.
A, B.
B.
A, B, C, D.

2. Bao b cua SP sa ong hop tetrapak noi bat chc nang g?

a) am bao chat lng, so lng.
b) am bao an toan ve sinh.
c) Thuan tien trong s dung cho ngi ln, tre em.
d) Khong co chc nang noi bat.
3. Thc pham a che bien c ong bao b kn ngan chan s tham thau cua:

32

a)
b)
c)
d)

Nc, hi nc, O2, at bui, va s xuyen thau cua anh sang.

Nc, hi nc, O2, N2, at bui, vi sinh vat, anh sang.
Nc, hi nc, O2, CO2, N2, at bui, vi sinh vat, cac chat mui, hng, chat beo.
b, c.

4. Chat lng, so lng cua TP che bien c am bao bi bao b kn ngan nga:
a) S xam nhap cua cac yeu to moi trng.
b) S o nhiem do hoa chat t bao b hoac bao b b an mon hoa hoc va vi
sinh vat t che o ve sinh bao b.
c) S tham kh, hi, nc, chat beo, long t TP qua bao b.
d) a, b, c.

Tai Liu Tham Kho

1. Trung tam Phat trien Ky thuat Bao b, Hoi thao Bao b quoc te TPHCM, 8,
9/11/1990.
2. Gordon L. Robert Son, Food packaging principle and Practice, 25.
3. Matz,S.A. Bakery technology:packaging,Nutrition,Product Development,
Quality Assurance, Elsevier Science Pulishers 28.
4. Ooraikul, B. Modified Almosphere packagingof bakery product. In
modified
Almosphere
packaging
of
food,
B.Ooraikul
and
M.E.Stiles(Eds.),Ellis Horwood Ltd.,Chichester, England,1991,chap.4
Ltd.,Essex, England,1989Marcel Dekker, Inc, 1993.

33

Chng

CHC NANG CUA BAO B THC PHAM PHAN LOAI BAO B THC PHAM
2.1 CHC NANG
ac tnh cua bao b thc pham the hien qua ba chc nang quan trong sau
ay:
- am bao so lng va chat lng thc pham
- Thong tin, gii thieu san pham, thu hut ngi tieu dung
- Thuan tien trong phan phoi, lu kho, quan ly va tieu dung.
2.1.1 am bao so lng va chat lng
Bao b lam nhiem vu cha ng mot so lng nhat nh va bao quan thc
pham t sau qua trnh che bien cho en khi c tieu thu bi ngi tieu dung.
Chc nang au tien cua bao b la am bao nguyen ven ve so lng, trang
thai, cau truc, mau, mui v, thanh phan dinh dng cho thc pham c cha
ng ben trong bao b.
a) Bao b am bao thc pham c cha ng ben trong khong thay oi
ve khoi lng hay the tch.
b) Chat lng cua san pham thc pham, gom ca mat dinh dng, an toan
ve sinh, cam quan, phai luon c am bao trong suot thi han s
dung cua san pham. Do o ma cong nghe che bien, phng phap ong
bao b va vat lieu bao b phai phu hp e co the duy tr va on nh chat
lng san pham. Thc pham sau khi c x ly che bien phai c
ong bao b kn nham tranh hay ngan can hoan toan tac ong cua moi
trng ben ngoai en thc pham trong suot thi han s dung. Tac nhan
t moi trng ngoai co the xam nhap vao ben trong bao b gay h
hong thc pham gom: nc, hi nc, khong kh (co cha O2), vi sinh
vat, at cat bui, con trung va tac ong cua lc c hoc, anh sang bao

34

gom anh sang thay c va tia cc tm, s chieu xa, nhiet o.

Vi sinh vat co the xam nhap vao thc pham thong qua s xam nhap cua
nc, hi nc, khong kh; at cat c a vao thc pham cung vi khi con
trung xam nhap. Anh sang la tac nhan xuc tac cho mot so phan ng oxy hoa
kh, cac phan ng sinh hoa tao ra goc t do co the gay oc cho c the, cac
goc t do tao phan ng day chuyen va phan cat cac mach polyme gay bien
oi thanh phan dinh dng va cac chat mau, mui.
Nhiet o c ap dung e bao quan san pham, tuy theo quy trnh cong
nghe x ly che bien va thanh phan cua san pham ma ap dung nhiet o bao
quan khac nhau. Can quan tam en bao b cua nhng san pham lanh ong nh
hai san, kem an. Thuy san cap ong phai c bao quan 18C , vat lieu
bao b phai khong thay oi ac tnh moi trng lanh ong 35 40C va
moi trng bao quan 18C . Ngoai ieu kien nhiet o ac biet nh tren, cac
nhiet o bao quan thc pham khac (nh lanh thng t 0 20C ) eu khong
tac hai, bien oi ac tnh cua cac loai vat lieu bao b.
- Nc, hi nc se lam tang ham lng am cua nhng thc pham kho,
nhng loai co ham lng am thap. S tang ham lng am cua thc pham la
nguyen nhan gay h hong thc pham, v tao ieu kien cho vi sinh vat phat
trien. Vi sinh vat gay h hong thc pham se lam bien oi cac thanh phan dinh
dng cua thc pham va tiet oc to vao thc pham. Ben canh o, nhng vi
khuan gay benh co the tao mot sinh khoi vt hn mc qui nh. Nhng hien
tng nay de dang gay benh cap tnh ng tieu hoa, hoac benh man tnh, oi
vi ngi an phai thc pham nay.
S tang ham am cua thc pham anh hng nghiem trong en chat lng
cam quan: thc pham dang bot mn b mat dang kho xop, ma tr nen von cuc.
Ham am cao con tao s thuan li cho s thuy phan chat beo, t o co the tao
nen nhng goc t do khi au cho qua trnh oxy hoa chat beo, sinh ra nhng
thanh phan oc hai cho c the.
S xam nhap cua khong kh, trong o co O2, tao ieu kien thuan li cho
qua trnh oxy hoa chat beo khong no, chat mau, chat mui, vitamin va cac hoat
chat sinh hoc khac. Chnh s xam nhap cua O2 va s xuc tac cua anh sang gay
ton that vitamin, bien oi cac chat mau lam giam gia tr cam quan cua san
pham. Kh O2 cung tao ieu kien cho vi sinh vat hieu kh phat trien gay h
hong thc pham va gay benh.
Ch noi rieng cac loai con trung nh kien, dan xam nhap vao thc pham
cung la nguon em o nhiem cua cac tac nhan vi sinh vat, at, cat, bui khien
thc pham b giam so lng va b h hong hoan toan.
- Tac ong cua lc c hoc, chnh la do va cham trong qua trnh van

35

chuyen, boc d hoac b ri, thng khien cho thc pham kho b v vun, mat
gia tr thc pham cung nh cam quan nhng cung chnh tac ong c hoc co the
gay h hong bao b, lam cho bao b khong con am bao o kn hoac b tray
sc be mat gay mat cam quan va gia tr thng pham. Nh vay bao b kn
cha ng thc pham, thc hien nhiem vu phong chong tat ca cac tac ong t
moi trng ngoai. S phong chong nay phu thuoc vao vat lieu lam bao b,
phng phap ong bao b va moi han ghep m, hoac moi ghep gia cac bo phan
nh than va nap, o ben vng cua bao b ngoai.
oi vi trng hp thc pham c ong bao b hay cha ng trong
nhieu lp bao b th co the ch can mot lp bao b trong cung kn, lp ngoai
lam nhiem vu chong tac ong va cham gay tray sc mat ngoai cua lp bao b
kn.

Hnh 2.1: Bao b cua banh bch quy

a) Hop thiec hoac thep trang thiec ng banh hoac keo
b) Hai lp bao b kn va h, lp ngoai bang giay ba cng
V du 2.1: Hop banh bch quy hoac keo bang thep trang thiec hoac bang thiec
c cau tao khoi ch nhat hoac khoi tru tron, co chieu cao nho so vi ng
knh, co nap ri. Thng nen dung hop khoi ch nhat tien li ve the tch cha
va sap xep. Moi ghep noi gia than va nap hop c phu kn la do lp bang
keo dan chung quanh, hop giay khoi ch nhat ben ngoai lam nhiem vu bao ve
cho hop kim loai, tranh va cham gay tray sc, mat ve my quan cung nh gia
tr thng pham cua san pham.

36

Hnh 2.2: Bao b cua san pham sa bot gom bao b plastic va bao b giay
V du 2.2: Sa bot thng c ng trong mot lp bao b plastic ghep gom
nhieu lp plastic khac nhau e bo sung tnh chat cho nhau tao nen mot bao
b kn.
San pham sau khi ong vao bao b plastic, han ghep m th c cho vao
hop giay ba cng e tranh va cham co the lam nhau hoac gay mat plastic
hoac thung bao plastic. Phng phap bao goi hai lp nh vay tao nen s thuan
li trong sap xep, co the xep khoi de dang trong khi chuyen ch, phan phoi,
lu kho va con am bao an toan cho bao b kn ng san pham.
Ngoai tr thc pham ti song nh rau qua, th cac loai thc pham a qua
x ly, che bien phai c ong bao b kn. Bao b kn co loai co the tai ong,
tai m, nhng trc khi en tay ngi tieu dung th san pham khong c m
bao b, o la trach nhiem cua nha san xuat, ho phai tao nen nhng cach niem
phong (khang san pham) t sau khi ong bao b. ong thi ngi tieu dung
hay ngi mua hang phai nhan thc c ieu nay va khong m bao b san
pham trc khi mua hang. Do o ma ngi mua hang khong the s, nem, ngi
thc pham trong bao b ang bay ban, ma ch nhan thc chat lng, s tin cay
cua san pham qua bao b the hien bi cau tao va thong tin cua bao b.
Viec anh gia cam quan san pham khong the ap dung luc mua chon la
hang ang bay ban ma anh gia bang nhan thc thong qua bao b the hien
hai chc nang ke tiep la:
- Thong tin, gii thieu san pham, thu hut ngi tieu dung
- Thuan li trong phan phoi, lu kho, quan ly va tieu dung.
2.1.2 Thong tin, gii thieu san pham, thu hut ngi tieu dung
Bao b cha ng thc pham cung thc hien nhiem vu truyen tai thong
tin cua nha san xuat en ngi tieu dung, noi len gia tr cua san pham c
cha ng ben trong nh: ac tnh cua san pham ve dinh dng, trang thai,

37

cau truc, mui v, nguon nguyen lieu, nha san xuat, a ch quoc gia che bien
ra san pham. ong thi bao b cung la li mi, cua nha san xuat oi vi
ngi tieu dung.
San pham thc pham t thong tin, gii thieu thu hut khach hang thong
qua nhan hieu, hnh thc bao b, va ket cau bao b. Nhan hieu bao b c qui
nh chat che theo cac qui nh cua nha nc phai the hien c ac tnh thc
pham, nha san xuat, quoc gia san xuat, s am bao chat lng thc pham
cha ng ben trong.
- Cach trnh bay hnh anh, mau sac, thng hieu, ten san pham, chnh la
s thu hut cua san pham oi vi ngi tieu dung. Bao b luon luon c trang
tr trnh bay vi hnh thc ep, noi bat nham muc ch thu hut ngi tieu dung
chu y, tham do, tm hieu va dung th; do chnh chat lng cua thc pham
cha ng ben trong se tao long tin oi vi khach hang. San pham hang hoa
co ve ep noi bat th de thu hut ngi tieu dung hn nhng hang hoa khong
c trang tr hai hoa, thch hp th hieu ngi tieu dung.
Ngi ta khong dung mau sac mang tnh am am, buon ba e trang tr
bao b, tnh chat cua mau sac co the phu thuoc tng a phng, dan toc.
Thng bao b c trang tr mau sac sao cho the hien c s trong sang, vui
ti, may man, hoac thang li. Vi hang hoa xuat khau, viec trnh bay, ghi
nhan hieu, trang tr, mau sac can c quan tam sao cho phu hp vi ngi
tieu dung ni san pham c xuat en. Co the tm hieu y ngha mau sac cua
mot so quoc gia sau ay:
- Tai Phap, cac mau o, mau en, mau vang ch san pham mang chat
lng cao, mau xanh da tri co y s ti mat, mau xanh la cay bieu
hien cam giac ngh ngi.
- Mau trang oi vi Trung Quoc the hien s buon ba tang thng, nhng
oi vi Phap th co y ngha tinh khiet, sach se.
- Mau en tranh khong nen dung ai Loan, nhng lai la mau trang
nghiem Nhat Ban, ngi Nhat co tap quan mac y phuc mau en e
tham d cac buoi le quan trong, le ci.
- Mau ta (tm nga o) oi vi Nhat Ban la mau tng trng cho chc sac
trong ton giao, cung la mau cua Hoang toc hay dung.
- Mau o la mau c a chuong, mau bieu tng cho s thanh cong, oi
vi xa hoi Viet Nam, Trung Quoc, Singapore, Hong Kong, ai Loan.
- Mau vang at thng nen tranh dung mot so quoc gia nh Nhat Ban,
Ma Lai, Singapore, v o la mau c dung trong y phuc cua ton giao
va cua Hoang toc.

38

- Viet Nam, thng khong dung hai hoac ba mau: tm, trang, en i
cung nhau. Viet Nam khong a chuong mau en.
Ben canh o mot so quoc gia dung cac bieu tng nh:
- Hoa Cuc la mot trong nhng bieu tng cao qu Nhat Ban.
- Hoa Phong Lan c a chuong Thai Lan.
- Voi la bieu tng quoc gia cho Thai Lan va tng trng cho sc manh
ai Loan.
- Rong, tng trng cho vua, chua, hoang toc, sc manh oi vi Trung Quoc.
- Bo la mot trong nhng bieu tng cao quy trong tn ngng An o,
Ma Lai, Singapore, do o tranh dung cac hnh anh nay.
Chung ta khong nen lam dung nhng mau sac hoac nhng bieu tng cua
cac quoc gia khac, cung nh khong dung hnh anh mau sac co an tng xau
gay anh hng tam ly ngi tieu dung ni hang hoa c phan phoi, xuat
khau
- Ket cau cua bao b cho biet trang thai, cau truc, mau sac cua san pham
nh trng hp bao b co mot phan hoac hoan toan trong suot cho phep
nhn thay thc pham ben trong, eu nham ap ng yeu cau, khach hang
giup ho co s la chon de dang. Trng hp tht ti song c bao goi
trong suot e nhn thay th tht, thanh phan m nac, mau sac cua tht.
oi vi trng hp thc pham can tranh anh hng cua anh sang, th
bao b c cau tao che chan mot phan hay toan bo anh sang: bao b co
the dang trong suot, nhng co mau toi e ngan can bt cng o anh
sang nh oi vi trng hp chai ng bia, do bia la san pham nc
uong can thiet ong chai trong suot co the nhn xuyen thau, nham tao
niem tin ve s an toan oi vi ngi mua.
V du: San pham sa bot cha ham lng chat beo va vitamin cao, c
cha ng trong bao b chan anh sang hoan toan se tot hn la dung bao b
trong suot cho anh sang xuyen qua. Trng hp san pham dau an dang long
trong suot co mau vang nhat, can chong oxy hoa do tac nhan anh sang gay ra,
theo ly thuyet nh the th bao b dau an phai co thanh uc khong the nhn
xuyen thau se tot hn la dung chai lo trong suot. Thc te, dau an c san
xuat cong nghiep a c tinh luyen loai bo c hoan toan tac nhan gay
thuy phan, oxy hoa trong dau va c phu gia mot lng chat chong oxy hoa;
do o dau tinh luyen c ng trong chai lo trong suot van co kha nang
chong oxy hoa tot. ieu nay rat phu hp vi th hieu ngi tieu dung, v ho
c nhn thay trang thai cua dau long ben trong e co the xac nh c:

39

- o trong suot
- Can (neu co)
- Mau vang nhat hay am
- S tach lp co khuynh hng ong ran cua chat beo

ma quyet
nh chon
la san
pham

Nh the t bao b a gii thieu c chat lng cam quan cua dau, the
hien c chat lng chung cua dau an.
Trng hp bao b cha ng thc pham am bao so lng va chat lng
san pham va cau tao thuan tien trong phan phoi, tieu dung, co nhan hieu ghi
ay u thong tin ve san pham va nha san xuat, nhng neu co cach trang tr,
mau sac khong hai hoa, khong ap ng tam ly s thch ngi tieu dung th
cung khong the c chap nhan tren th trng. Co the thay ro ieu nay
Viet Nam hay cac quoc gia khac, vao dp le Tet nhng san pham thc pham
c bay ban trong nhng bao b co trang tr kem nhng cau chuc tung, bieu
tng cho s may man thanh cong th c ngi dan a chuong, v nh the
ap ng ung tam ly ngi mua qua e bieu tang va ngi mua qua e s
dung. Do vay, thong tin, gii thieu san pham, thu hut ngi tieu dung la chc
nang quan trong khong the thieu cua bao b thc pham.
2.1.3 Thuan li trong phan phoi, lu kho, quan ly va tieu dung
Bao b phai c thiet ke, can phai thuan tien, tiet kiem cho s bao quan
san pham, phan phoi, lu kho, quan ly va tieu dung. Do o lp bao b ngoai
viec cha ng trc tiep san pham, th can phai chon vat lieu, cau truc, the
tch theo khau phan, theo tnh nang cua thc pham c cha ng, th ben
canh o can thiet lp bao b ngoai kn hoac h e thc hien c chc nang
th ba cua bao b thc pham. Bao b ngoai c chon va thiet ke theo cac
nguyen tac:
- Ben vng, chac chan
- Dang khoi ch nhat cha mot so lng ln va nhat nh oi vi mot
hoac nhieu chung loai thc pham.
- Cha ng nhieu chung loai thc pham.
e de dang phan phoi van chuyen th bao b c cau truc hnh khoi ch
nhat e de dang xep khoi, ong thanh kien, co kch thc nh nhau, e tien xep
vao kho, chat chong len cao tranh c s ton mat bang kho, va cung tao s de
dang nhanh chong trong khi boc d, van chuyen bang bang tai, bang xe va kiem
soat so lng. Do o nhng loai bao b trc tiep bao boc thc pham, co dang
hnh tru ay tron hoac ay tam giac, co dang tui hay mot dang bat ky luon luon

40

can co lp bao b phu, dang bao b h hoac kn bao boc ben ngoai e bao ve cho
lp bao b nay (bao b bao boc trc tiep san pham), e tao thanh nhng khoi ch
nhat nho, t nhng khoi nay lai c xep vao mot bao b dang khoi ch nhat ln
hn. o la mot nguyen tac c ban trong thiet ke bao b san pham.
Ben canh s thuan li trong van chuyen, cach bao b nhieu lp tao hnh
khoi cung giup san pham tranh hoac giam c anh hng cua va cham c
hoc, co the gay v, h hong cau truc trang thai san pham thc pham.
S tao thanh khoi, thanh kien cha ng mot so lng san pham nhat
nh nh tren cung tao ieu kien quan ly hang hoa mot cach de dang, hieu
qua cao.
o ben cao cua bao b ngoai bao ve san pham c chong chat cao trong
kho. Va trong trng hp rau qua ti th s sap xep nay van bao quan c
rau qua trong moi trng lanh co o am cao va thch hp cho van chuyen
ng xa.
Bao b ngoai co tnh nang on nh tng khoi khi xep thanh cac kien cao
trong kho, he thong bao b ngoai nay co the thu hoi e tai s dung va sau o
co the tai sinh.
- Bao b ngoai co the tai s dung, tai sinh de dang trong trng hp bang
vat lieu giay ba cng.
Xep xen ke hai hop kch thc phan na va vi kch thc mot hop to
va xep chong len nhau, khong gay h hong trong mang li phan phoi.

41

Hnh 2.3: Nhieu chung loai san pham c xep chung vao mot
bao b ngoai hnh khoi ch nhat e tien li sap xep trong khi
phan phoi, lu kho, van chuyen
a) va b) Cac dang bao b bao goi trc tiep thc pham co hnh dang bat ky c
sap xep vao mot bao b khoi ch nhat nho
c) va d) Cac dang chai lo c xep vao bao b ngoai bang giay cng co hnh
hop ch nhat
e) Cac loai tht che bien khac nhau co hnh dang khac nhau c xep vao cung
mot bao b ngoai e tao khoi ch nhat

42

Hnh 2.4: Cac bao b ngoai

dang khoi ch nhat, cng vng
c sap xep trong kho tao dang
khoi on nh

Hnh 2.5: Nhieu loai rau qua c xep

vao hai loai bao b ngoai co kch thc
khac nhau ve chieu dai thung l1 = 2l2 nen
van co the xep chong chat thanh khoi on
nh

Cac loai bao b khoi ch nhat cha ng mot so lng nhat nh thng
c cau tao bang giay ba cng co trang phu lp plastic e chong tham nc,
tranh gay h hong bao b giay, ong thi lp plastic phu con tao o trt
tng oi cho cac thung e co the thao ri chung mot cach de dang t khoi
hang hoa ang chong chat.
Ben canh o, tng bao b cha ng thc pham theo khau phan nh
lng s dung mot lan/ngi c ghep thanh mot khoi nho, roi tng khoi nho
lai sap xep vao mot thung ln. Bao b chiet rot thc pham theo khau phan nh
hop sa ti tiet trung 200-250 ml, cac bao b cha ng lng thc pham va
cho mot ngi s dung mot lan hoac nhng bao b cha ng thc pham vi
so lng ln e nhieu ngi cung s dung, lng thc pham c ong vao
bao b ap ng theo tng trng hp cua ngi tieu dung em lai tien ch cho
mot xa hoi cong nghiep hoa.

43

Hnh 2.6: Cac loai thc pham che bien san c bao goi theo khau phan va c
sap xep ong thi nhieu chung loai e a dang khau v cho ngi tieu dung
Nhieu chung loai thc pham c sap xep chung trong mot bao b. Chung
c sap xep theo tng loai, tng v tr e tao ve my quan trong cach trnh
bay va khong chan ve khau v.

44

Hnh 2.7: Nhieu chung loai san pham c bao goi rieng tng loai va c sap
xep chung trong mot bao b ngoai tao s a thch va my quan thu hut ngi tieu
dung
a) Nhieu loai banh kho cung c xep trong mot hop (co cung ham am)
b va c) Tng chiec banh c goi trong bao b kn rieng biet do khac nhau ve
ham am va hng; va chung c cha chung trong mot bao b ngoai
d) Tng loai san pham c bao goi kn nhng dang khac nhau theo khau
phan cung c sap xep trong mot bao b hnh khoi ch nhat
e va f) Tng loai tht c bao boc kn rieng biet va cung c bao boc trong

45

mot bao ngoai hnh khoi ch nhat

Thuan tien trong s dung: Cac loai thc pham nh keo, san pham an lien
c ong trong bao b plastic. Bao b co the c xe nhanh mot cach de dang
nh lam bang vat lieu OPP va co mot vet cat nho ba bao b hay vet rang
ca au han dan m bao b, khong can dung dung cu cat nh dao keo.

Hnh 2.8: Bao b keo va bot nem bang plastic mang ghep, co lp OPP co the
c xe mot cach de dang.

Hnh 2.9: Cac vien keo c bao goi thu cong (dang xoan hai au) va bao goi
t ong mang tnh cong nghiep hoa
Khi nhieu loai banh bch quy (biscuis) nho co tnh chat hoa ly nh o am,
tnh chat cam quan nh hng khac nhau, th chung phai c bao goi rieng biet

46

e tranh gay anh hng khong tot cho nhau. Loai co o am cao phai c bao
goi rieng tng cai e am bao o am ban au va e khong lam tang ham am
cua nhng loai banh co o am thap hn c xep chung trong hop v o am co
khuynh hng phan bo ong eu trong moi trng. Trng hp banh co mui boc
manh th cung c bao goi rieng, e chong thoat hng v nhng chiec banh
khac kho hn (o am thap) se hap thu hng de dang, gay mat mui ac trng
cua chung. Nhng chiec banh co o am khong qua thap se t hut am c bao b
kn vi khoi lng khong qua nho va at vao trong hop co the c tai ong tai
m, th cung khong b bien oi chat lng. Khong can bao goi rieng tng cai v
nh the se qua lam dung bao b plastic gay o nhiem moi trng.
Tren bao b kn hoac h, trc tiep hay gian tiep eu co ghi ma so ma
vach, e giup cong tac quan ly ve so lng chung loai c hieu qua. Hien
nay cong tac quan ly c n gian va chnh xac nh vao he thong ma so ma
vach, may scanner va he thong vi tnh, d lieu c nhap va truy xuat mot
cach nhanh chong va chnh xac.
2.2 PHAN LOAI
Bao b tieu thu cho nhieu mat hang thc pham co yeu cau kha cao ve
chat lng thiet ke, co the khac nhau ve chat lng cua nguyen lieu bao b,
trnh o cong nghe san xuat bao b va ong goi. ac biet oi vi hang thc
pham xuat khau, nhan hieu hang hoa chang nhng can c thiet ke va trang
tr ep, thu hut ma con tai lng thong tin ay u nhat cho ngi s dung va
am bao yeu cau rieng cua mot so quoc gia nhap khau. Phng tien ong goi,
c gii cung khong the thieu c trong cong nghe cai tien bao b, am bao
c chat lng ve sinh cho san pham ben trong va at nang suat cao, gia
thanh ha oi vi hang hoa noi a.
2.2.1 Phan loai bao b theo loai thc pham
Nhn vao thc pham cha ng ben trong, ta co the ngh rang bao b cha
ng cac loai thc pham khac nhau th khac nhau ve cau truc, ac tnh vat
lieu. Cac loai thc pham khac nhau se co s khac nhau ve ac tnh dinh
dng, ac iem cau truc, mau mui v, ham am, ham lng axit khac nhau do
o kha nang xam nhap, sinh trng cua vi sinh vat vao thc pham cung khac.
San pham thc pham vo cung a dang ve chung loai. Co the chia thc pham
thanh nhng nhom theo ac trng rieng nh sau:
- Banh
- Keo cng va keo mem, mt, chocolate
- Nc ngot co gas, nc ep qua
- Ru bia

47

- Sa ti, sa bot va cac san pham khac t sa

- Rau qua ti song, rau qua muoi
- Bot, ng, ngu coc
- Thuy san ong lanh
- Dau m
- Tra, ca phe, ca cao
Tat ca cac loai san pham thc pham, ngoai tr rau qua ti song, eu
thuoc loai thc pham a c che bien, chat lng on nh, khong thay oi,
khong tiep xuc vi moi trng ngoai: nc, at, bui, hi nc O2 va vi sinh
vat. Chnh tac nhan vi sinh vat co the xam nhap vao thc pham bang con
ng xam nhap cua at, bui, hi nc, va khong kh (cha O2).
V vay cac loai thc pham a che bien phai c ong bao b kn.
Nhng vat lieu nao co tnh chong tham, kh, hi nc cao th eu co the ngan
can c moi trng ngoai xam nhap vao thc pham. Tuy theo ac tnh trang
thai cua thc pham dang long, ac sanh, dang ran ri tng cai, dang hat, bot
mn ma chon cau truc bao b e thuan li cho s chiet rot, nhap thc pham
vao bao b va thuan tien cho ngi tieu dung lay thc pham ra khoi bao b e
s dung, neu thc pham co mui thm (hng) manh nh ca phe, tra, cacao
hoac de hap thu mui khac th phai dung vat lieu bao b co tnh ngan can tot s
tham thau hng qua mang.
Ngoai ra tuy theo ac tnh dinh dng ve ham lng vitamin, ac tnh
cam quan ve mau, mui ma san pham can phai tranh anh sang, e tranh ton
that cac thanh phan nay, do o can cau tao bao b uc hoac co mau can
quang. Tren nguyen tac cha ng kn, chc nang va vat lieu bao b se luon
luon co nhieu iem chung, thc te nhieu chung loai thc pham khac nhau
c bao goi cung mot loai vat lieu bao b, s dung cung mot ky thuat ong
goi nh cac san pham t tht gia suc, thuy san, rau qua, va nc giai khat co
gas eu co the c ong bao b kim loai. Hoac mot loai thc pham co the
ong trong bao b bang cac loai vat lieu khac nhau theo phng phap ong
bao b tng ng vi vat lieu.
V du: bao b cua banh xop, banh bch quy (biscuis, cookies) th phai la
loai bao b kn tc la c han dan, ghep m tot, bao b cng vng e chong va
cham c hoc, bao ve banh khong b v nat. Trng hp bao b kn co the c
rut chan khong e bao quan san pham khong b oxy hoa, h hong bi vi sinh
vat hoac co cha kh e tao s phong len e tranh v cho san pham xop. Neu
vat lieu bao b co tnh chong tham kem th ch trong khoang thi gian ngan,

48

kh O2, khong kh, hi nc tham thau qua mang lam banh b bien oi chat
lng a en h hong. San pham banh thng khong co vitamin C nen co
the che chan anh sang hoac khong. Nhng e gii thieu san pham tan mat
khach hang th can co phan trong suot co the nhn xuyen qua va co phan uc
e co the in ch nhan hieu c nhn thay mot cach ro rang. Lp bao b ngoai
bang ba cng c dung e tang o cng vng bao ve lp bao b kn ben
trong, nh vay bao b banh bch quy co the gom hai lp: lp bao boc trc tiep,
kn trong suot, chong tham hi nc, khong kh ngan khong cho tham thau
hng ra ben ngoai, co in an, banh phai c xep th t trong khay plastic co
o cng vng, lp bao boc ngoai bang ba cng c tao dang khoi hnh hop
e thuan tien bao boc lp bao b trc tiep va chong va cham tot nh vao o
cng vng va c xep thung to e xep kho van chuyen chuyen ch de dang.
Co the thay loai banh bch quy thng co hnh dang nhat nh nh vuong,
ch nhat, tron, do o can c sap xep co th lp vi so lng nhat nh trong
khay ng e tranh v nat. Banh c xep vao khay plastic co o cng vng,
khong tham chat beo, roi cho vao bao b plastic mot lp, thuoc loai mang
ghep 2-3 lp e am bao on nh chat lng san pham, tnh thuan li trong
han ghep m bao b va de dang m bao e s dung.
Tra, keo hay banh bch quy co the c bao goi bi mot loai vat lieu o
la plastic hoac bang hop thep trang thiec. Thc te, moi loai thc pham co the
c cha ng trong nhieu loai bao b che tao t nhng vat lieu khac nhau
tng ng vi cac phng thc ong goi khac nhau, sao cho nhng loai bao b
nay ap ng tnh nang ac trng cua thc pham c cha ng.

Hnh 2.10: Cung mot loai banh co the cha ng trong nhieu loai bao b bang

49

vat lieu va co cau tao khac nhau

V du: Nc ep qua co the ong vao lon kim loai, chai thuy tinh, chai
plastic, hop tetrabrik. Banh xop, bch quy xop co the ong trong bao b kim loai,
bao b plastic. Keo cung co the dung bao b tng t nh bao b banh xop. Cung
co the thay cung mot vat lieu bao b vi phng thc ong bao b rieng tng
ng co the c che tao thanh bao b cho nhieu loai thc pham khac nhau.
V du: Phng phap ong bao b tetrapak co the ap dung cho sa ti,
nc ep qua.
Bao b kim loai co the cha ng cac loai thc pham nh: ca tht, thuy
san, rau qua, sa dang bot, b, banh, keo, nc giai khat co gas, nc ep qua.
Chai plastic PET ng nc khoang, nc ngot co gas.
Plastic PP c che tao thanh bao b si det ng nong san hoac lam bao
b cac loai banh.
Vay s phan loai bao b theo loai thc pham khong the hien c tnh
nang ac trng cua tng vat lieu bao b.

Hnh 2.11: Hop sa tiet trung tetrapak

2.2.2 Phan loai theo tnh nang ky thuat cua bao b
S phan loai nay cung at tren c s cua tnh chat ac trng cua thc
pham, t o ch ra tnh can thiet, ac dung cua bao b bao goi loai thc pham
o. Co the thay s phan loai bao b kn theo tnh nang ky thuat:
- Bao b vo trung, chu c qua trnh tiet trung nhiet o cao
- Bao b chu ap lc hoac c rut chan khong
- Bao b chu nhiet o thap
- Bao b co o cng vng hoac bao b co tnh mem deo cao

50

- Bao b chong anh sang hoac bao b trong suot

- Bao b chong con trung.
Theo s phan loai nay, bao b c nhan manh tnh chat u the, trong khi
cac chc nang yeu cau khac oi vi thc pham eu a ap ng. Tnh chat yeu
cau ve chu chan khong va ben c i oi vi tnh mem deo e bao b co the
ap sat be mat thc pham, khong b v rach; trong o bao ham tnh chong tham
O2 , CO2 , khong kh, H2O theo thi gian van am bao o chan khong cao.
- Bao b chu ap lc yeu cau vat lieu co o cng vng cao, khong mem
deo co gian va van am bao tnh chong tham kh hi cao di mot ap
lc cao.
- Bao b chu nhiet o thap yeu cau vat lieu ben c nhiet o thap en
tham o ( 40C ) e cha ng thuy san lanh ong; bao b khong b
don v rach.
- Bao b ngan can anh sang nh bao b kim loai, plastic c phu mau
uc hay chai lo thuy tinh co mau nau hay xanh la cay.
Tom lai, phan loai bao b theo tnh nang ac trng co u iem la noi len
c ac iem cap thiet cua bao b ap ng yeu cau phng thc ong bao b,
tiet trung hay phng thc bao quan san pham sau khi ong bao b. Nhng ac
iem yeu cau nay c ap ng bi vat lieu cau tao bao b, va vat lieu phu
nh sn, vec-ni, hoac phng phap thanh trung, tiet trung.
2.2.3 Phan loai theo vat lieu bao b
Moi loai hang hoa thc pham eu co ac tnh rieng, do o chung co yeu
cau bao quan rieng, nhng van co ac tnh chung cho thc pham che bien,
luon luon can c cha ng trong bao b kn. S la chon loai bao b kn
thch hp vi san pham c can c vao ac tnh ve dinh dng, cau truc cua
loai thc pham, quy trnh che bien loai san pham, xuat khau hay noi a. Theo
o ma phng thc ong goi va vat lieu bao b c chon. Tnh chuyen biet
cua vat lieu bao b c nhan manh theo cach phan loai nay cung vi phng
thc ong goi thch hp vi vat lieu bao b c chon. Va theo o la viec
chon la kieu dang bao b.
Vat lieu bao b gom cac loai:
- Giay ba cng, ba carton gn song (lam bao b ngoai, dang bao b khong kn).
- Thuy tinh.
- Thep trang thiec.
- Nhom.

51

- Cac loai plastic nha nhiet deo nh PE, PP, OPP, PET, PA, PS, PC
- Mang ghep nhieu loai vat lieu.
Tng loai vat lieu se co ac tnh rat khac nhau, do o phng phap che
tao, kieu dang bao b va phng phap ong ghep m bao b theo tng loai vat
lieu se khac nhau nhng luon luon phai am bao o kn cho san pham a che
bien.
Nh vay viec phan loai bao b thc pham theo vat lieu che tao th thuan
tien hn cac cach phan loai khac v a bao ham y ngha ap ng ac tnh
rieng cua san pham, noi len kieu dang va phng phap ong bao b.
V du bao b kim loai thep trang thiec co ac tnh chu nhiet o thanh
trung, tiet trung cao, chu c lc va cham c hoc; co kieu dang hnh tru
ng, tao s thuan li xep thanh khoi trong van chuyen va ton tr; khong chu
anh hng bi nhiet o cao. Tat ca nhng tnh chat ay khien cho bao b kim
loai thch hp cho viec cha ng cac loai tht ca, rau qua che bien c
thanh trung hoac tuyet trung va sau khi ong bao b san pham co thi han s
dung rat lau, khoang 2-3 nam.
Bao b plastic nh PE, PA chu c nhiet o lanh am o; PA co o mem
deo cao, tnh chong tham kh tot nen c ap dung bao boc cac san pham hai
san lanh ong trong qua trnh bao quan (18oC) ca trong trng hp lanh ong
nhanh (35 40oC).
Bao b plastic PP, OPP, bao b mang ghep nhieu loai plastic co tnh chong
tham kh hi nc cao, c dung pho bien lam bao b kn cha thc pham
che bien, a dang chung loai. Loai vat lieu OPP khong thch hp e tao dang
hop, chai, lo, v khong co o cng vng nen ch cau tao dang tui, c han
ghep m bang nhiet.
Qua ba cach phan loai tren chung ta co the thay rang viec phan loai bao
b theo loai thc pham cung khong ro rang v rat nhieu chung loai thc pham
khac nhau c bao goi bi bao b cung loai vat lieu, cung cau truc bao b. S
phan loai theo ac tnh bao b cung phu thuoc vao ac tnh vat lieu bao b va cau
tao bao b.
Do o s phan loai bao b theo vat lieu cau tao bao b la thuan li va ro
rang hn het, khong phai nhac lai nhieu lan cac ac tnh, cac yeu cau trung
lap cua cac san pham.
2.3 YEU CAU BAO B CUA THC PHAM XUAT KHAU VA NOI TIEU
Thc pham co the chia thanh cac th hang khac nhau:

52

- Thc pham cap cao, cap thap.

- Thc pham xuat khau, tieu dung noi a.
- Hang hoa thc pham e bieu tang, e tieu dung.
Du la loai, hay th hang thc pham nao cung can phai c bao quan
ung phng phap e duy tr chat lng san pham (dinh dng, an toan ve
sinh, cam quan) a at c trong quy trnh che bien trc khi ong bao b.
Phng phap bao quan san pham, t cong oan ong bao b tr i, b anh
hng ln bi vat lieu bao b, phng phap ong bao b. Moi loai, th hang
thc pham se quyet nh mot qui cach bao b phu hp.
V du: hang thc pham e bieu tang th ngoai tieu chuan an toan ve sinh
thc pham phai at, can co gia tr cam quan cao ve ca bao b lan thc pham,
cac hnh thc thong tin gii thieu san pham thong qua bao b phai phu hp vi
th hieu cua vung dan c se tieu thu.
oi vi thc pham xuat khau th yeu cau nghiem khac hn ve chat lng
toan phan, a en viec san pham at chat lng cao. Nh vay bao b lai cang
noi bat vai tro quan trong cua no la gii thieu, trnh bay, thuyet phuc va tao
c long tin tng ngi tieu dung nc ngoai. San pham thc pham va
bao b cha ng chung luon luon can tnh canh tranh va phai gi c v tr
thang the oi vi hang hoa thc pham ban x.
oi vi hang tieu dung hay hang noi a, hang cap thap, vai tro cua bao
b cung khong the xem nhe, v cung chnh bao b cha ng thc pham thay
li nha san xuat, thu hut va tao long tin vi ngi tieu dung trong nc, ac
biet la tang lp ngi thu nhap trung bnh va thap. Chnh bao b san pham
thc pham la mot trong nhng nhan to giup san pham noi a canh tranh thang
the vi hang hoa ngoai nhap. Hien nay a so cac quoc gia tren the gii, ac
biet la cac quoc gia thuoc khoi th ba, eu ap dung chnh sach m ca th
trng thng mai, th hang hoa ngoai nhap tang ve ca so lng lan chung
loai. S kien nay ch co the c han che nh vao hang noi a du la cap
thap. Thc pham cap thap khong phai la thc pham kem chat lng ma do
nguon nguyen lieu phong phu, de thu hoach, cong nghe che bien khong phc
tap nen gia thanh san pham thap va c tieu dung pho bien trong cuoc song
ngi dan. Nh vay bao b van la yeu to quan trong duy tr c tnh chat ac
trng cua san pham cap thap tieu dung noi a va tao the vng manh cho
chung.
oi khi hang xuat khau can the hien ban sac dan toc cua ni xuat x, th
bao b la nhan to tr lc cho s viec nay. Bao b the hien tnh chat ac trng
cua san pham bang hnh dang bao b, mau sac trang tr, hnh anh hoac s trnh
bay thau suot san pham ben trong va dung 2-3 ngon ng thong dung e to ro

53

ac tnh cua san pham.

Tom lai: Nhng thc pham a x ly che bien thuoc dang cao cap, xuat
khau, dang qua tang, phai luon luon c ong bao b kn, bang loai vat lieu
ket hp vi phng phap ong goi thch hp am bao ba chc nang quan
trong cua bao b. Ben canh o nhng thc pham cap thap, tieu dung noi a,
cung yeu cau c ong bao b nghiem ngat khong kem nhng thc pham cao
cap, xuat khau, mi co the canh tranh va ng vng so vi hang ngoai nhap.
Ch rieng nhng loai thc pham nh muoi, ng co gia thanh thap, s quay
vong tieu thu trong nc nhanh th dung bao b co cau tao va vat lieu ap ng
u yeu cau o e co the giam chi ph bao b.
Rieng oi vi san pham thc pham cao cap, th can thong tin phong phu
hn so vi yeu cau bat buoc, noi len c tnh mi, tnh vt troi cua san
pham, nh co them vao nhng thanh phan bo dng ac biet cho c the ngi
hoac trong cong nghe che bien van con gi c ac tnh cua mot so thanh
phan t nguyen lieu t nhien hoac thong tin ve nguon nguyen lieu t nhien a
thu hoach t ni noi tieng.
Bao b san pham thc pham xuat khau, ngoai nhng thong tin tng t
thc pham cap cao con can c trang tr mau sac phu hp tap quan th hieu
cua quoc gia se nhap hang vao hoac bao b san pham, ket cau, kieu dang,
cach trang tr noi len truyen thong dan toc, xa hoi Viet Nam va ghi nhan bang
nhieu ngon ng thong dung tren the gii e san pham co the t gii thieu
mnh.
oi vi san pham thc pham lam qua bieu tang th ngoai nhng yeu cau
ve thong tin, trang tr, kieu dang nh tren, san pham thng c bao goi bi
nhieu lp bao b, trang tr ep, co the co tnh cach chuc tung.
Cau hoi:
1. Chc nang cua bao b TP:
A) am bao ve so lng, trang thai, cau truc, mui v.
B) Cha ng va bao quan TP.
C) am bao so lng, chat lng va gii thieu CLSP.
D) am bao thanh phan dinh dng c cha ben trong bao b.
E) Thuan li trong phan phoi, lu kho, tieu dung.
F) Quan ly hieu qua cao.
Chon cau tra li ung:

54

a) B, E, F

b) C, E, F

c) A, C, E

d) D, E, F

2. Tai sao TP sau khi x ly, che bien phai c ong bao b kn?
a) e khach hang co the biet c ten SP va thanh phan cua SP tren bao b.
b) Tranh tac ong cua lc c hoc.
c) Ngan can hoan toan tac ong cua moi trng ben ngoai en TP trong suot
thi gian lu thong phan phoi.
d) Cau b va c ung.
3. Quy trnh san xuat TP: Nguyen lieu x ly che bien thanh trung
ong bao b SP.
Hay cho biet cong oan ong bao b co muc ch la g?
a) Bao quan, tang tnh cam quan cua TP.
b) Bao quan va thu hut ngi tieu dung.
c) An toan ve sinh va nang cao tnh cam quan cua TP.
d) Bao quan CLSP, thong tin, va thuan tien trong phan phoi, kiem soat va
trong tieu dung.
4. Bao b kn la bao b c quyet nh bi:
a) Lp bao b trc tiep kn va lp bao b ngoai chong tac ong c hoc.
b) Nhieu lp bao b kn.
c) Vat lieu lam bao b va phng phap ong SP ghep kn cac m cua bao b.
d) a va c eu ung.
5. Bao b bao goi trc tiep SP co nhng nhc iem la:
a) Khong tao dang ve chac chan cho SP.
b) Khong am bao o kn hoan toan

55

Tai Liu Tham Kho

1.

Stanley Sacharow, Roger C. Griffin, Principles of food packaging, 2nd

edition, Avi publishing company Inc, 1980.

2.

Hansen, T.J. Candy and sugar confectionery. In handbook of food and

beverage
Stability,
G.Charalambous(Ed.),Academic
Press,Inc.,Orlando,Florida,1986,chap.7.

3.

Paine, F.A. and H.Y paine. A handbook of food packaging,2nd Edn.,

Leonard Hill,Glasgow and London, Great Britain,1990.

4.

Rayman,M.K.,K.F.Weiss,G.W.Riedel,G.Charbonneau and
G.A.Jarvis,J.food Protect. 44:746(1981).

56

Chng

NHAN HIEU THC PHAM

3.1 VAI TRO CUA NHAN HIEU THC PHAM
Nhan hay nhan hieu bao b cha c phan nh ro, nen co the dung
tng ng nhau.
Nhan hieu thc pham la yeu to quan trong tao nen chc nang th hai
cua bao b thc pham. Mac du san pham thc pham co the thu hut khach hang
qua kieu dang bao b, tnh thuan li trong s dung, van chuyen, tai ong m
de dang va van am bao chat lng thc pham ben trong, nhng nhng yeu to
nay van co the lam cho san pham khong co gia tr thng pham neu thieu
nhan hieu hoac nhan hieu khong ung qui cach.
Hien nay tat ca cac loai thc pham noi rieng, hang hoa noi chung, eu
can phai ghi nhan hieu ung qui cach. Nhng hang hoa ghi nhan hieu ung
qui cach va vi nhng thong tin ve ac tnh hay thanh phan ac biet thng
tao c the canh tranh cho san pham mot cach vng chac tren th trng.
Nhan hieu cua bao b thc pham la ni trnh bay cac thong tin chi tiet
ve thc pham cha ng ben trong cung vi s trnh bay thng hieu cong ty
san xuat va hnh anh mau sac minh hoa cho thc pham va s trnh bay cac
chi tiet phai ung quy nh.
Nhan phu cua bao b thc pham la ni ghi cac thong tin chnh theo quy
nh mot cach ngan gon, thng khong ghi thng hieu, khong co hnh anh va
la phan phu tr giai thch cho nhan hieu cua bao b san pham, thng dung
nhan ghi tieng Viet Nam e giai thch cho nhan hieu cac san pham ngoai
nhap. Nhan phu co the c gan tren bao b thc pham vi kch thc nho
hoac c e ri vi san pham.
Qui cach ghi nhan hieu hang hoa thc pham a c qui nh tam thi
theo quyet nh cua Tong cuc Tieu chuan o lng Chat lng so 23/TDCQ a ky ban hanh ngay 20/2/1995. Do tam quan trong cua nhan hieu cac
loai hang hoa cung nh thc pham, oi vi chat lng va gia tr thng mai

57

cua san pham, "Qui che ghi nhan hang hoa lu thong trong nc va hang hoa
xuat khau - nhap khau" a c ban hanh theo Quyet nh so 178/1999/QTTg ngay 30 thang 8 nam 1999 cua Thu tng Chnh phu.
en nam 2000, qui che ghi nhan hang hoa c bo sung ieu chnh bi
quyet nh so 95/2000/Q-TTg ngay 15 thang 8 nam 2000 cua Thu tng
Chnh phu.
Qui che ghi nhan hang hoa do Thu tng Chnh phu ban hanh c ap
dung oi vi:
1- oi tng: Gom cac to chc, ca nhan, thng nhan san xuat kinh
doanh hang hoa san xuat tai Viet Nam, c tieu dung trong nc
hoac xuat khau, hoac oi vi thng nhan nhap khau hang hoa e
ban tai Viet Nam.
2- Pham vi ieu chnh: Qui che qui nh viec ghi nhan oi vi hang hoa,
thc pham c san xuat va tieu dung tai Viet Nam hoac e xuat
khau, hoac hang hoa thc pham san xuat tai nc ngoai c nhap
khau tieu thu Viet Nam.
Thc pham che bien hay thc pha m ti son g, c bao goi san e
tieu thu trong von g 24 gi th kho ng thuoc pham vi ie u chnh cua qui che
na y. Qui che ghi nhan bao b cua nc ta phu h p vi Codex Stan 1-1991.
Qui che ghi nhan han g ho a, kho ng "qui nh" bat buoc oi vi hnh a nh,
mau sac tre n bao b, s sa p xe p hnh an h cun g vi cac phan noi dung, do
o vie c trnh bay hnh a nh mau sac nham lam san g to ban chat, chat lng
sa n pham , thu hut s chu y va a thch cua ngi tie u du ng va noi dung
khuyen khch la s sa n g ta o hai hoa cua nha san xuat, ngi nghie n cu
mau ma bao b. Thng hieu la yeu to tat yeu c ghi tren nha n hieu .
Thng hie u la te n cua mot to ch c, dch vu, con g ty, x nghiep san xuat ,
kinh doanh thng mai.
Nhan hieu hang hoa thc pham phai ghi phan noi dung bat buoc gom
chn noi dung c ghi ung qui cach ve:
- T ng
- Ngon ng
- Cach trnh bay, v tr cac phan muc.
Ben canh o, nhan hieu con ghi them mot so chi tiet thuoc noi dung
khuyen khch nham lam noi bat san pham cung nh thu hut khach hang,
nhng trong phan noi dung ghi them khong c cong bo mot so xac nhan ma
x nghiep, cong ty kinh doanh khong the xac minh c.

58

Cac san pham c san xuat bi cung mot cong ty se cung mang mot
thng hieu v du nh "Kinh o", "Nestle", "Vissan". Neu ben canh pha ben
phai cua thng hieu co ky hieu
(viet tat cua Registered) trong nhom t
(Registered trade mark), co ngha la thng hieu a ang ky oc quyen ve ten
goi va kieu dang. Bat ky cong ty nao khac khong c phep bat chc, du la
bat chc tng t. Trng hp ky hieu TM (viet tat cua trading mark) la ten
san pham cung la ten trong giao thng mua ban thay the cho thng hieu. V
du: " AnleneTM " .
Ben canh nhng noi dung, ghi nhan bat buoc, noi dung khuyen khch ghi
th hien nay cac san pham c cac cong ty, x nghiep t ong ang ky ghi
ma so ma vach cho chung loai san pham. Ma so ma vach ho tr tch cc cho
chc nang th ba cua bao b thc pham la: thuan tien trong kiem tra, phan
phoi, lu kho va tnh toan so lng cac chung loai dien ra v tr, thi gian
xac nh.
3.2 NOI DUNG GHI NHAN BAT BUOC
3.2.1 Ten cua thc pham
1- Ten goi cua thc pham phai the hien ban chat xac thc cua thc pham
o. Ten goi phai cu the, khong tru tng. S dung ten goi a c xac nh
cho mot thc pham cu the trong Tieu chuan Viet Nam (TCVN) hoac van ban
phap qui cua Nha nc. Trong trng hp cha qui nh, s dung ten goi cua
thc pham a c xac nh trong tieu chuan Codex hoac ISO. Co the s dung
ten thong dung kem theo thuat ng mieu ta thch hp ve mot ac iem hay
tnh chat cua thc pham e khong gay nham lan cho ngi tieu dung. V du,
san pham sa ti tiet trung ong hop kieu Tetrapak a c ghi ten thc
pham nh sau: "Sa ti nguyen kem co ng" va mot san pham ke can no
la "Sa ti nguyen kem khong ng" co ngha la san pham sa ti nay a
c x ly tiet trung UHT, ma van gi nguyen gia tr dinh dng va cam
quan, khong lay i bt thanh phan chat beo; co hoac khong them ng.
Trng hp neu ten san pham la Sa tiet trung co ng co ngha la
sa c pha che t cac thanh phan sa ti hoac sa bot, chat beo, nc,
ng... e tao nen dch sa thanh pham.
2- Ch viet ten hang hoa hay ten thc pham co chieu cao khong nho hn
2mm; thuat ng c ghi ben canh ten goi cua thc pham la nhng t ng
hoac nhom ch nham "xac nhan" ve ban chat xac thc va tnh trang vat ly cua
thc pham bao gom moi trng bao goi, kieu va ieu kien x ly thc pham
nh say kho, co ac, hoan nguyen, xong khoi, chieu xa... hoac ac iem
nguon nguyen lieu, hoac ac iem ni thu hoach nguyen lieu. V du: Tht

59

heo xong khoi, Ca moi sot ca, Sa ti hng dau.

3- oi vi san pham la mo loai phu gia thc pham th can thiet ghi ten
nhom, ten goi va he thong ma so quoc te (International Numbering System - INS)
cua cac chat phu gia.
3.2.2 Liet ke thanh phan cau tao
1- Phai liet ke cac thanh phan cua thc pham tren nhan khi thc pham
c cau tao t hai thanh phan tr len. Khong ghi khi thc pham ch co mot
thanh phan.
V du: trng hp chat gia v thc pham la ng, muoi, bot ngot, th tren
bao b khong co muc thanh phan.
- Thuat ng "thanh phan" co the ghi la thanh phan hay thanh phan cau
tao, phai c ghi ro vi c ch ln hn va net ch am hn phan liet
ke cac thanh phan co trong thc pham.
- Tat ca cac thanh phan phai c liet ke theo th t giam dan tnh theo
ty le khoi lng cua tng thanh phan cau tao nen thc pham so vi
tong khoi lng thc pham tai thi iem san xuat thc pham o.
- oi vi mot thanh phan "phc hp" cua thc pham gom hai hoac nhieu
thanh phan phu th can ghi cac "thanh phan phu" trong ngoac n, theo
th t giam dan khoi lng va ghi sat ngay vi thanh phan "phc hp"
o. Neu thanh phan "phc hp" co ten a xac nh ma ch chiem ty le
nho hn 25% thc pham o th nhng "thanh phan phu" khong nhat
thiet phai ghi nhan, tr khi chung la phu gia thc pham.
- Lng nc them vao thc pham phai c ghi vao thanh phan cau tao,
ngoai tr cac dang nc co mat trong mot thanh phan phc hp nh
nc muoi, siro hoac canh tht trong mot thc pham hon hp va a ghi
ro trong bang liet ke cac thanh phan. Khong ghi lng nc them vao
thc pham nhng a b bay hi trong qua trnh che bien. oi vi thc
pham a c co ac, can them nc vao e "tai tao" khi s dung th
cac thanh phan co the c liet ke theo ty le khoi lng cua san pham
c "tai tao" nhng can ghi them "thanh phan khi tai tao theo ch dan ghi
tren nhan".
2- Phai s du ng mot ten goi cu the oi vi tng tha nh phan, kho n g
tru tn g co the gay nham la n.
Ten goi cac nhom thc pham c hieu theo quy nh nh sau:

60

Bang 3.1: Cac nhom thc pham a quy nh

Ten nhom (kem ten tieng Anh)
- "Dau" cung vi thuat ng "thc vat" hoac
"ong vat", co the xac nh them bang thuat
ng "hydro hoa" hoac "hydro hoa mot phan"
(Vegetable oil, animal oil, hydrogenated or
partially - hydrogenated vegetable oil)
- "M" kem theo thuat ng "thc vat" hoac
"ong vat

c hieu la

Dau tinh luyen, tr dau oliu

M tinh luyen tr m ln va m bo

(Vegetable fat, animal fat)

- "Tinh bot" (Starch)

Cac loai tinh bot, tr tinh bot bien tnh bang

phng phap hoa hoc

- "Ca" (Fish)

Cac loai ca khi chung la mot thanh phan cua

thc pham khac va viec ghi nhan khong am
ch mot loai ca cu the nao

- "Tht gia cam" (Poultry meat)

Cac loai tht gia cam khi chung la mot thanh

phan cua thc pham khac va viec ghi nhan
khong ch mot loai tht gia cam cu the nao

- "Pho mat" (Cheese)

Cac loai pho mat khi pho mat hoac hon hp

pho mat la thanh phan cua thc pham khac
va viec ghi nhan khong am ch mot loai pho
mat n chat hoac hon hp cu the nao

- "Gia v" hoac "Hon hp gia v"

(Spice, spices or mixed spices)

Cac gia v hoac chat tiet ra t gia v, c

dung rieng hoac ket hp khong vt qua 2%
khoi lng cua thc pham

- "Gia v thao moc" hoac "Hon hp gia v thao

moc" (Herbs or mixed herbs)

Cac gia v thao moc khi dung rieng hoac ket

hp khong vt qua 2% khoi lng thc
pham

- "Gom" (Gum base)

Cac che pham cua gom c dung trong san

xuat keo cao su

- "ng" (Sugar)

Cac loai ng saccharose

- "Destroza" hoac "Glucoza"

(Dextrose or glucose)

ng dextrose khan va ng dextrose

ngam mot phan t nc

- "Muoi Casein" (Caseinates)

Cac loai muoi cazein

61
Ten nhom (kem ten tieng Anh)

c hieu la

- "B Cacao" (Cocoa butter)

Cac loai b cacao, nen, ep, hoac tinh che

- "Qua tam ng" (Crystallized fruit)

Cac loai qua tam ng khi chung khong qua

10% khoi lng cua thc pham o

3- Thanh phan la cac chat phu gia c ghi tren nhan theo mot trong hai
cach sau:
- Ten nhom va ten chat phu gia
- Ten nhom va ma so quoc te cua cac chat phu gia, ma so c at trong
ngoac n.
V du: Trong che bien pho mat, khi dung cac chat tao nhu natri poly
photphat va dikali diphotphat, co the ghi nhan cac chat o trong bang thanh
phan cua pho mat theo hai cach nh sau:
- Chat tao nhu: natri poly photphat va dikali diphotphat hoac
- Chat tao nhu (452i) va (450iv)
e ghi nhan c ngan gon, u tien s dung cach ghi th hai (s dung
ma so quoc te cua cac chat phu gia)
- Co the ghi chung la "Hng lieu", "Chat tao mau", "Chat tao ngot" oi
vi nhng chat phu gia tao hng, tao mau, tao ngot tng ng. oi vi
cac chat phu gia trong nhom "Tinh bot bien tnh" co the ghi ten nhom
"Tinh bot bien tnh" thay cho ten cu the cua cac chat phu gia nam trong
nhom nay.
Sau cac t "Hng lieu" hoac "Chat tao mau" can ghi them "t nhien",
"nhan tao" hay "tong hp".
V du: Chat tao mau nhan tao: beta-appo axit carotenoic metyl hoac etyl
este, co the ghi c nh sau:
Chat tao mau nhan tao (160f).
oi vi "Chat tao ngot" (khong phai la ng) can ghi ro "tong hp"
hoac "nhan tao".
- Trng hp mot chat phu gia c a vao thc pham thong qua mot
thanh phan nguyen lieu (hay con goi la chat mang cac chat phu gia thc
pham): thanh phan mang chat phu gia c dung mot lng khong
che hoac mot lng u e thc hien mot chc nang cong nghe th phai

62

ghi vao bang liet ke thanh phan.

- Neu lieu lng chat phu gia nay c a vao gan hoac va ung so
vi lng quy nh bi tieu chuan an toan ve sinh th phai ghi vao nhan.
- Neu lng phu gia a vao mc rat thap so vi quy nh th khong
can liet ke trong bang thanh phan.
4- Ghi nhan nh lng cac thanh phan.
- Neu viec ghi nhan thc pham nham nhan manh vao s hien dien cua
mot hoac nhieu thanh phan ac trng co gia tr th phai ghi ty le %
thanh phan o theo khoi lng tong tai thi iem san xuat.
- Neu viec ghi nhan thc pham nham nhan manh ac biet ham lng
thap cua mot hoac nhieu thanh phan th ghi ty le % thanh phan o theo
khoi lng cua no cha trong thanh pham.
5- Ghi nhan oi vi thc pham dung cho che o an kieng (3.5.4).
6- Ghi nhan gia tr dinh dng cua cac thanh phan thc pham (3.5.5).
3.2.3 Ham lng tnh va khoi lng rao nc
1- Ham lng tnh phai c cong bo tren nhan ni de thay theo qui
nh sau:
a) oi vi thc pham san xuat trong nc: theo n v o lng hp phap
cua nc Cong hoa Xa hoi Chu ngha Viet Nam, theo n v o lng quoc te
(SI). Neu dung he n v o lng khac th phai ghi ca so oi sang he n v
o lng SI. Kch thc va ch so ghi nh lng tren nhan hang hoa c
thiet ke theo dien tch phan chnh cua nhan (PDP).
V tr nh lng san pham phai at phan chnh cua nhan (PDP). Ch so
ghi nh lng theo dong song song vi ay bao b.
b) oi vi thc pham san xuat trong nc nham e xuat khau th c ghi
n v o lng quoc te hoac n v o lng Anh, My.
2- Ham lng tnh phai c ghi nh sau:
a) Theo n v the tch oi vi thc pham dang long.
b) Theo n v khoi lng oi vi thc pham dang ran.
c) Theo n v khoi lng hoac the tch oi vi thc pham dang set (nht).
d) Trng hp thc pham trong mot bao b co nhieu n v cung chung
loai, th so nh lng c ghi ro: tch cua so n v va so khoi lng mot
n v. V du: 20 cai 10g/cai hoac ghi bang so n v co trong bao va tong

63

khoi lng hang co trong bao: 20 cai 200g.

3- oi vi thc pham c bao goi dang mot moi trng chat long cha
cac phan ran phai ghi khoi lng tnh va khoi lng rao nc. Moi trng chat
long co the la nc, dung dch ng hoac muoi, dam hoac nc ep rau, qua
(trong rau qua ong hop). Cac chat tren co the c dung rieng hoac ket hp.
3.2.4 a ch ni san xuat
Phai ghi ca ten va a ch va so ien thoai cua c s san xuat va c s
ong goi neu hai c s o khac nhau. a ch gom: so nha, ng pho, phng
(xa), quan (huyen), th xa, thanh pho (tnh).
3.2.5 Nc xuat x
1- Nc xuat x cua thc pham phai c ghi tren nhan theo qui nh
sau:
a) Thc pham san xuat trong nc phai ghi ro "San xuat tai Viet Nam".
b) Thc pham nhap khau phai ghi ro ten nc san xuat, ten va a ch
cong ty nhap khau (ghi tren nhan phu bang tieng viet c gan tren
bao b thc pham nhap khau).
2- Thc pham tai che tai mot nc th hai lam thay oi ban chat cua thc
pham o, nc th hai c coi la nc xuat x e ghi nhan.
3.2.6 Ky ma hieu lo hang
Tren kien hang phai ghi ro ky ma cua cong ty, nha san xuat lo hang e
nhan biet ve thi iem san xuat lo hang thc pham o.
3.2.7 So ang ky chat lng
oi vi thc pham san xuat e tieu dung trong nc nam trong danh muc
san pham phai ang ky chat lng tai S Y te , tren nhan phai ghi ro so ang
ky chat lng cua san pham. Cach ghi so ang ky qui nh tai iem 2.5 Quyet
nh so 55/TC-Q ngay 02 thang 03 nam 1994 cua Tong cuc Tieu chuan o
lng Chat lng, qui nh ve viec ang ky chat lng hang hoa.
3.2.8 Thi han s dung va hng dan bao quan
1- Thi han s dung la so ch ngay, thang, nam ma qua moc thi gian o,
hang hoa khong c phep lu thong va khong c s dung. Thi han s
dung chnh la thi han s dung san pham tot nhat. Thi han phai c ghi ro
bang cum t:
"S dung tot nhat trc: ... (Best before end ...) hoac ghi HSD

64

Ghi thi han s dung nh sau:

- Ngay, thang va nam oi vi cac san pham co thi han s dung tot nhat
di ba thang.
- Thang nam oi vi cac san pham co han s dung tot nhat tren ba thang.
d) Ngay, thang va nam phai c ghi theo day so khong ma hoa, vi ba
nhom, moi nhom gom hai ch so cach nhau bang dau cham e the hien ngay,
thang va nam.
V du:
- Vi thc pham co thi han s dung di 03 thang, ghi nh sau:
"S dung tot nhat trc 30.06.94"
- Vi thc pham co thi han s dung tren 03 thang, ghi nh sau:
"S dung tot nhat trc 06.94"
oi vi san pham nhap khau ghi nhan bang tieng Anh, thng ghi thang
bang ch, v du: APR 06 (thang 4 nam 2006).
) Phai ghi thi han ni de thay hoac ch ro ni ghi thi han tren bao b.
2- Danh muc thc pham bao goi san phai ghi thi han s dung qui nh
trong phu luc 6 - tai lieu tham khao so 15. Danh muc nay c thay oi theo
yeu cau quan ly chat lng thc pham do Tong cuc Tieu chuan - o lng Chat lng cong bo.
3- Phai ghi nhan cac ieu kien bao quan ac biet e duy tr chat lng
thc pham neu hieu lc ve thi han s dung phu thuoc vao viec bao quan.
3.2.9 Hng dan s dung
Phai ghi hng dan s dung oi vi cac san pham can hng dan khi s
dung ke ca cach "Tai tao" san pham khi dung, e bao am khong gay sai sot
trong s dung. Trng hp nhan hang
hoa khong u dien tch e ghi cac
hng dan th phai ghi cac noi dung o
vao mot tai lieu kem theo hang hoa e
cung cap thong tin cho ngi tieu dung.
3.2.10 Thc pham chieu xa
1- Thc pham a c x ly bang
cac bc xa ion phai ghi ro rang bang
cum t "Thc pham qua chieu xa" ngay
Hnh 3.1: Bieu tng Quoc te ve

chieu xa thc pham

65

canh ten cua thc pham. Khuyen khch viec s dung bieu tng quoc te ve
chieu xa thc pham (hnh ve) va c at ngay canh ten thc pham o, co
ng knh khong nho hn chieu cao c ch ten san pham.
2- Mot san pham chieu xa c s dung nh mot thanh phan cua thc
pham khac th phai c ghi ro trong bang liet ke cac thanh phan.
3- Neu san pham ch co mot thanh phan va c che bien t mot nguyen
lieu chieu xa, nhan cua san pham o phai ghi ro viec x ly nay.
3.3 NOI DUNG GHI NHAN KHUYEN KHCH
3.3.1. Tat ca cac thong tin bo sung co the trnh bay tren nhan nhng khong
c mau thuan vi nhng yeu cau bat buoc cua qui che ghi nhan bao b.
3.3.2. c phep ghi dau hieu phan hang chat lng san pham tren nhan,
nh Hang Viet Nam chat lng cao. Ngoai ra cac dau hieu phai de hieu va
khong gay nham lan cho ngi s dung.
3.4 TRNH BAY CAC NOI DUNG GHI NHAN BAT BUOC
Yeu cau chung
1- Nhan phai c in, dan, ghep... mot cach chac chan e khong b bong
ri khoi bao b.
2- Nhan phai v tr de thay, ro rang, khong nhoe hoac khong bay mau,
khong tay xoa, va de oc oi vi ngi tieu dung khi mua sam hoac
s dung trong nhng ieu kien bnh thng, khong gay ra s nham lan
vi hang hoa khac.
3- Khi cac n v bao goi c boc lai th mat ngoai cua lp boc phai
mang thong tin can thiet cua nhan, hoac lp boc phai lam bang vat
lieu co the oc c cac noi dung nhan ben trong lp boc o.
4- Ten goi va ham lng tnh cua thc pham phai ni de thay tren
nhan.
Ngon ng
1- Vi thc pham san xuat va tieu dung trong nc, nhan phai c ghi
bang tieng Viet. Tuy theo trng hp cu the, ngoai tieng Viet, nhan
nen c ghi them bang tieng nc ngoai thong dung, nhng kch
thc phai nho hn, e ngi nc ngoai khi en Viet Nam co the s
dung va tieu dung hang hoa thc pham tai Viet Nam.
2- Vi thc pham nhap khau, nhan phai c ghi bang tieng Viet hoac

66

tieng Anh. Trong cac trng hp khac, phai s dung mot nhan phu ghi
nhng noi dung bat buoc (3.2) bang tieng Viet chnh xac nh nhan
goc.
3.5 XAC NHAN CAC AC TNH CUA THC PHAM
Viec xac nhan cac ac tnh cua thc pham da tren hng dan cua
FAO/WHO (CAC/GL 1-1991)
3.5.1 Nguyen tac
Khong c cong bo cac xac nhan gay nham lan hoac co kha nang tao ra
mot an tng phong ai oi vi bat ky ac tnh nao cua thc pham.
Nhng c s kinh doanh san xuat thc pham phai co kha nang chng
minh cac xac nhan a c cong bo tren nhan.
3.5.2 Nhng ieu khong c cong bo
S cong bo nham khang nh thc pham la nguon cung cap toan bo cac
chat dinh dng chu yeu (tr trng hp cac san pham a c xac nh ay
u trong mot Tieu chuan Viet Nam - TCVN - hoac tieu chuan Codex cu the
hay do mot c quan co tham quyen tha nhan san pham o la nguon cung cap
thoa ang toan bo nhng chat dinh dng chu yeu).
- Nhng xac nhan ngu y rang mot che o an uong can oi bang cac thc
pham thong thng khong the cung cap thoa ang toan bo cac chat dinh
dng chu yeu.
- Nhng xac nhan khong the chng minh c.
- Nhng xac nhan ve kha nang ngan nga, lam du, ieu tr benh tat, roi
loan chc nang hoac ieu tr tnh trang sinh ly ac biet, tr trng hp
o la TP chc nang a c cong nhan cua Bo Y te, c yeu cau th
lam sang trc khi cong nhan va cong bo.
- Nhng xac nhan co the gay nghi van ve tnh an toan hoac gay moi lo
ngai cho ngi tieu dung ve cac TP tng t khac.
- Nhng xac nhan vo ngha ve s so sanh tng oi va tuyet oi.
3.5.3 Xac nhan co ieu kien
Nhng xac nhan sau ay phai chu s rang buoc nhat nh trong tng
trng hp cu the:
1- Xac nhan mot thc pham co gia tr dinh dng ac biet hoac c gia
tang dinh dng bang cach bo sung them cac chat dinh dng nh vitamin,

67

cac chat khoang va cac axit amin. Neu s bo sung nay da tren nhng nguyen
tac chung cua Nha Nc ve viec bo sung chat dinh dng chu yeu vao cac
thc pham, th s xac nhan nay phai tuan theo cac van ban phap ly cua c
quan co tham quyen (thng la van ban phap ly cua Bo Y te).
V du: Sa giau Ca do bo sung t ngoai vao th co ghi chu ro rang nh
trng hp "sa Gau Nestle" co them vao Ca, FFA (cac axit beo can thiet cho
s phat trien cua te bao nao, chat x FOS giup s tieu hoa ng ruot tot, ho
tr hap thu dinh dng). Sa Nestle Omega co them vao cac axit beo Omega
3 va Omega 6 giup c the khoe manh, chong benh tat, eu co xac nhan, c
ghi mot cach ro rang.
2- Xac nhan mot thc pham co chat lng ac biet bang cach lam giam
hoac loai bo mot chat dinh dng nao o eu phai da tren viec nghien cu
ve tnh dinh dng va phai tuan thu nhng qui nh phap ly cua c quan co
tham quyen.
3- Cac thuat ng "t nhien", "tinh khiet"..., khi c s dung eu phai
tuan thu mot cach nghiem ngat cac qui nh cu the va viec s dung nhng
thuat ng nay can tuan theo nhng yeu cau trong phan 3.5.
4- Xac nhan mot thc pham mang tnh ton giao hoac dung e hanh le khi
thc pham o phu hp vi nhng yeu cau cua c quan co tham quyen ve ton
giao.
5- Co the xac nhan e lam noi bat s khong co hoac khong them nhng
chat cu the vao thc pham, s xac nhan phai tranh gay hieu lam cho ngi tieu
dung va chat c xac nhan phai am bao.
a) Khong la oi tng thoa man cac yeu cau ac biet qui nh trong tieu
chuan Viet Nam (TCVN), tieu chuan Codex hoac cac qui nh khac
cua Nha nc.
b) Chat ma ngi tieu dung thng cho la co trong thc pham o.
V du: San pham tht nguoi thng co s dung muoi natri nitrit va natri
nitrat, neu trong san pham nay khong dung hai loai muoi nay thi nen cong bo
ro.
c) La chat khong c phep thay the bang cac chat khac tao ra nhng
tnh chat tng ng cua thc pham o.
d) La chat c cho phep co hoac c them vao trong thc pham.
6- Nhng xac nhan lam noi bat s khong co hoac khong them mot hoac
nhieu chat dinh dng phai tuan theo s cong bo bat buoc ve chat dinh dng.

68

3.5.4 Ghi nhan oi vi thc pham dung cho che o an kieng

Ghi nhan oi vi thc pham dung cho che o an kieng theo tieu chuan
Codex Stan 146-1985.
1- Ten cua thc pham
1.1. Dung cac thuat ng Che o an uong ac biet, Che o an kieng
ac biet hoac an kieng e lien ket vi ten goi von co cua thc pham o.
1.2. ac trng an kieng thng c ghi ngay canh ten cua thc pham o.
V du:

CHAO AN KIENG
(Khong cha axit beo bao hoa)

DIET SOUP
(Free saturated acids)

2- Xac nhan ac tnh an kieng

Neu mot thc pham khong b bien oi nhng co the phu hp cho mot che
o an kieng nhat nh (do thanh phan t nhien cua thc pham o) th khong
ghi dung cho che o an kieng ac biet hoac ac biet dung cho ngi an
kieng hay bat ky mot s xac nhan tng ng nao. Tuy nhien cung co the
ghi Thc pham nay cha X (X la ac trng phan biet chu yeu) sao cho viec
ghi nhan khong s hieu lam.
3.5.5 Ghi nhan gia tr dinh dng trong thc pham
Ghi nhan gia tr dinh dng da tren hng dan cua FAO/WHO
(CAC/GL2-1985) nham quy nh viec cong bo chat dinh dng va cac thong
tin bo sung ve dinh dng tren nhan thc pham bao goi san.
A. Cong bo chat dinh dng
1- Liet ke cac chat dinh dng
1.1. Cac noi dung bat buoc cong bo:
a) Gia tr nang lng.
b) Lng protein, cacbonhydrat de tieu (nh ng, bot, khong ke x
thc pham) va chat beo.
c) Lng cac chat dinh dng khac
d) Lng cac chat dinh dng khac co lien quan.
1.2. Neu xac nhan theo so lng va loai cacbonhydrat can liet ke lng
ng tong so va so lng tinh bot cung vi cac dang cacbohydrat khac.
Neu xac nhan theo ham lng x thc pham th phai cong bo so lng x
thc pham.

69

1.3. Neu tien hanh xac nhan theo so lng va cac dang axit beo th cong
bo so lng cac axit beo no va cac axit beo bac cao cha bao hoa.
1.4. Ngoai viec bat buoc phai cong bo nh tren can liet ke lng vitamin
va chat khoang co tam dinh dng quan trong va co lieu s dung quy chuan
a c kien ngh (RDA, quy chuan: Reference Recommended Daily
Allowance).
1.5. Can liet ke cac viatamin va muoi khoang co trong thc pham khi
chung at mot ham lng co y ngha (ham lng ln hn 5% RDA)
1.6. Mot san pham cu the tuan theo cac yeu cau ghi nhan trong mot tieu
chuan Nha nc th co the cong bo cac chat dinh dng theo tieu chuan o
nhng khong c mau thuan vi cac noi dung quy nh va trnh bay tren.
1.7. Tnh toan cac chat dinh dng:
a) Tnh gia tr nang lng: Gia tr nang lng c tnh theo nguyen tac
chuyen oi nh sau:
Cacbonhydrat (ng, bot)

17 kJ/g (4 kcal/g)

Protein

17 kJ/g (4 kcal/g)

Chat beo

37 kJ/g (9 kcal/g)

Con (etanol)

29 kJ/g (7 kcal/g)

Axit hu c

13 kJ/g (3 kcal/g)

b) Tnh ham lng protein:

Ham lng protein c tnh theo cong thc:
P = N 6,25
trong o: P - ham lng protein; N - ham lng nit tong so
6,25 - he so quy oi.
(Co the co quy nh khac ve he so quy oi trong cac tieu chuan cu the).
2- Trnh bay ham lng chat dinh dng
2.1. Ham lng chat dinh dng can lng hoa khi cong bo.
2.2. Gia tr nang lng can c tnh theo KJ va Kcal tren 100g hoac
100ml hay cho moi bao goi neu bao goi o ch cha mot loai thc pham.
Ngoai ra co the tnh theo suat s dung a nh lng tren bao b hoac theo
tng phan sao cho cac phan co trong bao goi o c cong bo (v du nh trong
bao b co cha hai loai bot ngu coc khac nhau cha trong hai ngan rieng biet

70

th phai cong bo tng loai bot rieng.

2.3. Ham lng protein, cacbonhydrat va chat beo tnh bang g tren 100g
hoac 100ml, hay tren moi bao goi neu bao goi o ch cha mot thanh phan
thc pham. Cung co the tnh theo suat s dung hoac tng phan thc pham.
2.4. Ham lng vitamin va chat khoang tnh theo cac n v o lng hp
phap cua nc Cong hoa xa hoi Chu ngha Viet Nam hoac tnh theo phan tram
cua RDA tren 100g hoac 100ml hay cho moi bao goi neu bao goi o ch cha
mot thanh phan thc pham. Cung co the tnh theo suat s dung hoac tng phan
thc pham.
Ngoai ra, gia tr nang lng va protein cung co the tnh theo phan tram
RDA quy chuan.
Khi tnh theo RDA quy chuan can can c vao lieu s dung quy chuan do
FAO/WHO e ngh. Cac gia tr di ay c s dung nh RDA quy chuan
phuc vu cho muc ch ghi nhan.
Nang lng can thiet trung bnh cho mot ngi th trong o cac thanh
phan can thiet lieu lng:
Nang lng MJ

9,5 (2300) (kcal)

Protein

50g

Vitamin A

1000 g

Vitamin D

5 g

Vitamin E

10mg

Vitamin C

60mg

Thiamin
Riboflavin

1,4mg
1,6mg

Niacin
Vitamin B6

18mg
2mg

Folacin

400 g

Vitamin B12

800 g

Photpho

800mg

Sat

14mg

Magie

300mg

Kem

15 mg

Iot

150 g

71

2.5. Ham lng cacbonhydrat de tieu phai c ghi nhan la

Cacbonhydrat. Neu cong bo cac loai cacbonhydrat cu the can ghi ten cua
chung ngay sau ham lng cacbonhydrat tong so, mau nh sau:
Cacbonhydrat.........g, trong o ng.........g
hoac X.........g
X la ten xac nh cua tng loai cacbonhydrat khac nhau.
2.6. Ham lng va loai axit beo can c ghi ngay sau chat beo tong so
theo cach sau:
Chat beo

........g

Trong o axit beo bac cao cha bao hoa ........g

Axit beo bao hoa

........g

3- Sai lech cho phep va s phu hp

3.1. Gii han cua cac gia tr dinh dng can c tnh toan tren c s sc
khoe cua cong ong, thi gian s dung cua san pham, o chnh xac cua cac
phng phap xac nh, s bien oi trong qua trnh che bien, tnh de hong von
co va o bien ong cua chat dinh dng von co hoac c bo sung vao thc
pham phai c xac nh ro rang.
3.2. Gia tr dinh dng phai la cac gia tr trung bnh cua cac ket qua phan
tch tren cac san pham ai dien cho cac san pham c ghi nhan.
B. Thong tin bo sung ve chat dinh dng
1. Thong tin bo sung ve chat dinh dng la mot trong nhng noi dung
khuyen khch ghi, khong bat buoc nham giup giai thch viec ghi nhan cac chat
dinh dng tren bao b, e ngi tieu dung de nhan biet ve gia tr dinh dng
cua thc pham.
2. Thong tin nay c trnh bay ben canh cho ghi nhan ve chat dinh
dng. Co the dung mau sac, hnh anh e the hien nhng thong tin nay.
3.6 NHNG QUY NH VE DIEN TCH PHAN CHNH CUA NHAN (PDP)
Quy cach ve kch thc ch va so ghi nh lng hang hoa c quy nh
theo bang 3.2.
Bang 3.2: Quy cach, kch thc ch va so trnh bay nh lng hang hoa c
thiet ke theo dien tch phan chnh cua nhan (PDP)

72
Dien tch phan chnh cua nhan (PDP)

Chieu cao nho nhat cua ch va so

(tnh bang cm2)

(tnh bang mm)

32

1,6

> 32 en 258

2,3

> 258 en 645

6,4

> 645 en 2580

9,5

> 2580

12,7

Cach tnh dien tch phan chnh cua nhan (PDP) mot so hnh dang bao b
theo nguyen tac tng oi c minh hoa bang v du sau:
Bao b la hnh hop ch nhat co PDP la mot hoac mot oi be mat ch nhat
ln nhat (co the ghi giong nhau ca hai mat).

Bao b la hnh tru co: PDP = 40% tong dien tch xung quanh cac mat tru.

V tr ghi nh lng nam pha di cua phan chnh cua nhan (PDP) vi
dien tch chiem 30% dien tch cua PDP va chieu cao khoang 1/3 chieu cao cua
PDP, v du:

73

Hnh 3.2: Nguyen tac ve phan chnh PDP cua nhan

cua mot so dang bao b
Ghi chu:
Phan hng dan nay theo Thong t so 34/1999/FT-BTM va co hieu lc t
ngay 1 thang 3 nam 2000.
Phan hng dan cach ghi nhan thc pham lien quan en an toan sc khoe
do Bo Y te am nhiem.

Hnh 3.3: Nhan phai c dan phu hp vi hnh dang cua chai va cung tuan
theo quy nh ghi nhan tren
Cau hoi
1. Bao b bao goi trc tiep SP co nhng nhc iem la:
a) Khong tao dang ve chac chan cho SP.
b) Khong am bao o kn hoan toan.
c) Vat lieu lam bao b va phng phap ong SP ghep kn cac m cua bao b.

74

d) a va c eu ung
2. Tai sao TP sau khi x ly, che bien phai c ong bao b kn?
a) e khach hang co the biet c ten SP va thanh phan cua SP tren bao b.
b) Tranh tac ong cua lc c hoc.
c) Ngan can hoan toan tac ong cua moi trng ben ngoai en TP trong suot
thi gian lu thong phan phoi.
d) Cau b va c ung.
3. Quy trnh san xuat TP: Nguyen lieu x ly che bien thanh trung
ong bao b SP.
Hay cho biet cong oan ong bao b co muc ch la g?
a) Bao quan, tang tnh cam quan cua TP.
b) Bao quan va thu hut ngi tieu dung.
c) An toan ve sinh va nang cao tnh cam quan cua TP.
d) Bao quan CLSP, thong tin, va thuan tien trong phan phoi, kiem soat va
trong tieu dung.
4. Bao b kn la bao b c quyet nh bi:
a) Lp bao b trc tiep kn va lp bao b ngoai chong tac ong c hoc.
b) Nhieu lp bao b kn.
Tai Lieu Tham Khao
1.

Tong cuc Tieu chuan o lng chat lng, Qui nh tam thi ve ghi
nhan thc pham bao b goi san, Ha Noi, 1995.

2.

Quyet nh so 178/1999/Q-TTg ngay 30-8-1999 cua thu tng chnh

phu, Quy che ghi nhan hang hoa lu thong trong nc va hang hoa xuat nhap khau.

3.

Quyet nh so 95/2000/Q-TTg ngay 15-8-2000 cua thu tng chnh

phu, Bo sung mot so noi dung cua quy che ghi nhan hang hoa lu thong
trong nc va hang hoa xuat nhap khau.14. TCVN 6384: 1998, Ma so
ma vach vat pham. Ma UPC-A. Yeu cau ky thuat.

4. Quy nh gii han toi a o nhiem sinh hoc va hoa hoc trong thc pham,
Ha Noi, 2008

75

Chng

MA SO MA VACH
4.1 LCH S PHAT TRIEN MA SO MA VACH (MSMV)
Ma so ma vach c phat minh vao nam 1949 bi N. Jwod Landa tai My.
Nam 1960, tieu bang Sylvania a ap dung MSMV vao viec kiem soat cac toa
xe la, ap ng thi ky phat trien cua ky thuat ien t va thong tin.
Vao nam 1970, Uy ban Thc pham My a ng dung MSMV au tien vao
viec mua ban, phan phoi, kiem tra hang hoa thc pham: a may scanner va
may thu tien ket hp, giam thieu so lng nhan vien phuc vu ban hang, em
lai hieu qua kinh te cao do quyet toan nhanh va tranh c sai sot nham lan.
Nh the, MSMV a c ap dung va at thanh cong ln.
Nam 1973 Hiep hoi Cong nghiep Thc pham My thong nhat thanh lap
Hiep hoi UCC (Uniform Code Council) co nhiem vu chu yeu la cung cap
thong tin va ieu le cua UCC, pho bien ap dung MSMV UPC (Universal
Product Code). Cho en nay, ma UPC c s dung chu yeu My va Canada.
Nam 1974 cac nha san xuat va cung cap hang hoa cua 12 nc chau Au
a cung nhau thanh lap hoi ong ac biet e nghien cu kha nang ap dung he
thong MSMV vat pham tieu chuan va thong nhat chung chau Au. He thong
MSMV cua chau Au goi la EAN (European Article Numbering) c thiet lap tren c
s cua MSMV UPC.
Thang 12-1977 to chc EAN chnh thc c thanh lap va at tru s tai
B va do B lam tong th ky.
Muc ch chnh cua to chc EAN la phat trien MSMV tieu chuan toan cau va
a nganh e phan nh san pham, dch vu va a iem, nham cung cap ngon ng
chung cho thng mai quoc te. Muc ch cua to chc c ung ho nhanh chong va
m rong ra ngoai pham vi chau Au en cac chau luc khac nh Chau Uc, Chau A.
en nam 1992, to chc EAN tr thanh EAN - Quoc te (EAN-International).
Hien nay, EAN quoc te co thanh vien la cac to chc EAN cua cac quoc

76

gia, co nhiem vu ho tr va thong tin ay u ve MSMV cua EAN en cac cong

ty, x nghiep cua cac quoc gia thanh vien.
Cac loai MSMV tieu chuan ang c ap dung hien nay:
- EAN (EAN-8, EAN-13)
- ITF-14
- UCC / EAN-28
Do nhu cau ngay cang tang cua cac cong ty thanh vien ve phat trien
phng phap trao oi d lieu thng mai, EAN lap nen EAN-COM la tieu
chuan trao oi thong tin ien t noi bo a nganh cong nghiep. Tieu chuan nay
hng dan s dung EDI (Electric Data Interchange) e trao oi so lieu tieu
chuan ve cac vat pham, n at hang, ch dan phan phoi, hoa n, thong tin
ve san pham... vi cac ban hang cua mnh.
4.2 HIEU QUA EAN QUOC TE VA NG DUNG VAO CAC NGANH
He thong MSMV EAN chnh la mot hnh thc thong tin hieu qua, la cha
khoa cua s thanh cong trong quan ly va thng mai quoc te. Nh vao he
thong MSMV tieu chuan, cac nha san xuat cong nghiep, kinh doanh co the
trao oi thong tin kiem tra thng mai quoc te ve so lng chung loai hang
hoa mot cach chnh xac, nhanh chong va kinh te.
EAN quoc te dan au cho mot giai phap toan cau nh he thong anh so
n le va he thong thong tin ien t. Li ch cua he thong nay a c chng
minh: viec cot loi la a thanh lap mot he thong trao oi thong tin hieu qua,
hoa nhap c cac ben thng mai trong mang li cung cap (t nha san xuat,
ban buon, phan phoi, ban le en ngi tieu dung cuoi cung) vi ngon ng
chung cho thng mai toan cau va quan ly xa hoi co hieu qua.
MSMV a va ang c ap dung rong rai va co hieu qua trong cac nganh sau:
a) Mau dch:
- Nhap kho va kiem ke
- Tnh tien va ghi hoa n nhanh chong cho khach hang
b) San xuat hang hoa tai x nghiep:
- Nhap va quan ly nguyen lieu
- Quan ly san pham tai quy trnh san xuat
- Quan ly san pham xuat nhap kho
- Quan ly nhan s

77

c) Nganh y dc:
- San xuat thuoc va dc lieu
- Quan ly ho s benh nhan trong benh vien
d) Bu ien:
- Phat chuyen nhanh
- Tra tm hang that lac.
) Hang khong:
- Quan ly hanh ly, hang hoa
e) Th vien:
Quan ly oc gia va sach
Ngoai ra MSMV con c ng dung trong cac nganh khac: giao thong
van tai, the duc the thao, noi vu, quoc phong.
4.3 TO CHC EAN VIET NAM (EAN-VN) VA AP DUNG CONG NGHE
MSMV VIET NAM
* EAN-VN la to chc ma so ma vach vat pham quoc gia cua Viet Nam
c thanh lap thang 3-1995 va c cong nhan la thanh vien chnh thc cua
EAN quoc te thang 5-1995, c giao nhiem vu quan ly va trien khai hoat
ong MSMV Viet Nam:
- Hng dan cap ma so vat pham
- Xay dng va ban hanh bo TCVN ve MSMV cho Viet Nam.
- ao tao va chuan b cac d an ap dung cong nghe MSMV.
- Tham gia cac hoat ong cua EAN quoc te.
e quan ly ma mat hang, doanh nghiep phai he thong tat ca san pham
cua mnh, cac san pham hien co cung nh cac san pham se co trong tng lai
(trong 2-3 nam ti) thanh bang. Trong bang nay co the co cac muc nh so th
t, ac iem, bao goi, trong lng... va ma so ng vi tng loai san pham e
khi can co the tra cu c ngay. Bang nay goi la bang ang ky san pham s
dung ma so ma vach.
4.4 AC IEM CUA MA SO MA VACH (MSMV)
Ma so ma vach vat pham la loai ky ma (dau hieu) e phan nh vat pham
(phan nh co ngha la phan tch nh lng). Qua MSMV va he thong may vi tnh
co the biet c ac tnh, khoi lng, the tch, loai bao b, so lng hang hoa.

78

Ma so la 1 day cac con so t nhien t 0 9 c sap xep theo qui luat.

Ma vach gom cac vach sang toi co o rong khac nhau bieu th cho cac con so
cua ma so e may scanner oc.
Tren toan the gii khong the co s trung ma so ma vach vi nhau gia
cac loai hang hoa. MSMV la dau hieu ai dien cho tng loai hang hoa.
Ma so ma vach c in tren nhan hieu v tr goc ben phai va gan canh
ay cua nhan hieu bao b.
MSMV c ghi tren bao b hang hoa khong nham e ngi tieu dung
oc, phan nh hang hoa khi mua ma cho he thong may scanner oc va may
tnh ghi nhan vao bo nh va sao luc ac tnh quy cach hang hang hoa, gia ca,
so lng nhap, xuat, lu kho va thi gian tng ng.

Hnh 4.1
Moi chung loai hang hoa: san pham ch khac nhau ve mot ac tnh th tao
nen mot chung loai hang hoa (nh ru len men eu co nhng tnh chat hoa
ly giong nhau nhng ch khac nhau ve mui hng hay khac nhau ve mau cung
tao nen mot chung loai mang MSMV rieng). Tng t nh vay oi vi hang
co th hang khac nhau hoac c ng dung cong nghe che bien khac nhau,
nh ru vang, ru trai cay cung nong o con, cung loai nguyen lieu qua t
ban au khac ve cong nghe san xuat cung tao nen nhng loai hang hoa co
MSMV khac nhau. Ben canh o, chung loai san pham cung c tao nen do:
- Vat lieu bao b khac nhau
- Hnh dang, cau tao bao b khac nhau mac du cung vat lieu bao b, the
tch, hay khoi lng.
- So lng, the tch bao b cha ng khac nhau, ke ca trng hp bao b
trc tiep tiep xuc vi san pham, bao b ngoai e van chuyen, phan phoi
eu co mot MSMV rieng biet. V du: nc tinh khiet cung chat lng,
cung cong ty san xuat, loai san pham 250ml va 1000ml mang MSMV
khac nhau. Bao b van chuyen cha khoi lng hay the tch khac nhau th
cung co MSMV khac nhau.

79

4.5 CAU TAO MSMV EAN-13 VA EAN-8 CUA HANG HOA BAN LE
4.5.1 Cau tao ma so EAN-13 va EAN-8
Ma so EAN cho san pham ban le gom hai loai:
1- Ma so EAN-13: gom 13 con so co cau tao nh sau, t trai sang phai:
Ma quoc gia: 2 hoac 3 ch so.
Ma doanh nghiep: co the gom t 4 hoac 5,6 ch so.
Ma mat hang: co the la 5, 4, hay 3 so tuy thuoc vao ma doanh nghiep.
So cuoi cung la so kiem tra.
e am bao tnh thong nhat va tnh n nhat cua ma so, ma quoc gia
phai do to chc MSMV quoc te (EAN International) cap cho cac quoc gia la
thanh vien cua to chc nay. Ma so quoc gia cua Viet Nam la 893. Danh muc
ma so quoc gia cua cac nc cho trong phu luc.
- Ma doanh nghiep (ma M) do to chc ma so ma vach vat pham quoc gia
cap cho cac nha san xuat thanh vien. Viet Nam, ma doanh nghiep do
EAN-VN cap cho cac doanh nghiep thanh vien cua mnh.
- Ma mat hang (ma I) do nha san xuat qui nh cho hang hoa cua mnh.
Nha san xuat phai am bao moi mat hang ch co mot ma so, khong
c co bat ky s nham lan nao.
- So kiem tra C la mot con so c tnh da vao 12 con so trc o, dung
e kiem tra viec ghi ung nhng con so noi tren.
T nhng nam 1995 en 3/1998, EAN-VN cap ma M gom bon con so va
t thang 3/1998, theo yeu cau cua EAN quoc te, EAN-VN bat au cap ma M
gom 5 con so. V du: hien nay ma EAN-13 cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam co
hai dang nh sau:
oi vi cac doanh nghiep c cap ma M gom 4 con so:
893

Ma quoc gia

4065

Ma doanh nghiep
(Ma M)

01001

Ma mat hang

So kiem tra

(Ma I)

oi vi cac doanh nghiep c cap ma M gom 5 con so:

893

Ma quoc gia

50012

Ma doanh nghiep
(Ma M)

0101

Ma mat hang
(Ma I)

So kiem tra

80

2- Ma so EAN-8: gom 8 con so co cau tao nh sau

3 so au la ma so quoc gia giong nh EAN-13
4 so sau la ma mat hang
So cuoi cung la so kiem tra.
Ma EAN-8 ch s dung tren nhng san pham co kch thc nho, khong u
cho ghi ma EAN-13 (v du: thoi (phong) keo, goi tra tui loc. To chc ma so
quoc gia se cap trc tiep va co the quan ly ma so mat hang (gom 4 con so).
893

Ma quoc gia

0130

Ma mat hang

So kiem tra

Cach tnh so kiem tra cho ma EAN-13 va ma EAN-8

Bc 1: T phai sang trai, cong tat ca cac con so v tr le (tr so kiem
tra C);
Bc 2: Nhan ket qua bc 1 vi 3;
Bc 3: Cong gia tr cua cac con so con lai; (cac con so t ben phai v
tr hang chan)
Bc 4: Cong ket qua bc 2 vi bc 3;
Bc 5: Lay so tron chuc (boi so cua 10) gan nhat, ln hn hoac bang ket
qua bc 4 tr i ket qua bc 4, ket qua la so kiem tra C.
V du: Tnh so kiem tra cho ma 893502590191C
Bc 1:

1+1+9+2+5+9

= 27

Bc 2:

27 3

Bc 3:

8+3+0+5+0+9

Bc 4:

81 + 25

= 106

Bc 5:

110 - 106

=4

= 81
= 25

Ma EAN-13 hoan chnh se la: 89350025901914.

4.5.2 Cau tao ma vach
Ma vach the hien ma so EAN goi la ma vach EAN. Trong ma vach EAN,
moi con so c the hien hai vach va hai khoang trong. Moi vach hay khoang
trong co chieu rong t 1 4 moun, moi moun co chieu rong tieu chuan la
0,33mm.

81

Hnh 4.2: Cau tao ma so ma vach EAN-13 va EAN-8

Ma vach EAN la ma a chieu rong, tc la moi vach (hay khoang trong)
co the co chieu rong t 1 4 moun. Do vay, mat o ma hoa cao can co s
chu y ac biet khi in ma.
Ma vach EAN co cau tao nh sau:
Ke t ben trai, khu vc e trong khong ghi ky hieu nao ca, ky hieu bat
au (hai vach dai au tren), ky hieu day so ben trai, ky hieu phan cach (hai
vach dai hn), ky hieu day so ben phai, so kiem tra, ky hieu ket thuc (hai
vach dai sau cung) sau o la khoang trong ben phai. Toan bo khu vc ma
vach EAN-13 tieu chuan co chieu dai 37,29mm va co chieu cao la 25,93mm.
Bang 4.1: Bang kch thc ma EAN-13 va EAN-8
tng ng vi o phong ai M
o phong ai

EAN-13

EAN-8

Chieu rong
(mm)

Chieu cao
(mm)

Chieu rong
(mm)

Chieu cao
(mm)

0,80

29,83

20,74

21,38

17,05

0,90

33,56

23,34

24,06

19,18

1,00

37,29

25,93

26,73

21,31

1,10

41,02

28,52

29,40

23,44

1,20

44,75

31,12

32,08

25,57

1,50

55,94

38,90

40,10

31,97

1,70

63.39

44,08

45,44

36,23

2,00

74,58

51,86

53,46

42,62

Ma vach EAN-8 co cau tao tng t nhng ch co chieu dai tieu chuan la
26,73mm va chieu cao 21,31mm.

82

o phong ai cua ma vach EAN-13 va EAN-8 nam trong khoang t

0,8 2,0.
Thong thng tren cac san pham ban le (cac n v tieu thu) ngi ta
dung ma EAN co o phong ai 0,9 va 1,0.
4.5.3 oc ma vach va ng dung ma vach trong ban hang
- e oc ma vach ngi ta dung mot may scanner, trong may scanner co
mot nguon sang lazer, mot bo phan cam bien quang ien, mot bo giai
ma. May quet c noi vi may tnh bang day dan hoac bo phan
truyen tn hieu vo tuyen. Nguyen tac hoat ong nh sau: nguon sang
lazer phat ra mot chum tia sang hep quet len khu vc ma vach (chng
25 en 50 lan trong 1 giay), bo cam bien quang ien nhan anh sang
phan xa t vung in ma vach va chuyen no thanh dong ien co cng o
bien oi theo anh sang phan xa o. Tn hieu ien c a qua bo giai
ma va chuyen ve may tnh.
- Mot v du ve ap dung MSMV ca hang: May quet cung vi may tnh
e tnh tien va in hoa n ban hang at tai cac ca ra vao cua ca
hang. Cac may tnh lai c noi vi mot may tnh trung tam.
Khach hang mang hang ra quay tnh tien, nhan vien thu tien dung may
quet "oc" ma vach cua hang hoa e nhan dang tng loai hang (cong viec
nay ton chng 5 giay cho moi n v hang hoa). Trong bo nh cua may tnh a
co gia ca cua tng loai hang, v vay may tnh nhanh ra so tien ma khach phai
tra, in ra hoa n giao cho khach hang, ong thi cung gi lai so lng a ban
ra, so lng con lai cua tng loai hang. He thong may tnh cua cac ca hang
trong toan cong ty noi mang vi nhau, v vay ngi quan ly cong ty co the
biet c mot cach nhanh chong va chnh xac loai hang, so lng, chung loai,
v tr, ton tr, trng bay. Nh vay, co the at ke hoach cung cap kp thi hang
hoa cho cac ca hang.

83

Hnh 4.3: S o hoat ong cua may scanner va bo giai ma

4.5.4 In ma vach tren hang hoa
Viec chuyen ma so thanh ma vach theo tieu chuan ma hoa c thc
hien bang may in ma vach vi chng trnh ieu khien thch hp. Co ba
phng phap c ban e in ma vach len san pham:
- In phun hang loat MSMV bang mot thiet b chuyen dung
- In tren giay dnh roi dan len san pham (nh cac sieu th ang dung e
in ma cho nhng hang hoa cha co ma so ma vach).
- In opset thong thng vi che ban phim ma vach ong thi vi khi in
nhan hieu bao b goi la film master. ay la cach in de va re nhat hien
nay, the hien ma so ma vach nh hnh 4.4.

Hnh 4.4: Ma so ma vach EAN-13 va EAN-8.

Tren film the hien ca ma so lan ma vach, ma vach c cau tao can c
vao MSMV e cho may scanner oc. Khung en (H.4.4) e anh dau ranh
gii khung nhng thc te khong the hien ng vien. Chieu rong cua ma EAN

84

tng ng vi tng o phong ai la co nh. Chieu cao cua ma co the thay oi

trong gii han cho phep nen khi che tao film master, cac ky thuat vien co the
thay oi cho phu hp vi kch thc san pham.
Cac iem can chu y khi in ma EAN:
- Khong in ch hay bat ky hnh ve g vao vung dien tch xung quanh ma
(anh dau bang khung en tren film master).
- Mau ly tng e in ma vach la mau en tren nen trang. Co the in mot
so mau nen va mau vach khac e bao b ep hn; khi o phai tuan thu
theo bang cac mau nen va mau vach tieu chuan do to chc EAN quoc
gia cung cap.
- Ma vach nen at ngang, cac vach vuong goc vi mat phang ay san
pham.
- oi vi san pham hnh tru ng (dang chai, lo...) hay cac be mat cong
co ng knh nho hn 7,5cm, ma vach can at ng (cac vach song
song vi mat phang ay san pham); neu ng knh ln hn 7,5cm, co
the at ma vach theo chieu ng hoac ngang.
4.6 CAU TAO MA SO MA VACH CUA HANG HOA PHAN PHOI HAY
N V GI I
Hang hoa c van chuyen phan phoi trong cac thung to khoi ch nhat
lam bang giay ba gn song, cac thung nay c goi la bao b van chuyen hay
bao b n v gi i, co ghi MSMV e thuan tien quan ly xuat nhap bang he
thong may vi tnh va may scanner. Ngi thu kho ch em cac thung hang
bang cach dung may scanner oc MSMV cua thung hang (khoang 5 giay),
may t ong ghi nhan loai hang va cong don so lng. Do o, viec quan ly so
lng loai hang trong kho tr nen n gian, nhanh chong, chnh xac ma khong
ton nhieu cong sc.
4.6.1 Ma so cac n v gi i EAN-14 hoac DUN-14
(viet tat EAN/DUN-14)
Ma EAN-13 cua n v tieu thu c dung lam c s e lap ma n v
gi i. Ngi ta them vao ma nay mot ch so mi (so nay goi la Logical
Variant - VL) tao thanh mot ma mi co dang tieu chuan gom:
1

ch so mi (so VL) gom ba loai: 0; 1 8 ; va 9

12

ch so vat pham cua n v tieu thu cha trong n v gi i o

khong tnh so kiem tra (bao gom ma quoc gia, ma doanh nghiep va
ma mat hang).

85

ch so kiem tra tnh toan da tren 13 so trc theo 5 bc cua

trng hp ma so EAN-13 cua phng phap tnh so C (a trnh bay
phan trc)

Ma nay gom 14 con so nen co ten goi DUN-14 (viet tat ch Distribution
Unit Number ngha la ma n v gi i). Ngoai ra ma nay con co ten goi la
ma EAN-14.
- So VL co the la bat ky con so nao t 1 8 oi vi loai hang hoa co
nhieu loai n v gi i (co so lng khac nhau). So VL cang ln khi so
lng vat pham ben trong n v gi i (thung hang hoa) cang tang. So
9 ch c them vao trong trng hp ma cac n v gi i co so lng
thay oi, no ch ra rang ngoai loai ma nay, con co them mot ma ho tr khac
ma ITF-6 (se noi phan sau).
- So VL la 0 oi vi trng hp mot mat hang ch co mot loai n v gi
i, va n v gi i nay co the ban le tai quay hang nh mot thung bia
24 lon, mot chai ru vang co chiec hop thiec ng ben ngoai...
- Dung so VL la 9 trong cac trng hp

g Kien hang (thung hang hoa) co cha nhieu lao mat hang khac nhau.
g Hang hoa trong thung se c phan chia bao goi lai thanh n v ban
le mi (nh trng hp rau qua ti song, vai si, thuy san, tht gia suc, gia
cam...).
Cau tao cua ma EAN-14 hay DUN-14 t ma EAN-13 va EAN-8:

VL
So logic

VL
So VL c them
So kiem tra
vao v tr ben trai

xxxxxxxxxxxx

12 ch so ma so vat pham EAN-13 (khong ke so kiem tra)

So kiem tra

00000

7 con so cua ma EAN-8

(xxxxxxx)

5 con so 0 them vao

7 con so cua ma EAN-8 khong

pha trc so EAN-8

tnh so kiem tra C a co

Nha cung cap cac n v gi i can cung cap cho cac oi tac buon ban
cua mnh danh sach cac so VL nay va mo ta chi tiet y ngha cua no.

86

Moi so VL co y ngha s khac nhau ve so lng hang hoa trong cac loai
n v gi i. So VL ln co ngha la nhieu n v tieu thu ben trong bao b
n v gi i, c them vao v tr au tien ben trai cua ma EAN-13 hay ma
EAN-8 vi trng hp ma so EAN-8 a them 5 con so 0 vao pha trc.
Bang 4.2: V du ve lap ma cac n v gi i
cua mot mat hang (keo vien)
TT

Ten san
pham

ac iem
hoac kch
thc thung

Bao goi hoac

so vat pham
ong goi

Khoi
lng 1
n v

Ma EAN-13 hoac Ma
EAN-/DUN-14

Keo

Goi

30 vien keo

120g

893521600011C

Hop nho

20x200x5

50 goi/thung

6,0kg

1893521600011C1

Hop ln

400x200x150

100 goi/thung

12,00kg

2893521600011C2

C1 , C2 la so kiem tra mi se c tnh theo 13 so cua ma EAN-14

(DUN-14).
Cach tnh so kiem tra cho ma EAN/DUN-14 tren cac n v gi i giong
nh cach tnh so C oi vi ma EAN-13.
Dung so VL la so 9 trong cac trng hp:
4.6.2 Ma vach cac n v gi i dung ma ITF-14, ITF-6 bo tr
Ma vach ITF
Thc te a s dung pho bien mot loai ma vach goi la ma vach ITF (viet
tat ch Interleave two of five - tc la 2,5 xen ke).
Trong ma vach nay moi con so c the hien bang 5 vach (hoac khoang
trong), trong o co 2 vach rong (hoac khoang trong rong).
Ty le o rong: chieu ngang gia vach rong so vi vach hep la t 23 lan.
Ma nay ma hoa tng cap 2 con so, 1 con so the hien bang vach, 1 con so the
hien bang khoang trong at xen vao nhau. Ma ITF co the c in tren cac be
mat bao b chat lng xau. V du: thung cha bang giay ba gn song.
Ma vach ITF ma hoa mot so chan cac con so (chang han nh 10, 12, 14,
16 ... con so), trong o ma vach ITF ma hoa 14 con so c s dung rong rai
nhat nen co ten rieng la ma ITF-14.
Dung ma vach ITF-14 the hien ma so EAN/DUN-14
V ma EAN-13 oi hoi chat lng in cao nen khi in tren cac vat lieu tho

87

nh giay kraft dung lam vat lieu ong goi n v gi i (thung cha bang ba
cng gn song) th chat lng in kho am bao. e giai quyet van e nay
ngi ta dung ma vach ITF e the hien, ma so EAN-14 hay DUN-14.
Cau truc ma ITF

Hnh 4.5: Ma so EAN/DUN-14 va ma vach ITF-14

Ma ITF co cau truc tong the nh hnh ve, t trai sang phai gom:
- Vung trong
- Vung vach the hien cac cap so
- Vung trong.
Ma c vien quanh bang mot khung en. Khung nay co chieu day co
nh la 4,8mm. Khung vien ma tao ieu kien thuan li khi in ma va giam
nguy c quet lech ma.
Kch thc va o phong ai ma ITF
- Khung vien ma day 4,8 mm.
- Chieu cao cua so ghi di ma vach la 5,72 mm.
- o rong chuan cua mot cap so la 16,256 mm.
Di ay la kch thc cua ma ITF co o phong ai 1,0

Hnh 4.6: Qui nh ve kch thc cua ma vach ITF-14

88

n - so cap so trong ma
d1 = ( n 16, 256) + 8, 636 ;

d2 = d1 + (10, 9 + 3) 2 + ( 4, 8 2)

Bang 4.3: Bang o phong ai ma ITF-14

o phong ai
(M)

o rong khoang trong

Kch thc ma khong ke khung vien

(mm)

(mm)

nen dung

nho nhat

chieu rong

chieu cao

1,2

13,1

12,2

179,14

38,2

1,1

12,0

11,2

164,671

35,0

1,0

10,9

10,2

150,228

31,8

0,9

9,8

9,1

135,785

28,7

0,8

8,7

8,1

121,342

25,4

0,7

7,1

7,1

105,900

22,3

0,625

6,4

6,4

95,318

19,8

o phong ai cua ma ITF-14 thng s dung la 1, 0 1, 2

Chu y: Kch thc ma c tnh da theo chieu rong vung trong nen
dung. Kch thc ma bao gom ca khung vien se bang kch thc trong bang
cong them 9,6 mm.
In ma ITF va kiem tra chat lng in
Viec in ma ITF cung giong nh in ma EAN-13, EAN-8 tren san pham
c thc hien qua cac bc sau:
- Tao film master the hien ma theo tieu chuan.
- Chuan b che ban in.
- In th tren bao b va kiem tra chat lng in.
- In hang loat.
Theo qui nh cua EAN quoc te, ma ITF-14 hoan chnh se c the hien
theo hai cach sau:
Cach 1: Ch the hien ma va khung vien.

Cach 2: The hien ma, khung vien va ch H ieu chnh in

89

Hnh 4.7: The hien khung vien va qui cach kiem tra chat lng in
Ngi ta s dung ch H nay e ch th chat lng in cua ma vach. Neu
hai net ng cua ch H nay dnh vao nhau th chng to rang chat lng in
khong at yeu cau (mc b nhoe qua mc cho phep), nha in phai chon phng
phap va vat lieu in khac e in sao cho hai net nay tach ri nhau.
Chu y: Can in ma ITF-14 chnh xac gom vach, khung vien va ma so ben
di khung vien.
Ma vach bo tr ITF-6 cho ma so EAN/DUN-14 co so VL9
Cac n v gi i co the co so lng thay oi, v du nh:
- Cac n v se c chia va ong bao b lai trc khi em ban le tht gia
suc, gia cam, rau qua, hoa....
- Cac n v tieu thu co so lng thay oi, chang han cac san pham ong
goi s bo sau qua trnh san xuat, thu hoach.
- Khi thc hien cac n at hang qui nh ro so lng (nganh det at theo
met, knh tnh theo m2...).
Trong cac trng hp nay, so lng san pham se c phan nh lai c
bieu th bang ma bo tr; ma nay c at ben phai ma chnh.
Ma dung e phan nh cac n v gi i co so lng thay oi la
EAN/DUN-14 the hien bang ma vach ITF-14 phoi hp vi ma ITF-6 bo tr e
phan nh so lng.
Cac qui tac khi dung ma bo tr ITF-6:
- Ma bo tr bao gom 5 so va so kiem tra; ma the hien so lng phan nh
san pham cha trong n v gi i.
- So kiem tra C c tnh toan theo phng phap tnh so C a trnh bay.
- n v o lng la n v ao (cha trong file d lieu) va nha san xuat
phai thong bao cho khach hang cua ho cung vi so phan nh va cac
ac tnh cua n v gi i.
- iem ch so thap phan trong 5 so a neu la bat ky. Cac cong ty phai
thong bao cho cac nha phan phoi thong tin nay cung thong tin ve san

90

pham.
Di ay la ma ITF-6 bo tr co o phong ai 0,625.

Hnh 4.8: Kch thc ma ITF-6

- Cac kch thc co gach chan thay oi phu thuoc vao o phong ai M.
Cac kch thc khac khong phu thuoc vao o phong ai M.
- o phong ai ma ITF-6 bo tr nam trong khoang 0,625 1,2.
V du: Mot doanh nghiep gi i mot lo hang; trong lo hang o co trong
lng 173 kg. Ma bo tr co the the hien nh sau: 17300 1. Nh vay, 5 so the
hien so lng la 17300, so kiem tra a tnh la 1. Theo qui tac dung ma bo tr,
doanh nghiep se thong bao cho oi tac buon ban cua mnh thong tin "iem ch
so thap phan la 3 con so tnh t trai sang", "n v o lng la ki lo gam" cung
vi thong tin can thiet khac ve san pham.
Bang 4.4: Bang kch thc va o phong ai ma ITF-6 bo tr
o phong ai

Vung trong

(M)

(nen dung), mm

Kch thc ma khong ke khung vien

1,2

13,1

38,2

1,1

12,0

35,0

1,0

10,9

0,9

Chieu rong, mm

Chieu cao, mm

(M x l) + 6 [mm]

31,8

9,8

trong o

28,7

0,8

8,7

l = (n x 16,256)/2

25,4

0,7

7,1

0,625

6,4

+ 30,346

22,3
19,8

n: so cap so trong ma, trng hp nay la 3

Lu y: Kch thc ma c tnh da theo chieu rong vung trong nen

91

dung. Kch thc ma bao gom ca khung vien se la kch thc tnh nh trong
bang cong them 9,6mm.
iem at ma ITF
Neu ieu kien cho phep, nen in ma tren ca bon mat ng cua thung kien
hang, neu khong phai in ma tren hai mat ng sat nhau, nen tranh trng hp
ch in 01 ma tren ch mot mat thung. Co the at ma v tr de nhn thay khi
xep kho, phan phoi...

Hnh 4.9: V tr at ma ITF-14 tren n v gi i

Khoang cach at ma can thiet nh tren hnh 4.9.
Ma can c in ng, theo chieu ng cua hop (cac vach thang goc vi
mat ay thung).
Neu n v gi i c bao bang nha trong, ta phai am bao may
scanner khong quet nham so (do b lp plastic bong phan xa anh sang gay
nham lan).
e am bao chat lng in va viec quet ma sau nay, nen in ma ITF co o
phong ai ln t 1,0 1,2.
Phu luc 1
Danh muc ma quoc gia cua cac nc tren the gii
00 en 13

UCC (Hoa Ky va Canada)

30 en 37

EAN Phap

380

CCI Bungari

383

SANA (Slovenia)

92
385

CRO-EAN (Croatia)

387

EAN-BIH (Bosnia-Heczegovina)

400 en 440
45 va 49
460 en 469

CCG (c)
DCC (Nhat Ban)
UNISCAN (Lien bang Nga)

471

CAN (ai Loan)

474

EAN Estonia

475

EAN Latvia

477

EAN Litva

479

EAN Sri-Lanca

480

PANC (Phillippin)

481

EAN Belarus

482

EAN Ucraina

484

EAN Moldova

485

EAN Armenia

486

EAN Georgia

487

EAN Kazacxtan

489

HKANA (Hong Kong)

50

EAN UK Ltd. (Anh)

520

HELLCAN-EAN Hellas (Hy Lap)

528

EAN Lebanon

529

EAN Sip

531

EAN-MAC (FYR Macedonia)

535

EAN Malta

539

EAN Ailen

54

ICODIF/EAN B va Lucxembua

560

CODIPOR (Bo ao Nha)

569

EAN Aixlen

57

EAN an Mach

590

EAN Balan

594

EAN Rumania

599

HPMA (Hungari)

600-601

EAN Nam Phi

609

EAN Mauritius

611

EAN Maroc

613

EAN Algieri

93
619

TUNICODE (Tuynizi)

622

EAN Ai Cap

625

EAN Jordan

626

EAN Iran

64

EAN Phan lan

690-692

ANCC (Trung Quoc)

70

EAN Nauy

729

EAN Ixrael

73

EAN Thuy ien

740

EAN Guatemala

741

EAN EI Salvador

742+744

ICCC (Costa Rica, Honduras)

743

EAN Nicaragua

745

EAN Panama

746

EAN ominic

750

AMECE (Mehico)

759

EAN Venezuela

76

EAN (Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera)

770

IAC (Colombia)

773

CUNA (Uruguay)

775

APC (Peru)

777

EAN Bolivia

779

CODIGO EAN Achentina

780

EAN Chile

784

EAN Paraguay

786

ECOP (Equado)

789

EAN Brazil

80 en 83

INDICOD (Italia)

84

AECOC (Tay Ban Nha)

850

EAN Cuba

858

EAN Slovakia

859

EAN Sec

860

EAN YU (Yugoslavia)

869

UCCET (Tho Nh Ky)

87

EAN Ha Lan

880

EAN Han Quoc

94
885

TANC (Thai Lan)

888

SANC (Singapo)

890

EAN An o

893

EAN Viet Nam

899

EAN Inonexia

90-91

EAN Ao

93

EAN Otxtraylia

94

EAN Niu Zilan

955

MANC (Malayxia)

977

ISSN (An pham nh ky)

978-979

ISBN (Sach)

980

Hoa n

99

Ve, phieu

Cau hoi:
1. Loai nao sau ay dung cho SP ban le:
a) EAN.8

b) EAN.13

c) EAN.14

d) a va b

2. MSMV c in tren nhan hieu v tr:

a) Goc ben trai va gan canh ay cua nhan hieu bao b.
b) Goc ben phai va gan canh ay cua nhan hieu bao b.
c) v tr sao cho may scanner co the quet nhanh va ung.
d) Tat ca au sai.
3. Tm cau sai:
a) Cau tao ma EAN-8 khong co MV doanh nghiep.
b) Cau tao ma EAN-8 co so kiem tra C.
c) Ma EAN-8 s dung tren nhng SP co kch thc nho, khong u cho ghi
ma EAN-13.
d) Ma vach EAN-8 co ba so t nhien the hien ma hang hoa.
4. Cong ty bia Heineken ch xuat mot loai n v hang gi i la 24 lon/thung.
MS tren moi lon bia la: 893531610101C.
Vay thung cha 24 lon bia co MS la:
a) 0893531610101C1.

95

b) 18935316101000C2.
c) 9893531610100C3.
d) Tat ca eu sai.
5. Tnh so kiem tra C cua MS thung bia
a) 3

b) 4

c) 5

d) 6

Tai Lieu Tham Khao

1.

TCVN 6939: 1996, Ma so vat pham. Ma so tieu chuan 13 ch so (EANVN13). Yeu cau ky thuat.

2.

TCVN 6340: 1996, Ma so vat pham. Ma so tieu chuan 8 ch so (EANVN8). Yeu cau ky thuat.

3.

TCVN 6382: 1998, Ma so ma vach vat pham. Ma tieu chuan 13 ch so

(EAN-VN13). Yeu cau ky thuat.

4.

TCVN 6383: 1998, Ma so ma vach vat pham. Ma tieu chuan 8 ch so

(EAN-VN8). Yeu cau ky thuat.

96

Chng

BAO B GIAY - BAO B VAN CHUYEN HANG HOA

(BAO B N V GI I)
5.1 GII THIEU BAO B VAN CHUYEN HANG HOA
5.1.1 Go
T co xa, ngi ta a dung go lam vat lieu e ong kien vi so lng
hang hoa ln e e van chuyen. Luc o, lng hang hoa c van chuyen
thng mai con thap, go c tieu dung vi so lng khong cao, cha gay thiet
hai cho rng va cha anh hng ln en moi trng. Thng mai hang hoa cang
ngay cang phat trien, nhu cau ve bao b van chuyen cang tang cao cung vi viec
khai thac rng vt mc e dung cho rat nhieu muc ch nh xay dng... a
khien cho nhu cau ve go tang cao nen khong the co u go e ap ng nhu cau,
do o bat au co nhng vat lieu khac canh tranh vi go. ay la ieu noi bat
ang quan tam cua giay ba gn song v tnh nhe hn go rat nhieu, giup cho chi
ph van chuyen giam thap. Tuy nhien, hien nay van con mot so t trng hp
hang hoa van c ong kien bang thung go do tnh chat c ly cua go cao.
Nhng ac tnh cua thung bang go cha hang hoa chuyen ch phan phoi
tuy thuoc vao loai go c dung. ac tnh quan trong yeu cau oi vi thung
go la chu c tai trong va chu va cham c hoc. Go cua nhng cay tung,
bach hay go than mem th co tnh chu cua ap lc cao nhng chu tai trong
thap hn loai go cng; so vi go cng th go than mem co the b v ra khi
ong inh.
Viec khai thac go e san xuat thung cha ng hang hoa cang luc cang
ton chi ph qua cao va cang tien sau vao s pha hoai moi trng. Trung bnh
ch co 65% than cay c tao thanh thung go. Vi khuynh hng tang s hu
dung cua vat lieu go cho viec ong thung cha hang a hnh thanh cong nghe
san xuat go ghep va go dan. Go dan c dung nhieu e san xuat cac thung
bang go hnh tron ng chat long ma ngay nay van con dung e cha ru
vang. Phng phap ghep noi nhng tam van thanh nhng thung cha ng

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c cho thay hnh 5.1.

Hnh 5.1: Thung cha ng c cau tao bi go ghep

5.1.2 Bao b van chuyen bang plastic
Hien nay bao b van chuyen hay bao b ngoai bang vat lieu HDPE nh
cac ket c dung e cha ng chai thuy tinh, cha bia hoac nc ngot co
gas ang rat pho bien va tien li co khoi lng nho hn go rat nhieu va tnh
tai s dung cao.

98

Hnh 5.2: Ket bang HDPE cha chai nc ngot hoac chai bia e van chuyen
phan phoi
Nguyen lieu HDPE che tao ket c phoi tron HDPE phe thai vi ty le
cao khoang 8090% va HDPE mi khoang 1020% tren tong nguyen lieu s
dung; vi ieu kien la nguyen lieu tai sinh khong b nhiem ban lam giam tnh
ben c cua bao b.
Ben canh o tnh chat c hoc cua ket cang thap khi c san xuat t
nha tai sinh nhieu lan, se chong lao hoa, de v hn theo thi gian s dung,
khong the cai thien bang cac phu gia on nh.
Can chu y rang ket co the b nt v tren be mat do s oxy hoa, s nhanh
chong lao hoa vat lieu bi s tiep can tia cc tm. Tuy thuoc vao thi gian
phi di anh nang mat tri co the anh hng ang ke en tnh ben c hoc
cua ket. Thi gian s dung ket bang HDPE co the la 10 nam hoac 15 nam,
hoac co the hn tuy theo ieu kien ap dung.
5.2 CAU TAO BAO B GIAY - NG DUNG
5.2.1 ac tnh
Ngay nay giay chiem hn phan na trong tong so nguyen lieu e lam bao
b. Nh tien bo cua khoa hoc ky thuat, giay cac loai c san xuat ai tra vi
gia thanh thap.
Giay c s dung pho bien bi mot so tnh chat ac trng nh:
- Tnh ben c hoc (tuy khong cao nh cac loai vat lieu khac)
- Nhe.
- De huy, khong gay o nhiem moi trng.
- Tai sinh de dang.
Ben canh o giay co nhng khuyet iem nh:
- De rach, tham nc, tham kh, tnh de xe rach cang cao khi ham am
cang cao.
- o am cho phep am bao tnh ben cua giay la 6-7%.
- Quy cach c quy nh bi trong lng tren mot n v dien tch giay:
g/m2.
e tang o ben c cho giay, ngi ta thng ghep nhieu lp giay lai vi
nhau. Cac loai giay co chat lng khac nhau la do s ket hp vi nhng loai
nguyen lieu khac nhau. Giay la vat lieu bao b lau i khong gay hai moi
trng, a c x l e co the tang cng tnh khang hi am, chong oxy hoa,

99

khang vi khuan, chong dnh, kho chay, chong tham nc, be mat co o trt
cao, o bong cao, chong tham chat beo. Giay hien nay co the co hang loat cac
tnh chat quang hoc va o xop mong muon, va bang cach s dung cac lp
trang kep tren mot mat; co the tai tao hnh anh chnh xac khi in ong ong.
Ngoai ra, o ben c hoc a khien cho giay co kha nang chay tren may cang
dan theo chieu doc cua giay ma khong b t hay xe rach.
Giay co the lam t nguyen lieu rm ra, go vun, vo cay, bot go, giay thai,
go than mem, go than cng.
Cau tao cua nguyen lieu go:
Chat lng thanh pham c quyet nh bi nguyen lieu cellulose ban
au hn la cac hoa chat phu gia, o chnh la chieu dai cua cellulose. S khac
nhau gia go ty trong cao va ty trong thap anh hng ln en cau tao cua
giay.
Thanh phan chnh cua cac te bao go
Cellulose: Cellulose la mot polyme gom 8000-10000 goc glucose. Tnh
chat cua si cellulose phu thuoc o dai mach polyme, mc o thang, s sap xep
song song bi cac mach polyme. No khong b hoa tan bi kiem, clorin, do o
giay tay trang ch co the loai c lng lignin ma khong ton that cellulose,
nhng gay giam ac tnh ben chac cua si cellulose.
Hemicellulose: phan t lng thap gom 100-200 goc monomer cua xylose,
mannose arabinose, galactose va axit uronic. Hemicellulose tan trong dung dch
kiem, co kha nang b thuy phan va co the lien ket vi cac hoa chat phu gia.
Lignin: la polyme nhiet deo, co nhanh, nhan thm alkyl, co kch thc
cung nh khoi lng phan t khong on nh, gom cac monomer la phenyl
propane tan trong kiem va dung dch nc clor cho dan xuat mau nau en va
tr nen mem deo 160oC pH 4.
Go than mem: loai go nay gom 40-50% cellulose, 15-25%
hemicellulose, 26-30% lignin. Than go mem co si cellulose dai gap 2,5 lan
so vi than go cng. Than go cng dung e san xuat van, tam phang mn hn
nhng kem ben c hoc hn so vi go mem. Nh vay phai cat go sao cho
khong pha v si cellulose e lam giay c tot, ben canh o lignin phai c
loai bo i e co the thu c si cellulose va giup chung sap xep song
songkhi lam giay. Si cellulose co the b gay nat tuy cac cong oan che bien giay.
Trong qua trnh che tao giay, cac si cellulose c sap xep lai v tr
bang ap suat rat ln ep len be mat e tao dang tam, co the dung phu gia nh
casein va protein au nanh hoac tinh bot e tao lp ao ben ngoai tam giay.

100

- Chat mau vo c thng chiem 70-90% chat kho cua lp ao giay e tao
be mat khac biet cho giay ben trong, giup lp ao nang cao tnh phang, de in
an, chat lng in cao, tao nhng tnh chat ac biet theo yeu cau, cac chat
trang e ao giay c dung nh kaolin, CaCO3, c dung ket hp vi cac
khoang chat khac e tao nen o bong be mat giay.
Nh tien bo ky thuat ma vat lieu giay c x ly e tang cng tnh
khang hi am, kho chay, ngan c nc, o trt cao, o bong cao va co cac
lp trang chong tham dau. Giay hien nay co the co hang loat cac tnh chat
quang hoc va o xop mong muon va bang cach s dung cac lp trang thch
hp, co kha nang in an cao (nh giay cua cac tap ch at tien), ngoai ra o
ben c hoc cao va kha nang chu lc keo (theo chieu doc) khi chay tren may
khien giay khong b t hoac rach.
Bang 5.1: Phan loai nguon nguyen lieu lam giay
(theo s phan loai cua Cong hoa Lien bang c)
Loai

Nguon nguyen lieu

Cellulose t si cotton phe thai

II

Cotton phe thai cong vi 50% cellulose t go hoac rm ra

III

Cellulose t rm ra, ba ma (khong co cellulose t go)

IV

Cellulose t go 50%

Cellulose t go > 50%

Loai

Nguon nguyen lieu trang be mat giay e chong tham

Cac loai vat lieu khac nhau c dung e nang cao chat lng giay cung
c e cap di ay

Dau hoa c san xuat t dau mo tho hoac t than nau. Dau nay co o tham
cao va iem nong chay nam gia 52-56oC. No c tham vao giay bang cach
ngam giay vao dau dang long, hoac phun no len be mat giay. (H.5.3)

Sap hay parafin ran la nguyen lieu co nguon goc t cong nghe tinh loc
dau hoa c un en iem nong chay tren 80oC va tham thau vao giay
hoac phun len giay (H.5.3).
Mang polyethylen hay polypropylen phu len be mat giay hoac tham thau
dang nha long. Loai giay c nang cao tnh chong tham bang nha
thng c dung trong san xuat giay ba gn song va giay ba cng e
lam nhng bao b van chuyen.

Nhng vat lieu plastic khac nh la polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetat,

polyvynyl acrylate, cellulose, ete, latex, thng c dung e lam cac
bao b ep mat. Nhng vat lieu nay thng c phu len mat giay va
c ep nhiet (H.5.4). Giay c x ly nh vay goi la giay trang be mat,
co tnh khong tham nc hay am.

La nhom cung thng c dung cung vi giay. V du nh giay cai tien c

101
lam thanh ba lp: lp th nhat thng la giay; lp gia la AI va lp th ba la
lp polyethylene. Cuoi cung san pham la mot vat lieu ben chac co the chong
tham hi nc va hi gas va rat thch hp cho bao b thc pham.

Loai nguyen lieu V la loai chat lng cao v lng si cellulose t go co

ac tnh ben c cao, va thng s dung si cellulose mi t go thng t go
than mem. Si cellulose t vai si phe thai hay t giay phe thai, c x ly,
tai sinh nhieu lan se b ngan mach, o ben c kem.
5.2.2 Cac loai giay bao goi: thanh phan va tnh chat ng dung
Giay dung e bao goi c chia thanh cac nhom theo thanh phan phoi lieu:
Giay lam bao b thc pham thng la dang bao b h v giay co tnh tham
kh hi rat cao. Ch trng hp giay c trang phu cac mang plastic hoac mang
plastic vi Al la chong tham kh hi rat cao mat trong lan mat ngoai nham
ngan can hoan toan tac ong cua moi trng ngoai len thc pham c cha
ng va tac ong gay h hong bao b. Do o lng giay s dung trong nganh
thc pham rat ln, trong o loai giay b cng, giay kraft lam carton gn song
chiem lng cao nhat, con lng giay goi thc pham ch lng thap oi vi
cac quoc gia phat trien cung nh ang phat trien. Ch rieng Nhat Ban s dung
mot lng ln giay thng la giay t nguyen lieu rm ra, ay, coi va e goi
banh truyen thong t ngu coc, va e trang tr; ho a dung giay phan bo nh
sau:
- Giay ba cng lam hop (bao b ngoai) e ng banh
- Tui, gio xach qua bang giay ba cng. Tat ca eu c in an
trang tr ep.
Giay c s dung nhieu nh the nhng se c tai sinh de dang khong
gay o nhiem moi trng, va tan dung nguon cellulose cua at nc (ay,
coi, rm ra, bot go, go vun t nganh xay dng dan dung), giam i mot lng
kha ln plastic lam cac loai bao b trong cung nh bao b ngoai cho loai banh
bao quan ngan ngay.
Di ay la ky hieu loai nguyen lieu giay e bao goi:
AP1

100% hon hp cac loai giay phe lieu

AP2

30% cua AP1 + ; 70% giay phe lieu chat lng cao hn

AP3

25% si cellulose loai 2 va 75% giay phe lieu chat lng cao,
hoac 100% giay phe lieu chat lng cao

AP4

30% si cellulose thuan khiet va 70% giay vun chat lng cao
hn hoac 100% giay phe lieu chat lng cao nhat

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ZP1

100% si cellulose t mat go (va co the en 30% giay phe lieu)

ZP2

100% si cellulose loai 2 tay bang sulphite (va co the phoi en

30% giay phe lieu chat lng cao hn)

ZP3

100% cellulose loai 2 tay bang sulphite co the phoi en 30% go

hoac 30% giay phe lieu chat lng cao hn)

ZP4

65% cellulose thuan khiet a dc tay trang bang sulphite va

c phoi tron vi 35% go

ZP5

100% si cellulose thuan khiet

NaP1: 100% si cellulose thuan khiet a sulphite hoa

NaP2: 50% lng NaP1 phoi tron vi 50% giay kraft phe lieu
Ghi chu:
- Giay phe thai chat lng cao: giay van phong, giay tap hoc sinh a s
dung.
- Si cellulose loai 2: cellulose t go vun hoac cellulose con lan ham
lng kha ln cua hemicellulose hoac lignin.
- Giay phe lieu chat lng cao nhat: giay phe thai t quy trnh san xuat
giay chat lng cao, cat ra, cat theo kch thc... cha in an hay nhiem
ban.
- Si cellulose thuan khiet la cellulose khong lan hemicellulose hay lignin.
Giay c cuon i qua be sap hoac parafin ran a c nau chay. Giay
sau khi c tham sap hoac parafin c cho qua be nc lam nguoi va c
say kho, cuon lai.

Hnh 5.3: Cong nghe trang sap len giay

Hat plastic c gia nhiet chay long va c qua may un thoi thanh
mang va ghep len be mat giay.
Giay kraft lam bao b: la loai giay co mau hi nau, lam t si cellulose c

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x ly vi muoi natrium sulfat (sulfat hoa) va khong tay trang bang phng phap
sulphite. Giay kraft dung e lam cac loai bao to e ng ngu coc hay
ximang... thng nang t 70-75g/m2; Giay kraft mong nhat la 6-7g/m2; giay
kraft e che tao ba gn song lam thung cha, bao b n v gi i, co khoi lng
85180g/m2. Giay kraft co the tay c, nhng khi b tay o dai cua no se
giam i. Hn 60% san lng giay kraft dung e lam giay ba cng, giay ba
gn song (hoac carton gn song).

Hnh 5.4: Cong nghe phu (trang) plastic len be mat giay
5.3 GIAY BA GN SONG - CAU TAO BAO B VAN CHUYEN
Vi tien bo ky thuat hien nay, bao b carton gn song co the co hau het
cac tnh chat c hoc can thiet nh: chu s e nen, va cham, ap lc trong cac
ieu kien moi trng co o am cao, do tao nen cac lp song, tang cng so
cac lp giay ba thanh 3,5 hoac 7 lp. Ngoai ra co the tang cng o ben c
hoc cua cac thung cha bang cach gia cng cac goc, cac be mat at o ma
sat thch hp, e khong trt len nhau giup on nh thung tren pallet. e tang
cng tnh cach nhiet cho thung co the a polyurethan xop vao cac ranh
song. e bao ve an toan cho cac kho hang, cung co the x ly thch hp e ha
thap tnh boc chay cua thung xuong 60%.
Hien nay bao b carton dn song ng au trong cac loai bao b khong
gay hai moi trng, vi ty le 75% so lng nguyen lieu che tao la loai giay
kraft tai sinh (co the at en 100% nhng ch nham muc ch thu nhat lai). Ty
le nay c chap nhan bi qui nh cua EEC. V vay mot bao b rieng le c
san xuat se cha 75% si giay tai sinh va 25% si giay nguyen chat. Khi tnh
en chat lng thu c th ta thay ay la mot tien bo ky thuat ln ong thi
hieu qua kinh te ln.
5.3.1 Cau tao cua ba giay gn song - Bao b van chuyen

104

Giay ba gn song thc hien chc nang ac biet quan trong o la vat lieu
tao nen bao b ngoai hnh khoi ch nhat e cha ng mot lng ln n v
ban le, giup thuan tien trong phan phoi van chuyen, lu kho va kiem tra quan
ly. Qua trnh cai tien cac nguyen lieu tao nen, giay ba gn song la mot trong
nhng bc tien ln nhat cua the ky 20 (giay ba gn song c phat minh
trong the ky 19 va c s dung pho bien, che tao bang c gii vao au the ky 20).
No c san xuat tren may co toc o 50200m/phut, kho rong hn 2m va co the
c ghep 3, 5 hoac 7 lp. Nhng ac tnh ve cng lc cua no tuy thuoc vao
loai giay c dung, bien o gn song va chat lng cua keo. Cac dn song
co hnh vong cung nham muc ch tang kha nang chu lc len cao nhat (nh
cac gian vom, khung hnh vong cung trong ky thuat xay dng dan dung
cung nh cau ng). Hnh 5.5 mo ta quy cach cua cac loai gn song lam tang
cng o chu ap lc va tai trong oi vi giay ba gn song lam bao b van
chuyen hang hoa (thung cha).

Hnh 5.5: Cac loai gn song A, B, C, D

Hnh 5.6: Cac loai giay ba gn song 5 lp, 7 lp

ket hp cac loai song khac nhau
Cac loai giay gn song - tnh chat

105

Tuy thuoc vao loai hang va cach thc xep hang ma co nhng yeu cau
cng lc khac nhau. Hnh 5.7 mo ta s va cham va phng chu lc cua ba
gn song.

Hnh 5.7: Loai lc tac ong va phng chu lc cua giay ba gn song
a) Phng chu ap lc va cham cua giay gn song
b) Phng chu tai trong cua giay gn song.
Loai gn song A, co bc song dai va chieu cao song cao co ac tnh chu
lc va cham tot nhat. Giay ba gn song loai A se c dung e ong goi cac
loai hang hoa co the b anh hng bi va cham c hoc.
Loai gn song B, co bc song ngan va chieu cao song thap cung co kha
nang chu c va cham c hoc nhng ac biet co kha nang chu tai trong
nang so vi loai gn song A, do o giay ba gn song kieu B chu yeu c
dung e ong goi cac hang hoa co tai trong cao nh o hop.
Loai gn song C, ket hp nhng ac tnh cua loai A va loai B nen co tnh
nang chu c tai trong va va cham.
Loai gn song D, co bc song ngan chieu cao song rat thap nen kha nang chu
tai trong cung nh va cham eu rat kem v the ch c dung lam bao b thng mai
bao goi cac loai hang hoa co trong lng nho va t chu tac ong c hoc.
Da vao nhng ac tnh cua loai gn song e xac nh phng cach tao
thung cha hnh khoi ch nhat bang giay ba gn song, co kha nang chu lc

106

tac ong va chu tai trong tot nhat.

Cau truc trien khai cua bao b ngoai bang ba gn song nh hnh 5.8a, khi
lap thanh thung cha phai co cau tao gn song nh hnh 5.8b: be mat xung
quanh co ng noi nh cua gn song thang ng vi mat ay, mat ay va
nap co phng cua ng noi nh song song song nhau va song song vi mot
mat phang ay.

Hnh 5.8: Phng phap tao hnh cua bao b giay gn song
a) Hnh trien khai cua thung giay ba gn song (thung carton)
b) Cau truc hop c ban (phng cua gn song bieu th bang mui ten)
5.3.2 Cach sap xep hop lon thc pham vao bao b ngoai

107

Khi thiet ke thung carton, phai quan tam en kha nang s dung, s tiet
kiem vat lieu ba gn song va kha nang cha nhieu nhat cua thung, ac biet
chu y khi bao goi ngoai cac san pham ban le dang chai thuy tinh than truc,
hoac lon kim loai. Trng hp cua nhng n v ban le c bao goi dang
khoi ch nhat th bao b ngoai cung co dang khoi ch nhat se c xac nh
kch thc mot cach de dang.
Nhng hop kim loai dang tru tron va chai lo co the xep theo cach xep
vuong hoac xep cheo nh hnh 5.9a,b.
Cach xep vuong goc: Tam cac hnh tron ay lon nam nh cua hnh
vuong canh bang ng knh lon (d).
Cach xep cheo: Tam cac hnh tron ay lon la nh cua tam giac eu co
canh bang ng knh lon.

Hnh 5.9: Cac cach xep hop tron vao thung ba gn song
Cach sap xep thch hp nhat (vuong goc hay cheo) co the c tnh
toan tng ng vi kch thc hop, cac thong so sap xep lon nh sau:
l

- chieu dai ay thung carton

b - chieu rong ay thung; d - ng knh hop

h - chieu cao hop (neu hop c xep trong ch mot tang, h cung la chieu
cao cua thung carton)
m - so lon xep theo chieu rong
n - so lon xep theo chieu dai hop
N - tong so hop xep trong mot tang = m n
P - dien tch toan bo be mat giay ba carton
V - the tch cua thung cha
Kch thc thung, so lon sap xep, ng knh cua lon co quan he nh sau:

108

- Theo cach xep vuong:

l = nd;

b = md

- Theo cach xep cheo

l = nd;

b = [1 +

3
( m 1)]d
2

T o co he so f bieu dien moi quan he gia cac thong so theo cac

phng phap xep vuong hoac cheo:
f =

Nd2
lb

Vi kieu xep thung vuong goc th f = 1, kieu xep cheo f 1,155.

u iem cua viec xep hop theo cach cheo c nhan thay trong trng
hp
(i)

n>4

(ii)

m = 2 va n > 8
4 < m < 14 va n > 5
m > 16 va n > 4

Khi gap hop carton, ta can phai

chu y sao cho nap phai c xep song
song vi chieu dai cua thung carton.
Ben canh o, viec san xuat thung ba
gn song lam bao b n v gi i rat
Hnh 5.10
quan tam en tnh kinh te la tiet kiem
c giay, co ngha la at c yeu
cau thung cha li ve the tch cha va giam ton hao ba giay nguyen lieu.
Hnh 5.10 la cac kch thc chieu dai, chieu rong, chieu cao cua mot
thung carton.
Ty le l: b: h = 2: 1: 2, la ty le gia chieu dai, rong va cao ap ng c
yeu cau the tch thung (ln nhat) tot nhat vi dien tch be mat hop toi thieu.
Neu ty le nay thay oi thanh 2: 2: 1, se phai s dung them 33% nguyen lieu.
Con neu ty le la 1: 1: 1 th phai s dung them 12% nguyen lieu so vi nguyen
lieu dung cho trng hp ty le 2: 1: 2. Thc te e ha trong tam thung, bao
am an toan thng khong theo ty le 2: 1: 2.
5.4 QUY CACH CUA BAO B VAN CHUYEN

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5.4.1 Quy nh ve kch thc thung khoi ch nhat va khoi lng hang c
cha ung
Bang 5.2: Kch thc ben trong cua thung carton va khoi lng toi a cho phep
ong trong mot thung
Kch thc (mm)

Ky hieu
thung

Dai

Rong

cao

Khoi lng toi a c phep ong

trong thung (kg)

512

307

198

30

10

458

305

253

30

12

512

409

150

26

13A

412

309

210

25

13B

508

410

133

21

14

391

234

285

19

Thong thng, ngi ta dung thung carton e ong bao b van chuyen
hang hoa.
Cac thung hang hoa c xep thanh kien hay khoi ch nhat tren cac
pallet go e tranh khong e trc tiep tren nen kho.

Hnh 5.11: Mot trong cac cach sap xep thung hang hoa (cac n v gi i) tren
mot pallet e lu kho
5.4.2 Ghi nhan bao b ngoai
Bao b giay ba gn song (bao b giay carton) cung c ghi nhan nhng
yeu cau n gian so vi trng hp ghi nhan cho hang hoa n v ban le,

110

thong thng co the ghi:

- Thng hieu.
- Ten san pham (co the ghi mot so chi tiet ve ac tnh vat pham).
- a ch nha san xuat, ni ong bao b - quoc gia san xuat.
- Han s dung.
- So lng hay trong lng.
- Ma so ma vach.
- Cac ky hieu, dau hieu phan hang thc pham (neu co) nh dau hieu
hang Viet Nam chat lng cao.
5.4.3 Ky hieu bang hnh ve cho bao b van chuyen hang hoa (bao b n v gi
i) c quy nh theo TCVN6405: 1998 va ISO780: 1997
e co c bao b tien li trong van chuyen va am bao chat lng hang
hoa ben trong ta can quan tam en qui nh chung nh mot ngon ng rieng
danh cho lnh vc nay.
Tieu chuan TCVN6405: 1998 va ISO780: 1997qui nh cac ky hieu quy
c ghi tren bao b van chuyen e hng dan viec boc xep va bao quan hang
hoa trong qua trnh van chuyen.
1- Quy cach ky hieu - y ngha
Cac ky hieu c in trc tiep tren bao b n v gi i khong bat buoc
ong khung am cho cac ky hieu.
a) Mau sac cua ky hieu
Mau sac dung cho ky hieu phai la mau en. Neu mau cua bao b lam cho
mau en cua ky hieu khong ro th nen chon mau sac tng phan, thch hp
lam nen, tot nhat la mau cua giay traft che tao thung. Phai tranh cac mau co
the nham lan vi nhan hang hoa thuoc loai nguy hiem. Tranh dung mau o,
da cam hoac vang, tr khi co cac yeu cau ac biet.
b) Kch thc cua ky hieu
Cac chieu cao thong thng cua ky hieu la 100mm, 150mm hoac 200mm.
Tuy nhien, tuy theo kch thc va hnh dang cua bao b co the s dung
cac ky hieu ln hn hoac nho hn.
c) So, v tr va hng cua ky hieu

111

So cua ky hieu s dung cho moi loai bao b phu thuoc vao kch thc
hnh dang va hang hoa cha ng ben trong.
oi vi cac ky hieu so 1,3,7,11, va 16 (xem bang 5.3) phai theo cac
nguyen tac sau:
Ky hieu so 1- "De v", phai e goc ben trai cua tat ca bon mat xung
quanh bao b (xem v du trong so 1 bang 5.3).
Ky hieu so 3- "Hng len tren", cung e v tr giong nh ky hieu 1
Ky hieu so 7- "Trong tam", khi co the, ky hieu nay can phai e tat ca 6
mat hoac t nhat phai e tren 4 mat lien quan en v tr thc cua trong tam
Ky hieu so 11- "V tr kep"
- Ch nhng bao b co cac ky hieu nay mi c van chuyen bang kep.
- Ky hieu phai e hai mat oi dien cua bao b trong tam nhn cua ngi
van hanh thiet b khi boc xep hang hoa.
- Ky hieu khong c at mat bao b se kep.
Ky hieu 16- "Quang day, ay phai at t nhat hai mat oi dien cua
bao b.
- Khi bao b van chuyen c xep thanh ong, ky hieu c e sau cho
co the nhn thay c.
- Can phai ac biet chu y dung chnh xac ky hieu tranh viec ap dung sai.
Ky hieu so 7 va so 16 phai c e theo ung hng va v tr tng ng
cua no.
- Trong ky hieu 14 "Gii han so lng xep chong len", n la so lng toi
a bao b c xep chong len nhau.
2- Hnh anh ky hieu cu the
Hng dan phai c ghi ro tren bao b van chuyen bang cach s dung
cac ky hieu tng ng a ra trong bang 5.3.
Bang 5.3: Y ngha, hng dan va lu y khi s dung
cac ky hieu cho bao b ngoai
So
ky
hieu

Hng
dan

Ky hieu

Y ngha

Tham khao/lu y - v du

112
So
ky
hieu

Hng
dan

Ky hieu

Y ngha

De v

Cac vat ng trong

bao b van chuyen de
v phai boc xep can
than

Khong
dung
moc tay

Khong dung moc e

boc xep va van
chuyen hang hoa

Hng
len tren

Ch ra hng ung cua

bao b van chuyen

Tranh
anh nang
mat tri

Bao b van chuyen

khong c e di
anh nang mat tri

Tranh
nguon
phong xa

Vat ng trong bao b

co the b h hong hoac
khong the dung c
do b nhiem phong xa

Tranh
ma

Bao b van chuyen

khong c e di
ma

Trong
tam

Ch ra trong tam cua

bao b van chuyen
c boc xep nh mot
n v le

Khong
c lan

Bao b van chuyen

khong c lan

Khong
dung xe
keo tay
at ay

Khong dung xe keo

tay at vao mat nay
khi boc xep bao b van
chuyen

10

Khong
dung xe
nang

Khong
c
van
chuyen bao b bang xe
nang

Tham khao/lu y - v du

113
So
ky
hieu

Hng
dan

11

V tr kep

Kep vao cac mat c

anh dau e boc xep
bao b van chuyen

12

Dau hieu
khong
c kep

Bao b van chuyen boc

xep bang kep tren mat
co dau hieu khong
c kep

13

Gii han
khoi
lng
c
phep
chong
len

Ch ra khoi lng toi

a c phep xep
chong len bao b van
chuyen

14

So lng
toi
a
c xep
chong
len

Ch ra so lng toi a
bao b van chuyen
c phep xep chong
len nhau "n" la so
lng bao b gii han

15

Khong
c xep
chong
len

Khong c phep xep

chong va chat tai len
bao b van chuyen

16

Quang
day

ay

Day quang phai at

vao v tr co ky hieu
e cau bao b van
chuyen

17

Gii han
nhiet o

Ch ra gii han nhiet

o e bao quan va boc
xep bao b van chuyen

Ky hieu

Y ngha

Tham khao/lu y - v du

Cau hoi
1 Phat bieu nao di ay sai:
a) Thung giay carton nhe, dai, chong va ap tot.
b) Giay carton co trang phu lp plastic co tnh cach am va ngan can kh
kem.

114

c) Cac loai carton gn song chu c va ap va chu nen va co nhieu cong

dung.
d) Khi mua giay e che tao ba giay carton ta can quan tam en o day, o
cng cua giay.
2 Bao b n v gi i cha so lng 24 hop, SP cha trong moi hop:
10SP/hop; khoi lng 100g/SP. So lng c ghi tren bao b n v gi
i nh sau:
a) 100g 10 24

b) 100g 240 goi

c) 24 10SP 100g/SP

d) 10 hop 100g 24.

3 e de dang phan phoi van chuyen bao b thng co dang:

a) Khoi ch nhat va khoi vuong.
b) Khoi tru va khoi vuong.
c) Dang goi.
d) Khoi ch nhat.
4 e tao nen loai giay ba gn song co tnh chu tai trong cao nhat ngi ta
thng ghep gia cac loai giay gn song sau:
a) A ghep vi B

b) B ghep vi B

c) B ghep vi C

d) A ghep vi E.

5 Cach xep cheo cac hop tru tron vao hop carton la cach xep sao cho:
a) Tam cac ay tron, nam tren nh cua mot tam giac.
b) ng noi tam cua cac ay tron cua hop hnh tru chnh la cac canh cua
mot tam giac eu.
c) Dien tch be mat b bo trong nhieu hn so vi phng phap xep vuong.
d) Cac phat bieu tren eu khong ung.
Tai Lieu Tham Khao
1.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization Food industry

studies No.5, Packaging and Packaging materials, New York, 1969.

2.

Hanlon J. F., Paper and paper board, Handbook of Package

Engineering, 2nd Edition, McGraw, Hill Inc, New York, 1984.

3.

Schenk,R.U.,Bjorksten and L. yeager. Composition and consequences of

aluminium in water,beverages and other ingestibles. In Environmental
Chemistry and toxicology of Aluminium , T.E. Lewis(Ed.), Lewis

115

publisher,Inc.,Chelsea Michigan,1989,chap.14. 33.

4.

Wade, P.Biscuit, cookies and crackers, vol.1, The Principles of the craft,
Elservier Applied science Publishers Ltd.,Essex, England 1988, chap.4.

Chng

BAO B THUY TINH

6.1 AC TNH CHUNG CUA THUY TINH
6.1.1 ac tnh chung
Bao b thuy tinh ng thc pham gom nhng chai, lo bang thuy tinh silicat.
Trc ay, thuy tinh la t goi chung cho nhng oxyt vo c dang thuy tinh hay
chnh la dang cau truc vo nh hnh. Vat chat vo c thng ton tai di cac dang:
Dang kh, gom tap hp cac phan t nh O2, N2, CO2, H2, Cl2, F2, SO2...,
hoac kh ion hoa plasma, hoac dang hi nh hi H2O. Dang long nh Br2, Hg...
Cac dang kh, hi hoac long eu mang tnh linh ong va co hnh dang cua
vat cha chung.
- Dang ran tinh the, nh cac dang muoi ket tinh, co cac hat tinh the ri
rac, kch thc tuy vao ieu kien ket tinh.
- Dang ran vo nh hnh, con goi la dang thuy tinh co the gap dang hat,
dang mang, gel, hoac ong ran thanh khoi. Trang thai thuy tinh thng
la trang thai ac trng cua cac hp chat vo c, c xem la trang thai
trung gian cua dang ket tinh va dang long co ac tnh: trong suot, cng
don nhiet o thng.
- Khi c gia nhiet th thuy tinh mem dan va tr nen linh ong, chay
thanh giot hay thanh dong, o nht cang giam thap khi nhiet o cang
tang; va o nht se tang dan en cc ai va mat ca tnh linh ong khi

139

Chng

BAO B KIM LOAI

7.1 S PHAT TRIEN VA TNH CHAT CUA BAO B KIM LOAI
Bao b kim loai c phat trien thanh mot nganh cong nghe vao the ky
19 va phat trien manh nhat vao au the ky 20. Bao b kim loai cha ng bao
quan thc pham trong khoang thi gian rat dai nham phuc vu nhu cau an lien
cho nhng vung xa ni ma khong the cung cap, khong thu hoach c thc
pham ti song hoac ap ng yeu cau cua mot so oi tng do ieu kien song
va ieu kien cong tac khong co thi gian che bien thc pham. Bao b kim loai
cha ng thc pham an lien a ap ng c yeu cau tren, co the bao quan
thc pham trong thi gian dai t 2-3 nam, thuan tien cho viec chuyen ch
phan phoi ni xa v bao b nhe va cng vng. Nganh ky thuat bao b kim loai
ra i va phat trien manh nh vao s phat trien cua nganh luyen kim va c
kh che tao may, a che tao ra vat lieu kim loai tnh nang cao va thiet b ong
bao b e cho ra cac loai bao b thc pham thch hp (H.7.1).
Hien nay tren the gii cong nghe o hop ang mc on nh khong phat
trien manh, v cang ngay ngi ta cang thch an thc pham ti va mi che
bien. o hop thc pham c san xuat nham giai quyet van e thi vu, tranh
ong va nham cung cap thc pham an lien co the c van chuyen i ni
xa, co thi gian bao quan lau dai.
Tnh chat chung cua bao b kim loai:
- Nhe, thuan li cho van chuyen.
- am bao o kn v than nap ay eu co the lam cung mot loai vat lieu
nen bao b khong b lao hoa nhanh theo thi gian.
- Chong anh sang thng cung nh tia cc tm tac ong vao thc pham.
- Bao b kim loai co tnh chu nhiet o cao va kha nang truyen nhiet cao,
do o thc pham cac loai co the c ong hop, thanh trung hoac tiet
trung vi che o thch hp am bao an toan ve sinh.
- Bao b kim loai co be mat trang thiec tao anh sang bong, co the c in
va trang lp vec-ni bao ve lp in khong b tray sc.

140

- Quy trnh sa n xuat ho p va on g ho p thc pham c t o ng ho a

hoan toa n.

Hnh 7.1: Cac loai thc pham ong hop bang kim loai
7.2 PHAN LOAI BAO B KIM LOAI
7.2.1 Phan loai theo vat lieu bao b
- Bao b kim loai thep trang thiec (sat tay, t nay c dung t thi Phap
thuoc): thep trang thiec co thanh phan chnh la sat, va cac phi kim, kim loai khac
nh cacbon ham lng 2,14%; Mn 0,8%; Si 0,4%; P 0,05%; S 0,05%.
Co nhng loai thep co ty le carbon nho 0,15 0,5%. Ham lng carbon ln
th khong am bao tnh deo dai ma co tnh don (ien hnh nh gang). e lam
bao b thc pham, thep can co o deo dai cao e co the dat mong thanh tam co
be day 0,15 0,5mm do o, yeu cau ty le carbon trong thep vao khoang 0,2%.
Thep co mau xam en khong co o bong be mat, co the b an mon trong
moi trng axit, kiem. Khi c trang thiec th thep co be mat sang bong.
Tuy nhien thiec la mot kim loai lng tnh (giong Al) nen de tac dung vi

141

axit, kiem, do o ta can trang lp vec-ni (nha nhiet ran) co tnh tr trong moi
trng axit va kiem.
- Bao b kim loai Al: Al lam bao b co o tinh khiet en 99%, va nhng
thanh phan kim loai khac co lan trong Al nh Si, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Zn, Ti.
7.2.2 Phan loai theo cong nghe che tao lon
Lon hai manh
Lon hai manh gom than dnh lien vi ay, nap ri c ghep m vi than
(nh trng hp ghep m nap lon ba manh). Lon hai manh ch co mot ng
ghep m gia than va nap, vat lieu che tao lon hai manh phai mem deo, o
chnh la nhom (Al) cung co the dung vat lieu thep co o mem deo cao. Hop,
lon hai manh c che tao theo cong nghe keo vuot tao nen than rat mong so
vi be day ay, nen co the de b am thung, hoac de b bien dang do va
cham. Lon hai manh la loai thch hp cha cac loai thc pham co tao ap suat
oi khang ben trong nh la san pham nc giai khat co gas (kh CO2). Bao b
lon hai manh bang Al co the co chieu cao en 110mm, lon hai manh bang vat
lieu thep co chieu cao rat thap v thep khong co tnh mem deo, khong the keo
vuot en chieu cao nh lon Al.
Lon ba manh (lon ghep)
Cong nghe che tao lon ba manh c ap dung cho nguyen lieu thep. Lon
ba manh gom than, ay va nap. Than hop c che tao t mot mieng thep
ch nhat, cuon lai thanh hnh tru va c han m than; nap va ay c che
tao rieng, c ghep m vi than (nap c ghep vi than sau khi rot thc
pham).
Than, ay, nap co o day nh nhau v thep rat cng vng, khong mem
deo nh nhom, khong the nong vuot tao lon co chieu cao nh nhom, ma co the
ch nong vuot c nhng lon co chieu cao nho.

a) S o cong nghe che tao lon ba manh

142

b) S o cong nghe che tao lon hai manh

Hnh 7.2: Phng phap che tao loai lon ba manh va loai hai manh
7.3 CONG NGHE CHE TAO THEP TRANG THIEC
7.3.1 Quy cach vat lieu thep - Quy trnh san xuat thep
Theo ac tnh cua thep cong nghiep (bang 7.1), thep tam dung lam lon
hop bao b thc pham thuoc loai L va MR. Loai MR c s dung pho bien
cho cac loai thc pham: rau, qua, tht, ca. Loai L co tnh chong an mon cao
hn loai MR, v L co cha cac nguyen to Ni, Cr, Mn.
Quy trnh san xuat thep kha phc tap va chi ph cao, t thep tam che tao
lon, lon hop ng thc pham, bao b nay khong the tai s dung; ong thi bao
b thai cung rat ton chi ph va cong sc e tai che, do o cong nghiep o hop
thc pham van con ton tai van e o nhiem moi trng.
Bang 7.1: Thanh phan va tnh chat mot so loai thep
Loai

MR

Thanh phan cac kim loai khac (theo % ln nhat)

C

0,13

0,13

Mn

0,6

0,6

0,015

0,02

0,05

0,05

Si

0,01

0,01

Cu

0,06

0,2

Tnh chat

ng dung

o tinh sach
cao, ham
lng kim
loai tap thap

Dung cho
bao b cha
thc pham
co tnh an
mon cao

o tinh sach
kha cao, Cu,
P tang,
thng dung
che tao thep
tam trang
thiec

Thng
dung lam
bao b ng
rau qua, cac
loai thc
pham co tnh
an mon thap

143

0,13

0,12

0,6

0,6

0,015

0,02

0,05

0,05

0,01

0,02

0,2

0,2

o tinh sach
cao song
thanh phan
nit tang nen
o cng tang

Lam cac
thung cha
co the tch
ln can o
cng vng
cao, san
xuat nap cac
bnh phun
tia.

C giam, P va
Cu tang nen
co o ben
c, o deo
cao

Dung e keo
si, e che
tao lon hai
manh

144

Hnh 7.3: Quy trnh cong nghe san xuat thep tam trang thiec
lam nguyen lieu bao b thc pham
Thep c che tao thong qua quy trnh cong nghe sau: t quang sat cha
cac loai oxyt sat va quang than a a c x ly loai tap chat, c nhap lieu
vao lo luyen thep, O2 c cung cap vao lo nau trong qua trnh luyen thep.
Sau khi ket thuc qua trnh luyen thep, thep long c thao lieu khoi lo va rot
khuon tao phoi thep, phoi c gia nhiet lai e can thanh tam, qua nhieu giai
oan. Sau o thep tam c lam lanh va toi be mat e at o cng yeu cau.
7.3.2 Tieu chuan cua thep nen
1- o day thep tam c san xuat theo cac o day nh sau (mm):
0,18

0,20

0,22

0,24

0,26

0,28

0,30

0,32

0,34

0,36

0,38

0,40

0,45

0,49

Tieu chuan o cng cua thep tam trang thiec.

Thep tam c chia thanh nhieu nhom vi chat lng khac nhau the hien
qua o cng cua thep ROCKWELL, o theo thang n v THR 30T
Bang 7.2: o cng tieu chuan cua san pham thep
can nguoi mot lan
Ky hieu o cng

o cng ROCKWELL thang THR30T

T-1

49 3

T-2

53 3

T-25

55 3

T-3

57 3

T-5

61 3

T-5

65 3

T-6

70 3

Bang 7.3: o cng tieu chuan va ng lc tng ng

cua thep trang thiec can nguoi hai lan
Ky hieu
o cng

o cng ROCKWELL thang THR30T

Mc chuan chu ng
(N/mm2)

DR-8

73

56

DR-9

76

63

DR-9M

77

67

DR-10

78

70

145

Chu y: Thep co ham lng C cang thap th cang tot

7.3.3 Tieu chuan trang thiec
Tuy theo yeu cau s dung ma thep c trang thiec vi lng thiec trang
khac nhau. Thep trang thiec co the che tao theo phng phap ma ien hoac
phng phap nhung thep tam vao thiec nong chay, nhng hien nay thng ch
san xuat thep trang thiec theo phng phap ma ien.
Lng thiec trang danh ngha, lng trang trung bnh va lng trang thap
nhat cho phep cua thep trang thiec c ghi bang 7.4. Tuy nhien van co
trng hp thep c phu lp thiec co o day cao hn trong bang neu c
yeu cau trong thc te.
Bang 7.4: o trang thiec danh ngha, o trang thiec bnh quan
va o trang t nhat cho phep cua thep trang thiec
bang phng phap ma ien
Phan loai lng thiec
trang tren hai be mat
thep tam

Giong nhau

Khac nhau

Trong lng
qui nh

Trong lng
thong thng

Trong lng toi

thieu

(g/m2)

(g/m2) at c

2,8/2,8

2,8/2,8

4,9

5,6/5,6

5,6/5,6

10,5

8,4/8,4

8,4/8,4

15,7

11,2/11,2

11,2/11,2

20,2

5,6/2,8

5,6/2,8

5,05/2,25

8,4/2,8

8,4/2,8

7,85/2,25

8,4/5,6

8,4/5,6

7,85/5,05

11,2/2,8

11,2/2,8

10,1/2,25

11,2/5,6

11,2/5,6

10,1/5,05

11,2/8,4

11,2/8,4

10,1/7,85

Loai thep dung che tao lon cha ng thc pham co o trang thiec t
5,6g 11,2g/m2, co the en 15,1 g/m2.
Thiec dung e ma ien len be mat thep tam co o tinh khiet 99,75%. Theo
tieu chuan cua EU RONORM, tam thep trang thiec co kch thc 1000850mm.
Lng thiec trang tren be mat thap cung anh hng en chi ph, nh qua s cai
thien phng phap trang thiec, lng thiec trang hien nay a giam i rat nhieu,
ch can 4-5kg thiec cho 1 tan thep tam ma thiec trong khi phng phap nhung
nhiet tieu ton 13 14 kg/tan thep tam. Theo cac he tieu chuan khac nhau th
lng thiec phu va chat lng cua lp thiec cung khac nhau.
Dau hieu ch nh o trang thiec cua hai mat khac nhau: Viec anh dau

146

c thc hien tren be mat co o trang thiec cao hay thap cua thep trang
thiec khac nhau, be mat can anh dau, phng phap anh dau phai co s thoa
thuan gia ngi mua va ngi san xuat va cung phai ghi ro trong hp ong.
He thong anh dau thong thng c cho bang 7.5.
Bang 7.5: Dau hieu qui nh o trang thiec tren be mat thep tam
Dau hieu

Phng phap anh dau

V du ch nh

c anh dau mot ng lien tuc khoang

hn 2mm be rong, be mat trang thiec thap,
gan mot canh ben

5,6/2,8D

Dau hieu c ghi tren be mat co o trang

thiec thap, c ve vi mot dau hieu hnh hoc
vi net ve rong 1mm

5,6/11,2A

Dau hieu c ghi tren be mat co o trang

thiec cao, c ve bi ng // lien tuc
khoang 1mm be rong.

5,6A/11,2

Be mat hoan thanh cua thep trang thiec bang phng phap ma ien se
c phan loai theo o bong be mat, c cho bang 7.6
Bang 7.6: Phan loai be mat thep sau ma thiec
Mat hang

San pham can

nguoi mot lan
San pham can
nguoi hai lan

K
hieu

Phan
loai

Sang

Be mat thiec sang co van nh be mat a mai

Bac

Be mat lp thiec bong, co mau bac uc

Xn

Lp thiec khong sang bac ma tr nen uc xam

Be mat sang bac co van

ac trng
Be mat thiec sang bong, trn nhan, phan chieu kha tot.

Thep sau khi ma ien se c x ly hoa hoc hay ien hoa e tao s bam
dnh chat che cua lp thiec.
- Lp thiec phu be mat thep tao ve my quan cho san pham: ben ngoai va
ben trong hop eu co mau sang bac va nhan thay ro thc pham trong hop khi
va mi khui nap hop.
7.3.4 Cau tao cua thep tam trang thiec
e tranh an mon lp thiec bi moi trng thc pham cung nh khong
kh, H2O, hi nc tac ong len be mat ngoai bao b, th lp thiec c phu

147

lp vec-ni bao ve. Neu khong co lp vecni th:

- Moi trng axit, muoi cua thc pham se an mon thiec va sinh ra kh H2,
ngoai ra con tiep tuc an mon lp thep nen.
- Khong kh am va H2O t moi trng ngoai hoac hi H2O va H2O cua
qua trnh tiet trung co the gay h hong lp mat ngoai bao b
- S tray sc be mat do s co sat tiep xuc cua bao b vi nhng kim loai
khac.
Do o a so bao b thc pham bang thep trang thiec can thiet c trang
lp vec-ni bang nha nhiet ran mat trong, va be mat ngoai c sn va co
the trang lp vec-ni trong suot e bao ve lp sn khong b bong troc, va bao
ve ca lp thiec trang thep.
- Dau phu be mat thep trang thiec:
Thep tam trang thiec sau khi x ly hoa hoc hoac ien hoa c phu dau
ca hai be mat. Lp dau DOS (Di-octylsebacate) c phu len be mat thep
trang thiec khoang 2 5mg/m2 nham muc ch boi trn be mat thep e thep
tam co the trt len nhau de dang ma khong gay s tray sc lp thiec trang,
trong qua trnh van chuyen, nhap lieu, tao hnh lon.
Lp sat nen
Lp thep nen hay nguyen lieu thep tam day 0,20,36mm. Thanh phan
hoa hoc cua lp thep nen va ac tnh be mat anh hng en c tnh va tnh
chong an mon cua bao b. Ngoai ra o cng cua thep nen cung anh hng en
viec che tao lon.
Lp hp kim FeSn2 day khoang 0,15 m
Lp sat nen sau khi c trang thiec, th c x ly hoa hoc e hnh
thanh lp hp kim Fe-Sn. Tnh lien tuc cua lp hp kim va o day cua no anh
hng ti tnh chong an mon cua thep nguyen lieu. Neu lp thiec b hoa tan
vao thc pham th lp hp kim se tr thanh lp bao ve th hai.
Lp thiec day khoang 0,35 m
Thi gian bao quan cua lon va o ma thiec ty le vi nhau: lp ma thiec
cang day th tren be mat thiec cang t lo, do o chong an mon cang tot.
Lp oxy hoa (lp oxyt)
Lp day khoang 0,002 m c tao ra trong qua trnh x ly hoa hoc lp

148

thiec ma bang dung dch Na2Cr2O7, co tac dung bao ve lp thiec ben trong.
Lp dau DOS phu len be mat thep tam, sau khi a x ly hoa hoc oxyt
thiec nham e boi trn va che phu tranh tray sc; lp dau day khoang
0,002 m . ay la loai dau khoang co ten dioctyl sebacate hay acetyl tributyl
cetrate.

Hnh 7.4: Cau tao cua thep trang thiec lam nguyen lieu cho cong nghe che tao
bao b thc pham (tiet dien thep tam)

149

7.4 QUY TRNH CONG NGHE CHE TAO LON NG THC PHAM
7.4.1 Quy trnh che tao lon ba manh

Hnh 7.5: Quy trnh cong nghe che tao lon ba manh

150

Hnh 7.6: S o che tao lon va chiet rot thc pham tao san pham

151

Sat nguyen lieu c ra sach lp dau, say kho

In va trang vec-ni
Mot be mat cua thep tam nguyen lieu c in nhan hieu, sau o co the
c phu vec-ni bao ve ca hai be mat hoac ch phu be mat khong in la be mat
trong ng thc pham hoac khong phu vec-ni ca hai mat, tuy theo yeu cau san
pham viec in c thc hien hang loat nham tao nhan hieu cung cap thong tin
cho tng loai san pham, ong thi cung tao lp chong oxy hoa t ben ngoai,
tao net ep cho bao b.
- Trang vec-ni nham chong s oxy hoa, s an mon lp thiec tiep xuc trc
tiep vi thc pham cha trong bao b. Tuy loai san pham cha ng ma
s dung lp vec-ni thch hp nham khong anh hng en thc pham, va
cung khong gay h hong lp vec-ni nay. Lon ng thc pham ta thng
dung vec-ni epoxy phenolic. Trng hp lon ng tht ca th can trang
vec-ni co a vao bot Ti2O hoac Al e hap thu kh H2S thng sinh ra
khi tiet trung tht ca ong hop.
Cat sat
Thep tam nguye n lie u sau khi c in nha n hie u va tra ng vec-ni, c
a qua ma y cat than h man h hnh ch nhat theo kch thc lon ma ta ca n
sa n xuat .
Thep tam nguyen lieu c cat nh sau:
Giai oan 1: Tam sat nguyen lieu c cat thanh nhieu tam nho co be
rong bang chieu cao lon

Giai oan 2: Tam sat a cat lan 1 lai c cat thanh tng mieng nho co
chieu dai chnh la chu vi ay lon.

152

Giai oan 3: Tao m than e ghep m than

Hnh 7.7: Giai oan cat thep tam e tao than lon
Han
Manh thep tao than lon c han ghep m theo chieu cao lon, moi han
cang mn cang tot v ngoai viec tao moi han phang ep con tao cho moi han
than lon c chat kht khong co khe h.
S dung phng phap han ien cao tan, tao dong ien cng o cc cao
khoang 40006000A, han theo nguyen ly c moi ban song th tao mot nhan
giot han.
Khac vi cong nghe han thong thng, phng phap han cao tan tao mot
bc song sau 1/2 chu ky. Han cao tan tao c cang nhieu ban song tren 1/2
chu ky th cang tao nhieu nhan giot han lam tang o mn cua moi han.

Hnh 7.8: Nguyen tac cua phng phap han than lon
Hien nay co nhieu cong nghe han nh:
- Cong nghe han bm: co tan so nho khoang 100Hz, cong nghe nay co
moi han tng oi ln (>1mm).
- Cong nghe wima: co tan so ln hn 100Hz, tao moi han mn hn so vi
han bm (<0,6mm).
- Cong nghe supper wima: co tan so t 400800Hz, co moi han rat mn t
0,40,6mm.

153

Phu vec-ni trong va ngoai moi han

Trong qua trnh han lp thiec ni moi han b chay ra ch con lai lp sat,
do o ta phai trang vec-ni trong va ngoai moi han nham tranh s an mon cua
san pham cha trong no, ong thi chong s oxy hoa t ben ngoai.

Hnh 7.9: Than tru c ghep m than bang phng phap c hoc
va phng phap han ien
Tach lon
Giai oan nay ch tien hanh khi san xuat loai lon co chieu cao nho hn
9cm, v may han ch han c nhng lon co chieu cao ln hn. Do vay oi
vi lon co kch thc nho hn 9cm th thc hien han 2 hoac nhieu lon mot lan
sau o tach lon.
Loe
ay la giai oan vien mieng lon tao g e chuan b cho qua trnh ghep m.
Lam gan
giai oan nay san pham c lam gan nham tao o vng chac cho bao
b san pham, co the giam gia thanh san pham do dung thep mong.
Neu khong tao gan tang cng th thep tam nguyen lieu can co o day la
0,25mm nhng neu co tao gan th nguyen lieu co the o day thap hn. Nhng
tuy theo trong lng thc pham ong hop, the tch hop ma dung nguyen lieu
thep tam co o day thch hp.
Ghep m
Ghep m than ay, than va nap la giai oan quan trong trong qua trnh
san xuat o hop, ay cung co the la mot trong nhng nguyen nhan gay phe
pham o hop.
Lon th c pha m pha i c ghe p m tha t kn e ta o ne n bao b kn.
Ne u ghe p m kho n g to t th ta o phe pha m o ho p , vie c thanh tru n g se
kho n g co y ngha.

154

Hnh 7.10: Cac cong oan cua cong nghe che tao lon ba manh
Trong qua trnh san xuat mc sai so khong the vt qua gii han cho
phep, v se lam anh hng en chat lng san pham. Do o nha may co gang
han che toi a cac s co nay. Thng cac s co o la:
- Moi ghep than b lech do s sai lech o vuong goc cua tam sat nguyen
lieu, thng th mc sai lech cho phep la 2%, s sai loi nay thng dan
en h hong moi ghep m than va nap ay.
- Tray sc lp vec-ni: cac thiet b, may moc ma sat vi tam sat trong
qua trnh cuon than, ghep m do o sau khi ghep m ay va than lon lai
c phu vec-ni nhng v tr moi ghep, nham tang tnh an toan cho
lon, chong s an mon cua thc pham va ca moi trng ngoai.

155

7.4.2 Quy trnh cong nghe che tao nap hoac ay lon ba manh

Hnh 7.11: Quy trnh che tao nap, va ay lon ba manh loai nap thng (khong
gan khoa on bay)

156

7.4.3 Cac loai hop lon thanh pham

Bang 7.7: Cac c lon thep trang thiec ba manh thng c s dung hien nay
ng knh

va chieu cao H

153 x H 178

Pham vi s dung
Rau qua, tht ca

153 x H 114

Ca

99 x H 119

83 x H 113

Thc pham kho: sa bot, ca phe bot,

rau qua

74 x H 113

50/52/50 x H 132

57/65/62 x H 91

52 x H 89

Rau qua, thc pham dang hat kho

Rau qua, tht ca
Nc qua, nc uong cac loai.
------- nt--------Ca, hat giong

Hnh 7.12: Cac hnh dang cua lon ba manh

a) Lon khong co gan
b) Lon co hai ng gan
c) Lon co nhieu ng gan gn song
d) Lon co ay va nap nho hn than
e) Tiet dien ngang cua lon ba manh co chieu cao thap

157

Sat nguyen lieu

Thep tam nguyen lieu a vao che tao nap va ay lon co o day cung
vi thep nguyen lieu che tao than lon.
Trang vec-ni trong va ngoai
Thep tam nguyen lieu c trang vec-ni mot hoac ca hai mat trong va
ngoai tuy theo yeu cau. oi vi trng hp can phu ca hai mat th co the
trang cung loai vec-ni, hoac mat ngoai ta dung vec-ni co o sang hn nham
tao ve my quan cho san pham. Lp vec-ni ben ngoai chong oxy hoa t moi
trng, bao quan be mat ngoai o hop theo thi gian.
Mat trong cua than lon va mat trong cua nap lon c trang cung mot
loai vec-ni.
Say kho
Thep tam nguyen lieu sau khi trang vec-ni c say kho e lam boc hi
hoan toan dung moi tao nen lp nha ran chac trong suot bam dnh vao be
mat thiec.
Cat tao nap, ay
ay la giai oan cat nh hnh. Tai ay tam sat nguyen lieu c cat
thanh nhng mieng hnh tron co kch thc phu hp vi nap va ay a c
thiet ke theo kch c hop.
Dap
Giai oan dap tao gan va moc nap, gan nap e tao tnh gian n cua nap
theo s gian n kh trong hop khi thanh trung, tiet trung san pham.
Vien
Vien nham tao ng cong vien nap giup cho viec tao moc nap trong
qua trnh ghep m c de dang.
Phun keo
e am bao o kn hoan toan cua lon thanh pham sau khi a ghep m ay
cung nh nap, mot lp cao su an hoi c phun vao vien nap e tao vong em
cho ay hoac nap; sau khi ghep m ay va nap tr nen chat kht vao than lon.
Say kho
em cao su vien nap, ay c say kho 60oC nham lam kho lp em
nay. ay la giai oan cuoi cung cua quy trnh lam nap, ay lon.

Hnh 7.13: S o cong nghe che tao nap va ay lon ba manh

158

159

7.4.4 Ghep m than va ay hoac nap

Hnh 7.14: Qua trnh tao moi ghep gia than va ay hoac nap

160

Hnh 7.15: Moi ghep m hoan chnh gia than va nap hoac than va ay

Hnh 7.16: Cac kch thc tieu chuan cua moi ghep: W, T, Z

161

Kiem tra moi ghep m cua bao b thep trang thiec: Kiem tra nhanh bang
phng phap o cac gia tr T, W, Z bang thc kep:
Mot moi ghep ung phai am bao:
T = 1,5 mm
W = 3,2 mm
Z = 3,25 mm
Cac gia tr nay dung e kiem tra mc o ghep ung cua cac hop co
ng knh d = 54 108 mm
7.4.5 Khuyet tat cua moi ghep m than va ay hoac nap
Moi ghep m than va ay nap co the b h hong sai lech do cac nguyen
nhan sau: than, nap, ay c cat vi kch thc khong chnh xac thieu hoac
tha tao nen moc nap hoac moc than sai lech qua ngan hoac qua dai
(H.7.17a,b,c,d).

Hnh 7.17: Cac nguyen nhan gay h hong moi ghep m than nap hoac than ay
(a, b, c, d, e)

Hnh 7.18: Moi ghep m b nt v do nhng nguyen nhan tren

- May ghep m hoat ong khong tot, khong at yeu cau se gay h hong
san pham hang loat. S h hong moi ghep m the hien hnh 7.17e, moc than

162

va moc nap khong moc vao nhau, tao bao b khong kn, tao ieu kien nc
xam nhap trong qua trnh thanh trung va ca s xam nhap cua khong kh, vi
sinh vat - chung phat trien sinh khoi gay h hong thc pham. S h hong nay
cua bao b va thc pham co the c phat hien do s ro r nc thc pham ra
khoi bao b khi co s ao lac lon, hop; hoac trong thi gian bao on, san pham
b len men thoi hay len men tao CO2 va ethanol.
Cac trng hp khuyet tat khac eu do s cat nh hnh khong ung kch
thc
a) Trng hp moc than qua dai (a) hoac moc nap qua ngan (b) tao nen
vung rong pha tren va sau khi ep chat moi ghep se tao g pha tren
(H.7.18a). G nay khong an toan cho ngi tieu dung va g se gay v khien
o hop khong kn, b h hong.
b) Trng hp moc nap qua dai (H.7.17c) hoac moc than qua ngan
(H.7.17d) eu tao vung rong pha di. Khi may ghep m ep chat moi ghep th
se tao g nhon pha di (H.7.18b); g ben co the b nt v (H.7.18c).
Bat ky hnh thc h hong nao cua moi ghep cung gay mat gia tr cam
quan va ca gia tr dinh dng, an toan ve sinh thc pham cua san pham.
- e kiem tra o kn cua lon sau khi ghep m lon c cho vao buong kh
nen cua may o chuyen dung roi bm kh nen vao vi ap suat thch hp po
va duy tr po , neu po giam th chng to lon nay b h phai loai bo.

Hnh 7.19: Phng phap th o kn cua lon

a c ghep m than va ay nap
- Co the kiem tra hoat ong cua may ghep m bang cach th o kn cua
lon rong hay a ong thc pham vao a ghep ay, nap theo phng phap:
ngam lon vao be cha nc nong 90 100C (H.7.19). Neu thay bot kh
thoat ra th lon nay b h moi ghep, can tm nguyen nhan gay h moi ghep t
may ghep hay t kch thc cac bo phan than, ay nap.

163

7.5 VEC-NI BAO VE LP THIEC

Vec-ni bao ve lp thiec, phu ben trong cung nh ben ngoai lon ba manh
hoac hai manh, thuoc loai nha nhiet ran. Sau khi c un nong chay e
phun phu len be mat lon th vec-ni c say kho va tr nen cng, ran chac.
Lp vec-ni trang be mat ben trong lon nham bao ve lon khong b an mon bi
moi trng thc pham cha ng trong lon va lp vec-ni trang mat ngoai lon
nham bao ve lp sn mat ngoai khong b tray sc.
Lp vec-ni trang ben trong lon phai am bao:
- Khong gay mui la cho thc pham, khong gay bien mau thc pham c
cha ng
- Khong bong troc khi b va cham c hoc
- Khong b pha huy bi cac qua trnh un nong, thanh trung
- Co o mem deo cao e trai eu khap be mat c phu. Lieu lng
c trang len thep tam: 3 9g/m2, o day 4 12 m . Sau khi tao hnh
th lon c trang bo sung e khac phuc nhng cho tray sc bien dang
moi ghep than, ay.
- o day cua lp vec-ni phai ong eu, khong e lo thiec qua nhng lo,
nhng vet, se gay an mon thiec va lp thep mot cach de dang.
Nhng loai chat vec-ni dung cho lon thep ng thc pham nh sau (bang
7.8).
Bang 7.8: Tnh chat va cong dung cua mot so vec-ni phu
bao b thep trang thiec
Cong dung (thch
hp vi loai thc
pham c cha
ng)

Loai va cac
thanh phan phu
cua vec-ni

o
bam
dnh

Chong
tac ong
cua S

Oleo resine
(nha tong hp +
dau kho)

Tot

Xau

Thc pham co
ham lng axit
cao

S dung kha pho

bien, gia thanh
thap

Oleo resine
chong tac ong
cua S co them
ZnO

Tot

Tot

Cac loai rau qua,

lam lp bao ve
ngoai cho vec-ni
epoxyt phenolic

khong dung vi
thc pham co
ham lng axit
cao

STT

Ghi chu

164
Kha tot

Rat tot

Tht, ca, sup, rau

qua, nc giai
khat, bia

Gia thanh tng

oi thap, nhng
phai dung mang
co o day tng
oi do tnh deo,
bam dnh khong
cao

Epoxyt phenolic
(phenol resine va
epoxyt resine)

Tot

Xau

Tht ca, rau qua,

bia, nc giai
khat, lam lp phu
ben ngoai cho 1
loai vec-ni khac

c s dung
pho bien

Epoxyt phenolic

Tot

Tot

Phu bao b cha

rau qua, sup, ac
biet e trang ay
va nap lon cho
san pham tht ca

Thc pham co
tnh axit thap,
chu moi trng
kiem kem, co
the lam bien
mau cua rau qua
xanh

Tot

Rat tot

San pham tht

Lp vec-ni co
dnh hi uc

Rat tot

Khong
thch hp

San pham bia,

nc giai khat,
lam lp phu ngoai
che ch cho lp
vec-ni khac ben
trong

khong mui,
khong dung phu
trc tiep len thep
trang thiec ma
e phu ben
ngoai v khong
chu c nhiet
o cao han than
lon

Tot

t ap
dung

Lam lp phu
ngoai che ch cho
lp vec-ni ben
trong. oi vi bao
b ng bia, nc
giai khat, lon
nhom

Giong nh loai
Vinyl nhng cho
o day hn va
cng chac hn
Vinyl

Rat tot
vi
mot so
san
pham

Rat tot oi
vi thc
pham co
mau

Thc pham co
cha hoac con sot
lai SO2 t qua
trnh x ly

Cho ve sang ep
khi m hop

Kha
xau

Tot neu
co Zn

Lam lp trang cho

hop ng bia,
nc giai khat

Phonolic
(Formaldehyt +
Phenol)

(co ZnO)

Epoxyt phenolic
+ bot Al

Vinyl (vinyl
clorua + vinyl
acetat)

Vinyl organosol

Acrylic

10

Polybutadiene
Hydro cacbon

165
neu co ZnO co
the dung lam lp
phu cho bao b
ng rau qua

Vec-ni epoxyphenolic c s dung kha pho bien hn cac loai khac e trang
phu cho lon hop thc pham co pH thch hp.
Bang 7.9: Tong ket cac tnh chat chung cua mot so vec-ni
Mui
v

Mem
deo

Dnh

Mau

Gia

Thanh
trung

Axit

Kiem

Acrylic

Alkyl

Epoxylamin

Epoxyeste

Ten

Epoxyphenolic

Oleoresinous

Polybutadien

Phenol

Vinyl

Vi: 1: tot

2: kha

3: xau

Tuy theo loai vec-ni c chon ma bao b c phu se co the gay mui la,
kho chu cho thc pham. V du nh trng hp loai phenol co mui v kho chu
(theo bang 7.9, mui v c anh gia mc 3). Loai nay co the tao mui va v
la cho san pham.
Bang 7.10: So sanh ac tnh Epoxyphenolic vi Organosol
Epoxyphenolic

Organosol

Kinh te

Tot

Rat tot

Tnh on nh

Tot

Tot

Nhiet o say

Cao

Cao

Rat tot

Rat tot

Tot - rat tot

Va

Tnh mem deo

Tot

Rat tot

o dnh

Tot

Tot

Rat tot

Rat tot

Tot

Va

Khong tao mui v la

Khong tao mui v la

Chu ng x ly hoa hoc

Chu nhiet

Chu ng gia cong

Chong an mon
Mui, v

7.6 AN MON HOA HOC

166

Nhng nguyen nhan gay h hong san pham thc pham ong hop gom
nguyen nhan vi sinh va nguyen nhan hoa hoc.
7.6.1 Nguyen nhan vi sinh vat
Vi sinh vat se gay hien tng phong hop do kh sinh ra trong san pham
o hop. ay la mot dang h hong cua o hop, do bi vi sinh vat nhiem vao
thc pham t nguon nguyen lieu, trong qua trnh che bien hoac cong oan
rot hop, ong hop hoac vi sinh vat nhiem trong bao b.
- Nam men phat trien tren moi trng nhieu ng, pH axit th se sinh ra
CO2 va ru ethylic. Chnh CO2 lam phong hop.
- Nam moc phat trien tren moi trng giau ng am, pH axit yeu hoac
trung bnh hoac hi kiem th cung co the sinh CO2 hoac H2S va mot so
kh co mui kho chu khac nh NH3 , mecaptan, indol, skatol....
- Vi khuan yem kh phat trien gay s len men thoi tren moi trng giau
am sinh ra kh H2S, NH3, mecaptan, indol, skatol.
7.6.2 An mon hoa hoc cung vi s bong troc lp vec-ni
1- Bi moi trng H+ - tao ra kh H2
Lp vec-ni b long troc th tao s tiep xuc cua lp oxyt thiec vi moi
trng thc pham co tnh axit (H+) lam xay ra phan ng hoa hoc nh sau:
vi SnO:

2H+ + SnO = Sn2+ + H2O

vi lp Sn:

2H+ + Sn = Sn2+ + H2

Thiec b hoa tan theo cac khe nho i sau vao en lp thep th tiep tuc
xay ra phan ng trao oi ien t gia Sn2+ va Fe:
Sn2+ + Fe = Sno + Fe2+
(do Fe ng trc Zn trong day hoat ong hoa hoc, se nhng e cho Sn) do o
lp Fe b an mon sau vao ben trong va Sn c tao thanh bam tr lai len be
mat khe thanh nhng vet trang. Sn lam yeu to trung gian chuyen ien t t Fe
sang H+, chuoi phan ng se dng lai khi trong moi trng co s can bang gia
cac ion va ham lng H+ a giam i rat thap. Kh H2 sinh ra thng khong co
kha nang gay phong hop nhiet o thng.
Ve mat cam quan, Sn2+ co the gay mui tanh kho chap nhan ve an toan ve
sinh thc pham, ham lng Sn cho phep co mat trong o hop thc pham la
250ppm (theo quy nh cua Bo Y te), neu vt qua gia tr nay th thc pham

167

phai huy. Nhng cung co nhng tieu chuan yeu cau cao hn oi vi Sn la
150ppm.
Tuy Fe2+ khong gay oc hai oi vi sc khoe ngi tieu dung neu khong
vt qua cao va Fe la mot loai khoang can thiet cho c the, nhng vi ham
lng > 20 ppm th co the lam xuat hien mot vai vet mau xam en anh hng
ve mat cam quan.

Hnh 7.20: S an mon bao b thep trang thiec

bi moi trng axit khi b bong troc lp vec-ni
a) H+ i vao khe h cua lp vec-ni
b) H+ a an mon en lp hp kim FeSn2
c) Sn2+ trao oi ien t vi Fe lp thep nen tao thanh Fe2+ va Sn ong tren khe
d) Lp Fe b an mon sau vao ben trong tao lng Fe2+ cang ln
2- S an mon bi H2S tao kh H2
oi vi thc pham giau protein nh tht ca, hoac loai gia v toi c cha
trong bao b thep trang thiec, khi c tiet trung th nhng protein co cau noi
di-sulfur se b bien tnh, t v lien ket di-sulfur, co the tao H2S.
- Neu lp vec-ni phu ben trong hop co cha ZnO th se co phan ng sau
ay tieu huy kh H2S
H2S + ZnO = ZnS + H2O (ZnS mau trang, dang vay)
- Neu khong co ZnO trong lp vec-ni, th khong tieu huy c kh H2S,
neu co cho b bong troc lp vec-ni e lo lp Sn th se co phan ng sau ay

168

xay ra tao ra kh H2 va cac vet en tm lam mat gia tr cam quan cua thc
pham:
H2S + Sn = SnS + H2 (SnS dang vay mau nau tm)
H2S + Fe = FeS + H2 (FeS co dang vay mau en)
Ngoai ra, khi lp vec-ni
b tray sc tao lo hong e
lo lp SnO, Sn th cung co
the b an mon hoa hoc bi
nhng thc pham co cha
nhieu phu gia co the phan ly
trong moi trng H2O cua
Hnh 7.21: Hop b phong nap (nap co cau
thc pham, tao thanh cac
tao gan e bu gan n khi b phong nap
nhom mang dien tch dng,
co kha nang nhan ien t t
kim loai. C che an mon lon, hop thep trang thiec trong trng hp nay cung
tng t nh trng hp thc pham co tnh axit cao.
Hien tng phong hop co the nhan thay qua nap hop mo cao len phan
gia, do nap luon luon co cau tao gan nen co the b keo dan phong len do ap
lc kh sinh ra ben trong hop. Co the xay ra trng hp phong hop do nguyen
nhan c hoc: do thc pham rot vao khong at mc yeu cau, ma mc cao
hn, khi hop a c ghep nap th khoang trong pha tren be mat thc pham
la khong kh. Khi thanh trung hoac tiet trung, neu khong dung ap lc oi
khang thch hp trong thiet b tiet trung th kh trong hop se dan n sinh phong
nap hop. Trng hp nay co the khac phuc bang cach sau khi lam nguoi san
pham sau tiet trung co the dung nam tay hay ban tay an len nap, nap co the
tr lai dang ban au nh gan nap.
Trng hp phong hop do vi sinh vat hoac hoa hoc th khong the an cho
nap hop tr lai bnh thng, bat buoc huy san pham. e co the phat hien c
nhng trng hp co xam nhap cua vi sinh vat vao bao b gay phong hop (co
the no hop), san pham a ong hop phai c bao on 37C trong vong
715 ngay tuy theo khoi lng cha ung nho hay ln. Trong thi gian bao on
a so nhng san pham co s xam nhap cua vi sinh vat eu b phat hien va loai
i. Thng trong thi gian bao on, hop c ao au hai lan e co the phat
hien c nhng san pham co moi ghep khong tot. S ao au san pham co y
ngha ln nham lam ong eu san pham.
7.7 BAO B NHOM

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7.7.1 ac iem cua bao b nhom

Bao b nho m co dan g tru tron, thuoc loai lon hai manh: tha n dnh lie n
ay va nap. Nap c ghep vi tha n theo cach ghep m cua lon thep trang
thiec ba manh.
Bao b lon nhom c ac biet s dung e cha ng nc giai khat co
gas, bia, la nhng loai dung dch long co tao ap lc ben trong bao b. Do nhom
co tnh mem deo cao, neu bao b nhom ch cha ng chat long khong co ap
lc kh th bao b khong cng chac nh trng hp lon thep, de dang b h
hong do bien dang, thung bi nhng va cham c hoc. Khi bao b nhom cha
ng nhng loai nc uong co gas, gas tao ap lc ben trong lon, tao s cng
vng cho lon nhom mot cach hp ly.
Bao b nhom nhe hn rat nhieu so vi cac loai bao b bang cac loai vat
lieu khac, rat thuan li trong van chuyen phan phoi san pham thc pham
Nhom co ac tnh mem deo, va co nhiet o nong chay rat cao, do o
khong the che tao theo dang lon ba manh v phai qua giai oan cuon than, han
ien lam chay nhom e ket dnh mep than tao than lon kn, ma phai dung
phng phap dap va vuot tao than dnh lien ay; do o tao nen ac iem ve
o day lon: co nhng vung co o day khac nhau nh ay co o day cao nhat,
than tru co o day thay oi mong dan ve pha bung lon, co lon ni ghep co o
day cao hn phan bung.
Mot ac iem quan trong cua Al la chong c tia cc tm do o ngoai
dang lon, nhom con c dung dang la nhom ghep vi cac vat lieu khac nh
plastic e bao goi thc pham, chong thoat hng, chong tia cc tm. Nhom
c s dung lam bao b thc pham co o tinh khiet t 99 99,8%.
- dang la nhom co the co o day nh sau: 7, 9, 12, 15 va 18 m . Nhom
dung e che tao lon hop co o day 320 m (0,32mm)
- La nhom thng co nhng lo kim: vi o day 7 m co the co 800 lo/m2 la,
o day 9 m se co khoang 200 lo/m2. Tnh trung bnh tong dien tch lo
hong tren be mat la nhom co en 2mm2/m2 la nhom.
La nhom thng c dung bao goi cac loai keo, chocolate, pho mat do
tnh mem deo cua la nhom, la nhom co the ap sat be mat cac loai thc
pham nay, ngan can s tiep xuc vi khong kh, vi sinh vat, hi nc. Do o
mang nhom thch hp e bao quan cac thc pham giau protein, giau chat
beo chong s oxy hoa bi O2 va h hong thc pham do tang o am, khien vi
sinh vat phat trien. Ngay nay co the dung bao b plastic thay the mang nhom

170

e bao goi chocolate hoac keo, pho mat, nhng bao b phai c ghep m
kn va rut chan khong e tao s ap sat bao b vao be mat thc pham.

7.7.2 Cong nghe che tao lon nhom ng nc giai khat co gas
1- Cong nghe che tao nhom nguyen lieu
Che tao nhom
Nhom la mot nguyen lieu phong phu c tm thay trong lp vo trai at.
No co trong t nhien dang khoang san c goi la quang bauxit.
Quang bauxit qua qua trnh tinh che loai bo tap chat ban, che tao Al2O3
dang bot mn, trang dung phng phap ien phan nhom oxyt e thu c kim
loai Al. Nhom, thu c dang nong chay, c phu gia mot lng nho cac
kim loai khac nham tang tnh ben c va ben hoa cho san pham bao b. Khoi
nhom nong chay c o vao khuon tao thanh thoi, sau o c can thanh
tam, va quan cuon, o chnh la nguyen lieu cua nganh che tao lon nhom ng
bia, nc giai khat.
Bang 7.11: Thanh phan cua cac loai nhom theo cong dung (%)
Alloy
type

Loai s dung

Si

Fe

Cu

Mg

1050

Nhom tam, ong

0,25

0,4

0,05

0,05

1100

1,0

0,20

0,05

3003

0,6

0,7

0,7

1,5

0,30

0,7

0,25

1,5

1,3

0,40

0,7

0,20

0,1

1,8

0,1

0,25

0,20

0,35

0,15

0,5

5,0

0,1

0,25

0,30

1,3

0,05

3004

Hop nhom

5050
5182
8079

Hop nc giai
khat de m

Mn

Cr

Zn

Ti

0,03
0,01
0,10
0,25

0,10

0,10

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Hnh 7.22: Quy trnh cong nghe che tao lon nhom

172

2- Cong nghe che tao than lon nhom va nap

Che tao than hop
Lon thc uong bang nhom gom co hai phan: than va nap. Qua trnh san
xuat che tao lon nhom t tam nguyen lieu c quan thanh tng cuon co
trong lng ac trng la 11.250kg, chieu dai khoang 500600mm va chieu
rong khoang 1,2m, be day tam khoang 0,320,36mm. Viec tao hnh lon nhom
c thc hien quy trnh cong nghe thiet b t ong hoan toan.
Cac cuon nhom c keo duoi thang ra e bat au cho viec tao ra lon.
Nhng tam nhom c trai thang thanh dai va boi trn ca hai mat. Viec boi
trn nham giup la nhom di chuyen de dang hn tren be mat cac cong cu cac
thiet b trong suot qua trnh nh hnh sau o.
Nhom tam c cat thanh nhng hnh tron va bang phng phap dap,
vuot, nong theo khuon e tao dang tru, nham nh hnh s bo than tru.
Than lon hnh tru c vuot nh hnh phan bung lon qua ba giai oan
e at c o cao yeu cau cua than lon va phan tha e cuon mep lon, do o
be day than lon giam i nhieu lan so vi nhom tam ban au, tc be day than
lon thay oi nh sau: phan bung lon la 109 m , phan than gan mieng lon co
o day thanh 168 m . Cac the tch lon c che tao: 370, 350, 333, 250ml.
Phan ay c tao thanh vom lam tang o chac ay lon. Trong suot
qua trnh che tao than, thanh lon luon luon c boi trn e lam giam o ma
sat v ay la qua trnh san xuat toc o cao khoang 2700 3000 than lon/phut).
Chat boi trn co the c thu hoi tren quy trnh lien tuc qua mot thiet b loc,
va c tai s dung lai.
Phan tha pha mieng lon c cat e than lon co mot o cao ong eu.
Than lon c chuyen en be ra e loai bo chat boi trn.

173

Hnh 7.23: Quy trnh cong nghe che tao lon va nap nhom

Hnh 7.24: S o qua trnh tao hnh lon nhom

174

175

Hnh 7.25: Quy cach lon nhom 330 ml ng bia, nc giai khat
Sau giai oan ra sach chat boi trn la giai oan say lon c say kho
bang dong kh nong va sau o a en may in e in nhan hieu, trang tr. Tng
chiec than lon, c in trong luc quay mot vong chu vi than tru, ke o la cong
oan phu lp vec-ni. Lp epoxy phenolic phu ben trong lon e tranh an mon
lon nhom bi moi trng axit cua nc giai khat. Lon c chuyen t may
phu vec-ni sang thiet b say, c lam kho bang dong kh nong vi ba giai
oan gia nhiet : 101oC, 195oC, 210oC e lam kho hoan toan lp vec-ni.

176

Hnh 7.23: Nap lon co khoa m theo kieu on bay

a) Khoa m lon gan vao nap bi mot chat ri-ve tai tam mat tron nap
b) Khoa ap dung nguyen tac on bay
Sau khi than lon c boi trn th co lon se c tao vien e ghep nap.
Tat ca cac lon hoan chnh c kiem tra vet thung va kiem tra mau sac
in, lp vec-ni phu bang the b kiem tra t ong.

177

Che tao nap lon

Nap lon cung c che tao t cuon nhom tam co quy cach kch thc nh
khi che tao than lon. Nhom tam nguyen lieu c boi trn va c a vao
may cat nh hnh e tao hnh tron nap, dap tao hnh nap, moc nap that chnh
xac, ra sach, say kho, gan khoa nap va c phun lp cao su em len moc
nap e tao o chat va kn sau khi ghep nap c phu vec-ni, tiep theo c
say ba giai oan nh say than lon va sau cung nap c kiem tra theo tieu
chuan bang thiet b t ong.
7.7.3 An mon bao b nhom
Lon nhom c phu lp vec-ni bao ve an mon ngay trong qua trnh che
tao. Do o lon nhom ch b an mon hoa hoc khi lp vec-ni b tray sc, bong
troc tao nen nhng khe, lo giup moi trng axit cua bia, nc giai khat tiep xuc
vi lp Al hoac Al2O3 tao nen phan ng hoa hoc:
Al2O3 + 6H+ = 2Al3+ + 3H2O
hoac:

Alo + 6H+ = Al3+ + 3H2

Moi trng axit an mon tao H2 , nhng kh H2 sinh ra th khong tao ap

lc ang ke so vi ap lc CO2 co san trong lon (khoang 2,6at), ieu ang quan
tam la thanh lon rat mong, neu b an mon hoa hoc th se thung ngay va h
hong san pham.
Cau hoi
1. ac iem cau tao cua lon nhom:
a) Than lon co o day ong eu, ay chom cau loi.
b) Than lon co o day thay oi, bung lon 0,016mm, mieng lon 0,011mm.
c) Than lon co o day thay oi dan, bung lon 0,011mm, phan than gan ay
0,016mm.
d) Ca ba eu sai.
2. Loai lon ng TP nao sau ay bang thep th ch can phu vec-ni ma khong
trang thiec
a) Lon ng tht ca theo khoi lng ln.
b) Lon ng cac loai TP.
c) Lon ng nc qua.
d) Lon ng tht ca cho khau phan nho nhat.

178

3. Cong nghe che tao lon hai manh dung loai vat lieu nao?
a) Thep trang thiec

b) Nhom

c) Thep

d) b va c.

4. Hop kim loai dung cho TP co mat tren th trng la:

A- Thep

B- Thep trang thiec

C- Thep ma crom

D- Nhom.

Chon cau tra li ung:

a) A + B + D

b) A + B + C

c) B + D

d) A + B + C + D.

5. Quy trnh cong nghe che tao lon hai manh bang vat lieu thep nh sau:
Thep tam ma crom ra sach lp dau cat thanh tam roi dap thanh
dang lon loe mieng trang thiec
Tai Lieu Tham Khao
1. Bai giang cong nghe vec-ni - Dng The Hy. Khoa Hoa, ai hoc a
Nang.
2. www.wikipedia.com.vn
3. Castelvetri,F. Microbiological implications of modified atmosphere
packaing of fresh pasta products. In Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on
controlled/Modified Atmosphere/Vaccum Packaing, Schotland
Bussiness Rechearch Inc.,San Diego, California 1991,p.253
4. Coulon, M.and P.Louis.Modified Atmosphere packaing of precooked
foods.In controlled Modified/Atmosphere/Vaccum packaing of foods,
A.L.Brody(Ed.), Food&Nutriyion Press,inc.,Trumbull, Conecticut, 1989,
chap.8

179

Chng

BAO B PLASTIC
8.1 AC IEM CHUNG CUA PLASTIC
Nguyen lieu san xuat plastic la nguon hydrocarbon t dau hoa, c tach
trong qua trnh loc dau. Vi tr lng dau hoa t quang mo rat ln nen nguon
hydrocarbon cung vo cung phong phu, gia thanh thap. Do o cong nghe che
tao vat lieu plastic cung vi cong nghe bao b plastic a phat trien a dang,
phong phu ve chung loai; bao b at tnh nang cao trong cha ng, bao quan
cac loai thc pham. Bao b plastic thng khong mui, khong v, co loai co the
at o mem deo, ap sat be mat thc pham khi c tao nen o chan khong
cao trong trng hp san pham can bao quan trong chan khong, cung co loai
bao b at o cng vng cao, chong va cham c hoc hieu qua, chong tham kh
hi do o am bao c ap lc cao ben trong moi trng cha thc pham. Bao
b plastic co the trong suot nhn thay ro san pham ben trong, hoac co the m
uc, che khuat hoan toan anh sang e bao ve thc pham; ben canh o, co loai
co the chu c nhiet o thanh trung hoac nhiet o lanh ong tham o. Cac
loai bao b plastic c in an nhan hieu de dang, at c mc o my quan
yeu cau. Ngoai ra, tnh chat noi bat hn ca la bao b plastic nhe hn tat ca cac
loai vat lieu bao b khac, rat thuan tien trong phan phoi, chuyen ch.
Hien nay, bao b plastic cha ng thc pham thng la bao b mot lp
nhng cau tao bi s ghep hai hay ba loai vat lieu plastic lai vi nhau e bo
sung tnh nang tao nen bao b hoan thien, ap ng yeu cau cua loai thc pham
cha ng. Bao b plastic khong c tai s dung trong san xuat thc pham;
sau mot lan cha ng thc pham, co the c tai sinh tuy theo loai plastic.
Cong nghe che tao bao b plastic a va ang phat trien cao o, nhng cung
gay s gia tang o nhiem moi trng v co mot so loai plastic khong co kha nang
tai sinh cung co mot so loai kho at nhng ac tnh cua plastic tinh khiet ban au
sau khi tai sinh.
Nhng vat lieu plastic co nguon goc t phan ng trung hp th co the tai
sinh de dang hn nhng loai co nguon goc t phan ng trung ngng.

180

Plastic dung lam bao b thc pham thuoc loai nha nhiet deo, co tnh
chay deo thuan nghch nhiet o thap hn nhiet o pha huy, khi nhiet o
cang cao th cang tr nen mem deo (nhiet o cha en iem pha huy cau
truc) khi nhiet o c ha xuong th van tr lai ac tnh ban au. Plastic la
loai polyme cha 5000 10.000 monomer, co the co cac dang sau:
- Homopolyme: cau tao t mot loai monomer
- Copolyme: cau tao t hai loai monomer
- Terpolyme: cau tao t ba loai monomer
nhiet o thng plastic co the ong thi ton tai ca hai trang thai la
ket tinh va vo nh hnh.
* Trang thai ket tinh: cac mach polyme sap xep song song, co s nh
hng ro ret, gia cac mach polyme song song hnh thanh cac lien ket ngang
tao nen mang li co sap xep trat t lam cho cau truc cua khoi polyme ben
vng. Trng hp cac mang li polyme co cau tao dang xoan cang lam tang
tnh chong tham kh hi, tnh ben c, ben hoa cua plastic (H.8.1a,b,c).

Hnh 8.1: Cac dang sap xep song song cua mach polyme
trang thai ket tinh
a) Cac mach polyme sap xep song song nhau, co tao s noi ket gia cac mach;
b) Dang xoan cac mach polyme sap xep song song; c) Dang li
* Trang thai vo nh hnh: cac mach polyme khong sap xep song song
theo trat t, khong co s sap xep nh hng, v vay cung khong sinh ra cac
lien ket ngang noi ket gia cac mach polyme. S ton tai nhieu vung trang thai
vo nh hnh se lam giam tnh chong tham kh, hi, chat beo cua plastic.
- Kh co khuynh hng khuech tan qua mang t vung co ap suat cao en
vung ap suat thap. Kh hi co trong lng phan t cang cao thng co he so
khuech tan qua mang cang thap. Nhiet o cao co the lam tang tnh tham kh
hi qua plastic.

181

Neu mach polyme co cau tao dang cis hoac tran, co nhieu nhanh hay co
nhieu nhom ngoai th se kho tao vung ket tinh, hoac tao nen rat t vung ket tinh,
khi o polyme ton tai dang vo nh hnh, co tnh chong tham kh hi rat kem.
Vung trang thai ket tinh cua polyme se tang len khi co tac ong keo dan
nh hng, do co s sap xep lai cac mach polyme; vung ket tinh b giam thap
ang ke khi tang nhiet o, en gan nhiet o pha huy cau truc hoac ha nhiet
o en lanh tham o.
Plastic c san xuat dang mang co o day 0,025 mm hoac dang
tam co o day > 0,025 mm.
8.2 CAC LOAI PLASTIC LAM BAO B THC PHAM
ac tnh chu nhiet cua plastic lam bao b thc pham c quan tam nh sau:
- tnc

: nhiet o plastic bat au chay nhao.

- than : nhiet o cua may han ap at vao plastic e 2 m cua bao b

plastic chay nhao dnh vao nhau tao s kn cho bao b.
- tmin : nhiet o thap nhat ma plastic chu c khong b bien oi ac tnh.
Bao b thc pham co the la mot loai plastic rieng biet hoac c ghep
ket hp bi nhieu lp plastic khac nhau thanh mot lp:
Mot so loai plastic:
- Dang homopolyme
PE: bao gom LDPE, LLDPE, MDPE, HDPE
- LLDPE: linear low density polyethylene
- LDPE: low density polyethylene
- MDPE: medium density polyethylene
- HDPE: high density polyethylene
PP

: polypropylene

OPP : oriented polypropylene

PET

: polyethyleneglycol therephthalate

PS

: polystyrene

OPS : oriented polystyrene

EPS

: expanded polystyrene (foamed polystyrene)

PVC : polyvinyl chloride

PVDC : polyvinylidene chloride
PA

: polyamide

PVA

: poly vinylacetat

PC

: polycarbonate

- Dang copolyme
EVA

: ethylene + vinylacetat

EVOH : ethylene + vinylalcohol

EAA

: ethylene + axit acrylic

EBA

: ethylene + butylacrylate

EMA

: ethylene + methylacrylate

EMAA : ethylene + axit methylacrylic

8.3 POLYETHYLENE - PE
8.3.1 Polyethylene
Polyethylene c san xuat t s trung hp kh ethylene C2H4 (CH2 = CH2)
tao thanh mach polyme (CH2CH2)n. Tuy muc ch s dung co the pha cac phu
gia vao PE nh chat TiO2 e tao o uc, C e tao mau en ngan chan anh sang
thay c, cac tac nhan trt, chat lam cham chay hoac chat mau.
PE c phan lam ba nhom chnh theo khoi lng rieng nh sau:
LDPE

: 0,91 0,925 g/cm3.

MDPE

: 0,926 0,94 g/cm3

HDPE

: 0,941 0,965 g/cm3

LLDPE

: 0,92 g/cm3

Plastic PE c s dung vi ty le cao nhat so vi tong lng plastic c

s dung hang nam (khoang 40 50%), trong o so lng ba loai LDPE,
LLDPE va HDPE c s dung vi ty le gan tng ng nhau.
1- Cau truc cua PE
Cau truc cua mach polyethylene co the khong mang nhanh:
- CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 hoac mang nhanh vi cac mach nhanh co the dai va ngan khac nhau.

183

CH2 - CH2 - CH3

|

- CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH2 - ...- CH2 - CH3
|

CH2 - CH2 - CH2 -...- CH2 - CH3

S phat sinh nhieu mach nhanh se ngan can s phat trien o dai cua
mach chnh.
2- Phan ng trung hp
Phan ng trung hp PE xay ra ap suat p=1000 3000at va trong khoang
nhiet o to=100 300oC, to>300oC se gay thoai hoa mach polyme. Ap suat va
nhiet o trung hp PE co the ieu chnh e at c cau truc mach PE theo
yeu cau
PE thng c trung hp ap suat cao e han che s tao thanh mach
nhanh qua ln gay nen s sap xep khong trat t cua cac mach va tao nen
nhieu vung cau truc vo nh hnh lam giam tnh ben c cung nh giam tnh
chong tham cua PE.

Hnh 8.2: Cac vung co cau truc ket tinh

Vung tinh the cua LDPE at khoang 50 70% thap hn so vi ty le vung
tinh the cua HDPE la 75 90%. Neu cac chuoi song song c sap xep qua
gan nhau th lc hut gia chung se b giam, khi b gia nhiet cac mach polyme
se de dang bc khoi lc lien ket tng oi gia chung se pha v cau truc tinh
the va giam kha nang chong tham kh hi cua PE.
V moi mach nhanh eu cha goc - CH3 cuoi mach, nen co the xac nh
mach nhanh bang cach xac nh so nhom - CH3/100 nguyen t C bang phng
phap quang pho hong ngoai. S phat sinh so lng ln mach nhanh se ngan
can s phat trien chieu dai mach chnh.
Neu mach polyme chnh hoac mach nhanh qua dai eu ngan can s ket

tinh hay ong ran hoan toan khoi PE, giai oan lam nguoi. Do o cac vung
sap xep khong trat t thng la vung gia khoi PE, co cau truc vo nh hnh.
Cac vung co kha nang tao cau truc ket tinh la nhng vung co cha mach
polyme khong qua dai.
8.3.2 So sanh cau truc ac tnh cua LDPE va LLDPE
ac iem cau truc cua LLDPE so vi LDPE: cac chuoi polyme thang hn
kch thc ngan hn va cha a so la mach nhanh ngan, so mach ngan cung t
hn so vi LDPE, v vay ma tao nen ty le vung ket tinh cao hn so vi LDPE.
LLDPE c che tao da tren c s che tao LDPE, nhng c trung hp
ieu kien ap suat thap hn so vi LDPE (689 - 2068 KN/m2) nhiet o
khoang 180 250C .
1- ac tnh cua mang bao b LDPE va LLDPE.
Mang LDPE va LLDPE trong suot, hi co anh m, co be mat bong lang,
mem deo nhng LLDPE trong suot va mem deo hn LDPE.
2- Tnh chong tham oxy kem nen khong the dung lam bao b chong oxy
hoa
Toc o tham thau kh O2 ( cm3 / 25m/m2 / 24h/atm 23o C) = 6000
Toc o tham thau hi nc ( g/ 25m/m2 / 24h/atm38o C, RH90%) = 20
Toc o tham thau CO2 ( cm3 / 25m/m2 / 24h/atm 23o C) = 3000
Toc o tham thau kh qua mang c tnh bang the tch kh (cm3) tham
thau qua mang co o day tieu chuan la 25 m, qua dien tch mang la 1m2,
trong thi gian 24 gi ap suat 1atm va nhiet o 23oC.
Toc o hi tham thau qua mang c tnh bang khoi lng hi (g) tham
thau qua mang nh ieu kien tieu chuan oi vi kh nhng nhiet o 38oC va
ham am khong kh la 90%.
3- Tnh chu nhiet o cua hai loai nh sau:
LDPE:

LLDPE:

tnc = 85 93oC

tnc = 95 180oC

tmin = 57oC

tmin = 57oC

than = 100 110oC

than = 120 200oC

tnc: nhiet o plastic bat au mem deo.

185

Nhiet o mem deo cua LDPE thap hn 100oC (tmax), trong khi oi vi
LLDPE th khoang bien ong kha cao (95 180oC), nhiet o tham o chu
c thap nhat trong cac loai plastic: 57oC, do o LDPE va LLDPE c
dung lam bao b thuy san lanh ong.
Trong qua trnh che tao neu nhiet o trung hp >300oC (trong ieu kien
1000 3000atm) se gay thoai hoa mach polyme lam giam thap tnh ben c
cua LDPE cung nh LLDPE.
4- LLDPE c nang cao tnh ben hoa, tnh ben nhiet va tnh ben c (keo,
xe, am thung) so vi LDPE cung o day. Do o, LLDPE c dung lam bao
b cha ng vat nang, thay the cho LDPE v no de b keo dan, ran nt di
tac dung cua lc.
5- LLDPE co tnh bam dnh thap so vi PVC va EVA nen khong thuan
tien khi lam mang co co the cau tao mang ghep vi LLDPE lam lp ngoai va
LDPE lam lp trong e tao c mang tang tnh ben tac ong c hoc, hoac
pha tron LLDPE va EVA e lam mang co, boc thc pham.
6- LLDPE co t trong cao hn LDPE. Be mat trn lang hn va tnh deo
cao hn.
7- LDPE co iem mem thap hn 100oC, do o khong the s dung lam bao
b thc pham co thanh trung, tiet trung bang hi nc hoac say bang khong
kh nong khoang 100oC nhng LDPE co tnh han dan nhiet de dang, cho nen
c dung lam lp trong cac bao b ghep e de han kn, nhiet o han dan
110 oC, trong khi LLDPE rat kho han dan nhiet (co the nong chay 180oC).
8- Ben nhiet o 6070oC.
9- Chong tham nc va hi nc tot.
10- Tnh chong tham kh O2, CO2, N2 eu kem.
LDPE co tnh chong tham dau m kem (co the b dau m tham thau qua
mang), LLDPE c cai thien hn ve tnh nay.
11- Tnh ben hoa hoc cao di tac dung cua axit, kiem, dung dch muoi
vo c
12- LDPE va LLDPE b cang phong va h hong khi tiep xuc vi cac dung
moi hu c hydrocarbon va hydrocarbon thm, dau hoa, tinh dau thc vat va
cac chat tay nh H2O2, HClO, cac chat nay co the tham thau qua bao b LDPE
va LLDPE, lam gay t mach polyme, gay h hong bao b. Loai bao b MDPE
va HDPE co tnh ben cao hn.
13- Mang PE c chieu xa se co nhng bien oi nh:

- Vang hn, o trong suot cao hn.

- Tr nen cng va don hn
- Chu nhiet tot hn, co the khong b h hong 105oC trong mot thi gian
kha dai hoac chu c nhiet o 230oC trong thi gian ngan.
Cac loai PE c san xuat co o day mang: 25 100m; mang phu ben
ngoai th co o day 10 50m.
14- Kha nang in an tren be mat PE khong cao, de b nhoa net in do mang
PE co the b keo dan.
15- PE co the cho kh, hng tham thau xuyen qua, do o PE cung co the
hap thu gi mui trong ban than bao b, va chnh mui nay co the c hap thu
bi thc pham c cha ng, gay mat gia tr cam quan thc pham.
Cong dung cua LDPE va LLDPE
- LDPE thng dung lam lp lot trong cung cua bao b ghep nhieu lp e
han dan de dang do nhiet o han thap, moi han ep, khong b rach; cau
tao bao b sao cho (do lp plastic ben ngoai co nhiet o han cao hn
nhiet o han PE, khi tiep xuc trc tiep vi bo phan han moi han se
khong b, nt hoac rach.
- Co the c dung lam lp phu ben ngoai cua cac loai giay, ba cng,
giay ba carton gn song e chong tham nc, hi nc.
- Lam bao b cha ng thuy san lanh ong, hoac cung ghep vi PA va
lam lp trong cua bao b, cha ng thuy san lanh ong co hut chan
khong.
- Lam tui ng thc pham tam thi, ch cha ng e chuyen i ch
khong co tnh bao quan.
- Dung e bao goi rau, qua ti song bao quan theo phng phap c che
ho hap rat hieu qua va kinh te.
8.3.3 HDPE
HDPE co the c trung hp t ethylene CH2 = CH2 ap suat kh quyen
vi nhiet o 70oC; hoac ap suat 2750 3450kN/m2 nhiet o 100 175oC
Cau truc: HDPE c cau tao bi a so cac chuoi polyetylene thang c
sap xep song song, mach thang cua monomer co nhanh rat ngan va so nhanh
khong nhieu.
Tnh chat: HDPE co tnh cng vng cao, trong suot nhng co mc o m
uc cao hn LDPE, o bong be mat khong cao, co the che tao thanh mang
uc do co phu gia TiO2.

187

- Kha nang ben nhiet cao hn LDPE, nhiet o hoa mem deo la tnc = 121oC,
nen co the lam bao b thc pham ap dung che o thanh trung pasteur; hoac
lam bao b thc pham ong lanh nh thuy san v: tmin= 46oC,
than=140 180oC.
- Ngoai tnh cng vng cao HDPE co o ben c hoc cao, sc ben keo, sc
ben va cham, ben xe eu cao hn LDPE va LLDPE, nhng van b keo
gian, gay pha v cau truc polyme di tac dung cua lc hoac tai trong cao.
- Tnh chong tham nc, hi nc tot
- Tnh chong tham chat beo tot hn LDPE va LLDPE
- Tnh chong tham kh, hng cao hn LDPE va LLDPE
- Kha nang in an tot hn so vi LDPE va tng ng vi LLDPE.
Cong dung cua HDPE
- HDPE co o cng vng cao, tnh chong tham kh, hi kha tot, tnh ben
c hoc cao nen c dung lam vat cha ng nh cac thung (can cha
ng) co the tch 1 20 lt vi o day khac nhau e am bao o cng vng
cua bao b theo khoi lng cha ng.
- Tui xach e cha cac loai vat, vat pham, lp bao boc ngoai e chuyen
vat pham i.
- Nap cua mot so chai lo thuy tinh.
- HDPE thng khong dung lam bao b e bao goi thc pham chong oxy hoa.
- HDPE a c dung lam lp bao boc cach ien cho cac loai day cap
di nc va cho rada.
MDPE co tnh nang trung gian gia LDPE va HDPE va rat t c san
xuat cung nh s dung tren th trng.
8.4 CAC LOAI PE ONG TRUNG HP
PE ong trung hp
Plastic ong trung hp cua ethylene va cac monomer khac cung c
phat trien va co nhieu ng dung trong nhng nam qua, c goi la PE ong
trung hp; trong cac san pham nay ty le PE thng cao va la thanh phan
phoi lieu chnh.
ieu kien e tao nen loai plastic PE ong trung hp la: cac monomer khac
phai co s tng ong hoa hoc vi ethylene, phan ng trung hp c dien ra
ieu kien thch hp ve chat xuc tac, nhiet o, thi gian, ap suat.
EVA (ethylene vinyl acetat), (vinyl acetat ky hieu la VA)

EVA khac vi PVA (polyvinyl acetat la mot homopolyme). Loai EVA la

copolyme ong trung hp cua ethylene va vinyl acetat. Theo ly thuyet th ty
le cua vinyl acetat trong copolyme co the trong khoang 1 99%; nhng san
pham thng mai thng co ty le vinyl acetat (VA) trong khoang thap hn
50%. Loai EVA co ty le 21 50% VA th dung nh chat phu gia lam nen va
chat ket dnh; loai s dung lam chat tao mang thng co ty le VA trong
khoang 1 20%; ty le phoi tron VA thay oi co anh hng rat ln en tnh
chat cua EVA. Mang EVA co the c san xuat theo phng phap thoi hoac
uc tuy theo o day yeu cau. Loai mang EVA co ty le VA khoang 7 8% th
co tnh chat giong nh LDPE, nhng mang co co ty le EVA khoang 15 20%
th co tnh chat kha giong vi PVC nhng deo dai hn c dung lam mang
co.
Tnh chat cua mang EVA thay oi theo ty le cua VA trong phan t nhng
nhn chung neu so sanh vi LDPE ta thay nh sau:
1- Nhiet o han ghep m thap hn.
2- o ben c cao hn
3- Tnh chong tham hi nc va kh thap hn
4- Cac ac tnh c on nh nhiet o thng.
5- Tnh chat trt cua EVA thap, tc he so ma sat cao
6- EVA co the han bang nhiet nhng oi hoi nang lng cao hn PVC.
7- Kha nang in tot.
8- EVA de b h hong nhiet o cao.
Nhn chung, EVA co ac iem la tnh mem deo cao, co nhiet o han
ghep m thap hn so vi PE. Ve phng dien han dan th chung tot hn vai
polyme khac. Khi EVA b h hong cau truc th cung khong gay o nhiem moi
trng.
Mot trong so nhng iem han che cua EVA la o ma sat cao, v the can
phai tang them chat phu gia cua tac nhan trt e tao o lang bong be mat.
Ngoai ra con co cac loai PE ong trung hp khac nh:
- EVOH - ethylene vinyl alcohol cung c viet tat la EVAL:
Co tnh chong tham oxy, tang theo s tang ham lng vinyl alcohol.

EVOH co tnh tham nc.

- EAA (ethylene axit acrylic)

Co kha nang bam dnh cao nh nhom axit acrylic, nhng ong thi

cung co tnh an mon thiet b. Loai plastic EAA thng c che tao

189

thanh mang mong 6 8 g/m2, e lam chat ket dnh gia cac loai
plastic trong mang ghep.
- EBA (ethylene butylacrylate)
Co ng dung nh EVA, nhng co tnh ben nhiet cao.

- EMA (ethylene methylacrylate)

Chu c nhiet o kha cao,
Khong hut am,
Co tnh bam dnh cao e lam lp keo dan gia cac lp plastic trong
mang ghep nh OPP, PVDC, cellophane, polyester.
- EMAA (ethylene axit methacrylic) (con goi la Surlyn)
tnc < tnc cua LDPE
Chong tham chat beo cao.
Tnh han dan tot v nhiet o han thap hn LDPE
Tnh ben c cao
EMAA la nguyen lieu san xuat ionomer, khi o nhom axit c trung
hoa bi ion Na+ hoac Zn2+.
8.5 POLYPROPYLENE - PP
8.5.1 Gii thieu
Phng phap trung hp propylene t cao su ran hoac t dau long ap suat
cao a xuat hien rat sm nhng hieu qua khong cao.
Giao s Natta Italy a phat hien: trong he thong xuc tac Ziegler, triethyl nhom se cong vi titan tetrachloride tao nen mot xuc tac lap the ac
hieu e trung hp c PP co trong lng phan t cao vi cau truc lap the va
khong nhanh. Xuc tac lap the ac hieu lam nhiem vu ieu khien v tr cua
moi phan t monomer n v khi no c cong them vao e phat trien mach
polyme tranh tao cau truc can oi t mot monomer n v khong can xng la
propylen. ieu nay tao mot bc ngoat mi trong ky thuat trung hp. T o
nhng polyme vi cau truc khong gian khong can oi a c san xuat bang
phng phap trung hp polyme cua Natta vi xuc tac Ziegler.
Di ap suat khoang 100 at, kh c dan vao bnh phan ng, chat xuc
tac c phan tan tot trong mot dung dch hydrocacbon. Nhiet o c gi
thap u e am bao trung hp polypropylen. S khuay lien tuc c thc hien

en khi polyme tao thanh at khoang 35 40% th chung c thu hoi va

propylen cha phan ng c dan lay ra va tai sinh lai.
Xuc tac c tach khoi polyme bang dung dch nong o thap cua axit
HCl trong methyl alcohol.
Sau khi tach chiet, polyme c ra sach bang nc e tach axit, chng
cat hi nc e tach mot lng nho chat ran, c lam kho, un ep va tao
vien. Hien nay a phat trien them nhieu phng phap san xuat polypropylen
hieu qua cao.
8.5.2 Cau truc PP
Polypropylen (PP) co moi quan he gan nhat vi PE. Ca hai thuoc ve ho
polyolefin, c hnh thanh t nhng nguyen t C va H. Tren th trng PP
c san xuat hai dang chnh: homopolyme (chuoi polyme cua propylen), va
dang copolyme vi ethylene, mot so mac xch cua chuoi polyme c thay
the bang ethylene.
Cau truc n v c ban cua polypropylen la:
CH3 H
|
|
CC
|
|
H

Cau truc cua mach PP tng t cau truc cua PE vi mot nhom methyl thay
the cho mot nguyen t H. S trung hp tao propylen khong co xuc tac cua chat
xuc tac lap the ac hieu se xay ra s noi ket ba bai cho ra mot loai cao su hoac
mot chat polyme nh dau nhn. Cau truc khong gian cua PP bao gom bon loai:
Cau truc atactic vi s sap xep ngau nhien cua nhng nhom methyl ben
canh cua chuoi, nh hnh di:

Polyme co cau truc can oi c san xuat bang xuc tac lap the ac hieu
c goi la the Isotactic; ten nay xuat phat t cau truc kha ac biet: nhom
methyl luon v tr giong nhau doc theo nhanh polyme. Nhng nguyen t C t
sap xep vao mot chuoi xoan oc vi nhom methyl nam ben ngoai, Hai dang

191

cau truc cua the isotactic.

Loai isotactic co cau truc can oi va chat kht trong khi loai atactic th co
sap xep ngau nhien.
Hai loai cau truc khac la syndiotactic va stereoblock. Nhng polyme
stereoblock co the co s nghch chuyen khong bnh thng va tr thanh loai
polyme isotactic.

192

Bang 8.1: Quy cach tui PE, PP theo quy nh bao b thng pham, dang tui,
bang plastic TCVN 5653-1992 (kch thc tnh bang mm)
Kieu tui
Tui dan
vuong

Quy cach
ay

Tui gap canh

Tui gap ay gap
canh
Tui phang

b/a/c
b/c/a
b/c/a/c
b/a

Dung tch (lt)

35

50

60

70

110

120

500/

600/

600/

600/

700/

700/

700/200

700/200

800/200

950/200

1050/250

1150/250

300/

400/

400/

400/

450/

450/

200/800

200/800

200/900

200/1000

250/1150

250/1200

300/200/

400/200/

400/200

400/250

450/250

450/250

700/200

700/200

/800/200

/900/200

/1050/250

/1050/250

500/800

600/800

600/900

600/1000

700/1150

700/1200

300/

400/

400/

400/

450/

450/

Tui ay gay

b/c/a

200/800

200/800

200/900

200/1000

250/1150

250/1200

Chieu day mang

LDPE

0,04

0,045

0,06

0,06

0,07

0,07

tng ng (mm)

PP

0,02

0,02

0,025

0,025

0,03

0,03

Chu thch: oi vi loai co dung tch nho hn 35 lt, dung mang LDPE co
chieu day 0,02 0,03mm va PP co chieu day 0,01 0,02mm.
Tren ay la quy cach kch thc bao b tng ng vi the tch, c che
tao bang vat lieu LDPE hoac PP cac kch thc a,b,c theo quy nh nh sau:

8.5.2 Tnh chat cua polypropylen

Mach polypropylen co cau truc dang xoan nh lo xo la do co cau tao cistrans oi vi nhom CH3, khong co mach nhanh va trong qua trnh che tao
mach PP a c keo gian theo chieu dai, do o co xu hng tao vung ket
tinh cao, nen co tnh chat chong tham khi hi rat cao, cng vng cung nh tnh
chu nhiet cao hn mot so loai plastic khac.
Do cau truc kha ac biet, mang PP co the gian theo chieu ngang, tuy he
so gian khong cao.

193

- Mang trong suot co o bong be mat cao, khi b vo cho tieng thanh hn
so vi PE.
- PP co ty trong thap (0,885 0,905 (g/cm3)).
- PP kha ben nhiet: nhiet o chay mem:
tnc = 132 149oC
tmin = 18oC
tohan = 140oC
- Nhiet o han dan m (than) bao b PP cao so vi PE v vay thng t dung
PP lam lp trong cung v khi han dan nhiet o e ong kn bao b phai dung
nhiet o cao khoang 140C , khong thuan li nh PE, va co the gay chay
h hong cau truc cac lp mang ghep pha ngoai.
- Vi tmin = 18oC th PP cung khong dung lam bao b thuy san lanh
ong do bi cac san pham thuy san lanh ong phai at nhiet o trung
tam la 18oC, khi o nhiet o phong lanh khoang 35 40oC, va bao
b PP se b nt v.
- Mang PP co tnh chong tham kh hi rat tot. Chong tham chat beo tot.
- Mang PP co tnh ben c hoc cao, kha cng vng, khong mem deo nh
PE, khong b keo gian dai do o c che tao thanh si, det thanh bao
b ng lng thc.
Mang PP cho kha nang in an cao, net in ro.
ng dung cua PP
- Dung lam bao b mot lp cha ng bao quan thc pham, khong yeu
cau chong oxy hoa mot cach nghiem ngat. PP cung c san xuat
dang mang ghep cung vi nhieu mang vat lieu khac e am bao tnh
chong tham kh, hi, dau m.
- Tao si det bao b ng lng thc, ngu coc co khoi lng ln.
- Mang PP bao phu ngoai cung oi vi mang ghep nhieu lp e tang tnh
chong tham kh, hi nc, va tao kha nang in an cao.

194

8.6 ORIENTED POLYPROPYLEN - OPP

Mang OPP chnh la mang PP cai tien, cung thuoc dang homopolyme cua:
CH3

CH CH
2

tng t nh PP, nhng mang OPP c

nh hng theo ca hai chieu thang goc
nhau trong qua trnh che tao: phng
doc theo chieu dai cua mang c un
ep va phng ngang thang goc vi
chieu doc cua mang (do s nh hng ca hai chieu nen trc ay c goi la
BOPP: Bi-oriented polypropylene) va hien nay ch dung t OPP).
ac tnh
Do c che tao ac biet co s nh hng hai chieu cac mach polyme
nen kha nang tao vung ket tinh tang cao, tao nen tnh chat ac biet khac PP
va cac loai plastic khac la:
- Tnh ben c hoc cao (ben xe va ben keo t)
- ac biet kha nang b xe rach de dang khi co 1 vet cat hoac 1 vet thung nho.
OPP co t trong gan tng ng vi PP: 0,902 0,907 g/cm3.
- OPP co o trong suot, o bong be mat cao hn PP, tieng keu khi vo
cung trong va thanh hn PP.
- OPP co tnh ben nhiet tng t nh PP
- OPP co tnh chat chong tham O2 , cac kh khac va hi cao hn so vi
PP. Do o OPP c che tao dang mang e ghep tao lp ngoai cung
cho bao b nhieu lp e nham tang tnh chong tham kh hi, va de xe
rach e m bao b (do co tao san mot vet t) va tao o bong cao cho
bao b.
8.7 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE - PVC
8.7.1 Tnh hnh san xuat s dung PVC
San pham PVC c a ra th trng t nam 1920. PVC a tng la loai
nha c s dung vi so lng rat ln, nhng ngay nay a b PE vt qua.
Nhng hien nay, PVC c s dung vi so lng ln dung bao boc day cap
ien dung lam ong thoat nc, may che ma, mang nha gia dung v.v
Chat nen au tien cho phan ng trung hp PVC la vinylchloride dang kh,

thng c goi la VCM, co the anh hng en than kinh do co tac dung nh
thuoc me, va vao au nhng nam 1970, ngi ta a phat hien rang VCM co
kha nang gay ung th, va nhng san pham PVC a c san xuat trc ay co
cha mot lng nho chat VCM cha phan ng. Viec bao ong nay lai khi
au cho s phat trien nhng phng phap san xuat PVC cai tien co cha ham
lng VCM thap hn so vi trc ay. Ngay nay lng VCM co trong san
pham PVC a giam i rat nhieu, co the ch bang 1/100 so vi trc ay, co
the phu hp vi tieu chuan VCM trong thc pham ong bao b la < 1ppm.
Ngoai ra PVC a b gan toi mot cach sai lam la: chat san xuat ra dioxin
khi x ly rac bang phng phap ot chay. Nhng nhng ieu tra gan ay cho
thay viec ot rac la sai lam v co qua nhieu clo cha trong vat lieu khac ton
tai trong rac. V du nh lo muoi bot cung co the san sinh ra dioxin.
Thc te, phng phap x ly rac PVC bang ot chay, lai sinh ra kh HCl,
kh nay ket hp vi nc tao thanh axit clohydric; co the loai bo kh HCl bang
phng phap hap thu vao H2O.
Tai My lng PVC c san xuat hien nay khoang 2,7 trieu tan/nam
dung cho tat ca cac nganh cong nghiep, trong o lng PVC c dung lam
bao b thc pham khoang 207 ngan tan/nam va khoang 1/3 so lng nay c
dung lam bao b bao goi tht ti song.
Mang t vat lieu PVC co tnh don, khong mem deo nh PE hoac PP. e
che tao PVC mem deo dung lam bao b th phai dung them chat phu gia, do
o cung tang tnh chong tham kh O2 va hi H2O. PVC a deo hoa co the dung
lam mang co e khang cac bao b chai lo (mang co bao nap chai lo).
Bao b PVC co nhng khuyet iem nh sau:
- T trong: 1,4g/cm3, cao hn PE va PP do trong phan t PVC, clor chiem
khoang 50% khoi lng do o phai ton mot lng ln PVC e co c
mot dien tch mang cung o day so vi PE va PP.
- Loai PVC a c deo hoa, bi phu gia se b bien tnh cng don sau
mot khoang thi gian.
- San pham PVC a khong che c d lng VCM en mc thap hn
1ppm la mc an toan cho phep, nhng chau Au, PVC van khong
c dung lam bao b thc pham.
- So vi gia thanh cua cac loai polyme trung ngng khac th PVC co gia
thanh thap hn.
Cau truc
PVC c san xuat bang phng phap trung hp cac monomer VCM
vinyl chloride, ap suat thap, khoang nhiet o khong cao phan ng trung

196

hp PVC co the bieu dien nh sau:

H
H
|
|
n (C = C)
|
|
H
Cl

H
H
|
|
(C C) n
|
|
H
Cl

Phan t VCM co 1 noi oi trong phan t, co the m noi oi tham gia

phan ng trung hp v tr au hoac cuoi. Do o tuy theo cong nghe che tao,
chat phu gia c s dung co the tao ra nhieu loai PVC co tnh nang khac
nhau ap ng nhieu muc tieu s dung cua cac nganh cong nghiep.
S phat trien chuoi mach PVC co the t mot au hoac ca hai au mach
nh sau:
Phan t PVC c trung hp ca hai v tr au va v tr cuoi
(CH2 CHCl) (CHCl CH2) (CH2 CHCl)
Phan t PVC c trung hp v tr au vi nhau
(CH2 CHCl) (CH2 CHCl) (CH2 CHCl)
- Ngoai ra phan t PVC cung c hnh thanh t s trung hp ngau nhien
gia cac VCM. Vat lieu PVC luon luon co cha cau truc phan t trung hp
ngau nhien va ton tai trang thai vo nh hnh. Mang PVC c san xuat theo
phng phap un ep va thoi thanh mang qua khe, co the ieu chnh c o
day mang. Mot trong nhng kho khan gap phai trong qua trnh san xuat PVC
la s khong on nh nhiet trong qua trnh gia nhiet do o nht cao cua khoi
vat lieu nong chay.
Tnh chat cua PVC
a) Vat lieu PVC khong hoa deo
- San pham t PVC khong hoa deo thng b giam mau va mat mau khi
c gia nhiet en gan nhiet o che tao, do o phai co chat on nh
them vao.
- Chong tham hi, nc kem hn cac loai PE, PP.
- Tnh chong tham kh va tnh chong tham dau m kha cao, co the lam
bao b cha thc pham co ham lng chat beo cao, co kha nang bao
quan chat beo khoi s oxy hoa.
- Khong b h hong bi axit va kiem

- B pha huy bi mot so dung moi hu c, ac biet la loai clorur

hydrocarbon (cloroform), va ketone.
- Mang PVC co khuynh hng ong thanh khoi do tng tac tnh ien
gia chung.
b) Vat lieu PVC a deo hoa
- Tnh chat cua PVC a deo hoa thay oi tuy theo chat deo hoa a s
dung. Thong thng, neu tang lng chat deo hoa th se tang tnh mem
deo (khong cng vng cua mang PVC, mac du nhiet o thap.
- Vat lieu PVC hoa deo co mui va cang nhiem mui khi tiep xuc vi dung
moi hu c. Mang PVC hoa deo bang chat hoa deo v co chat on nh
thch hp th se tang o trong suot, o bong be mat va tnh ben c.
- Ca hai loai PVC eu co the c in an tot, khong can x ly be mat
trc khi in nh trng hp cua PE va PP nhng cung co mot chat hoa
deo va chat boi trn mang tac ong lam cho s in an tr nen khong ro
net.
Ap dung: Nganh thc pham ch s dung loai PVC khong hoa deo:
- e phu ben ngoai cac loai mang khac tao thanh bao b mang ghep, tang
tnh chong tham kh.
- Lam mang co v co tnh kha mem deo e bao boc cac loai thc pham
ti song bao quan, lu hanh trong thi gian ngan: nh tht song, rau
qua ti, lam mang co khang cac nap chai nc giai khac bang plastic.
Ngoai ra PVC c ap dung e lam rat nhieu vat gia dung cung nh cac
loai san pham thuoc cac nganh khac.
8.8 POLYVINYLI DENE CHLORIDE (PVDC)
Polyvinylidene chloride la san pham trung hp cua monomer vinylidene
chloride (VDC) va mot loai monomer khac nh la vinyl chloride (VCM).

198

Hnh 8.3: Mang PVDC bao boc thc pham ti song bao quan lanh va mot so
thc pham an lien nh pho mat, tht nguoi

Cau truc cua VDC nh sau:

H Cl
|
|
C = C
|
|
H Cl
Trong thc te s dung, PVDC la copolyme cua VDC va VCM. Mang
PVDC c dung pho bien lam bao b thc pham (khoang 81 ngan tan/nam
tren khap the gii) bi nhng tnh chat quan trong sau ay:
- Mang copolyme PVDC/VCM co tnh trong suot, mem deo, ben c hoc,
tnh bam dnh tot, tnh chong tham kh rat cao.

tnc = 135C
tmin = 18C
than = 121 148C
- Mang PVDC/MA hoac PVDC/AN la loai ong trung hp cua vinylidene
chloride va methyl acrylate hoac vi acrylonitrile lam lp boc ngoai
cho cac vat lieu plastic khac hoac giay vi tnh chong tham kh cao trong
moi trng co ham am cao. Trong khi ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH)
co tnh chong tham kh rat tot nhng tnh nay giam i khi moi trng co
ham am cao.
- Mang PVDC thng lam lp che phu ben ngoai cua PET e nang cao
tnh chong tham O2.
- PVDC luon luon c ghep vi cac loai mang plastic khac, tao nen
mang ghep tang tnh chong tham kh, mang PVDC ch dung rieng mot
mnh lam mang bao boc rau qua, cac thc an c cha tr lanh do tnh
bam dnh tot va tnh mem deo cao.
Ghi chu: MA: methyl acrylate
AN: acrylonitrile
8.9 ETHYLENE VINYL ALCOHOL (EVOH)
Ethylene vinyl alcohol, la copolyme cua ethylene vi vinyl alcohol co
nhng tnh chat chc nang gan vi PVDC.
EVOH c tao thanh t tac nhan ban au la EVA (ethylene vinyl
alcohol) va c tiep tuc trung hp t mot lng ln VA (vinyl alcohol) vi
ethylene. Ham lng ethylene ton tai trong san pham EVOH khoang
30 45%.

200

- EVOH thng c ghep chung vi cac mang plastic e tang tnh chong
tham O2 va cac loai hi kh khac va c che tao dang un ep.
- EVOH co tnh chong tham kh O2 tot hn PVDC o am moi trng
thap, nhng o am cao th tnh chong tham kh cua EVOH giam ang
ke ( RH = 70%).
EVOH thng dung lam lp bao phu chong tham kh O2 cua mang ghep
nhieu lp, canh tranh vi PVDC mot cach hieu qua do EVOH co nhng u
iem hn PVDC nh sau:
EVOH co khoang nhiet o ton tai rong hn so vi PVDC ( 17 150C )
Nhiet o chay on nh oi vi mot qua trnh un ep tao mang
T trong 1,2 thap hn PVDC, do o dien tch mang ln hn so vi khi
s dung cung 1 lng PVDC
EVOH khong b cho la gay o nhiem moi trng nh PVDC
EVOH c at vao ben trong cua mang nhieu lp e duy tr o am
cua EVOH thap nham s dung hieu qua tnh chong tham O2 cua
EVOH.
EVOH c ap dung pho bien lam bao b thc pham v nhng tnh chat
ben c cao, trong suot, mem deo, chong tham kh, mui hng tot va che tao
de dang do nhiet o chay on nh. Chi ph s dung EVOH cao hn OPP.
Nhng EVOH co mot tnh chat quan trong khien no c tach khoi nhom
polyolefin la khong hap thu nhng mui hng cua moi trng nh hng cam
cua nc ep cam do o ma c dung trong bao b nc cam ep.
EVOH co tnh chong tham kh nhay cam vi o am moi trng, phai
c dung trong bao b thc pham mang ghep ba lp chong tham kh hng.
8.10 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET)
8.10.1 PET thuoc nhom polyester
PET thuoc nhom polyester la loai copolyme c che tao bi phan ng
trung ngng. Ten viet tat PET e ch loai polyester a s dung ethylene glycol
lam chat nen khi au cho qua trnh trung hp. Tng t oi vi loai
polyester c viet tat la PBT th chat buthyleneglycol la chat khi au. PET
con co ten thng mai la Mylar, Milinex, Hoslaphane va Terphane.
PET la loai vat lieu plastic quan trong dung lam bao b thc pham. PET
c san xuat t phan ng trung ngng gia ethylene glycol va dimethyl
terephthalate (DMT) hoac axit terephthalic (TPA) di ap suat thap. Phan ng
trung ngng tao PET nh sau:

- Cau truc phan t cua phan t PET (hnh trang sau).

Cac monomer tham gia phan ng trung ngng tao nen PET eu co hai
nhom chc nh: OH trong ethyleneglycol va COOH trong TPA va nhom
COOCH3 trong DMT. S trung ngng tao nen phan t polyme mach dai, cac
phan t H2O hoac CH3OH c loai tuy thuoc monomer tac chat.
Tnh trong suot, tnh ben c va tnh mem deo c tang len khi mang
PET c nh hng hai chieu. Do o trong thc te san xuat va ap dung, t
PET c dung e ch mang PET a c nh hng hai chieu bi v PET
khong nh hng khong the c ng dung pho bien v mot so tnh nang
kem.
8.10.2 Tnh chat
PET la mot loai bao b thc pham quan trong co the tao mang hoac tao
dang chai lo do bi cac tnh chat:
- T trong: 1,4
- Ben c hoc cao, co kha nang chu ng lc xe va lc va cham, chu
ng s mai mon cao, co o cng vng cao
- Tr vi moi trng thc pham
- Trong suot
- Chong tham kh O2 va CO2 tot hn cac loai polyelefin.

Cau truc phan t cua phan t PET

- Mang PET luon luon c phu mot lp plastic khac ben ngoai e co the
han dan nhiet ghep m bao b, thng dung la PVDC nham ong thi
lam tang tnh chong tham hi nc va kh O2, hoac cung co the dung
lp phu PE nham e han dan nhiet tot (ch khong e tang kha nang
chong tham kh, hi).

202

- Khi c gia nhiet en khoang 200oC, cau truc hoa hoc cua mach PET
van c gi nguyen; tnh chong tham kh hi van khong thay oi khi
nhiet o khoang 66 100oC, nhng tmem 90oC co the lam bien dang
co rut mang PET.
- Tmin = 70oC, nhiet o nay mang PET van gi nguyen cac tnh chat c
ly hoa.
- Nhiet o gay h hong cau truc PET la 225C, nhng Tmem deo = 85 90C
- Khong b h hong bi dung moi hu c
- Chong tham dau, m rat cao
Nhng loai plastic tng can PET:
- Loai copolyme c goi la PETG c che tao gom: PET va 6%
cyclohexane dimethanol, trang thai khong nh hng ben c cao
c dung lam bao b cho thc pham can gia nhiet, co the chu c
nhiet o 115 121C .
- PET ket tinh nhanh (rapidly crystallizable form of PET) c goi la CPET
thng c dung lam bao b thc pham can gia nhiet trc khi an v cung
chu c nhiet o >100oC tng t nh PETG.
- PET vo nh hnh (amorphous version of PET) co tnh chat tng t nh
PET a nh hng.
Ap dung: Do tnh chong tham kh CO2 rat cao nen PET c dung lam
chai lo ng nc giai khat co gas, chiem 40% tong lng nc giai khat c
san xuat, chiem khoang 80% lng PET c san xuat.
CPET c dung lam mang bao boc thc pham can gia nhiet nh chai bia
can thanh trung, mang PET c che tao tui ng thc pham kho can chong
oxy hoa.

Hnh 8.4: Chai nc giai khat bang PET

204

8.11 POLYAMIDE
8.11.1 Cau truc cua polyamide
Polyamide la mot loai plastic tao ra t phan ng trung ngng cua mot
loai axit hu c va mot amin. Polyamide co ten thng mai la nylon (Nylon
trc ay cung la ten goi chung cho tat ca cac loai plastic). Hai loai
polyamide quan trong c dung lam bao b co ten thng mai: nylon 6 va
nylon 6,6 la polyamide ban ket tinh.
a) Nylon 6 c trung ngng t mot loai monomer la caprolactam co hai nhom
chc axit va amin nhiet o 225C . Cau truc cua nylon 6 nh sau:

O
P

nNH2 (CH2 )5 COOH

( N (CH2 )5 C )n + nH2O
|

H
b) Nylon 6,6 c tao ra t phan ng trung ngng cua hexamethylene
diamine va axit adipic nhiet o 260C loai i mot phan t H2O,
hnh thanh mot muoi hu c, sau o lai c gia nhiet tach i them
mot phan t H2O. Phan ng tach H2O nh the lien tuc xay ra hnh
thanh san pham polyme.

H2 N (CH2 )6 NH2

COOH (CH2 )4 COOH

Hexamethylene diamin

Axit adipic

nCOOH(CH2 )4 COOH + nNH2 (CH2 )6 NH2

( CO(CH2 )4 CONH(CH2 )6 NH )n + 2nH2O
(nylon 6,6)
Ben canh nylon 6 va nylon 6,6, con co nhng loai nylon 11, 12 cung c
s dung pho bien. Nylon 11 c che tao t phan ng trung ngng axit aminoundecanoic NH2(CH2)10 COOH nhiet o 180C .
Nhieu loai nylon c che tao t cac loai axit va amin khac, khong c
ap dung lam bao b.
Loai nylon 6 c s dung lam bao b pho bien hn so vi cac loai nylon
khac, mac du tnh chat quang hoc va c hoc kem hn so vi nylon 6,6 nhng
nylon 6 co u iem la ben nhiet, mem deo khi gia nhiet khoang 100oC, de han
dan nhiet va de dang tao mang uc bang phng phap un ep vi cac loai
nha nhiet deo khac. S nh hng mot chieu hoac ca hai chieu khi che tao

nylon 6 nham nang cao kha nang chong tham kh va ben c hoc. T "BON"
c dung e ch nylon 6 a c nh hng hai chieu. Hien nay t nylon
c dung e ch rieng nylon 6.
Nylon c s dung lam bao b thc pham t hn so vi polyolefin va
PET, v cac loai plastic nay ch co kha nang tao mang ghep vi cac loai vat
lieu khac, so lng nylon c s dung My khoang 45 tan/nam). Hien nay
co loai polyamide mi c goi la polyamid khong ket tinh (non crystalline
polyamide) hay amourphous, con goi la selar padan, c phat trien My va
Nhat co kha nang ben c hoc cao, tang o trong suot va tang kha nang chong
tham kh O2. Tnh chong tham kh se giam khi ham am RH at 100%. Loai
polyamid vo nh hnh nay co kha nang ap dung pho bien lam bao b thc
pham dang chai, lo.
8.11.2 Tnh chat cua nylon
Ty trong: 1,13
tmax = 220oC, nhiet o co the gay h hong cau truc nylon
tmin = 70oC
- Nylon co tnh chong tham thau kh hi rat tot.
- Nylon 6 chong tham H2O kem: trong khong kh bnh thng co the hap

thu mot lng H2O khoang 3% va trong moi trng H2O co the hap

thu en 10% (so vi khoi lng bao b nylon 6).

- Nylon 6 co the chu ng c nhiet o tiet trung cua hi qua nhiet
(khoang 140oC) va cung chu c s gia nhiet bang hi nc hoac
trong moi trng kho rao nhiet o > 140oC
- Nylon van gi nguyen tnh mem deo trong khoang rong cua nhiet o
cao cung nh nhiet o lanh tham o nh trong qua trnh bao quan
thuy san ong lanh.
- Nylon co kha nang hap thu nc, hi nc; s hap thu nc se anh
hng xau en tnh ben c ly, nhng anh hng nay se mat i khi nylon
c say kho.
- Nylon co tnh chong tham kh rat tot, co the dung lam bao b hut chan
khong hoac bao b ngan can s tham thau O2, hay thoat hng.
- Nylon co tnh ben c ly cao: chu c va cham, chong c s tray
sc, mai mon, va xe rach hoac thung bao b.
- Co kha nang han dan nhiet kha tot, khong yeu cau nhiet o han qua
cao; co the han ghep m bao b nylon bang phng phap han cao tan.

206

- Nylon la polyme co cc, co kha nang in an tot, khong can x ly be mat

trc khi in.
- Nylon co kha nang ngan nga s tham thau
- Mang nylon khong b tac ong cua axit yeu, kiem yeu nhng b h hong
oi vi axit va kiem nong o cao.
- Khong b h hong bi, dau, m
- Mang nylon trong suot va co o bong be mat cao
Mang BON (c nh hng hai chieu) se tang o trong suot, o bong
lang be mat, tang kha nang chong tham kh, hi nc, va tang tnh ben c ve
kha nang chong xe rach, am thung, mai mon
ng dung: Mang nylon ghep cung PE c dung lam bao b cha thc
pham lanh ong, hoac bao boc thc pham an lien c ham nong trong lo viba
trc khi an.
8.12 POLYCARBONAT (PC)
8.12.1 Cau tao cua PC
Polycarbonat la mot loai polyester c trung ngng gia bisphenol A va
diphenyl carbonate
Polycarbonat thuoc loai nha vo nh hnh, co the c nh hng e
phat trien tnh nang toi u, c dung trong nhieu nganh ky thuat khac lanh
vc bao b thc pham, bi v tnh cng vng cua PC ca nhiet o cao va nhiet
o thap. Phan ng trung ngng tao PC nh sau:

8.12.2 Tnh chat cua PC

PC co ty trong 1,2
Polycarbonat co cac tnh chat kha ac biet va quan trong nh sau:

- Tnh chong tham kh, hi cao hn cac loai LDPE, LLDPE, EVA nhng
thap hn cac loai HDPE, PET, PP, BON, nylon.
- Trong suot, tnh ben c va o cng vng rat cao, kha nang chong mai
mon va khong b tac ong bi cac thanh phan cua thc pham. PC c
dung lam bao b can s cng vng nh dang bnh, thung cha co the
tch ln, nhng chen da co the gia nhiet ham nong thc an.
Vi kha nang chu c nhiet o cao PC c dung e lam bao b cha
thc pham can tiet trung ( t nc = 122C, tmin = 83C ).
Mang PC co tnh chong tham kh, hi kem; gia thanh PC cao gap ba lan
PP, do o t c s dung nh PET, PP, nylon, HDPE.
8.13 POLYSTYRENE (PS)
8.13.1 Cau truc PS
San pham polyslyrene (PS) co tren th trng t trc The Chien th II.
Khoang 450 ngan tan PS c dung e che tao cac loai chen da ch s dung 1
lan (dung roi bo i), va cac loai bao b khac nh thung cha.
Polystyren la san pham trung hp cua styrene
di xuc tac khi au cua mot peroxide. S trung hp xay ra cac noi oi
cua nhom ethylene gan vi nhan thm - phan ng xay ra ap suat thap trong
khoang nhiet o 105 190oC. Tuy theo ieu kien xuc tac khac nhau se tao
nen PS co mach dai ngan khac nhau co phan t lng t 40.000 220.000, do
anh hng cua ieu kien ky thuat cua qua trnh che tao. S chon la phan t
lng tuy thuoc vao phng phap tao hnh san pham PS bang phng phap
un ep hay thoi nha vao khuon tao dang chai lo,...
Cau truc cua PS nh sau:

8.13.2 Tnh chat

PS la loai polyme vo nh hnh, co nhng ac tnh sau:
- Trong suot
- Tnh cng vng cao, don
- Tnh ben c hoc kem ve va cham, mai mon, xe rach

208

- Nhiet o nong chay t nc = 88C

- Tnh chong tham nc tot
- Tnh chong kh hi rat kem.
Copolyme gia styrene va cao su c cai thien tnh ben c, nhng giam
o trong suot, gia thanh tang cao. Loai nay c ky hieu la HIPS. Khi HIPS
c un ep vi cac polyme khac e tao vat lieu ghep nhieu lp dang mang
hay tam co tnh cng vng rat cao.
ng dung: PS c thoi va dap tao thanh cac loai, khay cha ng trng,
banh, cac loai thc an lien, cac loai nguyen lieu thc pham nh tht ca ti
song, rau qua.
- PS dung lam lp lot ca so cho cac bao b e co the nhn thay vat pham
ben trong, trong trng hp nay khong yeu cau tnh chong tham kh cao
oi vi san pham, PS cung co the c dung lam ca rot thc pham
long cua bao b dang hop tetrabrik, theo phng phap ong bao b
tetrapak.
Loai foam PS la loai PS sui bot c che tao bang cach tron hexane vao
polyme trang thai nhu tng, un, ep tao thanh vat cha ng, th kh
hexane tc gia nhiet se bay hi tao thanh nhng lo nho li ti, tao tnh xop
khong cng gion cho PS, va co the co phu gia TiO2 tao mau trang uc, can
quang. Do s gian n cua PS theo s gian n cua kh hexane nen foam PS con
c goi la expanded PS (EPS).

EPS co t tron g rat tha p c du ng lam vat ch a ng nh ng loai thc

pham a n lien, thc pham s dun g trong vo ng 24 gi, hoac lam vat lieu

chem lot.
- PS c nh hng hai chieu cung tang tnh chong tham, tnh ben c
nhng van khong the dung lam bao b mot lp chong tham kh hi.

Hnh 8.5: Chen a, khay, vat cha ng dung mot lan lam t EPS
8.14 SO SANH AC TNH CUA MOT SO LOAI PLASTIC LAM BAO B
THC PHAM
Cac ieu kien che tao nh: nhiet o ap suat trung hp hoac trung ngng,
chat phu gia, lng chat phu dao ong th co the anh hng en ty trong va
trong lng phan t cua plastic. do o co the gay bien oi mot vai ac tnh hoa

210

ly.

Bang 8.2: Tnh chat vat ly cua vat lieu plastic lam bao b thc pham tren c s
o day mang 25m
STT

ac tnh

HDPE

LDPE

LLDPE

Trong

0,945

0,91

0,918

lung

0,967

0,925

0,923

41,2

42,6

42,5

(g/cm3)

EVA

monom
er

OPP*

PET*

0,90

1,4

PVC

PVDC

1,22

1,6

1,36

1,7

28

24

0,94

0,93

0,96

OPS*

BON*

1,05

1,14

rieng
2

(m /kg;

Lc xe
rach (kpsi)

lc xe (1%

41,9

4,20

44

28,4

38

35

Ty le dan
dai toi a
(%)

2,5

125

200

1,5

20

(graves

5
4

200

25

20

500

800

3,5

5
5

10

300

800

100

500

(lb/in)

400

600

100

600

Lc xe
6

32,5

34,7

secant) (kpsi)

1,2

32,7

Cng o
4

1,19

25m)
3

PC

1,14

Dien tch
2

EVOH

600

500

20

25

350

700

50

70

75

30

1000

1000

1500

2000

350

16

100

00

1,

1,2

100

70

500

85

120

20

80

320

100

150

800

800

11

00

30

300

00

25

75

50

12

400 4 250 3 300

50

00

100

50

00

1600

Lc xe
7

rach
(gm/25m

200

100

350

150

200

40

900

20

00

340

20

400

00

10

00

15

15

400

20

00

180

)
8

10

o tham
nc
o tham
O2
o m
uc (%)

0,4
100

500

200
5

10

450

700

600
6

13

1,5

300

900
2

10

450
1

0,4
100

160

1,5

15

85

80

88

30

30

60
0

0,05

0,03
0,1

0,1

200

350

200

350
1

1,5

90

92

121,1

121,1

0,01

0,02

300

88

90

89

121,1

176,7

Ty le anh
11

sang
truyen qua

65

55

7
5

90

(%)
Khoang
12

nhiet o

135

han ghep

154,4

m (oC)
Khoang
13

nhiet o
ton tai
(oC)

-40

1211

121,1

104,4

176,

171,1

56,7

82,2

28,9

65,6

176,7

104,4

73,3

93,3

148,9

107,2

148,

65,6

101,1

65,6

4,4

121,1

135

176,7

73,3

148,9

137,8

148, 176, 176,

171,10

-28,9

65,6

17,8

135

62,2

204,4

79,4

73,3

204,4

-17,8

148,9

204

215

98

137

212

Bang 8.3: Kha nang tham kh, hi va nc, kha nang chu ng trong cac moi
trng hoa hoc cua cac loai plastic
Toc o khuech tan kh
(cm3/100in2/24hr/mil) at

Toc o

25oC

lieu

hi nc
(g/100

mang

in2/24

Vat

bao b

O2

N2

CO2

truyen

hr/mil) at
37.8oC
90% RH

Kha
nang

Kha nang chu ng trong moi trng

tham
nc
trong
vong
24h

Axit

Kiem

Chat

Dung moi

manh

manh

beo

hu c

Kem

Tot

Kem

Kha

Tot

Tot

Tot

Tot

Tot

Tot

Tot

Nc

Celloph
ane
(c

13

0,21,0

Cao

Kem

0,5

0,5

0,5

0,40,9

Cao

thay

phu
vec-ni)
Celloph
ane (phu

Co

plastic)

oi

Celloph
ane (phu

ln hn

plastic)
Cellulos
e
acetale
Nylon-6
Polyest
er

hoac bang

Tot

Tot

39

Kem

Kem

Tot

Kem

1,2
1171

304 86010

Khoang

Co thay

oi

50

00

150

2,6

0,9

1012

1622

9,5

Tot

Tot

Tot

Tot

1525

1,01,3

<0,8

Tot

Kem

Tot

Tot

Tot

3,04, 0,71

Co thay
oi

,0

LDPE

500

180

2700

1,01,5

<0,01

Tot

Tot

Kem

Tot

Tot

HDPE

185

42

580

0,3

Khong

Tot

Tot

Tot

Tot

Tot

0,7

<0,005

Tot

Tot

Tot

Tot

Tot

<0,005

Tot

Tot

Tot

Tot

Tot

Tot

Tot

Co cai

Co cai

thien

thien

PP
OPP
PS
PVC
PVDC

1502

404 50080

40

160

20

540

0,25

900

7,010,0

2503
50
8160

170

0,86, 0,121
9

,5

20190
0
3,844

0,040,
10

410

Khong

Tot

Tot

Tot

0,20,6

Tot

Tot

Tot

RH: o am tng oi; mil = 0,025 m

Co cai
thien
Co cai
thien

Tot
Tot
Tot

Trong cac loai plastic lam bao b thc pham th:

- PET, PVC va PC co ty trong cao se tang gia thanh bao b cao do dien
tch be mat thap nhat khi che tao cung o day va khoi lng so vi cac
loai plastic khac.
- OPP, PET, OPS va PVDC co o dan dai thap nhat di tac dung cua lc keo.
- HDPE, OPP, OPS va PC co tnh chong tham nc cao nhat.
- PET, PVDC, BON, EVOH co tnh chong tham O2 cao nhat.
- Cac loai LDPE, LLDPE, EVA, OPS va PC chong tham O2 kem nhat.
- o tham thau O2 tnh theo n v cm3/100m2ngay1atm ieu kien
25oC va ham am khong kh la 0%.
- Mc o tham nc WVTR (water vapor transfer rate): g/100in2ngay
ieu kien 37 38C va ham am khong kh la 90%.
Bang 8.4: ac tnh nhan dang cac loai plastic khi ot chay
MANG FILM
CELLULOSE
D = 1,48
CELLULOSE ACETAT
D = 1,281,32
CELLULOSE ACETAT /
BUTYRAT

T DAP
TAT

D = 1,061,14
CELLULOSE NITRAT
D = 1,35 1,40

(LLDPE va HDPE)

MUI

chay nhanh & hoan

vang, cam, xam
toan: phan b chay giay chay
& co khoi
tr nen don

khong

vang-hoa ca vi chay, chay nhanh &

giam chay
goc xanh
ngon la khong eu

khong

vang am vi
chay & nho giot
canh xanh nhat

co

chay, nho giot &

xanh vi nh
bot, giot khong ap toc chay
mau vang
tan

khong

vang

khong

xanh ay,
vang nh, chay, nho giot
khoi trang

POLYETHYLEN
D = 0,9100,965

TNH CHAT
CUA VAT LIEU

khong

D = 1,151,22
NYLON

AC TNH
CUA NGON
LA

b oi

chay xay ra ngay &

hang, cay
hoan toan
sap chay

214

MANG FILM

T DAP
TAT

POLYPROPYLENE
D = 0,900 0,915

D = 1,38
POLYSTYRENE
D = 1,041,09
POLYVINYLCHLORIDE
D = 1,221,36
POLYVINYLIDENE
CHLORIDE

D = 1,14 1,19

MUI

xanh ay,
vang nh, chay, nho giot
khoi trang

khong

vang khoi en, khong nho

chay on nh
chay on nh

khong

vang cam, khoi

khong nho giot
en, co mo hong

co

vang-cam
vi en nhanh, mem,
chlorine
canh xanh la cay phan huy

co

vang vi canh
tro en, cng
xanh la cay

co (cham)

vang vi khoi phong, mem, tr

hang, cay
xam
thanh mau nau

D = 1,68
POLYVINYL ALCOHOL

TNH CHAT
CUA VAT LIEU

khong

(LDPE)
POLYESTER

AC TNH
CUA NGON
LA

hang,
chay
giot,

sap

nha, de chu
mui cay co

chlorine

D - khoi lng rieng, g/cc

ac tnh nay coi the ap dung e nh tnh mot so loai plastic lam bao b
thc pham. Cac loai bao b dang tui thng c ghep nhieu loai plastic, do o
kho nh tnh theo cach ot chay nh tren. oi vi cac loai chai lo plastic ng
thc pham, chung thng c che tao bang mot loai plastic va c quy nh
ghi ky hieu
(x= 1 7 ) va ten viet tat cua plastic ngay ben di ky hieu nay. Do o co the
nhan biet ma khong can nh tnh theo phng phap tren (ky hieu nay c
trnh bay chng 10).
8.14.1 ac tnh cua LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE.
Bang 8.5: So sanh ac tnh gia LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE
LDPE

LLDPE

HDPE

(CH2 CH2 )n

(CH2 CH2 )n

(CH2 CH2 )n

ac iem:
- Ty trong 0,910,925g/cm3

- Ty trong
0,910,92g/cm3

- Ty trong
0,9410,965g/cm3

- Trong nhng co anh hi m o

bong be mat kha cao

- Trong hi m LLDPE
co o bong be mat
cao, tnh mem deo cao.

- Trong m, mc o mem
deo kem hn LDPE va
LLDPE, tnh cng vng

cao.
- B keo dan va de t di tac
dung lc

- t b gian, kho t.

- Co tnh chat c ly cao

nhat so LDPE va LLDPE

tnc = 93C

tnc = 95 180C

tnc = 121C

t min = 57C

t min = 57C

t min = 46C

than = 100 110C

than = 120 150C

than = 140 180C

- Tnh chong tham kh

hi nc cao hn so
vi LDPE.

- Tnh chong kh, hi nc

cao hn ca hai loai tren.

- Chong tham dau m kem.

- Tnh chong dau m

c cai thien hn.

- Tnh chong dau m c

cai thien cao hn.

- Ben oi vi axit, kiem, muoi

vo c.

- Ben oi vi axit, kiem,

muoi vo c.

Giong vi LLDPE

- B h hong trong dung moi hu

c.

- B h hong trong dung

moi hu c.

Giong vi LLDPE

Kha nang in an tren bao b

LDPE kem

Kha nang in an tren bao

b LLDPE cao hn LDPE

Tng t nh LDPE

- Dung lam bao b thuy san lanh

ong v sau khi ng bao b,
chung c tr ong 18oC.

- Co the dung lam bao b

thuy hai san lanh
ong.

- Co the dung lam bao b

thuy hai san lanh ong.

- Mang nay thng dung lam

lp trong cung cua bao b
nhieu lp e de dang han dan
nhiet.

- Lam lp trong cua bao

b nhieu lp hoac lam
lp ngoai cung e
chong tham nc cho
cac lp bao b giay.

- Lam lp ngoai cua bao b

dang tui ghep nhieu loai
vat lieu, hoac tao hnh
dang cac ly chen, lo bnh
cha cac loai vat pham
can thanh trung nhng
khong chong oxy hoa
mot cach nghiem ngat.

Tnh chu nhiet:

Kha nang chong lai cac tac

nhan:
- Chong tham nc tot

- Chong tham cac kh O 2 ,

CO 2 , N2 va hi nc kem

- Khi b chieu xa th tr nen

vang, trong suot, cng gion
hn
ng dung:

216

8.14.2 ac tnh cua PP va OPP

Bang 8.6: So sanh ac tnh gia PP va OPP
Polypropylene PP
Cau truc
c tong hp t propylene

Oriented Polypropylen OPP

Giong nh PP

CH3 CH = CH2
(CH CH2 )n
CH3

(PP la loai mang a c nh hng theo

mot chieu doc trong qua trnh che tao mang)

OPP chnh la san pham cua qua trnh nh

hng lai PP bang cach keo gian theo
phng ngang (vuong goc vi chieu doc).

T trong:
0,885-0,905 (g/ cm3 )

0,902-0,907(g/cm3)

Mang PP co the gian dai khi chu tac dung

cua lc keo, nhng o gian dai khong ln.

Do o OPP khong b gian dai di tac

dung cua lc keo. OPP luon luon c
che tap dang mang
- Co nhng tnh nang c ly hoa cao hn PP.

Cac iem nhiet o:

tnc = 132 149C

tnc = 140 146C

t min = 180C

t min = 50C

than = 140C

than = 150C

ac iem:
- Kho b rach, rat ben di tac ong cua lc c hoc.
- Trong suot.
- o bong ben mat cao.

- Rat ben c, nhng b xe rach de dang

khi a co mot vet t nho.
- Trong suot.

- Kha nang in an cao (ep, ro net)

- o bong be mat cao hn PP.

- Kha nang in an cao.

- Tnh chong tham kh, hi nc tot hn so vi PE.

- Tnh chong tham kh, hi nc cao hn PP

- Chong tham dau m rat tot.

- Chong tham dau m rat tot.

- Ben hoa hoc vi muoi, axit kiem, muoi vo c.

- Ben hoa hoc vi muoi, axit, kiem, muoi

vo c.

- B h hong trong dung moi hu c.

- B h hong trong dung moi hu c.

- Tnh ben c cua PP cao hn so vi PE

- OPP ben c hn PP

ng dung:
- Dung lam bao b chu tai trong cao, bao b
chu c che o thanh trung nhiet, chu ap
lc kh cao.
- Chai lo ng thc pham nh chai ng dau
thc pham tinh luyen.

ng dung:
OPP c dung lam lp mang ngoai cung
cua bao b ghep dang tui v no co tnh
chu nhiet, ben c hoc, chong tham kh,
hi nc tot va de xe rach.

8.14.3 ac tnh cua PET va PS

Bang 8.7: So sanh ac tnh gia PET va PS
Polyethylenglycol terephthalate
- Ty trong: 1,38 1,41

Polystyrene
- Ty trong: 1,05 1,06

t max = 225C (b huy cau truc)

tnc = 100C

tchay = 90C

t min = 70C

t min = 70C

- Trong suot

- Trong suot

- o cng vng cao

- Dang mang co tnh mem deo.

- Dang mang van co tnh cng vng.

- Vi o day cao e lam chai lo cha ng

th co o cng vng cao.

- Vi o day cao e lam chai lo cha ng

th co o cng vng cao hn PET.

- Ben c hoc cao, khong b gian di tac

ong cua lc keo (v trong qua trnh che
tao a c nh hng hai chieu).

- Ben c hoc cao, khong b gian (hoac gian

rat t) di tac ong cua lc keo.

- Kha nang in an cao (ep, ro net).

- Kha nang in an cao (ep, ro net)

- Tnh chong tham kh, O2 va CO2 cao nhat

trong so cac loai plastic.

- Tnh chong tham kh, hi nc rat kem

trong so cac loai plastic.

- Tnh chong dau m rat tot.

- Tnh chong dau m kem.

- Ben hoa hoc vi muoi, axit, kiem, muoi vo c.

- Ben hoa hoc vi muoi, axit, kiem, muoi vo c.

- H hong trong dung moi hu c.

- H hong trong dung moi hu c.

ng dung:

ng dung:

Lam bao b ng nc giai khat co ap lc

kh CO 2

- Lam chen, khay ng thc an dang trong

hoac bot xop uc.
- Lam vat chem xop chong va cham c hoc.

218

8.14.4 ac tnh cua PA va PC

Bang 8.8: So sanh ac tnh gia PA va PVC
Nylon (polyamide hay nylon 6)
- Ty trong: 1,13

Polyvinylchloride
- Ty trong: 1,2

1,8

t max = 220C

tnc = 121C

t min = 73C

t min = 28C

- Trong suot.

- Trong suot.

- Mang co tnh mem deo cao.

- Mang co tnh gion.

- Khong ben c hoc, b gian di lc keo.

- Ben c hoc cao hn PA, b gian di

lc keo.

- Kha nang in an kem.

- Kha nang in an kha.

- Tnh chong tham nc va hi nc rat kem trong so

cac loai plastic.

- Tnh chong tham kh, O 2 , N2 hi

- Tnh chong tham dau m kem.

- Tnh chong dau m tot.

- Ben hoa hoc vi muoi, axit, kiem, muoi vo c.

- Ben hoa hoc vi muoi, axit, kiem,

muoi vo c.

- H hong trong dung moi hu c.

- H hong trong dung moi hu c.

- Chong tham cac kh rat tot,

- B h hong trong moi trng co tia

cc tm.

ng dung:

ng dung:

- Lam mang co boc thc pham e ch tieu thu trong

mot thi gian ngan.

- Lam ong dan nc.

- Mang boc trong lo vi ba.

- Ghep ngoai vi mang PE tao cac bao b dang tui e
ng cac thuy san lanh hut chan khong.

nc tot, chong tham kh CO 2 kem

Khong dung lam bao b, vat cha ng

thc pham mac du hien nay thanh
phan VCM con sot lai trong luc trung
hp a xuong rat thap, co the giam
en hang tram lan, nhng van khong
c s tin dung trong nganh thc
pham.

8.15 IONOMER
8.15.1 Cau truc Ionomer
T Ionomer la loai plastic ma trong phan t polyme co cha nguyen to
kim loai, lien ket vi mach polyme bang lien ket cong hoa tr hoac lien ket
ion; va chnh cac ion kim loai nay lam cau noi lien ket ngang gia cac mach
polyme. Ben canh o ton tai s lien ket gia cac ion kim loai va mot so nhom
chc cua chuoi. Lien ket ion co nang lng cao hn cac lien ket khac trong
chuoi polyme nen chung se bo sung mot so tnh chat mi cho polyme. Nhng

ionomer a c che tao bi cong ty Du Pont va c ban di ten thng

mai la Surlyn A, mot loai vat lieu c s dung nh lp phu hoac lp lot hn
la dung nh dang mang rieng re.
Surlyn A da tren c s cua ethylene (hnh di), co nhng tnh chat
tng t nh polyethylene. Nhom carboxyl cua mach polyme lien ket vi ion
kim loai nh: Na+, K+, Mg2+, va Zn2+. Mot ionomer tieu bieu c tm thay
cha 2,8% Na co ng lng: 17 nguyen t Na/1000 nguyen t C. Cau truc
cua ionomer c bieu dien nh sau:

Cau truc cua Ionomer

Lien ket ion noi cac chuoi polyme vi nhau tao nen nhng tnh chat mi
ve o ben c, lc xe rach, o don va tnh chong va cham ma PE khong co.
Thuan li cho viec bao phu ben ngoai mot lp plastic khac lam tang tnh chat
ben c.
8.15.2 Tnh chat
Ionomer co nhng chat sau:
- Mem deo
- Trong suot, o uc khoang 1% oi vi mang day 0,03mm
- Cng, tnh vng cao, van gi nguyen tnh chat nay ngay ca ieu kien
o
= 99C . Ionomer cng vng hn PE 10 lan trong
nhiet o thap tmin
cung ieu kien, do o de gap xep, dung bao goi nhng san pham co
goc canh mot cach de dang hn PE v PE luon luon co trang thai mem
deo nen khi gap xep khong gi nep gap, cac nhom co cc co trong
phan t ionomer se tao tnh nang hap thu tia hong ngoai va se c ot nong
bang en hong ngoai.
- Chong mai mon tot, co the so sanh vi PA, PC
- Tnh chong tham dau m cao, nhng tnh nang nay giam dan theo s
tang cao nhiet o
- Ionomer khong b an mon bi moi trng kiem am hoac loang, nhng
b an mon bi axit.

220

- Khong b h hong bi cetone va ester, alcohol nhng b chay mem

trong cac loai dung moi hydrocarbon.
- Tnh chong tham kh tng t nh PE, tnh chong tham hi nc cao
hn PE.
- Co kha nang in an tot hn PE nhng van phai x ly be mat nay.
- Co the han dan e ghep m bang nhiet.
8.16 CELLOPHANE
Cellophane thng khong dung rieng re e lam bao b cha ng trc
tiep thc pham. Trc ay, khi cong nghe plastic cha phat trien, cellophane
ch c dung e bao goi tng vien keo, boc ngoai cac hop giay ng keo,
banh, thuoc la e chong thoat hng va tao s sang loang be mat va trong
suot cho phep nhn thay nhan hieu c in lp giay ben trong. Cellophane
thng c phu lp nitrocellulose hoac PVDC.
Cellophane co nguon goc t polyme thc vat la cellulose lay t go, c
x ly hoa hoc va un ep tao thanh mang.
- Cellophane co tnh trong suot, o bong be mat cao.
- Khong co o cng vng.
- Khong the han dan nhiet, cellophane phu nitrocelloluse nham muc ch
han dan nhiet khi ghep m va tang tnh chong tham kh.
- Mang cellophane co tnh cng, don co the keo cang va cuon mot cach
de dang tren he thong thiet b tao mang, kha ben c, nhng neu co vet
rach, thung th rat de dang xe rach.
- Tao nep gap mot cach de dang
- Gia thanh cao
Hien nay OPP co the thay the hoan toan cellophane va con co nhng
tnh chat u viet hn cellophane trong lanh vc bao b.
8.17 NGUYEN TAC CHE TAO BAO B PLASTIC - ONG TP VAO BAO B
8.17.1 Che tao mang, bao b plastic
Mang plastic hoac cac dang chai lo eu c che tao qua nhieu cong
oan, nhng cong oan chung nhat la qua thiet b un ep (H.8.6) va sau o
c un qua khe e co the tao thanh dang mang, hoac tam (H.8.7 va H.8.8),
hoac c un qua thiet b uc ly tam hoac uc ap lc cao (H.8.12, H.8.13)
tao hnh dang chai lo theo khuon. Nguyen tac hoat ong cua thiet b ep un

(H.8.6): hat plastic c nhap lieu t pheu nhap lieu c tron va un en

trang thai chay mem, sau o c un ep bang truc vt xoan oc chuyen ong
xoay tron ben trong thiet b, plastic c ra khe ca e tao dang mang, dang
ong tru hoac dang tam, c may keo cang nh hng mot chieu hoac hai
chieu, e cai thien tnh chat c ly, tnh chong tham, ong thi cung giam o
day cua tam va tang chieu dai cua mang c nh hng theo chieu doc cua
mang khi san xuat hoac nh hng ca hai chieu, nh trng hp nh hng
che tao mang OPP, OPET, OPS.
Dang tam thng c che tao bang vat lieu plastic co o cng vng cao;
vat lieu plastic c un qua khe thang, roi t o c dap tao hnh khay,
a...
- Nhng loai chai, lo phai c che tao bang plastic co o cng vng cao;
plastic c un ep va uc khuon, va thoi thanh hnh dang mong muon.
- Cac loai tui c che tao bang vat lieu plastic mem deo (plastic co o
mem deo cao); plastic c un n thuan ch mot loai vat lieu qua khe
hnh vanh khan va thu c mang plastic dang ong tru. Cng o chu
lc cung nh o day cua mang, o trong suot hay m uc cua mang phu
thuoc vao ap lc gio thoi trong ong tru (H.8.8 va H.8.9).

Hnh 8.6: Thiet b un ep plastic (extruder) e che tao cac dang bao b

222

Khe hep phang hoac khe hnh vanh khan c ieu chnh kch thc e
tao nen o day plastic mong muon. Ap lc va toc o khong kh thoi vao ong
tru plastic san pham anh hng ln en san pham, neu toc o hoac ap lc gio
thap, san pham plastic dang tru tron noi uoi ra se dnh vao nhau, kho thao
g, khong the cat thanh tng tam n ma con gay phe pham, khong kh thoi
vao cung nham lam nguoi nhanh mang plastic dang ong nay.
ieu kien nhap lieu cung phai nghiem ngat, nguyen lieu khong b ri vai
gay o nhiem moi sinh, va tai nan lao ong do trn trt.
* Nguyen lieu plastic nhap lieu khong c lan nc, trong qua trnh un
ep, s qua nhiet cung gay h hong cau truc cua plastic, s gia nhiet plastic
en trang thai nong chay phai thc hien on nh cung nh toc o nhap lieu
cung ong nhat.
- T o co the tao dang tui cha ng bang cach cat ep phang va cuon
ong plastic lai theo chieu dai. Tui ng vat pham la loai tui ch han ay
(than lien khong han), mieng h e cha ng, sau o han kn mieng.
- T ong tru co the c roc thanh hai lp mang, va cac mang nay co the
c ghep vi cac loai plastic khac bang phng phap ep nhiet hay co
khoi keo ket dnh tao thanh mang nhieu lp lam bao b ng thc pham
(H.8.16): dang (a) mot ng han than gia va han ay han mieng tui
hoac dang (b) hai ng han mep than va han ay va han mieng tui.
- Mang nhieu lp co the c che tao bang phng phap un ep ong
thi nhieu loai vat lieu qua khe thang (H.8.11).
Nguyen tac hoat ong cua thiet b un ep
Vat lieu plastic c nhap vao may qua pheu nhap lieu, c un nong
chay phan au tien cua than truc vt (Bo phan gia nhiet), sau o plastic long
c nen vi ap suat tang dan do chuyen ong xoay tron cua truc vt dang tru
con. Tiep theo plastic c a en phan nh lng va c nen va un ra
ca khuon. Ca khuon co the la mot khe thang (H.8.7). oi vi dang mang e
che tao mang plastic, hoac tam plastic. Ca khuon co the la hnh vanh khan
co chieu rong cua vanh khan 0,025mm e tao mang plastic co dang ong tru
tron (H.8.8) ong c thoi khong kh ben trong e lam nguoi va khong dnh
vao nhau v khi mi c un ra, ong co nhiet o cao. ay cung goi la phng
phap un thoi e che tao mang plastic.

224

1. Thiet b un ep; 2- Thiet b uc tam; 3- Thiet b x ly be mat tam e de in an

4- Thiet b cuon tam plastic; 5- Dung cu, thiet b do o day
Hnh 8.7: S o he thong thiet b san xuat tam plastic

Hnh 8.8: S o he thong thiet b che tao mang plastic dang ong tru
Mang plastic dang ong tru c ep dep thanh hai lp mang noi vi nhau
ben hong va sau o c roc ben hong e tach biet thanh hai mang va cuon
lai. Cac cuon plastic nay la c s e thc hien viec ghep nhieu lp vat lieu lai

bang phng phap ep nhiet hoac co dung lp keo ket dnh la cac polyme ong
trung hp cua PE. Trong qua trnh un ep tao mang plastic dang ong (dang
ong tru ep phang), th khong the ghep cung vi cac loai vat lieu khac e ep
un cung mot luc tao nen loai mang at tnh nang yeu cau cao.
Trng hp un thoi PP, th ap lc dong khong kh thoi ben trong bong
bong plastic cung lam nhiem vu keo dan mang PP theo phng thang ng va
theo phng ngang, o cung la mot phan cua s nh hng mang plastic.

Hnh 8.9: Nguyen tac che tao mang plastic (n thuan mot loai vat lieu)
bang phng phap un thoi
Cac ac trng cua phng phap un plastic dang ong
(bong bong, plastic)
- Truc vt un trong thiet b un ep rat quan trong, c thiet ke tuy theo
loai polyme, truc c ac trng bang t so gia chieu dai (L) va ng
knh (D), t so L: D vao khoang 15:1 en 30:1, trong khi t so ap lc nen
co the thay oi t 2 en 4 lan.
- Bong bong plastic tao thanh thng b giam be day do b gian theo
phng ngang: t le ng knh bong bong plastic so vi ng knh
ca khuon oi vi trng hp vat lieu LDPE la 2:1 en 2,5:1.

226

Toc o cung nh ap lc dong khong kh tao bong bong plastic se quyet

nh o day, o ben c, o trong suot, s m uc, o sang bong be mat cua
mang plastic.
- T so toc o keo cua truc lan (1) (H.8.9) so vi toc o un plastic t
thiet b ep un co the at: 20:1 en 40:1 do o mang plastic co the c
s nh hng theo chieu dai va chieu ngang.
Cac u khuyet iem cua phng phap un ep dang ong
va dang mang phang
- Phng phap un ep tao mang dang ong se cho mang plastic co tnh
ben c cao hn, hieu qua kinh te cao.
- Phng phap un ep tao mang phang co the chu ong thay oi o day
mang mot cach de dang va co the che tao mang ghep nhieu vat lieu,
e at loai bao b co tnh nang u viet hn, phng phap nay co the
lam nguoi nhanh mang plastic phang thanh pham, tao o trong suot cao
cho mang v khong co s nhieu xa anh sang bi rat nhieu tinh the hnh
thanh t qua trnh lam nguoi nhanh, khong tiep xuc trc tiep vi anh
sang nen khong b nhieu xa gay m uc.
nh hng mang plastic theo hai chieu
Nguyen tac nh hng mang plastic e cai thien tnh nang: trng hp
OPP th mang PP sau khi c un ep t ca khuon la khe thang c tiep tuc
gia nhiet va c keo dan theo chieu doc va chieu ngang bang cac con lan va
vi toc o tng ng.

Hnh 8.10: Nguyen tac nh hng hai chieu e cai thien tnh chat
cua mot so plastic

Hnh 8.11: Nguyen tac ep un tao tam ghep 5 lp

e tao tam plastic ghep nhieu lp vat lieu vi nhau, th moi loai vat lieu
c a qua tng thiet b un ep (1),(2), (3) va theo cac ng dan a, b, c
en khe h thang tao mang 5 lp.
Phng phap uc thoi san xuat chai lo plastic
Nha c rot vao khuon (1) tao phoi nha (2), sau o phoi nha c
thao khoi khuon va c gia nhiet tr lai va a vao khuon co hnh dang
mong muon (4) va c thoi kh vi ap lc cao e nha bam eu khuon tao
thanh hnh dang mong muon (5), sau o c thao khoi khuon (6).

228

Hnh 8.12: Chai lo c uc thoi hai lan qua hai khuon

Hnh 8.13: Nguyen tac tao hnh chai lo plastic

bang phng phap un thoi trong khuon
Plastic c un vao khuon theo ong dan t thiet b un ep, c thoi kh
vi ap lc cao t pha mieng khuon pha di lam cho nha bam eu vao
thanh khuon, sau o d khuon e lay chai lo va cat phan nha tha ay
chai.
8.17.2 ong nh lng san pham vao bao b

Hnh 8.13: S o nguyen tac rot nh lng thc pham dang bot kho

230

a) Nguyen tac rot nh lng thc pham dang bot hoac dang long
San pham c a vao pheu nhap lieu, valve nh lng m ra e san
pham o vao ay piston, valve t ong ong lai va m ca thao lieu e thao
xuong bao b di. Nguyen tac rot nh lng nay c ap dung e ong
thc pham vao cac loai bao b. Lng xac nh cua thc pham c ieu
chnh theo s nh lng cua piston nh lng.

Hnh 8.14: S o nguyen tac chiet rot nh lng thc pham dang long hoac
dang past
a) nh lng trc khi chiet rot; b) Chiet rot thc pham vao bao b
b) Nguyen tac rot ang ap chat long ong nhat vao chai

Hnh 8.15: Chiet rot nh lng chat long vao chai theo
(ca chai thuy tinh va chai nha) nguyen tac ang ap

Bo phan chiet chai gom be cha chat long, ng ong dan chat long vao
chai co van A; va mot ong xiphong co mot au thong vi ap suat khong kh
trong be chat long va mot au a vao chai mc chat long se c rot ay.

Hnh 8.16: Nguyen tac rot thc pham dang bot kho hoac dang long
va ong bao b plastic
Van A m th chat long trong be chay vao chai theo trong lc (chai va be
luon thong nhau bi ap suat kh quyen), khi mc chat long en au ong
xiphong (tc ung mc mong muon) th phan chat long xuong tiep theo ong
xiphong tr lai be va cung la luc dng qua trnh chiet chai: do ap lc kh
quyen la nh nhau trong chai va trong be, mc nc trong be va ong a nh
nhau. Ngay thi iem nay chai c t ong ha xuong chuyen sang day
chuyen ong nap. Toc o dong chay vao chai (V) c tnh bi cong thc
poisenille

U=

T. L. p.d4
128l

232

vi: p - ap suat tren be mat be chat long

d - ng knh ong dan chat long co van A

- o nht cua chat long c chiet rot

l - chieu dai cua ong dan chat long c chiet.
Bao b ng thc pham dang bot kho thng co dang tui, co the c cau
tao bi mot trong hai cach sau:
- Cau tao t mang plastic loai mot manh cuon lai (H.8.16a) c ghep m
theo ng gia than bang phng phap han nhiet.
- Cau tao t hai mang plastic tao thanh hai mat cua bao b, chung c
ghep m hai ben hong than bang phng phap han nhiet.
c) ong bao b thc pham dang ran co hnh khoi ch nhat

Hnh 8.17: ong bao b thc pham dang khoi nh cac loai banh biscuit
Cuon bao b a c in nhan hieu san, c duoi ra va xep thanh ba mat;
mot he thong t ong nh lng va at thc pham (banh kho) len be mat
bang tai, mang plastic c cat ri va xep thanh bao hoan chnh, va c han
ng than va han m hai au. Cong suat may co the at 1300 goi/phut.

Hnh 8.18: May han nhiet thu cong ghep m bao b plastic
cha thc pham dang kho hoac past

234

d) oi vi trng hp ong bao b thu cong

Bao b c cau tao dang ong than lien khong co vet han, ch han ay va
ong bao b. Loai tui dang ong lien than ch co the cau tao bang mot loai vat
lieu, khong the ghep vi nhieu vat lieu khac.
Thc pham kho sau khi a c nh lng, rot vao bao b plastic
(H.8.13) bao b plastic co dang ong c han hoac khong han than (trng
hp ong lien than) va c ghep m ay trc. Tiep theo c ghep m au
nhap lieu.
Thiet b han ghep m bao b plastic dung nhiet nang cao, nhiet o han
thch hp cua tng loai plastic gay chay mem lp 2 plastic trong cung va
chung dnh vao nhau.
Yeu cau oi vi hai lp bao b trong cung ghep dnh vao nhau la cung
o
o
loai vat lieu va co tcha
y mem < tchay cua lp vat lieu ben ngoai tiep xuc trc

tiep vi ngam ep cua thiet b ong bao b.

8.17.3. Nguyen tac ong nap - dan nhan bao b
1- ong nap ren

Hnh 8.19: Day chuyen ong nap chai mieng ren, nap ren
a) ong nap bang con lan; b) ong nap bang roto

Chai a nap thc pham va nap c cung cap en bo phan ong nap
bang bang chuyen rieng biet, sao cho chai di chuyen en gap nap va i vao
bo phan gom nhng con lan se siet chat nap vao mieng chai (H.8.19a).
Hoac chai a nap thc pham di chuyen bi bang chuyen en va ung
khi roto co mang nap (ben trong) ha xuong gap mieng chai va siet chat nap
vao mieng chai.
2- Dan nhan bao b
Giay nhan t bo phan cha c hut sang trong chan khong 1 va c in
han s dung, sau o theo chieu xoay cua trong 1 gap trong chan khong 2 va
c hut sang be mat trong 2, theo chieu xoay cua trong 2 nhan c a en
bo phan boi keo va tiep tuc c xoay en ap sat be mat chai ang di chuyen
tren day chuyen va c dan vao chai.
Keo s dung dan nhan la loai keo Casein.
Cong oan dan nhan thng ch ap dung cho chai thuy tinh, cac loai chai
lo plastic th c in phun trc tiep mat ngoai chai.

Hnh 8.20: Nguyen tac hoat ong cua bo phan dan nhan chai

236

Cau hoi:
8.1

Xep th t kha nang chong tham kh, tham hng t cao en thap cua cac
loai plastic: HDPE, PET, OPP, PE, PP, PS.
a) OPP > PET > PP > HDPE > LDPE > PS.
b) PET > PP > OPP > HDPE > LDPE > PS.
c) PET > OPP > PP > HDPE > LDPE > PS.
d) OPP > PET > PP > HDPE > PS > LDPE.

8.2

Xep th t ve ty trong t cao en thap gia cac loai plastic: HDPE, PET,
OPP, PP, LDPE
a) PET > PS > HDPE > LDPE > PP > OPP.
b) PET > PS > LDPE > HDPE > PP > OPP.
c) PET > PS > HDPE > LDPE > OPP > PP.
d) PS > PET > HDPE > LDPE > PP > OPP.

8.3

T hnh 8.1, tht ga ti song a x ly ong bao b c yeu cau bao quan
nh the nao e ban trong vong 24 gi.

Hnh 8.1
A- Lanh ong -40oC va bao quan -18oC.
B- Bao quan 04oC.
C- Bao quan trong chan khong.
D- Chong tham kh, O2, N2.
E- Chong thoat am.
F- Nhn xuyen thau.
G- Chan anh sang mot phan (ch thay m khong thay ro).

237

Tm cau tra li ung:

8.4

a) A, C, D, E, F

b) B, E, F

c) B, C, D, E, F

d) B, C, D, E, G.

Loai vat lieu nao cho kha nang in an cao:

A- PP

B- PE

C- PS

D- PET

E- OPP

F- Nylon.

Tm cau tra li ung:

8.5

a) A + D + E

b) A + C + D + E

c) D + F

d) A + B + D.

T d lieu cau 8.3, tht ga sau khi giet mo, x ly, c bao goi kn bang
bao b plastic nao sau ay:
a) PET

b) HDPE

c) PP

d) PS.

Tai lieu tham khao:

1. Cac trang web
www.vinpas.vn
www.vietnamplasticnews.com
3. Bouslead I., Resource Use and Liquid food Packaging, Incpen
LonDon, 1993.
4. Abe, S. and Y. Kondoh. Oxygen absorbers. In Controlled/Modified
Almosphere/Vacuum Packaging of food, A.L.Brody(Ed.),Food and
Nutrition Press, Inc.Trumbull,Connecticut,1989,chap.9
5. Coulon, M.and P.Louis.Modified Atmosphere packaing of precooked
foods.In controlled Modified/Atmosphere/Vaccum packaing of foods,
A.L.Brody(Ed.),Food &Nutriyion
Press,inc.,Trumbull,Conecticut,1989,chap.8
6. Delassus, P.T.,J.C.tou,M.A.Babinec,D.C.Rulf, B.K.Karp and B.A
Howell.Transport of apple aromas in polymer films. In food and
packaing Interactions, J.H.Hotchkiss(Ed.), ACS Symposium Series 365,
American chemical society Washington D.C.,1988,chap.2.

238

Chng

BAO B GHEP NHIEU LP

9.1 GII THIEU - AC TNH - CAU TRUC
9.1.1 Phoi hp vat lieu va nhng lp ket dnh trung gian
Theo ly thuyet co the phoi hp moi loai vat lieu nha nhiet deo vi nhau
trong mot cau truc, nhng thc te co nhieu loai nha khong dnh vao nhau va
v the can mot lp ket dnh trung gian gia hai lp nay. Trong khoang 20 vat
lieu thng c dung e tao mang nhieu lp th ch co vai loai la ket dnh
vi nhau khi nang nhiet o len cao ma khong can lp ket dnh trung gian.
Nhng vat lieu nay co ac iem la co cau truc hoa hoc c ban giong nhau.
Viec phat trien nhng loai nha trung gian bam dnh ong vai tro quan
trong trong cong nghe tao mang nhieu lp . Cac loai nha bam dnh c yeu
cau tao moi noi tot ca nhiet o thng va nhiet o cao; v du bao b san
pham phai chu nhiet o cao trong khi thanh trung san pham. Lp ket dnh
phai c gia cong nhiet o tng thch ve o nht oi vi nhng vat lieu
khac trong cung cau truc ghep. Ngoai ra, e at c nhng yeu cau nay
nhieu cong trnh nghien cu va phat trien a va ang c thc hien. Hau het
lp ket dnh da vao vat lieu ong trung hp cua PE nh: EVA, EBA, cac
ionomer, cac chat ong trung hp PP va PE. V du chat ong trung hp PP
c dung e ket dnh PP vi EVOH hoac PA. No cung co the lam chat ket
dnh cho vat lieu la kim loai va cellulose. No co the tao dang tam dung cho
trng hp chu nhiet o cao, khoang < 230oC.
9.1.2 Tnh chat va ng dung
San pham bao b cha ng thc pham a che bien, my pham hoac dc
pham c yeu cau am bao o kn chong bat ky s xam nhap nao t moi
trng ngoai vao moi trng ben trong cha ng thc pham va cung chong
tham bat ky thanh phan nao t thc pham. ong thi con co nhng yeu cau
khac nh co o ben keo, o ben chong va ap, trong suot, sang bong va mot
so tnh chat khac nh khang dau, khang dung moi, chong tnh ien, ben thi
tiet, de in an va co the thanh trung, tiet trung. Thc te khong co loai vat lieu

239

nao co the ong thi ap ng moi tnh chat can thiet, v the can thiet ket
hp nhieu loai vat lieu bo sung u iem che lap hoan toan khuyet iem. Do
o, mang ghep nhieu lp c che tao va nhanh chong chiem u the trong
nganh bao b thc pham. Hang nam khoang 14 trieu pounds nha nhiet deo
c san xuat th 1/2 so lng nay c tao thanh dang mang ghep hoac tam
nhieu lp. Mang ghep co the co o day khoang 15mils = 375 m (1mil =
25 m). Mang nhieu lp co the c che tao theo hai phng phap:
1- Nhieu mang c che tao tren nhng thiet b rieng, ghep lai vi nhau
bang phng phap ep dan nhiet khi cac mang la nhng polyme co cau
truc c ban (monomer) tng t nhau.
2- Dung chat ket dnh la cac PE ong trung hp e ket dnh cac loai vat
lieu lai vi nhau, tong lng chat ket dnh cua cac lp rat nho, khoang
15 20% khoi lng cac loai mang chnh, co the co chieu day rat nho
khoang 3 m.
a so cac mang ghep co dung chat ket dnh eu co ghep la nhom, e
ngan can anh sang thay c hoac tia t ngoai; hoac ghep lp giay kraft co
tnh de xep nep, tang o day, tnh cng vng cua bao b.
- Ghep lp PE trong cung e tao kha nang han dan nhiet tot, de dang.
Mang LDPE hay LLDPE cung co the c phu ngoai cung nham muc
ch chong tham hi nc, chong t bao b.
- Thong thng mang OPP c ghep ngoai cung cua cac bao b dang tui
nham muc ch bao b co the xe, m de dang, in an tot, tao o bong cao
cho be mat bao b.
3- Mang c un qua thiet b un ep (coextruder ong un ep nhieu vat
lieu plastic).

Hnh 9.1: Nguyen tac bo phan ep un, uc tao mang ba lp

240

Hnh 9.1 trnh bay nguyen tac ep un tao mang ba lp: ba ng dan, ba
loai vat lieu khac nhau A,B,C cung tu lai mot ng dan chung D e ba loai
vat lieu nay c ep chung vao nhau va nh truc quay ieu chnh o day ong
thi ep chat cac tam hay mang vat lieu vao nhau. Khi cac tam vat lieu c
ep chat vao nhau se tao lp trung gian.

Hnh 9.3: Cau tao cua may hoac tam ghep nhieu lp
Ghi chu: Lp trung gian thng la lp co s hoa lan cua hai loai plastic
ke can trong trng hp mang hoac tam c un ep, uc khuon.
San pham dang past co hng, can c am bao chong thoat hng
trong suot thi gian bao quan, do o nap c ghep PET ngoai cung, ke
en la la nhom e chong tia cc tm co the gay bien oi thanh phan cua thc
pham. Lp trong cua mang nap la lp PP cung vi lp trong cua than hop (ly)
e han dan nap theo phng phap han nhiet. Khong dung PE lam lp han dan
v loai nap nay can c g khoi than hop mot cach nguyen ven.

Hnh 9.3: S o he thong che tao bao b t mang ghep nhieu lp cha ng thc pham dang past

241

242

9.2 PHNG PHAP ONG BAO B TETRA PAK (bao b tetra brik)
9.2.1 Muc tieu - ac iem cua phng phap tetra pak
Bao b tetra la loai bao b mang ghep rat nhe nham muc ch vo trung,
am bao chat lng ti, nguyen cho san pham giau dinh dng va vitamin t
nguon nguyen lieu. Bao b nhe, co tnh bao ve moi trng, tien ch cho s
dung, chuyen ch, phan phoi va bao quan san pham nhiet o thng vi
thi gian dai.
Cac loai thc pham sau khi hoan tat cac cong oan x ly, che bien, c
ong bao b, thanh trung, tiet trung hoac cung co loai khong ap dung che o
tiet trung thanh trung. Tuy theo cong nghe che bien va ban chat san pham.
Thanh pham co the c tiet trung roi mi ong bao b vi vat lieu bao b a
tiet trung. oi vi cac loai bao b nh: chai thuy tinh, lon kim loai, bnh plastic
(HDPE, PP) th dch thc uong thanh pham noi rieng, thc pham noi chung
c chiet rot vao bao b, ong nap va thanh trung theo cac che o nhiet khac
nhau tuy theo ban chat cua loai thc pham, loai thc uong (can c tren cau
truc nguon nguyen lieu, thanh phan va trang thai cua thc pham, thc uong).
Dch long thng c thanh trung nhiet o thap: nh sa ti trc khi
che bien c thanh trung pasteur khoang 72oC trong thi gian 10 15 phut
hoac 90oC trong 5 phut. Dch sa thanh pham co the c thanh trung theo

che o nh sau (nhiet o toC, thi gian , ap suat p): t = 120o C , = 9 ' ,

p= 2atm ; san pham sa chua dang long c thanh trung t o = 105o C ,

= 9 ' , p = 1, 3atm hoac oi vi loai sa ti, nc ep qua co the c tiet
trung 143oC trong 6 giay trong thiet b tiet trung lien tuc dung hi qua nhiet
va sau o c ong vao bao b tetra birk.
Cac dang nc ep rau qua co the c rot chai, rot hop kim loai roi thanh

trung t o = 90 100o C trong thi gian t = 10 15 phut.

Phng thc ong bao b tetra pak c ap dung cho nhng loai thc
uong dang long, ong nhat hoac dang huyen phu, nhu tng vi kch thc
hat rat nho, o nht khong qua cao nh dang sa beo, sa gay, nc ep rau
qua.

243

Hnh 9.5: Qua trnh tiet trung san pham ong goi tetrapark
Theo phng thc ong goi tetra pak, thc uong c tiet trung trc khi
ong vao bao b: bao b tetra brik dang phc hp c tiet trung rieng bang
hi H2O2 trc khi c rot dch thanh pham vao. Dch long c tiet trung
bang nhiet o cao, thi gian cc ngan: t = 143o C , = 60giay ; thi gian nang
nhiet va ha nhiet o tiet trung cung xay ra rat nhanh: 5 6 phut.
Ban chat cua phng phap nay la tiet trung rieng le thc uong dang long,
sau o rot nh lng dch vao bao b va han kn trong moi trng vo trung.
Sau khi ong bao b, san pham c gi nhiet o thng trong thi gian
khoang 6 thang van am bao chat lng san pham. Sau khi m bao b s
dung, phan thc pham con tha lai trong bao b phai c bao quan lanh
4 10o C , va thi gian bao quan co the la 5 ngay.

Phng phap ong bao b tetra pak i oi cung vi phng phap tiet trung
nhiet o cao, thi gian cc ngan goi la phng phap UHT (Ultra High
Temperature) am bao cho san pham khong b bien oi mau, mui, nh sam
mau, va tr nen co mui nau.

Hnh 9.6: Cac dang bao b tetra pak (tetra brik)

9.2.2 Cau truc bao b tetra pak
Lp 1: mang HDPE: chong tham nc, bao ve lp in ben trong bang giay
va tranh b tray sc.

244

Lp 2: giay in an: trang tr va in nhan.

Lp 3: giay carton: tao hnh dang hop, lp nay co o cng va dai chu
ng c nhng va cham c hoc.
Lp 4: mang PE: lp keo ket dnh gia giay carton va mang Al.
Lp 5: mang Al: ngan chan am, anh sang, kh va hi.
Lp 6: Ionomer: lp keo ket dnh gia mang nhom va mang PE trong cung.
Lp 7: LD PE: cho phep bao b de han va tao lp tr tiep xuc vi san pham
ben trong.

Hnh 9.7: Bao b tetra pak gom 7 lp

Trong loai bao b nay mang PE c s dung lap lai ba lan vi ba chc
nang khac nhau. Moi lp mang PE c s dung vi muc ch at hieu qua
kinh te cao nh: tao lp che phu ben ngoai cung (bang HDPE), tao lp mang
trong cung de han nhiet ghep m than bang HDPE ch ap dung nhiet o han
khoang 100 110o C .

Hnh 9.8: Bao b tetra brik co ket cau ghep nhieu loai vat lieu theo trnh t phu
hp thuan li cho tieu dung va am bao chat lng thc pham cha ng

245

Lp ket dnh gia lp Al va giay carton, c cau tao bi vat lieu PE

ong trung hp. o la s bo tr can thiet v lp nay cung la lp chong tham
phu tr cho lp PE trong cung va lp mang nhom mong; mang nhom chong
tham kh, hi va hi nc tot.
Viec s dung mang Al, mang ionomer dang chat keo ket dnh, va mang
PE trong cung (cac lp 5, 6, 7) a tao nen tnh thuan li cho bao b tetra brik:
v ni cam ong hut vao e uong la 1 be mat hnh tron nho c che ch bi
ch 3 lp nay, tao s de dang uc lo ch bang au nhon cua ong hut bang
plastic, neu dung lp plastic khac PE th khong the uc lo mot cach de dang.
Lp mang nhom c dung trong trng hp nay e tr giup cho kha nang
chong tham kh hi cua mang PE, von khiem khuyet tnh chat nay va ong
thi chong anh sang i xuyen qua mang PE v tr uc lo e cam ong hut.
Hop tetra brik thng c han than theo cach a (H.9.9) e moi ghep m
c thang: Khi hai m than ghep lai bang phng phap han nhiet th ong
thi tai m ghep ben trong hop c phu mot lp HDPE e am bao o kn
cho san pham.
Cach ong bao b tetra pak
Cac lp vat lieu giay c in nhan theo yeu cau cua c s san xuat, sau
o c ghep cung vi cac lp vat lieu khac va quan thanh tng cuon co
chieu rong bang chu vi cua than tru hop (phai co phan ghep m than).
Trc khi chiet rot, cuon giay c tiet trung bang hi H2O2 trong phong
kn vo trung va c a vao may han doc than hop va ghep ay. Sau o dch
thc pham c rot nh lng vao hop va bao b c han ghep m au, cat
ri, xep goc. Hop san pham c dong nc phun e lam sach chat long dnh
cac moi han au va ay, sau o c thoi khong kh nong e kho hop. So
lng 4 hay 6 hop san pham c xep khoi va boc mang co PVC hoac mang
ket hp gia LDPE va EVA.

246

Hnh 9.9: Cac loai moi ghep m than

cua hop giay tetra brik

Hnh 9.10: Phng phap ong thc

uong vao bao b tetra brik

247

Cau hoi:
1 Phng phap ong bao b tetrapak c ap dung cho loai thc pham nao?
a) o uong.
b) Nc rau qua.
c) Sa.
d) Cac loai thc uong dang long ong nhat, o nht khong qua cao.
2 Hay neu tac dung chnh cua lp nhom Al trong loai mang ghep dung e
lam bao b Tetrabrik (theo phng phap ong bao b Tetrapak).
a) Tang o kn va o ben c.
b) Ngan can cac loai tia va cac loai kh hi.
c) Chong tham am.
d) Tao khung cng cho hop.
3 Cac bao b mang ghep thng co mot lp mang PE at trong cung, nham:
a) Han ghep m bang nhiet.
b) Gop phan tang o kn.
c) Giam gia thanh bao b.
d) Cac cau tra li tren eu khong ung.
4 Trong cau truc bao b Tetrapak, co cac lp ghep nao sau ay:
A- Mang HDPE

B- Giay in an

C- Giay kraft

D- Mang Al

E- Ionomer

F- LDPE

G- EVA.
Xep th t t mat trong en mat ngoai cung cac lp vat lieu la:
a) A, G, C, G, D, E, F.
b) A, B, G, E, C, F, D.
c) A, G, D, E, C, B, A.
d) B, A, G, D, E, F, C.
5 Mang Al trong cau truc bao b tetrapak co chc nang:
a) Tao o mem deo cho cho bao b.
b) Ngan chan am, anh sang kh va hi mot cach hieu qua cho ni co the am
thung bang ong hut e uong.

248

c) Tao hnh dang cho hop, chu c nhng va cham c hoc.

d) Tat ca eu ung.
Tai Lieu Tham Khao
1.

Bosset, J. O. and E. Fluckiger, In Food packaging and preservation, Theory

and practice, M. Mathlouthi (Ed) Elsevier Applied Science publishing Co.
Ltd, Essex, England, 1986.

2.

Richard Coles, Derek Mc Dowell, Food Packaging Technology,

Blackwell publishing Ltd, 2003.

3.

Norman N. Polter, Food Science, Avi publishing Co, Inc, NewYork,

1986.

4.

Sivetz, M. and N.W.Desrosier. Coffee Technology, Avi publishing Co.

Inc.,Westport, Connecticut, 1979.

5.

Minifie,B.W. Packaging in the confectionary industry. In chocolate,

cocoa and confectionary science and technology, 3rd Edn., Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York,1989, chap.22.

249

Chng

10

AN TOAN VE SINH BAO B THC PHAM

10.1 CHAT LNG BAO B THC PHAM
An toan ve sinh thiet b, dung cu che bien thc pham cung nh vat lieu
bao b, vat cha ng thc pham cung la mot phan quan trong oi vi tieu
chuan an toan ve sinh thc pham, la yeu to anh hng rat ln en chat lng
toan phan cua thc pham. Van e lien quan mat thiet en chat lng bao b
cha ng thc pham bao gom:
1- Vat lieu lam bao b cho oi tng thc pham, da tren ac tnh cua vat
lieu bao b ta co phng phap ong bao b tng ng va phai ong thi
phu hp v phng phap chiet rot thanh trung, tiet trung bao quan thc
pham.
2- Cong nghe che tao bao b: vat lieu che tao co o tinh sach cao hay
thap se a en ieu kien cong nghe che tao thay oi.
3- Ve sinh bao b trc khi chiet rot thc pham, viec ve sinh c quan
tam oi vi nhng bao b tai s dung nh chai lo thuy tinh. Nhng loai
bao b plastic kim loai khong tai s dung nen khong at van e quan
tam nang en viec ve sinh bao b.
4- S nhiem hoa chat t be mat bao b vao thc pham, van e nay khong
at nang s quan tam oi vi bao b kim loai c phu lp vec-ni bao
ve va bao b thuy tinh. Nhng van e nay can quan tam oi vi bao b
bang vat lieu plastic tai sinh, va s in an len bao b.
a) Bao b thuy tinh tr oi vi moi trng thc pham, khong co s hoa tan
khuech tan cac chat t thuy tinh vao moi trng thc pham.
b) Lp vec-ni phu be mat trong cua lon thep trang thiec hay nhom luon
luon c th nghiem oi vi tng loai thc pham ve s thay oi chat
lng san pham e tm thay loai vec-ni thch hp at yeu cau an toan
ve sinh.

250

c) Chat lng vat lieu bao b: ac biet la bao b plastic thng c ghep
nhieu lp vat lieu vi nhau e tao nen bao b am bao chat lng thc
pham. V vay sau khi tai sinh do vat lieu co the khong at o thuan
khiet va ac tnh cua nguyen lieu ban au.
- Bao b plastic khong tai s dung nhng neu che tao bang vat lieu tai
sinh th co the nhiem oc, do viec s dung cac loai phu gia tao s
mem deo, on nh nhiet o chay mem cua plastic e de dang che tao.
Neu c s san xuat co s dung phu gia th phai theo ung tieu chuan
quy nh cua nganh nha.
- Nhng bao b plastic c san xuat t loai plastic tinh khiet th luon
luon c ghi ten loai plastic tren bao b vi ky hieu nh sau:

(PETE hay PET la ky hieu viet tat e ch loai polyester: ethylenglycol

Terephthalate)
S ghi ky hieu nh tren c quy nh va nham muc ch phan loai bao
b thai va tai che mot cach de dang.
- Mc in nhan hieu bao b plastic cung co the la mot trong nhng nguyen
nhan chnh gay o nhiem thc pham: do bao b plastic dang mang c
in an hang loat va cuon lai thanh cuon, th mat ngoai bao b neu c in
trc tiep se tiep xuc vi mat trong cua bao b, cung la be mat tiep xuc
vi thc pham. Neu mc in co cha kim loai nang, cac amin thm,
biphenyl va dung moi hu c...., co the gay nhiem oc thc pham c
cha ng.
Do o can co nhng tieu chuan, nhng quy nh nhng che o nhat nh
e am bao ve an toan, ve sinh oi vi cac trng hp bao b khac nhau.

251

10.2 KY HIEU TAI CHE CAC LOAI BAO B PLASTIC

K hieu tai che bao b plastic:

Cac loai bnh, chai, lo, chen, hop ng thc pham thng c che tao
bi mot loai plastic bang phng phap un ep khuon, sau khi s dung thc
pham th bao b c thu hoi e tai che. e phan loai va tai che mot cach
thuan li th quy nh quoc te trong lanh vc plastic c ap dung nh sau:
Cac chai lo c che tao thuan mot loai plastic th c ghi ay ky hieu nh
tren, e de phan loai thu hoi va tai che nhng loai bao b c ghep bang
nhieu vat lieu th cung co the c ky hieu so 7 (other).

252

10.3 TIEU CHUAN AN TOAN VE SINH VAT LIEU CHE TAO - THIET B
VA BAO B
Tieu chuan an toan ve sinh vat lieu thiet b bao goi cha ng thc pham
c ban hanh trong "Danh muc tieu chuan ve sinh oi vi lng thc thc
pham" theo quyet nh so 867/1998/Q-BYT cua Bo trng Bo Y te ngay
4/4/1998.
10.3.1 Ham lng kim loai nang va cac kim loai khac co trong hp kim cau tao
thiet b, dung cu, vat lieu bao b cha thc pham
Bang 10.1: Tieu chuan, ham lng kim loai nang trong hp kim cau tao thiet
b, dung cu hay vat lieu bao b cha thc pham
Thiet b,
dung cu, vat
lieu bao goi

Kim loai

Pham mau
dung trong
bao b

Loai

Tieu chuan

Thiet b

Khong c e thoi ch, ong hoac

cac kim loai khac t hp kim

Thiec dat mong e bao goi thc

pham

Ch (Pb) t hn 5%

Kim loai dung e che tao hoac sa

cha thiet b, congtenn cha ng
hoac bao goi thc pham

Ch (Pb) di 10%
Antimon (Sb) di 5%

Hp kim dung e han thiet b, che

tao congtenn ng hoac bao goi
thc pham

Ch (Pb) thap hn 20%

ien cc dung trong thiet b thc

pham tiep xuc trc tiep vi dong
ien

Gii han vi sat (Fe), nhom (Al),

bach kim (platin) va titan. Co the
dung thep khong r trong thiet b
thc pham trc tiep vi thc pham

Theo danh muc cac pham mau cho

phep cua Bo Y te

Dung dch ngam thoi khong lam

hoa tan pham mau

253

Bang 10.2: ieu kien th nghiem va gii han an toan oi vi nguyen lieu va
bao b thanh pham dang PE, PP
(Quy nh cua Bo Y te nam 2001)
Kiem tra nguyen lieu
Cadimi

Khong qua 100mg/kg

Ch

Khong qua 100mg/kg

Kiem tra bao b thanh pham

Ch tieu kiem tra

ieu kien ngam

Dung dch ngam

Cac kim loai nang

Lng KMnO 4 s

60C trong 30 phut

Gii han an toan

Axit axetic 4%

Khong qua 1 mg/kg

Nc

Khong qua 10mg/kg

*1

*2

dung

25C trong 60 phut

n-Heptan *3

Khong qua 30 mg/kg

(khong qua 150
mg/kg neu s dung
nhiet o 100C hay
nho hn)

Etanol 20%*4

Khong qua 30 mg/kg

Can kho
60C trong 30 phut

Nc

*2

Axit axetic 4%*1

Chu thch:
*1: oi vi thc pham co pH

*2: oi vi thc pham co pH > 5

*3: oi vi thc pham dau, m, beo
*4: oi vi o uong co con.

254

Bang 10.3: ieu kien th nghiem va gii han an toan oi vi nguyen lieu va
bao b thanh pham dang PET
(Quyet nh cua Bo Y te nam 2001)
Kiem tra nguyen lieu
Cadimi

Khong qua 100mg/kg

Ch

Khong qua 100mg/kg

Kiem tra bao b thanh pham

Ch tieu kiem tra

ieu kien ngam

Dung dch ngam

Khong qua 1 mg/kg

Cac kim loai nang

*1

Antimon

Axit axetic 4%
60 C trong 30 phut

Germani

Gii han an toan

Lng KMnO 4 s

Khong qua 0,05 mg/kg

Khong qua 0,05 mg/kg

Nc

Khong qua 10mg/kg

*2

dung

25o C trong 60 phut

Can kho

Khong qua 30 mg/kg

(khong qua 150 mg/kg
neu s dung nhiet o
100o C hay nho hn)

n-Heptan *3

Etanol 20%*4
60o C trong 30 phut

Nc

Khong qua 30 mg/kg

*2
*1

Axit axetic 4%

Chu thch:
*1: oi vi thc pham pH 5
*2: oi vi thc pham co pH > 5
*3: oi vi thc pham dau, m, beo
*4: oi vi o uong co con.

255

Bang 10.4: ieu kien th nghiem va gii han an toan oi vi nguyen lieu va
bao b thanh pham dang PVC
(Quyet nh cua Bo Y te nam 2001)
Kiem tra nguyen lieu
Cadimi

Khong qua 100mg/kg

Ch

Khong qua 100mg/kg

Cac hp chat thiec dibutyl

Khong qua 50mg/kg

Khong qua 1000mg/kg
Khong qua 1mg/kg
Kiem tra bao b thanh pham

Ch tieu kiem tra

ieu kien ngam

Dung dch ngam

Gii han an toan

Axit axetic 4%*1

Khong qua 1 mg/kg

60o C trong 30 phut

Nc

Khong qua 10mg/kg

25o C trong 60 phut

n-Heptan *3

Khong qua 150

mg/kg

Etanol 20%*4

Khong qua 30 mg/kg

Cac kim loai nang

Lng KMnO 4 s

*2

dung

Can kho
60o C trong 30 phut

Nc

*2

Axit axetic 4%*1

Chu thch:
*1: oi vi thc pham pH 5
*2: oi vi thc pham co pH > 5
*3: oi vi thc pham dau, m, beo
*4: oi vi o uong co con.
Bang 10.5: Tieu chuan kiem tra cac loai vat lieu bao b thc pham: qui nh
ch tieu, phng phap th, gii han
Phng phap th nghiem va gii han

Thiet b
vat lieu

Loai thiet b

bao goi
1

Vat lieu kiem

tra

Ch tieu

ieu kien

kiem tra

ngam

1 - S trang chieu

t hn

men, thuy

sau

1,1 lt

tinh

2,5cm

Cadimi

dch

trong 24h

Gii han cho

phep

ngam
6

Nhiet o bnh 4%
thng e

Ch

Dung

axetic

7
axit Khong

qua

0,5

ppm
Khong qua 5 ppm

256
hoac

tren

Cadimi

Khong qua 0,25

sau hn 1,1 lt

ppm
Ch

Khong

qua

2,5

ppm
chieu sau t hn

Cadimi

Khong

qua
2

2,5cm hoac

1,7 mcg / cm

dung dch o vi

Ch

Khong

qua
2

1,7 mcg / cm
2 - Nha Cao su tong
tong hp

Cadimi khong

hp (tieu chuan qua 100 ppm

chung)

Kim

loai 60 C

nang

30 phut

Ch khong qua Lng

KMnO 4 s
100 ppm

trong 4% axit Khong qua 1 ppm

axetic
(Pb)
nc

Khong

qua

10

qua

30

ppm

dung

60o C

Cao su tong

Phenol

hp t

Formandehyt 30 phut

Formandehyt

Can say kho

(tieu chuan ac

trong nc

Am tnh
Am tnh

4%

axit Khong

axetic

biet)
Polivinyl clorua - Hp chat
(PVC) (nh

ibutyltin khong

tren)

qua 50ppm

Can kho

25o C trong 1 a-heptan

Khong qua 150

gi

ppm

60o C

30 phut

trong 20%
etanol

- Cresyl

60o C

trong Nc

photphat khong

30 phut

(tnh theo
dibutyltin

ppm

Khong
ppm

clorua)

qua 1000ppm
- Vinyl clorua

4%

khong qua

axetic

1ppm

axit

qua

30

257

2- Nha

Polyetylen

25o C trong 1 n-heptan

Khong qua 30ppm

tong hp

(PE) va
polypropylen

gi

(Neu s dung

(tiep theo)

nhiet o 100o C

(PP) (nh tren)

khong qua
150ppm)
Can kho

60 C trong

20%

30 phut

etanol

60o C trong

Nc

30 phut

4% axit

Khong qua 30ppm

axetic
o

Nylon (PA)

Caprolac-tam 60 C trong

(nh tren)

30 phut

20%

Khong qua 15ppm

etanol

25o C trong 1 n-heptan

Khong qua 30ppm

gi

Can kho

60o C trong

20%

30 phut

etanol

60o C trong

Nc

30 phut

4% axit
axetic

Polymetyl

25 C trong 1 n-heptan

Khong qua

pentene (PMP)

gi

120ppm

(nh tren)
Can kho

60o C trong

20%

30 phut

etanol

60o C trong

Nc

30 phut

4% axit

Khong qua 30ppm

axetic
- Bisphenol A
(bao gom
phenol va p-tbutylphenol):
khong qua
500ppm

25o C trong 1 n-heptan

(Phenol va p- gi
t-butyl
20%
60o C trong
phenol)
etanol
30 phut

Bisphenol A

Khong qua
2,5ppm

258

2- Nha

60o C

tong hp

Diphenylcacbo

(tiep theo)

nat khong qua

30 phut

trong Nc
4% axit
axetic

500ppm amin
(Trietylamin va

25o C trong 1 n-heptan

tributylamin

Khong qua 30ppm

gi

khong qua 1

60o C

ppm)
Can kho

30 phut

trong 20%
etanol

60o C

trong Nc

30 phut

4% axit
axetic

Polyvinyl alcol

25 C trong 1 n-heptan

(PVA) (nh

gi

tren)
Can kho

60o C trong

20%

30 phut

etanol

60o C trong

Nc

30 phut

Khong qua 30ppm

4% axit
axetic

Polystyren (PS) Tong so chat

25o C trong 1 n-heptan

Khong qua

(nh tren)

gi

240ppm

bay hi
(styrene,
toluen,
etylbenzen,
isopropyl-

Can kho

benzen va n-

60o C trong

20%

30 phut

etanol

60o C trong

Nc

30 phut

propyl-benzen)

Khong qua 30ppm

4% axit
axetic

khong qua
5000ppm
Polyvinyliden

25o C trong 1 n-heptan

- Bari khong

clorua (PVDC) qua 100 ppm

gi

(nh tren)

60o C trong

20%

30 phut

etanol

- Vinyliden

60o C trong

Nc

clorua khong

30 phut

Can kho

qua 6 ppm

4% axit
axetic

Khong qua 30ppm

259

2 - Nha

60o C trong

Nc

tong hp

30 phut

4% axit

(tiep theo)

axetic
Polyetylen

Antimon

terephthalate
(PET) (nh
tren)

60o C
30 phut

trong 4% axit Khong qua 0,05

axetic
ppm

Germani

Khong

qua

0,1

ppm

25o C trong 1 n-heptan

gi
60o C

Can kho

30 phut

trong 20%
etanol

60o C

trong Nc

30 phut

4%

Khong qua 30
ppm
axit

axetic
Polymetyl

Metyl

metacrylate

metacrylai

(PMMA) (nh

60o C
30 phut

trong 20%
etanol

Khong

qua

ppm

25o C trong 1 n-heptan

tren)

gi

60o C
Can kho

30 phut

trong 20%
etanol

60o C

trong Nc

30 phut

4%
axetic

Khong qua 30
ppm
axit

15

260

60o C

3- Hp kim
che tao o
hop (khong

Asen

6
trong Nc

30 phut

0,5% axit

ng thc
dau, m)

Khong qua 0,2

ppm ( As2O 3 )

citric

ke loai
pham kho,

60o C
Cadimi

trong Nc

30 phut

0,5% axit

Khong

qua

0,1

qua

0,4

ppm

citric
60o C

Ch (Pb)

trong Nc

30 phut

0,5% axit

Khong
ppm

citric
Phenol
Formandehyt

60 C

trong Nc

30 phut

Khong qua 5ppm

Am tnh

25o C trong 1 n-heptan

Khong qua 30ppm

gi

60o C
Can kho

30 phut

trong 20%
etanol

60o C

trong Nc

30 phut

4% axit
axetic

Epichlrohydr 25o C trong 2 n-heptan

on
gi

Khong qua

Vinylclorua

Khong qua

Khong qua

5o C trong 24

etanol

0,5ppm

0,05ppm

gi

10.4 PHAM MAU IN AN BAO B

S am bao an toan ve sinh cho thc pham c bao goi bang bao b
plastic chnh la am bao khong nhiem chat tiem an nh a trnh bay trong
phan 10.3 (bao gom cac bang 10.110.5), ben canh o cung am bao khong
co s nhiem oc t viec in an bao b; ieu nay cung bao ham ca quy nh
khong c in tren mat trong cua bao b thc pham vi cac loai mc in tieu
chuan tr trng hp chat lieu in c chnh thc phe duyet la at yeu cau
rieng khi tiep xuc vi thc pham.
S nhiem chat oc t mc in cung co the xay ra nhng trng hp:

261

- In tren mat ngoai bao b: Sau khi in xong chuoi bao b c cuon lai
ngay thanh cuon to. Khi o, mc lp ngoai dnh vao mat trong cua
lp bao b ke tiep cuon chong len.
- In tren mat trong cua bao b hai lp hoac in len mat gia (mat ngoai)
cua lp tiep xuc thc pham cua loai bao b ghep hai lp. Do co the xay
ra trng hp lp ngan can (lp trong) b tham t hoac tham chat beo
t thc pham hoac cac chat oc hu c, dung moi hu c con lai sau
qua trnh in tham xuyen qua lp ngan can nhiem vao moi trng cha
thc pham; trng hp thc pham kho nh banh, chocolate se de hap
thu cac chat boc hi nay gay mat gia tr cam quan va cung co the gay
oc, anh hng sc khoe ngi tieu dung.
oi vi nhng loai bao b thc pham co the ham nong, un trong lo vi-ba
th phai la chon mc in mot cach nghiem khac, v nhiet o cao cac chat
oc hu c t mc in co the b phan huy thoat ra ngoai va co kha nang khuech
tan de dang qua mang ngan cach, nhiem vao thc pham.
Quyet nh so 867/1998/Q-BYT ngay 4/4/1998 ve Tieu chuan An toan
Ve sinh Vat lieu Bao b, th mau dung trong bao b cha thc pham cung chnh
la mau dung e in an nhan hieu trang tr bao b, c yeu cau la: pham mau cho
phep dung trong thc pham.
Bang 10.3: cac pham mau tong hp c phep dung trong thc pham vi
lng pham mau toi a cho phep nhiem vao thc pham t dung cu, vat lieu
bao b cha ng theo qui nh: Danh muc cac chat phu gia c phep s
dung trong thc pham ban hanh kem theo Quyet nh so 3742/2001/Q-BYT
ngay 31 thang 8 nam 2001 cua Bo trng Bo Y te.
10.5 VE SINH CHAI LO TAI S DUNG
Chai lo c tai s dung sau khi ra sach. Be ra chai lo co the co ac
iem van hanh ra nh sau:
- Ra bang dong nc phun
- Ra bang dong khong kh ion hoa
- Ra hoan lu
- Dung ozon
Thong thng chai nc ngot, chai bia bang thuy tinh c ra sach bang
nc oi lu bi s di chuyen tng oi cua chai trong cac bang tai i qua cac
be ra.
Ra chai lo nham loai c hau het cac vi sinh vat va loai tat ca nhng
vat chat co the co trong chai nh manh chai, cat at, nhan chai cu con dnh

262

tren chai. Thao tac tren may ra chai nh sau (H.10.1): chai c a vao cac
ngan cua bang tai theo tng hang, bang tai se chuyen chai i trong may ra
qua cac buong ra khac nhau vi thi gian lu u e chai c tay sach (trong
thi gian di chuyen chai c doc ngc va luon luon c phun nc ra vao
ben trong), chai c ra theo cac bc chnh qua cac be nh sau:
1- Chai c ra s bo bang nc am 30oC.
2- Chai c bang tai chuyen ngc au e doc het nc trong chai ra.
3- Chai c tiep tuc a vao be nc am 55oC.
4- Chai c doc ngc au e loai het nc trong chai ra ngoai
5- Chai c chuyen vao be cha dung dch kiem 1,5%, nhiet o 60oC.
6- Chai c chuyen i trong be dung dch kiem to=60oC, cung bang thi
gian ngam chai trong be va sau o c doc ngc e thoat het dch
trong chai ra, ong thi chai cung c phun dung dch kiem.
7- Lap lai bc 5 va 6 nhng to=80oC.
8- Chai c ra bang nc sach 60oC va c doc ngc e thao
sach nc trong chai.
9- Chai c ra sach trong be nc 50oC va c doc ngc e thao nc.
10- Cuoi cung chai c ra bang nc sach 30oC co nong o clorine
2ppm va lam rao.
Tren ay la mot quy trnh ra chai thuy tinh ien hnh. Chai PET cung
ra theo quy trnh nh tren nhng vi nong o va nhiet o nc ra thap hn
e chai khong h hong.
oi vi chai thuy tinh can phai tuan theo s tang giam nhiet o nh sau: Chai
c nang len nhiet o cao co s chenh lech 42oC; neu c giam nhiet o th
co the giam theo tng bac 28oC (T = 28o C) . Thong thng chai thuy tinh

mi ri khoi may ra chai neu c chiet dung dch lanh th de b v. Thi

gian ra chai trong may la 15 phut.
10.6 BAO B BIOPLASTIC GIAM O NHIEM MOI TRNG
S phat trien manh me cua khoa hoc ky thuat hien nay a va ang nghien
cu cac loai vat lieu co nguon goc t nhien, hoan toan vo hai oi vi moi
trng, co the phan huy de dang c quan tam s dung. Do o bao b plastic
co nguon goc sinh hoc c goi tat la bioplastic ang c nghien cu va phat
trien.
Mot so loai bioplastic pho bien hien nay.

263

1- Bang tai nhap chai vao may

2- V tr trung gian cua chai tren
bang tai ang di chuyen vao be
cha
3- Be ngam chai bang nc am
4- Dung tia phun nc am vao chai
5- Dung tia phun dung dch kiem
nong
6- Be ngam dung dch kiem 60oC
7- Be ngam dung dch kiem 80oC
8- Tia phun dung dch kiem
9- Be ngam nc nong
10- Tia phun nc nong
11- V tr bang tai chuyen chai ra
khoi may sau khi hoan tat
12- Tia phun nc
13- Tia phun nc
14- Be ngam dung dch kiem 80oC
15- Be ngam dung dch kiem 80oC

Hnh 10.1: S o thiet b ra chai lien tuc

264

Hnh 10.2: Bo phan phun nc ra chai c bo tr e chai

cac v tr nh tren hnh eu c phun ra ben trong
10.6.1 Polylactic axit (PLA)
PLA la polyme cua axit lactic. Quy trnh san xuat PLA c mo ta nh
sau: tinh bot c thuy phan thanh ng bang cac che pham enzyme
amylase, sau o cay vi khuan len men lactic vao e len men tao axit lactic.
Chng cat e thu axit lactic tinh khiet, thc hien qua trnh polyme hoa tao
PLA. Sau o tien hanh s dung cac ky thuat tao hnh bao b plastic tng t
nh nhng loai plastic tong hp t hydrocarbon cua dau mo.
PLA cung co nhng tnh chat tng t nh cac loai plastic tong hp t
dau mo, ch khac mot iem duy nhat la PLA co kha nang b phan huy khi
chon trong at nen no khong gay o nhiem moi trng.

265

Gia thanh cua PLA tng oi cao, gap 3-5 lan bao b plastic thong thng
nen no con cha pho bien.

10.6.2 Poly 3 hydroxybutyrat (PHB)

Poly 3 hydroxybutyrat c tong hp t cac chung vi sinh vat Arabidopsis
thaliana, Brassica napus qua mot loat cac phan ng chuyen hoa nh s xuc
tac cua he enzym oxy hoa kh. Va sau cung la s xuc tac cua enzym
synthase, PHA (Polyhydroxybutyric) tao thanh san pham poly 3 hydrobutyrat
(PHB).

266

Tiep tuc thc hien mot chuoi phan ng oxy hoa kh accetyl CA va cuoi
cung tao ra PHB.
10.6.3 Mater-Bi
Mater-Bi la mot chat deo sinh hoc c tao thanh t tinh bot va mot chat
deo t dau mo (polycaprolacton). Mater-Bi thng c dung lam ly, muong
dung mot lan hoac lam thung ng rac.
Mot so tnh chat cua Mater-Bi:
- Co kha nang t phan huy, va co the s dung lam phan bon.
- Co kha nang s dung mot cach tien li giong nh cac loai bao b plastic khac.
- Co the tao mau c bang cac chat tao mau t nhien.
Co kha nang tao bao b ghep lp cung vi cac vat lieu khac nh giay,
giay ba, giay gn song...

267

- Co the tiet trung c bang tia gamma.

- Co the c dan bang nhieu loai chat ket dnh.
Cau hoi:
1. Nguyen tac ve sinh chai lo thuy tinh e tai s dung:
a) Ra bang nc am, ra bang nc nong 60oC tiep theo la nc nong
80oC sau o ra bang nc sach nhiet o thng.
b) Ra bang nc am 30oC, ra bang dung dch chlorine 60oC tiep theo
ra bang dung dch xut 80oC.
c) Ra bang nc 30oC, ra bang dung dch xut 1,5% 60oC tiep theo ra
bang dung dch xut 1,5% 80oC va ra lai nhieu lan bang nc sach
co nhiet o giam dan en 30oC.
d) Ra bang nc am 30oC, ra bang dung dch xut 1,5% 60oC tiep theo
ra bang dung dch xut 1,5% 80oC va ra lai nhieu lan bang nc
nhiet o thng.
2. Che o ra chai lo cua cau tren c ap dung cho loai bao b thuy tinh
ng TP ng vi trng hp nao sau ay:
a) Thanh trung sau khi chiet chai.
b) Khong thanh trung.
c) a hoac b.
3. Lon thep trang thiec ng sa bot hay bot dinh dng can thiet che o ve
sinh gom cac phng phap nao sau ay:
A- Sat trung bang s gia nhiet kho nhiet o khoang 250oC, trong thi gian
6 giay bang ngon la cua kh hydrocarbon nh CH4, axetylen.
B- Ra, tiet trung bang hi nc qua nhiet 140oC, trong 3 phut.
C- Sat trung bang tia cc tm.
D- Dung hi H2O2 e vo trung.
E- Ra bang nc am 30oC, tang dan nhiet o len va ra bang dung dch xut
1,5% 60oC tiep tuc ra bang dung dch xut 1,5% 80oC, roi ra bang nc
sach co nhiet o ha dan xuong 30oC.
F- Ra bang nc va xa phong cho sach dau m bui trong qua trnh gia cong.
Chon cau tra li ung:
a) F, B hoac F, A

b) F, C hoac F, D

c) E

d) F, E.

268

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