CC CU HI V HA HC LIN QUAN N THC TIN

1. Phn chua l cht g ?

Phn chua l mui sunfat kp ca nhm v kali. dng tinh th ngm
24 phn t H2O nn c cng thc ho hc l K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O.
Phn chua cn c gi l phn nhm, ngi ta bit phn nhm cn
trc c kim loi nhm.
Phn nhm c iu ch t cc nguyn liu l t st (c thnh phn
chnh l Al2O3), axit sunfuric v K2SO4.
Phn chua khng c, c v cht chua, t tan trong nc lnh nhng tan
rt nhiu trong nc nng nn rt d tinh ch bng kt tinh li trong nc.
Cng do to ra kt ta Al(OH) 3 khi khuy phn vo nc dnh kt
cc ht t nh l lng trong nc c thnh ht t to hn, nng v chm
xung lm trong nc.
Anh ng bc bc lm cao
Phn chua em nh nc no cng trong
Phn chua rt cn cho vic x l nc c cc vng l c nc
trong dng cho tm, git.
V cc phn chua trong v sng cho nn ng y cn gi l minh phn
(minh l trong sng, phn l phn).
Theo y hc c truyn th:
Phn chua, chua cht, lnh lng
Gii c, to thp, st trng ngoi da
D dy, vim rut, thp t
Dng liu tht t, thuc rt hay
Phn chua lm ht nga, st trng v vy sau khi co mt xong, th ct
tc thng ly mt ming phn chua to xoa vo da mt cho khch.

Phn chua dng bo ch ra cc thuc cha au rng, au mt, cm

mu, ho ra mu (cc loi xut huyt).
2. Hn the l cht g ?
Hn the l cht natri tetraborat (cn gi l borac) ng y gi l bng sa
hoc nguyt thch, dng tinh th ngm 10 phn t H 2O (Na2B4O7.10H2O).
Tinh th trong sut, tan nhiu trong nc nng, khng tan trong cn 900.
Trc y ngi ta thng dng hn the lm cht ph gia cho vo gi
la, bnh ph, bnh cun cho nhng th ny khi n s cm thy giai v
gin. Ngay t nm 1985 t chc th gii cm dng hn the lm cht ph
gia cho thc phm v n c, c th gy sc, try tim, co git v hn m.
Natri tetraborat to thnh hp cht mu vi nhiu oxit kim loi khi
nng chy, gi l ngc borac.
Trong t nhin, borac c dng khong vt tinkan, cn kenit cha
Na2B4O7.4H2O. Borac dng sn xut men mu cho gm s, thu tinh mu
v thu tinh quang hc, cht lm sch kim loi khi hn, cht st trng v cht
bo qun, cht ty trng vi si. Hn the cn c dng bo ch dc
phm.
Theo ng y, hn the c v ngt mn, tnh mt dng h st, tiu vim,
cha bnh vim hng, vim hnh nhn hch, sng lot rng li.
Hn the ngt, mn, mt thay
Tiu vim, h st, li hay au u
Vim hng, vim li lu
Vim hch, vim mt thuc u snh bng.
Ty y dng dung dch axit boric long lm nc ra mt, dng natri
tetraborat ch thuc cha au rng, li.

3. M chnh (bt ngt) l cht g ?

M chnh l mui natri ca axit glutaric, mt amino axit t nhin, quen
thuc v quan trng. M chnh c tn ho hc l monosodium glutamat, vit
tt l MSG. MSG c trong thc phm v rau qu ti sng dng t do hay
dng lin kt vi protein hoc lipt. Tuy hm lng thp, song chc nng
ca n l mt gia v, tng v cho thc phm, lm ni bt s ti sng, cn
trong ch bin lm tng s ngon ming. Ngi Hoa (v nhiu dn tc Chu
) li dng chc nng ny trong k xo m thc ch bin cc mn n
thm phn ngon ming trong cc nh hng Trung Quc. Bn thn MSG khng
phi l mt vi cht dinh dng v ch c MSG t do dng ng phn L mi l
cht tng v, cn dng lin kt vi protein v lipit th khng c chc nng
ny. Nhng thc n giu protein nh sa, tht, c cha nhiu MSG dng
lin kt. Ngc li rau, qu, c li tn ti dng t do nh nm c 0,18%,
c chua 0,14%, khoai ty 0,1%.
Ngi Nht lc u phn lp MST t to bin, cn ngy nay MSG
c tng hp bng cng ngh ln men.
M chnh l mt gia v nh hng, i khi h tr cho mt k thut nu n
ti, thng b lm dng v liu lng.
c nhng pht hin v di chng ca bnh n nhiu m chnh m
ngi ta gi l hi chng hiu n Tu: Nh th c cm gic nga ran nh
kin b trn mt, u hoc c c cm gic cng cng mt. Nng th nhc
u, chng mt, bun nn.
Nh vy m chnh c c hi khng? khng t ln MSG c em
ra bn ci cc t chc lng nng th gii (FAO) Y t th gii (WHO). U
ban chuyn gia v ph gia thc phm (JECFA). Ln u tin (1970) c
quy nh rng lng MGS s dng an ton hng ngy l 0 120mg/kg th
trng, khng dng cho tr em di 3 thng tui. Nm 1979 li c quy nh

tng ln l - 150mg/kg th trng. Ti nm 1986 JECFA li xem xt li v xc

nh l MSG khng c vn g.
Tm li, MSG l an ton trong liu lng cho php. iu ng lu l
m chnh khng phi l vi cht dinh dng m ch l cht tng v m thi
4. S a l cht l g ?
Ngy t thi c xa, ngi ta bit n thu tinh v x phng.
sn xut ra chng ta, phi dng natri cacbonat (sa) khai thc trn b ca
nhng h sa Chu Phi v chu M hoc thu c t tro ca nhng loi
thc vt mc di bin v b bin chu u. Khong 150 nm v trc, s
a bt u c sn xut bng phng php cng ngh. Mt ngi Php tn
l LBlan tm ra qui trnh u tin sn xut s a. Nhng t nm 1870,
phng php ca ngi B tn l Solvay c li nhun ln hn y li c
phng php ca L Blan v nm 1916; nh my cui cng sn xut theo
phng php ny b ng ca.
Sa c ngha cc k quan trng trong nn kinh t quc dn. N
c dng sn xut cc cht ty ra v cht lm sch trong cng nghip
thu tinh v cng nghip dt. Trong ngnh luyn kim, ngi ta dng n
tch lu hunh ra khi st v thp; sa c dng trong sn xut natri silicat, natri
photphat v natri aluminat, men s, sn du v cng nghip dc phm. Cng
nghip da, cao su, ng; sn xut thc phm, vt liu nhip nh cng cn
n sa. N l thnh phn khng th thiu trong vic lm sch nc !
5. Si ho hc l g ?
Si ho hc l si to thnh t cc cht hu c thin nhin v cc
polime tng hp.
Si ho hc chia lm hai nhm ln: si nhn to v si tng hp. Si
nhn to thu c khi ch bin ho hc cc polime to si, thu c nh tng
hp ho hc. Cc loi si poliamit, polieste, polipropilen v nhiu si khc
na nh capron, nilon, lavsan,v.v l si tng hp.

Si nhn to ra i trc si tng hp. Ngay t nm 1853, Anh

ngi ta xut vic to si mnh di v tn t dung dch nitroxenluloza
trong hn hp ru v ete. Ngi ta sn xut cc loi si ny trn quy m
cng nghip, cch y khng lu lm vo cui th k XIX, u th k XX. T
visco, sn xut t nm 1905, n nay vn cha mt ngha. Si visco thu
c t dung dch xenluloza m c trong xt long. T nm 1910 n
1920, ngi ta tin hnh sn xut cng nghip t xenluloz axetat.
Lch s si tng hp bt u nm 1932. Lc , c bt u sn
xut cng nghip si tng hp u tin l polivinylclorua dng vo mc ch
k thut. Khi clo ho tip polivinylclorua ta c nha peclovinyl, t c
th sn xut ra loi si bn v mt ho hc: si clorin. Nm 1930, ngi ta bt
u sn xut si t nha poliamit, l polime tng hp tng t protein. Trong
phn t ca chng, cng ging nh trong protein, c cc nhm amit- CO-NHlp li nhiu ln. Cc si poliamit u tin l nilon v capron, v mt s tnh
cht cn tt hn c t thin nhin. Nhng si tng hp c bn cht ho hc
khc nh polieste, poliolefin (trn c s trng hp etylen),v.v cng xut
hin.
V nguyn l, cng ngh sn xut si tng hp l n gin: n khi
nng chy hoc dung dch polime qua nhng l rt nh ca khun ko vo
mt bung cha khng kh lnh, ti y, qu trnh ng rn xy ra, bin dng
polime thnh si. Bng cch , ta thu c si capron v nilon.
Ch t hnh thnh lin tc c cun vo ng si.
Nhng khng phi tt c cc loi si ho hc u c sn xut n
gin nh vy. Qu trnh ng rn si axetat xy ra trong mi trng khng
kh nng, ng rn ch t ca s visco v mt loi si khc li xy ra trong
cc b ng t cha cc ho cht lng c chn lc c bit. Trong qu trnh
to si, trn cc ng si ngi ta cn ko cng cc phn t polime dng
chui trong si c mt trt t sp xp cht ch hn (sp xp song song nhau).

Khi , lc tng tc gia cc phn t tng ln lm bn c hc ca si

cng tng ln. Ni chung, tnh cht ca si chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t
khc nhau nh thay i tc nn p, thnh phn v nng cc cht trong
b ng t, nhit ca dung dch ko si v ca b ng t (hoc bung
khng kh), thay i kch thc l ca khun ko. L cng nh th si cng
mnh v lc b mt s cng nh hng nhiu n tnh cht ca vi lm t si
ny. tng nhng lc , ngi ta thng dng cc khun ko vi l c tit
din hnh sao.
i vi cc chuyn gia dt th di ko t, do si b t di tc
dng ca trng lng chnh n, c xem nh mt c trng quan trng v
bn ca si. Vi si bng thin nhin, di thay i t 5 n 10km, t
axetat t 30 n 35km, si visco ti 50 km, si polieste v poliamit cn di
hn na. Chng hn vi si nilon loi cao cp, di ko t ln ti 80km.
Si ho hc thay th mt cch c kt qu cc loi si thin nhin l
t, len, bng v khng t trng hp vt cc loi si thin nhin v cht
lng.
Sn xut si ho hc c tm quan trng ln lao i vi nn kinh t quc
dn, gp phn nng cao phc li vt cht cho con ngi v c kh nng p
ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca nhn dn v cc mt hng thng dng: vi,
cc sn phm dt kim v t lng nhn to.
6. Saccarin l cht g ?
L cht tinh th khng mu c v ngt, t tan trong nc. c iu
ch t toluen. Saccarin thng mi l tinh th mui natri ngm nc ca
saccarin, ngt hn ng 500 ln. Dng thay cho ng khi c bnh tiu
ng. C th khng hp th c saccarin.
CO
C6H4

NH

SO2

7. Thn sa l cht g ?
L khong vt thu ngn sunfua HgS, nguyn liu ch yu sn xut
thu ngn.
8. Cholesterol l cht g?
L mt sterol chnh c ph bin trong m ngi, ng vt v mt s
thc vt, di dng t do hay este vi axit bo mch di l cht cn thit cho
c th (thnh phn ca protein, huyt thanh, mng t bo, cht to homon gii
tnh, axit mt) nhng nu c nhiu cholesterol trong mu s to iu kin
cho cht bo giu axit bo no bm vo thnh trong ca ng mch n mc
c th ngn mu khng lu thng.
9. ADN l cht g ?
L nhng axit nucleic v c phn t khi ln ti hng chc triu vc (hay u).
ADN l thnh phn ch yu ca nhim sc th trong nhn t bo ca
phn ln sinh vt, c vai tr quyt nh nhng c trng di truyn bng cch
iu chnh s tng hp protein trong t bo.
10. Qu t v ht tiu cha cht cay l cht g ?
Chng c nhng loi ancaloit khc nhau. Ancaloit l loi hp cht hu
c c cha nit c tnh baz, thng c ngun gc thc vt, a s c cu trc
phc tp, thng l cc cht d vng.
Ancaloit trong t c tn l capsicain. Cht ny pha long 10 vn ln
vn cn rt cay.
Ancaloit trong ht tiu l hai cht c tn l chavixin v piperin. Cht
chavixin to ra v cay hc ca ht tiu.
11. Cn kh l cht g ?
cc nh hng thng dng loi cn kh t thay cho bp ga khi
n cc mn lu. chnh l cn c cho vo mt cht ht dch th, loi bt
ny hin c sn xut v nhiu mc ch khc nhau: cho vo t lt, cho vo
t chng trng thi hn hn ko di, cho vo cn th d cht norsocryl ca

hng Snow Business c th bin mt lng dung dch c trng lng ln hn

cht ny ti 500 ln thnh cht kh.
12. Cloramin l cht g m st trng c ngun nc ?
L cht NH2Cl v NHCl2. Khi ho tan cloramin vo nc s gii phng
ra clo. Clo tc dng vi nc to ra HOCl.
Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl
HOCl c phn t rt nh, d hp th trn mng sinh hc ca vi sinh
vt, ph hu protein ca mng, cn tr tnh bn thm ca mng, thay i p
sut thm thu ca t bo v lm cht vi khun, nm.
HOCl c tnh oxi ho rt mnh nn ph hoi hot tnh mt s enzim
trong vi sinh vt, gy cht cho vi sinh vt.
Cloramin khng gy c hi cho ngi dng nc c kh trng
bng cht ny.
13. Bt git gm nhng cht g ?
Bt git l hn hp dng bt, xp bao gm cht ty ra tng hp, cht
hot ng b mt cao (th d natri oexylbenzen sunfunat) s a, cc ph gia
(tripoliphotphat, cacboximetyl xenluloz) cht ty trng, cht thm...
14. Bt ty l cht g ?
L clorua vi Ca(OCl)2.CaCl2.8H2O, hoc biu din thnh phn chnh
l CaOCl2. Cht bt trng, mi clo, phn hu trong nc v trong axit, iu
ch bng cch cho clo tc dng vi vi ti.
2Ca(OH)2+ 2Cl2 Ca(OCl)2+ CaCl2+ 2H2O
15. Nc Booco l g ?
L hn hp dung dch ng sunfat v sa vi, dng lm cht dit nm
cho cy trng, nht l cho c chua, nho (cha bnh xon l do nm)
16. Nc cng toan l g ?

L hn hp gm mt th tch dung dch axit nitric c v 3 th tch

dung dch axit clohidric c. C tnh oxi ho mnh, ho tan c vng, bch
kim v hp kim khng tan trong cc dung dch axit v c thng thng.
17. Nc kh l g ?
L cacbon ioxit CO2 dng rn, khi bay hi thu nhit rt ln, lm h nhit
ca mi trng xung quanh. Dng bo qun thc phm khi chuyn i xa.
18. Du chui l cht g ?
Du chui l este ca axit axetic v ru amylic.
Du chui c cng thc l CH3COOC5H11
19. Thch aga - aga l cht g ?
Aga - aga (ch Malaixia ngha l rong) l hn hp cht tch ra t mt
s loi rong bin, thnh phn ch yu l polisaccarit (70%). Dung dch 0,5 1,5% trong nc si, khi ngui ng t li thnh thch aga - aga c dng
trong ho hc, vi sinh hc, cng nghip thc phm (lm mt, ko vin)
20. Aming l cht g ?
l khong cht dng si, c thnh phn ho hc l silicat ca magic,
canxi v mt s kim loi khc. Aming bn vi axit, chu nhit, c th ko
thnh si, dt vi may qun o chng chy, dng lm vt liu cch nhit, cch
in, vt liu xy dng nh xi mng aming. Hin nay nhiu nc cm dng
v cht ny c th gy bnh ung th v bnh phi.
21. Apatit l cht g ?
Apatit l khong cht cha photpho c cng thc chung l Ca 5X (PO4)3
(X l F, Cl hay OH) ph bin nht l floapatit. tnh Lo Cai nc ta tr
lng apatit ln ti hng t tn, Apatit l nguyn liu chnh sn xut phn
ln, phot pho (dng trong quc phng, lm dim, thuc tr su), axit
photphoric
22.Cao su l g ?

Cao su l vt liu c tnh n hi (c tnh c th bin dng khi chu lc

bn ngoi tc dng nhng li tr li hnh dng ban u khi lc tc dng khng
cn). Cao su c th b ko dn gp 10 ln chiu di ban u. Tnh n hi ca
cao su l do tnh linh hot ca cc phn t trong mch polime. Tuy nhin
trong thc t, cao su l hn hp cc polime, nn nu lc ngoi tc ng qu
mnh th cao su mt hon ton tnh n hi. Vo nm 1839, nh ho hc M
Charles Goodyear pht minh ra k thut lu ho cao su c tc dng lm
tng c tnh c l ca cao su, do m rng rt nhiu kh nng ng dng ca
n.
Cao su thin nhin l poli-cis-isopren c ly ch yu t cy cao su
(Hevea barasiliensis) c trng nhiu Nam M. Cy cao su c trng
nc ta t nm 1887 v hin nay c trng tp trung cc tnh min ng
Nam B.
Cao su tng hp (Cao su Buna, cao su Buna-S, ) c pht trin
mnh t chin tranh th gii ln II do s khan him cao su thin nhin. Hu
ht cc cao su tng hp u l sn phm ca cng nghip du m.
23. Teflon l cht g ?
Teflon c tn khoa hc l politetrafloetilen (-CF 2-CF2-)n. l loi
polime nhit do, c tnh bn cao vi cc dung mi v ho cht. N bn trong
khong nhit rng t - 1900C n + 3000C, c bn ko cao (245 315kg/cm3) v c bit c h s ma st rt nh v bn nhit cao, ti 400 0C
mi bt u thng hoa, khng nng chy, phn hu chm. Teflon bn vi mi
trng hn c vng v platin, khng dn in.
Do c cc c tnh qu , teflon c dng ch to nhng chi tit
my d b mi mn m khng phi bi mi (v ma st nh), v cch in,
trng ph ln cho, ni chng dnh.
24. Cht mu azo l cht g ?

T phenyl amin (anilin) v cc arylamin khc, ngi ta tng hp c

mt lot (hng trm nghn) cht mu azo lm phn nhum khc nhau c cng
thc chung l : Ar - N = N-Ar
Tu theo cu trc ca cc gc aryl (phenyl, naphtyl...) ni vi nhm
azo - N = N - m c c cc cht mu azo c mu sc , xanh, tm hay
vng khc nhau... p, bn.
tng hp cht mu azo, ngi ta cho mt arylamin phn ng vi
HNO2HCl 0 - 50C thnh arylamonihalogenua, ri phn ng tip vi mt
aren hot ng (aren c nhm th loi mt). Ngoi hp cht mu monoazo
(c mt nhm azo) cn c th tng hp cc cht mu i azo (c hai nhm
azo), tri azo (c ba nhm azo)...
25. Si thu tinh v si quang l g ?
a- Khi ko thu tinh nng chy qua mt thit b c nhiu l nh, ta
c nhng si c ng knh t 2 n 10 m (1 micromet = 10-6m) gi l
si thu tinh.
Bng phng php li tm hoc thi khng kh nn vo dng thu tinh
nng chy, ta thu c nhng si ngn gi l bng thu tinh. Si thu tinh
khng gin v rt dai, c chu nhit, bn ho hc v cch in cao,
dn in thp.
Nguyn liu sn xut si thu tinh d kim, r tin, vic sn xut
kh n gin, nn hin nay c dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc k thut
khc nhau: sn xut cht do thy tinh: lm vt liu lc; ch to vt liu cch
in: may o bo h lao ng chng chy, chng axit; lt cch nhit cho cc
ct chng ct: lm vt liu lin kt trong ch to my, xy dng; ch to si
quang v.v..
b- Si quang, cn gi l si dn quang, l loi si bng thu tinh thch
anh c ch to c bit, c tinh khit cao, c ng knh t vi
micromet n vi chc micromet. Do c cu to c bit, nn si quang
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truyn c xung nh sng m cng b suy gim rt t. Si quang c

dng ti thng tin c m ho di dng tn hiu xung laze. Mt cp
si quang nh nh si tc cng c th truyn c 10000 cuc trao i in
thoi cng mt lc. Hin nay, si quang l c s cho phng tin truyn tin
hin i, pht trin cng ngh thng tin, mng internet iu khin t ng,
my o quang hc v.v
Cp quang l cc si quang c bc cc lp ng, thp v nha.
26. Thuc chut l cht g ?
Ti sao nhng con chut sau khi n thuc chut li i tm nc ung.
Vy thuc chut l g ? Ci g lm chut cht ? Nu sau khi n thuc m
khng c nc ung n cht mau hn hay lu hn ?
Thuc chut l Zn3P2 sau khi n Zn3 P2 b thu phn rt mnh, hm
lng nc trong c th chut gim, n kht v i tm nc:
Zn3P2 + 6H2O 3Zn(OH)2+ 2PH3
Chnh PH3 git cht chut.
Cng nhiu nc a vo PH3 thot ra cng nhiu chut cng
nhanh cht. Nu khng c nc chut cht lu hn.
27. 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T v ioxin l nhng cht g ?
Vo khong nhng nm 1940 - 1948 ngi ta pht hin thy rng axit
2,4 - iclophenoxiaxetic (2,4-D) , axit 2,4,5 -triclophenoxiaxetic (2,4,5-T)
nng c phn triu c tc dng kch thch s sinh trng thc vt nhng
nng cao hn chng c tc dng tiu dit cy c. T chng c sn
xut quy m cng nghip dng lm cht dit c pht quang rng rm. Trong
qu trnh sn xut 2,4-D v 2,4,5-T lun to ra mt lng nh tp cht l
ioxin. l mt cht cc c, tc dng ngay nng cc nh (c phn
t) , gy ra nhng tai ho cc k nguy him (ung th, qui thai, d tt).
OCH2COOH

OCH2COOH
Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl
2,4-D

Cl
2,4,5-T

11

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

ioxin

Trong cuc chin tranh Vit Nam , quc M ri xung Min Nam
nc ta hng vn tn cht c mu da cam trong cha 2,4-D , 2,4,5-T v
ioxin m hu qu ca n vn cn cho n ngy ngay.
28. en ailin l cht g ?
Trang phc mu en c nhiu ngi a chung.
Cht mu en nhum vi c nhiu loi, trong c en anilin.
en anilin c iu ch trc tip trong thng nhum vi hoc si, v n
khng tan trong nc. iu ch en anilin, ngi ta cho anilin tc dng
vi cht oxi ho mnh nh KClO 3, K2Cr2O7 vi cht xc tc l mui st hay
ng.
Nm 1834, F.F Runge xc nh cu to ca en anilin thuc loi
para - quinonimit:
N =

= N

29. Thy tinh hu c plexiglas l cht g ?

Polimetyl

CH3

CH2

l loi cht do nhit, rt bn,

CH3OCO

cng, trong sut. Do c gi l thu tinh hu c hay plexiglas. Plexiglas

khng b v vn khi va chm v bn vi nhit. N cng bn vi nc, axit,
baz, xng, ancol, nhng b ho tan trong benzen, ng ng ca benzen, este
v xeton. Phn t khi ca plexiglas c th ti 5.10 6. Plexiglas c khi lng
ring nh hn thu tinh silicat, d pha mu v d to dng nhit cao.

12

Vi nhng tnh cht u vit nh vy plexiglas c dng lm knh my

bay, t, knh trong cc my mc nghin cu, knh xy dng, dng gia
nh, trong y hc dng lm rng gi, xng gi, knh bo him Nhiu c s
vt liu xy dng coi thu tinh hu c l thu tinh kim loi.
Nhiu nc sn xut thu tinh hu c vi nhng tn khc nhau: acripet
(Nht), iakon (Anh), impelex(M) veril ()
30. Tuyt nhn to lm t cht g ?
Khi gi lm tuyt ri rp ht hay phim trng, gii k xo u dng tuyt
nhn to bng cht do. Tuy nhin, khi xong vic, h khng th thu gom ht
chng, nht l trn cc bu ca, dn n nhim mi trng. Cc nh ho hc
c to ra mt loi tuyt mi, rt d phn hu, v lm ttinh bt khoai ty.
Sn phm ny l ca Frithjof Baumann v cng s Vin cng ngh
Ho hc Fraunhofer Karlsruhe (c). lm ra n, ngi ta c th dng
tinh bt khoai ty, ng, thm ch to bin. Khi c phun vo trong khng
kh, loi tinh bt ny ho thnh mt dng bt xp, trng ging nh tuyt. Tuy
nhin n lc ny, Baumann vn cha th lm cho tuyt gi ri di dng
bng, m ch c th m phng cch ri ca cc cm tuyt ln. v th nhm
nghin cu vn ang tip tc ci tin n.
Khi c dp m va phi, tuyt khoai ty s dnh kt vi nhau va
p ngi tuyt hay to ra cc ct bng, cn khi phun m nc, chng s
tan ra. Trong khng kh loi tuyt ny ri rt p, nhng n khng hin ra trn
mt t, v qu nh.
Cc nh nghin cu ca vin Fraunhofe th nghim chng trong nh
ht quc gia Karlsruhe, v cung cp 5 tn tuyt cho mt chng trnh khoa
hc gi tng trn ti vi, c tn gi l hnh tinh bng gi.
31. Cht gy nghin l nhng cht g ?
Ma tu d dng no khi a vo c th con ngi c th lm thay i
mt hay nhiu chc nng sinh l.

13

Ho hc nghin cu lm r thnh phn ho hc ca nhng cht ma

tu t nhin, ma tu nhn to v tc dng sinh l ca chng. T s dng
chng nh l mt loi thuc cha bnh hoc ngn chn tc hi ca cc cht
gy nghin.
Ma tu gm nhng cht b cm nh thuc phin, cn sa, heroin, cocain,
mt s thuc c dng theo ch dn ca thy thuc nh moocphin, seduxen,
nhng cht hin nay cha b cm s dng nh thuc l, ru
Ma tu c tc dng c ch, gim au, kch thch mnh m hoc gy o
gic.
Ma tu c phn loi theo ngun gc t nhin hay nhn to hoc theo
mc gy nghin. Sau y xin gii thiu mt s cht gy nghin ph bin.
Ru:Tu thuc nng v cch s dng, ru c th tc dng tt
hoc lm suy yu nghim trng sc kho con ngi. Vi nhiu ngi, ung
mt lng nh ru cng dn n phn ng chm chp, x tr km linh hot,
thn kinh d b kch ng gy ra nhng trng hp ng tic nh tai nn,
hnh ng bo ngcTrong ru thng cha mt cht c hi l etanal
CH3-CHO, gy nn nao kh chu, nu nng cao c th dn n t vong.
Nicotin:( C10H14N2) c nhiu trong cy thuc l. N l cht lng snh
nh du, khng mu, c mi thuc l, tan c trong nc. Khi ht thuc l,
nicotin thm vo mu v theo dng mu i vo phi. Nicotin l mt trong
nhng cht c mnh (t 1 n 2 git nicotin c th git cht mt con ch),
tnh c ca n c th snh vi axt xianhiric HCN. Nicotin ch l mt trong
s cc cht ho hc c hi c trong khi thuc l (trong khi thuc l c
cha ti 1400 hp cht ho hc khc nhau). Dung dch nicotin trong nc
c dng lm thuc tr su cho cy trng. Nhng ngi nghin thuc l
thng mc bnh ung th phi v nhng bnh ung th khc.

14

 Cafein :( C8H10N4O2) c nhiu trong ht c ph, l ch. Cafein l cht

kt tinh khng mu, v ng, tan trong nc v ru. Cafein dng trong y hc
vi lng nh c tc dng gy kch thch thn kinh. Nu dng cafein qu mc
s gy bnh mt ng v gy nghin.
Moocphin: C trong cy thuc phin, cn gi l cy anh tc. Moocphin
c tc dng lm gim hoc mt cm gic au n. T moocphin li tinh ch c
heroin c tc dng hn moocphin nhiu ln, c v rt d gy nghin.
Hassish:l hot cht c trong cy cn sa cn gi l b c tc dng chng
co git, chng nn ma nhng c tc dng kch thch mnh v gy o gic.
Thuc an thn nh l seduxen, meprobamat c tc dng cha
bnh, gy mt ng, du cn au nhng c tc dng gy nghin.
Amphetamin : Cht kch thch h thn kinh d gy nghin, gy
chong, ri lon thn kinh nu dng thng xuyn.
Nghin ma tu s dn n ri lon tm, sinh l. Th d nh: ri lon tiu
ho, ri lon chc nng thn kinh, ri lon tun hon, h hp. Tim chch ma
tu gy tru tim mch d dn n t vong.
Do , phng chng ma tu, khng c dng mt s thuc cha
bnh qu liu ch nh ca bc s, khng s dng thuc khi khng bit tnh
nng tc dng v lun ni khng vi ma tu.
32. Nham thch do ni la phun ra l cht g ?
Bn di v tri t l lp dung nham gi l macma, su t 75 km
n khong gn 3000 km. Nhit ca lp dung nham ny rt cao (2000 25000C) v p sut rt ln (ti 1,4 triu atmotphe). Khi v tri t vn ng
mnh nhng ni c cu to mng, c vt t gy th lp dung nham ny
phun ra ngoi sau mt ting n ln.
Macma cu to dng bn lng gm silicat ca st, ca magi. Dung
nham thot ra ngoi s ngui dn v rn li to thnh nham thch.

15

33. Nguyn t t him l g ?

l 14 nguyn t ho hc xp pha di ca bng tun hon. Gi l
t him v cc oxit ca chng rt ging vi cc oxit khc trong t, ng thi
ch c mt s t cc nc c ngun nguyn liu cha cc nguyn t ny. Hp
cht ca cc nguyn t t him ngy cng c ng dng rng ri trong cc
ngnh cng nghip thu tinh, gm s, in t, vt liu quang hc, vt liu t
Vit Nam, Trung Quc, n , M, Australia c nhiu nguyn liu
t him, trong khi Anh, Php, Nht li cha tm thy.
34. V sao than cht thnh ng ln c th t bc chy?
Do than tc dng vi O2 trong khng kh to ra CO2, phn ng to
nhit. Nhit to ra c tch gp dn, khi t ti nhit chy ca than th
than s t bc chy.
35. V sao khi t, kh CO chy cn kh CO2 li khng chy?
Do trong CO2, nguyn t C c s oxi ho cao nht l +4 ri. Trong
CO nguyn t C mi c s oxi ho +2, khi tc dng vi O2 n tng ln +4.
2

2CO O 2 2CO 2
36. V sao khng th dp tt m chy ca cc kim loi K, Na,
Mg,... bng kh CO2?
Do cc kim loi trn c tnh kh mnh nn vn chy c trong kh
quyn CO2
Th d: 2Mg + CO2 2MgO + C
37. V sao khng dng chai thu tinh m phi dng chai bng nha
(cht do) ng dung dch axit flohiric HF?
Do axit HF l axit yu nhng c tnh cht c bit l n mn thu tinh
v n tc dng c vi oxit silic c trong thnh phn ca thu tinh.
SiO2 + 4HF SiF4 + 2H2O
Ngi ta thng li dng tnh cht ny khc ch ln thu tinh.

16

38. V sao mui th d b chy nc?

Mui n c thnh phn chnh l natri clorua, ngoi ra cn c mt t cc
mui khc trong c magi clorua. Magi clorua rt a nc, n hp th
nc trong khng kh v cng rt d tan trong nc.
Magi clorua c v ng. Nc mt s khe ni c v ng l do c
ho tan magi clorua. Trong nc bin cng c khng t magi clorua. Nc
cn li sau khi mui kt tinh cc rung mui gi l nc t th c n hn
mt na l magi clorua. Ngi ra dng nc t sn xut xi mng magi
oxit, vy liu chu la v c kim loi magi.
39. V sao bi vi vo ch ong, kin t s au?
Do trong nc ca ong, kin, nhn (v mt s cy) c axit hu c tn l
axit fomic. Vi l cht baz, nn trung ho axit lm ta au.
2HCOOH + Ca(OH)2 (HCOO)2Ca + 2H2
40. V sao ban m khng nn nhiu cy xanh trong nh?
Do ban m khng c nh sng cy khng quang hp, ch h hp nn
hp th kh O2 v thi ra kh CO2 lm trong phng thiu O2 v qu nhiu CO2.
Ban ngy do c nh sng mt tri, cy quang hp nn hp th CO2 v
thi ra O2 (nh cht dip lc)
6nCO2 + 5nH2O

as

clorophin

(C6H10O5)n + 6nO2

41. V sao nm t n xung ao lm c cht?

t n c thnh phn chnh l canxi cacbua CaC 2, khi tc dng vi
nc sinh ra kh axetilen v canxi hiroxit.
CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
Axetilen c th tc dng vi H2O to ra anehit axetic. Cc cht ny
lm tn thng n hot ng h hp ca c v vy c th lm c cht.
42. V sao ngi ta thng dng tro bp bn cy?
Trong tro bp c cha mui K2CO3 cung cp nguyn t kali cho cy.

17

43. V sao mui NaHCO3 c dng ch thuc au d dy?

NaHCO3 dng ch thuc au d dy (bao t) v n lm gim lng
axit HCl trong d dy nh phn ng:
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O
44. V sao trong cng nghip thc phm, mui (NH 4)2CO3 c
dng lm bt n?
(NH4)2CO3 c dng lm bt n v khi trn thm vo bt m, lc nng
bnh (NH4)2CO3 phn hu thnh cc cht kh v hi nn lm cho bnh xp v n.
t0
(NH4)2CO3
2NH3 + CO2 + H2O
45. V sao khi cm b kh ngi ta thng cho vo ni cm mt
mu than ci?
Do than ci xp c tnh hp ph nn hp ph mi kht ca cm kh.
lm cho cm mi kh.
46. V sao nc rau mung ang xanh khi vt chanh vo th chuyn
sang mu ?
C mt s hp cht ho hc gi l cht ch th mu, chng lm cho
dung dch thay i mu khi axit thay i.
Trong rau mung (v vi loi rau khc) c cht ch th mu ny. Trong
chanh c cha 7% axit xitric. Vt chanh vo nc rau lm thay i axit, do
lm thay i mu nc rau. Khi cha vt chanh, nc rau mung c mu
xanh lt l cha cht kim canxi.
47. V sao khng dng nc ch khi ung tn dc?
Trong l ch c cha 20% tanin v 1 1,5% cafein, cc cht ny c
th lin kt vi mt s hot cht ca tn dc, do lm gim hiu qu ca
thuc.
48. V sao vt chanh vo cc sa c c ng s thy c kt ta?
Trong sa c thnh phn protein gi l cazein. Khi vt chanh vo sa s
lm tng chua tc lm gim PH ca dung dch sa. Ti PH ng vi

18

im ng in ca cazein th cht ny s kt ta. Khi lm phomat ngi ta

cng tch cazein ri cho ln men tip. Vic lm u ph cng theo nguyn tc
tng t nh vy.
49. V sao n sn (c m) hay mng c khi b ng c?
n sn hay mng b ng c khi chng cha nhiu axit xianhiric
(HCN). dng tinh khit axit xianhidric l cht kh mi hnh nhn, c v
ng v rt c. Nhit nng chy l - 13,3 0C, tan trong nc, ru, ete v
l axit rt yu. Trong thin nhin gp dng lin kt trong mt s thc vt
(ht mn, o, c sn, mng ti).
Sn luc hay mng luc hoc xo nu c v ng l cha nhiu axit
xianhiric, c nguy c b ng c. Khi luc sn cn m vung axit
xianhiric bay hi. Sn phi kh, gi thnh bt lm bnh th khi n
khng bao gi b ng c v khi phi kh axit xianhiric s bay hi ht.
Trong cng nghp axit xianhiric c iu ch bng cch oxi ho hn
hp kh metan (CH4) v amoniac (NH3), c xc tc platin. Axit xianhiric l
nguyn liu iu ch tng hp cc cht cao phn t. Axit xianhiric dng t
do dng lm cht xng hi chng cn trng gy bnh.
Mui ca axit xianhiric nh kali xianua (KCN) dng trong tng hp
hu c, trong nhip nh v tch kim loi vng, bc ra khi qung.
50. V sao sau khi n tri cy khng nn nh rng ngay ?
Cc nh khoa hc khuyn co: Ai n tri cy th phi mt gi sau mi
c nh rng. Ti sao vy ? cht chua (tc axit hu c) trong tri cy s kt
hp vi nhng thnh phn trong thuc nh rng theo bn chy s tn cng
cc k rng v gy tn thng cho li. Bi vy ngi ta phi i n khi nc
bt trung ho lng axit trong tri cy nht l to, cam, nho, chanh.
51. V sao cc vt bng bc lu ngy thng b xm en ?
Do bc tc dng vi kh O2 v kh H2S c trong khng kh to ra bc
sunfua c mu en.

19

4Ag + O2+ 2H2S 2Ag2S + 2H2O

52. V sao dng dng bng bc ng thc n, thc n lu b i ?
Khi bc gp nc s c mt lng rt nh i vo nc thnh ion. Ion
bc c tc dng dit khun rt mnh. Ch cn

1
t gam bc trong 1 lt nc
5

cng dit cc vi khun. Khng cho vi khun pht trin nn gi cho thc n
khng b i thiu.
53. V sao dng dao (bng thp) ct l, to th b mt ch ct s b
en ?
Trong l, to v nhiu loi tri cy c cha tanin. Tanin cn gi l axit
tanic, n tc dng vi st to thnh st (III) tanat c mu en. Tanin c v
cht, qu hng c v cht do rt nhiu tanin.
Tanin tinh khit l cht bt mu vng, d tan trong nc.
C khi khng dng dao bng st ct l, to, hng m sau mt lc,
ch ct vn b thm en l do kt qu ca nhiu bin i ho hc. Trong
phn t tanin c cha nhiu gc phenol, cc gc ny rt mn cm vi nh
sng v rt d b oxi ho bi oxi ca khng kh bin thnh cc oxit c mu
en. V vy tanin thng c bo qun trong cc bnh thu tinh sm mu.
Trong cng nghip tanin dng thuc da v ch mc mu en.
54. V sao h con dao t ln ngn la, con dao s c mu xanh ?
l do nhit cao st tc dng vi nc to nn oxit st t Fe 3O4
lp lnh mu lam. Lp o mu lam ny l tm mng bo v st, lm cho st
khng b g v khng b n mn.
cc nh my ngi ta em cc ch phm bng thp cho vo dung
dch natri nitrat hoc hn hp natri nitrat v natri hidroxit nhit t 140 ->
1500C. Sau mt thi gian nht nh trn b mt s sinh ra mt lp mng mu
lam, sau ly ra v nhanh chng cho vo nc lnh, ri li em x l bng

20

nc x phng, du nng my pht. Ngi ta gi bin php ny l ti mui.

Cc ch phm qua ti mui s c tui th di hn.
55. V sao thu tinh thng c mu xanh ?
Do c cha hp cht ca st. Nu cha hp cht st (II) th c mu
xanh cn cha hp cht st (III) th c mu vng nu.
Ni chung thu tinh cha 1->2% st th s c mu xanh hoc vng nu.
Thu tinh quang hc khng mu ch cha khng qu 3 phn vn st.
56. V sao thu tinh li c th t thay i mu ?
Vic ch to thu tinh i mu cng tng t nh ch to thu tinh
thng, ch khc l ngi ta thm vo nguyn liu ch to thu tinh mt t
cht cm quang nh bc clorua hay bc bromua v mt t cht tng nhy
nh ng clorua. Cht nhy cm lm cho thu tinh bin i nhy hn.
S i mu c th gii thch nh sau: Khi b chiu sng, bc clorua tch
thnh bc v clo. Bc s lm cho thu tinh sm mu. Khi khng chiu sng
na, bc v clo li gp nhau, to thnh bc clorua khng mu, lm cho thu
tinh li trong sut.

57.V sao thm mui qu sm th u khng nh ?

Cc b m thng nhc nh: Khi nu u ch cho mui qu sm, iu
ny c th gii thch mt cch khoa hc nh sau: Trong u nnh kh, nc
rt t. Do c th coi n nh mt dung dch c, v lp v l mt mng bn
thm. Khi nu, nc bn ngoi s thm thu vo trong u lm u nnh n to
ra, sau mt thi gian cc t bo trong ht u b ph v lm cho u mm.
Nu khi nu u ta cho mui qu sm th nc bn ngoi c th
khng i vo trong u, thm ch nc trong u s thm thu ra ngoi do
nng mui trong nc mui bn ngoi ln hn nhiu so vi nng mui
trong u nu cho mui qu nhiu.
21

Thng thng khi nu cho u xanh, cho u khng nn thm

ng qu sm hoc nu tht b, tht ln khng nn cho mui qu sm v
cng s kh nu nh.
58. V sao n ng glucoz li cm thy u li mt lnh ?
Nu bn cho mt tha ng glucoz vo li trong cm gic ngt
ngo cm nhn c cn c cm gic mt lnh. V sao vy ? Glucoz to ra
mt dung dch ng trn li, s phn b cc phn t ng trong qu trnh
ho tan l qu trnh thu nhit, do ta cm thy u li mt lnh.
59. V sao thc n nu kh chy d gy ung th ?
Theo cc chuyn gia ca t chc y t th gii, nu thc n qu chy d
gy ung th. Cht asparagin trong thc phm di nhit cao s kt hp vi
ng t nhin trong rau qu, hay cc thc phm giu cht cacbohirat to
thnh cht acylamid, tc nhn chnh gy ra bnh ung th.
n nhiu tht hun khi v cc cht bo qun thc phm cha
nitrosamin c trong rau ngm, tht hun khi lm gia tng ung th ming, thc
qun, thanh qun, d dy. n nhiu cht bo c lin quan n ung th v, i
trng, trc trng, nim mc t cung.
Thuc tr su nitrofen l cht gy ung th v d tt bo thai. Ho cht
c hi ethinnylestradiol v bisphenol A c trong ti nilong v hp nha ti
sinh dng ng thc n gy hi cho bo thai.
60. V sao go np li do ?
Tinh bt c 2 loi amiloz v amilopectin nhng khng tch ri nhau,
trong mi ht tinh bt, amilopectin l v bao bc nhn amiloz. Amiloz tan
c trong nc, amilopectin hu nh khng tan, trong nc nng
amilopectin trng ln to thnh h. Tnh cht ny quyt nh n tnh do
ca ht c tinh bt. Trong mi ht tinh bt, lng amilopectin chim 80%,
amiloz chim khong 20%, nn cm go t, ng t, bnh m, thng c
do bnh thng. Tinh bt trong go np, ng np cha lng amilopectin rt

22

cao, khong 98% lm cho cm np, xi np, ng np lucrt do, do ti

mc dnh.
61. V sao nc mt li mn ?
Nc mt mn l v trong mt lt nc mt c ti 6g mui. Nc mt
sinh ra t tuyn l nm pha trn mi ngoi ca nhn cu. Nc mt thu nhn
c mui t mu (trong mt lt mu c 9 g mui). Nc mt c tc dng bi
trn nhn cu, lm cho nhn cu khng b kh, b xc v v c mui nn cn
c tc dng hn ch bt s pht trin ca vi khun trong mt.
62. V sao pha trn cng ca ngn la li c mu xanh ?
V ch nhit ca ngn la cao nht. Bnh thng khi nhit
vt qu 10000C th ngn la s c mu xanh hoc mu trng, di 1000 0 C
c mu .
63. V sao axit nitric c li lm thng qun o ?
Axit nitric c l mt dung mi ca xenluloz. Nu b mt nhm bng
vo axit nitric c lc nh mt lc, nhm bng s tan ht.
Khi axit nitric c dnh vo qun o n s ha tan xenluloz ngay nn
s xut hin l ch cc l thng.
Khi b axit nitric long dy vo qun o, tuy qun o khng b thng
ngay, nhng khi qun o kh, nng axit tng v tr thnh c s lm thng
qun o.
Nu qun o b dy axit nitric cn git ngay bng mt lng ln nc.
64. V sao va trt tng phi sau my ngy mi cng li c ?
Khi bn n mt cng trng xy dng bn s thy nhng ngi th xy
dng ct vng trn va xy. Loi va vi nho do ny ch sau my ngy l tr
nn ht sc rn, nh cc vin gch c th gn cht vi nhau bn vng. iu
ny c gii thch nh sau: Va vi trt tng c cha vi ti [l Ca(OH) 2]
trong khng kh sau vi ngy do hai bin i:
-Va vi l mt cht keo, do khi nc trong va vi bay hi mt
phn Ca(OH)2 s kt tinh trong dung dch qu bo ho. Cc tinh th ca vi
kt tinh trong cht keo s bin thnh mt tinh th rn chc.

23

- Do tc dng cacbonat ho, Ca(OH)2 tc dng vi CO2 trong khng kh

vi s c mt ca nc to thnh CaCO3 tinh th.
Hai bin i trn ng thi xy ra khi va vi tip xc vi khng kh
lm cho va trt tng cng li.
65. V sao hng ngn loi hoa c hng trm mu sc khc nhau ? C
phi hng trm mu sc khc nhau ng vi hng trm cht khc nhau
khng ?
Ngi ta phn tch mu sc ca trn 4000 loi hoa v thy rng hng
trm mu sc khc nhau kia ch l s bin i bin i ca 7 mu c bn l
, nu, vng, lc, lam, tm v trng. Trong phn ln sc mu ca hoa l s
bin ho gia cc mu , tm v lam. Phn nh hn l s bin i gia cc
mu vng, nu v .
Nghin cu k hn, ngi ta cn bit rng trong hoa c cha mt loi
cht gi l hoa thanh t, mt hp cht hu c phc tp to thnh bi benzen
v benzopyran mu sc ca n c th thay i thy theo s thay i PH
ca dch t bo ca hoa. Dch t bo c tnh kim hoa c mu lam, c tnh axit
hoa c mu cn khi trung tnh c mu tm.
66. V sao trong mt ngy hoa ph dung c th i mu ti 3 ln ?
Hoa ph dung i mu 3 ln trong ngy. Bui sng mu trng, bui tra
mu pht hng, bui chiu mu hng m hn.
Loi hoa, trc sau ch bin i thay nhau gia cc mu trng, hng,
vng, da cam, . l do tc ng ca cht caroten thay i trong thc vt.
S d c tn nh vy v ln u tin n c chit sut t c carot. dng
tinh khit n l nhng tinh th mu rt p.
Caroten l mt loi sc t thng thy trong mi o hoa. Trong sa
ng vt, trong cht bo cng c sc t ny nhng nhiu hn c l trong c
carot (cht mu vng da cam) Caroten l mt hirocacbon no v c cng thc
l C40H56, trong phn t c 11 lin kt i v 2 vng no.

24

67. V sao khi tn la bn trng my bay ta thy xut hin khi

mu nu ?
Nit (IV) oxit NO2c dng lm cht oxit ho trong nhin liu phng
tn la.
Khi tn la bn trng my bay th v tr tn la trng ch xut hin
m khi mu nu. l do trong tn la cn d nhin liu l NO 2. Khi u
n chm n, ng thi nhin liu d cng bc hi. Nu tn la khng bn
trng mc tiu s bay ht v t hu, khi nghe ting n v quan st ta ch
thy khi trng v lc ny trong tn la ht nhin liu.
68. V sao c kh metan thot ra t rung la ?
nh gi lng kh metan hng nm thot ra v i vo kh quyn ang
l mt thch thc vi cc nh khoa hc. Nhng nh gi ny i hi vic
phn tch mt lng khng l cc s liu.
Nhng nghin cu Trung Quc cho thy c mt lng ln khi metan
sinh ra t s thi ra cc vt th hu c t rung la. Ngi ta c chng
khong 1/7 lng kh metan thot vo kh quyn hng nm l t hot ng
cy cy !
Ngi ta tin hnh 1300 th nghim trong ma gieo trng trong nm
1988 v 1989 Giang Chu (Trung Quc) cho thy lng kh metan thot ra
trung bnh l 58mg/(m2.h). Con s ny Chu u v Bc M l 4 - 6mg/
(m2.h)
69. V sao c th bin tro xng thnh qu ?
Cng ty TifGem ti Chicago (M) c sng kin bin tro xng ca
ngi qu c thnh nhng vin ngc v trong tro xng c cha cacbon.
Ngi ta dng l sy siu nng bin tro xng thnh than ch, sau nn
chng li to ra nhng vin kim cng xanh v vng c gi t 2700 la
ti 20.000 la.

25

Thnh cng ca cng ty LifeGem s to s thay i trong vn tm

ni an ngh cho ngi qu c.
70. V sao gi teri l nguyn liu ca tng li ?
teri l mt ng v ca hidr ( 21 H ). Cc ht nhn ca teri khi kt
hp vi nhau s to ra mt nng lng rt ln. Mt kilogam teri khi kt
hp thnh nguyn t Heli s cho nng lng tng ng khi t 40.000 tn
than.
Phn t nc nng do 2 nguyn t teri ho hp vi mt nguyn t
oxi m thnh.
Trong nc bin, trung bnh c 6000 phn nc th c mt phn t nc
nng. Trong mt lt nc bin c gn 0,02 gam teri. Tng tr lng ca teri
trong nc bin c n 25.000 t tn, tng ng vi 5000 t t tn du m.
Ti sao ni teri l nguyn liu ca tng lai cn hin ti li cha s
dng c ? Vn ch l hin nay cha nm c k thut khng ch
phn ng nhit hch tng hp ht nhn ny.
71. Axit clohiric c vai tr nh th no i vi c th ?
Axit clohiric c vai tr rt quan trng i vi qu trnh trao i cht
ca c th. Trong dch v d dy ca ngi c axit clohiric vi nng
khong t 0,0001 n 0,001 mol/l (c pH tng ng l 4 v 3) . Ngoi vic
ho tan cc mui kh tan, axit clohiric cn l cht xc tc cho cc phn ng
thu phn cc cht gluxit (cht ng, bt) v cht protein (cht m) thnh
cc cht n gin hn c th c th hp th c.
Lng axit clohiric trong dch v d dy nh hn hoc ln hn mc
bnh thng u mc bnh. Khi trong dch v d dy, axit clohiric c nng
nh hn 0,0001 mol/l (pH > 4,5) ta mc bnh kh tiu, ngc li, nng ln
hn 0,001 mol/l (pH < 3,5) ta mc bnh chua. Mt s thuc cha au d dy
c cha mui natri hirocacbonat NaHCO3(cn gi l thuc mui) c tc
dng trung ho bt axit trong d dy.
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O

26

Trong cng nghip, mt lng ln axit clohiric dng sn xut cc

mui clorua v tng hp cc cht hu c.
Hng nm trn ton th gii sn xut hng triu tn axit clohiric
72. Mt s dch lng thng thng c pH nh th no ?
Mu
pH
Dch d dy
1-2
Nc chanh
2,4
Gim
3,0
Nc nho
3,2
Nc cam
3,5
Nc tiu
4,8-7,5
Nc ngoi khng
5,5
kh
Nc bt
6,4 - 6,9
Sa
6,5
Mu
7,3-7,45
Nc mt
7,4
73. pH v s su rng lin quan vi nhau nh th no ?
Rng c bo v bi lp men cng, dy khong 2mm. Lp men ny l
hp

cht

Ca5(PO4)3OH

5Ca2 3PO34 OH

to

Ca5(PO4)3OH

thnh

bng

phn

ng

(1)

Qu trnh to lp men ny l s bo v t nhin ca con ngi chng

li bnh su rng.
Sau ba n, vi khun trong ming tn cng cc thc n cn lu li trn
rng to thnh cc axit hu c nh axit axetic, axit lactic. Thc n vi hm
lng ng cao to iu kin tt nht cho vic sn sinh ra cc axit .
Lng axit trong ming tng, pH gim, lm cho phn ng sau xy ra:
H OH H 2 O .

Khi nng OH- gim, theo nguyn l L Sa-t-li-, cn bng (1)

chuyn dch theo chiu nghch v men rng b mn, to iu kin cho su
rng pht trin.

27

Bin php tt nht phng su rng l n thc n t chua, t ng, nh

rng sau khi n. Ngi ta thng trn vo thuc nh rng NaF hay SnF 2, v
ion F- to iu kin cho phn ng sau xy ra.
5Ca 2 3PO 34 F Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 F

Hp cht Ca5(PO4)3 F l men rng thay th mt phn Ca5(PO4)3OH.

Trc y, nc ta mt s ngi c thi quen n tru l tt cho vic
to men rng theo phn ng (1), v trong ming tru c vi ti Ca(OH) 2, cha
Ca2+ v OH- lm cho cn bng (1) chuyn dch theo chiu thun.
74. Cuc sng cao v qu trnh sn sinh hemoglobin lin quan
vi nhau nh th no ?
Qu trnh sinh l b nh hng bi iu kin mi trng. S thay i
t ngt v cao c th gy ra au u, bun nn, mt mi v kh chu. y
l triu chng ca s thiu oxi trong cc m.
Sng cao vi tun hoc vi thng s dn dn vt qua c chng
say cao v thch nghi dn vi nng oxi thp trong khng kh.
S kt hp oxi vi hemoglobin (Hb) trong mu c biu din mt
cch n gin nh sau:

Hb O2

(Hemoglobin)

HbO2
(Oxi hemoglobin)

HbO2 a oxi n cc m. Biu thc ca hng s cn bng l :

K

HbO 2
Hb O2

cao 3 km, p sut ring phn ca oxi vo khong 0,14 atm so vi

0,3 atm ngang mc nc bin. Theo nguyn l L Sa-t-li-, nng oxi
gim s lm cho cn bng trn chuyn dch sang tri gy ra bnh thiu oxi
trong cc m. Hin tng ny buc c th ngi phi sn sinh ra nhiu phn
t hemoglobin hn v cn bng s chuyn dch t tri qua phi, to iu kin

28

cho vic hnh thnh oxihemoglobin. Vic sn sinh thm hemoglobin xy ra t

t. t c cng sut ban u phi cn ti vi nm. Cc nghin cu ch
rng, cc c dn sng lu vng cao c mc hemoglobin trong mu cao, i
khi cao hn 50% so vi nhng ngi sng ngang mc nc bin.
75. Thc phm c chia thnh nhng nhm no ?
Con ngi mun tn ti v pht trin cn phi n. Thc phm l nhng
cht mang li cho c th nguyn liu sn sinh nng lng; to ra t chc
t bo; sinh sn ra cc t bo; hay cc cht mi thay th v d tr khi c
th cn.
V cht dinh dng khng c ng u trong thc phm nn ngi ta
chia thc phm ra lm nhiu nhm m bo s cn i. M chia thc
phm thnh 4 nhm l: b - sa, th - rau, rau - qu v bnh m - ng cc. Vit
Nam chia 5 nhm l: gluxit, lipit, protein cht khong v vitamin.
76. C th chng ta cn nhng hp cht hu c thit yu no ?
C th chng ta cng cha hng nghn loi cc phn t hu c v v c
nn cng c sp xp thnh loi thit yu v khng thit yu ch khi
nui dng.
C 24 hp cht hu c thit yu l: 9 amino axit, 2 axit bo v 13 vitamin.
C 15 thnh phn thit yu v c l: canxi, photpho, it, magie, km, ng,
kali, natri, clo, coban, crom, mangan, molipen v selen (c th k c asen,
vanai v thic).
Cc cht trn c th ly t thc phm nh amino axit ly t tht, trng,
sa axit bo khng no ly t u nnh vitamin ly t rau qu nh
vitamin A trong qu gc, vitamin C trong qu chanh, cam, bi

77. C nc, gan cc, mt c trm c cha c t g ?

29

C nc rt c v c cha c t tetraodontoxin, gan cc v trng cc

c v cha bufotoxin, mt c trm c v c mt ancol steroit gy c l 5
cyprinol
78. Nn n nh th no ?
cung cp y cc cht thit yu cho c th cn phi bit cch n
nh thay i thc phm (thng gi l n i ba) v n va khng qu
thiu hoc qu tha dinh dng.
79. Thc phm nh hng ti tm trng con ngi nh th no ?
Ngy nay ngi ta khng nh thc phm khng ch c nh hng n
sc kho m cn nh hng ti tm trng con ngi.
Thc n giu protein (cht m) lm cho bn vui ti hn ln. Chng
gip c th sn sinh ra dopamin v norpinephrin lm tng nhit lng c th
khin cho bn c tp trung hn v cn c tc dng gim c stress. Nu
nh trong ba n sng v tra bn dng mt lng protein thch hp s gip
cho bn tnh to, minh mn hn.
Thc n giu cht gluxit (cht bt) c tc dng lm cho bn cng
thng, t b stress v thi gian c th phc hi sau mt mi ngn hn. Khi
n thc n c hm lng gluxit cao th ng thi cng tng lng amino axit
tryptophan a n no, chng c bin i thnh serotonin c tc
dng lm du h thn kinh.
Thc n ngt c tc dng lm du c th. Khi c th tip nhn nhng
thc n ngt th lng ng trong mu tng ln, ng thi phn ng ho hc
ca c th cng c tng cng, khin bn cm thy d chu hn. c bit
ko scla c cha cht phenyletylamin v mt s cht khc c tc dng kch
thch h thn kinh, gy cm gic khoan khoi.
Tri cy nh chui c cha nhiu cht dopamin v norpinephrin l
nhng sn phm ca no c tc ng mnh n cm gic. Tri to cung cp

30

cho c th cht x, pectin, nguyn t bo gip duy tr bn ca xng, gi

c phong tnh to, linh hot.
Nc khong c nh hng rt nhiu n tm trng con ngi. C
th chng ta rt cn nhiu nguyn t vi lng. Chng hn, thiu magie c th
d b lm vo tnh trng trm ut, b ph, thm ch cn c th dn n hn
m. Ngoi nc khong, thc n giu nguyn t magie l cm, go tm, ng
cc.
ung c cha cht cafein c tc dng lm cho c th hot bt,
nhanh nhn hn. Song khng nn dng lng cao v c th gy nn nao, cu
knh v au u. Ung sa gip bn ng ngon v tnh to hn khi thc dy.
80. Vitamin l bn hay l th ?
Nm 1970, nh ho hc hai ln c gii Nobel l Lainux Pauling (ln
th nht vo nm 1901) gii thch vitamin C l mt ch phm v hi, tt
nht, c tc dng thn k, c kh nng cha khi bnh cm lnh. Hng ngy
ch cn ung liu t 1 n 4 gam vitamin C, nu cm nng hn th ung liu
cao hn. Vitamin C cha axit ascocbic. Axit ny to thnh cc tinh th khng
mu, d ho tan trong nc, c tng hp trong cc dng cy xanh c dip
lc sng trn cn hay di nc. Con ngi mt kh nng tng hp axit
ny t ng do mt kh nng ch to mt loi men trong qu trnh tiu ho.
Gn y cc nh nghin cu chng minh l dng vitamin C liu cao
c kh nng gim mnh sc khng ca c th chng bnh cm lnh. H
xc nh l c th c th chng li tnh trng tha vitamin C, tuy nhin qu
trnh thi loi vitamin C vn tip tc cho n khi trong c th bt u thiu
ht trm trng vitamin C. C th cng nhn c vitamin C, th vitamin C li
cng b thi loi nhiu. Canada, nm 1965 ghi nhn trng hp cc tr
s sinh mc bnh thiu vitamin C, thng gi l bnh Scocbut. Ngi ta
thy rng cc b m chng ung vitamin liu cao v ngh l s bo v c

31

sc kho thai nhi. Nhu cu hng ngy v vitamin C ca ngi kho mnh dao
ng t 0,05 n 0,1 gam. Trong trng hp b cm lnh, c th ch nn tng
liu n 1 gam thi.
81. n th no bo v tim mch ?
Theo cc bc s t th k XX trc y cho n th k XXI ny, bnh
tim mch vn l nguyn nhn t vong s 1 ca loi ngi. Theo T chc Y t
Th gii, c 4 giy trn mt t li c mt nhi mu c tim, v c 5 giy mt
tai bin mch no ! cc nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam, s ngi cht
do bnh tim mch ang tng nhanh chng.
Nhng bnh cht ngi ny, d l bnh tim nh nhi mu c tim hay
bnh mch nh tai bin mch no, u c chung mt nguyn nhn l va x
ng mch. Phi ngn chn c va x ng mch, mi c th gim bt
c t vong v bnh tt ! n ung hp l chnh l mt bin php quan trng
ngn chn va x ng mch, tc l phng nhi mu c tim v tai bin
mch no. Cho nn khng ring g nhng bnh nhn tim mch nn theo, m
c nhng ngi kho mnh bnh thng cng cn ch .
Cc nghin cu gn y nm 2000 a ra nhiu li khuyn v n ung
nh sau:
1.Hn ch cc thc n c nhiu acid bo bo ho, v chng l cc
nguyn liu c th tng hp ra cholesterol xu(LDL-C). C th l nn bt
n cc m ng vt, c bit l m b, m cu (90% cht bo l acid bo bo
ho); ri n b sa. M ln, m g, m chim t acid bo bo ho hn nn
cng khng cn king k lm. c bit m c tuy l m ng vt, nhng li
c t acid bo bo ho, v nhiu acid bo khng bo ho, nn n nhiu bo
v tim mch. Nn ch rng cc du thc vt ni chung cha t acid bo bo
ho, nhng c 2 ngoi l: du da v du c (palm oil) cha acid bo bo ho
nhiu khng km cc m ng vt 45%! Cc nh chuyn khoa tim mch

32

khuyn co rng t l acid bo bo ho khng nn qu 10% tng s calo;

ngi tng cholesterol th khng nn qu 7%.
2. Hn ch nhng thc n c nhiu cholesterol nh b (c nhiu trong
sa), trng, c, bu dc, tim, gan, tm, cua Khng nn n qu 300 mg
cholesterol mi ngy, ngi tng cholesterol th khng nn qu 200mg.
Trc y, n t cholesterol l li khuyn s 1 gim bnh tim mch.
Tuy nhin cc tc gi gn y khng bt king cholesterol nghim ngt nh
ngy xa v cho rng mt ch n h cholesterol khng nht thit l mt
ch t cholesterol. H thy rng n cholesterol khng hi bng n cc acid
bo bo ho. Th d mt lng trng 17 gam cha 220mg cholesterol, trc
kia ngi ta ch cho n mi tun khng n 2 qu, th nay cc nh tim mch
hc cho php n mi tun 6 qu;
82. i vi c th mui iot c vai tr nh th no ?
c th kho mnh, con ngi cn c cung cp y cc nguyn
t ho hc cn thit. C nhng nguyn t cn c cung cp vi khi lng
ln v c nhng nguyn t cn c cung cp vi khi lng nh (vi lng).
Iot l mt nguyn t vi lng ht sc cn thit i vi con ngi. Theo cc
nh khoa hc, mi ngy c th con ngi cn c cung cp t 1.10 -4 n
2.10-4 gam nguyn t iot.
C th tip nhn c phn iot cn thit di dng hp cht ca iot c
sn trong mui n v mt s loi thc phm. Nhng vic thiu ht iot vn
thng xy ra. Hin nay, tnh trn ton Th Gii mt phn ba s dn b thiu
iot trong c th. Vit Nam , theo iu tra mi nht, 94% s dn thiu ht iot
nhng mc khc nhau.
Thiu ht iot trong c th dn n hu qu rt tai hi. Thiu iot lm no
b h hi nn ngi ta tr nn n n, chm chp, c th ic, cm, lit chi,
ln. Thiu iot cn gy ra bnh bu c v hng lot ri lon khc, c bit
nguy him i vi b m v tr em.

33

 khc phc s thiu iot, ngi ta phi cho thm hp cht ca iot vo
thc phm nh : mui n, sa, ko
Vic dng mui n lm phng tin chuyn ti iot vo c th ngi
c nhiu nc p dng.
Mui iot l mui n c trn thm mt lng nh hp cht ca iot
(thng l KI hoc KIO3 ). Th d: Trn 25 kg KI vo mt tn mui n.
Ngi ta cng cho thm hp cht iot vo bt canh, nc mm
Vic dng mui iot tht d dng v n gin. V mi v, mu sc, mui
iot khng khc g mui n thng. Tuy nhin hp cht iot c th b phn hu
nhit cao. V vy phi thm mui iot sau khi thc phm c nu
chn.
83. Cc hp cht v c cha kim loi c tc dng cha bnh nh
th no ?
Cc loi dc phm tuy hu ht l cc hp cht hu c nhng ngi ta
cng nghin cu nhiu hp cht v c dng vo vic cha bnh.
Bng cc phng php nghin cu c trng vt l ca cc nguyn t
kim loi nh tnh phng x, tnh thun tngi ta c th phn tch c ch
tc dng ca cc loi thuc, c bit l vai tr ca cc nguyn t kim loi.
iu ny khng nhng cho php hiu c tnh nng, tc dng ca chng m
cn cho php tm ti c nh hng cc loi thuc mi.
84. C phi hp cht cha platin cha ung th ?
T nhng nm 1965 ngi ta nhn thy hot tnh c ch s pht
trin ca cc vi khun ca cht cisplatin v th dng cht ny cha bnh
ung th ngi.
Ngy nay cc ch phm cha platin thuc nhng thuc hiu qu nht
v c s dng cha ung th cp. Cch thuc cha platin c dng
cha ung th nh: ung th bung trng, ung th rut, ung th phi

34

Tuy cisplatin l mt tc nhn chng ung th tt nhng qu c. V vy

ngi ta tm cch bo ch ra nhng thuc mi vn gi c hot tnh
nhng t c hn.
Vic th hot tnh chng ung th ca hng lot cht khc nhau v
nhng nghin cu ng hc v s th phi t cho thy rng khi thay i phi
t hot tnh chng ung th vn c duy tr, cn c tnh th lin quan trc
tip ti linh ng ca phi t b th. Pht hin ny a n vic iu ch
hng lot dn xut malonat vi linh ng thp hn so vi cisplatin, trong
cacboplatin c chn nh gi lm sng. Kt qu th nghim hon
ton xc nhn cc d on. T 1984 cacboplatin c php s dng Anh
v nhiu nc khc.
Khong 10 ch phm platin khc c th nghim lm sng cc
nc khc nhau. Tr tetraplatin cc cht cn li u l phc cht ca Pt (II)
vi cc nhm b th c linh ng thp hn cisplatin.
85. C phi hp cht cha vng cha vim khp ?
Cc hp cht ca vng c dng cha bnh t nhng nm 1920
nhng ngi ta vn cha r c ch tc dng ca chng.
C nhiu bng chng v hiu qu cha bnh ca cc hp cht cha
vng nhng ngi ta vn lo ngi v c tnh ca chng. C ngi cn ngh
chm dt vic s dng cc hp cht ca vng cha bnh vim khp.
Gii thch c ch tc dng ca vng, mt s tc gi cho rng vng bao
vy cc nhm thiol hot ng. Mt s khc ch ra rng vng c ch vic sinh
sn cc dng oxi hot ng nh ion peroxit cc gc hyroxyl v peroxyl
mng v dch t bo.
Gn y cc nh ho hc v c iu ch c hp cht Auranofin
cha cc phi t to phc bn v c tnh i m, c th dng lm thuc ung,
c tc dng tng t nh cc thuc tim.
86. C phi hp cht cha gali cha mu tng canxi ?

35

 M ngi ta cho php dng galinitrat Ga (NO 3)3 cha bnh

mu tng canxi c tnh. Vic ny xut pht t kinh nghim thu c khi dng
mt ng v ca gali trong chun on bnh xng. Ngi ta nhn thy rng
ngoi cc u xng, gali cng tp trung c mt s u khc, nht l trong bch
huyt.
Nhng nghin cu nhm xc nh sm cc khi u cng vi vic quan
tm dng cc hp cht ca kim loi lm tc nhn chng ung th thc y
nh th hot tnh chng ung th ca Ga(OH) 3 khng phng x trn chut. T
kt qu nghin cu trn chut, ngi ta bt u nghin cu trn ngi. Kt
qu th nghim trn bnh nhn b bnh mu tng canxi cho thy thuc c hiu
qu trong vic a mc canxi trong mu tr li bnh thng v khng c phn
ng ph. S rt canxi t xng c c ch trc tip.
87. C phi hp cht cha bitmut cha vim lot ng tiu ho ?
Cc hp cht ca bitmut c dng cha cc ri lon ng
tiu ho (d dy, rut), t khong 2 th k nay.
Gn y mi quan tm li tng ln khi vo nm 1982 ngi ta pht hin
ra vi khun H.pylori trong mng d dy ca bnh nhn vim d dy.
Mt loi thuc da trn bitmut l antacid t ra c hiu qu trong vic
cha lot d dy, c l do tc dng dit khun chn lc ca n. V mt ho
hc hiu qu gia chng lot c th l do dung dch keo ca bitmut xitrat b
kt ta trong mi trng axit ca d dy di dng oxiclorua v oxixitrat. Do
s kt ta nn lp mng bo v c hnh thnh s ngn cn s khuych tn
ngc li ca ion H+ v do kch thch s ti to biu m.
Hin nay thuc ny c s dng rt rng ri trong cha bnh vim
lot ng tiu ho v so vi cc loi thuc khc th bnh t b ti pht hn.
c th l do s trit tn gc vi khun H.pylori ca thuc.
88. C phi hp cht cha kim loi dng chun on v cha bnh
bng tia phng x.

36

Trong y hc ht nhn ngi ta chun on bnh bng cch a mt ht

nhn bc x vo c th, sau dng mt my d ghi nhn s phn b
ca ng v phng x xc nh v tr mang bnh v trng thi ca n. Ht
nhn phng x hay c s dng nht l tecnixi. Tnh u vit ca n l ch
n pht ra photon thun nht thun li cho vic ghi nhn m khng b nhiu
bi cc tia v c hi. Chu k bn hu ca n l 6 gi va ghi nhn
m bnh nhn khng phi chu bc x qu lu. Mt khc tecnexi c sn
xut kh d dng trong cc l phn ng ht nhn nn tng i r v d kim.
Nhiu ch phm y hc phng x ca tecnexi c iu ch t sau nm 1980
c xc nh cu to kh t m v dng chun on bnh tim hay xc
nh bnh no v.v.. Mt trong nhng thnh cng gn y l iu ch c
progestin cha tecnexi nh du chun on ung th v.
Cc ion kim loi c gi tr ln trong y hc nh tnh thun t. Cng
hng thun t l phng php chun on quan trng da trn s khc nhau
v tc hi chuyn proton ca nc trong cc m khc nhau v chuyn cc
s khc nhau ny thnh nhng thng tin cn thit gip chun on bnh.
89. Ho hc vi bo qun rau qu nh th no ?
Bo qun rau qu sau khi thu hoch l mt vic rt quan trng nhm
chng h hng v gim st cht lng.
- Dng cc ho cht chng ny mm v dit vi sinh vt gy h hng
rau qu. Chng hn nh chng ny mm cho khoai ty, hnh, c rt v mt
s rau, c khc, ngi ta thng dng ch phm MH- HO (hidrazit ca axit
malic), phun dung dch 0,25% ln cy ngoi ng, 3-4 tun l trc khi thu
hoch. Ngi ta cn chng ny mm khoai ty bng ancol nonilic (C 9H19OH)
dng hi.
- bo qun bp ci ngi ta phun cht dit nm pentaclonitrobenzen
ln bp ci trc khi xp vo kho.

37

- bo qun chui ti, cam ti ngi ta phun thuc dit nm topsin - M.

Trong nhng nm gn y, cht dit nm c dng nhiu l benlate
(C14H18H4O3).
Cng ho Lin Bang c sn xut ch phm bo qun qu ti c
tn thng mi l protexan. Protexan l cht lng khng mi, khng v v
khng c nn khng nh hng ti sc kho ca ngi tiu dng. Ngi ta
nhng qu vo dung dch protexan ri hong kh, dung dch bc hi v to
thnh mng mng bo v ngoi v qu. Mng protexan c tc dng gim
tn tht khi lng qu trong qu trnh bo qun, gim cng h hp, lm
chm qu trnh chn nn c th bo qun qu lu di hn, gi nguyn hng
v t nhin v thnh phn dinh dng ca qu.
90. Ho hc vi ch bin rau qu nh th no ?
- Cc qui trnh cng ngh ch bin rau qu thnh cc dng sn phm
khc nhau nh hp, sy kh, ru vang qu.. u cn n mt s ho cht.
+ tng hiu qu cho qu trnh ra sch nguyn liu v my mc,
thit b ca nh my hoa qu ngi ta dng cc ho cht c tnh st trng
mnh hoc c tc dng ty ra cao. Ra nguyn liu th dng cc ho cht c
cha clo hot ng nh clorua vi. ra my mc, thit b v lm v sinh
nh xng ngi ta dng dung dch xt hoc natricacbonat.
+ bc v cc loi qu kh bc v nh mm, c chua, mng mi
cam, qut hoc mt s qu, c c v mng nh c rt, khoa ty ngi ta
dng dung dch NaOH. Nhng cc loi qu, c ny vo dung dch NaOH
nng 1-2% 70 - 800C trong thi gian t 10-300 giy (tu loi qu, c) th
v s trc ht. Sau sa li bng nc sch nhiu ln. Bng cch ny, cc
mi cam, qut v qu s sch ht v m vn gi nguyn hnh trng ban u.
+ ngn nga s bin i mu rau, qu khi ch bin nh chui b
thm en, c chua mt mu ti, ci vi thiu mt mu trng p ngi
ta dng cc cht chng oxi ho nh SO2, axit ascobic (Vi tamin C) axit xitic.

38

+ tng hng v cho nc qu, qu ng hp ngi ta dng axit

xitric (axit chanh) hoc axit malic (axit to). Vi ru qu ngi ta dng axit
xitrtic, axit tactric (axit nho).
Vi da chut, c chua, gi xanh th khng th thiu axit axetic.
Rau dm gim (gim l dung dch axit axetic 5%, v chua) cng vi ng,
mui n v gia v to cho sn phm c hng v chua - ngt rt c trng v
hp dn. Axit axetic cn c tc dng c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt, gi cho
sn phm bo qun c di ngy.
Trong ch bin rau qu, rt cn ch bin cc dng bn ch phm d
tr nguyn liu khi ma thu hi r.
bo qun bn ch phm rau qu ngi ta dng cc ho cht c th
to ra SO2 hoc dng axit benzoic, axit sobic v mui ca chng.
Khi dng SO2 bo qun bn ch phm, ngi ta ni bn ch phm
c sunfit ho. Hm lng SO2 c tc dng bo qun l 0,1 - 0,2%. Axit
benzoic hoc natri benzoat c tc dng dit vi sinh vt mnh i vi cc loi
c chua. Hm lng c tc dng dit vi sinh vt l 0,05 - 0,1%. Dng vi
hm lng cao hn s lm cho sn phm c v nng, cht do ho cht gy ra.
Axit sobic l cht bo qun cc bn ch phm rau qu c nhiu u im
hn so vi SO2 hoc axit benzoic v n khng gy c cho ngi s dng v
khng to ra hng v l cho sn phm. Sn phm cng chua ( PH cng
nh) th tc dng dit vi sinh vt ca axit sobic cng mnh.
91. Thnh phn cc mui trong nc bin nh th no?
Thnh phn mui
NaCl
MgCl2
MgSO4
CaSO4
K2SO4
CaCO3
MgBr2 v cc thnh phn khc

Trong 1 kg nc
27,2
3,8
1,7
1,2
0,9
0,1
0,1

39

T l %
77,8
10,9
47,0
3,6
2,5
0,3
0,2

Tng s

35,0

100

Mui trong nc bin:

70% b mt tri t l bin. T l gia mui v nc trong nc bin l
khong 3/100 tc l c 3% mui trong nc bin.
92. u c cung in bng mui?
Su hn 100 m di lng t trong ni, m mui Ba Lan c mt cung
in lm bng mui. Cng trnh ny c to dng t th k 17. Cc chnh
th iu khc, gi n chm treo trn v c n cc gian phng u c lm
bng mui.
93. Lm th no c con bm bng mui kt tinh?
Un dy thp thnh hnh con bm v qun bng si quanh dy thp
ri t vo nc mui m c. Nc mui t t bay hi v u cc si bng
xut hin cc tinh th mui. i cho tinh th mui xut hin khp cc si
bng, ta li chuyn sang nc mui m c khc. Sau khong 10 ngy ta c
con bm bng mui kt tinh, trng rt p.
94. Dng mui lm kem que nh th no?
Nhit ca nc l 00C. Nu cho mui n vo nhit s gim
xung di 00C. Li dng tnh cht ny lm kem que nh sau: Cm que tre
vo ng nc tri cy ri t c vo khay c ng nc ho tan
nhiu mui n. Tt c cho vo lm lnh. Nc tri cy s nhanh chng ng
li thnh kem que.
95. V sao nc bin c mui?
Bin c l "qu hng" ca mui. Mui n (NaCl) chim 85% cc loi
mui ho tan trong nc bin. Gi s nu chng ta tch c tt c mui khi
nc bin ri ri u trn lc a th lp mui s cao ti 153 m. Cn lm bay
hi ton b nc bin th y bin s c lp mui dy ti 60 m.

40

 tm hiu ngun gc ca mui trong nc bin cc nh khoa hc

tn nhiu cng sc t vic phn tch, so snh nc bin v nc sng, cho
n nghin cu t sau cn ma, thm ch cn nghin cu hng lot ni
la na. Cui cng h pht hin ra b mt ca mui bin. Ho ra, i
dng trong qu trnh lu di hnh thnh lc ban u ho tan tt c cc loi
mui khong. ng thi nham thch thng qua qu trnh phong ho (nham
thch b tc ng lu ngy ca ma, nng, gi bo v vi sinh vt) khng
ngng b phn gii v sn sinh ra cc loi mui, sau theo cc dng sng
ra i dng. Vy sng ngi, nham thch v cc ni la di y bin chnh
l ngun gc cung cp ch yu cc loi mui cho bin c.
96. Bin Cht nm u?
"Bin Cht" nm bin gii Palestin v Jordan, gi l "bin" nhng
thc ra "Bin Cht" ch l ci h kh ln.
Mt bc ca "Bin Cht" c sng Jordan chy vo, cn mt Nam l ca
sng Hasa. Bin cht khng h c ng nc thng vi bt k i dng
no. T bao i nay nc h cha bao gi chy ngc v hai con sng trn.
Nc trong h c nng mui ngy cng cao, do nm trong khu vc c kh
hu cc nng, nn nc h bc hi rt nhiu m lng mui li khng h
gim i. Hin nay hm lng mui ca Bin Cht t n 23 25%, tc
c 10 kg nc h th c 2 kg mui. y cng l nc h c hm lng mui
cao nht th gii. Do hm lng mui cao nn sc y ca nc kh ln n
mc c th nm va phi nng va c bo trn mt bin. V hm lng
mui qu cao nn tr vi loi rong to ra chng c sinh vt no c th tn ti
c. Cy c trn b h cng ch l th, tha tht cn quanh h him khi
chng c bng ngi. V vy chng c ci tn no thch hp hn ci tn "Bin
Cht".
97. Cht lng nc cc ngun khc nhau nh th no?

41

Nc bay hi tch t trong kh quyn l kh sch. Khi tr v tri t

di dng ma hoc tuyt ri di chuyn trn mt t hoc ngm qua t v
pha bin, nc s c thm tp cht m nng v bn cht khc nhau tu
vng, v tu giai on ca chu trnh.
Nc ma.
Tuy kh tinh khit nhng nc ma vn cha cc kh, mt s mui tan
v c nhng cht rn khng tan c th c trong kh quyn.
Nc trn mt t (sng sui)
Nc ma chy trn mt t c th cha axt v ngoi vic hp th
mt s kh c tnh axt trong kh quyn (nh SO 2, CO2) n cn ho tan cc
axt cacboxylic v cacbon ioxit sinh ra do qu trnh phn hu thc vt. Ngoi
ra n cn ho tan c cc mui khong gp trn dng chy. Nc axt ny s
ho tan c cc mui v khong gp trn dng chy. Nc axit ny s ho
tan c mt s qung theo phn ng sau:
KAlSi3O8(r) + 2H+(aq) + 9H2O(1) 2K+(aq) + 4H4SiO4(aq) + Al2Si2O5(OH)4(r)
(fenspat)

(Cao lanh)

Do vy nc mt dn tnh axit.
Nc trn mt t cn c th b nhim bi vi sinh vt na.
Nc bin:
Nng cc ion tan trong nc bin ln hn nhiu so vi nc trn
mt t v nc ngm:
Cc nguyn nhn l:
- Nc bin bay hi lin tc, tr li di dng ma v mang theo cht
tan
- Nc i cng xa mi n bin s cng ho tan nhiu mui.
- Nhng lng ln qung c a t b mt qu t ti cc i dng
di dng macma.
42

Mi nguyn t ho hc u c trong cc i dng nn i dng c

coi nh mt kho qung ln nht th gii. Nc i dng cha khong 40
triu tn cht rn tan trong mi kilmet khi nc.

Nguyn t S tn/km3 Nguyn t

Clo
22.000.000 Ini
Natri
12.000.000 Km
Magie
1.600.000 St
Lu hunh
1.000.000 Nhm
Canxi
450.000 Molipen
Kali
44.000 Selen
Brom
75.000 Thic
Cacbon
32.000 ng
Stronti
9.000 Asen
Bo
5.600 Urani
Silic
3.400 Niken
Flo
1.500 Vanai
Agon
680 Mangan
Nit
590 Titan
Liti
200 Antimoan
Rubii
140 Coban
Photpho
80 Xesi
Iot
68 Xeri
Bari
35 Ytri

S tn/km3
23
12
12
12
12
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,2

Nguyn t
Bc
Lantan
Kripton
Neon
Caimi
Vonfram
Xenon
Gemani
Crom
Thori
Scani
Ch
Thu ngn
Gali
Bitmut
Niobi
Tali
Heli
Vng

S tn/km3
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,02
0,02
0,02
0,02
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,005

98. Lm ma nhn to nh th no?

Nc tn ti trong my di dng hi, dng lng v dng tinh th.
Thng thng 00C nc ng bng, nhng trong nhng m my, d -200C,
cc ht nc nh li ti vn th lng. Ch khi nhit h xung - 40 0C, nc
trong m my mi kt tinh hon ton. S lng tinh th nc trong my ph
thuc vo cc "ht nhn kt tinh" l cc ht bng cha trong , cn gi l
"mm kt tinh".

43

Cc nh khoa hc t lu pht hin tinh th bc iotua (AgI) c cu to

rt ging cu to ca cc ht bng nn c th dng lm "mm kt tinh". Ch
vi 1g AgI to ra c t 1012 1016 trung tm kt tinh, lm ngng t mt
lng nc ln dng kh to ra ma hoc tuyt.
Bc Iotua l mt ho cht rt t, v vy cc nh ho hc nghin cu
tm cc cht thay th r tin hn l ch Iotua (PbI 2); 1,5 - ioxinaftalen;
nc kh (CO2 rn) v nhiu cht hu c khc.
Dng cc cht trn lm ma vi iu kin l trn tri c sn nhng
m my. Ngi ta dng my bay rc cc cht trn vo my.
Nh phng php ny ngi ta cu mt v gieo trng b hn khi sp
thu hoch, tng m khi ma mng b lm nguy hoc bt mt cn ma sm
c bu tri quang ng trc ngy hi ln.
C nhng k olympic ma ng, ngi ta dng phng php ny
lm tng lng tuyt ln t 10 15%. Nu tnh c hng gi v xc nh
ng a im rc ho cht, c th lm ma nhng im chy rng, khi
ngn la mi bng ln. B lm nghip nc CHLB Nga nhiu ln cu
hng nghn hecta rng Xiberi khi thn la.
99. Lm th no ngn nga ma ?
Rc vo m my nhng "ht nhn kt tinh" khng nhng "thay tri
lm ma" m cn ngn nga c ma , nhng ht bng ang ln dn
chun b cho ma , khng ln ln c na do nhng "mm kt tinh" bng
ho cht tranh cp m. Cc ht bng nh li ti nhiu hn, nhng khng t
n kch thc ca ht ma . Trn ng ri xung mt t chng b tan ra
v tr thnh cn ma bnh thng.
Hin nay c nhng ra a kh tng d bo s hnh thnh nhng m
my cha nhng ht bng. Cc tn la v n cha ho cht c iu khin

44

 bn trng ch. Nh vy m nhiu vng rng ln cc nc tin tin

trnh c s tn ph ca ma i vi ma mng.
100. Lm th no ph tan sng m?
Sng m, th phm gy ra nhng v tai nn ng thu, ng b v
ng khng.
Ngi ta rc hoc bn vo khi sng m cc loi ht nng c tnh ht
m nh mui n (NaCl) trn vi xi mng mn, cc cht hot ng b mt, cc
cht tch in...
Nhng ht nc l lng, dy c trong sng m khi gp "mm kt
tinh" s ng t khin mt ca chng trong khng kh gim dn v cui
cng ri xung di dng nhng ht nc.
Bn cnh phng php ho hc, ngi ta cn dng cc phng php
khc. M, ngi ta ph sng m bng my bay trc thng. Cnh qut ca
my bay ht dng khng kh kh cc lp tng cao xung xua tan sng m.
Sn bay Orly ca Php ph sng m bng lung khng kh nng do mt h
thng tua bin y ra, hng vo ng bng.
101. Lm tan ging bo nh th no?
lm tan ging bo ngi Nga dng my bay rc vo m my
nhng ht bt nng (ct, xi mng) khin m my nhanh chng b tan ra.
Ngi M rc ln m my nhng si ch nilon m kim loi. S phng in
kiu h quang trong in trng gy ion ho khng kh, tng dn in v
lm du i s phng in ca cc in tch v nh vy c th trit tiu sm
chp.
Cc nh kh tng hc rc cc cht kit tinh vo nhng m my ging,
phn b li nng lng v lm gim sc ph hoi ca cc trn bo. Chng hn
M vi trn bo Dally nm 1979, bng cch "x l" ny ngi ta lm tc
gi gim i 1/3.

45

Cc nh ho hc cng dng nhng cht hot ng b mt can thip

vo thi tit do lm thay i tnh cht ca b mt nc v t. Dng mt
lng nh ru bo a chc to lp mng cc mng trn mt bin lm gim
mnh lng nc bay hi v ngn chn c s hnh thnh nhng m sng
m nguy him bao ph cng, nht l vo ma lnh.
Rc nhng ht m hng trn mt t, iu chnh c t l hp th tia
bc x, lm thay i ch nhit ti mt vng rng ln.
Nhn chung cc phng php ho hc tc ng vo thi tit cn rt t,
khng kinh t v th cha c s dng rng ri.
Con ng ch ng thi tit cn rng m, ang ch i cc nh ho
hc tr tm ra cc phng php tc ng mi, cc ho cht mi c hiu qu
cao hn, r hn v kh thi hn.
102. Th no l mc xi mng?
Xi mng c nhiu mc khc nhau: 200, 250, 300, 400, 500 v 600. Mc
xi mng ch ti trng (tnh bng kg lc/cm2) m xi mng ho rn c th
chu c khng b bin dng sau 28 ngy t khi trn vi nc.
103. nh gi cht lng xng nh th no?
Xng dng cho cc loi ng c thng dng nh t, xe my l hn
hp hirocacbon no th lng (t C 5H12 n C12H26). Cht lng xng c
nh gi qua ch s octan l phn trm cc ankan mch nhnh c trong xng.
Ch s octan cng cao th cht lng xng cng tt do kh nng chu p lc
nn tt nn kh nng sinh nhit cao. n-Heptan c coi l c ch s octan
bng zero cn 2,2,4-trimetylpentan c quy c c ch s octan bng 100.
Cc hirocacbon mch vng v mch nhnh c ch s octan cao hn cc
hirocacbon mch khng nhnh. Xng c ch s octan thp nh MOGAS 83
thng phi pha thm mt s ph gia nh tetraetyl ch (C 2H5)4 hoc lu
hunh. Cc ph gia ny gip lm tng kh nng chu nn ca nhin liu
nhng khi thi ra khng kh gy nhim mi trng, rt hi cho sc kho con

46

ngi. Hin nay, Vit Nam ch yu dng xng A90 hoc A92 l loi xng
c ch s octan cao - nhng loi xng ny khng cn phi thm cc ph gia
nn c hi v t gy nhim mi trng.
104. Bnh cha chy hot ng nh th no?
Kh CO2 khng chy v khng duy tr s chy ca nhiu cht, nn
ngi ta dng nhng bnh to kh CO2 dp tt cc m chy. Tuy nhin,
mt s kim loi c tnh kh mnh, th d Mg, Al,... khi t nng chy c
trong kh CO2:
4

CO 2 2Mg C 2MgO
105. t n c s dng trong nhng ngnh kinh t quc dn no ?
t n l mt ho cht c rt nhiu cng dng. N c s dng trong
nhiu ngnh kinh t quc dn nh giao thng vn ti, cng nghip, nng
nghip, sn sut hng tiu dng v nht l lm nguyn liu trong cng nghip
ho cht.
106. t n c sn xut t khi no?
Cui th k 19, t n (c trong thnh phn chnh l CaC 2) mi ch
c sn xut 12 nc trn th gii. Thi gian ny, t n ch yu dng
thp sng. Da vo cc phn ng sau:
CaC2 2H2O Ca(OH)2 C2H2
5
C2H2 O2 2CO2 H2O
2
Cho n nm 1911 vn cn ti 965 thnh ph s dng t thp sng
ng ph vo ban m.
Trong nhiu nm trc y, nc ta, t n c s dng thp
sng trong cc hm l khai thc v vn chuyn than. Ng dn mt s vng
ven bin dng t n vo vic thp sng nh bt c, tm do dng ca

47

ngn n t tng ng vi bng in c cng sut 60 - 80 W. nng thn

nc ta, trong nhiu nm trc y ngi ta cng dng t n thp sng
trong nhng dp c nh m hoc l tt.

107. n x oxi - axetilen dng lm g?

Kh axetilen sinh ra khi cho t n tc dng vi nc c dng lm
nhin liu trong n x oxi - axetilen hn ct kim loi do nhit ngn la
c th ln ti 30000C.
sn xut c mt chic xe p ngi ta phi dng ti 3 kg t n.
Vic hn, ct kim loi bng n x oxi - axetilen c s dng khi ng
mi hoc sa cha cc con tu sng, bin hay xy dng, sa cha cc cy
cu, cc cng trnh xy dng.
Khi cn ct, ph cc con tu b h hng tn dng st, thp c
phc v cho ngnh luyn cn thp ngi ta cng dng n x oxi - axetilen.
108. Kh axetilen c dng lm nguyn liu sn xut cc
cht hu c nh th no?
Khi cng nghip ch bin ho hc du m cha pht trin (cho n
khong nm 1950) th kh axetilen sn xut t t n l nguyn liu chnh
ca cng nghip sn xut cc hp cht hu c.
+ Ngi ta cho kh axetilen tc dng vi kh hiroclorua c vinyl
clorua, sau trng hp vinyl clorua thnh polivinyl clorua.
C H CH + HCl
n CH2 = CH
Cl

Xc tc

CH2 = CH - Cl

Xc tc

- CH2 - CH -

t0

Cl

Polivinyl clorua (PVC) c coi l cht do vn nng. PVC dng

sn xut ra mng mng, bao b, da gi, thng ng ho cht, si chu ho

48

cht, cc cu kin xy dng... sn xut 1 tn PVC phi dng t 17 - 2 tn

t n.
+ Cng trn c s cho kh axetilen tc dng vi kh hiroclorua ngi
ta c cc cng ngh tip theo chuyn i thnh butadien sn xut cao su
nhn to v hng lot monome c gi tr cng nghip nh acrilonitril,
vinylaxetat, este ca axit acrylic,...
Trng hp vinylaxetat ri thu phn ngi ta thu c polivinyacol. T
polime ny ko thnh si bn, p, chu c ho cht v thi tit, c ht
m cao c gi l vinylon. Nh vy axetilen l nguyn liu quan trng
gii quyt tt vn mc.
109. Kh axetilen c dng sn xut mui than nh th no?
Ngi ta cn dng kh axetilen t t n sn xut mui than gi l
mui axetilen.
Sau khi loi b cc tp cht, kh axetilen c cha vo bn ln ri
dng nhit cao phn hu axetilen to ra cacbon (C) tinh khit. Mui
axetilen l nguyn liu cao cp dng cho cc ngnh in t, sn, mc in, ch
to thp cng, chi than, ch bin cao su,... Ngnh sn xut pin tiu th rt
nhiu mui than, bnh qun sn xut 1 triu chic pin R20 phi cn t 2,7
3 tn mui than axetilen. Nh my t n Trng Knh (Hi phng) l c
s u tin trong nc sn xut mui than axetilen cung cp cho ngnh pin
v cc ngnh kinh t khc.
110. Trong nng nghip t n dng lm g?
Trong nng nghip, t lu ngi ta dng t n rm qu xanh,
kch thch qu mau chn v chn ng lot cc kho, thng dng rm
da, chui, c chua... vo dp cui ma ng, u ma xun.
Ngi ta x l nn cy da bng t n, cy da s cho qu to ng
u, thm ngon, t l ng cao v nht l lm cho da ra hoa kt qu tri v.
t n cn dng sn xut phn m canxi xinmit (CaCN 2) dng
bn cho cc loi cy trng nh la v nht l bng. Hng nm hng DENKA

49

ca Nht Bn dng t 300.000 n 500.000 tn t n xn xut phn bn

canxi xianamit.
Mt sn phm ph na m ngnh sn xut t n l kh cacbon oxit
(CO). l mt kh cng nghip c gi tr, c th dng ch bin ho hc
hoc lm nhin liu:
l in

CaO
vi sng

3C

CaC2 + CO

than cc

111. Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca pin mt tri th no?

Ngi ta dng cht liu l nhng t bo silic lm pin mt tri (pin
quang hc). T mt tinh th silic, ngi ta ct ra thnh phin nh, phin ny
c tnh dn in N (m). Trn b mt c dn lp tp cht Bo (B) c tnh dn
in P (dng). Gia P - N c lp phn cch mng. Trn b mt hai lp P - N
c gn in cc dn in ra ngoi.
Nguyn tc hot ng: Lp P c nhng l rt nh nh sng chiu ti
lp N. Cc tia nng cung cp nng lng vo lp N khin v s electron tch
ra khi nguyn t lp silic khuych tn v tch t in cc ( - ) hnh thnh
in tch m. Cn lp P do tc dng ca nh sng lun to thm nhng in
tch dng v tch t bn cc ( + ). Nu khp 2 mch in cc s c dng
in.
112. Lm nn mu nh th no?
Ngy t (tt dng lch v m lch) nu chng ta c hng nn vi ngn
la lung linh, mu sc n giao tha th hay bit my.
Xin mch bn cch lm ra nhng cy nn mu. Thn nn mu , ngn
la cng c mu . Thn nn mu xanh, ngn la cng c mu xanh,... v
cn to ra mi thm quyn r na.
Cch lm:

50

 Thn nn lm bng parafin, c th mua parafin ti cc ca hng ho

cht hoc mua loi nn r tin ly parafin.
Cht to mu cho thn cy nn l nhng cht mu c th tan trong
parafin nng chy nh metyl xanh (mu xanh) auramin (mu vng), rodamin,
eosin (mu ),...
Cng c th to mu cho thn cy nn bng cch n gin hn l dng
phn mu bi ln cy nn.
Bc nn lm bng si bng, si lanh,... khng dng si tng hp.
bc chy khng c tn cn tm bc bng dung dch natri borat hoc natri
photphat ri phi kh.
Cht to mu cho ngn la l cc mui v c.
Ho tan ring tng mui v c vo nc c dung dch bo ho.
Tm bc vo dung dch mui bo ho ri phi kh.
Khi chy ngn la s c mu nh sau:
KCl hay KNO3

Mu tm (bi K+)

NaCl hay NaNO3

Mu vng (bi Na+)

LiCl hay LiNO3

thm (bi Li+)

CaCl2 hay Ca(NO3)2

gch (bi Ca2+)

BaCl2 hay Ba(NO3)2

Xanh nn chui (bi Ba2+)

CuCl2 hay CuSO4

Xanh da tri (bi Cu2+)

113. Lm nn thm nh th no?

Cht thm: Dng nc hoa hay tinh du c th ho tan vo parafin
khi nng chy.
Khi chun b xong parafin lm thn cy nn c mu v c mi
thm; bc nn tm dung dch mui v c to mu cho ngn la, ta tin hnh
khun c thnh cy nn.

51

Khun nn c th dng cc ng bng kim loi hay cht do c sn

hoc g bng st ty.
t bc vo khun, sao cho ng tm ri c nh pha di v pha
trn. Nu chy parafin ri vo khun. ngui v tho khun.
Parafin nng chy 50 - 550C nhng cn un qu nhit ny. Thng
khun 60 - 650C. Nu khun nhit thp hn, parafin s ng
cng nhanh v b mt nn khng nhn. nhit cao hn, nht qunh
ca parafin thp lm n d chy qu cc khe h ca khun.
C th c cy nn c nhiu mu, mi khc mt mu hoc c vn bng
cch c tng khc hay trn ln cc mu.
Cng c th dng mt cht va to mu cho thn cy va to mu
cho ngn la. Th d nh:
+ Nn xanh l cy: Dng Crom (III) oxit. Mu ngn la cng xanh l
cy do ion Cr3+. iu ch cht ny bng cch nhit phn mui amoni icromat
hoc nung nng natri icromat vi lu hunh.
+ Nn vng: Dng natri cromat lm mu cho thn nn. Ngn la cng
vng nh ion Na+.
Trong nhng ngy l ln chng ta c xem nhng mn pho hoa rc
r, mun mu. Pho hoa cng c ch to theo nguyn tc trn.
114. Th no l hiu ng nh knh ?
Chng ta rt hay nghe thy cm t Hiu ng nh knh, vy hiu ng
nh knh l g ? l hin tng lm cho Tri t m ln bi kh CO 2. Kh
CO2 trong kh quyn ch hp th mt phn nhng tia hng ngoi (bc x
nhit) ca mt tri v cho cc tia c sng t 50.000 n 100.000 A0 i qua
n mt t. Nhng bc x nhit pht ngc li t mt t c bc sng trn
140.000A0 b kh cacbonic hp th mnh v pht tr li tri t lm Tri t
m ln. V mt hp th bc x, lp CO2 trong kh quyn tng ng vi

52

lp thu tinh cc nh knh dng trng cy, x lnh. Do hin tng

lm Tri t m ln bi kh CO2 c gi l Hiu ng nh knh.
Ngi ta cho rng nu trong kh quyn ca hnh tinh chng ta khng c
lng kh CO2 th nhit mt t thp hn hin ti l 21 0C. Ngc li nu
CO2 tng gp i so vi hin ti nn nhit s tng thm 4 0C. sao Kim,
lng CO2 gp 60.000 ln Tri t nn nhit trung bnh ca sao Kim l
4250C.
Ch rng nhit mt t tng ln 1 0C nh hng bt li cho
sn xut lng thc ca th gii. Nguyn nhn ca s tng hm lng CO 2
trong kh quyn l vic s dng nhin liu trong nh my nhit in v cc
nh my khc, l vic ph rng. V vy v li ch chung hy bo v ly rng l phi ca Tri t !!!
115. Tng ozon ang b suy gim nh th no ?
Trn tng cao ca kh quyn, cc mt t gn 25 km c mt lp ozon
dy, gi l tng ozon. N c tc dng ngn khng cho tia cc tm chiu trc
tip xung Tri t.
O 2 h 2O
O O 2 O3

h c : 1600 2400 A0

Do phn ng:

Tuy nhin gn y cc nh khoa hc pht hin thy mt s khu vc

tng ozon b bo mn, thm ch c ch b thng - gi l thng tng ozon.
Tng ozon b thng s khng cn tc dng ngn tia cc tm - ngha l
tia cc tm s chiu trc tip xung Tri t gy ra nhiu bnh ngoi da cho
con ngi v ng vt (v d nh ung th da,)
Nguyn nhn do mt s kh nh: freon (CFC), cc oxit nit. Cc freon,
l cc hp cht Clorofloro cacbon, v d nh CFCl3, CF2Cl2, c dng rng
ri lm cht y trong bnh phun, chy gy lnh trong t lnh v my iu ho

53

nhit v cht gy xp cho cht do. Di tc dng ca cc bc x mt tri

( : 1900 2250A0 ) chng thc y qu trnh bin i O3 O2
116. Mn khi git ngi xy ra u ?
Ngy 5 thng 12 nm 1952, nc Anh (nc c mnh danh l x s
ca sng m) ti Lun n xy ra s kin mn khi git ngi lm
chn ng th gii. Vic gim st mi trng cho thy hm lng kh SO 2cao
ti 3,8mg/m3, gp 6 ln v nng bi khi ln ti 4,5mg/m 3 gp 10 ln so
vi ngy thng. Dn trong thnh ph thy tc ngc, kh th v ho lin tc.
Ch trong vng 4, 5 ngy c hn 4000 ngi cht trong phn ln l tr
em v ngi gi, hai thng sau li c trn 8000 ngi na cht.
Nguyn nhn ca mn khi git ngi thnh ph Lun n l do
khi than ca cc nh my quyn vo vi sng m bui sm ma ng gy
ra.
117. Kh clo c dng lm v kh u v khi no ?
l x chiu ngy 24 - 4 - 1915 (th chin th nht 1914 - 1918) gia
2 ngi lng c tn l Steenstraat v Poel Kappelle (nc B) xut hin mt
m khi mu vng lc xut pht t phng tuyn ca qun c bay l l cch
mt t 1 mt theo chiu gi tin dn n phng tuyn qun Php. l khi
ca 150 tn clo cha trong 5830 thng iu p va c cc binh s ca trung
on qun tin phong 35 v 36 c th vo khng kh. Mi lm pht sau, b
binh c c trang b c bit bm theo m khi clo tn cng thng vo
c im Php. S tc ng ca kh c tht v cng gh gm. Hng trm binh
s Php hn lon chy ngc v pha sau tm khng kh th. Khi qun c
ti ni h trng thy nhiu xc cht vi gng mt xanh nht nm la lit bn
nhng ngi hp hi, c th co git d di, ming a ra mt cht dch mu
vng nht. Kt qu l tuyn phng th ca qun Php b ph v v kh clo
git cht 3000 ngi v lm 7000 ngi b thng.

54

118. Axit xitric c u ?

Trong thin nhin axit xitric c trong cc loi qu chua (chanh, tai
chua), trong mt s loi l cy (bng, thuc l, thng).
Axit xitric c cng thc ho hc l

OH
HOOC

CH2

CH2

COOH

COOH

Tinh th c mu trng, tnc = 1530C, d tan trong nc. Axit xitric l sn

phm trung gian quan trng ca qu trnh trao i cc axit tricacboxylic trong
c th.
Axit xitric dng lm cht bo qun, cht to v trong cng nghip thc
phm. Trong nghip thc phm, axit xitric chim hng u trong s cc axit
hu c. Axit xitric cn c dng trong dc phm v cc cht ty git
119. Vin kim cng ln nht ngn h nm u ?
Cc nh thin vn M va pht hin ra mt ngi sao kim cng c
ng knh 1500 km, cch Tri t khong 50 nm nh sng c gi l
Lucy
Lucy hay BPM37093 c li c, nng ca mt ngi sao c tng
chiu sng ging nh mt tri. Tuy nhin, ngi sao c ny ngui, v co li.
Cc nh thin vn thng gi n l: Sao ln trng. Gn y cc nh thin
vn pht hin ra rng: cc v sao khng ch to sng m cn ngn vang
ging nh mt chic chung khng l. o nhng rung ng ny, ngi ta c
th nghin cu thnh phn bn trong ca Lucy. T , h pht hin ra rng
cacbon bn trong Lucy cng li to nn khi kim cng ln nht ngn h.
T , cc nh khoa hc phng on rng, Mt Tri ca chng ta,
khi tn li trong vng 5 t nm na s kt tinh to ra vin kim cng khng l
trung tm Thi dng h.

55

Metcalfe ni: Mt Tri ca chng ta s tr thnh mt vin kim cng

vnh hng.
120. Ai pht minh ra thp khng g ?
l nh khoa hc Anh H.Brearley. Trong chin tranh th gii ln th
nht ng c giao nhim v nghin cu ci tin v kh, c bit l vn
nng sng b mi mn rt nhanh. ng th pha crrom vo thp, song cha
va nn bn qung vo ng st g ngoi phng th nghim.
Rt lu sau ng thy mu th y vn sng lng lnh trong khi ng thp
g ht c.
Nm 1913 H.Brearley nhn c bng pht minh c quyn ca
nc Anh. ng sn xut thp khng g trn qui m ln v tr thnh ngi
cha ca thp khng g
121. Ai c trao gii Nobel ho hc u tin ?
l nh ho hc H Lan Jacobus H.Vant Hoff (1852 - 1911) ng
c nhn gii Nobet vo nm 1901. Cho n nm 2005 c 148 nh khoa
hc c gii Nobel ho hc.
122. Ai c gii Nobel ho hc nm 2004 ?
Hai nh khoa hc ngi Israel Aaron Ciechanover v Avram Hershko
v mt nh khoa hc ngi M Irwin Rose, nhn gii Nobel ho hc 2004
vi s tin 1,36 triu USD cho cng trnh ca h lin quan ti cch thc c
th tm ra nhng protein khng thch hp tiu dit v t bo v mnh khi
bnh tt.
T u thp nin 1980, ba nh khoa hc trn pht hin ra mt trong
nhng qu trnh c tnh chu k quan trng nht ca t bo: qu trnh thoi ho
protein, qu trnh ny c kim tra ti tng chi tit, protein no khng thch
hp s c ng du bng mt phn t c bit c gi l n hn thn
cht. Nhng protein c dn nhn cht ny s c a vo gi rc ca

56

t bo gi l proteasomes, y chng b phn ra tng mnh nh v b hu

dit. Phn t lm nhn ny c gi l ubiquitin.
Khi vic thoi ho protein ny din ra khng ng, con ngi s b ung
th. Kin thc v protein iu tit ubiquitin s gip ngi ta bo ch thuc
chng mt s loi bnh.
123. Ai c gii Nobel ho hc nm 2005 ?
l 3 nh ho hc : Robert H.Grurbbs (M)
Richard Schorock (M) v Yves ChanVin (Php). Ba ng pht trin
phng php hon v trong tng hp hu c. Trong phn t cht hu c, cc
nguyn t C lin kt vi nhau v lin kt vi cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t
khc theo mt trt t nht nh. Trong phn ng hon v, cc lin kt i b
ph v hoc to thnh do s i ch gia cc nhm nguyn t nh nhng cht
xc tc c bit. Phng php hon v c nhiu u im vt tri so vi cc
phng php tng hp c nh t phn ng hn, cn t nguyn liu hn, to ra
t cht thi hn Gii Nobel ho hc nm 2005 gm tm sc 1,3 triu USD
(chia u cho 3 ngi) huy chng Nobel v bng chng nhn.
124. Ng v l nhng v no v do cht g sinh ra ?
Ng v gm: chua, ngt, ng, cay, mn.
- V ngt do ng sinh ra, ng l ngun nhit lng ch yu cho c
th con ngi. V ngt c tc dng bi dng c th, gii c, lm gim s
cng thng cho c bp.
- V chua do axit hu c sinh ra. V chua c tc dng kch thch s thm
n, tng sc mnh cho gan, nng cao kh nng hp th photpho, can xi.
- V ng ch yu do kim hu c trong n sinh ra, c tc dng iu
tit gan, thn, li tiu.
- V cay ch yu do kim t sinh ra. V cay kch thch s co bp d dy,
tng cng s tit dch tiu ho.

57

- V mn ch yu sinh ra t mui n (NaCl). V mn c tc dng gi

cn bng p lc thm thu gia huyt dch v t bo, iu tit qu trnh trao
i mui, nc ca c th.
125. u tng c s dng nh th no ?
T u tng ngi ta ch bin ra nhiu mn n hp dn nh tng,
u ph, sa u nnh
Nhng ht u tng c hm lng nhng cht dinh dng rt cao,
chng cung cp canxi, st v vitamin nhm B cng nh cht m nhiu hn
hu ht cc loi thc phm khc.
126. Loi rau no c s dng nhiu nht trn th gii ?
T nm 1993, khoai ty nh bi cc loi rau khc trong a thc n
ca nhiu nc chu u. Khoai ty cn l mn n cung cp cht
cacbohyrat nh cm v bnh m.
127. V sao khng nn pha sa u nnh vi trng g hoc ng ?
Sa u ny c gi tr dinh dng rt cao, c tt c 8 loi gc axit amin
cn thit cho c th, rt tt cho vic bi b, tng cng sc kho. Axit bo
khng bo ho trong sa u ngoi tc dng ngn khng cho m ng tng
trong c th cn c tc dng lm p da mt. Vitamin B1 trong sa u c tc
dng phng chng bnh ph. Tuy sa u l loi n tt nh vy nhng
cng cn phi bit cch dng.
- Khng c ho sa u vi trng g v cht abumin trong lng trng
trng d kt hp vi cht tripxin trong sa u thnh nhng cht kh hp thu
vi c th ngi, lm mt i gi tr dinh dng.
- Khng c pha sa u vi ng v axit hu c trong ng
c th kt hp vi protein trong sa u, sinh ra nhng cht kh hp thu vi
c th ngi. Vi ng trng th khng c hin tng ny.
128. C phi n c rt c tc dng cha bnh ?

58

C rt khng ch l mt loi rau c gi tr dinh dng cao m cn l

mt v thuc c nhiu cng hiu.
Nhng nhn vin v tuyn in nn n nhiu c rt, bi cht carten
trong c rt c th chuyn ho thnh vitamin A lm cho mt ngi sng hn,
phng c cc bnh kh mt, qung g.
Gn y cc nh nghin cu li pht hin ra rng n nhiu crt s c
kh nng phng chng bnh ung th.
129. Gng c nhng cng dng g ?
Trong n ung gng c nhiu cng dng nh:
- Chng lnh cho thc n c tnh lnh nh bu b, cc loi ci, cc mn
thu sn (c, cua, c), gia cm ( min Nam, vt luc phi chm nc mm
gng), gia sc nh tht tru, tht b c hp gng l mn c sn.
- Lm dy mi thm bnh mt, ch, ru, bia
- Chng nhim vi sinh vt (da, kim chi)
Trong phng cha bnh, gng c nhiu tc dng:
- Cha cm lnh, ri lon tiu ho
- Trong gng c cht jamical c tnh dit nm, mecin c tnh dit
khun.
- Lm gim m mu, h thuyt p, kch thch tiu ho... Do gng c
nhiu cng dng nn c cu dao:
"Chua, cay, mn, ngt tng.
Gng cay, mui mn xin ng qun nhau"
130. Nhng cht dinh dng no c trong sa b ?
Sa gm c ch yu l nc v nhng git cht bo rt nh phn tn
trong n. Sa chua khi yn th cht bo s ni ln mt v c th nhn thy
c nh mt lp kem.

59

Sa l mt thc phm c cha nhiu cht dinh dng nh: vitamin v

khong cht ~ 0,7%; cht m ~ 3,3%; cht bo ~ 3,8%; cacbohyrat ~ 4,7%
v nc ~87,5%.
Sa khng bo l sa m phn ln cht bo b loi ra khi sa bng
my. Sa khng bo tt cho sc kho hn v n c t calo v t cht bo hn.
131. Kem c tch ra khi sa bng cch no ?
Kem c lm bng cch gn thnh phn kem ra khi sa. Ngy nay
kem thng c lm bng my.
Kem c cha nhiu cht bo 48% cao hn mn kem trng ming
(38%) v kem c t cht bo (18%).
Thnh phn ca kem gm: Vitamin v cht khong ~ 0,5%; cht m
~1,5%; cht bo (48%); cacbohyrat ~2% v nc ~ 48%.
132. B c lm nh th no ?
Ngy nay chic my lm b c truyn c thay bng mt c my
phc tp. N lm nhng git cht bo trong kem dnh li vi nhau lm
thnh b. Sa b, mt sn phm ph c lc b. Sau b c ct ra v
gi vo giy kim loi hoc giy ph sp ong.
Thnh phn ca b gm: Vitamin v cht khong ~1,5%; cht m
~0,5%; cht bo ~83% v nc ~15%.

133. Lm phomat nh th no ?
Bin sa thnh phomat l mt phng php c truyn bo qun sa.
Trong sut qu trnh ny sa c lm cho hi chua. Mt loi enzim c bit
gi l rennet c thm vo v cht ny kt cht m trong sa c li thnh
sa ng c. Sn phm lng, gi l nc sa, c loi b cn li phomat
c khun chn ti. Cc loi phomat c lm chn v thm hng v
bng nhiu cch khc nhau.

60

Trong phomat c: vitamin v cht khong ~ 3%; cht m ~26% cht

bo ~33% v nc ~ 38%.
134. Lm sa chua nh th no ?
Mt loi vi khun v hi c trong sa, gi l khun sa n to ra axit
CH3 CH2 COOH
nhit m. Vi khun ln men sa, nh
OH

lactic
to

thnh sa chua. Thng cho thm ng v tri cy tng hng v v s

b dng ca sa chua.
Thnh phn ca sa chua gm: Vitamin va cht khong ~ 2% ; cht
m ~ 5%; cht bo ~0,5%; cacbonhyrat ~12%; nc ~ 80,5%.
135. Bnh m cha nhng cht dinh dng no ?
Bnh m l loi thc phm ch yu trn th gii. Bnh m c lm t
bt la m, nc v men. Bt b nho c t trong mt ni nng, m
men sn sinh cht kh lm bt m nho dy ln. Bt m nho c th lm ra c
trm loi hnh dng bnh khc nhau.
Thnh phn ca bnh m gm: Vitamin v cht khong ~1%; cht m ~9%;
cht bo ~2%; cacbohyrat ~ 42%; nc ~ 38% v cht x ~ 8%.
136. Trng cha nhng cht dinh dng no ?
Chng ta n nhiu loi trng chim t nhng ci trng nh b ca chim
ct n ci trng khng l ca iu. Tt c chng u giu cht m,
vitamin v cht khong, c bit l cht st. Lng trng l mt kho dinh
dng.
Mu sc, hnh dng nhng qu trng ca cc loi chim khc nhau th
khc nhau v khng lin quan n ch dinh dng ca chim.

61

Khi trng c nu ln, cht m s ng c li. Bng cch dng

nhng thnh phn hoc cch ch bin khc nhau, trng c lm thnh rt
nhiu mn n trn khp th gii.
137. Ai pht minh ra m n lin ?
M n lin do mt ngi Nht tn l Antohaiacphc pht minh vo
nm 1958. Khng bao lu sau, m n lin nhanh chng c s dng
Nht Bn v c qung b ra ton th gii. Mi si m n lin dng ti di
khong 65cm, mi gi c khong 79 si. Nh vy tng chiu di cc si m
trong 1 gi l 51m. Hin nay, Nht Bn sn xut 454.700 vn sut m n lin
dng gi, cc, bt mi nm.
138. V sao rau qu thng c ngm gim ?
Mt s thc n, thng l rau qu c ngm vo gim v sau ng
vo mt ci chai kn gi. Gim l dung dch axit axetic (CH 3COOH) c nng
5%. N ngn c s pht trin ca vi khun cho nn thc n c bo
qun.
Hnh v da chut l nhng thc n c ngm gim thng gp.
139. Cht bo khng calo l cht g ?
V mt nng lng, 1 gam cht bt cng nh mt gam cht m cung
cp 4 calo, cn 1 gam cht bo cung cp 9 calo.
Thng 1 nm 1996, cc qun l thc phm v dc phm M (FDA)
cho php dng loi du nhn to olestra trong ch bin thc phm.
Trong phn t ng, ngi ta to thnh cc polieste bng 6 axit bo
lin kt vi gc gluxit. Lin kt ny rt bn, khng c mt chuyn ho ho
sinh no ph v c. Khi vo h thng tiu ho ca c th, phn t tng hp
ny tuy c y tnh cht vt l nh cht bo thng thng nhng khng
tham gia trao i cht, khng chuyn ho, tng t nh cc cht x.

62

Mt s loi bnh trc y phi rn bng du, m nay thay bng

olestra th gi tr calo ca chic bnh gim mt na m n vn bo ngy nh
rn bng m.
140. Thc phm no dng cho cc nh du hnh v tr ?
Cc nh du hnh v tr phi n nhng thc n sy kh - ng lnh.
Nhng thc phm sy kh - ng lnh rt nh nhng vn gi c hnh dng
v mu sc ca chng. Mi v ca chng khng c thm ngon bng thc n
ti nhng chng l ngun cung cp nng lng v dinh dng di do.
141. Cn ch g trnh ng c ch ?
Cc dng bng gm c hm lng ch cao khi gp cht c tnh axit
trong sa b, c ph, bia, nc ng, nc hoa qu, nc rau th lp ch
phn mu s dn dn b n mn v ho tan vo n. Qua n ung, ch s
xm nhp vo c th, khi n tch t n mt mc nht nh s gy ra
nhng chng bnh do ng c ch nh: hn m, au u, suy nhc c th, l
ln au khp.
trnh b ng c ch, ta khng nn dng cc ng thc n bng
s c mu vng, mu lam v mu hng. Ch nn dng loi s khng mu hay
cc gm m mt ngoi trn nhn; v cc cha rt t ch, hu nh
khng ng k.
cn thn, khi mua ng thc n bng gm v nn ngm vo
gim n trong mt thi gian di kh ch.
142. Cn ch g khi dng nhm ?
nhm hu nh c ph bin trong mi gia nh mi quc gia
trn th gii. Ngi ta a nhm v n sch s, nh, p mt, tin li m li
r tin.
Nhm c hi cho c th, nht l i vi ngi gi.
Bnh l ln v cc bnh no khc ngi gi, ngoi nguyn nhn do
c th b lo ho cn c th do s u c v tnh ca cc nu n,

63

ng bng nhm. T bo thn kinh trong no ca ngi gi b mc bnh no

c cha rt nhiu ion nhm (Al3+) nu c dng nhm trong thi gian di s
lm tng c hi ion nhm xm nhp vo c th, lm nguy hi ti ton b
h thng thn kinh no.
V th khng nn dng nhm ng thc n, khng nn n mn
n ng trong nhm qua m, khng nn dng nhm ng rau
trn c trn trng g v gim.
143. Cn ch g khi n rau ci trng ?
Ci trng l loi rau rt giu vitamin v cht dinh dng nhng n
cng ng thi cha mt lng kh ln mui ca axit nitric (HNO 3). Nu sau
khi nu chn ri trong thi gian qu di do tc dng ca vi khun, mui
ca axit nitric s bin thnh mui ca axit nitr (HNO 2) l cht d gy ra ung
th. V th khng nn n rau ci trng nu chn qua m. Sau khi nu
chn nn cho thm vo rau mt t gim n tng tc dng d phng.
144. Lm th no trnh b d ng khi n da ?
Da va c v chua, va c v ngt, c mi thm hp dn v lng
dinh dng cao.
Trong da c mt cht anbuminoit c tc dng lm tng cng s phn
gii protein v th sau khi n nhiu tht c c lng protein qu cao, kh tiu
th nn n mt t da kch thch tiu ho.
Chng d ng da l do cht anbuminoit trong da gy ra. Cht ny
lm tng tnh xuyn thm cho nim mc ca d dy, dn n hin tng
protein trong ng rut thm vo mu do gy ra chng d ng.
Triu chng ca d ng da nh nn ma, au bng, da b pht nga
li ming b t, ra m hi, ht th kh khn...
trnh d ng da, sau khi gt v ct da thnh ming nh, th
vo nc mui nht ngm mt lc hoc cho vo nc sau lm tng nhit
ty cht anbuminoit trong da.

64

145 - Giy c pht minh t khi no ?

ng Thi Lun thi ng Hn, Trung Quc pht minh ra giy cch
y hn 1900 nm. T ngh lm giy lu truyn ra cc ni trn th gii.
Phng thc sn xut giy t g nh hin nay ch t sau nm 1873 mi
c.
146. Bt ch c t khi no ?
Cch y hn 430 nm, Pollod nc Anh pht hin m ch en. Lc
by gi ngi ta ct nhng thi ch en thnh que di, kp gia 2 ming g,
ly dy buc li vit. l cy bt ch u tin.
Khong 250 nm trc, tc l nm 1975, Congtai ngi Php pht
minh ra phng php trn than ch vi t st ri em nung cng thnh rut
bt ch.
Cho n nay, ton th gii vn dng phng php ca CongTai lm
rut bt ch.
Cch lm bt ch mu th no ?
Nguyn liu lm rut bt ch mu khng phi l t st v than ch m
l bt mu v bt hot thch... v cng khng phi nung la nn rut bt
tng i mm. Sau khi lm xong rut bt, cc bc khc ging nh lm bt
ch thng.
147. Dim c t khi no ?
Ra i nm 1831, dim c k tha kt qu ca s pht trin ca
ngnh cng nghip ho cht. Nhng que dim u tin c nhng vo hn
hp cha photpho. Loi dim ny rt d bt chy v kh nguy him.
Hai mi nm sau, anh em Lundstrom ngi Thu in lm ra loi
dim mi, u tin c nhng vo mt th h c cha lu hunh. Dim bt
chy khi c xit vo b mt pht pho : Loi dim ny c an ton cao
nn gi l dim an ton.
148. Cht gy m c s dng t khi no ?
65

Nm 1846, nha s ngi M tn l William Morton l ngi u tin

dng ete gy m. Nm sau clorofom c dng trong mt ca . Hi
ca cc cht gy m y c ht vo qua mt n lm bnh nhn ng thip i
v mt ht cm gic.
149. Thu tinh c t khi no ?
Vo khong 3000 nm trc cng nguyn ti Syri hoc nhng nc
lng ging ln u tin thy tinh c ch to. C l n c pht hin do
tnh c khi nung ct trn ln vi mui qung ca t.
Trc khi sn xut thy tinh, ngi ta s dng thu tinh t nhin
mu en c tm thy gn ni la.
Nhng dng c u tin bng thu tinh c lm ra bng cch gia c
nhng khi thu tinh hoc nung nng chy ri khun.
Vic thi thu tinh c pht minh ra khong 100 nm trc cng
nguyn cng ti Syri.
150. Thuc sng bt u c s dng t khi no ?
Ngi Trung Quc pht hin ra cch sn xut thuc sng khi trn mui
n vi than g v lu hunh. H s dng chng t khong nm 650 ca
cng nguyn dng cho pho hoa v chun b nhng v n.
Ti Trung Quc, thuc sng c nhi trong ng tre lm ra bom v
tn la (ho tin). Ngi ta cho thm vo nhng vin v nhng mnh
snh. tng s dng loi thuc n ny lm nhng qu n i bc
xut hin trong c ngi Trung Quc t hi .
151. Du m l g ?
Du m l loi vt cht c th t chy, con ngi thng dng du
m lm nhin liu cho cc ng c ca cc phng tin giao thng. Du m
cng l nguyn liu sn xut cht do. Du m l loi ti nguyn quan
trng nht trn th gii hin nay.

66

Theo s liu thng k, tng tr lng du m ca ton th gii l 121,5

t tn, vi tc khai thc 2,9 t tn mt nm nh hin nay, tr lng du m
ch cn khai thc trong hn 40 nm na.
152. Ngun gc ca du m th no ?
Du m, kh t t nhin v than u l di th cc sinh vt t thi c
i, bin i qua hng triu nm m to thnh, do chng cn c gi l
nhin liu ho thch. Tr lng du m v than trong lng t u l c
hn, trong tng lai nht nh s b khai thc ht. do chng ta phi bit qu
trng ngun ti nguyn qu gi ny, khng c lng ph.
153. Du m c thnh phn nh th no ?
Cc thnh phn nguyn t ch yu trong du th l cacbon 83 -> 87%;
hidr 11-> 14%; lu hunh 0,1 - 4,5%; oxi v nit 0,54 - 3,6%.
Hp cht ch yu l hircacbon v t l cc nguyn t ni trn c th
thay i theo khu vc.
154. Du m c khai thc t khi no ?
Ngy 27 - 8 - 1859, gn Titusvile Pensylvanie, ng William Drake
khoan thnh cng n su 21 mt trong lng t. Mt cht mu en v
nhn lin phun ln trn mt t. l du m.
155. Kh du m c s dng u tin t khi no ?
Ln u tin con ngi s dng khi du m ti Anh vo nm 1727.
Nm 1760, Geore Dixon l ngi u tin thp sng bng kh. nh sng do
kh t cung cp sng hn n du.
156. Du m c ch bin nh th no ?
Du th c a vo thp chng ct ca nh my lc du phn
tch, c th phn chia cc sn phm du theo th t trong lng t nh ti
nng nh sau: Du d bay hi, xng, du ho, du ma dt v du nng.

67

Du th khi a vo nh my lc du s c un nng bin thnh hi,

sau dn dn lm ngui, mi nhit khc nhau s thu c sn phm
ho lng khc nhau, ng thi phn tch ring ra tng sn phm.
157. Cht n hot ng nh th no ?
Khi mt cht n hot ng, ch trong khong thi gian rt ngn cc
cht ho hc m n cha bn trong sn sinh ra mt lng ln kh v nhit.
Cc cht kh nng ny t ngt tng th tch v to ra s n. Di s gin n
, sng xung kch c to ra v truyn vo khng kh.
158. Th no l bom nguyn t (bom A)?
Bom nguyn t c sc n mnh hn rt nhiu ln so vi bom dng
cht n l cc cht ho hc. Bn trong bom A c mt lng urani hoc
plutoni, l nhng cht phng x.
to n, ngi ta bn hai na hnh cu c cha cc cht ny trong
tri bom vo nhau. Khi c mt phn ng dy chuyn s xy ra. Ht nhn
ca cc nguyn t urani hoc plutoni b v ra di s bn ph ca cc ht
ntron. Mi ht nhn b ph v li gii phng cc ntron v cc ntrn ny
khuych i thm s bn ph... Tt c nhng qu trnh trn ch din ra trong
mt phn giy v s phn r ca ht nhn gii phng ra mt nng lng
khng l. Nng lng ny to thnh sc p ca v n, nhit lng v tia
phng x nguy him.
159. Th no l bom hir (bom khinh kh ) ?
Nng lng ca bom hiro (bom H) khng phi sinh ra t s phn r
ht nhn ca cc nguyn t nng nh bom nguyn t (bom A) m l t s
tng hp ht nhn ca cc nguyn t nh: Hiro.
S gii phng nng lng khng l ca bom H c sinh ra t phn
ng nhit hch:
212 H > 24 He

68

(teri)

(Heli)

S tng hp ht nhn ny din ra vi s mt i ca vt cht, n chuyn

ho thnh nng lng trong mt phn nh ca giy. Do vy m sinh ra s n.
cho phn ng tng hp ht nhn xy ra, cn phi c nhit rt cao
do mt qu bom A nh to ra chm mi cho qu bom H.
160. L phn ng ht nhn hot ng nh th no ?
Trong l phn ng, ht nhn ca cc nguyn t urani b ph v di s
bn ph ca cc ntron v gii phng rt nhiu nhit lng. Khi b ph v
chng gii phng cc ntron khc v n lt mnh cc ntron ny tr thnh
cc ht bn ph.. phn ng dy chuyn ny c kim sot bi cc thanh than
ch (grafit) nhng trong l phn ng v hp th mt phn cc ntron ny.
Cht dn lu c s dng thng l nc hoc kh CO 2. N dng
lm bay hi lng nc trong mt thit b trao i nhit. Sau khi lm quay
tuc bin ca my pht in, hi nc ny ngng t tr thnh nc ri li i
v pha thit b trao i nhit hoc l phn ng.
161. Oxi c vai tr nh th no i vi s h hp ?
Khng kh l hn hp gm 72,9% nit; 20,94% oxi v mt lng nh
khong 0,16% gm cc kh cacbonic, agon, xenon, heli...
Khi h hp, ta ht khng kh vo v th ra kh CO 2, N2, v mt lng
nh O2 cha s dng ht, ngoi ra cn c thm mt lng nh cc cht l sn
phm ca nhng phn ng sinh ha phc tp din ra trong c th nh cc loi
hirocacbon, ru, amoniac, axit fomic, axit axetic, anehitfomic v thm ch
c xeton na.
C th cn c b sung oxi thng xuyn. Di p sut thng, nu
hm lng oxi thp di 16% l bt u hin tng thiu oxi, gy ra bt tnh
t ngt. Tuy vy, chng ta khng th th bng oxit tinh khit m phi th
bng oxi c pha long bng kh nit. Nu th bng kh oxi tinh khit th
ngay c ngi kho mnh cng ch sau 2 - 3 ngy m l bt u b ph phi.

69

162. CO2 lng v rn c nhng cng dng g?

Anhyrit cacbonic (thng gi l kh cacbonic) iu kin thng l
kh khng mu, nng hn khng kh (t khi so vi khng kh l

44
1,51).
29

Ngi ta thng nn kh cacbonic n ho tan nhiu trong cc nc gii

kht, nh bia, coca cola to ra loi nc c ga.
Kh cacbonic iu kin 400C v nn di p sut 197,4 atmotphe th
chuyn thnh dng lng.
Cacbonic lng l mt loi dung mi siu ng v dung mi ny khng
c so vi cc loi dung mi hu c khc, gi r v khng s chy, n.
Dung mi cacbonic c dng rng ri trong cng nghip thc phm
nh tch cafein trong cafe hoc chit hubln trong hoa hubln dng trong
cng nghip sn xut bia. Ngi ta cng dng CO 2 lng chit cht bo
trong cc ht c du.
Cc cht c chit trong cc thit b chu p, sau a ra ngoi, p
sut thng th dung mi bay hi ht cht cn li l cafein, cao hublon, du
bo v.v...
M ngi ta th dng CO 2 lng kh cc cht hu c lm
nhim t. Ngay thuc tr su DDT khng b phn hu khi lu trong t cng
c cacbonic lng chit ra.
Ngy nay, cacbonic lng c dng nhiu trong ngnh cng nghip
sn. u tin n c lm dung mi lm sch b mt vt liu cn sn, ch
yu l ty sch cc cht bo.

70

Cacbonic lng c dng lm dung mi sn nh mt thit b chuyn

dng c kh nng iu tit qu trnh sn. Sn tng ng vi loi dung mi
c bit ny l sn bt hoc sn nc.
Cng nghip in t coi cacbonic lng l dung mi cc tt lm sch
cc vi mch, mi ni, dy dn. Cc dng c quang hc, cc thit b c kh
chnh xc, phc tp cng c ty sch bng dung mi cacbonic lng.
Trong cng nghip sn xut dy cp quang c cng on kim tra bng
my qut . Khi dy cp quang qua my ny th phi c mt loi du nh bi
trn. Ch c dng cacbonic lng lm dung mi mi lm si cp quang t cc
ch tiu k thut.
Trong i sng hng ngy, vic git l, ty hp "kh" git "kh" thng
dng dung mi hu c ty bn. Cacbonic lng cng ang c kho
nghim trong lnh vc ny.
Anhyrit cacbonic dng rn cn gi l "bng kh" hay "nc kh"
hoc "tuyt cacbonic", khi bay hi chuyn sang dng kh c th lm nhit
h xung ti - 78,50C.
Cc loi xe lnh c my lnh lm vic trong sut chng ng tiu hao
nhiu nhin liu cho my lnh, ng thi dung tch chuyn ch v ti trng
ca xe cng gim v phi dnh ch cho my lnh cng nh ti trng ca n.
Ngy nay ngi ta ch to mt loi xe ng lnh m ngun lnh c cung
cp bi CO2 rn. Loi xe mi ny c trang b my tnh iu tit s bay hi
ca CO2 rn. Xe m bo gi lnh trong sut 24 gi vn chuyn vi nhit
t 2 - 60C, c loi cn c th gi lnh n - 18 0C. c bit xe cn vn chuyn
cc sn phm c ch gi lnh khc nhau trn cng mt chuyn.
163. Thm ho nhim c thu ngn xy ra u?
Nm 1932, sau khi nh my ho cht Chisso, Nht Bn i vo hot
ng th h dng lun vnh Minamata lm ni cha cht thi c cha thu
ngn hu c ca nh my. Sau nhiu nm tch t, mi trng bin b

71

nhim nghim trng v y l v nhim mi trng cng nghip ln nht

Nht Bn trong th k XX. Hu qu l lm cho hng nghn ngi nhim c
thu ngn v hng trm ngi khc n nay vn cn nh hng ti sc kho.
Nhng ngi dn y, trc n c nh bt trong vnh pht
bnh. Triu chng ban u thng gp l th lc gim, ni kh khn, c cc
cn co tht, nhng ngi nng hn th b co git, bt rt, pht in v cui
cng l t vong.
Theo con s thng k, trn 900 ngi b cht v n thng 4/1997 c
trn 17.000 ngi c xp vo din nh nc phi cp giy chng nhn "nn
nhn Minamata" v trn 12.000 ngi khc c ghi nhn nhim c thu
ngn.
Trong nhiu nm, nhng nn nhn b nhim c thu ngn u tranh
i bi thng thit hi. Nm 1973 ln u tin nh my Chisso phi bi
thng mt s tin l 18 triu yn. Nm 1996 chnh ph Nht ch th cho
cng ty Chisso phi bi thng tip 25,8 triu yn cho 10.353 nn nhn trc
y cha c cng nhn l nn nhn v cha c bi thng.
Sau hn 26 nm duy tr lnh cm, u nm 1998 chnh quyn thnh
ph chisso mi bi b lnh cm v cho php hot ng tr li cc dch v
nh bt c ti vng vnh Minamata, do tnh trng nhim thu ngn ti khu
vc ny c khc phc.
164. Khi thuc l c hi nh th no?
Trong khi thuc l c n 300 cht. Hu nh tt c cc cht hu c
u c mt trong khi thuc l: hyrocacbon no v khng no, vng thm v
vng thng, stearin, ru, ete, axit, phenol, ancaloit (nicotin v dn xut),
cc hp cht v c ca asen, ng, st, thic, mangan, amoniac, oxit cacbon,
oxit nit, axit xianhyric...
Nhng ngi khng ht thuc m ht phi khi thuc thng b au
u, vim mi v c nguy c b ung th phi t 30 - 40%. Cn ngi ht

72

thuc so vi ngi khng ht thuc th nguy c ung th phi l t 1000 2000 ln nhiu hn.
Php, hng nm c ti 60.000 ngi cht v cc bnh c lin quan
n vic ht thuc l v ht phi khi thuc l. M, hng nm c ti 12.000
ngi cht v ung th phi do ht phi khi thuc bi sng chung vi ngi
nghin thuc l.
Nn nhn u tin l tr em. Ngi m ht thuc sinh ra nhng a con
nh cn hn nhng a con ca ngi khng ht thuc ti 200g. Nhng b
nh cn ny c nguy c b ung th, chm pht trin v tr tu v thng c
tng ngi thp b. Nhng a tr sinh ra t cc b m ht thuc c nguy c
b cc bnh hen, eczma, my ay tng gp 4 ln. Cc b m ht thuc hay b
sy thai.
Nhiu vic iu tra cho thy 42% tr c b (hoc m) ht thuc v 51%
tr c c b ln m u ht thuc b au amian hoc si vm hng trong khi
t l y cc tr m b m khng ht thuc ch l 28%.
Rt nguy him cho tr 3 - 4 tui thng xuyn chu nh hng ca
khi thuc v lc y phi ca tr ang thi k pht trin mnh nn d b hen
suyn, sng phi.
Nhn thc c s nguy him khi ht phi khi thuc l, nhiu nc
cm ht thuc nhng ni cng cng nh bn tu, bn xe, trn tu, xe v
nhng ni lm vic, hi hp...
165. Nhng nguyn t vi lng no cn cho c th?
C th con ngi c cha ti 18 nguyn t ho hc. C 4 nguyn t a
lng l cacbon, oxi, hiro, nit. Chng to thnh nc, protein, xng, c v
chim ti 96% trng lng c th. S cn li ch chim 4% nn gi l cc
nguyn t vi lng (NTVL).

73

Cc NTVL h tr cc phn ng ho hc trong t bo, gip c th s

dng cht m, m v ng, gip lm vng chc xng v iu khin c,
thn kinh. Cc NTVL cn tng tc vi cc cht khc nhau nh cc vitamin.
Cc NTVL, tuy ch cn mt lng rt nh song li rt quan trng v khi
thiu chng, chng ta s mc nhng cn bnh nguy him. Tt nhin cc
NTVL nm trong thnh phn ca cc hp cht v c th c cung cp bi
thc n.
Sau y l cc NTVL rt cn thit cho c th:
It: it iu ho s pht trin bnh thng ca xng, s pht trin
ca h thn kinh trung ng tr nh. Thiu it tuyn gip s to ra, gy nn
bnh biu c. Hng triu ngi trn th gii b khuyt tt v tm thn do c
th thiu it. It c nhiu trong hi sn. Hng ngy chng ta nn dng mui
it (trn 25mg KI vo 1kg mui n).
St: St rt cn hnh thnh hemoglobin trong hng cu. St cng l
thnh phn ca nhiu loi enzim. Thiu st s b thiu mu, biu hin qua ln
da nht nht, mt mi, kh th v gim sc khng.
Thc n cha st c th d hp th bao gm gan, tim v b dc. Nhng
thc n khc cha nhiu st nhng kh hp th hn l lng trng, c, tm,
cua, s, hn, bt m v rau xanh.
Km: gn 10 loi enzim cn c km hon thnh cc phn ng ho
hc trong t bo. Mt i mt lng nh km lm cho n ng st cn, gim
kh nng tnh dc v c th mc bnh v sinh. Ph n trong thi k mang thai
m thiu km s lm gim trng lng tr s sinh, thm ch thai c th cht.
Mt s ngi c v gic hay khu gic bt thng do thiu km. Km cng
cn thit cho th lc, km gip c th chng li bnh tt. Bch cu cn c km
chng li nhim trng v ung th.

74

Ngun thc n giu km l t ng vt nh tht sa, trng g, c, tm,

cua...
Mangan: mangan gp phn vo s vng chc ca xng. Ph n ln
tui b long xng c lng mangan trong mu thp hn so vi ph n cng
tui khng b long xng. Mangan cn c vai tr quan trng trong vic kim
sot lng insulin trong c th.
Cc thc phm giu mangan gm go, rau ci xanh, tht, trng, sa...
Crom: Cc nh nghin cu ti B nng nghip M cho bit thiu
crom lin quan n s h ng huyt lm cho bnh nhn chng mt, cn
co, nhp tim p lon x.
Go, tht, men bia, phomat l nhng th cha nhiu crom.
Flo: Flo l NTVL quan trng i vi sc kho. Mt hp cht ca flo
gi l florua c 30 quc gia cho thm vo nc my v cht florua phng
ngi hiu qu cc bnh gy tn thng rng. Ngun flo rt phong ph trong
l ch.
Selen: T nm 1957 cc nh khoa hc nhn thy mt loi bnh tim
c nguyn nhn do thiu selen. Nhiu nghin cu cho thy selen c th gip
phng nga ung th, bnh tim v mt s bnh khc.
Kali: Kali gi vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh cc protein v
ph v cc cabohydrat. N cng cng tc vi natri truyn nhng xung thn
kinh gia cc t bo v trong vic iu tit s cn bng nc.
Tri cy rt giu kali, nht l chui, cam, qut. Thc phm ti cha
nhiu kali hn thc phm nu chn. Nhn chung s thiu ht kali him khi xy
ra.
Ngoi cc NTVL trn, mt s NTVL khc cng cn cho c th nh:
asen, bo, ng, niken, silic...

75

C th cng cn mt lng ln cc cht khong bao gm canxi,

photpho, magi, natri, kali v clo.
Cc NTVL rt cn thit cho c th nhng ch cn mt lng nh, nu
d tha chng th li c hi. Chng hn nh qu nhiu st s nguy him v
lm tn thng tim, gan, tu. Qu nhiu km trong c th c th gy hi nh
nn ma, au d dy, yu c v tn thng thn kinh. Nhng nghin cu gn
y cho bit hm lng km cao trong c th c lin quan n bnh mt tr,
hay gp ngi cao tui.
Cc bc s khuyn chng ta rng cch tt nht c th nhn va
cc NTVL l cn i khu phn n hng ngy gm hn hp cc thc n ch
bin t la go, rau qu, tht c, trng sa.
166. Nhng mn thng c trong ngy tt c ngha ho hc v
nhn vn nh th no?
Mm ng qu: Tt nguyn n l tt ln nht trong nm. Ngy tt,
trn bn th nh no cng c mm ng qu (5 loi qu). Mm ng qu th
hin lng thnh knh v tng nh ca con chu vi t tin. Mu sc v hnh
dng ca cc tri cy trong mm ng qu to nn s hi ho v sang trng ca
bn th, ng thi cng gy cho con ngi cm gic hng phn, sng khoi,
tnh thm m, gn gi vi thin nhin.
Trit l c bn ca mm ng qu l: "con s 5 l s trung tm ca v
tr; v tr hnh thnh do tp hp ca ng hnh: KIM, MC, THU, HO,
TH".
S 5 i vo tim thc ca ngi Vit nam nh ng tng, ng quan,
ng sc, ng v, gy trc 5 t, o b ba 5 cc...
Ng qu y l g? Tu theo cy, tri mi min m mm ng qu cng
khc nhau.

76

 min Bc, mm ng qu gm 2 loi qu ch o l ni chui xanh v

qu bi to cn nguyn cung vi cnh l. Ba loi qu khc thng l pht
th, cam, qut, to, hng xim...
min Nam mm ng qu cng ly ni chui lm ch o. Ba loi tri
cy khc thng l da, xoi, u , mng cu... ngha d dm l nm mi
"cu xi".
V ngha ho hc, mm ng qu cung cp cho ta ng glucoz cng
nhiu loi sinh t (A, B, C,... ) cc axit hu c v cc cht x rt cn thit cho
h tiu ho.
Xi gc: Xi gc l mt loi thc phm sang trng thng c dng
trong cc dp l, tt nh ngy tin ng To v Tri, l cng giao tha. Mu
ca xi gc th hin lng trung thnh v s tn nghim. Mu l mu ca
nhit tnh v hi vng, ch v v tha, quyn lc v bng lc. V ngt ca xi
gc l do ng saccaroz pha ch vo, ng thi cng l v ngt ca glucoz
do tinh bt thu phn to ra.
Mu ca xi gc ch yu do caroten l licopen c trong gc.
Caroten c cng thc phn t C 40 H56 (cht mu vng da cam c nhiu
trong c c rt) cha 11 lin kt i C = C, hai u mch l hai vng - ionon
to nn mt h lin hp nhng nhm mang mu. Caroten c 3 ng phn ,
, trong ng phn c hot tnh cao hn c. Sinh t A hay caroten trong
gc gip tr con chng ln, tng th lc v cha cc bnh v mt lm cho vit
thng mu lnh.
Licopen cng c cng thc phn t l C 40H56 (cht mu c nhiu
trong qu c chua chn) c 13 lin kt i C = C trong phn t.
V mt dinh dng, c 100 gam xi gc cho ta nng lng khong
287,6 Kcal. Nng lng ny to ra do s chuyn ho ca 4,97 gam protein;
7,43 gam lipt, 48,37 gam gluxit, 5,53 gam caroten, 0,08 gam vitamin B1...

77

Nh vy xi gc l thc phm sang trng, mang tnh thm m v giu

nng lng.
Mn c: Cc mn n trong ngy tt rt phong ph v a dng phn
ln c ch bin t tht ln (heo) v tht gia cm.
Cc mn n ch bin t tht ln nh gi, ch, nem, ninh, mc... d lm
cho ta ngy khi n. T xa, ng cha ta thy r iu nn nhiu a
phng c tp qun ch bin mn n trong ngy Tt t c.
Trong c c nhiu nguyn t selen, c th chng ta cn selen cu
thnh loi enzim, ngn cn nhng gc t do gy hi v l ngun gc ca s
gi nua. Nh vy selen trong c gp phn chng lo ho, n thanh xun ho
con ngi.
Cc nh khoa hc pht hin rng ngi Eskimo Bc cc n ton
m c khng b d cholesterol, rt t b cao huyt p. M c c cc axit
eicosapentaeoic v docosahexaeoic c gi chung l "Omega - 3 cha no"
gy phn ng chuyn ho lipoprotein, gim tng hp apolipoprotein beta,
tng lng lipoprotein t trng cao l thnh phn tt ca cholesterol, gip to
ra mng t bo cng hocmon steroit v axit mt. Lipoprotein t trng thp
mi l thnh phn c hi, gy tc ng mch.
Ngi Nht c thi quen n mi tun t 3 n 5 ba c v thng n c
vo cc dp l tt hoc chiu i thng khch. Do n nhiu c, t n tht m
tui th trung bnh ca ngi Nht thuc hng cao nht trn th gii.
167. Gm thu tinh c tnh cht g ?
Cc nh khoa hc mt trng i hc ca c ch to c mt loi
gm thu tinh kt hp c c tnh cht ca thu tinh v kim loi. C th gia
cng n trn my khoan, my phay, c th ren, nh bng, lm nhm. Nhng
chi tit bng loi thu tinh ny c ni vi nhau bng ren vt nh kim loi.
bn ho hc ca vt liu rt cao.
168. Dng hli lm nhin liu cho tn la c u im g ?

78

Ai cng bit hli rt tr v mt ho hc; kh to thnh hp cht vi cc

nguyn t khc. Nhng, cc nh khoa hc M ti Trung tm hng khng v
du hnh v tr iu ch c hli phn t, khng bn v rt d b phn hu
di tc dng ca nhit. Khi phn hu thnh nguyn t, hli s to ra mt
nhit lng rt ln, ti 200 kcal/g, ngha l ln hn sinh nhit ca phn ng
mnh nht l H2v F2n 40 ln. Cc nh bc hc ngh dng heli phn t
lm nhin liu cho tn la. N c sc y ln hn cc loi nhin liu khc, tr
nhin liu ht nhn, li c u im l khng cho sn phm chy c hi, lm
nhim m ch to ra kh tr heli.
169. Tng hng khng ly t nha thng c u im g ?
Cc chuyn gia Bungari ch to thnh cng tng hng t cc sn
phm ch bin du m. V nhiu tnh cht, tng hng nhn to vt tng
hng thin nhin ly t nha thng v c dng sn xut cc loi keo
cao cp, dng trong cng nghip giy - xenlulz.
170. B lc kim loi gm c ch to nh th no ?
Vin k thut Vrnez (Nga) nghin cu c mt loi b lc mi
bng kim loi - gm, bng cch nung chy bt niken di p sut. B lc ny
dng lm sch kh khi bi bn. bn, chu nhit v chu ho cht
cao, ti sinh n gin.. khin n s c dng trong nhiu ngnh khc nhau
ca ho hc, ho du v luyn kim.
171 Mn chn nhit lm bng cht g ?
Qua knh ca s ca nhng ngi nh hin nay, nh sng lt vo d
dng, nhng nhit thot ra cng d dng. trnh hin tng , ngi ta
tm ra mt loi mn chn mi, treo trn khung ca s. Mn l mt tm
plyeste, c ph bng phng php chn khng mt lp nhm cc mng,
nh sng qua mn bnh thng, nhng 90% nhit b gi li.
172. Nylon c n bng ct dng lm g ?

79

Nylon c n bng ct t ra l mt nguyn liu tuyt diu ch

to cc chi tit ca t. Nguyn liu ny rt r v cht n c th ln ti
73%. tng tnh kt dnh vi nylon, ct c x l s b bng nha pxy
hoc rsol trong dung dch axton v xy kh 750
173. Ch to si t chai l nh th no ?
Anh, ngi ta a vo sn xut nh my sn xut si thu tinh t
v chai l b i, v c t nhng mnh chai l v. Trc tin, chai l c nu
chy ri n khi thu tinh nng chy ny qua m phun si bng thp v
cun vo ng sut. Loi si thu c dng n cho cht do.
174. To c th thay th than c khng ?
Cc nh khoa hc Califocnia th nghim thnh cng v mt ngun
nhit nng mi, n gin v r tin. H thnh lp mt trang tri di y
bin trng to nu Micro - cystis pyrifera. Loi to ny ln nhanh phi
thng, mi ngy di thm c 60 cm v c th hp th c cc cht dinh
dng t nc bin. To l ngun cht hu c phong ph. Di tc dng ca
vi khun, n b phn hu v tch ra kh mtan. Khi nhit phn, n cho nhng
cht tng t nh thnh phn du m.
175. Hn bng nc ct nh th no ?
Cc k s c tm ra mt phng php hn rt c o. hn
nhng tm thp, h ch dng nc ct v hai in cc c in p cao. Ti ni
cn hn, di tc dng ca dng in, lc u nc ct b phn hu thnh oxy
v hyr, sau , cc kh ny trong vng h quang in s li tham gia vo
phn ng kt hp. Nhit chy s t ti 34000 C.
H ch to c mt thit b ring iu chnh c in cc. Thit b
ny s kim tra qu trnh theo thi gian, khi hn im nh, v hn khng
nhng kim loi en m c kim loi mu na.
176. C th dng cht polime lm knh quang hc khng ?

80

Gi tr ca my nh thng c xc nh bng gi tr ca nhng lng

knh. Ch to mt lng knh quang hc rt cng phu: Trc ht, phi nu chy
thu tinh quang hc, ct, mi nh bng v.v T lu, cc nh chuyn mn
m c thay th thu tinh bng cht do trong sut, x l n gin hn v
nhanh hn.
Vin nghin cu Ho hu c c t nhng thnh cng to ln
trong lnh vc ny. H tng hp c lt loi plyme cng, hon ton c
th thay th thu tinh. Vt liu ny nh hn thu tinh 2,5 ln v r hn n 3
ln. T , ngi ta lm knh eo mt, ng nhm, knh cho my nh, my
quay v chiu phim, cng nh mi th knh quang hc khc.
K thut lm lng knh rt n gin: ch cn p chnh xc, khng cn
mi, nh nhn, v sn phm c ngay mt nhn l tng. Nng sut ch to
cao hn vt liu thy tinh hng chc ln.
177. C vng t trn tri ri xung khng ?
Mt nhm cc nh bc hc Anh a ra cu hi: c phi vng trn Tri
t c ngun gc thin th khng ? H chng minh rng chnh nhng thin
thch ri xung Tri t trc y mang theo kim loi qu ny.
178. Thu tinh titan cn u im g ?
Cc nh ho hc nh gi cao titan ch n rt bn chng n mn
trong cc thit b tng hp. Cc nh ch to my bay cho bit n l vt liu l
tng ca ngnh mnh.
Gn y, cc chuyn gia cng nghip thu tinh li quyt nh: a
Titan vo thnh phn ca thu tinh thay cho nhng kim loi khc. Th nghim
thnh cng. Ngi ta ch to c nhng lng knh c khi lng ring
nh, bn mi mn v c ch s chit quang kh cao.
179. Aspirin c ch hn khi dng lng hay dng vin ?

81

Hng nm, ngi M tiu tn ti 500 triu la vo aspirin vin.

Nhng khng phi dng vin bao gi cng c li. N c th gy ra vim d
dy, d ng v nhng hin tng khng mong mun khc.
Cc bc s M i n kt lun rng dng aspirin di dng lng l
hp l hn. Sau khi khc phc c kh khn la chn dung mi (bin tnh
bng glixerol), thuc s c v ngt ca hoa qu.
180. Cht dn in hu c c nhng tnh cht g ?
Ti trung tm nghin cu ca cng ty IBM, ngi ta iu ch c
cc tinh th hu c, khng thua kim loi v tnh cht dn in. Nhng tinh th
ny gm hng lot phn t mang in tch dng v m. Dng in i qua
c nhng phn t ny. nhit thng, dn in ca cc tinh th hu
c l trung gian gia mt s kim loi v cht bn dn. H nhit ti nhit
ng bng ( - 400C), dn in ca chng tng ln, nhng nu tip tc h
nhit , chng s c tnh bn dn.
181. C th ch nam chm t cht hu c khng ?
Cc nh vt l Php ch to c nam chm t nhng hp cht hu c.
Nhng tinh th, cha nhng nhm nitrooxyl bn vng (chng hn
ttramtyl - Piperiinol - xyl) c tnh cht st t. Nam chm phn t y l
nhng gc t do. Mc d nam chm hu c cha tm thy ng dng trong thc
t, nhng n v cng thun tin i vi nhng th nghim thun thu khoa hc.
182. Dng mng mng plyamit cch in c u im g ?
u tu in cao tc chy trong thnh ph ca Cng ty Deutsche
Bundesbahn (c) dng loi ng c c cch in bng mng mng
Kapton (mt loi Poliamit ) ca Cng ty Dupont. Nh cch in bng loi vt
liu ny, sc ko ca ng c tng thm 20% m khng cn tng kch
thc ca n. V Kapton c tnh cch in tt v rt bn dai nn c th gim
50% chiu dy ca lp cch in bc dy dn ca rto v stato nn khng cn
tng kch thc ca ng c.

82

Lp cch in ca dy dn gm 2 lp: mt lp Kapton dy 25 micron

v mt lp Tflon gi nhit dy 12,5 micron.
183. M than di y bin nm u ?
Gn b bin pha Ty ca Chu phi, di y bin su 4000m,
ngi ta pht hin ra mt m than rt ln.
Theo kin cc nh bc hc, m than ny chng minh gi thuyt
cho rng xa kia Chu Phi v nam M l mt di t lin. Sau ny, trong thi
k hnh thnh i Ty Dng, lc a chung ny b ph hu, tch ra thnh 2
phn (Chu Phi v Nam M). Phn gia b vi su di bin. Nhng rng cy
rm rp qua hng triu nm bin thnh m than ny.
184. Dng c g lm sch c nc ?
l mt dng c in t c sn xut M, kch thc nh chic
bt ch, trong 10 - 20 giy, c th bin nc ao, h thnh nc ung c.
Bt ch khi c ni vi pin lm xut hin nhng bt nh trong nc, trong
bo ho nhng ion c kh nng st khun v cc vi trng gy bnh thng
hn, t, kit l v cc loi vi trng gy bnh khc.
185. Dng sn si m nh th no ?
nhng x lnh, mi bung thng phi b tr mt l si in hoc
hi, bng kim loi. Do vy, lng kim loi dng trong mi cn nh qu ln.
Liu c cch gii quyt khc khng ? Cc k s Anh a ra mt gii php
th v. H sn tng bng mt loi sn dn in. By gi ch cn u 2 thanh
gp bng ng ca mt ngun in th 12V vo tng, Khi , lp sn va l
mt ngun pht nhit si phng va l mt chic c quy. Lp sn bn
c 40 nm lm vic lin tc.
186. To lp ph g bng cht do nh th no ?
Ngi ta phun hoc qut ln mt g mt loi nha mnme urtan
bo, sau khi trng hp trong khng kh, to thnh mt lp ph n hi (
dn di 400%), c th chu c hon ton tc dng ca kh quyn, cc cht
ho hc v nh sng.

83

G c th b un nt m mng phim vn khng b rch. Hn na, nh

sng khng lm vng mng phim do tnh cht bo ca nha; khc vi cc vc-ni
thng thng, cht ny khng h b nt rn hoc bong thnh vy.
187. Vitamin v thuc c chit xut t g loi cy g ?
Cc nh nghin cu ca Nga hon thnh nhng phng php c
bit chit xut t g nhiu ho cht dng cha bnh.
T g cy lc dip tng (mleze) cha nhiu cht thuc nhm vitamin P,
ly c dng tinh khit cht ihirqucxtin c tc dng cng c thnh
mch vi huyt qun v gip cho hot ng ca gan c d dng, khng c
i vi c th; ngoi ra c th lm ph gia bo qun thc phm.
Ngi ta cng rt c t g cy thng cht pinsinvin v estemntilic ca pinsinvin, l 2 cht c c tnh chng nm. T l kim ca cy
tng bch cng chit xut c mt cht sinh hc gip cho vic tng phm
cht sinh hc gip v gi cc hng thm.
188. Ch phm no dng ra cc bnh ng thuc tr su ?
Nhng thit b dng cha v phun thuc tr su bnh thng kh
ra sch, v trong qu trnh s dng c trn thm t, bi, tro, du m, dung
mi.. Mi y, x nghip lin hip ho cht Xbkin (Nga) sn xut ra mt
ch phm dng dung dch c kh nng phn hu ng thi cc tp cht v
cc thuc tr su cn st li thnh nhng cht mi t c Ch phm c t
tn l complex gm c natri pecborat, sa, mui ca cc axit bo tng
hp, tritanlamin, mtanol v nc. 850C v trong thi gian 4 gi, n c
th phn hu ti 98% mtimeckaptpht v 80% thuc 666.
189. Ho cht no dng dit mm cy ?
nhng cy n qu, nu c nhiu mm v chi non hoc c cc bi c
rm mc quanh s t qu, nhng mm non v c s ht mt nhiu cht dinh
dng ca cy. khc phc, trc y, ngi ta vn dng phng php cht
mm v nh c. Hin nay, Anh, ngi ta nghin cu mt cch gii quyt

84

mi v c cng nhn l tt hn dng xng, cuc, dao ko nh lm trc

y: l dng ho cht iu ch trn c s - naptil ca axit axetic v cc
ru thuc nhm alifatic. Thuc ny c phun vo thng 5 khi mm v chi
non cao khong 10 - 15 cm, sau vo gia ma h li phun mt ln na v
nh th l c th dit c ht chi non v c rm.
190. Pho mt v scola gy nn bnh au u ?
Cc bc s Anh nghin cu v gi thuyt rng mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn gy bnh au u gh gm c th l nhng hp cht ho hc c
trong phomat v scla nh cc cht tiramin v phninltilamin. Tiramin c
th b phn hu thnh norarnalin, cht ny c tc dng iu ho hot ng
ca no. Trong c th ca nhng ngi kho mnh, nhng hp cht ny b
phn hu nhanh chng, cn nhng ngi yu au khng c kh nng phn
hu, nn gy ra au u gh gm.
191. Dng keo dn no thay cho hn ?
Nu mt ng ng dn khi t di nc b thng, ngi ta thng
dng phng php hn in c bit di nc, nhng mi hn ny thng
khng chc, khng chu c p sut cao, nn thng l ngi ta kho cc
ng ng li v mang on ng hng ln mt t hn. Lm nh vy kh
lu, li tn km, i khi cn t hn l thay mt ng ng mi.
Vin nghin cu cc hp cht cao phn t thuc Vin Hn lm khoa
hc Nga, iu ch ra mt loi keo dn pliurtau c th hn di nc.
Thnh phn keo dn ny cn c cht hot ng b mt, khng cho nc lm
t ch ng b thng. Loi keo ny ho rn nhanh di nc v to ra mt
mi hn rt bn, nn cng vic sa cha nhng ng ng t di nc
khng c cn l vn phc tp. Ch cn t mt ming v c trng lp
keo poliurtan ln ch ng b thng v sau t pht, ng ng li hot ng
bnh thng.
192. S dng li lp xe c nh th no ?
85

Ngi ta va nghin cu ra mt phng php s dng li lp xe c va

gii phng c ch , va lm sch nc thi.
Nhng lp xe c c nghin thnh bt mn v c dng lm cht hp
ph x l nc thi. Khi nc thi i qua th nhng kim loi nng nh ch,
cban b gi li hon ton. Cht hp ph chnh l than en trong bt lp t (t l ca n chim khong 1/3 trong lp). to nn mi trng kim,
ngi ta cho thm vi vo. Ngoi ra, bt lp xe c cn c th pha vi nha
ng lm vt liu ri ng rt tt.
193. Plime no c tnh cht kim loi ?
Vin nghin cu Penxibau (M) va iu ch ra mt loi cao phn t
nitrua lu hunh (SN)x, dng mng mng ly tn l Politiazin. Cht ny
c nhiu tnh cht ging kim loi: cc tinh th ca (SN) x d b chuyn dch
nn c th p thnh nhng tm mng. dn in ca loi polime mi ny
gn bng dn in ca thu ngn. V cc mch cao phn t ca loi vt
liu mi ny c sp xp song song vi nhau nn kh nng dn in ca
chng theo chiu dc tt hn theo chiu ngang.
194. C phi t cng nhiu cht do th cng cn t xng ?
Hin nay, trung bnh mt chic t con ca M dng ti 80 kg cht
do. Theo d kin th cc chi tit bng cht do trong mt chic t con c th
tng ln gp i v nm 1985 s tng ln gp 3 ln. Khng phi ch nhm
mc ch thm m v gii quyt vn nguyn liu m cng nhiu chi tit,
ph tng bng cht do, t cng nh i, v chc chn l tiu hao nhin liu
cng thp hn.
195. Bng dnh bng cht g c th dng hn tu ?
Mi y, ngi ta iu ch ra mt th ho cht dng hn nhng tu
nh c b thng. Cc nh ho hc ca Vin nghin cu cao phn t thuc
Vin hn lm khoa hc Ukrain iu ch ra mt loi bng dnh bng cht
do thu tinh. Trong qu trnh hot ng, nu tu b hng mt ch no th

86

ngi ta khng cn phi hn m ch p ln ch thng mt tm bng dnh

bng acrilat c bn vng cao. Tm bng dnh ny c th kh cng trong
khng kh m hoc ngay trong nc nhit t 0 - 35 0C. Cht kt dnh l
mt sn phm phc tp gm cc este ca axit mtacrilic, imtil anilin v
peroxit benzin. Tu c hn bng phng php trn c th chy an ton
trn bin 3 nm lin.
196. Dng pliurtan lt bnh cha c u im g ?
Cng ty Shell ca Anh gii thiu mt phng php mi chng n
mn cho cc thng cha kh ho lng bng cch phun ln b mt bn trong
ca thng cha bt pliurtan. Bt pliurtan cn l cht cch nhit v bao
ph tt. N c th ph c nhng thng ch amoniac nhit - 50 0C . Dng
cht bao ph mi ny cho php gim thi gian ch to thng v gim gi
thnh i 10%.
197. Sn xut giy t plitilen nh th no ?
, ngi ta nghin cu mt cng ngh sn xut cc vt liu tng
hp dng lm nguyn liu sn xut giy v cctng. Vt liu mi ny gm
cc si plitilen mng (2-4 micron), c b mt ring ln (30 - 50m 2/g) c
an vi nhau. Xenluloz tng hp d b phn tn trong nc, c th trn
theo bt k t l no vi xenlulz thng. Ngi ta vn c th dng cc thit
b sn xut giy bnh thng sn xut loi giy mi ny.
198. Dng cht do lm vt liu ch to mng lc c nhng u im g ?
Ngi ta mi tm thm mt cng dng ca cht do xp dng lm vt
liu ch to cc b phn lc cho cc ng c pittng ca my bay. Cht do
xp c kh nng gi li nhng ht bi rt nh thng lm bn ch ho kh,
kh b rch, khng mt tnh bn c hc. Nhng ph kin lc lm bng cht
do xp r hn 8 ln cc loi vt liu khc thng dng trc y.
199. Sn xut cht do t ng da trn nguyn l no ?

87

T ng, ngi ta iu ch ra glucz v t glucz sn xut ra cht

do. l nguyn l chung nht do cc nh bc hc Nht xng (v
Nht khng c du m nhng li c ng). Loi cao phn t mi sn xut t
ng c gi l Polulen. Polulen ho tan trong nc nhng cng c th
khng tan nu em x l thm. Ngi ta d kin rng loi polime mi ny c
th dng sn xut si v keo. u im ca n l khng sinh ra cht c khi
t, nn khng cn c bi rc; di tc dng ca vi sinh vt, n b phn hu.
200.Cht chng m cho knh t l cht g ?
cho knh t khng b m, ngi ta thng ph bng mt lp mng
mng loi plime trong sut c kh nng thm nc nh cht polixitil
mtacrilat. Nhng rt tic l cc mng acrilat thng bo ho nc v khi
dng s mt kh nng chng nc. Cc loi coplime ca cc silic hu c v
oxialkilen li c tc dng khc, lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc v ph
hu cc ht nc to thnh. Nhng nhng cht ny li tan trong nc, nn
khng bn vng bng cc mng acrilat. Mi y, cc nh bc hc M
thnh cng trong vic lai ging hai loi trn v thu c mt loi mng c
kh nng chng m lu di cho knh. Thnh phn ch yu ca cht mi ny
cha c cng b, song ngi ta cng cho bit l trong poli-xitil
mtacrilat vn l cht chnh.
201. Loi cht do no dng lm bao gi trnh nhim mi trng ?
Nhng cht do dng trc y lm bao gi thng kh x l sau khi
s dng. Anh nghin cu ra mt loi cht do mi lm bao gi. Nhng
cht do thng dng nh PVC, plitilen, plipropilen, plistirol c em
pha trn vi tinh bt theo t l t 10 - 40%. Loi cht do ny d b phn hu
trong t v trong nc bin, do trnh c nhim mi trng. H
thng cng nghip u tin sn xut loi cht do mi ny c xy dng
Anh vi cng sut 185 triu bao gi/nm.
202. C loi c quy mi no dng cho t in ?
Mi y, ngi ta ch to ra mt loi cquy mi dng cho t in.
Nhng ngi ch to ra loi acquy ny khng nh rng n c nhiu u im

88

hn cc loi c quy c trc y. Ngi ta trang b cho t kiu Mustan

1975 loi cquy mi ny (trng lng 360 kg, dung lng 42 kwh, in th
150v) cng vi mt ng c in. Trong iu kin chy trn ng ph,
cquy ny c th cung cp in chy 190 km m khng cn np li.Trong
khong 23 giy c th tng tc ln 120km/h v tc ti a l 130 km/h.
Ngi ta dng sunfua st lm in cc dng ca cquy, cn in cc
m l hp kim liti-nhm. Dung dch in gii l hn hp liti v kaliclorua.
203. iu ch kh t t cht thi nng nghip nh th no ?
Anh, hng nm lng cht thi nng nghip c th ln n 60 triu
tn. Nhng cht thi ny phn ln l cht hu c, l nguyn liu qu sn
xut kh t. s dng nhng cht thi ny, ngi ta ch to ra hai thng
to kh vi sinh vt dung tch 227 v 1362 lt. My to kh ny l mt thng
bng cao su, trong mi trng cc cht thi dng lng nh phn chung. Cc
vi khun pht trin to ra kh mtan. Dng nhng thit b to kh kiu ny c
th cung cp kh cho vng ngoi thnh ph Anh lm nhin liu t,
si m cho cc gia nh. Ngi ta cn ang nghin cu nhng thng c
dung tch ln dng cho cc trang tri.
204. Loi sn no chng bng tuyt ?
Phn lan ngi ta nghin cu ra mt loi sn k nc (thnh phn
gm c nha pxi v cht ng rn) c kh nng lm bng tuyt khng bm
vo tu. Sn ny to ra trn b mt kim loi mt lp mng rn chu nc,
ng thi li c h s ma st thp. Ngi ta dng loi sn ny sn tu nh
c trn bin Bc. Khi i bin, tu khng b bng tuyt bm vo, v do h s
ma st ca mng thp, nn tu chy nhanh hn.
205. Dng tia laze pht hin bn ca nc nh th no ?
kim tra bn ca nc, ngi ta dng tia laze. Khi chiu tia
laze xung nc th nh sng phn chiu ca n c thu li qua mt my
phn tch quang hc. my ny s ghi li cng , phng ca nhng tia phn

89

chiu. Cng phn chiu khc nhau tu theo bn ca nc. Bng

phng php ny, ngi ta c th tm c s lng, tnh cht ca cc cht
bn trong trong nc su ti 8 mt.
206. C phi nc kn l cht khng sinh ?
Nm mi nm v trc, c mt loi sinh vt di c t phng Nam
sang nc M: kin la. Khi t, kin tim vo vt thng mt cht c,
nhng khng nguy him cht ngi. Cho ti gn y, ngi ta vn cha xc
nh c bn cht ca nc kin mc d c gi thuyt cht c y ng
thi l mt cht khng sinh. Nhng nghin cu mi nht khng nh iu
ny. Nc kin lm cht nhng loi nm mc v a s vi khun, trong s c
cc vi khun gy bnh nh lin cu khun (streptocoque) v t cu khun
(staphi-locoque).
207. Ct lng cu bng phng php ho hc nh th no ?
Vin nghin cu khoa hc nng nghip Php va tm ra c mt
phng php rt c o thu hoch lng cu v lng th lm len. Ngi ta
ch vic cho chng ung mt liu lng nht nh cht xiclofotfamit, hon
ton khng c hi i vi chng. Cu th sau mt tun s rng lng, cn th
th ch sau 12 pht t nguyn r b b lng dy v mt ca mnh, trong
khi nu ct lng bng phng php thng, mt t ra l na gi. C iu
phi gi nhng con vt ny 3 tun trong ch m ch chng mc lng.

208. C th dng mt ong lm cht ch th nhim mi trng

khng ?
Chnh loi mt ong bnh thng li l cht ch th tt cho ta bit
nhim mi trng. Nh khoa hc D-Liak ti trng i hc Cornell kt lun
nh vy. ng ly nhng mu mt ong t ti nhiu v tr khc nhau: bn cnh
ng t, nh my, m qung v so snh vi mu mt ong nguyn cht.

90

Trong nhng mu th nghim pht hin ra nhm, bari, ng, niken,

mangan, mlipen.. tng s ti 47 nguyn t, ngha l gn mt na bng tun
hon.
209. Sn kh cc nhanh, kh nh th no ?
Php, ngi ta bt u s dng mt loi sn kh trong chp mt,
di tc ca tia t ngoi. Sn ny gm mnme v cc cht, khi b tia t
ngoi chiu vo lp tc bin thnh hp cht cao phn t. Loi sn mi rt vn
nng v dng c i vi bt c b mt nh th no. N c bit thch hp
vi vic in ofset nhiu mu, v hin nay tc in ca my ch ph thuc vo
tc kh ca mc.
210. Si tng hp no dng lm qun o cho cc nh du hnh v
tr ?
B qun o ca nhng nh du hnh trn con tu v tr Lin hp 19
c may bng mt loi si tng hp gi l Lola. Theo cc chuyn gia, vi
cc tnh cht c o ca n, loi si ny c th dng trong cc ngnh luyn
kim v tt c nhng ni cn cc mt hng dt chu ho cht v nhit ln ti
trn 10000C. Vi dt t Lola trng ta nh len v hon ton cch in.
Khng nhng Nga m cc x nghip nc ngoi rt ch n loi si ny.
211. Cao su no c dng trong my thay tim ?
Cc nh nghin cu thuc cng ty Goodycar Tire Rubber Co sau10
nm phi hp nghin cu cng vi cc thy thuc tm ra mt loi cao su
plilfin mi, rt thch hp sn xut cc my y c, thay th cho hot ng
ca c tim. Vn ng mu c gii quyt bng cch pht trin mt loi
nhung plyeste mi c ph plyurtan dn in. Nhng tri tim nhn to ny
c th nghim th vi ngun nng lng ngoi v lm vic thnh cng
trong sut 94 ngy.
212. Xc nh hm lng vng bng my gia tc nh th no ?

91

Vng c khp ni trong thin nhin. Trung bnh c 1000 tn t cha

khong 5g vng. Thng thng, cn x l hng chc nghn mu cc loi t
mi xc nh c vng nm trong lp t no. Mt nhm cc nh nghin
cu thuc Vin cc vn vt l Mascva pht hin cch s dng my
Btatron phn tch cc mu t ny. Cc in t c gia tc hot ho
cc nguyn t vng, pht ra tia X v ch cn o lng bc x ny trong khng
y 1 pht c th xc nh c hm lng vng trong mu t. My xc
nh c nhng lng vng v cng nh b, c nng 1: 1300.000.
213. Knh hin vi in t tham gia sn xut phn bn nh th no ?
nng cao hiu qu ca cng tc nghin cu v sn xut, Vin ho v
c Ustinad Zabun (Tip khc) kt hp knh hin vi in t PSEM - 500
vi cc thit b tnh ton, v p dng ti cc nh my. Thit b t hp ny
nghin cu tnh cht c l ca phn bn tm ra mi lin h trc tip gia tnh
cht vt l ca sn phm, cu to t vi ca chng v ch k thut, t
iu chnh tr li qu trnh sn xut. Nh t ng ho cao, thit b mi
lm vic c nng sut cao hn cch phn tch v iu chnh sn xut c nhiu
ln.
214. Trm zn ln nht th gii u ?
Mascva (Nga) xy dng xong mt trm pht sinh zn ln nht
th gii, c kh nng mi ngy x l 200.000m 3 nc ung. Do s dn tng
ln v thnh ph c m rng khng ngng, nhu cu v nc ngy cng ln,
buc phi hin i ha v m rng cc c s cung cp nc. Ring x l
nc pha ty thnh ph, trm phi cung cp 200 kg zn trong 1 gi.
215. Protein ch t ph liu xenlulz nh th no ?
Trng i hc tng hp Luisana (M) nghin cu thnh cng mt
phng php mi ch to protein n bo v ang a ra cng nghip. Loi
protein ny u tin c dng lm thc n cho gia sc v tin ti lm thc
phm cho con ngi.

92

Nguyn liu sn xut ra n l ph liu xenlulz cnh cy, giy vn,

vi vn c v cc loi rc khc. Sau khi x l tp cht ngi ta dng mt
loi vi khun pht trin ht sc nhanh chng, to ra mt cht bt cha 50%
protein. Nm 1978, sn phm mi ny ph bin trn th trng.
216. Nc no c chic tu v l nh my sn xut axit H2SO4 ?
Ti thnh ph Sxin (Ba Lan), ngi ta ng mt loi tu c o:
tu nh my. Hng ho a xung tu l lu hynh lng, mt nguyn liu ni
ting v rt phong ph ca Ba Lan. Trn ng i, nguyn liu ny c ch
bin v khi tu cp bn (thng l ti nc ngoi, hng ho bc r ln l..
axit sunfuric. Tht tin li: nhng kh thi trong qu trnh sn xut thot ra
ngoi bin khi, nn khng gy nhim mi trng nh trn t lin. Nhit
d t cc phn ng c dng ct nc bin thnh nc ngt dng cho cc
thu th kim cng nhn sn xut ho cht trn tu, pha vo axit v dng
cho tuycbin hi nc ca tu.
217. Phng php no sn xut oxi r nht ?
Cc nh khoa hc mt trng i hc ca c ch to mt loi
thit b mi sn xut oxi nh ry phn t, gi li kh ny t khng kh. Kt
qu thu c hn hp kh cha 80% oxi. Cho n nay, phng php ny l
phng php n gin nht v cho kh oxi r nht trong cng nghip.
218. Nng cao cht lng ca gang bng cch no ?
Thm nguyn t t him ytri vo gang xm nng chy lm tng r rt
tnh cht ca gang: bn, do, tnh chu nhit. Thay i t l ytri c th
iu chnh c tnh cht ca gang trong mt gii hn rng. Khng nhng
lm gang thm bn, nguyn t ny cn c tc dng kh cc tp cht c trong
gang. Loi gang ny s dng trong ngnh ch to my v nng cao c
cht lng v tui th nhiu thit b.
219. L so thy tinh c u im g ?

93

Cc nh khoa hc Nga ch to c mt loi l so bng thu tinh c

bn ln v n hi cao. N c tnh u vit hn l so bng thp ch
khng b n mn trong mi trng xm thc, chu nhit v khng c bin
dng d. K thut c bit cho php khc phc c tnh rn ca thy tinh.
Nhng chic l so mi ny bt u thay th thp trong ampe k, vn k,
cn chnh xc, dng c o a chn v ng h, c bit nhng chic l so
bng kim loi qu v t tin trong cc dng c vt l chnh xc.
220. S n mn c li khi no ?
Cc chuyn gia M gii quyt vn nhim bn thin nhin nh
hin tng n mn. Cc loi rc di dng bao g bng kim loi, cht do,
giy, g phi vt vo nhng thng rc va c sn xut hng lot, c hai
lp v bng 2 th kim loi khc nhau (nh st v nhm chng hn), gia, c
mt lp mui, d ht m. ng hp li, cc thng rc tr thnh nhng chic
pin, v qu trnh n mn in ho bt u xy ra. Qua vi tun, nhng
thng rc ny bin thnh mt ng bi xm nh.
221. iu kin no nc c tinh kim loi ?
Ngy nay, ngi ta iu ch c hng chc loi tinh th nc khc
nhau nh p sut, nhng mi y li pht hin thm mt loi nc na.
nhit -800 v di p sut hng triu at-mt-phe, nc , kp gia 2 tm
kim cng, s c nhng tnh cht ca kim loi: t cht in mi in hnh
thnh cht dn in. Tnh cht ny ca nc th hin c trong khong khng
gian v tr.
222. Kim cng tng hp c iu ch nh th no ?
Cc nh ho hc Nga ln u tin thu c kim cng tng hp
di p sut thng. So vi nhng thit b nng n v cng sut ln trc y
th thit b mi ny rt n gin. N ch bng thu tinh, v khng cn n cc
vt liu chu p. Vic ch to kim cng i hi phi cc k chnh xc. Ch
mt sai st rt nh so vi iu kin lm vic ti u cng lm cho kim cng

94

b ph mt lp graphit. Kim cng iu ch trn thit b mi khng khc lm

so vi kim cng thin nhin.
223. Hp kim nhm c bit c u im g ?
Sau nhiu nm nghin cu, cc nh khoa hc Anh nghin cu ra mt
loi hp kim nhm, t tn l Surpral. Vt liu ny c nhiu tnh cht qu
bu: dn nhit v dn in rt tt, bn cao, sng bng, ng thi li c tnh
do phi thng. Mt mu Supral un nng nh c th ko di ra 10 ln. T
hp kim ny c th ch to cc vt c hnh dng rt cu k, nn c dng
lm khun c cht do. Ngi ta cho rng cng ngy vt liu mi ny cng
c nhiu ng dng k thut.
224. Sn xut glucoz khng cn axit nh th no ?
Cc chuyn gia c ngh mt phng php hon ton mi sn
xut glucoz khng dng axit m dng men phn hu tinh bt. Hiu sut
so vi phng php c tng gp i. Nhng ngi ta cho rng u im chnh
ca phng php l ch: glucz thu c c cht lng siu tinh khit
225. C cch no xc nh nhanh nit trong t ?
Mt phng php mi, nhanh chng v chnh xc nh lng nit
trong t ra i M, rt ngn thi gian phn tch c 20 ln. Ch vic trn
t vi mt loi sn c bit, c tnh cht hp th cc cht m trong t, v
tng cng mu. Mang so snh vi mu tiu chun, s bit trc tip nng
cc hp cht ca Nit.
226. Lp v bo qun rau qu bng cht g ?
Cc nh ho hc Nht tm ra mt cng thc ch to cc lp v cho
qu, rau, trng, b.. cn phi bo qun trong mt thi gian di. Thnh phn
ch to lp v tng hp l zlatin, tinh bt khoai ty, sa v mt vi cht ph
gia khc. Bng lp v ny, c th gi cc sn phm ni trn ti lu hn gi
trong t lnh n 5 ln.
227. Qun o ngi nhi bng silicn c tc dng g ?

95

Cc nh ho hc Nht Bn phi hp vi cc nh sinh vt ch to

nhng b qun o ngi nhi dng cho th ln bng silicon. N gip cho
ngi ta lu hn di mt nc hon thnh mt cng vic no . B
qun o ngi nhi ny gm nhiu lp silicn, c kh nng hp th oxi tan
trong nc v thi trc tip c kh cacbnic qua mt n th.
228. Tc dng kp no cho ng ca thuc tr c?
Hungari tng hp v s dng rng ri mt loi thuc tr c cho
ng, gi l Hungazin. Ngoi tc dng tr c rt hiu lc v tc dng 2 - 3
nm, n cn kch thch s sinh trng ca cy ng, rt ngn thi gian trng
trt. Hungazin p ng y nhng tiu chun ghi trong lut bo v mi
trng.
229. Hp kim ca kim cng c u im g ?
l tn gi ca mt loi vt liu mi do cng ty Dunlp (M) sn
xut. Tuy khng phi hp kim, nhng thnh phn ca n gm niken v kim
cng tng hp dng bt. Khi hm lng kim cng trong vt liu ln ti
30%, bn mi mn ca n rt cao, thun tin ph ln cc chi tit hot
ng ca my mc thit b. Ni chung, thi gian lm vic ca cc chi tit c
ph vt liu ny tng ln ti 6 ln.
230. Sn chng chy ngn cn s chy th no ?
Hungari, ngi ngi ta ch to c mt loi sn chng chy
cho cc vt liu d bt la nh g, giy, cactng Ch cn ph ln b mt
mt lp sn: di nh hng ca nhit , n s phng ln v ngn cn s
chy. Khi nhit d ln ti 1200C, sn bin thnh mt lp xp, c tnh cch
nhit v c kh nng dp tt chy. Thm cht ph gia c bit, loi sn ny
chu c nhit 9000 trong 3 - 5 gi.
231. Lm cho rm r c v ngt nh th no ?

96

 Vin nghin cu v chn nui Ukrena nghin cu cho kim tc

dng ln rm r p sut 150 atmtphe; xenluloz s chuyn ho thnh
ng saccrz v mt s cht khc d ng ho. Nh th rm c mi
thm, v ngt v hm lng cht dinh dng tng ln gp i.
B c n loi rm ny c th tng trng t 1000 - 1200 g/ngy.
232. Lp bo v ng ng dn du bng cht g ?
Nhng tp cht cha trong du nh H2S, CO2, cc loi mui v mt s
cht khc na lm cho kim loi nhanh chng b n mn. bo v cc ng
ng dn du, ngi ta trng bn trong mt lp ph mi c tnh cht khc hn
cc loi thng dng: ch gm hai cu t kh ph bin l nha phnol
focman-hit v epoxy. Hn hp ny d dng trng ln ng ng v rt mau
kh trong bt c iu kin no, ngay c nhit gn 00C.
233. C phng php sinh ho no tiu hu cht thi ?
Anh, mi y sn xut ra mt loi cht sinh ho c gi l
Fenobac. Cht ny cho php gim c tc dng c hi n mi trng
xung quanh ca cc ho cht nh du m, sn phm du m cng nh cc
cht hu c khc.
Loi thuc phn hu bng phng php sinh ho ny dng x l cc
ngun nc n. Trong mt gam Fenobac cha 1 t vi khun rt phm n
nhng cht nh benzen, xng, phnol, naphtalen v du m.
234. C phng php no lm sch kh thi ca t ?
Cc chuyn gia Anh va ch to c mt my lc thu hi ch t
khi thi ca t chy bng xng c ch s c tan cao.
Thnh phn chnh ca my lc gm mt li bng bng thp m
hiroxit nhm v natri phtpht hoc kali cacbonat.
Vic t my lc vo t lm tng gi t ln 10 bng Anh v khng
nh hng n hot ng ca ng c. My lc ny cng c th t vo cc

97

loi t khc chy bng du izen lc mui than v cc tp cht khc

trong khi.
235. Sn xut axit phtphoric tinh khit theo cng ngh mi nh
th no ?
Ti Php, ngi ta sn xut axit phtphoric tinh khit theo hng
php mi quy m cng nghip. giai on u, ngi ta chit axit
phtphorc bng izbutanol v ra phn chit bng xt. Tu theo yu cu v
tinh khit sn phm, tip tc chit axit bng izbulanl, dung dch kim,
nc hoc axit phphoric long, Izbutanl sau khi tham gia vo qu trnh
c tch khi axit bng cch chng ct.
236. Loi cht do no nhy vi nh sng ?
Trc y, ngi ta dng loi knh en bo v mt th hn khi b
nhng tia sng chi khi hn. Loi knh ny c nhc im l th hn lun
lun b mt mu en che kn mt, kh quan st cht lng mi hn. Ngy nay,
ngi ta ch ra mt loi cht do rt nhy cm vi nh sng gi l
Compound-224 sn xut knh cho th hn. Khi hn, nhng tia chi chiu
vo cht do lm cho cht do lp tc b en li v c th gi c 99% nh
sng. Sau mt giy, khi ht nh sng hn , cht do ny li tr li trong sut
nh trc.
237. Phn bn t ph liu nh my thuc da c u im g ?
Vin nghin cu khoa hc thuc cng nghip giy da ti Ukren
ngi ta nghin cu ra mt phng php x l ph liu da lm phn
bn cho rau. Sn phm l mt loi bt mu xm c cha 9 - 14% m, 5%
cht bo, 3-4% oxit crm, , 7-8% tro. Ngoi ra, sn phm ny cn giu
nguyn t vi lng nh km, ng, bo, mlipden, man-gan. N c th c
s dng nh l mt loi phn phc hp bn cho rau, nho, cc loi cy c
tinh du.

98

Ngi ta tin hnh th nghim 2 nm loi phn bn ny trn cc

cnh ng v khng nh hiu qu s dng cao ca n: thu hoch khoai ty
tng 30%, c chua 35%.
Ti nh my lin hp giy da, ngi ta xy dng xng sn xut
phn bn, v qua tnh ton kinh t k thut, d tnh rng vn xy dng
xng s c hon li sau mt nm.
238. Keo dn gch v thch anh c u im g ?
Acmni, ngi ta nghin cu thnh cng mt loi keo dn nhit
cao trn c s cc hp cht v c mn oxit km, oxit silic, bo v axit octo
-phtphoric. Keo ny ng rn nhit tng i thp (khong 1500 C) v
bn vng nhit rt cao 1150 0C. N c th dn gch, graphit, kim loi,
thc anh v thu tinh. C th s dng n vo vic che ph bo v, chng
n mn.
239. Nhng ngi nh bng ct c xy u ?
Trn nhng khu t v hoang Kha-u-d-khan gn th trn Tt -gien
(Tuc-m-ni), xut hin nhng ngi nh xinh p. Nhng to nh c
xy bng ct ly ti ch, trong xa mc Ka-ra-Kum
Nhng nh bc hc Mat-sc-va xut vic dng ct l nguyn
liu xy dng ch yu. Phng php ny va n gin li va c o: ct
c trn vi ximng, bt nhm v b tt theo t l xc nh. Sau khi x l
hn hp bng khng kh nng, ngi ta c mt cht liu xp, gi l ga-db-tng, bn vng nh gch nung, nh bng na b tng thng, v cch
nhit tt.
Gia nhng cn ct ca xa mc Ka-ra-Kum, ngi ta xy dng nh
my u tin sn xut nhng cu kin nh lp ghp bng nguyn liu ny.
240. Ngc xa phia nhn to c sn xut u ?
Mt phng th nghim t ng sn xut nhng vin ngc xa phia nhn
to bt u hot ng ti Vin nghin cu n tinh th Khc - cp. Ln u

99

tin, trong nhng l in mnh, ngi ta to ra c nhng vin ngc c

cc hnh dng, khng phi x l thm na.
Ngc xa phia c nhng c tnh c bit khng c cht g thay th
c. N vn trong sut nhit m cc kim loi bt u nng chy, v
ngi ta c th dng ch to nhng n chiu sng cc mnh.
241. Pht hin ngi nghin ru bng cch no ?
Bc s Spencer -Shau v nhm cng tc vi ng Bnh vin Brenx
(Niu - Ooc) nghin cu thy rng trong huyt tng ngi nghin ru c
mt lng rt ln axit amin-n-butyric. Trong huyt tng ngi bnh thng
vn c mt axit amino ny, nhng ngi nghin ru t l axit amino t
nht cao gp i v t l vn duy tr d ngi nghin nhn ru trong
nhiu ngy. Ngi ta cha gii thch c nguyn nhn lm tng t l axit
amino-n-buturic trong huyt tng ngi nghin ru.
242. B tng cht do, bn hn nha ng nh th no ?
Thng thng ngi ta ph mt ng bng mt lp nha ng
gm c nha, du ho trn vi hoc si. Sau nhiu nm nghin cu, cc
cng ty SCREG v Rhne Pou-lenc (Php) thnh cng s dng quy m
cng nghip nha than lm cht kt dnh, trn vi mt t l cao cc ph
liu PVC cn vn, to thnh mt loi b tng hyrcacbon c nhng c tnh
u vit ph mt ng.
Loi btng mi ny khng nhng cho php s dng nha than v
cc ph liu PVC c rt nhiu, m cn gip gii quyt nhiu vn ; chng
g, chng h hng mt ng do du ho, xng v cc nhin liu, lm lp
ph cc cng trnh ngh thut, lm nn nh cng nghip v.v...
Ngoi ra cn tit kim c nguyn vt liu v loi b tng mi ny rt
rn chc nn c th gim b dy ca lp ph mt ng.
243. C than hot tnh dng si khng ?

100

Cho n nay, than hot tnh ch c dng bt hoc ht. Ngi ta ch

to c n dng si. y l kt qu nghin cu ca 2 vin nghin cu
Nht Bn, dng nguyn liu c bn l si pliacrilnitril. bn ca n i
vi khng kh ln hn than hot tnh bt v ht. S hp th cc dung mi hu
c hoc cc kh c ln hn t 1,5 - 3 ln.
244. C iu b n g h Komek ?
H Komek, vng xa mc pha Ty nc Tuc -m-ni (Nga) mang
trong lng n mt iu b n. V sao nhit nc h gn y ln ti 50 0C,
cn mt nc ch c 90C ?
Trc kia ngi ta cho rng, c nhng mch nc nng ngm. Nhng
ngi ta pht hin: nc h gm 2 lp khng trn ln nhau, do khi lng
ring khc nhau. Lp trn mt l nc ma cn lp di th mn, y h li
c bn en nn hp thu nhiu nhit lng ca nh nng mt tri hn lp nc
trn mt h. Hin tng ny gip to ra loi bn hydr sunfua c th dng
cha bnh, khi lng c tnh ln ti hng nghn mt khi.
245. bt nhn to dng lm g ?
Nhiu loi phn c dng trong xy dng, lm b tng nh: tnh
nh ca chng l do cu trc xp c to ra khi ni la n.
c hon thnh phng php sn xut mt loi bt nhn to,
gi l zitan, ch bin t t st to ht trong mt thit b c bit, bt chc
hot ng n ca ni la. Zitan rn chc v c kh nng n hi, chu c
tc dng ca hi nc v nc .
246.. C loi n bo hiu ban m no khng tiu th nng lng
bn ngoi ?
M va ch to mt loi n bo hiu ban m khng tiu th nng
lng bn ngoi. Thn n l mt ng hunh quang bng thy tinh
borsilicat, bn trong np kh tritium, khi bc x s lm n sng. nh sng

101

loi n ny c th chiu xa n 180m v tui th c th c hng chc

nm.

247. Xng nhn to lm bng cht g ?

Ngi ta th nghim thay mt vi xng nhn to cho mt con ch th
nghim .Xng nhn to ch bin trn c s hirxiapatit, xit nhm xp
hoc san h trong trng hp ny l canxi cacbonat) nhng khng mt trng
hp no b sai khp hoc nhim trng ch tip xc. Dn dn xng nhn to
c bc sn v sau chng khc g xng tht.
248. Si siu bn c iu ch t cht g ?
Mt cng ty Nht Bn nghin cu phng php r tin iu ch
cacbua silic thnh si dng cho vt liu nhiu lp. Si ny c kh nng lm
vic nhit ti 1.2000C. Nguyn liu iu ch cacbuasilic l
imtilcloxilan, nhit phn trong chn khng 1.3000C. Nu tng nhit
n 1.5000C, tnh bn ca si gim. Gii hn bn ca si c ng knh t 10
- 20 micrm l 350kg/cm2 trong khi si bng ng v niken c cng ng
knh th gii hn bn ch l 40 - 60 kg/cm2.
249. Lm pin mt tri r tin t cht g ?
Hin nay ngi ta nghin cu k thut sn xut pin mt tri trn c
s sunfat ng v caimi. Gi ca loi pin ny ch c 1 la mt mt vung,
v hiu sut vo khong 7,8%. Pin mt tri khc c hiu sut t 15 - 20%,
nhng gi t nht l 150 la mt mt vung.
250. Hn nhm nh th no ?
Nhng chuyn gia trung tm khoa hc Kha-ru-ele (c) nghin
cu thnh cng mt phng php n gin hn nhm. Trong iu kin
bnh thng, nhm khng hn c, v trn b mt nhm lp tc to thnh
mng oxit, v que hn khng lin c vi mng ny. hn hai b mt

102

nhm, trn b mt ca n trong chn khng, ngi ta ph mt lp bt niken

mng. Khng cn lm sch b mt v trong chn khng s xy ra tc dng ho
hc gia nguyn t niken v mng mng oxit. S t nng t nhin trong khi
hn khng lm gim bn ca lp bc v lc kt dnh vi nn nhm.
251. Cht g xua i ch v mo ?
Canaa va a ra bng pht minh mt ch phm mi xua ui
ch v mo. Trong thnh phn cht y, ngoi paraphin v du khong, cn c
mtilnnixeton (CH3(CH2)8- COCH3 . Mi ca cht ny, rt t hp dn i vi
khu gic rt thnh ca ch v mo. Rc cc hin, l si v cc ng i,
loi thuc ny lm cho ch v mo phi lnh xa.
252. Dng laze iu ch thu tinh kim loi nh th no ?
Di tc dng ca tia laze CO 2rt mnh, c th to c mt mng
mng c bn vng cao gi l thu tinh kim loi. Trong khong khc, tia
laze lm chy mt lp mng trn b mt kim loi hoc hp kim, m nhit
ln ti hng nghn . Khi ngt tia laze, kim loi ngui rt nhanh trong phn
nghn ca giy. Lc trn b mt kim loi hnh thnh mt mng mng dng
thu tinh gi l thu tinh kim loi. Qua nghin cu, mng mng c cng
v chng n mn rt cao so vi bn thn kim loi hoc hp kim thng thng.
Ngi ta thu c thy tinh kim loi trn nn hp kim niken v cban.
253. C phi silic oxit chng hin tng vn cc ?
Trong qu trnh sn xut cc loi phn ho hc, tnh c ngi ta thy
rng silic oxit c tc dng ngn cn hin tng vn cc ca cc loi phn ho
hc. Cn trong khi bn cc loi thuc chng su bnh cho cy trng, cc nh
khoa hc thy rng silic oxit li c tc dng hp thu cht gy hin tng vn
cc.
254. Hp kim than AT - 3 l hp kim g ?

103

 Nga ngi ta nghin cu ch to c mt loi hp kim titan

mang nhn hiu AT-3, thay th c cho thp khng r. Trong thnh phn ca
n c cc cht nh nhm, crm, st, v silic, vi hm lng khng qu 2 3%. Hp kim ny c tnh chng n mn rt cao. N khng b n mn bi
nc bin, peoxit hyr m c v axit pha long, thm ch cn chu c
cc hp cht nng ca clo, v trong dung dch axit sunfuric un nng ti 275 0 C
p sut 60 t -mt-phe trong 2000 gi. Th nghim vi axit nitric cng thu
c kt qu nh vy. Di tc dng ca cc cht kim. AT-3 khng h b ph
hu. Hp kim AT-3 cn c mt lot u im na l bn, d hn, v gi
nguyn c tnh do nhit -1950 C.
Qua nhiu th nghim ngi ta thy rng: hp kim mi ny tt hn hn
thp khng g khi dng trong cng nghip ho cht. Cn phi ni thm l hp
kim AT-3 c th s dng rt rng ri.T hp kim ny c th lm cc sn phm
rn, cc tm cn ngui, ng, dy, kim loi dt mng ti 0,07mm..
255. C th dng khi nh my nhit in lm phn bn khng ?
Mt nh my cng sut 1500 - 2000 mga-ot, chy bng than mi
ngy thi vo khng kh 50 tn ioxit lu hunh (SO 2) rt c. Cc nh Bc
hc Ba-lan tm cch trung ho n, da vo hin tng thng xy ra trong
thin nhin l ioxit lu hunh tham gia vo phn ng vi amonic trong
khng kh.
Theo phng php mi ny th amonic c cho thm vo khi s to
ra amonisunfat trong khng kh. Gi s ri phn bn ny trong mt vng rng
ln. Phng php mi ny ln u tin c s dng ti nh my in thnh
ph Turv.
256. C xch xe p bng cht do khng ?
M va a ra th trng mt loi xch xe p bng cht do, c ct
bng thp. Loi xch ny nh hn xch thp 75%, khng cn bi trn v
khng gy ting ng. Trong thnh phn cht do (pliuretan), c cho thm

104

ph gia phn x, nn ban m xch s sng di nh n pha -t, lm cho

ngi i xe p m an ton hn.
257. C th st trng bng phn bn khng ?
Cc vi khun, nm, giun trn sng trong t, gy tc hi rt ln cho cy
trng trong nng nghip. tiu dit cc loi c hi ny, ngi ta xng khi
t bng cc cht c ho hc. Kh nng mc bnh ca cc cy thc vt gim
xung, nhng khng st trng c hon ton.
Gn y, ngi ta khm ph ra mt phng php tt hn nhiu,
bng cch s dng phn m thng thng. V d: nu trung tm gy bnh
ca khoai ty trc mt s tun, ngi ta a vo trong t mt lng ur
(1,5kg/m2), th trung tm gy bnh b tiu dit hon ton.
Vin Bo v thc vt ca Nga p dng th phng php ny bo
v cy bng khi cc bnh nguy him nht - nh bnh ho l do verticillium.
Nhng th nghim ti ur vo t (3 - 5g/1kg t) chng t c th
hon ton hoc gn nh hon ton ngn nga c bnh cho cy bng. Kt
qu st trng t ra c hiu qu cho c nhng nm sau.
258. C t bc cht do khng ?
nhng t du lch, cht do tr thnh rt quen thuc. Gn y
cc vt liu plime c s dng trong ch to thit b qun s. M thng
bo ch to cc loi xe hi bc thp, trong cc tm plicacbonat c
dng rt rng ri.
V t bc thp mi c ch to nh sau: v ngoi l loi thp
ccbon thng, bn trong l mt lp poliuretan dy 25mm (cch m v cch
nhit) trong cng l lexan, cc tm kn chn gi th lm bng 3 lp lxan
khc nhau, loi cht do ny sng thng bn khng thng.
Loi t bc thp mi ny nh hn xe c cng loi ti hng tn, mt
khc li r hn: ch gi khong 9000 la.
259. Nhin liu g c th ly t h Ki-vu ?

105

H Ki-vu nm vng ni thuc Trung Phi, c th tr thnh ngun

nguyn liu quan trng pht trin cng nghip cho cc nc gn . Nc
h ny cha ti 60 t mt khi mtan di dng ho tan, lng hi t ny c
kh nng sinh nhit tng ng vi 60 triu tn du la. Kh ny sinh ra
di tc dng ca vi sinh vt, cng nh trong cc h v cc m ly, c rt
nhiu cht hu c phn hu trong iu kiu thiu dng kh.
Ngi ta bt u nghin cu khai thc kh thin nhin nhin c o
ny. Phng php tin hnh rt n gin : ht nc su 300 m, v cng
vi s gim p sut, ho tan ca kh cng gim nn kh qu bo ho c
tch ra.
Trong nhng nm gn y, ly ra khong 20 triu mt mt khi kh
mtan t h Ki-vu.
260. C th hn graphit khng ?
Graphit khng nhng khng hn c m cng khng chy lng. Mt
s nh nghin cu xut lt ming m nhm vo mi hn graphit, sau
p cht chi tit v t nng ch ni cho n nhit , m nhm v cacbon
bt u phn ng vi nhau (khong 18000C). Cacbua nhm sinh ra s ni cc
chi tit, lc li nng nhit ln thm 500 0C. 23000 C cacbua nhm bay
hi, cn cc chi tit bng graphit th gn cht li. Chu trnh hn ny (1800 0C 23000C - 18000 C) c lp li 5 ln. Ton b thi gian hn khong na gi.
Sau khng cn nhm trong mi hn, cn cc chi tit grapht c lin kt
rt bn vng.
261. Thuc tr su t bin c u im g ?
Nhiu sinh vt sng bin cho nhng hot cht dng lm thuc
cha bnh. Mt ging giun bin thn t, c cha trong v mt c t thn
kinh gi l nereistexin (hi c t), l mt amin c tc dng lm t lit thn
kinh trung ng ca nhiu su b.

106

Nhng ngi nh c Nht bn t lu bit rng nhiu loi khi n

phi ging giun bin trn th cht. Nhng mi n nm 1934 nh nghin cu
Nht bn Nitta mi tm ra c t trn.
Ngy nay 20% thuc tr su tiu th Nht l Paan, c hot cht l
mt dn sut tng hp nhn to ca nereisteixin. Thuc tr su Padan c
bn ra th trng nc Nht t1967, tiu dit c nhiu ging rp, b cnh
cng, mt ng cc v mi, k c nhng ging tr vi cc loi thuc tr su
hu c cha pht pho v clo, nhng khng c vi ng vt mu nng v
chng b phn hu trong cc m sinh vt v ngoi tri.
262. Li mt h k l u ?
Ci h k l ny m ngi a phng gi l h ngt nm Uran, vng
Tchliabinsk. Qu tht nc h y c v hi ngt. Mt c im na:
ngi ta c th git qun o m khng cn x phng, c cc vt du bn cng
sch trn.
Lm sao gii thch c hin tng ny ? Cc nh ho hc phn
tch nc v nhn thy n cha xt (NaOH).
263. C th tnh tui ca v tr theo rni nh th no ?
Gn y, 2 nh bc hc M ngh xc nh tui v tr theo t l cc
ng v ca osimi v rni: ng v phng x trong thin nhin ca rni 187
sau khi phng x bta chuyn thnh ng v osimi 187 v c chu k bn hu
l 40 t nm. Cc nh bc hc y xc nh t l asimi v rni trong cc
thin thch v tnh ra tui ca v tr l 18 - 20 t nm.
264. Nc nho v ru vang dit siu vi trng ?
Nc nho, ru vang lm gim tui th ca siu vi trng gy bnh, th
d siu vi trng plimlit. Nhng nh sinh vt hc Canada nui siu vi
trng trong cc nc ung y, c iu chnh pH v nhn thy rng kh
nng gy bnh ca plimlit trong nc nho ( pH = 7.0 v nhit 4 0C)
gim hng nghn ln sau 1 ngy. Ru vang tc dng km hn nc nho ti.

107

Ngi ta gii thch rng hiu lc git siu vi trng l ca cc hp cht

phnl c trong nc nho nhiu hn trong ru vang.
264. Cht do no c dng trong ng h ?
Xng sn xut ng h rvan mi nm tit kim c 60 vn rp
nh thay mt s chi tit truyn thng kim loi trong ng h bng cht do t
bi trn: cc ng trng hp ca foocmalhit vi ixlan v trixanvi
ixlan.
265. B m xi ho c u im g ?
Riazan, ngi ta th nghim cho thm vo bt m 0,3 - 0,5% bt m
bin tnh bng cch xi ho vi hn hp 3 mui: kali brmat, kali
pecmanganat v kali hipclorit. Bnh m sn xut ra phng hn, ngon hn,
lu khng b cng, m gi thnh khng cao hn bnh m thng thng.
266. Loi thuc dit nm no khng cha thu ngn ?
Mt cng ty an mch v mt chi nhnh ca cng ty khc Thu in
va sn xut c mt loi thuc dit nm mi, t tn l panctin, theo mt
qu trnh sn xut gm 5 giai on. Hot cht trong panctin l 9 az 1,17iaminoheptacan axtat ca guaniin, t nguyn liu l axit bo. Cc cng
ty trn xy dng mt nh my c cng sut 4.000 tn/nm t nm 1978.
267. Xng ci tin nh th no ?
Nhng nh nghin cu Vin Ho hu c thuc Vin Hn lm khoa
hc ca Nga bo m rng thm 10% ru iz - prpilic vo xng s lm cho
tnh cht ca xng tt hn Hn hp 98% xng AU- 93 v 10% ru izprpilic tt hn xng nguyn cht: t mui hn trong bung t, gim tnh c
ca kh thi, t l nguyn liu chy khng ht t hn, m ng c khng b
gim cng sut.
268. Nha xp ccbon c ch to nh th no ?
Nha xp cacbon l mt vt liu rt bn, nh v chu nhit. Phng
php ch bin thng thng i t nha pliurtan v phnlalhit, nhng

108

qu trnh ch bin rt di v tn tht nhiu nguyn liu. Vin nghin cu khoa

hc ca Nga nghin cu phng php ch bin mi, t pliacrilnitril.
to bt, nha pliacriloonitril c ho tan trong dung dch km clorua hay
natri sunfoxianua, ri khuy mnh. Bt sinh ra trc ht c un nng n
160 - 2300 xi ho, sau cacbon ho bng cch nng dn nhit n
600 - 7000 C. Phng php ny va nhanh v tit kim hn phng php c.
269. Keo ym kh l keo g?
Ci tn nghe kh k l. Nhng chnh loi keo ny, ngy nay ang c
cng ty Anh - M "Loctait" s dung. trng thi lng, khi khng c khng
kh, n tn ti nh mnme, v nu c khng kh, n trng hp nhit
phng. Ch cn bi mt lp keo ny gia hai vt liu cn gn cht vi nhau, ta
s c c mt mi ni bn vng khng b gy, ging nh PVC.
270. Dng bt tinh ch kh thi nh th no?
Cng ty Thy in "Anpha - Lavan" nghin cu mt loi bt thch
hp lc kh thi cc nh my luyn kim v cc nh my in. Khi nhng
ht bi (hoc tro) tip xc vi bt (rt nh) th bt v ra, bin thnh git, cht
lng ko c ht bi vo thit b c bit. Ti y, cn s c tch khi cht
lng. Sau cht lng ny c th li c to thnh bt trong ng khi.
271.Du ho ch t rc nh th no?
Khi nu "qu chn" rc thnh ph, thit b th nghim ca cng ty
Hitachi (Nht Bn) sinh ra hi qu nhit, thch hp sn xut in nng,
nhin liu lng ging nh du ho v mt hn hp kh t c nhit lng cao.
Cng ngh x l rc hu c bao gm mt qu trnh nghin rc, lm m v x
l nhit. Ph liu cui cng ca qu trnh ny l phn bn loi tt, c cha cc
nguyn t vi lng.
272. Dng axit xitric kh cc hp cht ca lu hunh nh th
no?

109

Khi cc nh my in c cha oxit lu hunh, lm cht cy ci v

c hi i vi sc kho con ngi. M gn y th nghim phng
php kh cc hp cht lu hunh ny, bng cch to ra trong ng khi mt
cn ma c bit: ti xung u n mt dung dch mui natri xitrat v axit
xitric. Cc hot cht ny hp th lu hunh v bin n thnh kt ta dng bi,
l nguyn liu ho cht rt c gi tr.
273. Than c ch cho vic trng rau khng?
Than nu cht lng thp (linhit) trn vi cc hp cht nit, mt ca
hoc cc ph liu hu c khc, l mt loi phn phc hp tuyt vi trng
rau. Cc nh nng hc Rumani bn phn ny cho t ct. Theo quan st
ca h, mt s cy khng nhng tng sn lng m cn tng c t l vitamin,
ng v prtin.
274. Plime thay st ty lm v hp c u im ?
o, M, Nht ngi ta th ng hp u cve, tht ln, c chua
trong hp bng loi plime mi. u im ca loi bao b mi ny rt r rt
(bn nh, hp v sinh v khng b n mn). Ngi ta d on rng sau 5 - 8
nm na, cht do s hon ton thay th thu tinh v st ty trong cng
nghip hp trn ton th gii. Nhng sn phm ng trong hp plime s
tt hn v bo qun c lu hn.
275. G lai cht do c u im g?
Cng ty Anh "Sertex" bt u bn ra th trng vt liu xy dng nhit
do "Sanwood", l hn hp PVC vi bt g. T vt liu , c th ch to cc
tm vn, cc ng ng, cc cu kin rng v bt g lm tng rt nhiu
cng ca PVC. Vt liu ny chu mi mn, chng un gp tt, khng b
trng, khng thay i hnh dng trong khng kh m, nh bng d dng.
"Sanwood" c th gia cng trn cc my, ng c inh, dn c v
sn c nh g thng. V gi c, vt liu mi ny c th cnh tranh c
c vi g.

110

276. Than bn c nhng ng dng g?

Vin than bn Nga ch bin c than hot tnh cht lng cao t
than bn v a vo sn xut trn quy m cng nghip. Vin cng nghin
cu cng ngh sn xut men n cho gia sc t than bn. l nhng cht
protein cc k cn thit cho s sng.
T than bn, ngi ta cn tch ra axit xalic sn xut cht ty ra
c bit, ty cn cho ni hi.
Vin cn nghin cu c cng ngh sn xut sp t than bn. Sp khng
ch lm nn m dng trong 50 ngnh cng nghip khc nhau.
277. Si "Lola" v "Oxalon" l nhng si g?
l tn ca cc loi si tng hp do cc nh ho hc Nga ch to ra
dng vo nhng mc ch c bit.
Si "Lola" c tnh bn nhit, khng bt la ngay c trong ngn la n
x propan, nng 12000C. Ngi ta d kin dng loi si ny sn xut qun
o chng chy, vi trang tr khng chy, v vi lc cc kh chy.
"Uglen" trong mi trng kh tr chu c nhit 3.000 0C, nhng
khi c oxi th ch chu c c 250 0C. "Uglen" dn in v c th c dng
sn xut giy dn in, cht do, cao su v cht thay th da c tnh chng
tnh in.
"Oxalon" cng lm mt loi si chng chy, nhng li lm bng
nguyn liu g. Vi dt t "oxala" l vi lc kh chy tuyt vi trong cc x
nghip luyn kim mu v luyn kim en, trong cng nghip ch to mui
than, cng nghip xi mng v m. V cho ti nay cha c vt liu no tt hn
"oxalon" sn xut si cor bn nhit cho sm lp.
278. Chic o "bt" bo v cy nh th no?
bo v cy trng khi b bng gi, ngi ta bt u s dng cc loi
bt lm t polime ho tan trong nc; gilatin, pli-vinilalcol v mt s cht
hu c khc. bt khi b ph hu, ngi ta cn thm vo cc cht ph gia

111

hot ng b mt, thng di dng mui amoni. Th l thu c mt tm

"o bng bt", khng gy bng ho hc cho cy trng v khng b h hng
nhit - 30C.
Th nghim chng t nhng chic o bt mi ny chng nhng gi
c nhit cho cy m cn bo v cy trng chng c nhiu loi bnh
tt khc.
279. Ho hc gip xy dng nh th no?
Trong khi xy dng cc to nh mi th Vin, cc nh kin trc
ngi o gp cc lp nn t m khng n nh. H bn cu cu n ho
hc nh phng php in phn. H khoan nhng l c chiu su 15 mt,
xung dung dch mui v axit cha flo, silic v bo, ri cm vo l khoan
nhng in cc ni vi li in. Cc in trong dung dch chuyn t ant
sang catot, tham gia phn ng vi cc thnh phn v c trong t m. Kt qu
l to ra nhng cht kh tan, lm t cht li. V nh phng php in phn
, ngi ta xy dng y nhng to nh chc tri.
280. C phn xng bng thu tinh u?
Mt phn xng ton bng thu tinh xut hin ti x nghip "Verra"
sn xut kali ca c, phn xng nhn b ngoi chng c g c bit. Nhng
y, i a s vt liu t ng dn, on ni, b phn phn phi n thit b
phn ng u c ch to bng thu tinh. Trong nhiu qu trnh ho hc,
thu tinh t ra tt hn kim loi, gm, s, cht do. tin cy trong vn
hnh ca thu tinh cao hn, gi thnh li r hn. Cc nh ho hc t lu
nh gi cao thu tinh v nhng tnh u vit ca n, nhng y qu l ln u
tin h mi mnh dn s dng lm cc thit b trong mt phn xng. Th
nghim ny chng t phng php dng thu tinh lm vt liu ch to thit
b c nhiu trin vng.
281. C th dn tri tim khng?

112

Trong thi gian gn y, ngi ta dng keo dn nhng vt thng

thay cho kim ch gii phu, va nhanh vt thng li va mau lnh v khng
li so. Nhng keo c mt nhc im c bn: chng l nhng cht "l"
i vi c th con ngi, nn nhiu khi gy nhng hu qu khng lng trc
c.
Cc nh khoa hc c thnh cng trong vic ch to mt loi keo dn
dn cc m sng bng chnh cc m sng. Nguyn liu l mt loi abumim
ca mu (fibrogen), ho trong dung dch ca mt thnh phn khc ca mu l
trombin v mt s cht tm thi gi b mt, gi l "Factor - 3": Loi keo mi
ny c dng trong phu thut, t ra tt hn hn cc loi c. N thun tin
c bit trong phu thut cc c quan ni tng: tim, thn, phi,... Cc c quan
"tip nhn" keo mt cch t nhin v sau khi lnh vt thng, keo ho
tan trong c th.
282. Dng keo dn ng dn nh th no?
Hin nay, khi cc on ng dn b h hng, ch yu l thng do g,
ngi ta phi thay th bng on ng mi. Cc chuyn gia c p dng
thnh cng mt phng php mi sa cha ng ng dn du cng nh
cc ng ng khc trong cc nh my ho cht. Di p sut, ngi ta phun
ln ch hng huyn ph ca keo dn trn c s cao su. Sau khi kh hnh
thnh mt lp cng, gn rt cht v rt bn, bt kn ch h hng. Phng php
mi c dng sa cha 450km ng ng. Hiu qu ca vic s dng
phng php mi ny l tit kim c hng triu Mc (tin ca c).
283. Nhit v nh sng ly t rc nh th no?
Trong nhiu thnh ph M, rc c dng nh ngun b sung nng
lng. Chng hn, ti thnh ph Aym, t 2 nm nay, ngi ta xy dng
mt thit b cng nghip x l rc thnh ph thnh nhin liu cho cc nh
my in. u tin, rc c nghin nh, ri dng nam chm in tch ht
cc kim loi cha st... v cho i qua b phn loi b cc tp cht khng chy

113

c. Lc ny, trong rc ch cn giy, cht do v cc cht hu c khc, theo

ng ng i vo bung t ca my pht in. y l nh my u tin dng
rc lm ngun cung cp nhit si m v nh sng trong thnh ph.
284. C th ly uran t nc bin khng?
Trong my nm qua, Nht Bn v c cng b kt qu nhng th
nghim ly uran t nc bin.
c ngi ta trng trong nc bin nhng loi rong c bit, c kh
nng tch t uran trong thn. Cn Nht li ch to cc my lc c o, c
th gi li nhng phn uran nh nht tan trong nc bin. Nht c c k
hoch di hn hng vo ti ny. Theo k hoch, t nm 1990, cc thit b
s thu hi hng nm ti 3400 tn uran t nc bin. Cn nh li rng, theo
tnh ton, nc bin trn ton tri t cha ti 4 t tn uran.
285. Loi n pin no c tui th cao?
Nhng chic n pin bnh thng nu bt sng, ch sau vi gi nh
sng s yu dn ri tt hn. Nhng chic n pin va c cc nh cc nh
ho hc ch to mi y th khc hn, c th bt sng lin tc ti 10 nm lin
m sng ch gim mt na. Khng dng pin in, c cu ca n khc hn.
N c mt knh bng thu tinh bor-silicat, ph mt lp cht pht quang.
Trong hp n cha y triti, pht ra lin tc dng in t, p vo mt knh
lm n pht ra nh sng. sng ca n ln hn ca n pin thng.
286. Giy st trng dng lm g?
Mt nh my giy Nga a vo sn xut mt loi giy c bit: l
giy st trng. Ngi ta dng phng php ho hc "gn" nhng cht st
trng hoc khng sinh ln xenlulz trc khi xeo vo hon tt giy. Giy st
trng s c ng dng rt rng ri: dng p ln cc vit thng, mn nht
hoc vt m, lm vt liu lc khng kh cho cc x nghip dc phm hoc
phng m, v nhiu mc ch khc na.
287. C bao nhiu loi vi khun n cht do?

114

Cc nh khoa hc Nga pht hin c khong 160 chng loi nm,

vi khun, c th ph hoi cc cht plime. Cc vi khun khp mi ni trong
khng kh, trong t v trong nc. Cc cht plime c cha cc cht n hu
c li cng d b ph. Ngc li cc cht do c sn xut t nha pxi t
b e do hn. Cc thc nghim cho thy ch sau vi thng, mt s sn
phm cht do b mt bng p v mt dn cc tnh cht vt l ca n, do
tc dng ph hu ca nm. Cc nh khoa hc thuc Vin Vi sinh vt Mascva
nghin cu v ngh vi cc ngnh cng nghip, hy thay th cc thnh
phn "n c" ca cc loi cht do bng nhng loi bn hn, chng c
nm ph hu.
288. Dy in thoi bng thu tinh c dng u?
Cc y vi nm, mt ng dy in thoi u tin c cng sut cao
c gii thiu Harlow (thuc nc Anh) trong cc tn hiu ni c
truyn i nh dao ng ca tia sng lade thng qua nhng si tc thu tinh rt
manh. Do ngi ta xy dng mt ng dy th nghim di 9km bng
si dn nh sng c bc trong dy cp c ng knh l 7mm. Theo cng
b ca cc nh ch to th cc ngun lade c thi gian lm vic lu hn
20.000 gi, mi khong cch xa 3km ngi ta lp 2 my khuch i nhm
tng cng v lm sch cc tn hiu.
289. t chy bng nit c pht minh u?
Anh, mt s kiu ng c mi c ng k sng ch, ng c
ny chy nh nng lng c gii phng ra khi nit lng bay hi. Theo cng
b ca nh sng ch th lng nit tiu tn cho 100km l 5,5lt. Mc d gi
bn ca xng v nit bng nhau, im u vit c bit ca ng c l khng
lm nhim mi trng xung quanh v cc cht c khng b ng li trong
ng x.
290. Cht do termoplen dng lm cht g ?

115

Cc chuyn gia nh my Plastin (Nga) va a ra mt mt hng mi:

Cht do Termoplen, c co rt cao khi chu tc dng ca mt nhit
khng ng k, chng hn nhit ca bn bay. Tnh cht ny rt qu khi
dng lm bao gi, nht l gi nhng vt c hnh dng phc tp, thc
phm, cc thit b in t, chai l, dng c th nghim. Termoplen s bc rt
kht cc vt .
V bn cht, termoplen l plitilen. c co rt cao, ngi ta ch
vic chiu vo mng mt chm in t nhanh. Termoplen c cun thnh
nhng cun ln hoc lm thnh tm c kch thc khc nhau.
291. Bao gi cho tht sng lm bng cht g?
c ngi ta lm ra mt loi bao gi mi cho tht sng, c th rn
v nu c. l nhng tm mng trong sut bng plieste v pliprpilen,
ph bng mt lp plivinilclorua. N chu c nhit 120 0C trong mt thi
gian di, cho nn bao gi c th lm kh trng cho sn phm v bo v trong
3 thng m khng lm gim cht lng ca tht. Loi bao gi ny ang c
dng rng ri bo v nhiu sn phm lng thc d b h hng khc na.
292. Thc vt sn xut hir t nc nh th no?
Mt phng nghin cu nng nghip M pht hin ra mt h thng
rt n gin, nh c th sn xut hir t nc trong nhng iu kin "nh
nhng". H thng l thc vt cng sinh ca hai loi: rong xanh Ana-bena
azolla v dng x nc Azolla m rong sng trn l ca n. Rong hp th
nit t khng kh v hyr t nc. Trn l dng x, N 2 v H2 s kt hp vi
nhau thnh amnic. Nu nh thm vo dung dch mt lng nh phn m,
th H2 thu c t rong s khng dng n lm thnh "thc n" na v nh
th c th ly ring H2 ra. Cn mt kh nng khc na: Gi rong trong bu
kh quyn N2 d, th H2 cng khng b tiu th chuyn ho thnh amnic.
293. Tch uran t nc thi nh th no?

116

Ai cng bit nguyn t mang s 92 ny trong bng tun hon ngy mt

him. n v Nht Bn thu hi uran t nc bin. Anh v Canaa khai thc
uran t lp qung thi sau khi lm giu than. V gn y Tip Khc cng p
dng phng php ca mnh sau khi nhn thy nc thi ca nhiu nh my
ho cht cha nhng vi lng uran. Cc nh khoa hc nh n vi sinh vt.
Trong qu trnh sng, mt vi loi tch lu uran trong cc t bo ca minh. Vi
khun thch hp nht tch uran chnh l nhng vi khun dng trong nhng
nh my sn xut penixilin. Sau 10 gi sng trong nc thi, sinh khi ca
chng tng ti 2,5 gam trong mt lt nc. Lc, x l vi xoa, ngi ta thu
c mt ngun nguyn liu thu hi uran, ng thi nc thi li sch
hn.
294. Dng cht pht sng tit kin c nng lng nh th no?
Cng ty Gneral Electric (M) sn xut mt loi n hunh quang
mi cng sut 35W cha mt cht pht quang mi, to ra mt lng nh sng
tng ng vi loi n 40W hin nay, do tit kim c khong 14%
in nng.
Cht pht quang gm 2 thnh phn: Thnh phn th nht pht ra nh
sng mu vng, cn thnh phn th hai to mt phn nh trong phn quang
ph mu xanh, nhng nh sng tng hp ca loi n mi ny cng ging
nh ca cc loi n bnh thng.
295. Cht do Flex dng lm g?
Cht do Flex c coi l loi vt liu cch in vn nng mi, c
sn xut ti Buc-gas (Bungari). N l mt cht lng qunh c pha ch
thnh nhiu mu khc nhau, chu c nhit t - 35 0 n + 900C, chu va
p, nn v ko. Ngi ta dng sng phun ph cc b mt kim loi. Cht
lng cch in ny c th dng trong xy dng dn dng v cng nghip.
296. Si kh chy c tnh cht g?

117

Di s hng dn ca gio s tin s B. Laszkiewics, trng i hc

Bch khoa Lodz (Ba Lan) ch to c mt ho cht kh chy lm ph gia
cho si visc v cht do. Cc loi si c cht ph gia ny ch chy khi tip
xc trc tip vi ngn la. Nu khng c ngn la trc tip th s tt ngay,
khng chy m nh cc loi si khc.
297. Cht lng lm kh g l cht g?
Vin K thut Lm nghip Mascva tm ra mt phng php mi
lm kh g bng dung dch natri nitrat NaNO3 un nng. Vi phng php
ny th g khng nhng kh nhanh hn so vi cc phng php sy kh bng
i lu thng thng m cn t b co ngt v nt n.
298. Du m lm t sm lp c nh th no?
Lp xe t c lm t du m... iu y ai cng bit. Nhng gn y,
ti Anh xy dng mt xng th nghim lm iu ngc li: T cc loi
sm lp t thi ra, hng nm vi s lng hng triu tn, ngi ta tin
hnh nhit phn trong cc thit b phn ng c bit v thu c du m c
cht lng cao, trc ht dng lm nhin liu v sau khi chng phn on, c
th chuyn ho thnh nhiu sn phm ho cht c gi tr. Ngoi ra, sn phm
ca xng nhit phn lp t c ny cn c mui than, kim loi nu chy
li v mt s ho cht v c na.
299. Tm vng theo mi nh th no?
Tm vng theo mi l iu ngi ta bit t lu, v rng, qung vng
cng nh ng lun lun c "ngi bn ng" l thu ngn bc hi, xuyn
qua mt t v i vo kh quyn. Ngi ta ch to mt my phn tch kh
c bit tm ra m vng v ng theo mu sc v mi ca khng kh.
Nhng tt c cc dng c ny u khng nhy v km chnh xc. Gn y,
Vin a ho hc v Tinh th hc cc nguyn t him thuc Nga ch to
my phn tch kh hp th nguyn t xch tay "ngi" lp khng kh thot
ra t l o su di t. Hi thu ngn s c hp th trn mt cht c

118

bit, em i nh lng v t tm ra mt s m vng. Dng c ny cc k

chnh xc v nhy: n c th pht hin mt phn trm triu miligam thu
nhn trong mt lt khng kh.
300. Plyme lin minh vi kaolanh nh th no?
PVC thuc loi cht do hin nay b thi ra nhiu nht trong ph liu
sinh hot. t th khng c li v sinh ra cc cht kh rt c. Cc k s Nht
Bn tm ra mt cch s dng cc cht do c ny. T ph liu PVC, ngi
ta ch to cc tm lt sn trong cc nh my ho cht: bn, khng s axit
v kim, chu la... Ngi ta xy dng mt quy trnh k thut nghin
PVC thi, trn vi kaolanh v p p sut rt cao trong nhng khun kim
loi nng.
301. Cha bnh thi c chua nh th no?
Khi bo qun c chua, trn v thng xut hin cc vt en loang rng
dn v lm c chua b thi. Nguyn nhn l do mt loi vi khun pht trin v
ph hoi c chua. Mt Vin nghin cu M tm ra phng php khc
phc tnh trng ny mt cch ht sc n gin v c hiu qu. Trc khi
chuyn ch hoc a c chua mi thu hoch vo kho, ch cn nhng c chua
mi thu hoch vo nc, trong c thm vo mt t nc Javen
(natrihipocloit). Nh vy cha c bnh thi c chua do vi khun vi
hiu qu ti 92%.
302. Lm phn bn hu c t rm r nh th no?
Trc y, ngi ta thy rng nu rm r trn mt rung trc khi
tr thnh phn bn, rm r b phn hu rt chm, lm t b "bc mu" i. V
rng, cc vi khun sng trong t cn mt lng ln nit ng ho licnhin
ca rm r. M v c, ngi ta thc hin thnh cng nhng th nghim
tn dng rm nh nm vesenka. Loi nm ny dng nit ca khng kh
phn hu licnhin. Kt qu l t 1 tn rm kh, ngi ta thu c 1 tn nm n

119

rt giu protein v 220 kg phn bn hu c. C th thm vo rm r mt t

giy c.
303. Licnhome l g?
l tn mt sn phm mi ca cc nh ho hc Ba Lan, do ghp 2 t
"Lignus" l g v plime. sn xut Licnhome, ngi ta tm vo bn trong
g, gia nhng th si mt mnme ri cho trng hp. Licnhome c cng
cao hn g 4,8 ln, bn un hn 50 - 150%, bn nn theo chiu ngang hn 6
ln v theo chiu dc hn 2 ln. Ngoi ra, vt liu ny cn khng b chy,
chng c nhng loi vi khun ph hoi g. C th khoan, bo, c... ging
nh gia cng nhng vt thng lm bng g.
304. My bng cht do lm ma nh th no?
Cc chuyn gia ang nghin cu thc hin mt n c bit nhm
m bo nc cho vng sa mc kh cn C-oet. H ch to nhng m my
bng cht do, b ngoi trng nh mt tm khn tri ging khng l, bn
trong cha mt lng ln cht kh. Khi mt tri lm nng cht kh, n n ra
v lm cho m my bay ln. Nh dy cp, m my s c hng vo
phng xc nh trc. Khng kh t ct b nung nng ca sa mc bc ln,
va chm vi b mt tng i lnh ca m my cht do. Lng m cha
trong khng kh ny ngng t li, ri xung t thnh ma.
305. Ngi ta bit bao nhiu hp cht ho hc?
Bng b nh ca my tnh, theo di trn cc tp ch khoa hc, tnh n
thng 11 - 1977, ngi ta ghi nhn c 4.039.907 hp cht ho hc khc
nhau. Trung bnh mi tun, khong 6000 hp cht mi xut hin, 96% l cc
cht hu c. Trung bnh cc hp cht ny cha 43 nguyn t, nhng 22
nguyn t l hir. C khong 120.000 plime v 258.000 hp cht phi
tr. Hin cha xc nh c cu to ca trn mt na s hp cht. c chng
3.000 hp cht c ng dng trong thc t nhng mc khc nhau.
306. Cht do niplon c u im g?

120

Vin nghin cu cht do thuc Lin hp sn xut "Plastmass" Nga

nghin cu quy trnh cng ngh sn xut mt loi cht do mi vi tn
thng mi l "Niplon". Cc sn phm trn c s cht do ny khng h b
gim cht lng di tc dng lu di ca mi trng n mn mnh, nhit
cao v cc bc x. Dng nhng cng thc pha ch khc nhau, Niplon c
gia cng thnh nhiu sn phm rt bn vi tc dng ca dung mi hu c, axit
v c v kim. Do vy, chng s c dng rng ri trong cng nghip ho
cht.
307. Bo qun trng g bng parafin nh th no?
Trng g l mt trong nhng loi thc phm kh bo qun lu di, v
mt gi tr dinh dng nhanh chng v b thi. Cc chuyn gia Nga tm ra
mt phng php mi gi nguyn phm cht ca trng trong thi gian t
10 n 12 thng. Trc ht, nhng trng vo mt b cha parafin. Sau xp
trng vo bung cha zn trong mt thi gian nht nh. Ozn s xy ho
lp parafin trn v trng, bin n thnh mt mng bo v c tnh st khun rt
cao.
308. Dng cy ci pht hin nhim mi trng nh th no?
xc nh mc nhim mi trng, c nh tnh v nh lng,
phi dng nhng dng c phc tp. Nhng nhn bit cc cht c trong
khng kh, ngi ta c th da vo phn ng ca cc loi cy nhy cm vi
mi trng. Da trn nhn xt ny, cc nh khoa hc H Lan ngh trng
cc loi cy quanh nh my ho cht v ch dn cch da vo chng pht
hin mc nhim khng kh: c linh lng v cy thuc l dng pht
hin ozn, rau cn ty v cy c chua nhy cm vi xit nit, khoai ty nhn
bit c tilen.
309. Tm l chn tia bc x lm bng cht do no?
Ti Nht Bn ngi ta sn xut nhng tm bo v khi tia bc x
cho nhng ngi lm vic trc tip vi tia Rnghen v cc bc x khc bng

121

vt liu mi: cht do. Nha pliacrilic pha 30% ch c dng vo vic ny.
Tm bo v c u im rt ln l trong sut, nhng cng mang theo nhng u
v nhc im c hu ca cht do nh dai va p cao, n gin khi gia
cng, nhng li d bt chy v b bin dng do nhit . iu quan trng l
sau khi chiu lu di bc x gamma (vi cng 10 5 Rad), trong sut
ca tm chn bo v bng cht do khng b thay i. Mt tm nha acrilic
dy 33,4 mm c tnh nng bo v ngang vi tm ch dy 1,6 mm.
310. Tinh bt kt bn vi cht do c u im g?
Mt cng trnh nghin cu c h thng gn y xc nhn: c th
ghp ln i phn t tinh bt nhng mnme khc nhau v thu c cht do
c tnh cht tt. Chng hn ghp ln tinh b stiren v mtilmtacrilat, thu
c cplime gin v cng, nhng ch thm mt lng butilacrilat th
plime li rt n hi, c tnh bn c hc cao, ging nh da. Mt iu ng
lu l cc cht do trn c s tinh bt li c th phn hu vi sinh vt, gim
c kh khn trong chng nhim mi trng do cht thi rn.
311. Cht do dng lm v tu c u im g?
Trong nhiu nm, ngi ta tm kim nhng vt liu tt nht ch to
v tu ngm, vi nhiu yu cu rt khe kht, v ch mi gn y mi i n
kt lun: vt liu tt nht l cht do. Cng ty Anh "Vikers" sn xut hng
lot tu ngm c v bng cht do. Nhng chic tu mi va nh, bn, va
hon ton khng cn bo v chng hin tng n mn ca nc bin.
312. Ai dng nhm thay th bc trng gng?
Cc nh ho hc Rumani a vo sn xut phng php trng
gng mi, trong thay bc bng nhm. Nhng tm gng trng nhm r ra
c cht lng cao hn gng trng bc, nhng u im c bn l nhm r
hn bc rt nhiu. Nu nh trc y, 1m 2 knh cn 5,7 g bc th nay ch cn
3 g nhm. Qu trnh trng nhm ln gng thc hin trong chn khng.

122

Do c nhiu u im, nn ch mt nm sau khi c pht minh,

phng php mi ny c p dng cho 60% s gng sn xut
Rumani.
313. Vi th plytylen dng lm g?
Nga ngi ta a ra mt quy trnh cng ngh sn xut mt vt
liu c bit: vi th t plytylen. l mt loi "vi khng dt", c kh
nng lc rt tt v c th dng bc cc ng ng chm di t hoc
thng xuyn tip xc vi cht hu c hay v c. Cc tm lc bng
plytylen tt hn v r hn cc tm lc bng vi thu tinh, thng c s
dng hin nay, nn thay th n trong nhiu ngnh k thut.
314. Lu hunh siu dn c ch to th no?
Vin Vt l p sut cao (thuc Nga) pht hin ra mt dng th hnh mi
ca lu hunh c tnh nng c bit: tnh siu dn. thu c dng th hnh
ny, ngi ta phi nn lu hunh di mt p sut kh cao, tng ng vi
sc nn khong 10 tn trn 1 mu lu hunh c ng knh 0,2 mm. Di p
sut ln y, in tr ca mu gim i 10 vn ln (c th nghim thy gim
10 triu ln). 5.70K, in tr ca dng th hnh ny l 4.10-3 m.
315. C bao nhiu tro trong than?
Hm lng tro trong cc loi than thng dao ng t 1 n 45%. Than
cng t tro, nhit tr cng cao v cng c gi tr. Phng php xc nh tro
thng thng l t ri cn, tuy n gin nhng li mt thi gian. Cc nh
khoa hc Ba Lan xut mt phng php mi: phng php o bc x.
Cc cht v c bao gi cng hp th tia bc x mnh hn than. Ch cn o s
thay i cng bc x, nh mt bng tnh ton sn, c th tr li ngay
c bao nhiu tro trong than.
316. Hocmon chng au l cht g?
Cc nh khoa hc M va pht hin trong mu ngi c mt loi
hocmn chng au v t tn hp cht mi tm ra ny l anin. Tim th

123

anin ny vo v no, ngi ta chng minh n c tc dng nh mocphin

v tc dng gim au trong nhiu gi. Anin chnh l loi hocmon c nh
hng n gic ng cng nh s tnh gic ca chng ta.
317. btng dng nc bin c c khng?
Khi btng, cn nc. Tip xc vi nc, xi mng dnh kt nhanh
chng to ra nhng khi cng kt, gn ct v dm li vi nhau. Nc
khng sch s rt phin phc: to thnh l rng, lm xu tnh cht c hc ca
b tng. Nhng gn y, cc nh khoa hc li thnh cng trong vic
btng bng nc bin vi mn l 42g mui trong 1 lt nc. Mun dng
nc mn, ngi ta phi thm mt hn hp ph gia, bao gm 18 thnh phn
v dng nhit cao hn. D sao thnh cng ny gii quyt c kh
khn cho vic xy dng ca nhiu nc v nhiu vng trn th gii.
318.Nhin liu ht lm t ph liu g?
Ngi ta mi tm ra mt phng php tn dng ph liu ca cc nh
my x g nh v cy, mt ca, v bo. Cng ging nh rm, v lc, b ma,
nhng ph liu ny c chuyn thnh dng nhin liu p thnh ht. Khi
chy, lng tro cn li rt nh (khong 2%) trong khi t than , lng tro
ln ti 13%. Ti M, nhin liu ny cn r hn kh thin nhin.
319. Bt chng n mn l cht g?
chng n mn cho cc ng ng dn kh v dn du, ngi ta dng
mng plime. Th nhng lp "o" ny kh t tin. Cc nh khoa hc Nga
a ra mt loi vt liu mi: bt nho, dng thay cho plime. Bt nho
trong n pha ch gm mt s thnh phn: thu tinh lng, mt s cht ph gia
v bt . Sau khi trn, chng ging nh va. Vt liu chng n mn ny
c "sn" ln b mt ng nh phng php dao ng in v trt ln cc
ch ni ng. Bt nho r, bo v tt v chu c lnh.
320. ng thng gi bng cht do g?

124

Cc ng thng gi lp t trong cc hm m cho ti nay u lm bng

kim loi. Vic lp chng trong cc knh o thng ng v ti cc ca kh
kh khn. Ngoi ra chng b g v phi thng xuyn thay th. Mt nh my
Buapest (Hungari) bt u sn xut cc ng ny t vi pliamit, tm mt
thnh phn khng chy l silicn, ng thi bo m chng tnh in. Cc
ng c kch thc di 60 cm c gia c bng li thp. Tnh cht ca cc
ng mm thng gi loi ny tt hn hn ng kim loi: lp rp nhanh chng,
bn cao hn vi ln v r hn.
321. Prtin lm t c nh th no?
Cc k s Hungari th nghim thnh cng vic sn xut prtin
nguyn cht t c linh lng, l ng v mt vi loi c khc. Vic tm ra ngun
m mi ny dng lm thc n cho con ngi c nh gia ngang vi vic
tm ra in nguyn t trong ngnh nng lng. T nay, ti Hung, mt hecta
trng c c th thu c 3 tn prtin c cht lng cao, ngha l nhiu hn 6
ln lng cht m thu c khi trng la mch.
Trc ht, ngi ta nn l c thnh vin, p ly nc ri lm ng t s
thu c prtin nguyn cht, ch vic em sy kh. V gi tr dinh dng, n
cao hn u nnh v cha rt nhiu vitamin. Hin nay, ngoi vic dng nhiu
lm thc n cho gia sc ngi ta cn dng lm ko bnh. Mt nh my sn
xut prtin loi ny cng sut 50 T/gi c xy dng xong.
322. Cht g thay th DDT?
Cc nh ho hc Hungari a vo sn xut mt loi thuc tr su
mi tuyt i khng c i vi ngi v ng vt mu nng, khng c mi,
khng gy nhim mi trng v bo v cy trng rt tt. Hot cht l
pirtrin tng hp, ging nh hot cht c trong cy cc tr su. Loi thuc
ny c thng huy chng vng ti Trin lm ho hc th gii t chc
ti Tip Khc.
323. Kh hn mi l kh g?

125

Cc nh ho hc Ba Lan ngh thay th axtilen trong vic ct v hn

kim loi bng mt hn hp kh gm prpan, prpilen v mt vi loi kh thi
khc trong qu trnh ch bin du m. Khi chy, hn hp kh ny to ra mt
nhit lng ln hn ca axtilen nhiu. im c bit l trong mt bnh tiu
chun, c th cha mt lng hn hp kh ln hn axtilen ti 4 ln, do
vic chuyn ch cc bnh ny s thun tin hn.
324. Sa hot tnh dng lm g
Vin Ho l v in ho Praha (Tip Khc) ng k mt bng pht
minh ra khp th gii v rt c hoan nghnh: pht minh ra sa hot tnh,
mang tn AKSO (aktivna soda). Ai cng bit rng kh thi t ng c -t
cha nhiu cht c, ch yu l kh sunfur. Akso hp th cc k nhanh
chng v hon ton cht ny. So vi nhng my lc kh tt nht, n kh SO 2
nhanh hn ti 10 ln nhit 120 - 1600C, tc l nhit bnh thng ca
kh thi. Ngoi ra, Akso cn c cng dng c bit trong ngnh giy v
xenlulz.
324. T mt trm lt xng lm ra c nhng th g?
Mt trm lt xng nu dng lm nhin liu cho t, th trung bnh c th
chy c mt nghn cy s. Nhng nu dng lm nguyn liu cho ngnh
tng hp hu c th s bin thnh 21 chic o smi nam hoc 160m ng dn
nc, hoc nu quay tr li vi t, th lm c mt b xm lp t.
325. Cht g dng thay xng v axeton ty m?
Cc nh nghin cu Vin Ho v c Nga nghin cu sn xut mt
loi cht mi, mang tn "Termos" ty m cho cc chi tit trc khi sn,
trng men v m in, thay cho xng v axton thng dng trc y, c
mi v d chy. "Termos" l dung dch mt cht nh ho trong du izen,
pha trn vi dung dch mt cht hot ng b mt t bt trong nc v cht c

126

ch. "Termos" ci tin c iu kin lao ng trong cc phn xng sn

xut.
326. Lm mng bo v b tng nh th no ?
Nga ngi ta nghin cu c mt phng php bo v cc kt
cu b tng ct thp khng b h hng do n mn; dn ln b mt cn c
bo v mt mng mng plytylen x l bng din tch, nh mt lp keo
pxi - cao su n hi.
Lp bo v ny c bn ho hc rt cao i vi cc tc nhn n mn
mnh nh axit, kim Khi dng lp bo v ny, ngi ta thy hiu qu kinh
t rt cao.
327. Phn ng m thanh xy ra trong dung dch g?
Ngi ta bit phn ng n t lu, trong sn phm ca phn ng l
cht kh. Nhng 3 nh ho hc H Lan pht hin ra mt loi phn ng mi:
phn ng m thanh xy ra trong dung dch, ng thi pht ra nhng m thanh
rt ln. Chng hn phn ng gia dung dch clorua km v dung dch pipazin.
Khi cc tinh th dipipazin km hnh thnh, km theo nhng siu m v c
nhng m thanh nghe c.
Ngi ta cha bit c nhng nguyn nhn ca vic xut hin m
thanh nhng chc chn n lin quan n s chuyn nhanh chng nhng tinh
th nh thnh tinh th ln.
328. Tn dng b thi ca nc thi nh th no?
Cc k s Bungari thuc nh my thu phn Razlog tm ra phng
php sn xut khi c c giu prtin - vitamin t bn lng b x l nc
thi sau khi lm sch bng phng php sinh ho. Khi c c ny l thnh
phn c gi tr i vi nng nghip v cha 15 amino axit quan trng v cc
vitamin. Thm vo khu phn n ca gia sc, tc tng trng cn cao hn
so vi cc sn phm giu vitamin - prtin m cng nghip ang sn xut.

127

T 200kg bn, ngi ta thu hi c 1kg khi c c giu prtin vitamin ny.
329. Acquy chi caimi c u im g?
Vin Acquy v Pin Poznan (Balan) a ra sn xut mt loi cquy
mi vi in cc l chi - cadimi. Ngoi c tnh l dung lng rt cao, loi
cquy ny rt bn vi va chm v lm vic c trong mt khong nhit
rt rng t - 400C n + 500C. Dung lng ca chng ln ti 10 nghn
ampe/gi.
Trn th gii, ngoi Balan, ch c mt vi nc sn xut cquy loi ny
l M, c v Php.
330. Tm vi khun n cht do lm g?
Sau khi pht hin c cc loi vi khun sng bng cc sn phm du
m, ngi ta tin hnh tm kim cc loi vi khun n cht do v t
c kt qu bc u. Hin nay, loi vi khun qu gi ny ang c th
nghim th tiu cc loi nha tng hp v cht do c trong ngun nc
thi.
331. To mng chng lng cn bng cht g?
c, ngi ta bt u p dng mt phng php mi chng hin
tng to cn trn thnh ni hi, thit b c dc v chng ct. Bn cht ca
phng php rt n gin: ch vic thm vo nc mt lng rt nh axit
plyacrylic (khong 5 phn triu trong nc). Hp cht ny to ra trn thnh
thit b mt lp mng plime rt mng. Cn bm vo mng t hn nhiu so
vi bm trn kim loi. V khi cn bm n mt dy no , mng s t
bong ra, ri xung y v ly ra d dng.
332. Chng nc rn bng cht g?
Ngi ta pht hin ra rng cht c ch cho phn ng gc t do t ra c
tc dng kh c c nc rn (trong , nhiu cht ph hu qu trnh sinh
tng hp albumin v axit nuclic). Chng hn, mt cht c ch c hiu qu

128

nht l prpylgalat c tc dng kh c nc c ca rn lc, rn h mang v

mt s loi rn khc. Nu tim dung dch 0,75% cht ny vo bp tht ca
chut th sau t 1 n 6 pht k t khi b rn cn, tt c s chut u c
cu thot cht, nhng nu sau 15 pht tr ln th tt c u cht.
333. Cht kch thch sinh trng thc vt c ch t nguyn liu g?
T l da v m ng vt, ngi ta iu ch mt cht kch thch
sinh trng thc vt mi. Cht ny khi x l trn thc vt u giai on
pht trin, s tc dng chn lc trn t bo, to thnh nhng m mi v khng
lm nh hng ti nhng b phn khc ca cy. Cht kch thch mi ny
khng c, khng gy ra nhng hin tng ph khng mong mun v c th
x l trn mt din tch rng ln bng cch phun thng thng.
334. Thm mt cht ngt nhn to na l cht g?
Mt nhm cc nh ho hc Hungari mi tng hp c mt cht hu
c mi, ngt hn ng saccarz hng nghn ln. ng "siu ngt" ny
c gi tn l "Hinin - 401". Hin nay, cha c s nh gi vai tr ca n
trong cng nghip thc phm tng lai, nhng qua nhng th nghim u tin v
c tnh i vi c th, ngi ta cho rng "Hinin" c th s thay th sacarin.
335. Vi c bit lt ng lm bng cht g?
Tip khc va a vo sn xut mt loi vi hon ton mi, thuc loi
vi khng dt. Nguyn liu ca vi ny l si plyprpilen v plyeste, khng
b mc bi nm mc v c bn ho hc v c hc rt cao. Cng dng ca
vi cng rt "c o": ph ln mt ng x. Vi c tc dng khng
cc lp t khc trn ln vi nhau, c th dng nh mt tm lc loi tr hn
hp ct, dm trong xy dng ng x. Mt s ng t ca Tip khc
c lt nhng tm vi ny.
336. Dng kh chy dp tt la l kh g?
Theo phng php c in, dp tt cc m chy trong m than,
ngi ta phi cho kh tr vo nhng ch nt n. Nhng khi m chy ln,

129

lng kh tr cn dng rt nhiu; nu khng th tai nn ny cng thm

phc tp. Phng php mi thay th kh tr bng mt kh t ph bin l
mtan. Kh ny c sn hn nhiu v mun trnh nguy him ch cn duy tr
nghim ngt mt t l nht nh vi khng kh. Bm mtan trn y vo ch
nt la s tt.
337. Cht g trong la khng chy, trong nc khng chm?
Hai k s Tip khc c gii thng quc gia ca Tip khc nm
1978 a ra sn xut mt loi cht do mi, ly tn l Resitek. Khi a
tm vt liu ny cng vi mt tm st vo ngn la n kh th kim loi chy,
Resitek vn khng h thay i tnh cht. Nh tnh cch nhit, vt liu ny
c lm mt s chi tit trong l cao. Do khi lng ring nh, Resi-stek ni
trn mt nc. Cc nh khoa hc cho rng Resistek s l mt trong cc vt
liu ca k thut phc tp trong tng lai.
338. Vitamin no c tc dng chng n mn kim loi?
Axit ascorbic vi ci tn ph bin l vitamin C va c pht hin l
c kh nng chng n mn kim loi. Nu ph ln b mt kim loi sch mt
lp axit ascorbic cng vi bt mlipen, th lp tc n lin kt vi kim loi
thnh mt lp bo v bn. Mt s cng ty ln bt u dng axit ascorbic
"vitamin ho" cc kim loi nhm mc ch bo v chng, thay th cho axit
crmic i hi phi x l phc tp hn.
339. Gch c xenluloz c ch to nh th no ?
Ngi ta bit rng nu ch to c gch xp th rt c li: gch b
v v li cch nhit tt, mt tnh nng rt qu khi dng xy tng. Nhng
to ra nhng l xp trong gch khng n gin. c, ngi ta tm c
cch ch to gch xp ny. Ly ph liu ca nh my giy, gm xenlulz v
cc cht hu c khc thu hi t nc thi, thm vo t st trc khi nung.

130

Th l ngi ta thu c gch c xp rt cao m tnh c hc khng h

gim st. Ngoi ra, gi thnh ca gch cn h xung.
340. Dng du thng chy t c c khng ?
Mt nhm cc nh nghin cu Henxinki (Phn Lan) cng b mt
thnh cng mi: dng hn hp xng v du thng tinh khit vi t l cao hn
xng chy t. Tiu th hn hp nhin liu ny trn cng qung ng
thp hn tiu th xng nhiu. Ti Phn Lan, mt nc c nhng cnh rng
thng rng ln, cc x nghip gia cng g hng nm c th thu hi c 40
nghn tn du thng gi r, t cc ph liu g. Hin nay, c k hoch tng
cng thu hi du thng khng nhng tit kim xng cho t m cn
dng chy ng c cho vn ti ng st.
341. Aming tng hp dng lm g ?
Tr lng aming hu nh cn, trong khi yu cu vt liu ny
lm cht bo n ca cng nghip li tng ln, Cc nh khoa hc M tm ra
mt quy trnh mi to ra si t xit nhm, silic, crm v zirconi. Vi dt t
si gm cc loi xyt ny rt bn khng nhng nhit cao m cn bn
vi axit v kim na. ngi ta dng chng bc l cao v cc ng dn
hi nc. Cng c th may thnh qun o cho "lnh" cu ho, tt hn qun o
trc y dt t si aming.
342. Nhin liu dng si c sn xut nh th no ?
Phng tiu chun quc gia M quyt nh cho php s dng rng ri
mt loi nhin liu mi do cc nh khoa hc bang Oregon ch to, V nhit
lng, nhin liu mi ngang vi than nhng khi chy khng lm thot ra
kh c l xyt ca lu hunh v nit. Nguyn liu chnh sn xut ra loi
cht t mi ny l cc vt liu dng si: v cy, rm r, than bn loi xu, b
ma, v lc, li ng, mn ca v nhiu ph liu khc. Tt c c nghin nh,
sy kh, trn ln vi mt loi du v cht kt dnh, sau em p thnh ht,

131

c ng knh 6,6mm, di 20mm. Cht t mi r ch bng na kh thin

nhin.
343. Dng plime trong khoan thm d nh th no ?
Trc y, ngi ta thng dng dung dch t st trong cng tc
khoan thm d du kh. Hiu qu ca n c th thch trong thc t lu
di. Nhng cc chuyn gia Bungari (ti Hc vin ho k thut Burgas)
xut mt phng php mi; thay dung dch t st bng mt loi polime ho
tan trong nc. Khi th nghim, cc nh a cht nhn thy dung dch
polime c nhng tnh cht tt hn hn: n hi ln hn, gim c s dao
ng ca mi khoan, cho php tng nhanh tc khoan. Nh vy tng
c nng sut lao ng v tui th ca thit b khoan.
344. Phn tch bt c nguyn t no trong 110 nguyn t nh th
no?
Lm th no phn tch c thnh phn nguyn t cha trong ht bi
m mt thng khng thy? My phn tch mang tn "Lamma - 500" ca
cng ty thit b c c th lm c vic ny. My c kch thc v trng
lng bng mt chic xe du lch, bao gm knh hin vi quang hc v laze,
bm siu chn khng, my khuych i quang in t, b phn lm lnh...
dng xung lng laze lm bc hi v ion ho mu cn nghin cu. Sau ,
tin hnh phn tch m my ion bng khi in t v quang ph k. N c
th phn tch bt k nguyn t no trong bng tun hon v ch 3 giy sau l
c th tr li trn my tnh in t.

345. S c tr nh nh th no?
T lu, ngi ta ni n mt vi kim loi (nh niken, titan) c th
"nh" li hnh dng ban u ca mnh nhiu ln thay i hnh dng. Ngy nay,
ngi ta pht hin ra ngay c s cng c tr nh nh vy. Cc nh khoa hc

132

 trng i hc Bristol (Anh) bt ng tm ra mt loi s khi un nng th

bin dng, nhng ngui, li tr v hnh dng ban u. Qu trnh hi phc
li hnh dng c xy ra tng i chm. Ngi ta ang tp trung tm kim kh
nng s dng hin tng mi pht hin ra ny.
346. Oxalon v Uglen l loi si g?
y l tn hai loi si tng hp c sn xut dng vo nhng mc
ch c bit. Si OXALON dng dt thnh vi lc trong ngnh luyn kim
v ch bin mui than. N cng c dng lm vi mnh trong ch to lp xe
hot ng trong iu kin nhit cao. UGLEN gi c bn ti 3000 0C
trong kh tr v 2500C trong mi trng xy. V c tnh dn in rt tt nn
n c gia cng cng vi cht do, sn, chng hin tng tch in.
347. Hm rng bng hyrn c u im g?
Trong nhng nm 60, cc nh bc hc Tip Khc pht minh ra mt
loi plyme c bit, gi l hyrn, dng lm lng knh do p st vo nhn
cu, thay th knh thng thng cho nhng ngi cn th v vin th. Mi y,
cc nh bc hc M dng loi plyme khng c hi ny hn rng rt
nhanh. Hyrn hon ton khng kch thch cc m xng v li. Do dn n
khi ng rn, n s trm kn c c nhng l nh nht trong k rng. Nh
nha ny, c th hn rng trong vng mt pht.
348. Aspirin ci tin l cht g?
Anh, ngi ta va a ra sn xut mt cht thay th mi cho aspirin,
mt loi thuc thng dng nht hin nay. Cht ny c tc dng gim au
nhiu hn aspirin v khng gy nhng hin tng ph khng mong mun ca
aspirin thng thng. Tn thng mi ca th thuc l dlbit. Hp cht
ny c bn cht ho hc ging nh aspirin (axit axtylsalixilic) ch khc
ch trong phn t, gc axtyl c thay th bng nhm ifluophnyl. Danh
php y ca Dlbit l 2,4 - ifluophnyl - salixilic axit. Loi aspirin ci
tin ny rt c hoan nghnh v bt u c s dng rng ri.

133

349. Lm th no mng khng b dnh?

Mng plytylen khi bo qun thng b dnh vi nhau, nhiu khi cht
n ni khng th bc ri ra. Cc nh khoa hc Php tm c cch khc
phc hin tng ny. Khi gia cng, h thm vo thnh phn pha ch mt
cplyme khi hoc cplyme nhnh ca tylen v styrol, mtylstyrl hoc
clostyrl. Hm lng cht thm vo khng qu 5%. trong sut ca mng
khng b xu i.
350. Vi chng axit c dt t si g?
Nh my dt lin hp Nga sn xut mt loi vi may qun o
bo h lao ng cho cng nhn ngnh ho cht. Trong mt thi gian di, n
khng cho axit sunfuric v clohyric m c, kim 10%, amnic 25%,
clorua vi 10% thm qua. Sau khi git sch trong peclotylen, tnh cht bo
v ca vi khng thay i. Axit sunfuric 93% khng thm t ln b mt ca
vi. Mt trong cc thnh phn chnh ca vi l si plyprpylen, v sau khi
dt, tm thm mt lp hp cht hu c cha flo.
351. Hyr c tinh khit cao c sn xut nh th no?
Nh my ho du Linen (c) a vo hot ng mt thit b mi
c cng sut cao sn xut hyr c tinh khit 99,999%. Nguyn liu
sn xut l sn phm reforming hi, cha 70 - 75% H 2, cn li l CO, CO2 v
CH4. Vic hp ph c tin hnh qua nhiu thp hp ph cha zlit v than
hot tnh p sut 20 - 25 atmphe. Sau khi tinh ch, hyr cha di 10 -3%
CO v hu nh khng cn vt CO2. Cht hp ph c ti sinh hon ton.
352. Cht g c trong ht bng?
T mt tn ht bng, c th chit ra 60 kg m dng lm thc phm,
4kg gsipol, trn 12kg phitin, 3kg ng cng nh mt lng ng k dung
mi, ru k thut, linhin. Trong ht cn c mt s cht dng lm dc phm
l tkphrol, strin.
353. Giy tng hp c u im g?

134

Cc nh my v Vin nghin cu giy Nga bt u sn xut giy

tng hp t cht do. So vi cc giy tng hp thng thng, giy ny bn c
hc hn, n hi hn, chu c nc v nhit kh cao, khng b nm v
vi khun ph hoi. Trong b ngoi, n ging nh giy can, nhng c th vit
bng tt c cc loi bt. Do gi thnh cn cao, nn mi ch c dng trong
mt vi lnh vc nh in bn , bn v v cc s .
355. Cc cht chng kch n mi l cht g?
Thng thng, ngi ta vn pha ttratyl ch vo xng chng hin
tng n sm, nhng cht ny rt c v gy nhim mi trng. Vic tm
kim cc cht mi c tnh nng tng t c tin hnh nhiu nc. Hng
lot hp cht c kim c tm ra v t ra c nhiu trin vng, nh
xyclpentaienitricacbnyl mngan, tributyl thic, trimtyl ch, pentacacboonyl
mangan. Cc cht chng kch n tt nht l cc hp cht ca mangan trong
ng thi cha mt nguyn t silic v ch.
356. Cht siu do dng lm g?
Vin plyme mang tn Cargin (Nga) va tm ra mt cht siu do
(superplastifiant) cho b tng. Ch cn thm mt lng rt nh (1 - 2%) cht
siu do ny (tnh theo lng xi mng) c th lm cho bn c hc ca
sn phm tng ln 20 - 40%. B mt btng li nhn hn v d trang tr hn.
Hiu qu kinh t rt ln: thm cht siu do lm cho mi mt khi btng tit
kim c 50kg ximng m khng b gim bn. Cht siu do ny khng
cha in clo gy n mn btng v c sn xut t ph liu ca nh my ch
to cht do acrylic.
357. Van an ton bng cht do c u im g?
Mt k s Nht va ch to thnh cng van an ton kiu mi cho cc
ng dn. Chi tit c bn ca van ny l mt vng cht do. nhit thng,
vng khng h nh hng n dng chy ca cht lng hoc cht kh, nhng
nu c s c l chy hoc n, nhit tng ln, vng s b chy ra, to thnh

135

bt bt kn ngay ng ng. Ch cn thay i c cu, c th dng van vo mc

ch ngc li: t ng m mt ng dn ang b ng khi gp s c.
358. Cht xc tc crckinh mi l cht g?
Vin cng nghip ch bin du kh Mascva nghin cu thnh cng
mt cht xc tc crcking mi cho cc phn on nng v nh ca du m.
Cht xc tc ny cho hiu sut olfin v xng c ch s ctan cao hn hn cc
cht xc tc thng. Thnh phn chnh ca n l mui silic v zircn trn cht
mang l zlit. Cht xc tc ny c sn xut di dng hnh cu, c bn
nhit cao v rt d dng ti sinh.
359. C phi thuc tr su ly t l c chua?
Thuc tr su thin nhin quen thuc nht l piretrum, chit t cy cc
tr su, cc nh ho hc M tm ra mt loi thuc tr su thin nhin mi, gi
l 2 - tricalon, ly t l ca mt loi c chua di. Trong c chua thng
trng cng c, nhng hm lng nh hn 10 ln. Ngi ta cho rng nu ghp
c chua thng trng vi c chua di th s c nguyn liu iu ch mt
loi thuc tr su thin nhin c hiu lc.
360. Kh trng bng mat-tit nh th no?
Vin Ho l thuc Vin Hn lm khoa hc Bilrut sn xut th mt
loi mt - tt gn sn nh, gi l "Spungi". Sn phm ny khng nhng c tnh
cht kt dnh rt tt m cn c mt tc dng ph na l kh trng cho sn v
bu khng kh trong phng. Trong thnh phn ca Spungi c mt cht st
trng khng c i vi ngi v gia sc.
361. Ly stronti t apatit nh th no?
Nhu cu v stronti rt ln, nn ngi ta phi i tm nhng ngun cung
cp mi. Mt trong nhng ngun mi c tn dng l qung apatit, cha
khong 2,5% nguyn t ny. Mt quy trnh cng ngh mi c p dng:
dng axit chuyn ho qung iu ch H3PO4 sn xut phn ln, stronti
sunfat s kt ta. Nhng nu dng HNO3 phn hu qung, stronti natrat

136

ho tan v c tch ra bng cch chuyn ho thnh cacbnat. T 1 tn apatit

c th ly c 20kg SrCO3.
362. Ru dng chy ng c nh th no?
Ba Lan l mt trong nhng nc u tin chu u thm ru do
chng kh g vo nhin liu tit kim xng. Ti x nghip lin hip, ho
du Plock, sn xut nhin liu hn hp cha 20% metanol. Nhin liu ny
khng lm gim cng sut ca ng c m li x t kh c hn.
363. Phn bn lm t giy nh th no?
Thu in, trong trng rau, ngi ta s dng ph bin mt loi giy,
gi l Agroprox, tm bitum, sp, cht m v thuc dit nm ph nhng
lung rau. Agroprox chng nhng gi cho cy khi b mt nhit m cn tr
cc bnh nm cho rau. n v trng trt tip theo, ngi ta cy ln Agroprox
vi t, v n vn pht huy tc dng phn hu thnh phn bn v ci to t,
gi cho t khi b kh hn v chng xi mn.
364. B mt no ph gia khi sn xut hp kim ng ch?
Hp kim ng ch lm vic trong iu kin c ti c n 600 0C.
Nhng trong k thut i hi nhng vt liu va dn nhit tt nhng nh
ng, va chu ti v lm vic trn di 1000 0C. Cc nh khoa hc M mi
tm ra c mt hp kim ng tho mn cc yu cu y. B mt ca k thut
l lng xyt nhm, beri v ziriconi thm vo.
365. Dng nc bin lm cht in ly trong acqui nh th no?
c cng b mt bng pht minh mi: cquy dng nc bin lm
cht in ly. Dung lng ca n cn ln hn cquy ch. Mt in cc l li
nhm, cn in cc th hai l mt khi xp bng mt hp cht ca nhm.
Acquy n gin, tit kim, nhng c mt nhc im: ngng lm vic khi b
dao ng. Loi cquy ny bt u c dng cho tu bin.
366. Men thu tinh mu cho kim loi c u im g?

137

Vin Ho hc v c Nga nghin cu thnh cng mt loi men thu

tinh bo v kim loi, dng lm cc cu kin xy dng, dng gia nh,
trang sc v bt k sn phm no bng kim loi. Men thu tinh ny khng
nhng chng n mn rt tt m cn c mu sc p, bn v ng nh, tit kim
c nng lng v khng b nt v.
367. i th ca aming l cht g?
Ngi ta cho rng loi si tng hp Armid - T c nghin cu ti Nga
qu l i th ca aming. N rt thut tin may qun o cho lnh cu ha,
th hn, lm vt liu bo n cho cc ng dn v vi lc kh nng v cht lng
n mn. c tnh quan trng ca loi si ny l chu c lu di nhit cao
(3000C) v khng b bin dng. N cn c dng lm cht n cho cht do
c cng dng c bit trong k thut in t.
368. Lm kim loi c cu to ging thu tinh nh th no?
Nu lm lnh kim loi t hng nghn xung nhit thng trong
khong mt phn ca giy th n s c cu to ging nh thu tinh. Ngi ta
thc hin c trn nhng si dy bng st c pha bo, phtpho v crm.
c im ca dy ny l khng c cu to ht, do c bn chng n mn
rt cao. Trong tng lai, nhng si dy ny c th thay th c thp khng
g trong nhng thit b lm vic thng xuyn 3000C.
369. Keo dng tm opoxy dng lm g?
Keo gilatin c in dng dn g di dng tm khng phi l
chuyn l, nhng keo pxy di dng tm th ch c sn xut gn dy, v
c dng trong cng nghip my bay. Tm keo poxy c t gia 2 chi
tit cn gn vi nhau, sau a vo ni hp nhit 120 0C. Keo s rn li
v ni rt chc cc chi tit . Ngi ta kt lun my bay dn bng keo
thay cho hn v tn inh s nh hn 15% v r hn 20% so vi my bay trc
y.

138

370. Thuc tr su c hiu cho cam qut l cht g?

Phtphamit l loi thuc tr su c hiu nht i vi cc loi su cam,
chanh, qut, bi. Thiu cht ny, sn lng hng nm cc loi qu y gim
i 30%. Nhng ngi ta va a ra mt bo ng: su b ph hoi cc loi
qu y bt u quen thuc, v ngh s dng lun phin phtphamit vi
cc loi thuc khc, d km hiu lc hn, nhng "l" i vi loi su y.
Bng cch mi c th duy tr tnh c hiu ca phtphamit.
371. Nhng chic ti ho tan dng lm g?
hn ch n mc ti thiu s tip xc ca ngi vi thuc tr su,
mt cng ty M ngh a thuc vo t trong nhng ti cht do. Tt
nhin ti ny phi bng cht do ho tan, dn dn di tc dng ca nc
ma v nc ngm, s gii phng thuc tr su. bo v thuc khi chuyn
ch v bo qun, phi bc nhng ti bng mng plyme, thng bn vi
nc.
372. Axit trn giy c tc dng g?
Giy ngy cng c dng nhiu lm bao b (hp) ng cc loi thc
phm. Cc nh nghin cu pht hin ra rng nu ph bn trong hp giy
mt lp mng dung dch axit sorbic th thi gian bo qun tng ln rt nhiu.
Th d; nu sa chua ng trong hp ny v gi trong t lnh th sau 40 ngy
vn khng thy men pht trin ng k.
373. Vin tr mui trong ma h cha cht g?
Hng Zoecon sn xut vin tr mui c cha cht mtpren di tn
thng phm Altosid, ho tan c trong nc v th thuc ny trong ma
h t nm 1976. Trong nm 1977, hng ny tin hnh th nghim m rng
nhanh chng a vo sn xut trn quy m cng nghip. Vin Altosid c
dng nhng ni mui sinh sn nh cng rnh, nc thi, m khng th
dit mui bng phng php phun thng thng.

139

374. Mt loi ng ho hc mi c tn l g?
Hng Tetead Lyle (Anh) ang nghin cu sn xut mt loi ng ho
hc mi gi l Talin. Loi ng ny l dch tinh ch ca hp cht Taumatin,
ly t qu ca mt loi cy tng t nh cy cao su Thaumatococcus danielli
mc vng Ty Phi. ngt ca ng ho hc mi ny gp 4000 ln
ng ma, ngha l ngt hn saccarin.
375. Cc cht ho hc trong ti c tc dng cha bnh nh th
no?
Hnh v ti l nhng gia v cho nhiu mn n nhng t lu cng
c bit n nh l nhng v thuc. Ti tng dng lm thuc cha chng
pht ban, vim bch cu, vim phi v ri lon ng rut trc khi c nhng
bit dc c hiu.
Ngy nay ngi ta hiu bit kh chi tit v thnh phn ho hc trong
hnh, ti. Hng trm hp cht c phn lp v phn tch cu trc cng
nh nghin cu v dc l. Nhng hp cht quan trng nht ly t hnh, ti
thng cha t mt hoc nhiu nguyn t lu hunh (S) trong cu trc. l
cc hp cht thiosunfua, polisunfua. Chng c mi v hot tnh sinh hc cao.
Tuy vy, cho n gn y nhng b him v c ch tc dng sinh hc ca
nhiu hot cht mi c tm ra. Chng hn nh pht hin ra cht etyletan
disunfinat c tc dng ngn nga bnh ung th. Y hc khng nh hm
lng nitrit cao trong d dy l mt c t lin quan n s xut hin ung th
d dy. Th m xt nghim cho thy ngi c thi qun n ti sng, sau
khi n xong, hm lng nitrit trong d dy gim hn. Ngi ta cng chng
minh c tc dng c ch pht trin ung th ca cc hp cht polisunfua
khng no. Chng hn nh cht ajoen l mt hp cht cha 3 nhn chit tch
t ti c tc dng dit t bo ung th lympho. Cht diallyl diunfua cn c kh
nng lm gia tng sinh trng cc enzym kh c.

140

Ti cn tc dng h hm lng m v cholesterol trong mu. Nhng

ngi c bnh tim nu thng xuyn s dng tinh du ti s lm gim nguy
c nhi mu c tim hay nghn mch bi cht ajoen v dithin c trong tinh du
ti. Tc dng c ch kt t tiu cu l do cc cht adenosin, allixin, ajoen v
cc polysunfua khc c trong ti.
Sau khi n ti, hi th c mi kh chu, l mi ca cc hp cht
allylmetyl sunfua, disunfua, diallylsunfua; 2-poropen thiol.
Xoa ti di gan bn chn th sau vi gi c th pht hin mi ti trong
hn th, l do l cht allixin sau khi thm qua da c th tan trong m v hp
th trong h lympha, khng b phn hu trong mi trng khng cha cistein
v protein v thot ra theo ng bi tit. Cn n ti th allixin s phn ng
lp tc vi cc nhm cistein chuyn thnh nhng cht c ch sinh ho quan
trng.
Nh vy, ti va l gia v, va l mt v thuc qu.
376. Tc c thnh phn ho hc v cu to nh th no?
Tc, sng, mng cha mt loi protein kh bn gi l kratin.Trong
kratin c cc lin kt isunfua ni cc mch di peptit li vi nhau, ngoi ra
cn c cc lin kt hiro, lin kt cc cu mui, lin kt vander walls... to
thnh cc vng xon. C hai loi kratin anpha () v beta (). Tc qun t
nhin l tc c nhiu kratin. Mu ca tc do hai sc t quyt nh: sc t
lumelanin lm cho tc c mu t hung nht n en tuyn, sc t
phomelamin lm cho tc c mu t hoe vng, vng ng, n , kratin
trong tc ngi cha n 12% xistin. Nu lm gim s lin kt isunfua ca
tc bng cch kh bng ho cht th tan ca kratin tng ng k, tc s
mm ra c th un theo bt k kiu g cng d. Vic x l cc sn phm kh
bng cc cht oxiho s a v trng thi ban u l kratin. l cch x l
tc un tc.

141

377. Plasma l g?
Plasma thng c gi l trng thi th t ca vt cht v n khng
phi l cht rn, khng phi l cht lng v cng khng phi l mt cht kh
bnh thng. Plasma l mt kh ion ho, t mt tng th nguyn t c bin
thnh cc ion mang in tch dng hoc m. Tuy khng thng gp trn tri
t, nhng trong v tr n chim ti 99%. Mt tri l mt qu cu la plasma.
Do c thnh phn phc tp nn plasma rt kh ch ng, plasma c
phn ra lm plasma "nng" hnh thnh nhit cao v plasma "lnh" to ra
bi cc in trng. Ngi ta d bo plasma "lnh" s tr thnh mt trong
nhng k thut ch cht trong th k 21.
Plasma c dng ty sch b mt c cha vt du, m, sp hoc
cc tp cht khc. Plasma cn dng ty cc l nhm v bnh l bng cht
do dng ng thc phm trong cng nghip ch bin, kh trng cc
dng c gii phu hoc cy trng trong y hc, sinh hc...
Ty ra sch bng plasma d cho t bo sng bm dnh v pht trin,
gip d dng cy cc t bo.
378. Cc nguyn t ho hc hnh thnh trong v tr nh th no?
khong khng gian gia cc v sao t hng t nm trc c cc my
kh hiro v bi. Mt lng ln vt cht ny to nn mt trng hp dn
khng l, khi b nn thnh mt khi. Ti tm ca khi ny nhit ln ti
hng triu . Trong iu kin ny xy ra cc phn ng tng hp ht nhn,
dn n s hnh thnh cc nguyn t ho hc khc nhau. Th d nh cc phn
ng sau:
221H

342 He

12
6

C 42 He

4
2

He

12
6

C
16
8

379. Vn ho tru cau c ngha ho hc v nhn vn nh th no ?

142

Truyn thuyt dn gian "tru cau" c lu truyn t i Vn Lang n

nay. Ngy nay cn rt t ngi n tru nhng ming tru i vo i sng
vn ho, tnh cm v phong tc ca dn tc ta hng my ngn nm vn hin.
Vn ho "Tru cau" mang tnh c o ca ngi Vit Nam. Tch truyn
"Tru cau' c in nh Vit Nam dng thnh phim truyn hp dn, cn
ca khc v tch "tru cau" c t trc cch mng thng 8 (1945)
ngha ho hc :
Trc y ngi ta thng mi nhau n ming tru cho vui, cho m
ngi, cho thm ming... c ng n tru s lm cho vui, m v sch ming
hay khng ?
L tru c cha t 1,8 - 2,4% tinh du, ch yu l chavibetol v
chavicol cng mt s phenolic khc. Nc p l tru c tc dng tng p,
gim mch ngoi vi v tnh khng sinh rt mnh. ng y dng tru nh gi,
cha cm cm, bng, cha vt thng.
Trong ht cau (y hc c truyn gi l - inh lang) c khong 18% tanin,
14% cht du, 2% mui khong v cc hp cht ancaloit, c bit l arecolin
(C6H13NO2) chim 0,5%. Chnh arecolin c tc dng lm tit nc bt, lm co
ng t mt, kch thch thn kinh ph giao cm.
Tru cau khng th thiu vi, khng c vi ming tru khng th
chuyn sang mu . Vi l cht kim, khi tc dng vi arecolin, cht ny c
tnh c v chuyn thnh arecaidin khng c m c tc dng gy hng phn.
Ngi ta thng thm vo ming tru mt lt v r cy chay. V c tc
dng tng thm tanin cho ming tru. Nhai ming tru khong 15 - 20 pht,
bt u "gip b tru", nhit c th 370C, cc phn ng ho hc, phn
ng sinh mu gia cc phenolic, arecolin, arecaidin, tanin v cc cht khc
trong mi trng kim xy ra. Chnh cc phn ng ny to cho ngi n
tru cm gic say, hng phn, m p lm cho da mt hng ho, mi thm,
chng cm cm, dit khun, lm sch ming, lm cht chn rng. n tru

143

chnh l mt cch trang im ca ngi ph n trc y. Ming tru lm cho

i m thm hng, i mi thm thm, cho lng thm say.

ngha nhn vn:

L tru, qu cau l hai th khng th thiu trong cc t l, th cng
thn thnh, t tin. Ngi ta thng ni "hng, hoa, ph, tu, bc l chi
nghi" (hng, hoa, tru, ru, bc l l nghi thc).
Ming tru c mt trong mi l nghi, ci hi, gi chp, tang gia...
tr thnh phong tc, truyn thng ca ngi Vit Nam. Ngy nay tuy khng
n tru nhng trong cc l nghi ngi ta vn gi phong tc truyn thng ngha
l vn c tru, cau. L dm hi cn gi l l "b ci tru".
Ming tru mang rt nhiu ngha:
Ming tru dng trong giao tip, ming tru l u cu chuyn:
"Tin y n mt ming tru
Hi rng qu qun u chng l "
Ming tru dng trao duyn:
"Tru ny tru qu, tru hoa
Tru Loan, tru Phng, tru ta, tru mnh"
Ming tru dng trch ngi bn trai chm chn:
"Ba ng mt m tru cay
Sao anh khng hi nhng ngy cn khng
By gi em c chng
Nh l c chu, chim lng bit sao "
Ming tru dng khuyn nh la i
"C phi duyn nhau th thm li
ng xanh nh l, bc nh vi"

144

 Ming tru dng ni khi gip vic ci xin:

"Gip cho quan tm tin cheo
Quan nm tin ci li o bung cau"
Ming tru dng trang im:
"Tru ny tru tnh, tru tnh
n vo thm mi mnh, mi ta"
Ming tru dng o thi gian:
"Lng ging n u
Ch em n gip b tru em sang
i ta cng mt lng
Cng i mt ng vi vng chi anh"
Hoc l:
"Ngi chi mi gip b tru
Mong anh nn li, i cu gii by"
ng cha ta dng ming tru din t cc cung bc ca tnh cm.
Cy cau, gin giu (tru) i vo vn th ca.
Th Nguyn Bnh:
"Nh em c mt gin giu
Nh ti c mt hng cau lin phng
Thn oi ngi nh thn ng
Cau thn oi nh giu khng () thn no ? "
V:
"Ci ngy em i ly chng
Giu khng dy chng bun leo vo gin"
Dn ca quan h Bc Ninh"

"Cau non snh vi tru vng

Giu khng l tn cy cho l n tru (n giu)

145

Con non kt bn, tru vng kt duyn"

Hay:
"Tng t mi d su
Cha n m thy say ming tru"
V:
"Say nhau quan h cng say
Nng niu mt ming tru ny mi nhau
thng n tn vn cau
yu xin gi ming tru lm tin"
V lc gi bn:
"Ming tru cnh phng hng mi
Dt do cu ht ngi i ng v"
380. Vn ho tr c ngha ho hc v nhn vn nh th no ?
T xa xa, ngi Trung Hoa coi ung tr l mt ngh thut mang
m mu sc vn ho. H c rt kinh nghim, bit s dng trit cc
cng nng ca tr vo vic phng v chng bnh tt. l cc tc dng nh
gii kht tiu thc, kh m, sng mt, li tiu, sng khoi tinh thn, tng
cng kh nng khng ca c th. Tuy nhin, tr cng c hiu ng tiu cc
nu s dng khng ng cch. V d trc khi i ng nu ung tr s lm cho
ta kh ng hoc mt ng. Bui sng ng dy cha n sng ung tr s lm
bng cn co. Nhng ngi b mc cc chng cao huyt p nng, bnh tim,
lot d dy cn phi thn trng khi ung tr. Nhng ngi b chng suy
nhc thn kinh, mt ng, bnh tuyn gip th khng c ung tr. Ph n
mang thai khng c ung tr qu c, qu nhiu, khng c ung thuc
vi tr, nht l cc loi c st trong thnh phn. Ngi gi khng nn ung tr
c, tr nh khng nn ung tr lnh.

146

Thnh phn dinh dng v cng hiu ca cc loi tr khng ging

nhau. Hm lng vitamin C v mt s cht khc trong tr xanh (tr lc) nhiu
hn nhiu so vi tr en (hng tr), tr xanh c cng hiu cao hn trong
khng bc x, phng x cng huyt qun, gim m mu, tng t bo bch
huyt, chng nhim khun. V mt y hc, ung tr xanh tt hn ung tr en.
Gn y ngi ta cn pht hin nc tr xanh c kh nng tiu hu t
bo ung th. Allan Conney, Vin i hc New jersey (M) cho bit: Trong s
chut c co lng, tip xc vi tia t ngoi (UV) vi liu lng cao
trong 20 tun. Sau , c xoa ln lng mt dung dch tr xanh c cha
cafeine v gallate d'pigallocathecine (GEGC), th so vi l chut i chng
ch c 30% b ung th da.
Tn dng ht kh nng v dinh dng ca tr :
Trung Quc, theo tp tc, dn nhiu vng khng ch thch ung tr
m sau khi ung ht nc h cn n ht c b tr.
D ung nc tr hay n b tr u rt c ch i vi c th con ngi.
V trong tr c cha rt nhiu vitamin v mt lng ng k protein, axit bo,
cht khong.
Ung tr v mt khoa hc khng tt bng n tr. Nu n, vitamin trong
tr c hp th tt hn, lm tng kh nng hot ng co bp ca d dy, y
nhanh tc bi tit cht cn, lm d dy tiu ho v hp th thc n tt hn.
Ung tr c th bo v th lc:
Cht tm vng mc trong mt l do vitamin A hp thnh. Khi nhn
lu(xem tivi hay nhn mn hnh my vi tnh) cht ny b tn hao, nu khng
b sung kp thi bng mt lng vitamin A th s lm gim th lc, dn ti
chng qung g. Trong tr c cha nhiu vitamin, trong c vitamin A.

147

Y hc hin i pht hin ra nc tr c tc dng tiu tr nhng cht

phng x c hi i vi c th con ngi. Trong tr cha nhng cht c kh
nng hp th cht phng x, bo v cng nng to mu, khng s bc x,
gia tng bch huyt cu.
Nhng iu nn bit khi ung tr:
Tr gng c th tr bnh l; tr ng c li vi ng rut, tr hoa cc
lm sng mt, ung tr qu nng s lm bng ng tng, ung tr sau khi n s
c tc dng tng s tiu ho thc n, ung tr sau khi ung ru c tc dng
gii ru, ung tr bui sng lm tnh to tinh thn; ung bui ti s kh ng,
ung tr khi bng i lm ri lon tinh thn, ung tr qu nhiu lm gy
ngi, vng da, ung tr ng cch s tng tui th.
Trung Quc l mt quc gia trng ch, ch bin ch, ung tr sm
nht th gii. T khi ngi ta nm cc loi cy c v pht hin ra ch c tc
dng gii kht v lm hng phn tinh thn th ch c s dng rng ri
Trung Quc. n i ng, Lc V em kinh nghim ung tr ca mnh
vit thnh mt cun sch "Tr kinh" (kinh nghim ung tr).
Ngy nay tr c cng nhn l ung t nhin c li cho sc kho
ca con ngi.
Cy ch thng trng nhng vng c kh hu nng, m v c trng
theo tng vn. Ngi Trung Quc c lch s trng ch hng my ngn nm,
sm nht l vng T Xuyn sau n lu vc sng Trng Giang v sau
cng l cc tnh vng duyn hi.
SriLanka l quc gia c sn lng ch nhiu nht trn th gii, tip
theo l Trung Quc v n .
Vit Nam ch c trng nhiu cc tnh trung du ca Bc B nh
Ph Th v cc tnh Nam Trung B nh Lm ng...
Qui trnh ch bin ch:

148

Tr mun ngon th phi t tay hi nhng bp non trn cy, l gi th c

th dng my thu hoch.
Bp ch qua qu trnh ln men th chuyn t mu xanh sang en. Trong
qu trnh lm tr, v qu trnh ln men khc nhau nn sn phm tr c cht
lng v phong v khc nhau. Tr xanh th khng cn qua ln men. Cc bc
ch bin c bn nht l:
- Bp ch hp a sang lm lnh.
- Va trn va sy kh tr bng hi nng
- V tr tht k cho n khi l ch nh di l c.
T nhng bp ch ch thnh tr ung l c mt qu trnh v v sao
nhiu ln.
Cc loi tr:
- Tr xanh: L loi tr khng qua qu trnh ln men. Bp ch hi xong
c sao nhanh qua la. Khi pha, tr c mu xanh nn gi l tr xanh. Tr
hng l tr xanh p hoa m thnh.
- Tr en c sn xut t bp ch c ln men, nc c mu hung
, v thm du.
- Tr lipton: Bp ch sau khi sao c v k, tip theo cho ln men y
trong mt thi gian cn thit. C 4 loi tr lipton l lipton to, lipton nho,
lipton cam, lipton pht th.
- Tr long: ch qua mt na cng on ln men, c phn ra lm 3
loi tr c mc ln men cao, thp hay va. Mt loi rt c trng ca tr ny
l tr long.
L ch, ngoi cht c hng (tinh du), cht kch thch (cafein) cn
cha mt lng ng k tanin (t 6 n 12%, c khi 20%). Cht ny qua ch
bin cho v cht v hng v c bit l th ca tr.

149

Cc nh khoa hc cho rng tanin trong tr l mt phc cht, c th

qui vo catechin, leucoanthocyanin v mt s hiroxi axit.
Khi ta pha tr, cc chuyn cht ca tanin v tinh du s thm tan ra
trong nc tr lm cho nc tr c mu vng chanh hoc vng nu. Nu gp
phi nc cng cha nhiu ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ nc tr c mu vng nu hay
nu.
Ung tr tr thnh nhu cu thit yu trong i sng hng ngy ca
con ngi. Cng vi tin b ca x hi, ngi ta ngy cng coi trng ngh
thut ung tr. Mun ung tr ngon th phi bit ngh thut pha tr.
Cc loi tr khc nhau, cn dng nc nhit khc nhau pha tr.
Khi pha tr xanh nn dng nc un si, ngui ti khong 70 800C l tt nht, cn tr en cn nc c nhit khong 80 - 85 0C bi v nu
dng nc si sng sc pha tr s lm ph hoi vitamin C trong tr v lm
gim gi tr dinh dng ca tr. Trc tin phi ra sch m pha tr, cho tr
vo m, nc si ch khong 1/3 dung lng m. yn khong 5-> 10
pht ri mi cho thm nc vo. Lm nh vy s gi c gi tr dinh dng
v hng v ca tr. Pha c tr cn rt ra ngay trnh cht tanic trong l
ch ngm ra nc, khi ung s ng.
Phng php pha tr vi ng:
Mun c chn tr thm ngon v ngt c th pha nh sau:
Dng mt tch pha tr sch, nc si vo trc ri cho thm mt
t ng trng hay ng , khuy cho tan ht ri cho tr. yn khong 5
pht, sau rt ra chn ta s c chn tr va thm va ngt. Trong tr c
cha nhiu loi kim thc vt, trong s ch yu l cht caphein, cht ny
rt d ho hp vi ng glucoz hoc saccaroz.

150

Ngy xa cc c thng coi: ung tr l mt ngh thut cng phu, c

nng ln thnh "Tr o". Ngy nay ung tr tr nn ph bin khp th
gii.
Cc dn tc vng Chu thch tr vi hng v cht m, hu v ngt
du, c thm mi ca cc loi hoa: Sen, nhi, ngu.. hoc cc loi tho mc
cha cht thm nh qu...
Cc dn tc vng Chu u, Chu M li thch ung tr c v cht va
phi, hu v ngt, c mu nc nu gi l tr en.
chn m pha tr th ngy xa cc c c cu: "Th nht Th c gan
g, th nh Lu Bi, th ba Mch Thn". l tn cc loi m pha tr ca
Trung Quc c bn H Ni (thi nh vn Nguyn Tun).
Khi thng thc hng v ca tr, theo ngi xa ch cn ung mt
chn, ung n chn th hai l v kht nc qu cn chn th ba, th t th
qu l... ngu m (ung nh tru)
bo qun tr c lu, cn cho tr vo ti nilong sch, h ming
ti qua ngn la cho kn ri bo qun trong t lnh. Lm nh vy tr s gi
c nguyn mi v trong mt nm.
381. Ch ng l loi ch g ?
Vit Nam cy ch ng l loi cy c th mc hoang d trn ni
cao Cao Bng, cy cao ti 33m, ng knh thn to t 60 n 120 cm. Ngoi
ngha tho dc qu him, vi hng thm c bit, v ng du nhng sau
ngt mi... to nn mt nt mi ca vn ho Tr Vit m ci th thng
thc cng ging nh cc tr truyn thng khc.
Trong l ca cy ch ng c ti 16 axit amin chim 55,92% thnh
phn ca l. Vi 5 nhm cht: Saponintritecpen, Flavonoi, axit hu c,
polyssa charid v carotenoid c trong l ch ng u l nhng nhm cht c
nhiu tc dng sinh hc quan trng. Cng dng ca ch ng l tng cng

151

min dch, gim m, gim cholesterol, iu ho huyt p, an thn, gii c,

gii ru, kch thch tiu ho, ng tt...
Hn 2000 nm trc, ngi Phng ng bit n gi tr dc liu
ca cy ch ng.. Trc y, ch ng l mt tho dc qu him dnh cung
tin nh Vua di nhiu triu i. Ngy nay ch ng i vo sinh hot
thng nht ca mi ngi.
382. Vn ho ru c ngha ho hc v nhn vn nh th no
Ru ung tn ho hc l etanol c cng thc C 2H5OH. Ru trng l
dung dch ca C2H5OH trong nc vi nng khc nhau. ru l phn
trm th tch ca ru trong dung dch nc. Ru 400 l loi ru m 100 ml
dung dch ru ny th c 40ml ru v 60ml nc. Ru c nng cao
khong 80 0 90 gi l cn.
V ho hc, ru l dn xut ca hidrocacbon trong mt hoc nhiu
nguyn t hiro c thay th bng nhm hidroxyl (OH). l khi nim
chung v ru, nhng ch c etanol mi ung c. Trn th gii, chng dn
tc no khng dng ru, c khc chng ch l khu v tng vng.
Ru l con dao hai li, nu dng t v hp l th c li cn khi lm
dng dn n nghin li l k th nguy him.
V mt y hc, ru c tnh gy ng v an thn, c ch thn kinh, gim
au, nu ung t s tng tit dch v, tng hp th, tng nhu ng rut, n ngon
ming... V vy s l bt cng v thiu khch quan nu ch hon ton ln n
ru, coi ru l k th nguy him nh ma tu v thuc l.
Ngy xa, cc c c cu: Nam v tu nh k v phong ni ln tc
dng hng phn ca ru. Ru ngm thuc gi l ru thuc dng cha
bnh v tm b c th.

152

Ci nguy him l ai cng bit ung nhiu ru l c hi nhng hay b

qu chn v d nghin khi nghin th rt kh t b . i vi mt s
ngi n nh tnh yu. Nh th Tn vit:
Say sa ngh cng h i
H th h tht, say thi (th) vn say
Trong cc cuc vui chng ta nn tu bt kh p v ngn ng Nga c
cu: Khi say bin ch n u gi m nghin th Tri ch b bng vung.
L Bch mt nh th ln i ng Trung Quc, qu say khi lm th
m nhy xung sng vt nh trng vng.
T chc y t Th gii ku gi mi ngi b ru v qu nhiu tc hi:
hng nm tiu tn 50 t la M; 96 t mc c; 70% tai nn xe c; t l
nghin v cht cao (26% do ng c cp bi cc tp cht c hi nh anhit,
metanol c trong ru).
Th nhng, mt s nc nh Lin X (c), C - oet cm ru m
khng thnh cng. Chng ta khng khuyn khch ung ru, nhng ru vn
tn ti trong cuc sng hng ngy. V vy cng nn tm hiu v vn ho ru
(Drrinking Culture)
Ru c 2 loi: Loi ch t hoa qu v loi ch t ng cc.
Ru ch t hoa qu, trc tin phi k n ru nho (vang nho). C
vang trng, vang (cho ph n) vang Bordeaux, Alsace (Php), vang Alazan
(Georgie), vang Mnavi, vang Bungari v.v...
Loi vang si bt, sm banh mang a danh Champagne (Php) c bit
vng Reims, cch th Pari (Php) 140 km. Hng Piper - Heidseik vng
ny, thnh lp t 200 nm trc, c hm ru di ti 16 km, thng xuyn
cha c 15 triu chai v mt bo tng di lng t chuyn lu gi cc loi
sm banh ca hu ht cc vng trn Tri t.
Cu k hn l ru Cognac. Cogac l mt a danh cch Pari 600 km.
Ru Cognac t v c lm t loi nho c bit do c chn ging k.

153

Qua qu trnh ln men chng ct, trong cc thng g si c sn (loi si

Limousin hoc Troncais do nh nc qun l) vi thi gian kh di t 3 n 40
nm.
Nu trong khong 3 - 5, ru c nhn V * S *; nu trn 5 nm: nhn
VSOP; t 25 - 35 nm: nhn XO. Loi ny c 4 hng sn xut: Hennesy,
Martel, Remy Martin, hay Martel c gi t vi trm n vi ngn la. C
loi Cognac dnh cho vua cha hay t ph - nhn XO tr gi 19000 franc
Php, hoc 4000 USD (40 triu ng Vit Nam).
nc ta do iu kin kh hu, th nhng khng c cc loi nho ngon
nn dng vang to, m, mn, du... cng theo nguyn tc ln men, chng ct
ni trn v ch trong thi gian ngn. H Ni c lng ru M ni ting,
tn ti cch y 6, 7 trm nm vng Bch mai - Hong Mai - Tng mai
nay l x Hong Vn Th, Trng nh thuc qun Hai B Trng. l ru
ngon nht H Thnh, bt m bt tri k v.
Trong Tam Quc, To Tho v Lu B ung ru m mi khi bn
lun anh hng. Vua Tn khi u c vi Chung V Dim cng dng ru m.
Ru ch t ng cc (tinh bt); trc ht phi k n ru Whissky,
tiu biu v thng gp l Whissky Chivas Regal vng Scotland pha Bc
nc Anh. Whisky loa ny c lm t mch nha vi 3 loi thun chng:
Glenlivet, Long mann v Glen Grant do mt th chuyn nghip pha ch.
Ru c trong thng g si t nht 12 nm. Ru c sn xut t nm
1801, do hng Chivas and Glenlivet Group thnh lp t nm 1786. Vi ngt 2
th k kinh nghim, hng cho ra th trng mt loi ru ngon c ting,
khong 430, mi nm 3 triu thng, mi thng 12 chai 750 ml, 150 nc
trn th gii.
Sau ny c hng Seagram Spiret to hn, bao trm c Whisky Bourbon,
Canda v Bc M, cn c gi l ng hong Whissky (Prince of Whisky)

154

 Nga, Ba Lan, ng u c Vodka cng l ru trng, ngon nu t

ng cc. Cu ba c ru Rhum t ma, Nht c ru Sak t go, Trung
Quc c ru Mao i, ch t cao lng, chng ct v trong 6 nm ti mt
a danh tn l mao i cch Bc Kinh 700 km. Ru Mao i c huy
chng vng hi ch Panama do M t chc nm 1913.
Vit Nam c La Mi, ru ( min Nam). u l cc loi
ru ch t ng cc, c nng cao t 40 - 60 0. min Bc ngy xa c
ru Tm, ru Ngang. Ru Tm l loi ru m khi lc mnh chai cho tm
ru bc mnh ln nh reo, ri chai ng yn, th tm ln ngay lp tc.
Ct 10 lt ru thng mi ct c mt chai ru tm, v th nn mi c cu
: Gip em mt thng xi v, mt con ln bo mt v ru tm. Cn ru
Ngang l th ru trng m ngi bn phi ng vo bong bng, tht ngang
lng che mt cc nh thi hnh php lut, v ngy xa cm nu ru lu.
Ngy nay, trong cc quy ru ta cn gp mt th gi l liqu
(liqueur). Chng cng c ch t ng cc (go, ng, khoai, sn...) ri qua
chng ct cng nghip thnh ru nng (trn 900) sau tinh ch loi b bt
cht c (anehit, metanol; thu c cn thc phm c cn thp hn,
khong 40 - 600 . Cc c s sn xut ru dng loi cn thc phm ny pha
thm ng, mu thc phm v tinh du chanh, cam, du, to...thnh cc loi
liqu nh, ngt m d ung m ta vn quen gi l ru mi (ru mu).
nc ta, trong phong tc truyn thng, th cng t tin, ma chay,
ci hi u phi c tru v ru, l nhng th khng th thiu c, nht
l khi ci hi:
Cao tay nng chn ru hng
Mng em, em sp ly chng xun nay
383. V sao ru gi c th lm cht ngi?
Ung ru gi c th b ng c, c trng hp m c mt, thm ch c
t vong. Nhng ngi lm ru gi khng phi em ru trng trn thm

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nc v lm nh vy s bit ngay bi n nht. Thng bn chng dng ru

metylic thay mt phn ru etylic. Loi ru gi ny rt c.
Ru etylic v ru metylic c cng h nhng tnh cht ca chng
khc nhau. Ru etylic l cht lng trong sut, mi thm d chu, khng c.
Ru metylic c phn t khi b hn, n chnh l cht lng trong sut rt c,
n c nhiu ng dng, n c th thay xng lm nhin liu nhng khng dng
pha ung.
Ru metylic rt c i vi c th ngi. N tc ng vo h thn
kinh v nhn cu, lm ri lon chc nng ng ho ca c th gy nn s
nhim c axit. Sau khi ung khong 8 gi bt u triu chng nhim c
axit, hn m, au u, bt tnh, lo s, co git, m mt, nn ma, th lc gim
nhanh, trng hp nng c th b m hn. Nghim trng hn l mch p
nhanh v yu, h hp kh khn cui cng dn n t vong.
384. Ngi c i ung ru c hng v g ?
Ngi c a Neolitic cng ung ru khng km chng ta hin nay.
Cc nh khoa hc Hoa K pht hin ra rng dn Trung ng tng say sa
t nht l 7000 nm trc y, sm hn 2000 nm nh ngi ta tng. Tuy
nhin nhng loi ru m ngi c i thng thc li c mi nha thng.
Patrick Mc.Govern v cc ng nghip mt trng i hc
Phiadelphia (Hoa K) pht hin ra lp cn mu vng trong mt bnh gm c
c tm thy vng Haji Firunz Tepe ca Iran. Phn tch bng cacbon phng
x ngi ta bit c cc bnh c lm ra vo khong 5400 - 5000 trc
cng nguyn: Lp cn mu vng l du hiu ca ru nho bi v trong c
vit ca axit lactric. Loi axit ny c nhiu trong qu nho. Ngoi ra trong lp
cn ny cn thy c nha thng l mt cht ph gia cho vo ru thi c i,
cht ny c tc dng dit vi khun, trnh ru ln men thnh gim.
385. Hm" ru ln nht trong v tr nm u ?

156

Cc nh khoa hc ngi Anh l Geof Mac Donald (nh thin vn

Trng i hc tng hp Kent) v Tom Miller (nh bc hc v ton hc
trng i hc tng hp a phng) pht hin mt m my khng l
ton ru l lng trong khng gian, cch Tri t khong 10.000 nm nh
sng (mt nm nh sng tng ng 9500 t km).
Cc nh nghin cu Anh , phi hp vi mt nhm nghin cu
trng i hc Tng hp Ohio (M) pht hin ra ru trong chm sao
Aigle m ngi sao chnh l Altair.
m my khng l ny khng thy c bng mt thng m ch bit
c nh vo vic phn tch cc sng v tuyn thu nhn c qua mt ng
ten cao 4000 mt trn nhng ngn ni la tt Mauna Kea Hawaii.
T trng ca m my rt thp: c khong vi ngn phn t C 2H5OH trong
mt m3, trong khi ti cc xng sn xut bia, s lng cc phn t C 2H5OH
hng t t ln ln hn. Tuy t trng thp nhng m my li chim mt khng
gian khng l, bn knh c 3 nm nh sng.

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