1.

iu kin tn ti dung dch

Dung dch cc cht in li ch tn ti c nu tho mn ng thi c 2 iu kin:
- C s trung ho v in (tng s mol in tch m = tng s mol in tch dng).
S molin tch = s molion.in tchion
- Cc ion trong dung dch khng c phn ng vi nhau.
Cc ion trong dung dch thng kt hp vi nhau theo hng: to kt ta, to cht kh, to cht in lli yu
(cc ion c tnh kh c th phn ng vi cc ion c tnh oxi ho theo kiu phn ng oxi ho - kh).
2. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cht in li

Phn ng trao i ion

- Phn ng xy ra trong dung dch cc cht in li l phn ng gia cc ion.
- Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi cc ion kt hp c vi nhau to thnh t
nht 1 trong s cc cht sau:
+ Cht kt ta.
+ Cht in li yu.
+ Cht kh.
3. Phn ng axit - baz
- Phn ng axit - baz l phn ng trong c s nhng v nhn proton (H+).
- Phn ng axit - baz xy ra theo chiu: Axit mnh + Baz mnh Axit yu hn + Baz yu hn.
Ch : Cc trng hp ngoi l:
+ To thnh kt ta kh tan phn ng vn xy ra c d axit hoc baz to thnh mnh hn ban u.
CuSO4 + H2S CuS + H2SO4 (CuS rt kh tan)
Pb(NO3)2 + H2S PbS + 2HNO3 (PbS rt kh tan)
+ Axit kh bay hi y c axit d bay hi (c 2 axit u mnh):
H2SO4 m c + NaCl rn NaHSO4 + HCl (< 2500C)
4. Th t phn ng axit - baz (quy lut cnh tranh)
a. Khi cho dung dch cha 1 axit vo dung dch cha nhiu baz
- Nguyn tc: Cc baz s phn ng theo th t: axit + baz mnh trc sau n lt axit + baz yu (nu
axit nhiu th c th coi cc baz phn ng ng thi).

- Mt s v d:
VD1: Khi cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch cha ng thi cha NaOH v NaAlO2:
HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl (ban u khng thy c hin tng kt ta)
H2O + HCl + NaAlO2 Al(OH)3 + NaCl (xut hin kt ta v kt ta tng dn)
3HCl + Al(OH)3 AlCl3 + 3H2O (kt ta tan n ht)
VD2: Cho t t dung dch cha hn hp NaOH v NaAlO 2 vo dung dch HCl: v HCl nhiu nn chng ta khng
quan st thy hin tng kt ta:
HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl
4HCl + NaAlO2 AlCl3 + NaCl + 2H2O
VD3: Khi cho t t dung dch cha HCl vo dung dch c cha Na2CO3 v NaHCO3:
HCl + Na2CO3 NaCl + NaHCO3 (khng thy c hin tng xut hin bt kh)
HCl + NaHCO3 NaCl + CO2 + H2O (c kh thot ra)
VD4: Cho t t dung dch cha NaHCO3 v Na2CO3 vo dung dch HCl: ngay lp tc quan st thy hin tng
c kh thot ra:
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
b. Khi cho dung dch cha 1 baz vo dung dch c cha nhiu axit
- Nguyn tc: Cc axit s phn ng theo th t t mnh n yu. Nu baz nhiu th coi cc phn ng xy ra
ng thi.
VD5: Cho t t dung dch NaOH vo dung dch cha ng thi c HCl v AlCl3:
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O (khng c kt ta xut hin)
3NaOH + AlCl3 Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl (c kt ta xut hin v kt ta tng dn)
NaOH + Al(OH)3 NaAlO2 + 2H2O (kt ta tan n ht)
VD6: Cho t t dung dch cha HCl v AlCl3 vo dung dch c cha NaOH:
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
AlCl3 + 4NaOH NaAlO2 + 3NaCl + 2H2O (khng thy c kt ta)

PHNG PHP GII TON KIM LOI TC

DNG VI BAZ V BI TON LNG TNH
THNG 6 29
Posted by thuyhoathaiphien

5 Votes

Cn ch n 2 kim loi sau: Al, Zn. Phng trnh phn ng khi tc dng vi baz:
Al + NaOH + H2O NaAlO2 + H2

Zn + 2NaOH

Na2ZnO2 + H2

Oxit ca 2 kim loi ny ng vai tr l oxit acid v tc dng vi baz nh sau:

Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O
ZnO + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2O
Hidroxit(baz) ca 2 kim loi ny ng vai tr l acid v tc dng vi baz nh sau:
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
Kt ta Al(OH)3 tan trong dung dch kim mnh v acid nhng khng tan trong
dung dch kim yu nh dung dch NH3. Kt ta Zn(OH)2 tan li trong dung dch
NH3 do to phc cht tan.
V d: Al2(SO4)3 + 6NH3+ 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 +
3(NH4)2SO4
Do khi cho mui ca mt kim loi c hidroxit lng tnh tc dng vi dung dch
kim, lng kt ta s c to thnh theo 2 hng:
+ Lng kim dng thiu hoc va nn ch c mt phn mui phn ng. Ngha
l c s to kt ta Al(OH)3, HOC Zn(OH)2 nhng kt ta khng b tan li.
+ Lng kim dng d nn mui phn ng ht to kt ta ti a sau kim
ha tan mt phn hoc han ton kt ta.
_ Thng s c 2 p s v lng kim cn dng.
a. Khi c anion MO2(4-n)- vi n l ha tr ca M: V d: AlO2, ZnO22-
Cc phn ng s xy ra theo ng th t xc nh:
Th nht: OH + H+ H2O
Nu OH d, hoc khi cha xc nh c OH c d hay khng sau phn ng to
MO2(4-n)- th ta ga s c d
Th hai: MO2(4-n)- + (4-n)H+ + (n-2)H2O M(OH)n
Nu H+ d sau phn ng th hai th c phn ng tip theo, khi cha xc nh c
H+ c d hay khng sau phn ng to M(OH)n th ta gi s c d
Th ba: M(OH)n+ nH+ Mn+ + nH2O
b. Khi c cation Mn+: V d: Al3+, Zn2+
Nu n gin th cho sn ion Mn+; phc tp hn th cho thc hin phn ng to
Mn+ trc bng cch cho hp cht cha kim loi M hoc n cht M tc dng vi H+,
ri ly dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi OH. Phn ng c th xy ra theo th t
xc nh :
Th nht: H+ + OH H2O (nu c H+
Khi cha xc nh c H+ c d hay khng sau phn ng th ta ga s c d.
Th hai: Mn+ + nOH M(OH)n

 Nu OH d sau phn ng th hai, hoc khi cha xc nh chnh xc lng OH sau

phn ng th hai th ta gi s c d.
Th ba: M(OH)n + (4-n)OH MO2(4-n)- + 2H2O
Nu cho H+ (hoc OH d th khng bao gi thu c kt ta M(OH)nv lng
M(OH)n phn ng th hai lun b ha tan ht phn ng th ba, khi kt ta cc
tiu; cn khi H+ hoc (OH) ht sau phn ng th hai th phn ng th ba s khng
xy ra kt ta khng b ha tan v kt ta t ga tr cc i.