Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m (part1)

Nhng kin thc c bn v

khng kh m (part1)
Bi:
V Ch Chnh
inh Vn Thun

NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH M

KHNG KH M
Khi nim v khng kh m
Khng kh xung quanh chng ta l hn hp ca nhiu cht kh, ch yu l N2 v O2
ngoi ra cn mt lng nh cc kh tr, CO2, hi nc . . .
- Khng kh kh: Khng kh khng cha hi nc gi l khng kh kh. Trong thc t
khng c khng kh kh hon ton, m khng kh lun lun c cha mt lng hi nc
nht nh. i vi khng kh kh khi tnh ton thng ngi ta coi l kh l tng.
Thnh phn ca cc cht kh trong khng kh kh c phn theo t l phn trm sau
y:
Bng 1.1. T l cc cht kh trong khng kh kh
Thnh phn
T l phn trm, %
Theo khi lng

Theo th tch

- Ni t: N2- xi : O2- Argon A- Carbon-Dioxide: CO2Cht kh khc: Nn, Hli,

Kripton, Xnon, zn, Radon
vv . . .

75,523,11,30,0460,05 78,08420,9480,9340,030,004

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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m (part1)

- Khng kh m: Khng kh c cha hi nc gi l khng kh m. Trong t nhin ch

c khng kh m v trng thi ca n c chia ra cc dng sau:
a) Khng kh m cha bo ha: L trng thi m hi nc cn c th bay hi thm vo
c trong khng kh, ngha l khng kh vn cn tip tc c th nhn thm hi nc.
b) Khng kh m bo ha: L trng thi m hi nc trong khng kh t ti a v
khng th bay hi thm vo c. Nu tip tc cho bay hi nc vo khng kh th
c bao bao nhiu hi bay vo khng kh s c by nhiu hi m ngng t li.
c) Khng kh m qu bo ha: L khng kh m bo ha v cn cha thm mt lng
hi nc nht nh. Tuy nhin trng thi qu bo ho l trng thi khng n nh v
c xu hng bin i n trng thi bo ho do lng hi nc d b tch dn ra khi
khng kh . V d nh trng thi sng m l khng kh qu bo ha.
Tnh cht vt l v mc nh hng ca khng kh n cm gic ca con ngi ph
thuc nhiu vo lng hi nc tn ti trong khng kh.
Nh vy, mi trng khng kh c th coi l hn hp ca khng kh kh v hi nc.
Chng ta c cc phng trnh c bn ca khng kh m nh sau:
- Phng trnh cn bng khi lng ca hn hp:
G = Gk + Gh (1-1)
G, Gk, Gh - Ln lt l khi lng khng kh m, khng kh kh v hi nc trong
khng kh, kg.
- Phng trnh nh lut Dantn ca hn hp:
B = Pk + Ph (1-2)
B, Pk, Ph - Ap sut khng kh, phn p sut khng kh kh v hi nc trong khng kh,
N/m2.
- Phng trnh tnh ton cho phn khng kh kh:
Pk.V = Gk.Rk.T (1-3)
V - Th tch hn hp, m3;
Gk - Khi lng khng kh kh trong V (m3) ca hn hp, kg;

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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m (part1)

Rk - Hng s cht kh ca khng kh kh, Rk = 287 J/kg.K

T - Nhit hn hp, T = t + 273,15 , oK
- Phng trnh tnh ton cho phn hi m trong khng kh:
Ph.V = Gh.Rh.T (1-4)
Gh - Khi lng hi m trong V (m3) ca hn hp, kg;
Rh - Hng s cht kh ca hi nc, Rh = 462 J/kg.K
Cc thng s vt l ca khng kh m
p sut khng kh.

Ap sut khng kh thng c gi l kh p, k hiu l B. Ni chung gi tr B thay i

theo khng gian v thi gian. c bit kh p ph thuc rt nhiu vo cao, mc mt
nc bin, p sut kh quyn khong 1 at, nhng cao trn 8000m ca nh Everest
th p sut ch cn 0,32 at v nhit si ca nc ch cn 71oC (xem hnh 1-1). Tuy
nhin trong k thut iu ha khng kh gi tr chnh lch khng ln c th b qua v
ngi ta coi B khng i. Trong tnh ton ngi ta ly trng thi tiu chun Bo = 760
mmHg.
th I-d ca khng kh m thng c xy dng p sut B = 745mmHg v Bo =
760mmHg.

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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m (part1)

S thay i kh p theo chiu cao so vi mt nc bin

Nhit .

Nhit l i lng biu th mc nng lnh. y l yu t nh hng ln nht n

cm gic ca con ngi. Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng s dng 2
thang nhit l C v F. i vi mt trng thi nht nh no ca khng kh
ngoi nhit thc ca n trong k thut cn c 2 gi tr nhit c bit cn lu
trong cc tnh ton cng nh c nh hng nhiu n cc h thng v thit b l nhit
im sng v nhit nhit k t.
- Nhit im sng: Khi lm lnh khng kh nhng gi nguyn dung m d (hoc
phn p sut ph) ti nhit ts no hi nc trong khng kh bt u ngng t thnh
nc bo ha. Nhit ts gi l nhit im sng (hnh 1-2).
Nh vy nhit im sng ca mt trng thi khng kh bt k no l nhit
ng vi trng thi bo ha v c dung m bng dung m ca trng thi cho. Hay ni

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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m (part1)

cch khc nhit im sng l nhit bo ha ca hi nc ng vi phn p sut

ph cho. T y ta thy gia ts v d c mi quan h ph thuc.
Nhng trng thi khng kh c cng dung m th nhit ng sng ca chng nh
nhau. Nhit ng sng c ngha rt quan trng khi xem xt kh nng ng sng
trn cc b mt cng nh xc nh trng thi khng kh sau x l. Khi khng kh tip
xc vi mt b mt, nu nhit b mt nh hn hay bng nhit ng sng ts th
hi m trong khng kh s ngng kt li trn b mt , trng hp ngc li th khng
xy ra ng sng.
- Nhit nhit k t: Khi cho hi nc bay hi on nhit vo khng kh cha bo
ha (I=const). Nhit ca khng kh s gim dn trong khi m tng i tng ln.
Ti trng thi bo ho = 100% qu trnh bay hi chm dt. Nhit ng vi trng
thi bo ho cui cng ny gi l nhit nhit nhit k t v k hiu l t. Ngi
ta gi nhit nhit k t l v n c xc nh bng nhit k c bu thm t nc
(hnh 1-2).
Nh vy nhit nhit k t ca mt trng thi l nhit ng vi trng thi bo ha
v c entanpi I bng entanpi ca trng thi khng kh cho. Gia entanpi I v nhit
nhit k t t c mi quan h ph thuc. Trn thc t ta c th o c nhit nhit
k t ca trng thi khng kh hin thi l nhit trn b mt thong ca nc.

Nhit ng sng v nhit k t ca khng kh

m
m tuyt i.

L khi lng hi m trong 1m3 khng kh m. Gi s trong V (m3) khng kh m c

cha Gh (kg) hi nc th m tuyt i k hiu l h c tnh nh sau:

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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m (part1)

V hi nc trong khng kh c th coi l kh l tng nn:

trong :
ph - Phn p sut ca hi nc trong khng kh cha bo ho, N/m2
Rh - Hng s ca hi nc Rh = 462 J/kg.oK
T - Nhit tuyt i ca khng kh m, tc cng l nhit ca hi nc, oK
m tng i.

m tng i ca khng kh m, k hiu l (%) l t s gia m tuyt i h ca

khng kh vi m bo ha max cng nhit vi trng thi cho.

hay:

m tng i biu th mc cha hi nc trong khng kh m so vi khng kh

m bo ha cng nhit .
Khi = 0 l trng thi khng kh kh.
0 < < 100 l trng thi khng kh m cha bo ho.
= 100 l trng thi khng kh m bo ha.
- m l i lng rt quan trng ca khng kh m c nh hng nhiu n cm
gic ca con ngi v kh nng s dng khng kh sy cc vt phm.
- m tng i c th xc nh bng cng thc, hoc o bng m k. m k l
thit b o gm 2 nhit k: mt nhit k kh v mt nhit k t. Nhit k t c bu
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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m (part1)

bc vi thm nc hi nc thm vi bc xung quanh bu nhit k khi bc hi

vo khng kh s ly nhit ca bu nhit k nn nhit bu gim xung bng nhit
nhit k t t ng vi trng thi khng kh bn ngoi. Khi m tng i b, cng
bc hi cng mnh, chnh nhit gia 2 nhit k cng cao. Do chnh nhit
gia 2 nhit k ph thuc vo m tng i v n c s dng lm c s xc
nh m tng i . Khi =100%, qu trnh bc hi ngng v nhit ca 2 nhit
k bng nhau.
Khi lng ring v th tch ring.

Khi lng ring ca khng kh l khi lng ca mt n v th tch khng kh. K

hiu l , n v kg/m3.

i lng nghch o ca khi lng ring l th tch ring. K hiu l v

Khi lng ring v th tch ring l hai thng s ph thuc.

Trong :

Do :

Mt khc:

Thay vo ta c:
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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m (part1)

trong B l p sut khng kh m: B = pk + ph

- Nu l khng kh kh hon ton:

- Nu khng kh c hi m:

Lu trong cc cng thc trn p sut tnh bng mmHg

iu kin: t = 0oC v p = 760mmHg: = o = 1,293 kg/m3. Nh vy c th tnh khi
lng ring ca khng kh kh mt nhit bt k da vo cng thc:

Khi lng ring thay i theo nhit v kh p. Tuy nhin trong phm vi iu ho
khng kh nhit khng kh thay i trong mt phm vi kh hp nn cng nh p sut
s thay i ca khi lng ring ca khng kh trong thc t k thut khng ln nn
ngi ta ly khng i iu kin tiu chun: to = 20oC v B = Bo = 760mmHg: =
1,2 kg/m3
Dung m ( cha hi).

Dung m hay cn gi l cha hi, c k hiu l d l lng hi m cha trong 1 kg

khng kh kh.

- Gh: Khi lng hi nc cha trong khng kh, kg

- Gk: Khi lng khng kh kh, kg
Ta c quan h:
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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m (part1)

Sau khi thay R = 8314/ ta c

Entanpi

Entanpi ca khng kh m bng entanpi ca khng kh kh v ca hi nc cha trong

n.
Entanpi ca khng kh m c tnh cho 1 kg khng kh kh. Ta c cng thc:

Trong :
Cpk - Nhit dung ring ng p ca khng kh kh Cpk = 1,005 kJ/kg.oK
Cph - Nhit dung ring ng p ca hi nc 0oC: Cph = 1,84 kJ/kg.oK
ro - Nhit n ha hi ca nc 0oC: ro = 2500 kJ/kg
Nh vy:
I = 1,005.t + d (2500 + 1,84.t) kJ/kg kkk (1-21)

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