CH D : ESTE A CHC

Mt s ch khi gii ton

1. Mt s cng thc tng qut ca este a chc
,
- Este to thnh t axit n chc v ancol a chc (n chc): ( RCOO) n R
,
- Este to thnh t axit a chc (n chc) v ancol n chc: R (COOR ) n
,
,
- Este to thnh t axit a chc (n chc) v ancol a chc (m chc): Rm (COO ) n.m R n . Khi n = m thnh R (COO ) n R =>
este vng
- Este no, 2 chc, mch h: CnH2n-2O4

2. Phn ng x phng ha: x =

nNaOH
=> x l s nhm chc este
neste

3. Khi x phng ha este 2 chc vi dung dch NaOH cho:

* 1 mui + 1 ancol + 1 anehit th este c cu to: R1 OOC R COO CH CH R 2
P: R1 OOC R COO CH CH R 2 2 NaOH

t0

1
NaOOC
R COONa

R
OH R 2 CH
2 CHO

* 2 mui + 1 ancol th este c cu to: R1 COO R OOC R 2

P: R1 COO R OOC R 2 2 NaOH
Ta c :

nOH = 2n

este

t0

R1 COONa
R 2 COONa

R (OH ) 2

nmui; nancol = neste

* 1 mui + 2 ancol th este c cu to: R1 OOC R COO R 2

0
P: R1 OOC R COO R 2 2 NaOH t
NaOOC
R COONa

Ta c :

nOH

= 2nmui = 2neste; nOH- = 2

1
R
OH

R 2OH

nru.

,
,
* 1 mui + 1 ancol th este c cu to: R (COOR ) 2 hoc ( RCOO ) 2 R

P: R (COOR , ) 2 2 NaOH

t0

NaOOC
R COONa

2 R ,OH

( RCOO) 2 R , 2 NaOH

t0

2 RCOONa

R , (OH ) 2

BI TP T LUN
Bi 1(H Y -1998): Hp cht hu c X cha mt loi nhm chc c CTPT l C 8H14O4. Khi thy phn X trong dung dch
NaOH thu c mt mui v hn hp hai ancol A v B. Phn t ancol B c s nguyn t cacbon nhiu gp i trong A. Khi
un nng vi H2SO4 c, A cho mt anken v B cho 2 anken. Tm CTCT ca X
HD: X + NaOH 1 mui + 2 ancol => X: R1OOC-R-COOR2
A, B u to ra anken => A, B phi c t nht 2 nguyn t C
X c 8C, c 2 nhm COO, B c s C gp i s C ca A=> A c 2C (C2H5OH) v B c 4C (C4H9OH) c CTCT: CH3CHOH-CH2CH3
Axt to ra este l axit oxalic: HOOC-COOH
=> X: COO-CH2-CH3
COO-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3
Bi 2(H TCKT-1992): Ba cht hu c A, B, D c cng CTPT C6H10O4, mch thng, khng tc dng vi Na. Xc nh
CTCT ca A, B, D v vit ptp minh ha bit rng khi tc dng vi dd NaOH th A to thnh 1 mui v 2 ancol k tip
nhau trong dy ng ng, B to thnh 2 mui v 1 ancol, D to thnh 1 mui v 1 ancol
HD: X khng phn ng vi Na => X khng c H linh ng
A + NaOH 1 mui + 2 ancol k tip nhau trong cng 1 dy ng ng. Vy A l este ca axit 2 chc no v 2 ancol no
n chc ng ng k tip => CTCT ca A: CH3OOC-CH2-COO-C2H5
B + NaOH 2 mui + 1ancol => B l este ca ancol 2 chc no v 2 axit n chc no
=> CTCT ca B: HCOO-CH2-CH2-CH2-OOCCH3 hoc HCOO-CH2-CH2-OOC-CH2-CH3
D + NaOH 1 mui + 1 ancol => D l este ca 1 axit no 2 chc v 1 ancol no n chc hoc 1 axit no n chc v 1
ancol no hai chc. Vy D c th c cc CTCT sau:
CH3-OOC-CH2-CH2-COOCH3 ; C2H5-OOC-COO-C2H5 ; CH3-COO-CH2-CH2-OOC-CH3
Bi 3(HNT-1994): Cht A c CTPT l C11H20O4 . A tc dng vi NaOH to ra mui ca axit hu c B mch thng v 2
ancol l etanol v propanol-2. Hy vit CTCT ca A, B v gi tn chng
HD: A: C11H20O4 + NaOH mui + C2H5OH + CH3-CHOH-CH3 => A l este to nn t axit no 2 chc v 2 ancol trn =>
CTCT ca a l: C2H5OOC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COO-CH-(CH3)2
Bi 4(HYD TP.HCM-1997): Mt cht X c CTPT C8H12O5, mch h. Thy phn X trong mi trng axit thu c
glyxerol v 2 axit n chc A, B hn nhau 1 nguyn t cacbon. B cng nc cho cht hu c C (sn phm chnh). Xc nh
CTCT ca X, A, B, C v vit ptp minh ha

HD: X c dng: R COO C x H y OOC R

Bi 5: thy phn 0,1 mol este A ch cha 1 loi nhm chc cn dng va 100gam dd NaOH 12%, thu c 20,4 gam
mui ca mt axit hu c v 9,2 gam mt ancol. Xc nh CTPT, vit CTCT v gi tn este . Bit 1 trong 2 cht (ancol
hoc axit) to thnh este l n chc
HD: (HCOO)3-C3H5 (glixerol trifomat)
Bi 6: Este A c CTPT l C7H12O4 ch cha mt loi nhm chc. thy phn 16 gam A cn dng va 200 gam dd
NaOH 4%, thu c mt ancol B v 17,8 gam hh 2 mui. Xc nh CTCT ca A
HD: A l este 2 chc c dng :R1-COO-R-OOC-R2 => CTCT: HCOO-CH2-CH2-OOC-C3H7
Hoc CH 3-COO-CH2-CH2-OOC-C2H5
Bi 7: un nng 0,1 mol este A vi mt lng va dd NaOH thu c 13,4 gam mui ca mt axit hu c B vi 9,2
gam ancol n chc. Cho ancol bay hi 1270C v 600mmHg chim th tch l 8,32 lt. Xc nh CTCT ca A
HD: A l este 2 chc c dng R(COOC2H5)2 => CTCT: C2H5 -OOCCOO-C2H5
Bi 8: Cho 2,54 gam este A bay hi trong mt bnh kn dung tch 0,6 lt, nhit 136,50C. Ngi ta nhn thy khi este
bay hi ht th p sut trong bnh l 425mmHg
a) Xc nh khi lng phn t ca A
b) thy phn 25,4 gam A cn dng 200gam dd NaOH 6%. Mt khc khi thy phn 6,35gam A bng xt thu c
7,05 gam mui duy nht. Xc nh CTCT v gi tn este bit rng mt trong hai cht (ancol hoc axit) to nn este
l n chc
HD: A l (CH2=CH-COO)3-C3H5 (glixerol tri acrylat)
TRC NGHIM ESTE A CHC
Cu 1: Cho 21,8 gam cht hu c X mch h ch cha mt loi nhm chc tc dng vi 1 lt dung dch NaOH 0,5M thu c 24,6 gam
mui v 0,1 mol ancol. Lng NaOH d c trung ho va ht bi 0,5 lt dung dch HCl 0,4M. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. (HCOO)3C3H5.
B. (CH3COO)2C2H4.
C. (CH3COO)3C3H5.
D. C3H5(COOCH3)3.
Cu 2: thu phn 0,01 mol este to bi mt ancol a chc v mt axit cacboxylic n chc cn dng 1,2 gam NaOH. Mt khc
thy phn 6,35 gam este cn 3 gam NaOH, sau phn ng thu c 7,05 gam mui. Cng thc cu to ca este l
A. (CH3COO)3C3H5.
B. (CH2 = CHCOO)3C3H5.
C. (CH2 = CHCOO)2C2H4.
D. (C3H5COO)3C3H5.
Cu 3: iu ch mt este X, dng lm thuc chng mui gi tt l DEP ngi ta cho axit Y tc dng vi mt lng d ancol Z. Mun
trung ho dung dch cha 1,66 gam Y cn 100 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M. Trong dung dch ancol Z 94% (theo khi lng) t l s mol
n Z : n H2O 86 :14 . Bit 100 < MY < 200. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. CH2 = CHCOOCH3. B. C6H5COOC2H5.
C. C6H4(COOC2H5)2.
D. (C2H5COO)2C6H4.
Cu 4: un nng 0,1 mol X vi lng va dd NaOH thu c 13,4g mui ca axit hu c a chc B v 9,2g ancol n chc C. Cho
ancol C bay hi 1270C v 600 mmHg s chim th tch 8,32 lt.Cng thc phn t ca cht X l:
,

COOCH3
HC COOCH3
COOCH3

H2C COOCH3
C COOCH3
H2

OC2H5
OC H

OCH3
OCH

2 5
3
A.
B.
C. O
D. O
Cu 5: X l este ca glixerol v axit hu c Y. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol X ri hp th tt c sn phm chy vo dung dch Ca(OH) 2 d
thu c 60g kt ta. X c cng thc cu to l:
A.(HCOO)3C3H5
B. (CH3COO)3C3H5
C. (C17H35COO)3C3H5 D. (C17H33COO)3C3H5
Cu 6: X l este mch h do axit no A v ancol no B to ra. Khi cho 0,2 mol X phn ng vi NaOH thu c 32,8 gam mui. t chy
1 mol B cn dng 2,5 mol O2. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A.(CH3COO)2C2H4.
B.(HCOO)2C2H4.
C.(C2H5COO)2C2H4.
D.(CH3COO)3C3H5.
Cu 7: Khi thy phn hon ton 0,05 mol este tiu tn ht 5,6g KOH. M t khc, khi thy phn 5,475g este th tiu tn
ht 4,2g KOH v thu c 6,225g mui. V y CTCT este l:
A. (COOC2H5)2
B. (COOCH3)2
C. (COOCH2CH2CH3)2 D. Kt qu khc
Cu 8: (HA-2010) Thy phn 0,2 mol mt este E cn dng va 100gam dung dch NaOH 24 % thu c mt ancol v
43,6 gam hn hp mui ca 2 axit cacboxylic n chc. Hai axit l:
A. HCOOH v CH3COOH
B. CH3COOH v C2H5COOH
C.
C2H5COOH v C3H7COOH
D. HCOOH v C2H5COOH
Cu 9: Hp cht hu c X cha C, H, O mch thng c phn t khi l 146. X khng tc dng vi Na kim loi . Ly 14,6g
X tc dng vi 100ml dd NaOH 2M thu c 1 mui v 1 ancol. CTCT ca X l
A. C2H4(COOCH3)2
B. (CH3COO)2C2H4.
C. (C2H5COO)2
D. A, B ng.
Cu 10: t chy a mol X l trieste ca glixerol vi axit n chc mch h thu c b mol CO 2 v c mol H2O, bit b - c =
4a. Hiro ha m gam X cn 6,72 lt H 2 (ktc) thu c 39 gam mt sn phm. Nu un m gam X vi dung dch cha 0,7
mol NaOH n phn ng hon ton, c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c cht rn khan c khi lng l
A. 57,2 gam
B. 52,6 gam
C. 61,48 gam
D. 53,2 gam

Cu 11: Este X c to thnh t etylen glicol v hai axit cacboxylic n chc. Trong phn t este, s nguyn t cacbon
nhiu hn s nguyn t oxi l 1. Khi cho m gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (d) th lng NaOH phn ng l 10
gam. Gi tr ca m l
A. 14,5.
B. 17,5.
C. 15,5.
D. 16,5.
Cu 12: Cho 13,8 gam glixerol phn ng vi axit hu c n chc B, ch thu c cht hu c E c khi lng bng 1,18
ln khi lng ca glixerol ban u; hiu sut phn ng l 73,35%. C bao nhiu cng thc cu to ph hp vi E?
A. 3
B. 5
C. 2
D. 4
Cu 13: X phng ha hon ton 1 este X a chc vi 100ml dung dch KOH 1M sau phn ng c cn dung dch thu c
8,32 gam cht rn v ancol n chc Y. Nu t chy hon ton Y thu c 3,584 lit CO 2 (ktc) v 4,32 gam H2O cng thc
cu to ca X l
A.C2H5OOC-C2H4-COOC2H5
B.CH3COOCH2-CH2-OOCCH3
C.C2H5OOC-CH2-COOC2H5
D.CH3OOC-C2H4-COOCH3
Cu 14: Cho 0,02 mol m t este (X) phn ng va ht vi 200 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M thu c m t mui v m t ancol
(Y), u c s mol bng s mol este phn ng. M t khc, khi x phng ha hon ton 2,58 gam este bng 1 lng KOH
va , phi dng 20 ml dung dch KOH 1,5M v thu c 3,33 gam mui. Cng thc ancol (Y) l
A. C2H5OH
B. C3H6(OH)2
C. C2H4(OH)2
D. C3H5(OH)3
Cu 15: E l este mch khng nhnh ch cha C, H, O, khng cha nhm chc no khc. un nng mt lng E vi 150
ml dung dch NaOH 1M n kt thc phn ng. trung ho dung dch thu c cn 60ml dung dch HCl 0,5M. C cn
dung dch sau khi trung ho c 11,475 gam hn hp hai mui khan v 5,52 gam hn hp 2 ancol n chc. Cng thc
cu to ca este l
A. CH3CH2CH2-OOC-CH2CH2COOCH3
B. HCOOCH3 v CH3COOC2H5
C. C2H5-COO-C2H5
D. CH3-CH2-OOC-CH2COOCH3
Cu 16: Hp cht hu c X cha mt loi nhm chc c CTPT l C 8H14O4. Khi thy phn hon ton
3,48 gam X trong dung dch NaOH c 1 mui v hn hp 2 ancol A, B. Phn t ancol B c s C
nhiu gp i A. Khi un nng vi H 2SO4 c 1700C: A cho 1 olefin cn B cho 3 olefin ng
phn. Nu oxi ho ton b lng ancol thu c bng CuO t nng, ton b lng anehit cho trng
bc hon ton th khi lng bc thu l:
A. 4,32 gam
B. 2,16 gam
C. 6,48 gam
D. 8,64 gam