Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Slab edge
Slab corner
Traffic
Traffic
Shoulder
Critical stress location
Joint Faulting
Critical Stress
Critical locations
Traffic
Traffic
Punchouts (CRCP)
11
Punchouts (CRCP)
Critical slab structural
response is tensile stress
Critical location is at the
top of the slab between
two adjacent cracks
Crack spacing, material
properties, subgrade
friction, and external
loads affect this response
12
Transverse
Crack
Traffic
Punchout
Critical Stress
Location
Pavement
Edge
13
Traffic Loads
Thermal Curling
Moisture Warping
Shrinkage from Curing
Contraction and Expansion from
Temperature Changes
Traffic-Induced Stresses
and Deflections
Major source of stresses in pavements
Traffic load creates a bending stress (tensile
stress at the bottom of the slab)
Repeated applications can result in fatigue
cracking
Critical location for traffic loading is generally
along outside slab edge
14
Temperature-Induced Curling
Stresses
Differential temperatures at the top and
bottom of the PCC slab induce curl stresses
Positive (daytime) temperature gradients curl
the slab down at the corners
Negative (nighttime) temperature gradients
curl the slab up at the corners
15
Warmer
Positive gradient
Cooler
Cooler
Negative gradient
16
Warmer
Slab Curling
17
Temperature-Induced
Stresses and Deflections
Positive gradients produce tensile stresses
at the bottom of the pavement slab
Temperature Gradients
Top of PCC Slab
0
7 PM
11 AM
6 AM
Depth, in
Temperature
differentials are usually
expressed linear
temperature gradients
Field studies have
shown that temperature
gradients are non-linear
3 PM
9
52
Linear idealization
of 3 PM gradient
56
60
64
Temperature, oF
19
68
72
Warping Stresses
Caused by differences in moisture content
between the top and bottom of the slab
Greater moisture at top of slab results in
downward warping, and vice versa
Moisture contents through slabs in:
Moisture Warping
3.5 m
0.23 m
2
4
MONTHLY RAINFALL (mm)
1987
23
1988
MEASUREMENT DATE
1989
24
25
h
1 (unit width)
Frictional stress
Where
Tensile force
f a c hL
ch
2
27
29
31
Westergaards Solutions
Stress and deflection equations for three
loading conditions
Interior
Edge
Corner
Westergaards Assumptions
Slab is homogeneous, isotropic elastic solid
No load transfer
Winkler foundation
Circular contact area for interior and corner;
semicircular or circular contact area for edge
33
Edge loading
34
Corner loading
Important ConceptsWinkler
Idealization
Foundation type
originally proposed in
1867
Subgade is represented
using a series of
independent springs
Modulus of subgrade
reaction or k value is
used to represent
subgrade
35
PCC Slab
Subbase
Subgrade
PCC Slab
Important ConceptsRadius of
Relative Stiffness, l
Radius of relative stiffness was introduced to
measure the stiffness of the slab relative to
the subgrade
3
Eh
l4
2
12( 1 )
where,
E = PCC modulus of elasticity
m = PCC Poissons ratio
36
3P
a 2 0.6
c 2 [1 (
) ]
h
a: radius of contact area
l : radius of relative stiffness
k: modulus of subgrade reaction
37
Deflection
P
a 2
c 2 [1.1 0.88(
)]
k
3P
c 0.72
c 2 [1 ( ) ]
h
a: radius of contact area
c=1.772a
l : radius of relative stiffness
k: modulus of subgrade reaction
38
39
, (2004),
Deflection
If a>1.724h, b=a
3(1 v ) P
(ln 0.6159)
2
2 h
b
0.316 P
4
log
1.069
10
h2
b
P
1
a
a 2
{1
[ln(
)
0.673](
)}
2
8k
2
2
40
Deflection
41
Stress
0.803P
a
e
e
4
log
0.666
log
0.034
10
10
2
h
a
Deflection
2 1.2vP 0.76 0.4v a
1
3
Eh k
42
Westergaard eq.
3(1 m )
Eh3
4m
a2
e
ln
3.84
0.50(1 2m )
2
4
(3 m )h 100ka2
3
l
Equation for edge deflection due to semi-circular load
P (2 + 1.2 m ) 0.5
e=
(E h3 k ) 0.5
43
a2
1 - 0.323 + 0.17 m
C E T T
e=
2
where,
C 1-
2 cos cosh
( tan + tanh )
sin 2 + sinh 2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
45
8 10
Ratio L/l
12
14
16
A Ba / l C log 10 a / l
t max . / tWes.
A 1.0 0.9152T
B 1.6215T
C 0.8713T
t max .
Solutions to Westergaard
Equations
Manual Methods
Influence Charts (Pickett and Ray)
Computer Programs (WESTY, WESTER)
47
PROBLEMS
1) Edge stress calculationsWestergaard
2) Edge stress sensitivity
Problem 1 Definition
Given
Slab thickness = 10 in.
PCC modulus of elasticity = 4,000,000 lbf/in2
Poisson's ratio of PCC = 0.15
Wheel load = 9,000 lb
Tire pressure = 80 lbf/in2
Temperature differential = 25 oF
Modulus of subgrade reaction = 100 lbf/in2/in
Slab length =15 ft
Slab width = 12 ft
PCC thermal coefficient of expansion = 5.5 x 10-6/oF
49
Problem 1 Definition
Determine
50
Problem 1 Solution
51
Problem 1 Solution
Slab
Position
52
Stress,
lbf/in2
Deflection,
in.
Curl Stress,
lbf/in2
Interior
128.0
0.0060
149.7
Edge (semi-circle)
254.9
0.0196
Edge (circle)
251.7
0.0186
Corner
168.2
0.0452
135.5
Problem 2 Definition
Given
Using the inputs in Problem 1, discuss the sensitivity of
the edge stress solution to the following variables:
Slab thickness = 8, 10, and 12 inches
PCC modulus of elasticity = 2, 4, and 6 million psi
PCC thermal coefficient of expansion = 4.5 x 10-6/ oF, 5.5 x 10-6/ oF,
6.5 x 10-6/ oF
Modulus of subgrade reaction, k-value = 50, 100, 200 psi/
Slab length = 10, 15, 20 ft
Temperature differential = 10, 25, 40 oF
53
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
6
10
11
Slab Thickness, in
Load
54
Curl
Combined
12
13
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
55
Curl
Combined
7000000
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
Temperature Differential, o F
Load
56
Curl
Combined
40
50
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
57
Curl
Combined
250
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
15
Slab Length, ft
Load
58
Curl
Combined
20
25
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
4.00E-06
5.00E-06
6.00E-06
7.00E-06
59
Curl
Combined
8.00E-06
Problem 2Sensitivity
-50
40
30
20
10
0
-30
-10 -10
10
30
-20
-30
-40
Percent Change of Independent Value
PCC Thickness
Temp. Diff.
Slab Length
PCC Modulus
k-value
PCC Coeff. of Therm. Exp
50
64
65
Mesh Discretization
Nodes
Finite
elements
Transverse
Joint
Wheel
Loads
Shoulder
Joint
67
FEM Options
General purpose programs
68
Very powerful
Usage requires advanced knowledge of solid
mechanics and mechanics of materials
Careful attention to element selection, mesh
discretization, and geometry and load definition
required
Examples: ABAQUS, LS-DYNA, ANSYS
FEM Options
Pavement-specific programs
Usage is simpler
Modeling options function of the program used
Three-dimensional examples: EVERFE
Two-dimensional examples: ILLI-SLAB, JSLAB,
KENSLAB
ILLI-SLAB
First developed at the University of Illinois
Continuously improved over the last two
decades by several researchers
Features
70
J-SLAB
Developed by Construction Technology
Laboratories
Features
71
Winkler foundation
Temperature and load analysis
Dowel and aggregate load transfer options
Variable support conditions
KENSLAB
Developed at the University of Kentucky
Features
72
73
74
ISLAB2000
75
ISLAB2000
Proprietary software of ERES Consultants
Retains all the positive features of ILLI-SLAB
but is more computationally efficient and
user-friendly
Has capabilities that are not available in the
other 2D finite element codes
76
ISLAB2000
77
78
Condition,
Tridem
FlatFlat
SlabSlab
Condition,
Tridem
AxleAxle
Loading
Loading
De f l e c t i o n s
KENSLABS Program
Based on the finite element method, in which
the slab is divided rectangular finite elements
Can be applied to a maximum of 6 slabs, 7
joints, and 420 nodes
Damage analysis up to 12 periods
81
St r e s s e s
i n
Y- d i r e c t i o n
i n
Y- d i r e c t i o n
Applications of FEMs
Verification of Westergaard equations
Extension of Westergaard equations
85
86
87
89
Load Diagram
EverFE
http://www.civil.umaine.edu/everfe/tutorial_1.htm
http://www.civil.umaine.edu/everfe/tutorial_2.htm
90
FEAFAA
91
92
Airplane
Selection
Pavement
Structure
Joint
Modeling
3D Mesh
Generation
FEAFAA Plots