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PHN 1
TH NGHIM CNG NGH SN XUT SA U NNH
1. GII THIU.
1.1. Nguyn liu u nnh:
u nnh hay cn gi l u tng, tn khoa hc l Glycine max. u nnh l cy
nhit i lu i nn c c im sinh thi thch nghi vi bin rng v nhiu mt
nh a sng, a nhit, chu hn.
1.1.1. Cu to ht
Ht u nnh c nhiu hnh dng: trn, bu dc, trn di, trn dt, chy di.
Cu trc ht u nnh gm 3 phn chnh: v ht, phi, t ip.
-
Hnh 1: Cu to ht u nnh
1
Lipid
Cacbohydrate
Tro
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
100
40.0
20.0
35.0
Nhn (T ip)
90.3
43.0
23.3
29.0
5.0
V ht
8.8
1.0
86.0
4.2
Phi
1.7
41.0
11.0
43.0
4.4
Thnh phn
T l
Nguyn ht
Ngun: www.fao.org
Protein
V gi tr dinh dng, protein u nnh ng hng u v m ngun gc thc vt
khng ch v hm lng protein cao m c v cht lng protein. V protein u nnh d
tan trong nc v cha nhiu acid amin khng thay th nh lysin, tryptophan. Tr
methionine v cystein c hm lng thp, cc acid amin khc ca u nnh c thnh
phn ging tht.
Bng 2: Thnh phn cc acid amin khng thay th trong u nnh v mt s thc
phm quan trng (g/100g protein)
Loi acid
Gi tr c ngh
u nnh
Trng
Tht b
Sa b
Go
Leusine
7,84
8,32
8,00
10,24
8,26
4,8
Isoleusine
4,48
5,60
5,12
5,60
3,84
6,4
Lysine
6,40
6,24
2,12
8,16
3,68
4,2
Phenylalanin
4,96
5,12
4,48
5,44
4,80
2,8
Threonine
3,84
5,12
4,64
4,96
3,36
2,8
Trytophane
1,28
1,76
1,21
1,44
1,28
1,4
Valine
4,80
7,52
5,28
7,36
5,76
4,2
Methionine
1,28
3,20
2,72
2,88
2,08
2,2
amin
Ngun: www.fao.org
2
bi FAO - OMS
Lipid
Lipid chim khong 20% trng lng kh ca ht u nnh, nm ch yu trong
phn t ip ca ht. Cht bo cha hai thnh phn ch yu l triglyceride (chim 96%
lng cht bo th) v lecithine (chim 2% cht bo th). Ngoi ra cn c khng 0.5%
acid bo t do v mt lng nh carotenoid.
Lecithine u nnh: chim 3% trng lng ht, l mt phosphatide phc tp, s
dng lm cht nh tng, cht chng oxy ha trong ch bin thc phm (magarine, bnh
ko, chocolate), trong dc phm v m phm.
Glucid
Chim khong 35% trng lng ht u nnh, chia lm 2 loi: loi tan trong nc
khong 10% (bao gm cc loi ng khng kh nh sucrose, raffinose v stachyose) v
loi khng tan trong nc (cellulose, hemicellulose).
Bng 3: Thnh phn glucid trong ht u nnh
Glucid
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Stachyose
Raffinose
Saccharose
Cc loi ng khc
Ngun: www.fao.org
Hm lng (%)
4
15
3,8
1,1
5,1
6
Hm lng
Ca
0,16 0,47%
0,41 0,82%
Mn
0,22 0,24%
Zn
37 mg/kg
Fe
90 150 mg/kg
Ngun: www.fao.org
Hm lng (g/g)
Thiamine
11,017,5
Riboflavin
3,43,6
Niacin
21,423,0
Pyridoxine
7,112,0
Biotin
0,8
Axit tantothenic
13,021,5
Axit folic
1,9
Inositol
2300
Carotene
0,183,42
Vitamin E
1,4
Vitamin K
1,9
Ngun: www.fao.org
Enzym
Urease: chng li s hp th cht m qua ng rut.
Lipase, phospholipase, lipoxygenase.
Trypsin inhibitor: mt loi ca serine protease inhibitor lm gim hot tnh sinh
hc ca trypsin gy nh hng n tiu ha v dinh dng.
Hemgglutinin l protein c kh nng kt hp vi hemoglobin lm gim hot tnh
hemoglobin.
1.1.3. Gi tr dinh dng ht u nnh
Lipid: u nnh c hm lng du cao hn thc vt khc, cha mt t l cao cc
acid bo cha no c h s ng ha cao, mi v thm ngon. Dng du u nnh thay m
ng vt trnh c bnh x cng ng mch v gim tng cholesteron trong mu.
Protein: Vi hm lng protein cao xp x 40% hn so vi c mt s loi tht c,
protein u nnh d tiu ha hn ca tht v khng c thnh phn to cholesteron.
4
Bt u nnh
u nnh rang
Sa u nnh
u h
u h ki
Chao
Tng
Du nnh
Sn phm chay
Yu cu
Tinh th mu trng, kch thc tng i ng u, ti, kh, khng vn cc
Mi, v
Mu sc
Tinh th trng ng nh. Khi pha vo nc ct cho dung dch trong sut.
Bng 7: Cc ch tiu ha l
STT
Tn ch tiu
Mc
99,80
0,03
0,03
4
5
0,05
30
D lng SO2
Sunfua dioxit (SO2), ppm, khng ln hn: 7
Cc cht nhim bn, mc ti a
Asen (As)
1 mg/kg
ng (Cu)
2 mg/kg
Ch (Pb)
0,5 mg/kg
1.2.3. Ph gia
Theo quyt nh s 4021/2003/BYT/Q
- NaHCO3: tng kh nng trng n, kh mi, lm gim mi hng ca u v lm
tng kh nng trch ly protein. Hm lng NaHCO3 s dng trong thc ung c
gii hn bi GMP.
- Kali sorbat: c ch mnh nm men v nm mc nhng t tc dng vi khun. Hm
lng cho php s dng trong ung l 1000ppm.
6
Tng hm lng
u : Nc
cht kh
Protein
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Tro
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
1:5
9.2
4.5
2.4
1.8
0.48
1:6
8.7
4.2
2.2
1.9
0.44
1:7
7.9
3.8
1.9
1.8
0.39
1:8
7.2
3.4
1.7
1.7
0.35
1:9
6.3
2.9
1.5
1.6
0.30
1 : 10
5.6
2.6
1.4
1.3
0.27
Sn phm ln men: sau khi ln men lactic hoc acid ha vi acid lactic.
% Daily Value
Calories
98
Total Fat
4g
6%
Saturated Fat
0g
0%
Total Carbohydrates
8g
3%
Protein
7g
14%
Cholesterol
0mg
0%
96 mg
4%
0g
0%
Calcium
368 mg
37%
Potassium
225 mg
6%
Phosphorus
225 mg
23%
Folate
24 mcg
6%
Sodium
Dietary Fiber
Ngun: USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 17 (2004)
Ra
Nc
Ngm
Nc
Tch v
Nc
ng
Nc thi, V
Nghin
Lc
Gia nhit
ng ha
Chai
Rt chai
Np
ng np
Tit trng
Sn phm
10
Trong cng nghip dng bin php gia nhit c nhng bin i:
Vt l: Nhit tng (95oC) do khng kh nng.
Ha hc: Lin kt gia lp v v phi mm b ph v, lp v u b nt. Mt phn v
b tch ra do o trn. Mt s hp cht mi hnh thnh. Tuy nhin thi gian khng
qu di lm kht u.
Ha l: Thot m trong u ra bn ngoi.
Ha sinh: Mt s enzym bin tnh.
Cm quan: Loi b mi u, tng gi tr hng.
Thc hin
Ngm trong 4h bng nc v thay nc trnh b chua.
Cng nghip: Thc hin trong thit b gia nhit bng ti bng khng kh nng.
11
Cng nghip: Thit b tch v trc i cao su. Da vo lc nn x khi qua khe hp, v
v nhn tch ra, v theo dng kh ht ra ngoi, nhn ht nng hn khng b ht ri
xung v thu hi.
12
Hnh 6: Thit b lc ly tm
13
14
15
Autoclave c lc o.
Thng s
m u, % khi lng u nnh
12
19
69
Qu trnh
Ngm
Gi tr
Thng s
Lng u/sa
0.2x2.2 = 0.44kg
V chim 8% ht u
0.44-0.2x0.08 = 0.424kg
Nghin
T l u:nc = 1:4
Lc
(1.224x0.69+1.5)x0.9 = 2.1l
B sung 200g ng
2.1+0.2 = 2.3l
ng
Nc b sung
Sa thnh phm
200g
200g
2.54l
2.3l
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20
21
PHN 2
DCH BI BO
NH HNG CA GING U NNH N CHT LNG V TNH NNG
SA U NNH V U H
Yookyung Kim v Louise Wicker
Khoa hc v cng ngh thc phm, i hc Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, M
c im tnh nng ca sa u nnh v u h c xc nh t 2 ging u
Benning v Danbaekkong. Hm lng protein trong sa u nnh t Danbeakkong (46.4
g/kg) cao hn Benning (42g/kg). T l globulin 11S/7S ca Danbaekkong l 0.93 v
Benning l 0.38. Sa u nnh t Danbaekkong phi Newton (n = 0.69) hn Benning
(n=0.84). u h t Danbaekkong cng hn, d nhai v kt dnh hn t Benning. S
khc nhau v hm lng protein, t l protein, nht, c im cu tc v mu sc ca
sa u nnh c th c ng dng nh ch th ca cht lng v chc nng trong thc
phm t u nnh v d nh u h.
GII THIU
Th trng u nnh cho sn xut u h v sn phm lin quan ang m rng, v
nhng hp ng vi nng dn hoc cng ty ht mua nhng ging u nnh c th da
trn mu ht, hm lng protein v nhng c tnh khc. Nh sn xut thc phm t u
nnh ang s dng nhng phn khc u nnh thch ng tt nhng c im chc nng
c th. Nhng nh chn ging v ch bin thng tin rng lng protein cao, ht u
nnh to cho kt qu cht lng u h tt hn v nng sut cao hn. S khc bit ng
ch trong nhiu loi u nnh c quan st trong nhng mc v hm lng protein v
lipid, kch thc, tng lng nc hp thu khi hydrat ha hon ton, nng protein ca
sa u nnh, nng sut u h ti, hm lng protein v cng ca u h. Nhng
ging c lng protein cao thng sn xut u h c lng protein cao hn nhng ging
c lng protein thp. Mc d bng chng hin ti l do s khc nhau v kiu gen i vi
c tnh sa u nnh v u h, nhng s khc nhau v c tnh khng thng lin quan
n ngun gc u nnh t M hay Nht.
22
23
TH NGHIM
Nguyn liu thc vt
Ht u nnh Danbaekkong v Benning ly t phng Khoa Hc Cy Trng V
t, i hc Georgia M, v lu tr 4oC trc khi s dng.
Chun b sa u nnh v u h
u nnh (100g) ngm trong 500g nc trong 16 gi nhit phng. Nhng ht
ngm xong ro nc sau xay bng my nhit phng. Bt u nnh ng ha
trong 500g nc ct vi 0.3g/kg cht ph bt A ( Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO,
USA ) trong 1 pht nhit phng ( Pro Homogenizer 300A, 30mm diameter, Pro
Scientific Inc., Oxford, CN, USA). Hn hp ng nht c gia nhit trn thit b bn
mng nng xp x 90oC trong 15 pht, c khuy o. Lc hn hp ny trong 10 pht vi
2 lp vi c trn mt cho thp khng g. Qu trnh lc c to iu kin bng vic
c mt cn 5.4kg so vi hn hp ng nht. Sa u nnh gi 4oC n khi phn tch.
lm u h, nu 147 ml sa u nnh 95oC v khuy trn mt bn nng. Sau
khi nhit mong mun t c, tt nhit v sa u nnh c khuy v lm mt
khong 90oC. Mt lng 1.2 ml ca dung dch 200g/kg MgCl2 c thm vo sa u
nnh c nng MgCl2 cui cng l 4g/kg sa u nnh. Sau khi thm cht to ng
2 pht, chuyn sa u nnh qua khun acrylic ( 26 mm x 65mm x 63mm), v lt 1 lp
vi. Lp vi bao ph ln khi u nnh ng t, v c nn trong 2 pht bng mt cn
3.1 kg.
Xc nh protein
Nng protein trong sa u nnh c phn tch bng phng php tiu chun
BCA. Mt ng cong xc nh kch c cho phn tch c lm vi bovine serum
albumin (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Mt lng ph hp 50L ca mu hoc mu
chun c trn vi 2 mL thuc th chun trong ng nghim. Sau khi , chuyn 200L
sang mt thit b bn c micro (MPR model 550, Bio-Rad Inc.). S thm ht c c
540 nm, v hm lng protein tnh ton bng phn mm MPR. Sa u nnh pha long
1:100 vi nc c kh ion trc khi phn tch protein.
24
25
Hm lng m v mu
Gi tr mu sa u nnh v u h o bng my CR-300Minolta Chroma Meter
(Minolta Camera Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan). Cng c ny l mt my phn tch vi mt
thc o 8 mm o b mt v ng thy tinh cho cht lng. T l mu L, a, b s ng
o mu L (0, ti en) n L (100, trng), +a () n a (xanh l), v +b (vng) n
b (xanh dng). Dng c c chun ha bng mt lt trng chun vi L = 97.30, a =
0.04 v b = 1.65. m ca u h o bng cch sy khong 3g u h ti 90oC
trong 8 gi bng l chn khng.
Phn tch thng k
Kt qu t 3 th nghim lp li c phn tch bng phng php m hnh tuyn
tnh tng qut (SAS software version 6.12 SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). S khc
nhau c ngha ca mu c gii quyt bng tin cy Ducan test, v mc ngha
c t P 0.05.
KT QU V THO LUN
Hm lng protein ca sa u nnh
Lng protein ca sa u nnh t Danbaekkong cao hn t Benning (P 0.05), vi gi
tr tng ng l 46.4g/kg v 42g/kg. Hm lng protein ca 17 ging u t 45.1 n
50.9g/kg, v hm lng protein trong ht u v cm t 3 ging u nnh l 35.0 n
51.7g/kg. Thng thng, hm lng protein trong ht u nnh cao hn sa u nnh v
u h. Cai v cng s. ch ra rng hm lng protein u nnh dn n nng sut u h
cao hn v ci thin c cu trc. Shen v cng s. bo co nhng loi u nnh c hm
lng protein cao sn xut u h chc v cu trc n hi hn.
Hp phn tiu n v ca protein u nnh
Phn tch SDS-PAGE sa u nnh (hnh 1) m phng dy potein tng ng
ca 2 ging u nnh khng c cc tiu n v duy nht hoc hin din gia chng. Khi
lng phn t ca , v tiu n v ca -conglycinin tng ng xp x l 76 000, 72
000, v 53 000, Nhng axit polypeptide, A3, A1, 2, 4 v nhng polypeptide c bn ca
glycinin c khi lng phn t tng ng l 43 000, 40 000 v 20 000. Kt qu th hin
trong bng 1 cho thy sa u nnh t Danbaekkong c glycinin (11S) nhiu hn, ngc
26
Hnh 1. SDS-PAGE ca protein sa u nnh phn tch trn nng gel 80-250g/L
s dng Phastsystem v nhum mu vi Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Lane 1 l thang
khi lng phn t chun; lane 2 m t peptide tch t Benning; lane 3 m t
peptide tch t Danbaekkong. S xc nh da trn khi lng phn t.
27
a, b
c
Bng 4. Mu sa u nnh v u h
a, b
30