công nghệ sản xuất nước ép trong

n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
MC LC
L DO CHN TI....................................................................................................3
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN............................................................................................4
I.
Gii thiu v da..................................................................................................4
1.
Ngun gc...........................................................................................................4
2.
Phn loi.............................................................................................................5
3.
c tnh sinh hc.................................................................................................5
4.
Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng..........................................................6
II. Tnh hnh sn xut v xut khu da trong nc v trn th gii......................8

1.
Tnh hnh sn xut v xut khu da trong nc.................................................8
2.
Tnh hnh sn xut v xut khu da trn th gii...............................................8
III. Mt s loi nc p da c mt trn th trng hin nay......................................8

CHNG 2: NGUYN LIU........................................................................................9
I.
Da....................................................................................................................... 9
II. Nc..................................................................................................................... 9
III Cht to v ngt:..................................................................................................10
IV. Ph gia:...............................................................................................................13
1.
Acid citric.......................................................................................................... 13
2.
Axit sorbic v Kali sorbate................................................................................16
3.
Acid ascorbic ( VitaminC).................................................................................17
CHNG 3: QUI TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT NC DA P..................21

I. S qui trnh cng ngh......................................................................................22
II. Thuyt minh quy trnh.........................................................................................22
1.
La chn v phn loi:......................................................................................23
2.
Ra:................................................................................................................... 23
3.
Ct cung, chi ngn:.......................................................................................24
4.
Tch li, v:......................................................................................................25
5.
Nghin x........26
GVHD : Ts. L Quang Tr
Page 1
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NC DA P TRONG NG HP
6.
enzyme..........................................................................................................29
7.
p:.....................................................................................................................30
8.
Gia nhit:........................................................................................................... 32
9.
Lc:................................................................................................................... 33
10. Phi trn:...........................................................................................................34

11. Rt nng, ghp m:............................................................................................38
12. Thanh trng:......................................................................................................39
13. Bo n:.............................................................................................................. 39
CHNG 4: D KIN NNG XUT NH MY V K HOCH SN XUT. .41
4.1 D kin nng sut nh my v k hoch sn xut................................................41
4.1.2. D kin nng sut............................................................................................41
4.1.3 D kin k hoch sn xut ca nh my...........................................................41
CHNG 5: CN BNG VT CHT........................................................................42
5.1 Chn s liu tnh ton..........................................................................................42
5.2 Tnh cn bng vt cht.........................................................................................43
5.3 Tnh cn bng vt cht theo nng sut nh my:.................................................47
CHNG 6: THIT B S DNG TRONG CNG NGH SN XUT NC P
DA TRONG.................................................................................................................49
I.
Thit b enzyme..............................................................................................49
II. Thit b p...........................................................................................................50

III. Thit b gia nhit.................................................................................................50
CHNG 7 KT LUN V KIN NGH.................................................................53
I.
KT LUN........................................................................................................53
II. KIN NGH........................................................................................................53

Ti liu tham kho............................................................................................................ 54
Page 2
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NC DA P TRONG NG HP
L DO CHN TI
Da l mt c sn nhit i, tuy ng hng th 10 v sn lng trong cc cy n

qu nhng v cht lng, hng v, li ng hng u, v c mnh danh l vua hoa
qu. Hin nay trn th trng, cc loi tri cy nhit i c trng cho nng sut ln v
em li thu nhp cho quc gia thng qua xut khu nh chui, cam, bi, vi, u .
Trong , da l loi tri cy c trng kh d dng v l mt trong nhng sn
phm c xut khu kh nhiu, c bit c a chung cc nc cng nghip pht
trin. Da l cy rt d trng, c th trng c trn nhiu loi t, k c cc vng t
i dc, si ln cc vng t thp, nhim phn, c pH = 3 - 3.5 c nhiu c cht
m nhiu cy khc khng sng c. V vy, c th pht trin v m rng din tch trng
da rt d dng trn cc vng t chua xu, nht l cc loi t phn, hoang ha.
Da cng c s dng lm ngun nguyn liu ch bin nhiu loi thc phm
quen thuc vi ngi tiu dng nh: da ng hp, nc da p, da ngm
ng, da sy, mt da, da lnh ng,.v.v..
Thc phm t da khng ch l ngun b sung cc vitamin v mt s cht khong
a lng (nh K, Ca), vi lng (nh Fe, Cu, Zn) cn thit m cn l thc ung gip
thanh nhit, gii kht tt. ng thi nghin cu v cng nghip sn xut nc gii kht
ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong nn kinh t quc dn cng nh cc loi sn phm
ch bin khc, n gp phn iu ho thc phm gia cc vng, tng ngun hng xut
khu trong nc.
lm a dng sn phm, nng cao gi tr kinh t v gi tr s dng ca cy Da
nhm chn ti tt nghip: Cng ngh sn xut nc da p trong
ti gm cc phn chnh nh sau:
M t s b v nguyn liu v thnh phm, d kin nng sut thnh phm.

Vit quy trnh cng ngh di dng s khi, m t quy trnh cng ngh.
Da trn nng sut, tnh cn bng vt cht la thit b ph hp.
M t c ch hot ng ca cc thit b ch yu trong qui trnh cng ngh.
Page 3
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN
I.
Gii thiu v da
1. Ngun gc
Hnh 1. Qu da
Da l tri cy ca min nhit i, c ngun gc t cc quc gia Brazil, Paraduay

Trung v Nam M. Khi Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) thm him M chu, thy
da trng qun o Guadeloup rt ngon, bn mang v triu cng n hong Ty Ban
Nha Isabella nht. T , da c em trng cc thuc a ca Ty Ban Nha, nht
l cc quc gia thuc khu vc Thi Bnh Dng. Ting Anh ca da l Pinapple. Cc nh
thm him Ty Ban Nha thy tri da nom ging nh ci chp qu thng, bn t tn l
Pina. Ngi Anh thm ch Apple .Ting Vit cn gi da l tri thm, c l v
hng thm du du thot ra t tri da va chn ti.
Ti Vit Nam, da c trng kh ph bin, phn b t Ph Th n Kin
Giang. Tin Giang l tnh c sn lng da ng u c nc. Nm 2007, sn lng da
ca tnh Tin Giang t 161.300 tn. Tip theo l Kin Giang (85.000 tn), Ninh
Bnh (47.400 tn), Ngh An (30.600 tn), Long An (27.000 tn), H Nam(23.400
tn), Thanh Ho (20.500 tn). Tng sn lng c nc nm 2007 t 529.100 tn. Nhiu
a phng xy dng thng hiu c sn qu da nh da ng Giao (Tam ip - Ninh
Bnh), hoc Kin Giang, Tin Giang u c nhng nh my chuyn sn xut, ch bin
cc thc phm t qu da.
2.
Phn loi.
Page 4
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NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Da c chia thanh 3 loi chnh :

Da Hong Hu (da Queen) : C kch thc trung bnh, mt qu li, tht qu vng
m, thm ngt, chu vn chuyn, l loi da c cht lng tt nht.
Da Cayene : Kch thc qu to, tht qu mu vng ng, nhiu nc nhng t thm hn
Da Queen. V vy c dng ch bin nhiu. Loi ny cn c tn khc l Da c
Bnh, c trng nhiu Hawaii, dng cho ch bin hp. Vit Nam c ch yu
Ph Qu, Ph Th.
Da Ty Ban Nha : Kch thc qu trung bnh gia Da Queen v Da Cayene. Tht
qu mu vng nht, hi trng, t thm v c v chua, mt su. Da ta, da mt thuc loi
da ny. Loi ny c trng nhiu chu M La Tinh.
3. c tnh sinh hc
Da c cc l gai mc thnh cm hnh hoa th. Cc l di v c hnh dng ging
mi mc v c mp l vi rng ca hay gai. Hoa mc t phn trung tm ca cm l hnh
hoa th, mi hoa c cc i hoa ring ca n. Chng mc thnh cm hnh u rn chc
trn thn cy ngn v mp. Cc i hoa cha nhiu nc v pht trin thnh mt dng
phc hp c bit n nh l qu da (qu gi), mc pha trn cm l hnh hoa th
Kch thc v trng lng qu: Ty thuc vo ging, mt v lng phn bn.
Trng cng tha, bn phn cng nhiu th qu cng nng cn.
Hnh dng qu: Dng qu l, hnh tr hay thp ty thuc vo ging v k thut
canh tc, chm sc. Trong thi gian hnh thnh v pht trin qu, chm sc km qu s b
thp u, b cong ngn trong thi gian qu ang tng trng s lm tng trng lng qu
v qu c dng hnh tr.
Mu sc tht qu: Ty thuc vo ging, cc sc t carotenoit quyt nh mu vng
ca tht qu da.
Hng v: V chua ngt ty thuc vo lng ng, ch yu l ng sacarose v
lng acid hu c ch yu l acid citric v maleic. Hng thm ca qu da vo 2 thnh
phn etyl butyrat v amyl butyrat. Qu da ngt nht khi lng ng tng s trong qu
khong 12% v lng acid khong 0,6 0,7%.
4. Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng
Thnh phn ha hc
Page 5
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NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Thnh phn ha hc ca da bin ng nhiu ty theo ging, theo chn, ngoi

ra cn ph thuc vo iu kin canh tc, theo vng pht trinTrong da cn c cha
Enzyme Bromelin. y l loi Enzyme c ng dng nhiu trong sn xut ch bin
thc phm.
Thnh phn ha hc
Nc
Cht kh
ng
Acid
Protid
Khong
Vitamin C
Mt s Vitamin nhm B
Enzyme Bromelin
T l
72 88%
12 28%. Trong cht kh ha tan
chim 15 -24%
8 -19% trong ng Saccharose
chim 70%
0,3 -0,8% phn ln l acid citric, ngoi ra
cn c (acid malic, acid Tactric,
acid sucninic)
0,5%
0,25%
40mg %
Bng 1. Bng thnh phn ha hc trong 1 tri da chn.

Ging da
Da hoa Vnh Ph
Da hoa Tuyn Quang
Da c bnh Ngh An
Da c bnh Vnh Ph
Da ta H Tnh
Da mt Vnh Ph
Da Victoria nhp ni
kh
%
acid
18
0,51
18
0,57
13
0,49
13,5
0,49
12
0,63
11
0,56
17
0,50
Ch ng
s pH kh %
3,8 4,19
3,8 3,56
4,0 3,20
4,0 3,65
3,6 2,87
3,9 2,94
3,8 3,20
Saccharose
%
11,59
12,22
7,60
6,50
6,27
6,44
10,90
Bng 2. Bng thnh phn ha hc ca mt s ging da ch yu nc ta
Gi tr dinh dng.
Page 6
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Qu da c hm lng axit hu c cao (axit maleic v axit xitric). Da l ngun

cung cp mangan di do cng nh c hm lng Vitamin C v Vitamin B1 kh cao.
Trong qu da c cha Enzym bromelain, c th phn hu protein. Do vy, qu da c
s dng trong ch bin mt s mn n nh tht b xo, tht vt xo gip tht nhanh
mm v to hng v c trng. Enzym bromelain, l mt enzym c tc dng thy phn
protein, gip cho vt thng nim mc d dy chng thnh so. Ngoi ra n cn c tc
dng chng vim v chng giun a.
Gi tr dinh dng trn 100 g da chn ti
Nng lng
50 kcal (210 kJ)
Carbohydrates
13,12 g
ng
9,85 g
Cht x thc phm
1,4 g
Cht bo
0,12 g
Protein
0,54 g
Thiamine (vit. B 1 )
0,079 mg (7%)
Riboflavin (vit. B 2 )
0,032 mg (3%)
Niacin (vit. B 3 )
0,5 mg (3%)
Pantothenic acid (B 5 )
0,213 mg (4%)
Vitamin B 6
0,112 mg (9%)
Folate (vit. B 9 )
18 mg (5%)
Vitamin C
47,8 mg (58%)
T l % so vi khuyn ngh cho nhu cu hng ngy ca ngi ln ti Hoa K .

Ngun: USDA C s d liu dinh dng
Bng 3. Thnh phn dinh dng trong 100 g ca qu da

II.
Tnh hnh sn xut v xut khu da trong nc v trn th gii.

1. Tnh hnh sn xut v xut khu da trong nc.
Page 7
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NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Vi t Nam l nc c kh h u nhi t i, t ai thch hp trng da. Vi c

tnh d trng ph hp vi nhiu loi t, v c gi tr kinh t cao nn da c trng ph
bin nhiu vng trn c nc nh: Ph Th, Tuyn quang, Bc Giang, H Tnh, Ngh
An, c bi t l ng bng Sng Cu Long. Hi n nay di n tch da c nc khong
320 000 ha, v s pht trin ln khong 500 000 ha trong nm 2010, trong ng bng
Sng Cu long hi n c 22000 ha
2. Tinh hinh sn xut v xut khu da trn th gii.
Theo t chc FAO khong 90% sn lng da ca th gii c trng cc nc
ang pht trin v xut khu ti cc nc pht trin: EU (Anh, B, c), M, Nh t
BnNm 2004 tng c ng c gn 130 quc gia xut khu da, 10 nc sn xut chnh
chim ti 75% sn lng da ca th gii. Trong n , Ecuado, Braxin, Trung
Quc, Philipin chim ti m t na ca ton th gii.
S liu thng k cho thy, kim ngch xut khu da trong thng 11 nm 2011 t
38,3 triu USD, tng 65,8% so vi cng k 2010 v tng 53,8% so vi nm cng k nm
2009. n gi xut khu da v cc sn phm t da tng nh so vi cng k 2010. Gi
xut khu da khoanh ng lnh sang H Lan trong thng 11 t 1.250 USD/tn (FOB),
tng 50 USD/tn so vi cng k 2010
III.
Mt s loi nc p da c mt trn th trng hin nay.
Hnh 2. Sn phm nc p da
Page 8
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
CHNG 2: NGUYN LIU
I.
Da
Loi : Da Hong Hu (Queen), tri da Queen tng i nh, khi lng trung
bnh mi tri 0,8 1,6 kg/tri, mt li, dng tr trn kh u. Tht tri vng m, gin,
hng da, v chua ngt m .
II.
Nc
Nc l thnh phn nguyn liu khng th thiu trong nc p da, n thng

chim t l cao hn nhiu so vi cc thnh phn khc trong sn phm, nc s dng phi
l nc mm, c cng tm thi khong 0,7 mg ng lng canxi/lt v cng vnh
cu khong 0,4- 0,7 mg ng lng canxi/lt. V th cht lng nc c nh hng rt
ln n cht lng sn phm.
Ch tiu
Tiu chun
Ch tiu vt l
Mi v
trong (ng Dienert)
Mu sc (thang mu coban)
Ch tiu ha hc
pH
CaO
MgO
Fe2O3
MnO
BO43SO42NH4+
NO2NO3Pb
As
Cu
Khng
100ml
5
6,0 7,8
50 100 mg/l
50 mg/l
0,3 mg/l
0,2 mg/l
1,2 2,5 mg/l
0,5 mg/l
0,1 0,3 mg/l
khng
khng
0,1 mg/l
0,05 mg/l
2,0 mg/l
Page 9
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Zn
F
Ch tiu vi sinh
Tng s vi khun hiu kh
Ch s Coli (s Coli/1lits nc)
Chun s Coli (s ml nc c 1 Coli)
Vi sinh vt gy bnh
5,0 mg/l
0,3 0,5 mg/l
<100 cfu/ml
<20
>50
khng c
Bng 4. Tiu chun nc dng trong cng nghip thc phm

III Cht to v ngt:
Trong cng ngh sn xut nc p da, ng l cht ph gia to v v thng
c nu thnh syrup b sung vo sn phm. Syrup l mt dung dch ng c nng
cht kh cao v thng dao ng trong khong 63 65% (khi lng). C tc dng
lm nhm tng oBx, tng gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm v kch thch dch v, iu
chnh hi ho ngt , v chua ca da, tng hm lng cht kh, n nh cht lng
syrup, ngn nga hin tng ti kt tinh ng, tng cng kh nng c ch VSV c
trong syrup, v cn bo qun sn phm. B sung ng lm tng nng cht tan v
c kh nng gi cc cht thm trong sn phm. Ngoi ra ng cn c tc dng cung cp
nng lng cho c th (4,1 kcal/1g ng).
S dng ng saccharose c ch bin t ma. Saccharose l mt loi
carbonhydrate, cng thc phn t l C 12H22O11, disaccharide do hai monosaccharide l DGlucose v D-Fructose to thnh
Hnh 3. Cng thc ha hc ca ng Saccharose .

Tnh cht vt l:
-
Tinh th trong sut, t trng 1.5897 g/cm3, t0nc = 186 188
Page 10
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Cng thc phn t : C12H22O11
Khi lng phn t: 324
quay cc: quay phi, gc quay + 66.50C

Tnh cht ha hc ca ng:
Khng c tnh kh
Caramel ha nhit 2000C (mu nu en)
B chuyn thnh ng nghch o trong iu kin nhit v axit, b phn hy

trong mi trng kim
Khi m khng kh ln hn 90% th saccharose mi bt u ht m

Ch tiu cht lng ng :
Ch tiu
Yu cu
Ngoi hnh
Tinh th mu trng, kch thc tng i ng

u, ti kh khng vn cc.
Mi v
Tinh th ng hoc dung dch ng trong nc

c v ngt, khng c mi v l.
Mu sc
Tinh th trng ng nh. Khi pha vo nc ct cho

dung dch trong sut.
Bng 5. Ch tiu cm quan ca ng tinh luyn
Tn ch tiu
Mc
Pol, (oZ)
99.8
Hm lng ng kh, % khi lng
0.03
Tro dn in, % khi lng
0.03
o
gim Tr
khi lng khi syPage
10511C trong 3h,
GVHD : Ts. LS
Quang
0.05
% khi lng
mu, n v ICUMSA
30
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Bng 6. Ch tiu ho l ca ng tinh luyn

Tn ch tiu
Mc
D lng SO2 (mg/kg)
70
As(mg/kg)
Cu(mg/kg)
Pd(mg/kg)
0.5
Bng 7. Ch tiu v d lng SO2 v kim loi nng trong ng tinh luyn
Tng s VSV hiu kh, CFU/10g
200
Nm men, CFU/10g
10
Nm mc, CFU/10g
10
Bng 8. Ch tiu vi sinh vt ca ng tinh luyn
IV.
Ph gia:
1. Acid citric
iu v v iu chnh pH, c s dng lm gim v ngt gt ca ng,
ng thi lm tng v chua hi ha cho sn phm, kch thch tiu ha, hn ch s pht
Page 12
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
trin ca vi khun, nm si v nm men, gp phn hn ch s oxy ha, lm tng thm

mi v sn phm.
Ngun gc
Acid citric l mt acid hu c thuc loi yu v n thng c tm thy trong

cc loi tri cy thuc h cam qut. Nhng acid citric c dng hin ny thng
l sn phm tng hp sinh hc c ln men t dung dch cacbonhydrat hoc cc
mi trng thch hp s dng si khun Candia spp. Hoc cc chng Aspegillus
niger khng sinh c.
Cng thc ha hc:
Dng khan: C6H8O7
Dng ngm 1 phn t nc: C6H8O7.H2O
Hnh 4. Cng thc ha hc ca Acid Citric

Tnh cht vt l
Acid citric dng trong thc phm phi th kit tinh khan, lu lng : 0-60mg/kg.
-
Tn gi khc: Acid limonie.
Tinh th khng mu, ngm 1 phn t nc. Hm lng trong sn phm > 99%.
Cc tp cht cho php: tro 0.5%, lng H 2SO4 t do < 0.05%, hm lng As
< 0.00014%.
Nhit nng chy 1530C.
nhit phng, acid citric l cht bt kt tinh mu trng.
Page 13
n 2
-
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
V cu trc ha hc, acid citric chia s cc tnh cht ca cc acid cacboxylic khc.
Khi b nung nng trn 175 C, n b phn hy gii phng CO2 v nc.
Khi ha tan trong nc ct dung dch phi trong sut, v chua tinh khit, khng c
v l.
Ch tiu cht lng
STT
1
Tn ch tiu
Hnh dng v mu sc
c im
Cc tinh th khng mu, khng vn cc
Chua, khng c v l
Mi
Khng mi
Tp cht
Khng cho php
Cu trc
Ri v kh
Bng 9. Ch tiu cm quan ca acid citric s dng trong thc phm theo
TCVN 5516-1991
Tn ch tiu
n v o
Mc quy nh
Hm lng acid citric
>99.5
Page 14
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Tro
<0.05
Ch
mg/kg
<10
Asen
mg/kg
<3
Sulphate
Khng pht hin
Bng 10. Tiu chun acid s dng trong nc gii kht .
Page 15
n 2
M
c
NC DA P TRONG
NG HP
yu
cu
Tn ch tiu
1. ha tan
Rt
d
tan
tron
g
etan
ol,
d
tan
tron
g
n
c, t
tan
tron
g
ete.
2. Php th xitrat
t
yu
cu
ph
p
th
3. Hm lng
nc
+ Dng khan, %
khi lng,
khng ln hn
0.5
+ Dng ngm
mt phn t
nc, % khi
lng
T
7.5
n
8.8
4. Hm lng tro
sunfat, % khi
lng, khng
ln hn
Page 16
0.05
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Bng 11. Cc ch tiu l-ha acid citric.

2.
Axit sorbic v Kali sorbate
Acid sorbic la trans-trans acid bo monocacborcylic khng no v chng c cng

thc: CH3-CH=CH-CH=CH-COOH.
Acid sorbic l cht bt kt tinh mu trng , t tan trong nc (0.16g/100ml nc
200C). Tuy nhin, sorbat Kali dng ht li tan tt trong nc (58,2g/100ml nc
200C) , chng t tan trong du.
Hot tnh chng khun
Acid sorbic v mui sorbate c tc dng chng nm men, vi khun, nm mc, c
bit chng c tc dng tt i vi nm mc pH = 6. Chng hot ng tt hn benzoate
pH = 4,0 6,0. pH = 3 chng hot ng km hn propionate cng nh benzoate.
C ch tc dng
Page 17
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NC DA P TRONG NG HP
S c ch ca sorbate i vi nm mc do chng lm enzym ca vi sinh vt mt

hot tnh, c bit l enzym dehydrogenate. Sorbate ngn cn s pht trin ca t bo
sinh dng v ngn cn s to thnh bo t. Sorbate c ch s pht trin ca t bo theo
c ch lc vn chuyn ion. Theo acid sorbic lm gim gradient proton mng t bo ,
gim lc vn chuyn ion (PMF) ko theo ngn cn s vn chuyn acid amin. Kt qu l
s gy ra s c ch trn nhiu h thng enzym ca t bo cht
c tnh
Acid sorbic c xem l cht bo qun km c tnh nht , ngay c khi mc
vt tri so vi mc thng s dng. Mc LD50 l 7,4 10,5g/kg th trng.
3. Acid ascorbic ( VitaminC)
iu kin bnh thng c dng bt mn mu trng hoc ng vng, khng hi, v
chua, d tan trong nc v trong cn, tan trong nc vi t l 0,25% 30 0C, t l 12,8%
trong cn tuyt i. Khi gp nh sng mu sn phm tr nn sm dn nn cn bo qun
trong l c mu ti, trng thi kh ro n nh cht lng khi s dng.
Vitamin C c kh nng kt hp vi oxi lm gim hm lng oxi, kh ion kim loi
c ha tr cao lm gim bt sinh ra oxit khng tt, v th s dng vitamin C lm cht
chng oxi ha, ngn chn s phai mu, s bin mu, lm gim mi v v cc bin i v
cht lng khc do s oxi ha gy ra.
Vi liu lng 0,05 0,06% cho thm vo sn phm gip bo qun c sn
phm trong thi gian di.
S dng loi L- ascorbic acid dng bt, mu trng.
tinh khit : 99.7%
Trng lng phn t : 176.13
Trong t nhin c nhiu trong qu h cam, ch s quc t : 300
Page 18
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
+ Cng thc ha hc:

Hnh 5. Cng thc ha hc Acid ascorbic
+ Tnh cht vt l:
Acid ascorbic dng trong thc phm dng kt tinh mu trng, 1g tan trong 3,5ml
nc, hay trong 30ml etanol, khng tan trong du m. Sau khi c ht m bi H2SO4
trong 24 gi khng c cha t hn 99% C6H8O6
+ C ch tc dng
Acid ascorbic c s dng lm cht c ch s bin cht ( sm mu) ca da sau
khi ct gt
Trong nc da, ngi ta nhn thy acid ascorbic c th b oxi ha gin tip bi
enzym phenoloxydase, chnh v vy nc da s sm mu hn do qu trnh ngng t cc
hp cht quinon:
Polyphenol + O2
quinol + H2O
Quinol + Acid ascorbic dng kh
polyphenol + acid dehydroascorbic
+ Tc hi : Vi lu dng trn 600mg/ ngy, s c hin tng ng c nh nn

ma, tiu chy mt
4. Enzyme pectinase
Enzym pectinase c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip sn xut nc p t tri
cy, pectinase c tc dng tch cc trong qu trnh p lm trong dch lc qu rt d dng,
do lm tng hiu sut ca sn phm. Khi a enzym pectinase vo khu nghin qu s
lm tng hiu sut nc p ln ti 15%, 25%. Bi l trong da c pectin lm khi dch
qu nghin s trng thi keo, do khi p dch qu khng thot ra c nh enzym
pectinase phn gii cc cht pectin i m dch qu trong sut khng b vn c v lc rt
Page 19
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
d dng. Khng nhng vy ezym pectinase cn gp phn chitt rt cht mu , tanin v

nhng cht ha tan na do lm tng thm cht lng ca thnh phm. Nh vy
enzyme pectinase gp phn quan trng trong vic lm tng gi tr cm quan cho sn
phm.
V. Bao b
Bao b ghp nhiu lp: OPP-L nhm-PE (th t t ngoi vo)
Hnh 6. Bao b ghp nhiu lp

OPP
T trng:
0.9020.907g/cm3
Cc im nhit : tnc=
140146oC
thn=
150oC
c im:
-
Rt bn c hc, nhng b x d dng khi c mt vt nt nh.

Trong sut.
Kh nng in n cao.
Tnh chng thm kh, hi nc cao.
Bn ha hc vi mui, acid, kim, mui v c.
ng dng:
Lm lp mng ngoi cng ca bao b ghp dng ti v c tnh chu nhit, bn c
hc, chng thm kh, hi nc tt v d x rch nu c vt nt
Page 20
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NC DA P TRONG NG HP
PE (LDPE)
T trng: 0.910.925g/cm3
Cc im nhit : tnc=
thn=
93oC
120150oC
c im:
-
B ko dn v d t di tc dng lc.
Chng thm nc tt.
Chng thm cc kh O2, CO2, N2 v hi nc km.
Bn i vi acid, kim, mui v c.
L nhm
Nhm c s dng lm bao b thc phm c tinh khit t 9999.8%
c im:
Tnh mm do, to np gp c nh.

Trung tnh v mi v v.
Chng s xm nhp ca O 2, khng kh, nh sng, mi l bn ngoi, ho cht vo sn
phm.
Chng s tht thot cu t hng.
Chng tia cc tm.
Chu nhit.
ng dng:
L nhm khi c ghp vi cc vt liu plastic bao gi thc phm c tc dng chng
thot hng, chng tia cc tm.
Thng dng bao gi cc loi ko, chocolate do c tnh mm do, n c th p st b mt
cc loi thc phm, ngn cn s tip xc vi khng kh, vi sinh vt, hi nc.
Page 21
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NC DA P TRONG NG HP
CHNG 3: QUI TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT NC DA P
Page 22
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NC DA P TRONG NG HP
I. S qui trnh cng ngh
Da
La chn
Nc
Ra
Nc thi
Ct cung,chi
Cung, chi
Gt v, t li
V, li
Nghin x
Enzym pectinase
enzyme
p
Gia nhit 20 30 giy

diatomit
Lc
Syrup, Acid ascorbic, acid citric, mu thc phm.

Phi trn
ng
Acid citric
mu thc phmLon
Rt lon, ghp m
Thanh trng 80-82oC trong 20 - 30 pht
Bo n
Nc da p
Page 23
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
II. Thuyt minh quy trnh

1. La chn v phn loi:
Mc ch cng ngh:
Chun b cho cc qu trnh gia cng tip theo. La chn nhng qu c chn
theo tiu chun, loi b nhng qu h hng, su bnh, h thi, men mc.
Hon thin: phn loi nhm phn chia thnh nguyn liu ng u v kch thc,
hnh dng, mu sc hoc chn.
Phng php thc hin:
Tin hnh la chn nguyn liu bng phng php th cng. Nguyn liu c
dn mng trn cc bng chuyn cao su c b rng t 60-80cm. Cng nhn y ng hai
bn bng chuyn v thc hin la chn, phn loi nguyn liu. Tc ca bng chuyn
kh chm, khong 0.1 0.15m/s, chiu cao bng chuyn khong 0.8 1.2m cng nhn
lm vic thun li.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:
Nguyn liu tr nn ng u v kch thc v chn, nhng phn h hng c
loi b.
Hnh 7. Phn loi da

Page 24
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
2. Ra:
Mc ch cng ngh:
Loi b t, ct, tp cht v mt phn vi sinh vt bm vo khe, mt qu da, chun
b cho qu trnh nghin x. Loi b tp cht trnh cc mi nguy nh hng n sc
khe con ngi hoc tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm, kim sot vi sinh vt, hn ch
mc thp nht cc nh hng xu n cht lng da.
Phng php thc hin:
Tri qua hai cng on: Ngm, ra tuyn ni. u tin khi da c kim tra
phn loi s c cho vo thng ngm nh bng ti. Ngm lm cho nc thm t
nguyn liu, lm cht bn mm v bong ra. Thi gian ngm ty thuc vo mc bm
bn ca nguyn liu v tc dng ca dung dch ra, c th t vi pht n vi chc pht.
Ra tuyn ni l phng php tch tp cht v nguyn liu nh s khc nhau v kh nng
ni trong nc, t, th chm xung cn nguyn liu th ni ln. Nc ra p ng
theo tiu chun nc sinh hot (TCVN 5502:2003).
Page 25
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Page 26
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Nguyn liu sch v gim bt lng vi sinh vt trn b mt v.
Hnh 8. My ra tuyn n
3. Ct cung, chi ngn:
Mc ch cng ngh:
Khai thc: loi b nhng phn khng s dng c v lm gn qu da chun
b cho qu trnh sau.
Phng php thc hin:
Th cng, cc qu da sau khi ra c a ln bng ti, chuyn ng chm,
ngi cng nhn ct, ta qu ngay trn bng ti.
Cc bin di ca nguyn liu:
Nguyn liu thay i v hnh dng v kch thc.
Dch bo tit ra trn b mt l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra phn ng oxy ha lm
thm b mt tri v cng l mi trng tt cho vi sinh vt hot ng. V vy sau khi ct,
gt, nguyn liu phi c nhanh chng a qua qu trnh x l tip theo nhm trnh h
hng sn phm.
Hnh 9. Thit b ct cun
Page 27
n 2
4.
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Tch li, v:
Mc ch cng ngh:
Chun b cho qu trnh nghin v p.
Phng php thc hin:

Dng my tch li v v bn c kh. Yu cu: Vt ct phi sc nt, khng b dp, t
phn thi b, v vy b phn dao ct l quan trng nht, dao phi bn, lm bng inox
khng g st.
My t li gm c gi , bn p, h thng n by, bn , cnh gt v dao
t. Dao t l ng hnh tr rng lm bng thp khng r, c ng knh 18-22mm (tu
theo ln ca li da m s dng dao t c ng knh tng ng) lp thng ng
vo gi . t thng ng qu da ct u vo bn , sao cho dao t hng ng
tm qu da . Dm chn vo bn p v h n by, bn a qu da ln pha dao t.
Khi nh chn khi bn p, bn h xung ko theo cnh gt qu da khi dao t. Cn
t qu da chnh xc khi t khi lch tm. ng dao t phi sc vt ct c
nhn. Nng sut ca my khong 15-20 qu/pht. T l ph liu 3-6%.
Page 28
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Hnh 10. My t li
My gt v da gm c c cu gt, h thng chuyn ng v b my. C cu gt
gm 3 li dao li mng phng t c nh trn 1 vng , v ng dao hnh tr rng
bng thp khng r c ng knh 65-80mm (tu theo ng knh qu da to hay nh).
ng dao ny quay vi tc khong 1000 vng/pht nh mt ng c in. H thng
chuyn ng gm mt con x gn vo mt trc chuyn dch nh con ln v rnh trt.
t qu da t li vo con x. Khi trc chuyn dch, con x ko theo qu da lao v
pha c cu gt. Khi qua c cu gt, 3 li dao phng kha trn v da 3 rnh theo chiu
dc qu c su bng chiu dy lp v cn gt, sau ng dao tch v thnh 3 mnh.
Qu da gt v i ra cui my. Nng sut ca my khong 20 qu/pht.
Page 29
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Hnh 11. My gt v
1: ng c in
7: Bnh rng
2: B truyn ai
8: Mng tho ph liu
3: Dao gt
9: Bng ti chuyn ph liu
4: Dao x mnh
10: Gi
5: Con x
11: Ca ra nguyn liu
6: Tay quay
T l v: 25-27%.
Nguyn liu thay i hnh dng, kch thc, khi lng ng k. Lp v bo v
b gt b, nn tc h hp ca qu tng nhanh, qu s mau b nhn. Dch bo tit ra trn
b mt l mi trng tt cho vi sinh vt hot ng. Nn qu trnh ny phi c tin hnh
trong thi gian ngn v mau chng a qua qu trnh x l tip theo, nhm trnh h hng
sn phm.
Hnh 12. V qu da c gt b .
5. Nghin x:
Mc ch cng ngh:
Page 30
Hnh 13. Da c t li.
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Chun b cho qu trnh p gim kch thc nguyn liu, ph v t bo lm cho

dch bo thot ra, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh p, tng hiu sut cho qu trnh p.
Phng php thc hin: S dng thit b nghin x.
Vt l: Kch thc nguyn liu s gim, din tch b mt tng
Ha hc: Cu trc b ph v lm phn ng oxy ha xy ra nn cn phi bo
qun nghim ngt sau khi ngin.
Ha l: Tng tc bay hi ca cc cht d bay hi.
Ha sinh: Cc phn ng oxy ha di xc tc enzyme xy ra mnh.
Sinh hc: Thnh phn dinh dng thot ra ngoi v lm cho mt vi sinh
vt tng nh hng n cht lng sn phm.
Yu cu: Kch thc x cng nh cng thu c nhiu dch p.
To iu kin tt cho qu trnh truyn nhit vo nguyn liu (tng h s truyn
nhit). Tuy vy, nu nghin qu nh khi p s khng to thnh rnh thot nc qu, cng
lm gim hiu sut p.
Hinh 14. Thit b nghin x
6.
enzyme
Mc ch cng ngh:
Chun b cho qu trnh p. Thc t cho thy trong dch qu thng c cha 1 hm
lng pectin nht nh. Cc hp cht pectin tham gia to nn cu trc m thc vt, lin
kt t bo rau qu li vi nhau. Khi pectin b phn gii trong qu trnh nghin x nguyn
Page 31
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NC DA P TRONG NG HP
liu, 1 phn s ha tan vo dch qu, dung dch cha pectin c nht cao v y l
nguyn nhn gy kh khn cho qu trnh p thu nhn dch qu. Do cc nh sn xut b
sung ch phm pectinase vo khi nguyn liu qua nghin x.
Phng php thc hin:
Bn thnh phm sau giai on nghin x c a vo bn cha, b sung vo
0,05% enzyme pectinase, trn u ri trong 1,5h nhit phng, thnh thong cn
o trn khi .

Nh xc tc ca enzyme pectinase, phn t pectin b gim kch thc, dch bo
gim nht, gip cho qu trnh p t hiu qu cao hn.
Hnh 15. Thit b enzyme

7. p:
Mc ch cng ngh:
Khai thc, tch ti a dch bo ra khi nguyn liu. Hiu sut p ph thuc vo rt nhiu
yu t: Nguyn liu, phng php s ch, cu to, chiu dy, chc ca lp nguyn liu
p v p sut p.
Page 32
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NC DA P TRONG NG HP

Vt l: Nguyn liu trong qu trnh p s gim th tch. Kch thc ht nguyn
liu s gim v di tc dng ca lc p th ht nguyn liu s b v ra v p s lm cc
cht trong t bo thot ra nn lm thay i t trng ca dch p. Nhit nguyn liu c
th tng ln.
Ha hc: Cc thnh phn d oxy ha nh vitamin, polyphenol c iu kin tip
xc vi oxy d dng hn nn d xy ra cc phn ng oxy ha. Bn cnh , cc cht ha
tan s i vo trong dch chit lm tng nng .
Cc bin i khc khng ng k
Phng php thc hin

S dng thit b p trc vis vn hnh vi tc trc vis 150200rpm, p lc 138
150MN/m2. Nguyn liu theo mng hng c a vo trong lng p ti y trc vt va
y nguyn liu i ti ng thi cng to ra mt lc p lm dch bo thot ra. Nh tm
thp c l m b c gi li, dch bo thot ra c km theo tht qu. n cui trc vis
th b c y ra ngoi.
Thit b p trc vis bao gm bung p hnh tr di, bn trong c trc vis bng thp
khng g. cao ca gen trn trc vis thng gim dn t u vo n u ra ca thit
b. ng thi, ng knh ca bung p v trc vis cng gim theo hng trn sao cho
phn khng gian nguyn liu chim ch trong bung p (gia trc v bung p) cng
nh dn khi gn u ra ca thit b. Khi p lc tc dng ln nguyn liu cng tng.
Trn bung p c cc l nh dch p thot ra. B p s thot ra cui thit b thng
qua l thot liu v c th hiu chnh p lc thng qua vic thay i kch thc l tho
liu ny. Lc p cng c th thay i bng tc trc vis.
Page 33
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Hnh 16. Thit b p trc vis
8. Gia nhit:
Mc ch cng ngh:
Gia nhit trong thi gian 20 30 giy, loi b kt ta. Chun b cho qu trnh
lc, v hot enzyme, tiu dit hoc c ch h vi sinh vt, to iu kin cho qu trnh lc
trong.
C th tn tht mt s hp cht ha hc mn cm vi nhit nh protein, cc
hp cht thm, cht mu,hay to ra mt s hp cht ha hc khc nh hng n cht
lng sn phm; mt s loi vi sinh vt b c ch, h enzyme ca qu b v hot, c s
tch pha gia protein kt ta v dch qu,
Phng php thc hin

S dng thit b gia nhit dng bn mng. Thng s k thut: nhit gia nhit:
75 80oC, thi gian gia nhit: 3 5 pht.
Page 34
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Hnh 17. Thit b trao i nhit bn mng
9. Lc:
Mc ch cng ngh:
Hon thin: Qu trnh lc gip ci thin ch tiu trong ca sn phm. V sau qu
trnh x l enzyme, mch pectin b ct nh lm gim nht, cc cu t l lng trong
dung dch b kt lng xung v to thnh mt lp cn. Qu trnh lc gip loi b lp cn
ny, gip nc da khng b c tr li khi bo qun.
Chun b: Chun b cho qu trnh phi ch
Cc cht cn, kt ta trong nc qu sau gia nhit c lc b, dung dch nc
qu tr nn trong hn, mu sc sng p.
Vt l: trong dch lc tng, nht dch lc gim do qu trnh lc phn
ring b lc v dch lc. ng thi cng lm thay i t trng ca dch lc.
Ha l: Khng xy ra chuyn pha trong qu trnh lc.
Phng php thc hin

Cui qu trnh gia nhit, thm 0,01% diatomit, km theo khuy trn. S dng thit
b lc l thit b lc p s dng da lc thit b lm vic gin on. Vic np huyn ph
vo thit b v tho dch lc ra khi thit b thc hin lin tc trong mt khong thi gian.
Tuy nhin, vic tho b lc s thc hin theo chu k.
Page 35
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NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Thit b c hnh tr ng hoc nm ngang. B phn chnh ca thit b l cc da

lc (3) c tit din hnh trn. Mi da lc c mt h thng gi bng li. Pha bn
ngoi gi c ph mt lp vch ngn. Pha bn trong l knh dn dch lc.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b: u tin bm huyn ph vo thit b. Cc cu
t pha rn s gi li trn b mt vch ngn ca cc da lc. Ring pha lng s chui qua
vch ngn i vo knh dn bn trong da lc ri chy tp trung vo ng thu hi (4)
v cc da lc c th xoay c nh ng c (5). Theo thi gian s dng, cc cu t pha
rn s bm y ln b mt vch ngn trn da lc. v sinh da lc, ngi ta ln lt
tho thn tr (2), sau tho cc da ra khi ng hnh tr (4).
Thit b:
3
2
4
1
ng
Hnh 18. Thit b lc khung bn.
10.
Phi trn:
Nc
Ha tan
Nu syrup
Acid
Qucitric
trnh0,01%
nu syrup t ng saccharose
:
80 900C, 700Bx
Lc
Lm ngui
Page 36
Syrup
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Hnh 19. S quy trnh nu syrup.

Phng php thc hin:
Trc tin bm nc vo bn trong thit b v gia nhit 55- 60 oC. Cho cnh khuy
hot ng vi tc 30:50 vng/ pht ri bt u cho ng vo, t l gia nc v
ng l 1:2. Khi ng ha tan ht trong nc, tin hnh gia nhit dung dch n si.
Thi gian un si c th ko di n 30 pht, sau bm dung dch ng qua thit b
lc tch tp cht ra khi syrup , tip theo syrup s c bm qua thit b trao i nhit
lm ngui ti 80 90oC. Cho acid citric vo hm lng 0.01% v gi trong 1gi,
khuy trn cho n khi thu c mt hn hp ng nht, sau s ly mu syrup thnh
phm tin hnh kim tra nh gi mt s ch tiu cht lng nh nng cht kh,
pH, chua Brix thnh phm l 700Bx
Mc ch cng ngh:
Ch bin: Qu trnh nu syrup s lm thay i thnh phn ha hc ca syrup, lm
tng hm lng cht kh, tng ngt v ci thin trong cho sn phm.
Bo qun: Cc vi sinh vt s b c ch hoc tiu dit, nh m thi gian bo
qun syrup s tng ln.

Vt l: nht tng, thay i v t trng ca syrup sau qu trnh nu.
Ha l: C s ha tan ca nhng tinh th saccharose vo nc, s bay hi ca
nc, s hp ph mt s tp cht.
Page 37
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NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Ha hc: Xy ra phn ng nghch o ng, chuyn ha ng saccharose thnh

glucose v fructose. Cn lu l hiu sut thy phn saccharose khng th t n 100%.
Sau qu trnh nu, syrup s cha c 3 loi ng: glucose, fructose v saccharose cha b
thy phn.
Sinh hc v ha sinh: h vi sinh vt v enzyme b ln trong nguyn liu s b c
ch hoc tiu dit.
Lc nng: Tch ht cc tp cht c hc nh rc, t, ct ln trong qu trnh vn
chuyn v bo qun. Dng thit b lc khung bn lc. Khi kt thc qu trnh nu syrup
s b sung bt tr lc diatomite vo thit b v khuy u chun b cho qu trnh lc
membrane. Phn bt tr lc bm trn b mt ca mng lc s gip chng ta loi b tp
cht mn b ln trong syrup.
Lm ngui nhanh bng cch trao i nhit vi nc bng thit b trao i nhit
bn mng. Syrup s c lm ngui nhanh v nhit khng vt qu 20 25 0C. Cn
lu l qu trnh lm ngui phi c thc hin trong iu kin kn hn ch s xm
nhp ca vi sinh vt t mi trng.
Dng thit b nu syrup l ni hai v c cnh khuy dng mi cho.
Thit b
Page 38
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Hnh 20. Ni nu syrup hai v
1 ng hi nng vo, 2. ng nguyn liu vo, 3. Van x y, 4. Van x

nc ngng, 5. ng thot hi, 6. Mt, 7. Np thit b, 8. p k, 9. Van
hi, 10. Nt khi ng, 11. Nhit k, 12 Cnh khuy, 13. Van x y
2
Mc ch cng ngh ca qu trnh phi trn:

Hon thin, ng thi gp phn bo qun sn phm.
Thnh phn:
Trong qu trnh ch bin, tanin trong qu thng b oxi ha thnh flobafen c
mu en. trnh hin tng ny, ngi ta pha ch thm cht chng oxi ha m thng
dng nht l acid ascorbic. Acid ascorbic va c tc dng n nh mu sc, va tng gi
tr dinh dng cho sn phm.
Acid citric t pH = 3,7. Gim v ngt gt ca ng. Sn phm c v chua ngt
hi ho. Kch thch tiu ho, gp phn hn ch s pht trin ca VSV, hn ch s oxi
ho
Ngoi ra cn b sung thm mu thc phm tng gi tr cm quan cho sn
phm, ng thi gip sn phm khng b nht mu trong qu trnh bo qun.
Yu cu:
Sn phm phi c hng r rt ca nguyn liu, v chua thch hp. Sn phm c
nng cht kh vo khong 16%, chnh pH v 4.5 - 5.
Page 39
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Hnh 21. Thit b phi trn

11.
Rt nng, ghp m:
Mc ch cng ngh:
Hon thin: hn ch s nhim ca vsv ng thi rt nng gip bi kh trong bao b.
Vt l: C s thay i th tch, khi lng, t trng v xut hin gradient
nhit .
Ha hc: Thay i tc cc phn ng ha hc.
Ha l: S bc hi nc v ng t protein.
Sinh hc: Vsv b c ch, tiu dit.
Ha sinh: Enzyme b v hot.
Mu sc: Hi sm.
trong tng, mi v c th b gim do b phn hy v bay hi.
Cch thc hin: un nng nc qu ln nhit 70 oC trong 30 40s rt
nng.
Thit b :
Page 40
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Hnh 22. Thit b chit rt.
12.
Thanh trng:
Mc ch cng ngh:
Tiu dit hu ht vsv gy bnh v gy h hng sn phm gip bo qun sn
phm lu hn.
Cch thc hin: S dng ni autoclave nm ngang
Thng s k thut:
Nhit thanh trng: 100oC
Thi gian gia nhit: 10 pht
Thi gian thanh trng: 10 pht
Thi gian lm ngui: 10 pht
Thit b :
Page 41
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Hnh 23. Thit b thanh trng

13.
Bo n:
Mc ch : Pht hin nhng hp h hng kp thi loi b.
Cch thc hin:

Trong thi gian bo n cn tin hnh o hp theo nh k: cch ba ngy o mt
ln, thi gian bo n 15 ngy. sn phm c duy tr hai ch nhit : 37 0C v 500C.
Sau thi gian bo n sn phm c kim tra v loi b nhng h hng. Sau khi bo n
nu t l h hng vt qu mc cho php cn xem xt li chu trnh sn xut, tm hiu
nguyn nhn gy h hng v tm cch khc phc, nghim trng c th hy c l hng.
ng gi :
Sau thi gian bo n hp trc khi xut kho phi em dn nhn, ri ng
thng. Cc hp mi c coi l tiu chun s dng.
Dn nhn :
Cc hp nc da a vo dn nhn phi sch, nguyn vn, khng nt m, kn
hon ton. Cc hp b bn sau khi thanh trng nht thit phi ra hay phun hi nng, lm
kh ri mi a vo dn nhn. Tin hnh dn nhn hp c th dn bng tay hay bng
my. Hin nay cc nc sn xut hp pht trin, ngi ta in nhn hiu ngay trn
thn hp, va lm cho hp khi b r, bn, va c hnh thc p.
ng thng :
Page 42
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Cc hp nh c ng trong cc thng giy carton, Cc thng giy phi c

lm chc chn v ch dng giy dy. Xp hp vo kin, xit ai v in m hiu, c th tin
hnh bng tay hoc bng my.
CHNG 4: D KIN NNG XUT NH MY V K HOCH SN XUT

4.1 D kin nng sut nh my v k hoch sn xut
4.1.2. D kin nng sut
D kin nh my s sn xut nc p da vi nng sut l 1.8 triu lt/ nm
4.1.3 D kin k hoch sn xut ca nh my
Bng 5.1. D kin k hoch sn xut
Thng
S ngy
1
21
2
19
3
27
4
18
5
27
6
26
7
27
8
27
9
26
10
19
11
26
Nh my s lm vic vo nhng ngy trong tun, tr th by, ch nht v nhng

ngy l.
Page 43
12
27
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
thng 1 v thng 2 l nhng thng Tt m lch nn nh my sn xut t ngy hn

vo nhng thng .
thng 4 v thng 10, cn phi ngh 1 tun bo tr my mc v chun b cho
nhng t sn xut tip theo.
S ngy lm vic ca nh my: 290 ngy/nm
Nng sut sn xut ca nh my: 1.8 triu triu lt /nm
Lng nc p da mt ngy nh my sn xut c l
1800000 290=6207 lt /ngy
Nh my lm vic mi ngy 2 ca. 1 ca 8 gi. Mi ngy lm ra c 1 m sn

phm.
S gi lm vic trong mt ngy ca nh my l 16 gi. Thi gian ca mt quy
trnh sn xut l 14 gi.
V vy cn d 2 gi chun b cho qu trnh khi ng my trc khi i vo sn
xut.
CHNG 5: CN BNG VT CHT

5.1 Chn s liu tnh ton
Thnh phn
T l %
ng tng
18
Bng 5.1: Thnh phn dch syrup theo phn trm khi lng
Tnh cht ca nguyn liu
T l %
brix ca nc da sau khi p
13
Hm lng acid citric
0,51
Page 44
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Bng 5.2 Tnh cht nguyn liu trong nc da p tnh theo khi lng
Tnh cht sn phm
T l %
Hm lng cht kh
16
Hm lng acid citric
0,45
Bng 5.3 Yu cu cht lng sn phm
Qu trnh
Tn tht (-), tng (+)

%
Gii thch
Ra
-0,3
Loi b bi bn bm bn ngoi qu
Ct cung, chi
-10
Loi b cung
Tch li, v
-30
Tch li, v
Nghin x
-0,3
Tn tht do qu trnh nghin
enzyme
+0,3
B sung Enzyme
-10
Tn tht do qu trnh p
Gia nhit
-0,2
Tn tht do qu tnh gia nhit
Lc
-0,5
Tn tht do qu trnh lc
Phi trn
+ 2 ln
-0,5
Page 45
Tng ln do phi trn dch qu vi

ng, nc, acid citric
Gim do sn phm dnh thit b: thnh,
cnh khuy
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Rt sn phm
-0,5
Tn tht do sn phm dnh vo ng

ng,thnh thit b
Sn phm ri rt bn ngoi
Ghp m
-0,2
Tn tht do bi kh, ghp m
Bng 5.4 S liu tnh ton cho qu trnh
5.2 Tnh cn bng vt cht

thun tin cho qu trnh tnh ton ta chn tnh cn bng vt cht cho 100 kg
nguyn liu u vo cho 1 ngy lm vic.
Ta c cng thc tnh cn bng vt cht cho cc qu trnh:
M =M 1 (1+T )
Trong :
- M l khi lng cn li sau khi kt thc qu trnh.
- M1 l khi lng nguyn liu ban u trc khi i vo qu trnh.
- T l tn tht ca qu trnh hoc l lng cht c cho thm vo (%).
Qu trnh ra:
Page 46
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Khi lng u vo Mv = 100 (kg)

Tn tht T ra = 0,3%
Khi lng u ra sau khi ra:
Mr ra = Mv (1T ) = 100 (1 0,3%) = 99,7 (kg)
Qu trnh ct cung, chi ngn:

Khi lng u vo: Mv chi ngn = Mr ra = 99,7 (kg)
Tn tht T chi ngn = 10%
Khi lng u ra sau khi ct cung, chi ngn:
Mr = (1 10%) 99,7 = 89,73 (kg)
Qu trnh tch li, v:

Khi lng u vo: Mv tch li, v = Mr chi ngn = 89,73 kg
Tn tht tch li, v: T tch li, v = 30%
Khi lng u ra sau khi tch v, li:
Mr = (1- 30%) 89,73 = 62,811 (kg)
Qu trnh nghin x:
Khi lng u vo: Mv nghin x = Mr tch li = 62,811 kg
Tn tht nghin, x: T nghin, x = 0,3%
Khi lng u ra sau khi nghin x:
Mr nghin x = (1 0,3%) 62,811 = 62,62 (kg)

Page 47
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Qu trnh enzyme:
Khi lng u vo: Mv = Mr nghin x = 62,62 kg
Tn tht : T = 0,3%
Khi lng u ra sau khi :
Mr = (1+ 0,3%) 62,62 = 62,8 (kg)
Qu trnh p:
Khi lng u vo: Mv p = Mr = 62,8 kg
Tn tht p: T p = 10%
Khi lng u ra sau khi p:
Mr p = (1- 10%) 62,8 = 56,52 (kg)
Qu trnh gia nhit:

Khi lng u vo: Mv gia nhit = Mr p = 56,52 kg
Tn tht gia nhit: T gia nhit = 0,2%
Khi lng u ra sau khi gia nhit:
Mr gia nhit = (1- 0,2%) 56,52 = 56,4 (kg)
Khi lng diatomit = 1% Mr gia nhit = 0,564 kg
Qu trnh lc:
Khi lng u vo: Mv lc = Mr gia nhit = 56,4 kg
Tn tht lc: T lc = 0,5%
Page 48
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Khi lng u ra su khi lc:

Mr lc = (1 0,5%) 56,4 = 56,18 (kg)
Qu trnh phi ch:

Chn syrup c Brix l 18o
Ta c: nng cht kh ca sn phm:
Csp = (C da * M da + C syrup * M syrup) (M da + M syrup) =16%
(13% * 56,18 + 18% * M syrup) (56,18 + M syrup) =16%
Mr syrup = 84,27 kg
Vy khi lng sn phm sau khi phi ch:
Mr phi ch = Mr lc + Mr syrup = 56,18 + 84,27 = 140,45 kg
Hm lng acid trong sn phm:
Gthnh phm
(C
citric
d
M
da +C citric syrup Msyrup)
C citrid sn phm =
0,45 =
(0,51 56,18+C citric syrup84,27)

140,45
Vy C citric syrup = 0,41%

Khi lng acid citric cn dng = 0,41% * 84,27 = 0,413 (kg)
Qu trnh rt:
Khi lng u vo: Mv rt = Mr phi ch = 140,45 kg
Page 49
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Tn tht lc: T rt = 0,5%

Khi lng u ra sau khi rt:
Mr rt = (1 0,5%) 140,45 = 139,75 (kg)
Qu trnh ghp m:
Khi lng u vo: Mv ghp m = Mr rt = 139,75 kg
Tn tht ghp m: T ghp m = 0,2%
Khi lng u ra sau khi ghp m:
Mr ghp m = (1 0,2%) 139,75 = 139,47 (kg)
5.3 Tnh cn bng vt cht theo nng sut nh my
Nng sut nh my l 1.8 triu lt / nm
Nh my lm vic 290 ngy/ nm
Nng sut ca nh my mt ngy cn sn xut 6207 lt /ngy
Chn khi lng ring ca sn phm bng khi lng ring ca dch ng 18%
d= 1087 kg/m3
Khi lng sn phm da sn xut trong 1 ngy :
m = d V = 6207 1,087= 6747 (kg)
100 kg nguyn liu/ngy
x (kg/ngy)
139,47 kg /ngy
6747 kg/ngy
Vy khi lng nguyn liu u vo cho mt ngy sn xut l
Page 50
Qu
n 2
trn
Ra
Ct
cu
ng
ch
i
ng
n
Tc
h
li
v
Ng
hi
n
x
enz
ym
e
p
u
v
o
th P TRONG NG
u HP
NC DA
t
r
a
48
4
38
0.3
8
2
3
.
4
8
48
-10
4
23.
3
48
4
1
.
1
3
43
-30
3
41.
0
13
3
8
.
7
9
30
3
38.
0.3
0
79
2
9
.
6
7
30
+0.
3
29.
3
0
67
3
8
.
7
6
30
-10
2
38.
7
76 51
3
Page
4
.
8
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Bng 5.5. Cn bng vt cht cho 1 ngy lm vic
CHNG 6: THIT B S DNG TRONG CNG NGH SN XUT

NC P DA TRONG
I. Thit b enzyme
Hnh 24 : Thit b enzyme

Thit b gm ni hnh tr, c lp cnh khuy ng tm vi mc ch o trn
cc nguyn liu. Khi cnh khuy quay s to ra ng nng y khi cht lng chuyn
ng trong lng thit b, gip o trn ng u hn hp. S dng thit b hnh tr y
nn, c lp v o gia nhit, n nh nhit.
Chn thi gian : 2 gi
Khi lng da cn trong 1 m l 5193 kg, chn h s cha y thit b l 0,8.
Th tch bn phi trn l : V bn = 5193 0,8 = 6491 kg
Chn bn phi trn c th tch l 7000.
Page 52
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
M
o
de
l
L
R
G
1
0
0
0
K
ch
th
c
(
D
x
D
x
H
x
H
)
T
h
t
ch
th
n
g
ch
1
0
0
0
L
C
n
g
su
t
ng
c
0
.
H
n
Page 53
1
3
0
0
x
1
1
0
0
x
1
2
0
0
x
2
8
5
0
m
m
.
1
,
1
k
W
N
h
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
su
t
l
m
vi
c
N
hi
t
l
m
vi
c
T
c
c
n
h
k
h
u
y
2
5
M
p
a
g
s
n
xu
t
t
b
1
0
0
C
h
ti
u
G
M
P,
I
S
O
V
t
li
u
T
h
p
k
h
n
g
g
S
U
S
3
0
4
,
3
1
6
0
7
2
0
v
n
g
/
p
h
Page 54
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
n
g
k
n
h
n
g
d
n
6
0
m
m
3
0
0
K
g
Bng 18. Thng s k thut thit b enzyme

II.
Thit b p
Nguyn liu cn p: 5209 kg
Chn thi gian p : 30 pht.
Nng sut thit b : 5000kg/h
Thit b: Thit b s dng l thit b p trc vis hiu SP K ca cng ty FKC, Nht
Bn.
Cng sut
10,5 Hp
Hiu sut
85 90%
Nng sut
5000 kg/h
Kch thc
960x720x1125
Bng 19. Thng s k thut thit b p trc
Page 55
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Hnh 25. Thit b p trc vis.

III.
Thit b gia nhit
Nguyn liu cn gia nhit: 4688 kg
Chn thi gian gia nhit : 30 pht.
Nng sut thit b : 6000 kg/h
Thit b: thit b trao i nhit bn mng loi PXF 45 ca cng ty Genemco, M.
Cng sut
4,7 KW
Nng sut
6000 kg/h
Kch thc thit b
0,96x0,72x1,32
Bng 20. Thng s k thut thit b trao i bn mng
Page 56
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Hnh 26. Thit b trao
i nhit bn mng
VI. Thit b phi trn:

Nguyn tc hot ng:
S dng my trn thng quay y cn, c cu to gm: Thng cha vt liu c
truyn ng quay qua cc gi hay cc trc c gn vi cc thng. Khi thng quay,
di tc dng ca lc ly tm, vt liu trong thng s c nng ln v ri xung to s
o trn trong khi vt liu.
Thit b hot ng lin tc, vic nhp v tho liu c tin hnh thng qua hai l
hai u ca thng trn., thng trn c t nghing 1 gc so vi mt phng ngang
to s di chuyn d dng cho vt liu. Thit b c cu to n gin, nng sut ln.
Mi 1 m sy c 185,2 kg, qua qu trnh hon thin trn thm ng vi t l
1:1, lng ng trn thm vo l 185,2 kg.
Vy lng bt trn trong qu trnh phi trn l: 185,2*2=302,8 kg
Chn h s cha y ca thit b l 0,8
Kh nng cha ng thng phi trn = 302,8/0,8 = 378,5 kg
Chn thit b phi trn SYH-600 c nng sut trn 300-540 kg
M
o
d
e
l
S
Y
H60
0
c
h
Page 57
1
9
0
0
x
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
t
h
D
u
n
g
t
c
h
b
n
c
h
a
Dung tch cha
bt
(H s cha y)
(
L
x
W
x
H
)
H
i
60
0
K
g
>
9
0
%
s
u
t
t
r
n
54
0
K
g
T
r
n
g
l
2
1
0
0
2
2
2
5
0
m
m
Page 58
1
5
0
0
K
g
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
n
g
s
u
t
tr
30
054
0
K
g
n
g
k
n
h
n
h
p
li
40
0
m
m
n
g
T
i
u
c
h
u
t
l
i
I
S
O
9
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
T
h
p
k
h
n
g
g
S
U
S
3
0
4
L
Page 59
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
n
g
k
n
h
t
h
o
li
20
0
m
m
n
g
q
u
a
y
c
a
m
815
v
ng
/p
h
t
n
g
,
3
1
6
L
5
k
W
s
u
n
g
c
n
g
s
n
x
u
Page 60
K
E
W
E
I
M
E
C
H
A
N
I
C
A
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
y
tr
L
C
h
i
n
a
Bng 21. Thng s k thut thit b phi trn bt
CHNG 7 KT LUN V KIN NGH

I. KT LUN
Sau qu trnh thc hin ti, nhm rt ra c mt s kt lun nh sau:
S dng loi da Hong Hu lm nguyn liu chnh cho nc p da th sn
phm s ngon hn v tht tri vng m, gin, hng da, v chua ngt m .
ng b sung vo nc p phi l ng saccharose t ma, v c nu thnh
syrup nng dao ng t 63 65% khi lng.
B sung vitamin C vo sn phm vi liu lng 0,05 0,06% gip bo qun c
sn phm trong thi gian di.
S dng bao b mng gp nhiu lp m bo cht lng ti ngon cho sn
phm, ngoi ra cn nhm mc ch v trng, hn ch s mt mc vitamin, thun li cho
chuyn ch, phn phi v khi lng bao b rt nh
Page 61
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
Trong qu trnh enzyme, b sung vo 0,05% enzyme pectinase, trn u ri

trong 1,5h nhit phng, v enzyme s phn gii pectin trong da, nn s to iu
kin thun li hn cho qu trnh p.
Trong qu trnh lc nn b sung cht tr lc diatomit vi lu lng 0,01%, tng
hiu sut lc v rt ngn thi gian lc.
Thanh trng sn phm 100 oC trong 10 pht, tiu dit phn ln vi sinh vt c
trong nc p, gip sn phm bo qun c lu hn
II. KIN NGH
C th p dng thc tin vo sn xut, nhng mt s vn sau cn c tip tc
nghin cu:
Tip tc theo di lu hn v s bin i ca sn phm v mt cm quan v vi sinh
Th nghim sn xut sn phm nc da p nhm c kt qu chnh xc hn
B sung thm Vitamin C trong gii hn cho php nhm b p vo s mt mc
vitamin C c trong nguyn liu do qu trnh x l nhit gy ra, v d nh qu trnh thanh
trng, gia nhit.
Ti liu tham kho

1. Nguyn Minh Thy. (2010). Cng ngh sau thu hoch rau qu. Nh xut bn Nng
Nghip.
2. Phm Xun Ton. Cc qu trnh thit b trong cng ngh ha cht v thc phm.
Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thu t H N i.
3. L Ngc T (ch bin), La Vn ch, ng Th thu, nguyn Th Thnh. Ha sinh
cng nghi p. Nh xut bn khoa hc k thu t H N i.
4. http://www.biendong.net/binh-luan/882-bc-tranh-ong-nam-a-nm-2012.html
5. http://cafef.vn/kinh-te-vi-mo-dau-tu/dan-so-trung-binh-nam-2012-uoc-dat-8878trieu-nguoi-tang-106-so-voi-2011-2012122405031349ca33.chn
6. http://vietbao.vn/Khoa-hoc/Buoi-Nhung-bai-thuoc-quy-it-nguoi-biet/20736626/192/
7. Quch nh, Nguyn Vn Tip, Nguyn Vn Thoa (1996). Cng ngh sau thu
hoch v Ch bin rau qu. Nh xut bn Khoa Hc K Thut.
Page 62
n 2
NC DA P TRONG NG HP
8. Ch bin rau qu. Nh xut bn Khoa Hc K Thut.

9. L Vn Vit Mn v cng s, Cng ngh ch bin thc phm, Nh xut bn i
hc Quc gia Tp. HCM, 2003.
10. Dennis R. Heldman, Richard W. Hartel, Principles of Food Processing. Aspen
Publishers, Inc, 1998.
Page 63

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n 2

Gii thiu v da..................................................................................................4

c tnh sinh hc.................................................................................................5

Thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng..........................................................6

II. Tnh hnh sn xut v xut khu da trong nc v trn th gii......................8

Tnh hnh sn xut v xut khu da trong nc.................................................8

Tnh hnh sn xut v xut khu da trn th gii...............................................8

III. Mt s loi nc p da c mt trn th trng hin nay......................................8

Axit sorbic v Kali sorbate................................................................................16

Acid ascorbic ( VitaminC).................................................................................17

CHNG 3: QUI TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT NC DA P..................21

La chn v phn loi:......................................................................................23

Ct cung, chi ngn:.......................................................................................24

Tch li, v:......................................................................................................25

GVHD : Ts. L Quang Tr

10. Phi trn:...........................................................................................................34

II. Thit b p...........................................................................................................50

II. KIN NGH........................................................................................................53

GVHD : Ts. L Quang Tr

Da l mt c sn nhit i, tuy ng hng th 10 v sn lng trong cc cy n

M t s b v nguyn liu v thnh phm, d kin nng sut thnh phm.

GVHD : Ts. L Quang Tr

Da l tri cy ca min nhit i, c ngun gc t cc quc gia Brazil, Paraduay

GVHD : Ts. L Quang Tr

Da c chia thanh 3 loi chnh :

Thnh phn ha hc ca da bin ng nhiu ty theo ging, theo chn, ngoi

Bng 1. Bng thnh phn ha hc trong 1 tri da chn.

Bng 2. Bng thnh phn ha hc ca mt s ging da ch yu nc ta

Qu da c hm lng axit hu c cao (axit maleic v axit xitric). Da l ngun

50 kcal (210 kJ)

Cht x thc phm

T l % so vi khuyn ngh cho nhu cu hng ngy ca ngi ln ti Hoa K .

Bng 3. Thnh phn dinh dng trong 100 g ca qu da

Tnh hnh sn xut v xut khu da trong nc v trn th gii.

GVHD : Ts. L Quang Tr

Vi t Nam l nc c kh h u nhi t i, t ai thch hp trng da. Vi c

Mt s loi nc p da c mt trn th trng hin nay.

GVHD : Ts. L Quang Tr

Nc l thnh phn nguyn liu khng th thiu trong nc p da, n thng

GVHD : Ts. L Quang Tr

Bng 4. Tiu chun nc dng trong cng nghip thc phm

Hnh 3. Cng thc ha hc ca ng Saccharose .

Tinh th trong sut, t trng 1.5897 g/cm3, t0nc = 186 188

GVHD : Ts. L Quang Tr

Cng thc phn t : C12H22O11

Khi lng phn t: 324

quay cc: quay phi, gc quay + 66.50C

Caramel ha nhit 2000C (mu nu en)

B chuyn thnh ng nghch o trong iu kin nhit v axit, b phn hy

Khi m khng kh ln hn 90% th saccharose mi bt u ht m

Tinh th mu trng, kch thc tng i ng

Tinh th ng hoc dung dch ng trong nc

Tinh th trng ng nh. Khi pha vo nc ct cho

Hm lng ng kh, % khi lng

Tro dn in, % khi lng

Bng 6. Ch tiu ho l ca ng tinh luyn

D lng SO2 (mg/kg)

Bng 8. Ch tiu vi sinh vt ca ng tinh luyn

trin ca vi khun, nm si v nm men, gp phn hn ch s oxy ha, lm tng thm

Acid citric l mt acid hu c thuc loi yu v n thng c tm thy trong

Hnh 4. Cng thc ha hc ca Acid Citric

Tn gi khc: Acid limonie.

Nhit nng chy 1530C.

nhit phng, acid citric l cht bt kt tinh mu trng.