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LIN KT HA HC &
CU TO PHN T
Ni dung
1. Nhng khi nim c bn v lin kt ha hc
2. Lin kt cng ha tr
3. Lin kt ion
4. Lin kt hyro
5. Lin kt Van Der Vaal
1.2. di lin kt
l khong cch gia hai ht nhn nguyn t lin kt vi nhau.
V d Lin kt:
d (A0)
H-F
0,92
H-Cl
1,28
H-Br
1,42
H-I
1,62
1.3. Gc ha tr
L gc to thnh bi 2 on thng ni ht nhn nguyn t
trung tm vi 2 ht nhn nguyn t lin kt.
1.4. Bc lin kt
Bc lin kt l s lin kt to thnh gia 2 nguyn t
tng tc trc tip vi nhau
2. LIN KT CNG HA TR
Lin kt cng ho tr theo Lewis (1916)
CH4:
H F
H O
H
H O
H
H N H
H
H
H C
H
NH3:
H
F
H2O:
HF:
H N H
H
H
H C H
H
N 2:
N N
O
=O
O 2:
10
11
Thuyt lin kt ho tr
(Valence bond-VB)
12
13
Cc kiu xen ph
Xen ph trc lin nhn
Lin kt sigma
s-p
s-s
p-p
14
H-H
Cl - Cl
H - Cl
15
Lin kt pi
p-p
16
V d:
Xc nh cng thc cu to (s bc lin kt, loi lin
kt, gc ha tr) ca cc phn t sau: F2, O2, N2, H2O.
17
Lai ha sp
S t hp ca 1 orbital s v 1 orbital p hnh thnh
2 orbital sp.
2 orbital sp phn b i xng c cng trc nm trn
mt ng thng (1800)
p
s
1800
19
20
21
Lai ha sp2
1200
22
23
Lai ha sp3
109,50
24
2s
2p
2sp3
CH4
25
2s
2p
2sp3
NH3
26
27
NH3
28
NH3
29
H2O
30
H2O
31
V d:
Xc nh trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t C v cng
thc cu to ca HCHO.
32
33
TRNG THI
LAI HA
sp
sp2
sp3
10
sp3d
12
sp3d2
34
Tnh Te
x
n
Xt cc hp cht: MLn, ML
MLny
Te
S e ha tr
ca M
Mi ligand
ng gp 1 e
(tr O v S)
Cng y(e):
nu l anion
Tr x(e): nu
l cation
35
V d
PHN T/ ION
NGUYN T
TRUNG TM
CO2
NO2
NH 4
NH 2
2
3
NO
CO
Te
TRNG THI
LAI HA
36
37
phn cc ca phn t
Momen lng cc
38
39
3. LIN KT ION
Lin kt ion l loi lin kt c to thnh nh lc ht tnh
in gia cc ion tri du
Na
Cl
40
NaCl
Lp phng tm din
CsCl
Lp phng tm khi
41
NaF
NaCl
NaBr
NaI
Uml[kcal/mol]
217
183
176
164
Nhit si
[0C]
1695
1441
1393
1300
Nhit
n.chy [0C]
993
801
766
665
42
Tnc = 2500oC
Tnc = 800oC
43
TNH
CHT
LK CNG HA TR
LK ION
< 1,7
> 1,7
C tnh nh hng
Bt nh hng
C tnh bo ha
Bt bo ha
44
S phn cc ion
S chnh lch m in ca cc nguyn t cng
ln tnh ion ca hp cht cng cao.
ion %
ion %
ion %
0,2
1,2
30
2,2
70
0,4
1,4
39
2,4
76
0,6
1,6
47
2,6
82
0,8
15
1,8
55
2,8
86
1,0
22
2,0
63
3,0
89
45
Tnh
cng
ha
tr
tng
dn
Tnh
cng
ha
tr
tng
dn
LiF
LiCl
LiBr
LiI
848
607
550
469
48
4. LIN KT HYDRO
L lin kt c hnh thnh bi nguyn t H linh ng (H
lin kt vi 1 nguyn t c m in ln) vi 1 nguyn t
c m in ln khc.
X-
H+ Y
49
PHN LOI
Lin kt hydro lin phn t
50
O
N
O
C
octo- Nitrobenzen
H
O
andehit salyxilic
51
52
53
55
PHN LOI
Tng tc nh hng
56
Tng tc cm ng
57
Tng tc khuch tn
58
TNH CHT
Lc nh hng > Lc cm ng > Lc khuch tn
59