LIN KT ION

Thuyt tnh in v lin kt ion

Tng tc ha hc xy ra gm hai giai on:
Nguyn t truyn electron cho nhau to thnh ion
Cc ion tri du ht nhau theo lc ht tnh in
Na

Cl

2s22p63s1 3s23p5

Na+
2s22p6

Cl
3s23p6

NaCl

Mt s c cu bn ca ion

ns2np6 F- , Cl- , O2- , Na+ , Mg2+, Al3+

ns2np6nd10 Ag+ , Cu+ , Zn2+
(n-1)s2 (n-1)p6 (n-1)d10ns2 Pb2+, Bi3+, Tl+..
(n-1)d5 Fe3+

Kh nng to lin kt ion ca cc nguyn t

Kh nng to lk ion ph thuc vo kh nng to ion ca
cc ngt:
Cc ngt c I d to cation (IA,IIA )
Cc ngt c F mnh d to anion
(F- ,Cl-, ClO4-, NO3- , SO42-)
ion

Tnh cht ca lin kt ion

Khng nh hng
Khng bo ha
Phn cc rt mnh

Mng tinh th ion

Nguyn tc sp xp cc ion c kht nht
Mi ion c bao quanh s cc i cc ion tri
du (s phi tr).
Cc ion cng du cch xa nhau cng nhiu
cng tt.
Quyt nh kiu cu trc tinh th l

r
r

Kiu lp phng tm khi

s phi tr l 8
0,732
CsCl, CsBr, CsI
Kiu lp phng tm din

r
0,411 0,732 S phi tr l 6
r
NaCl, CsF, MgO
Kiu ZnS kiu blende km- Wutzite

r
0,225 0,414
r

S phi tr l 4
BeO, ZnO, AgI

r
r

Nng lng mng tinh th ion

MX (tinh th ion ) M+(kh) + X- (kh) H=UMX
Cng thc Kapustinski (lk ion thun ty)

U MX

Z c . Z a .n.A
rc ra

Khi lk c phn cng ha tr tng i

ln th cng thc ny khng cn
chnh xc.

Nng lng mng tinh th

bn mng tinh th
Kh nng ha tan
Nhit si
Nhit nng chy

Nng lng mng tinh th

bn mng tinh th
Kh nng ha tan
Nhit si
Nhit nng chy

QUAN H GIA NNG LNG MNG LI V

NHIT SI, NHIT NNG CHY
Tinh th

NaF

NaCl

NaBr

NaI

Uml[kcal/mol]

217

183

176

164

Nhit si
[0C]

1695

1441

1393

1300

Nhit
nchy [0C]

992

800

747

662

So snh nhit nng chy NaCl v MgO

MgO
Tnc = 2852oC
Mg2+ O2NaCl
Tnc = 800oC
Na+ ClTnc ~ U m U ~ Zc Za ; U ~ 1/rc+ra

U (MgO) 4 U(NaCl) nn Tnc(MgO) 3.6 Tnc (NaCl)

c im ca hp cht ion
Tnh dn in km trng thi rn nhng dn
in tt trng thi nng chy hay dung dch.
Nhit nng chy, nhit si kh cao
Tinh th rn, gin.
D tan trong cc dung mi phn cc (H 2O).

Qu trnh ha tan cc cht tinh th ion

trong dm phn cc
MX(rn) +(n+m) H2O M+.nH2O +
X-.mH2O

Hha tan = Hvl + Hsol

Hvl >0
H2 vl UMX
z
1
H sol 1
2r

Hsol <0

QU TRNH VT L , Hvl >0

QU TRNH HYDRAT HO , Hhy < 0

QUAN H GIA NNG LNG MNG LI

NNG LNG HYDRAT HO V TAN
Tinh th

LiF

NaF

KF

RbF

CsF

Uml[kcal/mol] 243,6 213,0 189,0 180,6 171,6

Uhy[kcal/mol] -245,2 -217,8 -197,8 -192,7 -186,9
tan
[g/100g]

0,26

4,22

48,0

D
tan

D
tan

S phn cc ion
Khi nim v s phn cc ion

Cc yu t nh hng n s phn cc ion

nh hng ca s phn cc ion n tnh
cht cc hp cht

S phn cc tong h gia cc ion

_
_

(pt)= - c - a
l momen lng
cc ca hai ion

+
+

( xem lk ion l tng )

_
_
_
_

+
+
+
+

c v a l momen
lng cc cm ng

Momen lng cc cm ng

= .E

a = a.Ec

>>

c = c.Ea

- phn cc, r3 a >> c

E cng in trng ca ion gy phn cc.

q
E 2
r

cation c tc dng gy phn cc

mnh hn anion

Qa trnh phn cc ion c tnh cht mt chiu

cation gy phn cc anion

s phn cc ion lm cho m my in t

ca cation v anion che ph nhau mt
phn nn lk ion bao gi cng mang mt
phn tnh cng ha tr.
Khng c lk ion 100%.
+

CC YU T NH HNG N
S PHN CC ION
phn cc
Tc dng gy phn cc ca cation

Cc yu t nh hng n phn cc
Bn knh ion cng ln tng
F - < Cl - < Br - < I tng
Cc ion ng electron c in tch cng nh
(cng m) th tng.
Mg2+ < Na+ < Ne < F- < O2-

tng

Cu hnh electron ha tr
ns2np6 < ns2np6nd19 < ns2np6nd10 tng

 phn cc ca cc cation
Ion

Li+

Na+

K+

Rb+

Cs+

R [3]

0,68

0,97

1,33

1,47

1,67

[3] 0,029

0,187

0,888

1,499

2,570

Ion

Be2+

Mg2+

Ca2+

Sr2+

Ba2+

R []

0,35

0,66

0,99

1,20

1,34

[3] 0,008

0,103

0,552

1,020

1,860

 phn cc ca cc anion
Ion
R []

F-

Cl-

Br-

I-

1,33

1,81

1,96

2,20

[3]

0,96

3,57

4,99

7,57

Ion

O2-

S2-

Se2-

Te2-

R []

1,32

1,74

1,91

2,11

[3]

2,74

8,94

11,45

16,10

Tnh
cng
ha
tr
tng
dn

Cc yu t nh hng n tc dng
phn cc ca cation
Th cation (qui tcFajan)

q

r

Cu hnh electron ha tr
ns2np6 < ns2np6nd19 < 18e+ ns2< ion kiu He <
ns2np6nd10
(cc ion c cng in tch, bn knh tng ng )

Tnh
cng
ha
tr
tng
dn

nh hng ca s phn cc ion n

tnh cht ca cc hp cht
in ly
bn nhit
Nhit si v nhit nng chy
tan

 in ly
S phn cc ion tng
Tnh cng ha tr tng
Tnh ion gim
in ly gim

 bn nhit
S phn cc ion tnh cht tnh ion
bn nhit ca tinh th ion Tnc, Tply
Cht

LiF

LiCl

LiBr

LiI

Tnc, 0C

848

607

550

469

Cht

MgCO3

CaCO3

SrCO3

BaCO3

Tnc, 0C

600

897

1100

1400

 tan

Hha tan= Hvl + Hs = U + Eh

Nng lng mng tinh th U cng ln tan

Kh nng phn cc nc ca cation ( q+/r+) tng
lc ht tnh in gia cation v lng cc nc

Eh cng m tan
Mui

CaSO4

SrSO4

BaSO4

tan

8.10-3

5.10-4

1.10-5

U (kJ/mol)

2347

2339

2262

Eh (kJ/mol)

-1703

-1598

-1444

Tnc 8450C
LiF

6050C

5500C

LiCl

LiBr

4490C
LiI

Tnh cng ha tr tng dn

tan trong nc gim dn
tan trong etanol tng
dn

1+

0.095nm

2+
3+

0.065nm
0.050nm

4+

0.041nm

Tnc[0C]
CHARGE DENSITY

NaCl
ion
MgCl2
AlCl3
chtr
SiCl4
chtr

GREATER POSITIVE

in tch bn knh

tan

Lin kt

808

Tan

714
180

Tan
Thy phn

-70

Thy phn

ion

LiCl

rCl-

167 pm

Tnc 613oC

LiBr

rBr-

182 pm

Tnc 547oC

LiI

rI-

206 pm

Tnc 446oC

Ca2+ 3s2 3p6

Hg2+
5s25p65d10
r(Ca2+) = 114 pm;

r(Hg2+) = 116 pm

Tnc (HgCl2)= 276oC < Tnc (CaCl2) = 782oC

 So Snh MgO and Al2O3

Al2O3

(3+, 2-)

MgO

(2+, 2-)

Tm(Al2O3) = 2054oC < Tm (MgO) = 2852oC

LIN KT VANDERWAALS
Bn cht ca lk l tng tc tnh in

c im
L loi lin kt xut hin gia cc phn t
C th xut hin nhng khong cch tng i ln
C nng lng nh E = 1 2Kcal/mol
C tnh khng chn lc v khng bo ha
C tnh cng

Thnh phn
Tng tc nh hng

Tng tc cm ng

Tng tc khuych tn

LIN KT HYDRO
Lin kt gia ng t H+ vi ng t c kch
thc nh m in mnh nh: F, O , N
Lin kt Hydro lin phn t.
Lin kt Hydro ni phn t

Hydrogen Bonds in Water

Lin kt Hydro lin phn t

Hydrogen Bonding in Acetic Acid

Lin kt Hydro lin phn t

Hydrogen Bonding in
Salicylic Acid
Lin kt
Hydro ni
phn t

Lin kt Hydro thng gp trong

cht lng, tinh th, i khi trng thi kh,
cc hp cht cao phn t.

Figure 2.16 Hydrogen Bonds Hold Water Molecules Together (Part 1)

Properties of Molecules

Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds

Intermolecular hydrogen bonds give

proteins their secondary shape, forcing
the protein molecules into particular
orientations, like a folded sheet

c im lin kt Hydro
Lin kt hydro l loi lk yu, yu hn nhiu
so vi lk cng ho tr nhng mnh hn lk Van
der Waals. Ehydro=210 Kcal/mol
Lk hydro cng bn khi X v Y c m
in cng ln, kch thc cng nh.

-Y- -

H+ X-

nh hng ca lk hydro n tnh cht

Tng nhit si, nhit nng chy ca cc cht
c lk hydro lin phn t.
Gim acid ca dung dch.
Tng tan khi cht tan to lk Hydro vi dung mi
Trong sinh hc, lk hydro gip to cc cu trc bc
cao cho glucid, protid

Lin kt Hydro trong nc

Lin kt hydro gia cc

phn t nc c sp xp
to nn cu trc lc gic m.

cu trc xp ca nc
lm cho nc nh hn
nc lng.

tS = 78,50C

tS = -24,80C
t
S