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CHNG 2:

LIN KT HA HC &
CU TO PHN T

Ni dung
1. Nhng khi nim c bn v lin kt ha hc
2. Lin kt cng ha tr
3. Lin kt ion
4. Lin kt hyro
5. Lin kt Van Der Vaal

1. Nhng khi nim c bn v lin kt ha hc


1.1 Bn cht ca lin kt
Cc loi lin kt ho hc u cng c bn cht in,
do tng tc ca ht nhn nguyn t v electron

Ch c cc electron ha tr (electron lp ngoi cng


tham gia vo lin kt ha hc)

1.2. di lin kt
l khong cch gia hai ht nhn nguyn t lin kt vi nhau.

V d Lin kt:
d (A0)

H-F
0,92

H-Cl
1,28

H-Br
1,42

H-I
1,62

1.3. Gc ha tr
L gc to thnh bi 2 on thng ni ht nhn nguyn t
trung tm vi 2 ht nhn nguyn t lin kt.

1.4. Bc lin kt
Bc lin kt l s lin kt to thnh gia 2 nguyn t
tng tc trc tip vi nhau

1.5. Nng lng lin kt


Nng lng cn tiu tn ph hy lin kt c trong 1 mol
phn t trng thi kh

EH-H = 431 kj/mol

Nng lng lin kt ph thuc vo di lin


kt, bi lin kt.
Nng lng lin kt cng ln lin kt
cng bn

2. LIN KT CNG HA TR
Lin kt cng ho tr theo Lewis (1916)

CH4:

H F

H O
H

H O
H

H N H

H
H

H C
H

NH3:

H
F

H2O:

HF:

H N H
H
H
H C H
H

N 2:

N N

O
=O

O 2:

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LIN KT CNG HA TR THEO C HC


LNG T

PHNG PHP LIN KT HA TR


(VB)

PHNG PHP ORBITAL PHN T


(MO)

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Thuyt lin kt ho tr
(Valence bond-VB)

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Lin kt cng ha tr hnh thnh do s xen ph ca hai


orbital, trong c 2 electron c spin tri du

Lin kt cng ha tr cng bn khi che ph ca cc


orbital nguyn t cng ln

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Cc kiu xen ph
Xen ph trc lin nhn

Lin kt sigma

s-p

s-s

p-p
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H-H

Cl - Cl

H - Cl

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Xen ph trc hng (bn)

Lin kt pi

p-p
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V d:
Xc nh cng thc cu to (s bc lin kt, loi lin
kt, gc ha tr) ca cc phn t sau: F2, O2, N2, H2O.

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Thuyt lai ha cc orbital nguyn t


Trc khi tham gia lin kt, cc orbital s, p, d t hp li
vi nhau to ra cc orbital lai ha.
Cc orbital lai ha c nng lng, hnh dng v kch
thc ging nhau.
C bao nhiu AO tham gia lai ha th c by nhiu AO lai
ha to thnh, v b tr i xng trong khng gian.
Cc kiu lai ha sp3, sp2, sp, sp3d, sp3d2
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Lai ha sp
S t hp ca 1 orbital s v 1 orbital p hnh thnh
2 orbital sp.
2 orbital sp phn b i xng c cng trc nm trn
mt ng thng (1800)
p

s
1800
19

20

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Lai ha sp2

1200

22

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Lai ha sp3

109,50

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2s

2p


2sp3

CH4

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2s


2p


2sp3

NH3

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Thuyt y nhau gia cc cp electron ha tr


(VSEPR)

NH3

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NH3

29

H2O

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H2O

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V d:
Xc nh trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t C v cng
thc cu to ca HCHO.

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D on trng thi lai ha


S iN T
(Te )
4

TRNG THI
LAI HA
sp

sp2

sp3

10

sp3d

12

sp3d2

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Tnh Te
x
n

Xt cc hp cht: MLn, ML

MLny

M: nguyn t trung tm.


L: cc nguyn t bin (ligand)

Te

S e ha tr
ca M

Mi ligand
ng gp 1 e
(tr O v S)

Cng y(e):
nu l anion

Tr x(e): nu
l cation

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V d
PHN T/ ION

NGUYN T
TRUNG TM

CO2

NO2

NH 4

NH 2

2
3

NO

CO

Te

TRNG THI
LAI HA

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Tong so e tham gia lien ket


Bac lien ket
So lien ket * 2

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phn cc ca phn t
Momen lng cc

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3. LIN KT ION
Lin kt ion l loi lin kt c to thnh nh lc ht tnh
in gia cc ion tri du

Na

Cl

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Mng tinh th ion

NaCl
Lp phng tm din

CsCl
Lp phng tm khi
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QUAN H GIA NNG LNG MNG LI V


NHIT SI, NHIT NNG CHY
Tinh th

NaF

NaCl

NaBr

NaI

Uml[kcal/mol]

217

183

176

164

Nhit si
[0C]

1695

1441

1393

1300

Nhit
n.chy [0C]

993

801

766

665

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So snh nhit nng chy NaCl v MgO


MgO
NaCl

Tnc = 2500oC
Tnc = 800oC

Mg2+ O2Na+ Cl-

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So snh LK Cng ha tr & LK ion

TNH
CHT

LK CNG HA TR

LK ION

< 1,7

> 1,7

C tnh nh hng

Bt nh hng

C tnh bo ha

Bt bo ha

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S phn cc ion
S chnh lch m in ca cc nguyn t cng
ln tnh ion ca hp cht cng cao.

ion %

ion %

ion %

0,2

1,2

30

2,2

70

0,4

1,4

39

2,4

76

0,6

1,6

47

2,6

82

0,8

15

1,8

55

2,8

86

1,0

22

2,0

63

3,0

89
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in tch cation cng ln, bn knh cation cng


nh, tc dng phn cc cng mnh.

Tnh
cng
ha
tr
tng
dn

Bn knh anion cng ln, anion cng d b


bin dng

Tnh
cng
ha
tr
tng
dn

nh hng ca s phn cc ion n tnh cht cc hp cht

S phn cc ion lm gim bn tinh th ca hp cht


Cht
Nhit nng chy (0C)

LiF

LiCl

LiBr

LiI

848

607

550

469

S phn cc ion lm gim in ly ca hp cht ion


trong dung dch

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4. LIN KT HYDRO
L lin kt c hnh thnh bi nguyn t H linh ng (H
lin kt vi 1 nguyn t c m in ln) vi 1 nguyn t
c m in ln khc.

X-

H+ Y

X, Y l cc nguyn t c m in ln (F, O, Cl, N)

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PHN LOI
Lin kt hydro lin phn t

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Lin kt hydro ni phn t

O
N

O
C

octo- Nitrobenzen

H
O

andehit salyxilic

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nh hng ca lin kt Hydro


Lin kt Hydro lin phn t lm tng nhit si,
nhit nng chy ca hp cht

o C2H5OH c ts , tnc cao hn CH3OCH3


o CH3COOH c ts , tnc cao hn HCOOCH3

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Lin kt Hydro lin phn t vi dung mi lm tng


tan ca hp cht trong dung mi .

o C2H5OH tan trong H2O tt hn trong CH3OCH3

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Lin kt Hydro ni phn t

So snh tnh acid ca 2 acid sau

Acid ortho-hydroxy benzoic

Acid meta-hydroxy benzoic


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5. LIN KT VAN DER WALLS


L lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc phn t trung ha
C tnh khng nh hng, khng bo ha, khng chn
lc

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PHN LOI
Tng tc nh hng

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Tng tc cm ng

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Tng tc khuch tn

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TNH CHT
Lc nh hng > Lc cm ng > Lc khuch tn

Lc VDW cng ln khi kch thc (khi lng) cng


ln

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