TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM TP.

HCM
KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM
B mn Qun l cht lng v an ton thc phm

BI GING

NH GI CM QUAN THC PHM

(H i hc)

Bin son :
1. ThS. Nguyn Th Qunh Trang
2. ThS. H Th M Hng
3. C nhn : Nguyn Th Hng

TP. H Ch Minh - 2013

MC LC
Chng 1. i cng v nh gi cm quan ............................................................. 1
1.1. Tng quan v nh gi cm quan......................................................................... 1
1.2. Vai tr v ng dng ca nh gi cm quan trong lnh vc thc phm ............. 5
1.3. im khc bit gia nh gi cm quan vi cc phng php khc .................. 7
1.4. Gii thiu cc phng php nh gi cm quan ................................................ 11
Chng 2. Nn tng tm l hc v sinh l hc ca chc nng cm gic ................ 14
2.1. Cc gic quan v chc nng trong nh gi cm quan ...................................... 14
2.2. Cng kch thch v ngng cm gic ......................................................... 27
2.3. Hin tng tng tc cm gic .......................................................................... 28
Chng 3. Cc iu kin nh gi cm quan v nguyn tc thc hnh tt .......... 30
3.1. Cc iu kin tin quyt trong nghin cu nh gi cm quan ........................ 30
3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n nh gi cm quan.................................................. 34
3.3. Nguyn tc thc hnh tt .................................................................................. 37
Chng 4. Cc phng php nh gi cm quan .................................................... 45
4.1. Nhm php th phn bit ................................................................................... 45
4.1.1. Mc ch v ng dng ca nhm php th .............................................. 45
4.1.2. Php th tam gic (triangle test) .............................................................. 46
4.1.3. Php th 2-3 (duo-trio test) ...................................................................... 48
4.1.4. Php th A-khng A (A-not A test) ..................................................... 50
4.1.5. Php th n-AFC (n-AFC tests) ................................................................ 54
4.2. Nhm php th th hiu...................................................................................... 57
4.2.1. Mc ch v ng dng ca nhm php th .............................................. 57
4.2.2. c im v cc yu t nh hng n th hiu ngi tiu dng ............ 58
4.2.3. Cc php th u tin (preference tests) .................................................... 58
4.2.4. Php th mc chp nhn (consumer acceptance test) ......................... 66
4.3. Phng php phn tch m t ............................................................................ 71
4.3.1. Mc ch v ng dng ca phng php ................................................. 71
4.3.2. Quy trnh la chn v hun luyn hi ng nh gi cm quan .............. 72
4.3.3. Phng php m t mi v (flavour profile method) ............................... 78
4.3.4. Phng php m t cu trc (texture profile method) ............................. 80
4.3.5. Phng php m t nh lng
(quantitative descriptive analysis QDA) ......................................................... 82
4.4. Phng php cho im theo tiu chun Vit Nam ........................................... 87

Ti liu tham kho............................................................................................. 91

Ph lc ................................................................................................................ 92

CHNG 1: I CNG V NH GI CM QUAN

1.1.Tng quan v nh gi cm quan
1.1.1. nh ngha
nh gi cm quan l mt phng php khoa hc c dng gi ln, o
c, phn tch v gii thch cc cm nhn ca con ngi i vi sn phm thng
qua cc gic quan l th gic, khu gic, xc gic, v gic v thnh gic.
A scientific method used to evoke, measure, analyse and interpret those
responses to products as perceived through the senses of sight, smell, touch, taste
and hearing (Stone v Sidel, 1993).
nh ngha ny c chp thun v chng nhn bi cc y ban nh gi
cm quan ca cc t chc chuyn nghip khc nhau nh Hip hi khoa hc cng
ngh thc phm (Institute of Food Technology IFT), Hip hi kim nh v vt
liu Hoa K (American Society for Testing and Materials - ASTM).
nh gi cm quan l mt mn khoa hc khch quan mc d kt qu thu
nhn t kin ch quan ca con ngi. Trong nh gi cm quan, con ngi c
coi nh cc dng c o a ra cc thng s cn o. M con ngi vn phc tp
hn my mc. Vy khch quan u? Chng ta cng phn tch 4 quy trnh : gi
ln, o c, phn tch v gii thch trong nh ngha tr li cho cu hi trn.
Nhng nguyn tc v cch thc hnh trong th nghim cm quan u lin quan n
bn hot ng ny.
Gi ln (evoke): y khng phi l mt cng on gi ln nim trong
qu trnh nh gi mu ca ngi tham gia th nghim m l mt qu trnh chun b
th nghim v phc v mu trong nhng iu kin c kim sot. Qu trnh ny c
xem l rt quan trng bi v kim sot tt qu trnh chun b mu v iu kin th
nghim (mu th, m ha mu, trt t th mu, dng c cha mu, c s vt cht,

) s gip cho kt qu nh gi cm quan t tin cy cao, hn ch n mc ti

a nhng tc ng bn ngoi n ngi th nm.
V d: trong mt bui th nghim, c 10 ngi th ang th nm cc mu nc
cam, bng c mt ting ni nc cam ny chua qu. Vy l 9 ngi th cn li
b tc ng bi cu nhn xt ny d rng h ang th cc mu khc nhau.
o c (measure): l thao tc nh lng ca ngi th. Thng qua cc gic
quan, ngi th nh lng cng kch thch nhn c t mu th v phn hi
bng cch cho im, m t hay so snh. T vic nh lng gip chng ta bit c
mi lin h gia cm nhn ca con ngi vi cc tnh cht bn trong ca sn phm
hay phn ng yu thch ca ngi tiu dng i vi sn phm. y l mt nt c
trng tiu biu ca phng php nh gi cm quan.
V d: dng Brix k o th ch cho bit bao nhiu gam ng tng c trong 1 lt
nc cam c c. Nhng vi phng php nh gi cm quan th s cho bit c
vi lng ng c ngi tiu dng thch hay khng thch, thch vi mc
nh th no, c th trn thang im l bao nhiu.
Phn tch (analyse): l qu trnh phn tch mt hay nhiu tp hp s liu th
sau khi tin hnh xong th nghim nh gi. Phn tch d liu mt cch ng n,
chnh xc l phn then cht ca nh gi cm quan. Trong qu trnh nh gi cm
quan, chng ta c th thu c mt d liu p- l mt d liu khi nhn vo kt
qu th cho ta thy c vn cn tm kim hay cho ta cu tr li ngay m
khng cn tin hnh nhng bc phn tch phc tp tip theo. Tuy nhin, thc t s
liu thu nhn c t ngi th thng dao ng ln bi chng ta khng th hon
ton kim sot c cc yu t trong mt th nghim cm quan nh: tm trng v
ng c, nhy cm sinh l bm sinh, nhng kinh nghim cng nh quen
thuc ca ngi th i vi cc sn phm cng loi. Bn cnh , ngay trong mt
hi ng c hun luyn v bn cht vn l mt thang o khng ng nht
2

trong qu trnh a ra s liu. Do cng on phn tch d liu bt buc phi c

trong nh gi cm quan nh gi rng cc mi quan h quan st c gia c
tnh sn phm v phn ng cm quan l thc s tn ti ch khng ch l kt qu ca
dao ng khng kim sot.
Gii thch (interpret): l gii thch kt qu thu nhn c. Sau khi phn tch
s liu, kt qu thu nhn phi c gii thch trong phm vi gi thit ca th
nghim. Nhng kt lun a ra phi l nhng nhn nh hp l da trn cc s liu,
cc phn tch v kt qu t c. Cc kt lun bao gm vic xem xt phng php
s dng, cc gii hn ca th nghim v c s nn tng cng nh bi cnh ca
nghin cu.
1.1.2. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca nh gi cm quan
nh gi cm quan c t rt lu, ngay t khi con ngi bt u dng hng
ha trao i vi nhau, ngi ta nh gi cht lng hng ha bng cm quan.
V d nh mt tm da th i c bao nhiu t mui v mui tt phi kh, sch,
trng v ht to. T th k 11, ti cc thnh ph ln ca Chu u bt u xy dng
cc khch sn. cnh tranh ln nhau, nhng ch khch sn thu ht khch bng
cch thay i cc mn n, ly kin ca mt a s ngi tiu dng gia gim cc
nguyn liu, gia v cho ph hp vi khu v ca h. Cng vic th nm bt u
c s dng trong 2 ngnh sn xut thc ung l tr Anh v ru vang ca
Php. Trong khi mua bn cc sn phm ny, cc thng nhn dng phng php
th nm nh gi mc cht lng ca sn phm v xc nh gi c.
Tuy nhin, khoa hc nh gi cm quan thc s ra i v c cng nhn l
vo cui thp nin 40 di s nghin cu v a vo ging dy ca gio s Rose
Marie Pangborn (1932-1990) ca trng i hc UC-Davis Hoa k. B c xem
l ngi u tin t nn mng cho ngnh khoa hc non tr ny. Sau khi ra i,
nh gi cm quan khng ngng pht trin nht l trong lnh vc sn xut hng
tiu dng, m ch yu l lnh vc thc phm. Trong tng lai, nh gi cm quan
3

s tip tc pht trin mnh hn v s pht trin ny ph thuc vo mt s yu t,

quan trng nht l con ngi, qu trnh trang b v hun luyn.
1.1.3.C s khoa hc ca nh gi cm quan
nh gi cm quan c mi quan h mt thit vi khoa hc t nhin v khoa
hc hnh vi con ngi (hnh 1.1).

Hnh 1.1. Mi lin quan gia nh gi cm quan vi khoa hc t nhin v khoa

hc hnh vi con ngi.
Khoa hc cm quan c hnh thnh trn cc phng php k thut (nghin
cu phn bit/m t) v nghin cu th hiu/nhn thc tiu dng. Tng ng vi
hai thnh phn ny l cc phng php o c l/ha trong khoa hc t nhin/k
thut v phng php th trng trong khoa hc hnh vi/con ngi. Mc ch cui
cng l p ng con ngi, t ci tin, pht trin sn phm. Trong khoa hc t
nhin/k thut, cc phng php ha hc, vt l c s dng o c cc thng
s trn sn phm nh o mu sc, o cng, o hm lng ng, xc nh thnh
phn ha hc, bng cc dng c o, my mc, thit b. Trong nh gi cm
quan, nhm php th phn bit v nhm php th m t cng cho ta bit cc sn
phm c khc nhau khng? khc nhau nh th no? khc nhau bao nhiu? mi
quan h, tng quan gia cc thnh phn? bng dng c o l cc gic quan ca
con ngi. Trong khoa hc hnh vi/con ngi, nhng phng php th trng
4

nghin cu v con ngi, ngi tiu dng, khch hng mc tiu th trong khoa hc
cm quan, nhng vn ny cng c gii quyt.
1.2.Vai tr v ng dng ca nh gi cm quan trong lnh vc thc phm
Vai tr ca nh gi cm quan thay i theo thi gian. Lc u, nh gi
cm quan ch phc v cho vic phn tch d liu. Tuy nhin, ngy nay trong hu
ht cc lnh vc ca thc phm u p dng nh gi cm quan, c bit trong pht
trin sn phm v pht trin th trng. nh gi cm quan gp phn trong chin
lc pht trin v kinh doanh hiu qu ca mt sn phm. Vai tr v ng dng ca
khoa hc nh gi cm quan c th c th hin mt cch khi qut qua hnh 1.2
bn di.

Hnh 1.2. Mi tng tc gia cc b phn: cng nghip sn phm thc phm v
tiu dng Hoa K (Interating Departments: U.S. Foods and Consumer Products
Industries).

C th ni rng nhng ng gp quan trng ca khoa hc nh gi cm quan

cho lnh vc cng nghip thc phm gn lin mt thit vi ba b phn: sn xut sn
phm, k ti l nghin cu pht trin sn phm v th trng tiu th.

Hnh 1.3. Mi lin h ca nh gi cm quan trong lnh vc cng nghip

thc phm
Trong lnh vc sn xut sn phm
nh gi cm quan c xem l mt trong nhng phng php s dng u
tin trong vic kim tra v qun l cht lng trong b phn sn xut sn phm.
Bi v cc tiu chun cm quan i vi cht lng sn phm tr thnh mt phn
khng th tch ri ca mt chng trnh kim tra cht lng. Bn cnh , chc
nng v s thun tin ca khu ng gi cng i hi s dng cc php th sn
phm. Nh vy m phng php nh gi cm quan gip:
- Ci tin sn phm, thay i quy trnh v cng thc ch bin.
- Cch gim mc ri ro v khng chc chn khi ra quyt nh sn xut hay
khng sn xut t gip gim chi ph.
6

- Kim sot cht lng ca sn phm.

- n nh cht lng ca sn phm tn tr.
Trong lnh vc nghin cu
Trong lnh vc nghin cu v thc phm v nguyn liu, nhng tnh cht v
quy trnh ch bin s lun i hi cc php th cm quan nh gi nhn thc ca
con ngi i vi cc thay i trong sn phm. Do , nh gi cm quan gp phn
rt quan trng cho lnh vc nghin cu sn phm. Thng qua nh gi cm quan,
cc chuyn vin nghin cu s bit c:
- Mi lin quan gia cc tnh cht ca nguyn liu v cm quan ca thc
phm.
- Pht trin sn phm mi p ng nhu cu th hiu.
- Mi lin quan gia cm quan thc phm v dinh dng.
Trong nghin cu th hiu
Mc ch cui cng i vi cc cng ty sn xut thc phm l sn phm lm
ra phi p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng, phc v ngi tiu dng, v th nh
gi cm quan s gip cho ngui tiu dng by t c cm nhn, suy ngh ca
mnh i vi sn phm. Nh vy cc php th cm quan c chc nng nh mt c
ch gim thiu ri ro khng nhng cho cc nh nghin cu m cn cho cc gim
c tip th. Sn phm thng mi phi l:
- Sn phm an ton, hp v sinh v t cht lng.
- c s chp nhn v yu thch ca ngi tiu dng.
- Ph hp vi tng i tng (tui tc v gii tnh).
1.3. im khc bit gia nh gi cm quan v cc phng php nghin cu
khc
Cc php th trong php nh gi cm quan c so snh vi php th
nghin cu th trng v phng php kim tra cht lng.

1.3.1. im khc bit gia php th th hiu ngi tiu dng v php th nghin
cu th trng
Bng 1.1. So snh php th th hiu vi php th nghin cu th trng
Php th th hiu ngi tiu
dng

Php th nghin cu th trng

(php th khi nim-sn phm)

Ngi tham gia l ngi s dng

sn phm

Ngi tham gia c la chn l

ngi cho phn hi tch cc v
khi nim

Mu v danh-m ha ngu nhin

vi cc thng tin ti thiu ha
nhn thc

Cung cp y thng tin v sn

phm : nhn hiu, dinh dng,
thng ip qung co

Xc nh sn phm c p ng
cc mc tiu cm quan khng

Xc nh sn phm c tha mn
nhu cu ngi tiu dng v tng
th khng

Cc k vng da trn cc sn
phm tng t s dng trong
nhm

Cc k vng c c t khi
nim/yu cu v vic s dng cc
sn phm tng t

Khng dng nh gi phn

hi/sc hp dn v khi nim sn
phm

Khng c kh nng o s hp dn
cm gic khi tch bit khi nim
v k vng

STT

Nhng thng tin khc nhau c cung cp bi hai loi php th, v c hai
u rt quan trng. nh gi cm quan c tin hnh cung cp thng tin cho
cc nh pht trin sn phm l h c p ng c cc mc tiu cm quan v hiu
qu di dng nhn thc cc c tnh sn phm hay khng. Thng tin ny ch c
th c c khi s nh v v khi nim khng nh hng nhiu n phng php
th. Ngi pht trin sn phm c quyn c bit sn phm c p ng cc mc

tiu cm quan hay khng, cng ging nh cc nh tip th cn bit liu sn phm c
tha mn c nhu cu ngi tiu dng hay khng trong quan h tng th gia
qung co, nh v v khi nim. Trong trng hp sn phm gp tht bi, cc
chin lc ci tin sn phm s khng bao gi r rng c th nu thiu c hai loi
thng tin trn.
1.3.2. im khc bit gia phng php nh gi cm quan vi phng php
kim tra cht lng
Mt lnh vc th hai c nhng nt tng ng r rt vi nh gi cm quan
l h thng phn hng cht lng thc phm truyn thng, s dng cc tiu chun
cm quan. Vic phn hng cc mt hng nng sn c nh hng quan trng mang
tnh lch s n phong tro m bo vi ngi tiu dng nhng tiu chun cht
lng trong thc phm m h tiu dng. K thut phn hng ny c p dng
rng ri cho nhng sn phm n gin nh sa ung v b (Bodyfelt v cng s,
1988), ni m mt sn phm l tng phi c c s ng thun rng ln v cc
sai st do thao tc v cng ngh km gy ra cc tc ng cm quan c nhiu
ngi bit.
Bng 1.2. So snh nh gi cm quan vi kim tra cht lng
STT

Php th cm quan

Kim tra cht lng

Tch thng tin m t v hng phn

(thch-khng thch) thnh 2 php
th ring bit

S dng ra quyt nh sa li
ti ch trong sn xut

nh hng theo nghin cu h tr

Cung cp im s cht lng v

thng tin d on lin quan n
cc khuyt tt trong mt php th

S dng ngi tiu dng i din

nh gi s hp dn ca sn

S dng trnh tinh thng v

cm quan ca nhng c nhn
9

phm

c hun luyn k lng

S dng hi ng c hun luyn

quy nh cc thuc tnh sn
phm

C th ch s dng mt hoc mt
s t chuyn gia qua hun
luyn

Linh hot i vi cc sn phm

mi, lm bng my v c ci
tin

Nhn mnh cc kin thc v sn

phm, cc vn tim n v
nguyn nhn

Nhn mnh cc kt lun thng k

ra quyt nh, thit k ph hp
v c mu

Thang o truyn thng l thang

a chiu v khng thch hp lm
vi phn tch thng k

Bn cht qu trnh ra quyt nh

mang tnh nh lng

nh hng theo cc hng ha

tiu chun

1.4. Gii thiu cc phng php nh gi cm quan

Trong nh gi cm quan, mi quan tm hng u ca cc chuyn gia l
php th thc hin phi p ng vi nhng yu cu c a ra trong th nghim.
Do , cc php th thng c phn loi da trn mc ch chnh ca chng v
iu kin p dng hp l nht. Thng thng c ba nhm php th cm quan ph
bin nht l: nhm php th phn bit, nhm php th th hiu v nhm phn
tch m t. Mi nhm php th c s khc bit nhau v mc ch s dng. Ngoi
ra, i tng tham gia nh gi cng c la chn theo cc ch tiu khc nhau.
Bn cnh ba nhm php th trn, nc chng ta cn c thm phng php cho
im cht lng sn phm theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 3215-79.

10

Bng 1.3. S khc bit v mc ch s dng v hi ng tuyn chn cho 3 nhm

php th
Nhm
php
th

Cu hi t ra

Loi php
th

c im ca thnh vin
hi ng

Phn
bit

c tuyn chn da trn nhy

Cc sn phm c khc
Phn tch cm gic, nh hng theo php
nhau khng?
th, i khi c hun luyn

M t

Cc sn phm khc
c tuyn chn da trn nhy
nhau nh th no trn
Phn tch cm gic v ng c, c hun
tng tnh cht cm
luyn c bn v o to k lng.
quan c th?

Th
hiu

Cc sn phm c a
thch nh th no hoc
Cm xc
sn phm no c a
thch hn?

c tuyn chn da trn thi

quen tiu dng sn phm, khng
qua hun luyn

1.4.1. Php th phn bit

Php th phn bit l nhm php th n gin nht trong ba nhm php th
ca nh gi cm quan. Bi v chng c s dng tr li cho cu hi liu c
hay khng mt s khc bit bt k no tn ti gia hai hay nhiu sn phm nh
gi m khng quan tm n s khc bit l g v khc nhau bao nhiu.
Nhm php th phn bit gm nhiu php th nh : php th tam gic, php
th 2-3, php th cp i sai bit (php th ging khc), php th A- khng A,
php th 2-AFC, 3-AFC, php th 2-5, php th Harris-Kalmus, php th phn bit
ABX.
1.4.2. Nhm php th th hiu
Php th th hiu l php th thng dnh cho ngi tiu dng. Nhm php
th th hiu thng cp ti mc yu thch, kh nng chp nhn sn phm,
thi , quan im, nhn thc, hnh vi tiu dng sn phm ca con ngi. Khng
11

ging nh cc phng php marketing, php th th hiu trong nh gi cm quan

c tin hnh trong s v danh ca cc mu th (blind test). Sau l bng
cu hi iu tra v thi quen tiu dng, phng cch s dng, thi , quan im,
tnh trng sc khe, ti chnh, ... Kt qu th hiu nhm ti phn nhm ngi tiu
dng, c trng ca tng phn nhm, tng quan gia cc phn nhm, T
tm ra nhm khch hng mc tiu.
Cc php th ph bin trong nhm php th th hiu bao gm php th u
tin (cp i, so hng th hiu) v php th mc chp nhn (php th cho im).
1.4.3. Phn tch m t
Phn tch m t c xem l php th tinh t nht trong nh gi cm quan
bi v cc kt qu thu c t php th m t cung cp nhng thng tin sau:
M t sn phm mt cch trn vn.
Gip nhn bit thnh phn c bn v cc thng s ca qu trnh ch bin.
Vch ra nhng im ging nhau v khc nhau ca sn phm.
Xc nh nhng tnh cht cm quan quan trng lin quan ti s chp nhn
th hiu ca ngi tiu dng.
c im ca phn tch m t l m t chi tit c im cc tnh cht cm
quan ca mt sn phm hoc so snh cc sn phm vi nhau .V d: v b ngoi,
mu sc, v, cu trc ca sn phm c miu t mt cch c th, chi tit. Ngoi ra,
cc c tnh cm quan cng c nh lng theo t l cng .
Phn tch m t c s dng trong pht trin sn phm v gim st cc sn
phm mi cnh tranh. Php th cho bit s khc bit ca sn phm cng nh mc
khc bit ca cc tnh cht cm quan gia sn phm mi vi sn phm mc tiu.
Cc php th ph bin trong nhm phn tch m t gm: m t mi v (Flavour
profile), m t cu trc (Texture profile), phn tch m t nh lng (Quantitative
12

Discriptive Analysis QDA), quang ph cm quan - Sensory Spectrum v m t la

chn t do - Free-Choice Profiling (FCP).
1.4.4. Phng php cho im cht lng sn phm theo tiu chun Vit Nam
TCVN 3215-79
Phng php cho im cht lng sn phm theo tiu chun Vit Nam c
s dng nh gi mc cht lng ca mt sn phm so vi tiu chun hoc
so vi mt sn phm cng loi trn tt c cc ch tiu cm quan nh mu sc, mi
v, trng thi.

13

CHNG 2. NN TNG TM L HC V SINH L HC CA

CHC NNG CM GIC
2.1. CC GIC QUAN V CHC NNG TRONG NH GI CM QUAN
Cm gic m con ngi nhn c l thng qua cc c quan cm gic.
Nhng tc ng ca cc cht ha hc hay ca mt i lng vt l ln cc c quan
cm gic gi l nhng kch thch. C th con ngi c th nhn bit c cc kch
thch ha hc, vt l hay c hc thng qua 5 gic quan : v gic, khu gic, th gic,
thnh gic v xc gic. K thut nh gi cm quan s dng cc gic quan ca con
ngi nh cc cng c phn tch. V vy, vic hiu r cu to v c ch hot ng
ca cc c quan cm gic l c s ca nh gi cm quan.
2.1.1. V v v gic
V gic l gic quan cho php con ngi c cm gic v v. V l mt cm
gic ha hc c cm nhn bi cc trung tm cm nhn v c trng. ngi,
nhng trung tm ny tp trung ch yu trn b mt li, sau l vm ming v
yt hu, cc c quan ny cha cc b phn th cm v v. Cc b phn th cm ny
nm trn mng t bo ca mt nhm khong 30 n 50 t bo to thnh cm c cu
trc hnh cu phn lp gi l chi v gic. Cc chi v gic c thi gian sng
khong 7 10 ngy. Trn li, cc chi v gic c nm trong cc gai v gic.
C 4 loi gai v gic phn b trn nhng phn khu ring bit trn li. Gai
hnh nm (fungiform papilla) phn b ch yu phn u li. Cc gai hnh nm
cha khong vi trm chi v gic. Gai hnh l (foliate papilla) v gai hnh si
(filiform papilla) phn b ch yu 2 bn mp li. Gai hnh i (circumvallate
papilla) c kch thc to nht vi s lng rt t, tp trung pha cung li to
thnh hnh ch V. Nhng gai ny c th cha ti 1.000 chi v gic. Cc chi v
gic cng c trn phn vm hng mm ngay sau ni kt thc ca phn vm hng
cng, vn l mt vng quan trng nhng thng khng c ch trong qu trnh
cm nhn v. Phn gc li v phn trn ca c hng cng nhy cm vi v.
14

 ngi trng thnh bnh thng c khong 10.000 chi v gic, tr em c

t hn. Ngi no c nhy cm v cao th c nhiu chi v gic hn.T trn 45
tui th cc chi v gic b thoi ha mt cch nhanh chng khin cho kh nng cm
nhn v km i.

Hnh 2.1. Cu to ca v gic

Cc trung tm cm nhn v trn v gic c kch thch khi tip xc vi cc
tc nhn kch thch c bn cht ha hc nh cc cht ha tan hoc cc ion trong
dung dch. Cc kch thch ny c h thng 4 cp dy thn kinh khc nhau phn
b trn li truyn dn v khuych i tn hiu ln no to ra cc cm gic v. C
hng trm cm gic v khc nhau. Tuy nhin, c 4 v c coi l cc v c bn
gm : v ngt, v mn, v chua v v ng. Gn y, ngi ta xut b sung thm
v c bn th nm l v umami (hay v bt ngt, v tht) thng c bit n cc
nc phng ng. Cc v c bn c to nn bi cc tc nhn kch thch khc
nhau.
- V ngt : c nhiu cht to nn v ngt, phn ln l cc cht hu c nh
ng, mt s protein v mt s hp cht khc nh cc aldehit v xeton.

15

- V mn : v mn do cc mui phn ly to ra. V mn ca cc mui khc nhau

cng khc nhau. Cc ion dng gy ra cm gic mn l chnh, cc ion m vai
tr yu hn.
- V chua : v chua do cc axit to ra, cng cm gic chua t l vi logarit
nng ion H+. Nng ion ny cng mnh th cm gic chua cng nhiu.
- V ng : v ng gy ra bi nhiu cht, hu ht l cc cht hu c, trong
c cc cht mch di cha nit v cc alcaloid (nh cafein, quinin, strychnin,
nicotin). V ng l v nhy cm nht trong cc v. Ngng kch thch v
ng ca quinin trung bnh l 0,000008 mol/L. Ngng cm nhn v ca cc
hp cht ng khc c so snh tng i vi quinin ( ng ca quinin
c coi l 1).
- V umami : v umami c to nn bi cc axit amin nh axit glutamic hoc
cc glutamate (nh natri glutamate).
Theo cc nghin cu trc y, cc v c bn c cm nhn cc khu vc
khc nhau trn li (Hnh 2.2). V ngt c cm nhn ch yu khu vc u
li (4), v mn c cm nhn hai mp li pha u (3), v chua hai mp
li pha cung li (2) v v ng c cm nhn ch yu phn cung li (1).
Tuy nhin, ngy nay c nhiu quan im bc b s v gic trn, cho rng bt k
v no trong s cc v c bn u c th c nhn bit trn mt vng bt k ca
li.
1- Cung li : V ng
2- Hai mp li pha cung : v chua
3- Hai mp li pha u : v mn

4- u li : v ngt

Hnh 2.2. S v gic c in

16

Ngoi cc v c bn, v gic cn cm nhn c nhiu cm gic khc nh

cht, cay, the, t, kim loi, bo Mc d ch c hnh thnh t t hp khc nhau
ca cc thnh phn v c bn, song cm gic v ng mt vai tr c bit quan
trng trong nh gi cm quan thc phm. Trong thc hnh cm quan, cc cu hi
v v c t ra kh nhiu. Cm nhn v cn gip c th quyt nh c tiu dng
hay khng cc loi thc phm, loi tr cc thc phm i thiu, c v l, c hi cho
c th.
2.1.2. Mi v khu gic
Khu gic l gic quan cho php cm nhn mi, hng. Mi l mt cm gic
ha hc c to ra do s tng tc gia cc phn t mang mi vi cc c quan th
cm khu gic. Cc c quan th cm khu gic nm trong mi. v tr rt cao
trong khoang mi c hai phn biu m thn kinh c din tch khong 2 3 cm2 gi
l mng nhy khu gic. Mng nhy ny c mu vng nu, cha cc tin mao
chuyn ng v cc hch tit nc nhy c bit. mng nhy khu gic c 3 loi
t bo : t bo th cm, t bo v t bo th y. T chc mng nhy th cp l
tp hp cc si axon ca cc c quan th cm thn kinh, t hnh thnh nn chm
dy thn kinh khu gic. Trn mi cnh mi cng cha n vi triu c quan th
cm v chng c ph y lng t mn. Chc nng ca cc lng t ny l tng
cng ti a b mt tip xc ca cc b phn th cm vi cc tc nhn kch thch.
Khng ging cc c quan th cm v v, cc c quan th cm v mi l
nhng t bo thn kinh tht s, nhng chng l nhng t bo thn kinh bt
thng v chng c khong thi gian sng gii hn. Cc t bo ny cht v c
thay th trong khong 1 thng. Mt tn thng c th xy ra khi c mt chn ng
mnh u lm t cc si thn kinh khi cc c quan th cm khu gic. Tn
thng ny i khi c th t khc phc, nhng thng th khng, khin cho ngi
b tn thng khng cn chc nng cm nhn mi, gi l chng mt khu gic .

17

Trong phn tch cm quan, vic tuyn chn thnh vin hi ng cn da trn cc
php th v khu gic nh php th nhn bit mi.
C ch tc ng ca cc phn t mang mi :
Cc lng mao khu gic to thnh mt mng li hon chnh cho vic n
nhn cc phn t mang mi khi chng ha tan trong dung dch nhy. Vi s lng
ng o, cc lng mao khu gic lm tng ng k b mt tip nhn ca mng
nhy khu gic. Ngoi ra, chng cn dao ng theo mt chu trnh khng ng b
nn cng tng mnh c kh nng tip cn c vi cc phn t mang mi. Cc
phn t mang mi s c hp th ln b mt lng mao, sau tip xc vi dch
nhy trn mng khu gic. y din ra s tch cc phn t mi pha kh vo pha
lng ca nim dch mi. Cc t bo th cm trong mng nhy tip nhn v truyn
dn tn hiu n cc dy thn kinh khu gic, ri truyn thng tin ln no to nn
cm gic v mi.

Hnh 2.3. C quan khu gic

Nh vy, chc nng ca khu gic ch yu l phn tch cc hp cht
mang mi. i tng ca qu trnh phn tch ny ngoi cc hp cht bay hi t
thc phm cn l tt c cc phn t bay hi c mt trong khng kh. Hu ht cc
hp cht v c hay hu c c trng lng t 30 300 vc u l nhng cht mang
mi. Trong qu trnh nm ngi, khu gic c th nhn bit c cc hp cht mang

18

mi bng ng ngi trc tip t mi, nhng cng c th cm nhn cc hp cht

ny sau khi sn phm c a vo ming qua ng sau mi, cn gi l ngi sau
mi. V vy, trn thc t nhiu khi ngi ta thng nhm ln mi trong ming l
v m thc cht khu gic mi l c quan chu trch nhim cm nhn n. V d
ngi ta thng ni v chanh nhng thc t y l mi ca cc hp cht terpen
bc ln t trong ming v xng ln khoang mi theo hng t pha sau. C th ni
khu gic va l h thng cm gic ngoi, va l h thng cm gic trong. Trong
nh gi cm quan, hai cm gic mi v v i khi c dng chung ch cm
gic mi v.
2.1.3. Hnh nh v th gic
Th gic l gic quan cho php xc nh cm gic v hnh nh : mu sc, hnh
dng v chuyn ng. Cm gic v mu sc nhn bit c l do tc ng ca
chm tia sng ln mt. l dng photon vi bn cht sng v ht, truyn i vi
vn tc 3.108 m/s. Tc nhn kch thch th gic c bn cht vt l (khc vi tc nhn
kch thch v gic v khu gic c bn cht ha hc). Mt ngi nhn thy nh sng
c bc sng t 380 740nm (cn gi l ph nh sng kh kin). Ngoi gii hn
mt khng nhn thy c, l vng tia cc tm vi nng lng cao ( < 380
nm) v vng hng ngoi vi nng lng thp ( > 740 nm).
Mt c cu to c bn gm 3 lp mng, ngoi cng l mng cng gi l cng
mc, gia l mng trch v trong cng l vng mc. Vng mc cha cc t bo cm
nhn, c 2 loi t bo l t bo hnh nn v t bo hnh que (Hnh 2.4). Cc t bo
ny cha cc sc t nhy cm vi nh sng. C 3 loi sc t: , xanh lc v xanh
lam. Cc sc t ny nm trong cc a bn trong cc t bo cm nhn. Bi vy, ba
mu , lc, lam c xem l cc mu c bn v chng l c s cho s nhn ca
con ngi. Tt c cc mu ca ph nh sng kh kin, t tm ti , c th c to
ra bng cch cng hoc tr nhng kt hp khc nhau ca ba mu c bn ny.

19

Hnh 2.4.

Hnh 2.5. Cu to ca mt v s truyn nh sng

Qu trnh cm nhn nh sng nh sau : nh sng a vo trc mt ti gic
mc. Sau gic mc c mt cht lng trong sut c gi l thy dch. Thu knh
c t sau thy dch. Hnh dng v ch s khc x ca n c iu khin bi c
mi. Thu knh hi t nh sng hon ton, bt u t gic mc, ln trn vng mc.
Gia thu knh v vng mc l bung thy tinh th, cha y cht gel trong sut
gi l thy tinh th. Trung tm ca nh th gic c hi t trn vng mc ti h
mt, l ni chnh xc th gic l cao nht. Vng mc cha cc t bo nhy sng
v mt vi lp t bo thn kinh. Ti y, nh sng c hp thu bi cc sc t
20

quang trong t bo vng mc, cc t bo thn kinh to ra xung nhp lin quan ti
nh th gic i qua mt v truyn ti no trn vng thn kinh th gic.
Mu ca sn phm l s bc x nh sng chiu vo n. Mt ngi rt nhy,
c th phn bit c nhng chm tia c bc sng khc nhau rt t. iu c bit
l mt nhn c mu khng ch ph thuc vo thnh phn ph ca chm tia sng
m cn ph thuc vo ngun gc v mi trng truyn qua ca chm nh sng y.
y l tnh u vit ca mt so vi cc thit b o bc sng. Khi nghin cu nh
gi cm quan, cn t sn phm trong mi trng ng nht (nn mu trng).
Trong 5 gic quan ca con ngi, th gic l mt gic quan c bit, bi v
cc c tnh sau :
- Th gic l ngun cung cp thng tin chnh cho con ngi t th gii bn
ngoi (ring th gic chim 40% lng thng tin)
- Th gic tham gia vo hu ht cc hot ng sng ca con ngi
- Th gic l gic quan c s dng u tin khi con ngi tip xc vi mi
vt
- Th gic a ra ngay nhng so snh v cc i tng khi chng c a ra
cng lc vi s lng khng qu ln
Cng chnh v vy, i khi ngi ta qu tin tng vo nhng thng tin do th
gic mang li. Do , trong thc hnh nh gi cm quan, iu cn lu l vic
trnh by mu cho ngi th cn trnh s khc nhau v hnh dng, mu sc nu
khng mun ngi th b nh hng bi v b ngoi ca sn phm. Thng thng,
ngi ta hay lm bin i thng tin th gic khi n lm nh hng n kt qu ca
qu trnh nh gi bng cch s dng n mu lm nhiu thng tin v mu ca
sn phm, dng cc dng c ng sn phm ti mu hoc thm ch bt mt ngi
th.

21

2.1.4. m thanh v thnh gic

Thnh gic l gic quan cho php cm nhn m thanh bng cch pht hin v
tip nhn nhng dao ng ca sng m. Sng m c tip nhn tai con ngi,
c th l trn mng nh c din tch khong 55 mm2. Nhng kch thch m thanh l
ngun sng p sut truyn thng trong mi trng n hi v ng nht (nh khng
kh, nc). Con ngi c th tip nhn m tn s t 20 20000 Hz. Ngoi gii
hn , nu tn s f < 20 Hz gi l h m, f > 20000 Hz gi l sng m cao, siu
m. Trong khng kh, nhit v p sut thng, tc truyn m l 332 m/s.
Cc sng m ny tc ng ln tai ngi v c c trng bi tn s v bin .
H thng thnh gic bao gm 3 phn : tai ngoi, tai gia v tai trong.
- Tai ngoi : gm vnh tai v ng dn nh v ngun gc m thanh, hng
m thanh v tch m thanh ny vi m thanh khc. Vnh tai c nhim v
nhn v hng m thanh vo ng tai. ng tai l ng thnh gic bn ngoi, n
ko di n mng nh. Pha ngoi ng tai c cha cc si lng nh, c tc
dng ngn bi v y ry tai v da bong ra ca tai. ng tai c chc nng
cng hng m thanh v dn m thanh ti mng nh.
- Tai gia : tai gia l phn gii hn t mng nh n ca s bu dc. Tai gia
l ng hnh tr c ng kch 1 cm, di 4 5 cm, trong c 3 xng nh :
mt xng ba ni vi mng nh v xng e ni vi ca s bu dc qua
xng bn p. H thng ny cho php nng lng m hc truyn t mng
nh ti ca s bu dc, chuyn i nng lng m hc t mng nh thnh
nng lng c hc trong chui xng nh v tng p sut m thanh.
- Tai trong : c tai l phn c bn nhn v truyn thng tin ln no. N l
mt ng mng cun hnh c, cha dch. c tai cn c cc t bo lng th
cm m thanh nm trn mng y ca c tai. Kch thch m thanh truyn t
ca s bu dc i vo c tai lm rung ng dch trong c tai, cc t bo lng

22

trn mng y chuyn ng to nn tn hiu in. Dy thn kinh thnh gic

mang nhng tn hiu in ny ti no, to nn cm gic m thanh.

Hnh 2.6 Cu to ca thnh gic

Ngoi vic truyn m thanh trong khng kh vo tai cn c s truyn qua hp
xng s trc tip vo c tai. Chnh kiu truyn m thanh ny m con ngi c th
nghe thy ting nhai ca mt vt gin khi m ming khc vi khi khng m ming.
Trong phn tch cm quan, cm gic m thanh t c dng, tuy nhin n cng
c ch khi phn tch gin ca sn phm.
2.1.5. Trng thi v xc gic
Xc gic l gic quan cho php cm nhn trng thi. Xc gic khng nm
trn mt b phn c th no ca c th m phn b khp c th. S phn b ny
khng ng u, c nhng vng c th nhy cm hn cc vng khc. Cc t bo
th cm ca xc gic l nhng t bo thn kinh, c th nm trn da, mng nhy

23

hoc trong cc c, cc gn v dy chng. Nhng phn ln cc t bo th cm nm

trn da.
Cc nhn t kch thch xc gic c bn cht c hc, nhit hoc ha hc.
- C hc : khi tip xc vi vt, cc c quan xc gic c th nhn bit c
nhng cm gic v hnh dng, kch thc, cng, gin
- Nhit : cc nhn t kch thch c th mang n cho xc gic cm gic v s
nng, lnh.
- Ha hc : mt s nhn t ha hc ca th kch thch t bo thn kinh trn
da, ming, mi to ra cm gic nng, bng, nga, lnh hoc cm gic se. V d
nh : piperine trong ht tiu, capsaicin trong t, CO2 trong ung c ga, cht lm
mt trong sa tm, cc hp cht lm m nng trong du xoa bp v tannin trong
ru vang.
Xc gic c dng trong phn tch cm quan nh gi trng thi, cu
trc ca sn phm. Khi mt vt tip xc vi da, cc t bo thn kinh trn da b co
hoc nn cho ta bit hnh dng, kch thc, cng mm ca vt. Nhng a s cc
sn phm c nh gi bng ming. trong ming, cc tnh cht v cu trc ca
sn phm c phn tch nh 2 ngun thng tin. Th nht l ngun cm gic trn
b mt ca li v phn c xung quanh vm ming cho bit hnh dng, kch thc
v tnh cht b mt ca sn phm. Th hai l ngun cm gic n t vic nhai. Cc
c quan th cm nm h dy chng gn vi rng (s lng khong 2000 vi mt
chn rng). Cc c quan ny cho bit cng v hng ca lc nn ln rng
trong khi nhai.
Cm nhn v cu trc rt phc tp. Nhng thng tin nhn c t xc gic
cng c bn cht khc nhau, c th chia thnh cc nhm sau :
- Cc c tnh b mt : sn si, nhn
- Cc c tnh c hc : cng, n hi, tnh d v
- Cc c tnh lu bin : nht, tan chy

24

- c tnh nhit dng vt l : nng, lnh

- Cc c tnh ha hc : nng, the mt, kch thch
Cn ch rng mt s tnh cht ca cu trc c cm nhn nh xc gic
nhng cng c th c qua cc gic quan khc. V d nh mt s tnh cht b mt
c th c cm nhn bng th gic v mt s c tnh c hc c th c nhn bit
bng thnh gic.
2.1.6. Vai tr v chc nng ca cc c quan cm gic trong nh gi cm quan
C th ni nh gi cm quan l phng php s dng cc gic quan phn
tch, nh gi cc tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm. Cc gic quan ng vai tr nh
nhng cng c phn tch. V vy, khi tham gia nh gi cm quan, ngi th buc
phi c cc gic quan bnh thng.
Trong mt qu trnh nh gi cm quan hay th nm bt k th tt c cc gic
quan u tham gia vo vic cm nhn, nh gi. Trc khi a sn phm vo
ming, th gic s c nhng cm nhn v mu sc, cu trc, khu gic s lm vic
a ra nhng cm gic v mi v khi ta s vo sn phm xc gic s cho nhng
cm nhn v cc tnh cht b mt hay nhit . T con ngi c th c quyt
nh t chi hay chp nhn hoc ch i vic nm tip theo. Khi a sn phm vo
ming, u tin cc c quan th cm xc gic mi c th cho nhng thng tin v
cu trc nh nng, lnh, mm cng, mn. Tip theo, v gic cho nhng
cm gic v v ng thi khu gic cm nhn cm gic v hng theo con ng
ngi sau mi. Cc t bo th cm xc gic tip tc cung cp nhng thng tin tip
theo v cu trc khi tip xc vi li, khi nhai v sau khi nhai xong, ng thi khi
ta nhai, thnh gic cng cm nhn cm gic v gin.
Nh vy, mi gic quan u c vai tr v chc nng nht nh trong qu
trnh th nm, nh gi cm quan. Tt c cc thng tin t cc gic quan c b
no x l v gip ngi th a ra nhng quyt nh.

25

2.2. CNG KCH THCH V NGNG CM GIC

Nh trnh by phn u chng, kch thch l nhng tc ng ca cc
cht ha hc hay ca mt i lng vt l ln cc c quan cm gic. Tuy nhin,
cng kch thch no th c th bt u nhn c cm gic. Mi quan h gia
cng kch thch v mc cm gic c biu din trn hnh 2.1.
Mc cm gic

Nhiu nn
Cng kch thch
Vng di
khi mo

Vng khi
mo

Vng trn
khi mo

Vng bo ha

Hnh 2.1. th biu din mi quan h gia cng kch thch v mc cm gic

ng cong biu din mi quan h gia cng kch thch v mc cm

gic c chia thnh 4 vng :
- Vng di khi mo : y, cm gic cha c hnh thnh r v khng
bn. Cm gic nm trong vng nhiu nn v rt kh tch nhiu.
- Vng khi mo : cm gic bt u hnh thnh nhng cha thc s r nt.
Mc cm gic trong vng ny ni chung cn rt yu.
- Vng trn khi mo : trong vng ny cm gic tr nn tht s r nt. Mc
cm gic tng rt nhanh khi tng cng kch thch.
- Vng bo ha : trong vng ny cm gic khng tng cho d tng cng
kch thch.
T mi quan h gia cng kch thch v mc cm gic, ngi ta nh ngha
cc loi ngng cm gic :

26

- Ngng pht hin (hay cn gi l ngng cm nhn) : l gi tr cng

kch thch cn thit gi ln mt cm gic.
- Ngng xc nh (hay ngng nhn bit) : l gi tr cng kch thch nh
nht c th xc nh c bn cht cm gic l g
- Ngng phn bit : l khong chnh lch cng kch thch nh nht c
th pht hin c.
- Ngng bo ha : l cng kch thch m t s tng cng kch
thch cng khng lm tng cm gic.
Cc ngng cm gic khc nhau vi cc loi kch thch khc nhau. C nhng
ngi rt nhy cm vi kch thch ny nhng li km nhy cm vi nhng kch
thch khc. Ngng cm gic cng thay i t c nhn ny n c nhn khc. iu
ny ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh : sinh l, di truyn, thi quen, tui, gii
tnh Ngoi ra, ngng cm gic cng c th thay i khi cc kch thch lin tc
hoc c lp li, gi l hin tng thch nghi.
2.3. HIN TNG TNG TC CM GIC
Cm gic m ta nhn c khi th nm thc n, ung l tng hp ca cc
loi cm gic m ta ni phn trn. Nhng khng ch l s tng hp n
thun m cn c s tng tc gia cc loi cm gic. Mi v v thng tng tc
vi nhau trong ming to nn cm gic mi-v m i khi ta kh phn bit v tch
ri. iu dn n nhng nhm ln cm gic mi thnh cm gic v. Cc tc nhn
to mi v v khi cng kch thch trong khoang ming c th trit tiu hoc tng
cng cm gic ln nhau mc d nng cht kch thch l khng i. Vi cng
mt nng cht to mi nhng khi kt hp vi nhng v gt (v ng, v chua, v
cht) th mc cm gic v mi c th gim i, nhng khi kt hp vi cc v d
chu (nh v ngt) th mc cm gic v mi tng ln. Vi mt hn hp mi (v
d mi tri cy) khi tng nng ng th cng cc thuc tnh mi d chu
tng ln trong khi cng cc thuc tnh mi kh chu gim i.

27

Ngc li, cc cht to mi cng nh hng n cm gic v. V d v ngt

c tng ln bi mi du, nhng khng tng khi kt hp vi mi b u phng.
Nhng nghin cu gn y cng cho thy tc dng c ch v mn ca mui NaCl
vi cc hp cht mi. S kt hp gia v ngt v mi caramen cng c th dn n
hiu ng tng cng. Trong cng mt loi cm gic cng c s tng tc ln nhau.
V d v ngt c th lm gim bt v ng, v chua, v cht. Hoc cc mi c th
km hm hoc tng cng ln nhau.
Cm gic mi, v cng c th b nh hng bi cc tc nhn kch thch ha
hc to cm gic xc gic. V d khi so snh nc soda c ga v nc soda khng
ga c th nhn thy cm gic t u li do kh CO2 trong nc c ga gy ra lm
thay i cn bng mi v. Vi cng nng ng nhng nc soda khng ga ngt
hn nc soda c ga. Ru champagne khng ga c mi v rt km. Mt v d
khc l khi ta n cc loi gia v cay nng nh t, cht capsaicin trong t gy ra cm
gic nng bng c th trit tiu cm gic mi v trong ming, thm ch lm chai
cm gic vi nng cao hoc khi cha quen. Tuy nhin, khi cung cp capsaicin
theo mt trnh t lin tc hn th s kch thch tng dn theo cc ln th. Ngc li,
cc v nh v ngt, v chua v c v mn c th lm gim bt cm gic cay nng ca
t.
Mt tc ng na ln cm gic mi v l hnh thc bn ngoi (v b ngoi)
ca sn phm. Thng thng mt sn phm c hnh thc bn ngoi p hay mt
mn n c trnh by p thng c nh gi cao v mi v. Mt v d v nh
hng ca th gic ln cm gic v mi v l khi nh gi v bo ca sa gy v sa
2% bo, hu ht cm nhn v hm lng bo u b chi phi bi v b ngoi ca
sa. Nhng khi che hnh thc bn ngoi bng cch th nm sa lnh trong bng ti
th s phn bit sa gy v sa 2% bo hu nh ri xung mc xc sut ngu
nhin.

28

Nh vy, khi ta th nm thc phm thng b kch thch bi tng th cc

cm gic v thng xy ra hin tng chng cm gic . Tuy nhin, s tng tc
gia cc cm gic c th bin i theo nhng hng dn cho ngi th. Nhng
hng dn a cho ngi th c th tc ng su sc n kt qu nh gi khi thc
hin bng cc phng php cm quan khc nhau. V d khi nh gi mt hn hp
mi citral saccharose bng hai phng php: phng php cho im mi v v
php th tam gic, kt qu cho thy khng c s khc bit gia mt cp mu trong
php th tam gic nhng li khc nhau rt nhiu v ngt khi cho im tng
thuc tnh ring bit. Nh vy, khi ngi th c hng trc tip s ch ca h
n nhng thuc tnh c th, h c th thy cc sn phm khc bit nhiu hn khi
nh gi s khc bit mt cch tng th. Mt v d khc l nh gi cng ngt
ca dung dch ng - du. Nh cp trn, mi du c th lm tng cng
ngt ca dung dch ng. Nhng khi ngi th c hng dn nh gi c
lng cng tng qut v sau chia nh chng ra thnh cc thnh phn th
khng thy c s tng ngha no v cng ngt do mi du gy ra.
Trong nh gi cm quan, c bit l trong phn tch m t cn ch n
hin tng tng tc cm gic a ra cch thc tin hnh thc nghim ph hp.

29

CHNG 3. CC IU KIN NH GI CM QUAN V

NGUYN TC THC HNH TT
3.1. Cc iu kin tin quyt trong nghin cu nh gi cm quan
3.1.1. Ngi th - hi ng th
Trong nh gi cm quan, vic s dng nhm ngi th gm nhiu thnh
vin tr thnh iu khng th thay th. Ty theo mc ch ca th nghim m s
lng thnh vin trong nhm s khc nhau v yu cu v ngi th cng khc
nhau. Nu nh mc ch th nghim l mun xc nh nhng tnh cht cm quan
ca mt sn phm thc phm th cn phi s dng hi ng nh gi cm quan
gm 8-12 ngi qua quy trnh tuyn chn k v c hun luyn vi thi gian
di v thng xuyn. Ngc li, nu mc ch th nghim ch n gin l tm hiu
nhn bit ca ngi th v s ging, khc nhau gia hai hoc vi nhm sn phm
th s lng ngi th cn phi t 60 ngi tr ln. Nhng thnh vin ny khng
c hun luyn hoc c th cng c la chn v hun luyn nhng khng cn
phi c hun luyn nhiu ging nh mt chuyn vin cm quan thc th. Mt
trng hp na l nu nh mc ch th nghim l nh gi s a thch ca ngi
tiu dng i vi mt sn phm th s lng ngi tham gia nh gi cm quan
phi hn 100 ngi kt qu thu c c gi tr v ng tin cy.
3.1.2. Phng th nghim nh gi cm quan
Phng th nghim nh gi cm quan l mt trong nhng iu kin tin quyt
i vi mn hc nh gi cm quan. Do phng th nghim nh gi cm quan
phi c ch trng xy dng p ng c nhng yu cu ca mn hc (hnh
3.1).

30

Hnh 3.1. V d v m hnh phng nh gi cm quan

Vic xy dng phng nh gi cm quan cn phi chn a im ph hp.
N cn phi c b tr ph hp i vi cc thnh vin tham gia hi ng, khng
c nm nhng ni c nhiu mi l, n o. Khu vc ny cng cn d tip cn
i vi cc thnh vin, trong trng hp ngi tiu dng tham gia hi ng hoc
thnh vin hi ng xa, phi c ch xe cho cc thnh vin, hay ni cch khc,
phng nh gi cm quan phi c xy dng tng mt ca to nh v gn cng
ra vo. Trong trng hp nh my c yu cu v an ninh, phng phi c b tr
trong khu vc bo v, tuy nhin phng i ca cc thnh vin hi ng c sp
xp hp l sao cho h c th ra, vo d dng.
Thng thng phng th nghim nh gi cm quan t chun phi c cc
yu t sau : phng ch, phng th, khu vc chun b mu, khu vc phc v mu,
khu vc bo qun mu v phng tho lun cho cc thnh vin hi ng.

31

Phng ch

Phng ch phi c b tr tin nghi, nh sng v sch s. y l ni to

n tng u tin i vi thnh vin hi ng, do vy nn thit k sao cho h thy
c cng vic sp thc hin mang tnh chyn nghip v c chun b chu o.
Khu vc ny nn c b tr theo kiu phng i ca phng khm bnh. Chuyn
gia nh gi cm quan cn ch gim ti a thi gian ch i ca cc thnh vin,
tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp, iu ny khng th trnh khi. lm cho vic
ch i c thoi mi hn, khu vc ny nn c mt vi t bo hoc tp ch.
Phng th nm
Khi thit k phng th nm cn ch ng i ca cc thnh vin hi ng.
Khi n v ri khi khu vc nh gi, ngi th khng c i qua khu vc chun
b v vn phng. iu ny nhm mc ch gim thiu cc thng tin ch quan c th
nh hng n kt qu nh gi. Phng th cn phi c gi im lng to iu
kin cho s tp trung ca cc thnh vin.
Khu vc th thng c nhiu kiu thit k. Tuy nhin mt phng thit k
dng chun l mt phng rng c trang b bn, gh, bn nc, cc tm ngn,
chung, my vi tnh, h thng n chiu sng, n mu. Mt iu cn ch l kt
qu nh gi ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin khu vc th, phi bo m khng
c ting n v khng lm ngt qung cng vic, c bit cc thnh vin khng c
lm nh hng n nhau. Nu khng c cc tm ngn, chuyn gia nn b tr bn
sao cho cc thnh vin khng ngi i din vi nhau.
Trong trng hp mu sc hay hnh thc bn ngoi ca sn phm l cc tnh
cht quan trng cn c nh gi, cn bo m khu vc th c trang b cc loi
bng n hunh quang pht ra nh sng tng t nh sng t nhin.Ttrong trng
hp nh gi cm quan l mt phn khng th thiu ca qu trnh pht trin sn

32

phm mi v cng tc bo m cht lng, cn phi xy dng mt khu vc nh

gi cm quan n nh.
S lng ngn th trong cc khu vc th thng t 3 n 25 v ph thuc
vo din tch cho php. Tuy nhin chuyn gia cm quan cn u tin cho s lng
ngn th, bi v s hn ch s ngn th s dn ti cng vic b nh tr do thnh
vin hi ng phi ch i lu hoc bt buc phi gim s lng thnh vin. Kch
thc ca cc ngn th c th thay i, nhng kch thc ti u nht l 1mt x
1mt. Kch thc cng nh, iu kin lm vic ca cc thnh vin cng b g b,
lm nh hng n tp trung ca mi ngi. Mt khc kch thc ln s gy lng
ph din tch. Cc ngn th cn c phn cch bng tm ngn m vi kch thc t
nht l rng 50cm v cao 1m so vi mt bn nhm mc ch khng lm mt tp
trung cho ngi th bn cnh. Khong khng ng sau ngn th rng ngi
th c th i ra i vo thoi mi.
Khu vc chun b mu, khu vc phc v mu, khu vc bo qun mu
Thng thng thun tin cho khu chun b, phc v mu th, c 3 khu
vc chun b mu, khu vc phc v mu v khu vc bo qun mu nn thng vi
nhau, hoc c th b tr cng phng.
Khu vc chun b mu v phc v mu phi sch s, ngn np v c trang
y dng c, thit b cn thit cho khu chun b (cc dng c nh bp, cn, my
trn, bnh nc, gng tay)
Khu vc bo qun mu l ni cn c din tch ln nht. Cn c ni bo qun
lnh cho mu, cht chun, mu chun, thc phm lm qu tng cho ngi th. Cn
c cc ngn lnh ng cho cc mu khi cn thit. Ngoi ra nn c t nhiu ngn
cha dng c, a, khay, cc nh, phiu th, phiu d liu, s liu thng k, bo
co, bn sao ti liu, v.v. Nhiu phng chun b mu cn thiu khu vc bo qun
v lu tr ph hp. Khi thit k mt c s phn tch cm quan, nht thit phi yu
cu c khng gian bo qun rng ri.
33

 Phng tho lun

Phng tho lun thng c sp xp tng t phng hi tho, tuy nhin
trang tr v dng nn n gin hn trnh lm mt tp trung ca cc thnh
vin. Khu vc ny cn b tr i li thun tin v gn khu vc chun b, tuy nhin
khng c cho thnh vin hi ng c th nhn vo hoc i sang khu vc
chun b. Cc vn v kim sot mi trng, nh sng ca khu vc tho lun
cng tng t nh khu vc th. nhiu ni, phng th l trung tm ca mi hot
ng. Phng ny cn phi c cch ly vi phng chun b v c trang b tin
nghi; qun l ngn np, sch s v chuyn nghip.
3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n nh gi cm quan
c im ca nh gi cm quan l s dng con ngi nh cng c o c,
v th m loi thc phm th nm, thnh lp hi ng hoc nhm ngi th nm,
chn la phng php tin hnh v kim sot cc iu kin mi trng trong qu
trnh th nm cht ch n mc c th l iu rt quan trng. Bi v iu ny s
gip loi b cc sai s v cc ghi vn m c th c gy nn bi cc yu t tm
sinh l. Tt c cc yu t v tinh thn v iu kin tm sinh l ca ngi th nm,
khng kh ca mi trng nh gi cm quan u nh hng n s nhn xt, nh
gi ca h.
3.2.1. Cc yu t tm l
3.2.1.1. nh hng ca s mong i
Con ngi ta chng ta vn thng b nh hng bi nhng yu t h mong
i. Trong nh gi cm quan, vic m ha mu mt cch ch quan c th nh
hng n s phn xt ca ngi nh gi. V d nh m ha mu vi cc con s
s 100, 999, 111 lm cho ngi nh gi lin tng n cht lng ca mu th
(ngon hn hoc d hn). Ngoi ra khi ngi th bit qu chi tit v mu th cng
nh hng n kt qu nh gi. V d nh ngi th nm bit mu h s th l
34

ca mt nhn hiu sn phm ni ting, h s c cm nhn l mu th s c cht

lng ttDo hn ch ti thiu nh hng ca s mong i cn phi tun
th cc quy tc sau :
- Khng bao gi s dng ngi bit v mu th trong hi ng th.
- Cung cp cho ngi nh gi ch nhng thng tin cn thit, ngn ngn,
khng qu chi tit v mu th.
- Trnh m ha mu vi nhng con s lin tng n cht lng sn phm.
3.2.1.2. nh hng ca mi trng th
Mi trng th nh hng nhiu n kt qu th nm. Nhng li bnh lun,
nhng m thanh n o trong qu trnh th nm ca 1 s thnh vin th nm u nh
hng n s nh gi ca c hi ng. V d: cc m thanh nh uhm, ah, hoc c
ngi no bo mu cafe ny ng qu V th cn phi nhc nh cc cm quan
vin trc khi nh gi, cng nh tch bit cc cm quan vin trong sut qu trnh
nh gi nh s dng cc bung, cc ngn th nm c lp.
Ngoi ra, cc cm quan vin cn c th d dng b tc ng bi cc m thanh
ca mi trng xung quanh. V d thao tc phc v mu, cc cuc tho lun bn
ngoi phng chun b mu, chung in thoi, mi nc hoa...V th mi trng
th phi tht s yn tnh, thng thong.
3.2.1.3. nh hng ca yu t kch thch v t duy logic
C hai yu t kch thch v t duy logic u nh hng du c lin quan n
v b ngoi, hnh dng hay cch trnh by mu. nh hng ca yu t kch thch
xut hin khi cc cm quan vin s dng cc thng tin thm a ra s phn xt.
S kch thch ny cng lin quan n yu t t duy logic v mt hoc nhiu c
tnh ca sn phm nh gi. V d cc mu vi mu sc m hn, c kch c ln
hn s lm cho cm quan vin lin tng n cng mi-v ca mu ny s
mnh hn, m hn. Nu mu bnh kem c trnh by vi lp kem mng hn
35

s lm ngi th nh gi l km cht lng. Do vic trnh by mu cn phi

thn trng, ngoi ra nn s dng cc n mu trong qu trnh nh gi.
Vic s dng nhiu tnh cht nh gi cng mt lc cng nh hng n
kt qu nh gi cm quan. V nh th s d dn n s nhm ln cc tnh cht vi
nhau, v d nh mu sn phm ngt hn s lin quan n tnh cht mm hn, dnh
hnDo nn gii hn li cc tnh cht s dng (thng thng 4-5 tnh cht), v
s dng cc thnh vin c hun luyn.
3.2.2. Cc yu t sinh l
3.2.2.1. S thch ng
Thi gian nh gi ko di v thc hin trn nhiu mu th s dn n s
mt mi, u oi cho ngi th. khc phc tnh trng mt mi trong qu trnh th
nm cn phi tun theo cc nguyn tc sau :
- Gii hn s lng mu th
- C s ngh ngi gia cc mu th phc hi chc nng cc gic quan
cm quan. Thi gian thch hp cho vic ngh gii lao l 10- 15 pht.
- Cung cp y nc lc, bnh lc thanh v cho cc cm quan vin.
3.2.2.2. Tnh trng sc khe v thi quen
Tnh trng sc khe v thi quen ca cm quan vin u nh hng n
nh gi cm quan. V d cc ri lon v sc khe v dinh dng, s dng thuc,
gii tnh, tm l, d ng vi sn phm th, ht thuc u c th nh hng n
kt qu nh gi cm quan. Bn cnh , tui tc v cng thng cng l nhng
nguyn nhn dn n sai lch v kt qu nh gi.
3.2.3. Cc yu t v x hi
S khc nhau v vn ha, a l cng c tc ng n kt qu nh gi cm
quan. Do cc chuyn gia nh gi cm quan cn phi lu n vn ny, nht
36

l i vi php th th hiu. Trc khi mun thc hin nh gi cm quan mt

khu vc no , cn phi tm hiu cc i tng , ngn ng, phong tc tp
qun c bc chun b hp l cho qu trnh nh gi.
3.3. Nguyn tc thc hnh tt
Trong nh gi cm quan, m bo rng cc nghin cu c thc hin
nghim tc, thu c cc d liu n nh v nh tin cy, mt chuyn gia cm quan
lun phi tun th cc nguyn tc thc hnh chun sau:
Mc ch ca php th
Loi php th
Hi ng: tuyn chn, hun luyn, kim tra
Mu th: chun b mu th, kch thc, khi lng, vt cha, nhit mu
th, thi gian ti a c th s dng.
Chun b php th: ng nhp thnh vin hi ng, thanh v, hng dn cho
cn b phc v th nghim, hng dn cho thnh vin hi ng.
Phiu nh gi cm quan: hng dn, thang im, t ch thuc tnh, t lm
mc.
M ha mu
Sp xp mu ngu nhin
Cc vt dng khc: bt ch, giy n, bung nh
V sinh, dn dp
B tr t trang ca thnh vin hi ng
Giy bin nhn nu thnh vin c bi dng bng tin mt
Phng vn thnh vin hi ng
Khu vc th
Cch ly gia cc thnh vin hi ng
Nhit
37

 m
nh sng
m thanh (ting n)
Mi l/s dng cc loi ha cht lm sch khng kh
Kh nng lu thng
an ton
Trong cc nguyn tc trn, c mt s nguyn tc then cht cn phi nm r
v chun b tt.
3.3.1. Chun b mu th
Nhm chun b mu cn phi rt cn trng khi chun ho cc k thut chun
b v quy trnh phc v mu ngoi tr nhng thnh phn bin i trong qu trnh
nh gi. Nhm chun b mu cn quan tm n cc vn sau khi vit bo co v
thc hin nghin cu: hnh thc b ngoi ca mu, kch thc v kiu dng, nhit
mu. Ngoi ra cn lu vt cha mu, bao nhiu mu c th c th trong mt
bui th, liu ngi th c phi thanh v gia cc ln th hay khng, cc mu s
c nut hay nh ra khi th, v bao nhiu mu c a ra trong mi bui th.
Cardelo v Segars (1989) thy rng kch thc mu c nh hng n im
cng m ngi th gn cho cc thuc tnh cu trc, thm ch ngay c khi h
khng h bit v s khc nhau ca kch thc mu. iu ny cho thy chuyn gia
cm quan cn phi xc nh r kch thc cng nh hnh dng ca mu trong php
th, bi v cng mt mu c kch thc khc nhau s cho kt qu khc nhau. Do
vy khi xc nh kch thc mu, nhm chun b mu cn ch ti mt s vn
sau: Mc ch ca nghin cu? Mt khu phn n bnh thng ca mu l bao
nhiu? Kch thc ca sn phm cho mt ln s dng? Thnh vin hi ng s phi
nh gi bao nhiu tnh cht? i vi sn phm, kch thc c iu chnh c d
dng hay khng? Cu tr li cho cc vn nu trn s gip cho ngi chun b

38

quan d dng a ra kch thc mu ph hp cho mi sn phm. Ch rng, sai li

nh i vi mu c kch thc ln th cn tt hn i vi mu nh. Trong mt vi
trng hp, c th phi dng mt lng mu ti thiu. iu ny c th rt quan
trng trong php th th hiu v mt s ngi th thng thn trng khi nm cc
sn phm mi. Tuy nhin, cn gi cn i gia kch thc mu vi cc yu t nh
gi thnh sn phm, chi ph bo qun, chun b mu.
3.3.2. Nhit mu th
Nhit ca mu khi th cn phi c xc nh r trong bn hng dn
thc hin (protocol) php th. Nhit yu cu cho php th v thi gian ch c
th s gy kh khn i vi mt s sn phm. Mt trong nhng bin php thc hin
l gi cc sn phm ny trong thng cha gi nhit. Mt iu rt quan trng l phi
gim n mc ti thiu thi gian lu cc mu, hoc t nht bo m khong thi
gian ny l khng i i vi cc thnh vin nhm th. Cc sn phm kem nn lu
gi nhit t -15oC n -13oC trong t nht 12 gi trc khi th vi l do kem
rt kh ly nu nhit lnh hn, cn nu nhit cao hn kem s chy.
Thng thng kem c ly ra t t lnh v th ngay s tt hn nu chia phn
trc sau li lu gi trong t lnh cho n khi th, bi v lc ny b mt bn
ngoi ca mu s c xu hng ng bng, cng hn so vi phn mu ly trc tip.
Trong trng hp cc sn phm c th nhit bnh thng, chuyn gia
cm quan phi o v ghi chp li nhit ca mi bui th. i vi nhng sn
phm c th nhit khc so vi bnh thng, nhit ny cn phi c xc
nh r, cng nh phng php duy tr nhit , v d bng b ct iu nhit, phch,
b nc iu nhit, bn m, t lnh, t ng, v.v. Ngoi ra, thi gian lu gi mu
ti cc thit b c bit ny cng phi c nu r.

39

3.3.3. Dng c cha mu

Rt kh c th a ra mt nguyn tc cng nhc cho vic la chn vt cha
mu do iu kin ca mi phng th cm quan khc nhau l khng ging nhau. Ti
mt vi ni, s rt tn km v mt thi gian khi phi ra mt lng ln cc a
ng mu, lc ny ngi ta s s dng a dng mt ln. Ngc li nhng ni
khc, do yu t chi ph hoc nhng rng buc v iu kin mi trng m iu ny
li khng cho php. Chuyn gia cm quan cn la chn dng c cha mu sao cho
ph hp, tt nht l nn s dng cc vt cha thng dng cho tng sn phm. Nn
la chn dng c cha thun tin v khng gy ra nh hng ti cc tnh cht cm
quan ca sn phm. V d, loi cc polystyren rt tin li do l loi cc s dng
mt ln, c th lm nhn bng cch vit trc tip hoc dn giy dnh, tuy nhin loi
cc ny c th lm nh hng n hng v ca cc loi ung nng . Trong
trng hp dng bt mc ghi m gm 3 ch s ln thnh cc , cn ch s du ng
loi khng c mi.
3.3.4. M ho mu
Mu cn c dn nhn v m ho mt cch ngu nhin bng cc con s c
ba ch s trnh cc yu t ch quan. Cc mu cn phi c trnh by ngu
nhin trnh cc kt lun gi to gy ra bi th t sp xp ca cc mu. Trnh m
ha mu mt cch ch quan : s dng nhng con s mang tnh mong i hay c
ngha con s may mn hoc con s khng may mn ca mt vng, mt dn
tc hay mt t nc (v d : 111, 100, 999), khng s dng ch ci m ha
mu (v d : AAA, BBB), hoc khng s dng li cc con s c m ha
hay o v tr ca nhng con s dng cho mu c nh gi trc (v d :
369, 963, 693) v s lm ngi nh gi ngh l cc mu ny cng mt sn phm.
Ngoi ra, khng t mu hay lm bt k k hiu lm du no trn s m ha.

40

C nhiu cch m ha mu :
- S dng bng s ngu nhin
- S dng my tnh b ti
- S dng cc phn mm : Excel, R, Minitab
3.3.5. Phc v mu
Cc mu thng c ph v cho ngi th mt cch ngu nhin. Trong qu
trnh thit k cch phc v mu, s tt hn nu bo m c tnh cn i trong th
t sp xp mu ngu nhin. Cn i trong th t sp xp mu ngu nhin c ngha
l mi mt t hp sp xp mu c xut hin vi s ln bng nhau. bo m
vic ny cn phi xc nh s ln xut hin ca mi tp hp mu. Trong m hnh
sp xp ngu nhin tuyt i, tt c mi kh nng t hp mu c th xy ra u
c thc hin vi s ln bng nhau. C th s dng cc t hp mu c xy
dng chuyn dng, cho php chuyn gia c c mt m hnh cn bng v th t
cng nh v t hp sp xp. Ni mt cch khc, mi mt mu c sp xp trc
mt mu khc vi s ln nh nhau (MacFie v cng s, 1989; Wakeling v
MacFie, 1995). Nhng m hnh ny c bit c ch khi c hin tng hiu ng tn
lu gia cc mu (Muir v Hunter, 1991/2; William v Arnold, 1991/2; Schlich,
1993). Chng rt c li, trnh c hiu ng tn lu sau th nghim.
3.3.6. Hng dn ngi th- hi ng th
Trc khi tin hnh nh gi, cc thnh vin cm quan khng c trng
thi qu no hoc qu i, khng c dng n nng mi, nhiu gia v cay, chua,
mn, ngt, cc thc ung c cht kch thch mnh nh tr m, cafe, khng c
ht thuc l
i vi hi ng qua hun luyn, trong mi ln tham gia nh gi, cc
kim nghim vin phi c t chc kim tra li s nhy cm vi cc mi v c
bn, i din mu th.

41

Vic hng dn cho cc thnh vin hi ng cn phi thc hin rt r rng

v cn thn. Thng thng nn hng dn cch tin hnh php th c bng li
(trc khi ngi th vo khu vc nh gi) v c bng vn bn trn phiu th.
Cng vic ny cn phi c th nghim trc trn cc i tng cha c lm
quen vi phn tch cm quan. Tc gi thng hay gp trng hp cc thnh vin
c nhm hoc hiu nhm nhng iu tng chng nh rt n gin hoc c
din gii mt cch r rng.
Hng dn dnh cho cn b k thut v nhn vin cng phi tht r rng.
Cn b k thut nn nhc li hng dn ny cho chuyn gia cm quan, nhm bo
m rng khng c s hiu nhm trong qu trnh truyn t gia chuyn gia v cc
thnh vin thc hin php th.
3.3.7. Thanh v
Mc ch ca thanh v nhm loi b cc phn cn li ca mu t php th
trc. Do bc thanh v rt quan trng gip cho vic th nm mu sau c
khch quan, khng b nh hng bi mi v t cc mu trc . Thng thng s
dng cc mu bnh lt (bnh quy lt, bnh m lt) hoc nc lc thanh v. Tuy
nhin, tt nht l kt hp thanh v vi bnh lt v nc lc v nu ch dng nc lc
s khng loi b ht mi v ca mu th nm trc. Mt chuyn vui thng
c ni n trong php th ru nh sau: khi th ru vang, cn phi c mt
ming tht nng dng loi b nh hng ca v cht tanin c cha trong ru
vang. Tuy nhin iu ny cng c c s ho hc. Protein v cht dch trong tht c
kh nng to thnh mt hp cht c th loi b tanin, v do vy lm gim v cht
ca ru vang.
3.3.8. Nut v nh mu
Trong phn ln cc php th cm quan, ngi th thng khng nut mu
trnh hin tng hin tng mu th trc nh hng ti mu th sau. Ngoi ra,
khi th sn phm hm lng cht bo cao, vic nut mu s lm nh hng n cn
42

bng dinh dng i vi ngi th. Tuy nhin trong php th th hiu, khi nh gi
mc chp nhn ca ngi tiu dng, vic nut mu s c nh hng ti kin
nh gi sn phm. Ngoi ra, trong php th th hiu, cn quan tm n yu t tiu
th sn phm mt cch t nhin, do vy vic nut mu l hon ton chp nhn
c.
Mt trong nhng u im ca vic nut mu l s kch thch cc c quan
cm nhn trong cung hng v iu ny rt quan trng i vi mt s sn phm v
i vi h thn kinh cm nhn hng v. V d cm gic nng hng rt quan trng
khi th ht tiu, cm gic hi nghn ti c hng (mt dng ca kch thch ho hc)
rt c trng khi th ko s c la.
3.3.9. Kim sot iu kin mi trng
Mi trng khu vc th v phng tho lun phi c kim sot v bo m
khng c mi l. Nn s dng b lc mi bng than hot tnh trong h thng thng
gi. Ti y nht thit phi c h thng thng gi tt, p sut khng kh d c th
ngn mi t phng chun b mu bay sang. Chuyn gia nh gi cm quan cn lu
cc ho cht v sinh s dng khu vc phng th v phng tho lun khng
c gy mi l. y l ni khng c c ting n hoc cc yu t gy mt tp
trung, nn c cc bng thng bo yu cu gi trt t khi cc bui th ang c
tin hnh. Ngoi ra ting n pht ra t h thng my mc gn nh t lnh, my
iu ho, thit b x l mu cn c lu .
Nhit v m ca khu vc th v phng tho lun nn gi trong khong
t 20 n 22oC v t 50 n 55%. Trong iu kin ny, thnh vin th cm quan c
iu kin lm vic thoi mi nht v khng b mt tp trung do nhit v m
gy ra.
H thng chiu sng cn c sng t nht t 300 n 500 lux trn mt bn.
iu kin l tng l c h thng iu chnh sng ti mc cao nht t 700 n
43

800lux nh sng thng thng ca vn phng. n volffram c th thay i

sng bng cch thay th bng n c cng sut khc nhau to ra cng sng
cng nh mu sc khc nhau. Tuy nhin, nhit pht ra t loi bng n ny c th
lm nh hng n iu kin th, do vy cn phi lu khi thit k ngn phi m
bo nh sng phn b ng u, khng to bng ti trn mt bn.
Bng nhiu cch, nhng k thut thc hnh tt lin quan n cc php th
cm quan c thit lp da trn nhng hiu bit chung. Thot tin, cc giai on
m ha v chun b mu c v nng n, cng knh, tuy nhin mc ch ca cc giai
on ny l m bo rng chuyn gia mi lc, mi ni u nhn bit mu v cc
m s mu mt cch r rng, vi mt l do l mt vi thi im trong nghin
cu, vic mt mu b tht lc l c th xy ra. Chuyn gia cm quan lun phi t
hi liu vt cha, qui trnh phc v mu, phng php tuyn chn hi ng c lgic v hp l hay khng.
K thut thc hnh tt cn gip ci thin cht lng php th, t nng
cao uy tn vi khch hng dn ti cc kt qu ca phn tch cm quan ngy cng
c tn trng.

44

CHNG 4. CC PHNG PHP NH GI CM QUAN

4.1. NHM PHP TH PHN BIT
4.1.1. Mc ch v ng dng ca nhm php th
Nhm php th phn bit l nhng phng php ph bin nht c s dng
trong khoa hc cm quan. Cc php th ny c s dng khi mun xc nh xem
c hay khng s khc bit gia hai sn phm. Ty thuc vo php th, ngi th
c th nhn c hai hay nhiu mu th. Kim nh thng k ngha c s dng
phn tch d liu v kt lun cc sn phm c xem l khc nhau hay tng t
nhau.
Nhm php th phn bit thng c s dng khi hai sn phm c s khc
bit rt nh, kh nhn thy v mt hay nhiu tnh cht cm quan. Nu s khc nhau
gia cc sn phm l rt ln v r rng th lc cc php th phn bit khng cn
tc dng. Cc php th ny l phng php nhanh, c th thc hin vi hi ng
chuyn gia hay hi ng cha qua hun luyn. Tuy nhin, mt hi ng khng nn
gm c hai dng ngi th. Nhm php th phn bit c th p dng trong nhng
trng hp sau:
Sng lc v hun luyn ngi th
Xc nh ngng cm gic
nh gi li h hng
m bo cht lng / qun l cht lng (QA/QC)
nh gi hiu qu khi thay i thnh phn hoc quy trnh sn xut (v d nh
gim chi ph hoc thay i nh cung cp)
nh gi s b.
Cc php th phn bit ch c th ch ra c s khc nhau c ngha gia hai
hay nhiu sn phm m khng ch ra c mc khc nhau cng nh sn phm
no c a thch hn.

45

C nhiu t chc quc t a ra cc phng php chun cho cc php th

phn bit nh : International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) v American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (www.iso.org; ISO 8588:1987; ISO
4120:2004; ISO 5495:20065; www.astm.org).
Nhm php th phn bit gm nhiu php th nh : php th tam gic, php
th 2-3, php th cp i sai bit (php th ging khc), php th A- khng A,
php th 2-AFC, 3-AFC, php th 2-5, php th Harris-Kalmus, php th phn bit
ABX Trong phm vi chng trnh mn hc ny, chng ti ch gii thiu mt s
php th thng dng nht.
4.1.2. Php th tam gic (triangle test)
4.1.2.1. Mc ch v phm vi p dng ca php th
Mc ch ca php th tam gic l xc nh xem c s khc nhau tng th v
tnh cht cm quan gia hai mu sn phm hay khng.
Php th tam gic thng p dng trong nhng trng hp khng c mu
sn phm no quen thuc vi thnh vin hi ng hn.
i vi php th tam gic, ngi th cn c hun luyn hiu r cng
vic c m t trong phiu nh gi cm quan, nhng h khng cn c hun
luyn nh gi cc c tnh cm quan c th.
Php th tam gic l mt phng php hiu qu trong vic xc nh c hay
khng s khc nhau ca cc sn phm khi thay i v thnh phn s dng, quy
trnh sn xut, bao gi hay tn tr sn phm. Ngoi ra php th ny cn p dng
sng lc v hun luyn ngi th.
4.1.2.2. Cch thc hin php th
Nguyn tc thc hin
Ngi th nhn c ng thi 3 mu th c m ha v sp xp theo
trt t ngu nhin, trong c 2 mu ging nhau v 1 mu khc hai mu kia.
Ngi th c yu cu th mu theo trt t xc nh v ch ra mu no khc hai
46

mu cn li (hoc hai mu no ging nhau). Nhng dng thng thng ca phiu

nh gi cm quan l yu cu ngi th cho bit mu no khc hai mu cn li. H
cng c th c yu cu m t s khc bit ny (nu cn). Cht thanh v c s
dng gia cc mu th. Cc mu c gn m s gm 3 ch s.
Thit k th nghim
Php th tam gic c 6 trt t trnh by mu:
AAB

BAB

ABA

BBA

BAA

ABB

Phiu nh gi cm quan
Phiu nh gi gm cc thng tin sau: tn php th, tn ngi th (hoc m
s ngi th), ngy th, cch th mu, nhim v ca ngi th v mt vi im
lu cn c t m, in nghing hoc gch chn. Hnh 4.1 l mt v d v Phiu
nh gi ca php th tam gic.
PHIU NH GI CM QUAN
Php th tam gic
Ngi th :.
Ngy th :.
Bn nhn c 3 mu c gn m s gm 3 ch s, trong hai mu ging nhau v
mt mu khc. Hy th mu theo th t cho sn, t tri qua phi v la chn mu no
khc hai mu cn li. Ghi kt qu vo bng di.
Hy thanh v bng bnh v nc sau mi mu. Bn khng c php nm li mu.
Mu th
219
470
593

Mu khc (nh du )

Hnh 4.1. V d Phiu nh gi cm quan ca php th tam gic

4.1.2.3. Phng php x l kt qu
i vi php th tam gic, sau khi thu thp kt qu t phiu tr li ca ngi
th, ngi thc hin th nghim cn thng k s cu tr li ng. Tra bng S cu
47

tr li ng ti thiu cho php th tam gic (Bng 5-Ph lc 2). S cu tr li ng

thu nhn c ca ngi th phi s liu tra trong bng tng ng vi s ngi
th th mi c th kt lun hai sn phm khc nhau c ngha ti mc la chn.
V d:
Mt cng ty nc p tri cy ang d nh thay i nh cung cp to mi. Cng ty
quyt nh tin hnh mt php th tam gic vi mc ch xc nh liu c s khc
bit no gia nc to p t cc gi to n t nh cung cp to c v nh cung
cp to mi hay khng. Cng ty chn mc ngha cho s khc bit c th tm thy
l 5%. 24 ngi th khng qua hun luyn tham gia php th, s lng ngi th
c ti thiu tit kim chi ph. 16 ngi th tm ra ng mu khc. Vi kt qu
thu c, chng ta c th a ra kt lun g?
4.1.3. Php th 2-3 (duo-trio test)
4.1.3.1. Mc ch v phm vi p dng ca php th
Mc ch ca php th 2-3 l xc nh xem c s khc nhau v tng th tnh
cht cm quan gia hai sn phm hay khng.
Cng nh php th tam gic, trong php th 2-3, ngi th ch cn c
hun luyn hiu r cng vic c m t trong phiu nh gi cm quan.
4.1.3.2. Cch thc hin php th
Nguyn tc thc hin
Ngi th nhn c ng thi 3 mu th trong c mt mu chun (mu
kim chng) v mu ny ging mt trong hai mu m ha. Ngi th c yu cu
th mu theo trt t xc nh v chn ra mu m ha no ging (hoc khc) mu
chun (mu kim chng).
Thit k th nghim:
Php th 2-3 c 4 trt t trnh by mu :
RAAB

RBAB

RABA RBBA
Php th 2-3 c 2 dng :
48

Php th 2-3 mt pha (mu kim chng khng i) : trong trng hp ny,
tt c ngi th cng nhn c mt mu kim chng. C 2 kh nng trnh by
mu (RAAB v RABA). Php th ny thng c la chn khi ngi th c
kinh nghim vi mt trong hai sn phm. V d, nu sn phm X c cng thc ph
bin (thnh vin hi ng quen vi sn phm ny) v sn phm Z c cng thc
mi th php th 2-3 mt pha s l phng php c la chn.
Php th 2-3 hai pha (mu kim chng cn bng) : trong php th ny, mt
na s ngi th nhn c mu kim chng l mu u tin, na cn li nhn
c mu kim chng l mu th hai. Trng hp ny c 4 kh nng trnh by mu
(RAAB, RABA, RBAB v RBBA). Phng php ny c s dng khi cc mu th
u khng quen thuc hoc quen thuc nh nhau i vi thnh vin hi ng hoc
khng lng mu th quen thuc hn thc hin php th 2-3 mt pha.
Phiu nh gi cm quan
PHIU NH GI CM QUAN
Php th 2-3
Ngi th :.
Ngy th :.
Bn nhn c 3 mu, trong mt mu chun c k hiu l R, hai mu c gn m
s gm 3 ch s. Hy th mu theo th t cho sn, t tri qua phi v la chn mu no
ging mu R. Ghi kt qu vo bng di.
Hy thanh v bng bnh v nc sau mi mu. Bn khng c php nm li mu.
Mu th
036
619

Mu ging mu R (nh du )

Hnh 4.2. V d Phiu nh gi cm quan ca php th 2-3

4.1.3.3. Phng php x l s liu
m tng s cu tr li chn ng mu khc trong ba mu, so snh vi s
cu tr li ng ti thiu ca php th hai-ba (Bng 3, ph lc 2). S cu tr li
49

ng thu nhn c phi ln hn s cu ti thiu trong bng th mi c th kt lun

hai sn phm nh gi l khc nhau c ngha.
V d:
Mt nh sn xut bnh biscuit nhn c mt s li than phin v mi v li t
khch hng v c xc nh xut hin ti mt m bnh ca cng ty. Cng ty tin
hnh lm php th hai-ba vi mt mu t m bnh li mi v v mt mu t m
bnh bnh thng, c sn xut cng thi im. Do lng bnh trang m bnh li
c gii hn nn mu t m bnh bnh thng c s dng lm mu i chng v
php th hai-ba chun mt pha c s dng. 32 ngi th cha qua hun luyn
tham gia th nghim v 17 ngi pht hin ra mu khng li l mu ging mu i
chng. Vy cng ty kt lun c iu g v a ra hng gii quyt tip theo
nh th no?
4.1.4. Php th A khng A (A not A test)
4.1.4.1. Mc ch v phm vi p dng ca php th
Mc ch ca php th A-khng A l xc nh xem c s khc nhau v tng
th tnh cht cm quan gia hai sn phm hay khng.
Php th A-khng A c s dng khi php th tam gic v hai-ba khng
ph hp. V d nh trong nhng trng hp mu th qu phc tp hay c mi v /
hu v mnh hoc ko di. Php th ny cng thng s dng khi ngi chun v
mu khng th chun b hai mu ging nhau v mu sc, hnh dng hay kch thc
gia cc mu th ngay c khi hnh dng, kch thc hay mu sc khng lin quan
n mc ch th nghim. Do rt kh phn bit s khc nhau v cc c im
ny, mc d chng c s khc bit rt r rng khi cc mu th xut hin ng thi.
Trong php th A-khng A, ngi th cn c hun luyn hiu r cng
vic m t trong phiu nh gi cm quan v hc thuc mu th, nhng h khng
cn c hun luyn nh gi mt tnh cht cm quan c th no.

50

4.1.4.2. Cch thc hin php th

Nguyn tc thc hin
u tin, ngi th nhn c mt mu k hiu l A v c yu cu ghi
nh cc c tnh cm quan ca mu ny. Sau , mu chun A c ct i. Ngi
th tip tc nhn v nh gi mu tip theo c m ha v c yu cu xc
nh mu ny ging mu A hay khc mu A. Do ngi th khng c th hai
mu ng thi nn h phi nh, so snh hai mu v quyt nh xem chng ging
hay khc nhau. Sau khi th v hc thuc mu A, ngi th c th nhn c mt
hoc hai hoc nhiu mu, nhng mi ln ngi th ch th v nh gi mt mu.
Ngi th cn thanh v gia cc ln th.
Mt phin bn khc ca php th A-khng A l ngi th c hun luyn
ghi nh c tnh cm quan ca c hai mu A v Khng A. Sau cc mu ny
c ct i. Ngi th tip tc nhn c tng mu c m ha bng 3 ch s v
c yu cu xc nh mu ny l mu A hay Khng A.
Thit k th nghim
Thng thng t 10-50 ngi th c hun luyn nhn din mu. Trong
sut qu trnh th, ngi th nhn c trnh t mu nh sau:
Mt mu: mu A hoc mu Khng A
Hai mu: mu A v mu Khng A
Nhiu mu: cn bng gia s mu A v Khng A.
Trt t th mu phi m bo nguyn tc cn bng v ngu nhin. S lng
mu ph thuc vo s tng tc gia cc mu v mc gy mt mi cho ngi
th. Kt qu c ghi trn tng phiu nh gi ring bit trnh trng hp
ngi th nhn vo cc cu tr li trc .
Dng thit k th nghim ph bin nht gm mt mu A v mt mu Khng
A, tuy nhin php th ny c th c thay i l ngi th nhn 2-3 mu Khng

51

A khc nhau trong mt bui th nghim, nhng tt c cc mu ny phi c hc

thuc trc khi nh gi.
Phiu nh gi: Xem v d hnh 4.3.
PHIU NH GI CM QUAN
Php th A-khng A
Ngi th :.
Ngy th :.
Trc tin, bn nhn c mt mu k hiu l A, bn hy th v ghi nh tt c tnh cht
cm quan ca mu. Sau bn s nhn c mt mu c gn m s gm 3 ch s.
Hy th mu v xc nh mu ny c ging mu A khng. Ghi kt qu vo bng di.
Hy thanh v bng bnh v nc sau mi mu th.
Mu th
142

Mu A

Khng A

Hnh 4.3. V d Phiu nh gi cm quan ca php th A-khng A

4.1.4.3. Phng php x l s liu:
Tng s cu tr li l mu A v Khng A c m v kim nh khi-bnh
phng c s dng so snh gia tn s quan st vi tn s mong i.
Khi-bnh phng tnh ton (2) c tnh theo cng thc sau:

=
=1

( )2

Trong :
Oi : l tn s quan st ca tng nhm (l s cu tr li nhn c t ngi th) ;
Ei : l tn s mong i ca tng nhm (c tnh bng t l gia tng s cu tr li
ca ngi th nhn vi tng s thc t nhn c trn tng s mu).
Ta c:
- E1 (cp A/A): tng s cu tr li A * tng s sn phm A nhn c / tng s mu
- E2 (cp A/khng A): tng s cu tr li A * tng s sn phm khng A nhn c
/ tng s mu
52

- E3 (cp khng A/A): tng s cu tr li khng A * tng s sn phm A nhn c

/ tng s mu
- E4 (cp khng A/khng A): tng s cu tr li khng A * tng s sn phm khng
A nhn c / tng s mu
Gi tr khi-bnh phng tnh ton (2) c so snh vi gi tr khi-bnh
phng tra bng (2tra bng) ph lc 2. Nu 2 test 2tra bng) th kt lun hai sn phm
khc nhau c ngha ti mc ngha . Ngc li, nu 2test < 2tra bng: kt lun hai
sn phm khng khc nhau ti mc ngha c chn.
V d:
Mt nh sn xut thc phm mun thay i nh cung cp sa cho sn phm ca
cng ty mnh. Cng ty mong mun s thay i ny khng to ra s khc bit gia
hai sn phm t hai nh cung cp sa c, mi mc ngha la chn l 5%. Php
th A-not A c s dng vi mu A t nh cung cp sa c v mu Khng A n
t nh cung cp sa mi. Hi ng 50 ngi th tham gia th nghim. Bc u h
c lm quen vi cc c tnh cm quan ca mu A. Sau h ln lt nhn
c hai mu nh gi m ha v yu cu xc nh mu ny l mu A hay
Khng A. Kt qu c tng hp trong bng sau:
Cu tr li ca
ngi th
A
Khng A
Tng

Sn phm nhn c
A
Khng A
34
20
16
30
50
50

Tng
54
46
100

Hy tnh gi tr Khi bnh phng theo cng thc trn a ra kt lun?

4.1.5. Php th n-AFC (n-AFC test)
4.1.5.1. Mc ch v phm vi p dng
Php th n-AFC (Php th la chn bt buc 1 trong n mu) nhm mc ch
xc nh c hay khng s khc bit gia hai sn phm v mt tnh cht cm quan
c th, v d nh : v ngt, cng, cng mi c thNh vy, cc php th
n-AFC c s dng khi xc nh c hai sn phm c s khc bit v mt thuc
53

tnh c th. Khc vi cc php th trnh by trn, trong cc php th ny

ngi th khng ch c hun luyn hiu r cng vic c m t trong phiu
nh gi m cn phi c hun luyn nh gi mt tnh cht cm quan c th.
4.1.5.2. Cch thc hin php th
Php th 2-AFC
Nguyn tc thc hin: ngi th nhn c ng thi hai mu m ha bng 3
ch s v c yu cu cho bit mu no c cng mnh hn v mt c tnh
c th no nh: v ngt, cng, gin, Ty thuc vo mc ch th
nghim m ngi th c th c hun luyn trc v c tnh nh gi. Trng
hp l tng cc mu ch khc nhau duy nht v mt c tnh cm quan. Nhng
iu ny trn thc t rt kh t c bi l trong thc phm khi mt thnh phn
thay i s ko theo s thay i ca cc tnh cht khc. Do , trong trng hp
nu c nhiu s khc nhau tn ti gia cc sn phm nh gi th nhm php th
khc bit tng th nn c s dng nh php th tam gic chng hn.
Trong thc t, khi bit thuc tnh cm quan c th no m cc mu khc nhau
th vic s dng php th so snh cp i nh hng (2-AFC) s c hiu qu v c
tc ng mnh hn hn l khi yu cu ch ra mu no khc.
Thit k th nghim: cc mu th c trnh by thnh cp v c 2 trt t trnh by
mu: AB v BA.
S lng ngi th ti thiu l 30 ngi. Tuy nhin ty trng hp m lng
ngi th c th thay i.
Phiu nh gi: Mt v d Phiu nh gi cho php th 2-AFC c trnh by
hnh 4.4.

54

PHIU NH GI CM QUAN
Php th 2-AFC
Ngi th :.
Ngy th :.
Bn nhn c 2 mu nc cam c gn m s gm 3 ch s. Hy th mu theo th t
cho sn, t tri qua phi v la chn mu no c cng hng cam mnh hn. Ghi
kt qu vo bng di.
Hy thanh v bng bnh v nc sau mi mu. Bn khng c php nm li mu.
Mu th
297
831

Mu c mi cam mnh hn (nh du )

Hnh 4.4. V d Phiu nh gi cm quan ca php th 2-AFC

Php th 3-AFC
Nguyn tc: ngi th nhn c 3 mu m ha, trong 2 mu ging v 1
mu khc. Tuy nhin ngi th khng c bit trc v iu ny. H c yu
cu nh gi cc mu theo trnh t cung cp v tm ra mu c cng mnh hn
v mt c tnh c th no . Ty thuc mc ch th nghim m ngi th c th
c hun luyn trc hiu r v thuc tnh nh gi ny.
Ging nh php th 2-AFC, cc mu th ch khc nhau duy nht mt c tnh c
th mc d rt kh t c iu ny. Nu c qu nhiu s khc bit gia cc
mu th th php th phn bit da trn tng th sn phm s hu dng hn. V d:
php th tam gic.
Php th ny c s dng ph bin xc nh gi tr ngng nh ngng
pht hin. V d: xc nh nng pha long nh nht ca mt dung dch m ti
ngi th nhn bit c cht kch thch. Trong , mu ging nhau l mu dng
ha tan (nc, khng kh) v mu khc l mu b sung cht kch thch (xem ISO
13301:2002).
Thit k th nghim: Trong trng hp no php th cng ch c 3 kh nng sp
xp mu: AAB, ABA, BAA hoc BBA, BAB, ABB.
55

Mt th nghim tt l s dng cn bng s ln xut hin cc trt t ny. S lng

ngi th ti thiu l 24 ngi. Trng hp in hnh l mu c cho l c cng
mnh hn c trnh by lm mu khc bit. Tuy nhin, khi khng bit trc
mu no c cng mnh hn th php th cn c thc hin 2 ln trong mi
ln mt mu c gii thiu l mu khc bit.
Phiu nh gi: tng t cc php th khc, gm cc thng tin sau: tn php th,
tn ngi th (hoc m s ngi th), ngy th, cch th mu, nhim v ca ngi
th v mt vi im lu cn c t m, in nghing hoc gch chn.
4.1.5.3. Phng php x l s liu
- Php th 2-AFC : m s cu tr li ng, sai v tra bng 1 Ph lc 2 (S cu
tr li ng ti thiu cn thit c th kt lun hai sn phm khc nhau, i vi
php th so snh cp 1 pha). Nu s cu tr li ng s liu tra bng th c th
kt lun hai sn phm khc nhau v tnh cht cm quan c nh gi.
- Php th 3-AFC : m tng s cu tr li ng (mu khc bit c la chn) ri
so snh vi s liu tra Bng 5 (S cu tr li ng ti thiu cn thit kt lun hai
sn phm khc nhau Php th tam gic).
V d:
Mt cng ty sn xut sn phm chm sc c nhn ci tin mi hoa oi hng
(lavender) cho sn phm sa tm v mun xc nh cng mt nng dung dch
mi thm mi liu c to ra cng cm nhn hng thm tng t nh mi
thm c khng. Php th 3-AFC c s dng xc nh liu c s khc bit no
v cng hoa oi hng gia hai mu sa tm (mu A v mu B). Hi ng
gm 30 thnh vin tham gia. Do khng d on trc c mu no c cng
mi oi hng mnh hn do th nghim c thc hin hai ln. Mt ln mu A
l mu khc, mt ln mu B l mu khc. Trong th nghim 1, 9 ngi th trong 30
ngi chn mu A l mu c cng mi oi hng mnh hn. Th nghim 2, 11

56

ngi trong 30 ngi th chn mu B c mi oi hng mnh hn. Cng ty ly

mc ngha 5%. Nh vy c th kt lun rng c s khc bit v mi hoa oi
hng tn ti c ngha gia mu A v mu B khng?

4.2. NHM PHP TH TH HIU

4.2.1. Mc ch v ng dng ca nhm php th th hiu
Mc ch chnh ca nhm php th th hiu l nh gi mc chp nhn
sn phm hoc mc a thch hn hoc khng a thch mt sn phm so vi cc
loi sn phm khc ca ngi tiu dng. im logic ca nhm php th ny l da
trn kh nng cm nhn v kinh nghim ca ngi tiu dng o mc hi
lng, chp nhn v a thch ca h.
Nhm php th th hiu ng vai tr quan trng trong 2 lnh vc: nghin
cu sn phm mi v nghin cu th trng. i vi nghin cu sn phm mi, n
cung cp nhiu thng tin hu ch v phn ng ca ngi tiu dng i vi sn
phm h ang nghin cu. Trong nghin cu th trng, nhm php th ny phn
nh s yu thch ca ngi tiu v sn phm h mun a ra th trng, tm hiu s
pht trin v v tr ca mt nhn hiu sn phm trn th trng, hoc s dng khi
mun so snh mc a thch gia sn phm ca mt cng ty so vi sn phm
cnh tranh trn th trng.
Cc php th ph bin trong nhm php th th hiu bao gm php th u
tin (cp i, so hng th hiu) v php th mc chp nhn (php th cho im).
4.2.2 c im v cc yu t nh hng n th hiu ngi tiu dng
i vi php th th hiu, yu t ngi th nh hng rt ln khng nhng
i vi kt qu th nghim m cn nh hng n chin lc pht trin ca mt sn
phm. Do , s lng ngi th l mt trong nhng iu kin rt quan trng.
Thng thng s lng ngi th khng c t hn 60 ngi. Tuy nhin, i vi

57

mt s php th v nh lng i hi s lng ngi th ti thiu 100 ngi

c nhng kt qu c ngha v ng tin cy.
Ngoi ra cn c mt s c im quan trng cn phi c cn nhc khi la
chn ngi tiu dng, bi v cc yu t ny s nh hng trc tip n th hiu ca
ngi tiu dng khi nh gi sn phm.
Tui tc
Dn tc (phong tc tp qun)
Tn gio
Gii tnh
S la chn ngu nhin: ngi th nm cho php th th hiu khng
cn tri qua hun luyn m c mi tham gia mt cch ngu nhin.
Tuy nhin, trc khi thc hin php th h phi c hng dn ngn
ngn, r rng, chi tit v cc bc tin hnh v nhng quy nh trong
qu trnh th nm: phng php, bng cu hi, thi gian th nm, s
lng mu.
4.2.3. Cc php th u tin (preference tests)
4.2.3.1. Php th u tin cp i
Mc ch php th
Xc nh c hay khng s khc bit v mc a thch gia 2 mu th.
Nguyn tc php th
Hai mu m ha c phc v ng thi. Ngi th c nhim v chn ra
mu no c a thch hn v mt th hiu (mc yu thch, mc n tng,
kh nng chp nhn s dng, ...).
Cch tin hnh php th
Mu th

58

Mu th c trnh by theo hai kh nng (AB v BA) v cn bng s ln th

mu gia cc ngi th.
Ngi th
S lng ngi th cho php th th hiu ti thiu 60 ngi. Thng thng t
150-200 ngi tiu dng.
Phiu nh gi
Phiu nh gi gm cc thng tin cn thit: tn ngi th, m s mu, ngy
th, hng dn ngi th.

Hnh 4.5. V d Phiu nh gi cm quan ca php th u tin cp i

X l s liu
m s ngi la chn s a thch trn tng sn phm v so snh vi gi tr
trong bng tra so snh cp i hai pha a ra kt lun (Bng 2, ph lc 2).
Ngoi ra cn c th s dng phn b nh phn (binominal testing) . Cng thc tnh
cho phn b nh phn cho so snh cp i 2 pha nh sau:

59

 = =2

Vi :

(1 )

n - tng s ngi th
k - tng s nh gi mu c u tin nht (k=0,1,2,n)
p - xc sut la chn ngu nhin ca mu c u tin nht

i vi php th ny, gi tr p=1/2 hay 50%.

So snh () vi mc ngha =0.05, nu () cho thy hai sn phm khc
nhau c ngha ni cch khc ngi th thc s nhn bit c s khc bit gia hai
sn phm. Ngc li, () > th hai sn phm khng khc nhau c ngha hay
ngi th khng nhn bit c s khc bit gia cc mu th.
V d : C 2 sn phm A v B c em nh gi cm quan xem sn phm no
c u tin hn. C 30 ngi c mi tham gia nh gi. Kt qu thu c l
c 19 ngi tr li h thch sn phm A hn B. Vy c th kt lun l sn phm A
c a thch hn sn phm B mc ngha 5% khng ?
4.3.2.2. Php th so hng th hiu (xp dy)-Ranking Test
Mc ch php th
Xc nh c hay khng mt s khc bit v mc a thch tn ti gia 3
hay nhiu sn phm th.
Nguyn tc php th
Cc mu xut hin ng thi, ngi th c yu cu sp xp cc mu theo
chiu mc a thch tng dn hoc gim dn. c bit, ngi th buc phi a
ra th hng cho tng mu th, cc mu khng c xp ng hng vi nhau. Tuy
nhin cng c mt vi trng hp ngoi l khi cc cc mu c xp ng hng

60

ty thuc vo mc ch th nghim. Thng thng cch xp ng hng c s

dng khi so hng cc mu trn mt thuc tnh cm quan c th.
Cch tin hnh php th
Mu th
Cc mu th c m ha bng 3 ch s ngu nhin. Trt t trnh by mu
c thit k cn bng theo hnh vung Latin Williams bnh phng (ph lc 1).
S lng mu th trong php th xp dy ph thuc vo c tnh t nhin ca
mu th (nh hng bo ha cm gic) v mc ch th nghim. Thng thng t
8-10 mu i vi cc loi mu th n gin nh nc khong, nc gii kht,
bnh, ko i vi sn phm phc tp, d gy mt mi cho ngi th nh: c
ph, nc mm, ru, nc hoa, , cc sn phm c thuc tnh mnh (ng, cht,
bo, mn, cay, ) th s lng mu th ti a c la chn l 5-6 mu.
Ngi th
Ngi th l ngi s dng sn phm v cha qua hun luyn. S lng
ngi th ti thiu cho php th so hng th hiu l 60 ngi.
Phiu nh gi
Tng t nh cc php th khc, phiu nh gi dng cho php th so hng
th hiu gm c phn hng dn v phn tr li (c th chung hoc tch ring
thnh 2 phiu ring bit). Trn phn/phiu hng dn gm nhng hng dn chi
tit v tn mu th, s lng mu th, cch tin hnh th mu, nhng lu cho
ngi th hiu r cng vic h s lm. Trn phiu tr li cn c cc thng tin sau:
h tn ngi th (hoc m s ngi th), ngy lm th nghim, thang xp hng v
nhn xt (nu cn thit)

61

PHIU HNG DN
Bn c cung cp 4 mu nc ngt c ga hng chanh. Mi mu c m ha
bng 3 ch s. Hy nh gi cc mu ny theo trt t xp sn v t chng theo
trnh t mc a thch tng dn. Ghi nhn kt qu ca bn vo phiu tr li.
Ch :
Thanh v sch ming sau mi mu th.
Khng trao i trong qu trnh lm th nghim.
Mi thc mc lin h thc nghim vin.
Hnh 4.6.(a) V d v phiu hng dn ca php th xp dy
PHIU TR LI
H tn ngi th: ngy: .
Xp hng
M s mu
(khng c xp ng hng)
Hng 1 = t c a thch nht
Hng 2
Hng 3
Hng 4 = a thch nht
Cm n Anh/ ch tham gia cm quan!
Hnh 4.6.(b) V d v phiu tr li ca php th xp dy
X l s liu
Trt t xp hng ca tng ngi th c tng hp y vo bng kt qu
thng c gi l bng s liu th (bng 4.1 v bng 4.2). Ngi th c sp
xp theo ct v th hng sn phm c trnh by theo hng.
Kim nh Friedman c s dng cho php th so hng th hiu. Gi tr
Friedman tnh ton (Ftest) c tnh theo cng thc sau:
=
Trong :

12
. . + 1

12 + + 2 3. . ( + 1)

j l s ngi th
p l s sn phm
62

Ri l tng hng mu th (i= 0,1,2,p)

So snh Ftest vi Ftra bng (Bng 7, ph lc 2):
Nu Ftest Ftra bng cho thy c mt s khc bit thc s tn ti gia cc sn
phm nh gi mc ngha c chn.
Nu Ftest < Ftra bng cho thy khng tn ti s khc bit c ngha gia cc sn
phm nh gi mc ngha c chn.
Mc ngha =0.05 (hoc =0.01)
Khi xp ng hng c cho php gia cc mu th s liu cn c iu
chnh trc khi phn tch. Th hng s l th t ca cc hng s c xp cho cc
mu ny cng li v chia cho s lng mu xp ng hng. V d, trong bng 5.1,
ngi th th hai xp mu A hng 4, mu B v C ng hng 1, mu D hng 3. Do
, th hng cho mu B v C s l (1+2)/2 = 1.5. Vy th t xp hng ca 4 mu
lc ny l 4, 1.5, 1.5 v 3. Cng thc tnh Ftest trong trng hp ng hng nh sau:

1{

}
. . 2 1

Trong : E c tnh nh sau:

= 13 1 + 23 2 + + (3 )
Vi : n1, n2, , nk l s mu c xp ng hng trong mt ln nh gi
V d cho trong bng 4.1
Bng 4.1. S liu thu c trong trng hp xp ng hng
Mu th
A

Tng hng
ngi th

10

1.5

1.5

10

10

10

Ngi th

63

10

10

10

Tng hng
mu th

14

12.5

20.5

23

70

Ngi th th 2 xp 2 mu B v C ng hng nn n1= 2; ngi th th 3 xp

3 mu ng hng nn n2 = 3.
Do , = (23 2) + 33 3 = 30
Vi j=7, p=4, ta c:

So snh
vi

30
1{
}
7.4. 42 1

= 1,08F

kt lun.

Nu kim nh Friedman cho thy rng tn ti mt s khc bit c ngha gia cc

sn phm, chng ta cn phi xc nh c th cc mu no c s khc bit bng cch
tnh gi tr LSRD Least Significant Ranked Difference - khc bit th t u tin
nh nht c ngha mc ngha 5%.
Cng thc tnh gi tr LSRD nh sau:
=

. ( + 1)
6

Trong : z c ly t phn b chun 2 ui vi ri ro = 5% l 1.96

(Bng 9- ph lc 2).
Sau khi tnh c LSRD, so snh vi hiu s tng hng gia cc cp. Nu
hiu s ny vt qu gi tr LSRD, cp mu ny c ni l khc nhau c ngha v
mc u tin.
Kt lun

64

Trong php th xp dy, kt lun c rt ra l c hay khng s khc bit c

ngha v mc u tin gia cc cp mu th c th; chng thng c lit k
chi tit. Th hng ca sn phm v mc ngha ca php th nh = 0.05 cng
phi c nhc n.
V d: Mt cng ty sn xut nc gii kht mun bit sn phm ca cng ty
ng v tr no trn th trng. Cng ty quyt nh tin hnh php th xp dy
xc nh xem c s khc bit c ngha v mc a thch ca ngi tiu dng i
vi 4 sn phm hng chanh c gas ng u trn th trng khng. Mt hi ng
15 ngi tiu dng tham gia nh gi 4 sn phm (P1-P4); trong , P2 l sn
phm ca cng ty.
Bng 4.2. S liu thu c sau khi tin hnh th nghim
Ngi th

SP P1

SP P2

SP P3

SP P4

10

11

12

13

14

15

4
65

Tng hng

22

33

39

56

Hy tnh ton gi tr Friedman v LSRD (nu cn) a ra kt lun

Bng 4.3. Tng hp kt qu sau khi phn tch s liu

Mu th

Tng hng

Mc ngha1

P4

56

P3

39

P2

33

bc

P1

22

Nhng mu c cng k t khng khc nhau ti mc ngha

4.2.4. Php th mc chp nhn (consumer acceptance test)- Php th cho

im th hiu
Mc ch
Xc nh mc a thch hay kh nng chp nhn ca ngi tiu dng i
vi cc sn phm nh gi.
Nguyn tc
Cc mu c phc v theo trt t ngu nhin. Ngi th th nm tng mu
theo th t t tri sang phi v cho bit mc a thch ca h i vi tng mu
trn thang im th hiu
Cch tin hnh php th
Mu th
S lng mu th ty thuc vo mc phc tp v tnh cht ca mu ging
nh trong php th xp dy.
Cc mu c trnh by theo trt t hnh vung Latin Williams (ph lc 1).
Ngi th
66

Ngi th l ngi tiu dng c kinh nghim s dng sn phm, cha qua
hun luyn. Ngi th c nhim v cho im trn thang im theo s thch ca
mnh, do y cng l mt nhc im ca php th cho im th hiu. Bi v
mi ngi th c mt s thch khc nhau, hay ni cch khc l khung i chiu
khc nhau. V vy, khi cho im, ngi th da trn khung i chiu ca mnh t
a ra cc kt qu m c th l cng s im nhng ngha ca n li hon ton
khc nhau. Do , lng ngi th cho php th ny cng ln cng tt v i km
theo php th mc chp nhn lun lun l mt bng cu hi thu nhn thng tin
v thi quen tiu dng hay quan im, hay cm xc ca ngi tiu dng. T bng
cu hi kt hp vi d liu cm quan mi cho ta thy c ci nhn tng qut v
ngi tiu dng, phn nhm ngi tiu dng v c im ca tng phn nhm. T
, a ra chin lc pht trin sn phm cho cng ty.
Thang o cu trc
Trong php th mc chp thng s dng thang o cu trc l thang o
mc a thch ca ngi tiu dng trn cc im s nguyn dng. Trn mi
im c gn cc t m t th hiu hoc gn hai u mt thang v im gia thang.
Thang o cu trc c nhiu thang im nh: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ph bin l thang
7 v 9 im.

Rt
ght

Ght

Hi ght

Khng
Hi thch Thch
thch
khng
ght
Hnh 4.7. Thang o 7 im: gn neo trn tng im

Rt thch

67

Rt

Khng

Rt

ght

thch

thch

khng
ght
Hnh 4.8. Thang o 9 im gn neo 2 u v gia thang o
Phiu nh gi : S dng phiu nh gi v phiu hng dn th nghim ring
bit. Mi phiu nh gi ng vi mt mu th
PHIU HNG DN TH NGHIM
Anh/ch s nhn c ln lt 5 mu sa chua c gn m s gm 3 ch s.
Hy th nm tng mu v nh gi mc a thch ca anh/ch i vi mu ny
bng cch cho im trn thang di y. Ghi nhn cu tr li ca anh/ch vo
phiu nh gi.
Lu : mi mu th ng vi mt phiu nh gi v a li cho thc nghim vin
ngay khi anh/ch tr li xong. Anh/ch sc ming bng nc lc trc khi th mu
Hnh 4.8. (a) Phiu hng dn th nghim ca php th cho im th hiu
v bt c khi no anh/ch thy cn thit.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Rt ght
Ght
Hi ght
Khng thch khng ght

5. Hi thch
6. Thch
7. Rt thch

Hnh 4.9. (a) V d v Phiu hng dn ca php th cho im th hiu

PHIU
NH
GIAnh/Ch !
Cm
n s hp
tc ca
H tn ngi th: ..ngy th:
.
Hnh
5.4.(a) V d v Phiu hng dn th nghim ca php th cho im th hiu.
Mc a thch ca anh/ch i vi mu c m s l:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Hnh 5.4.(a)
V d
Phiu
thgi
nghim
ca th
phpcho
thim
cho th
im
th hiu.
Hnh 4.9.
(b)vV
d vhng
Phiudn
nh
ca php
hiu
X l s liu
Phn tch phng sai ANOVA
68

Phn tch phng sai

Phn tch phng sai Analysis of vairiance (ANOVA) l php kim nh
thng k ph bin nht trong phn tch m t v nhng php th cm gic khc khi
so snh nhiu hn hai sn phm bng cc phn ng da vo thang o. y l cng
c rt nhy thy nhng bin s, nhng thay i v thnh phn, qu trnh hoc
bao b c tc ng no hay khng n cc tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm.
Phn tch phng sai l c tnh phng sai hoc lch bnh phng gn
cho mi nhn t. Phn tch phng sai cng c tnh phng sai hoc lch bnh
phng do sai s. Do , t s gia phng sai ca nhn t v phng sai ca sai
s c gi l gi tr F hay l Ftest. Gi tr F ny biu th s bin thin gp ca cc
tr trung bnh ca nhn t c quan tm so vi tr trung bnh chung ca tp hp d
liu, chia cho sai s trung bnh bnh phng. y l gi tr chnh trong phn tch
phng sai.
C 2 gi thuyt:
- H0 (null hypothesis): khng c s khc bit gia cc mu th (sn phm).
- HA (Alternative hypothesis): c s khc bit ng k gia cc mu th (sn
phm).
Bng 4.4. Bng ANOVA ca phn tch phng sai theo mt yu t
(one way within subject)
Ngun ca s
bin ng

t do
(df)

Tng cc bnh
phng (SS)

Trung bnh bnh

phng (MS)

Gi tr F

Sn phm (A)

a-1

SSA

MSA

MSA/ MSAS

Ngi th (S)

s-1

SSS

MSS

S*A (phn d)

(a-1)(s-1)

SSAS

MSAS

as-1

SStotal

Tng

a: s sn phm (mu th)

s: s thnh vin hi ng (ngi th)

69

 tnh ra c gi tr F, ngi ta bin i thng qua cc cng thc tnh ton

nh sau:
1. Tng bnh phng
Tng bnh phng ca sn phm (A) :
=

. ..

. ..

Tng bnh phng ca ngi th (S):

=
Tng bnh phng ca phn d(AS)
=

. . + ..

2. Trung bnh bnh phng

Trung bnh bnh phng mu :
=

Trung bnh bnh phng ca ngi th:

=

Trung bnh bnh phng ca phn d:

1 1

=
3. Tng quan phng sai mu (F)

Tra bng phn b F (Bng 12, ph lc 2)ng vi bc t do ca sn phm v bc t

do ca sai s v so snh gi tr Ftnh

Nu Ftnh Ftra bng : Chp nhn gi thuyt HA

Nu Ftnh< Ftra bng : Chp nhn gi thuyt H0

70

- Nu tnh gi tr F v cho thy rng tn ti mt s khc bit c ngha gia cc

sn phm (t 3 sn phm tr ln), chng ta cn phi xc nh c th cc mu no c
s khc bit vi nhau bng cch tnh gi tr s khc bit nh nht LSD (Least
Significant Difference) mc ngha 5%.
Cng thc tnh gi tr LSD nh sau:

Trong : t l gi tr ti hn t cho php kim nh hai pha (tra bng 10, ph lc 2)

ng vi bc t do ca sai s.
- Tip theo tnh hiu s gi tr trung bnh ln lt gia cc sn phm v so snh vi
gi tr LSD.
+Nu hiu s gi tr trung bnh nh hn gi tr LSD th gia 2 sn phm
khng khc nhau mc ngha 5%.
+Nu hiu s gi tr trung bnh ln hn gi tr LSD th gia 2 sn phm c s
khc nhau c ngha mc ngha 5%.

4.3. PHN TCH M T

4.3.1. Mc ch v ng dng ca phn tch m t
Trong nh gi cm quan, phn tch m t l phng php tinh t nht. Php
th ny php nh khoa hc cm quan m t sn phm mt cch trn vn, gip nhn
bit thnh phn c bn v cc thng s ca qu trnh ch bin hoc xc nh nhng
tnh cht cm quan lin quan ti th hiu ca ngi tiu dng. Thng thng, phn
tch m t cho nhng m t khch quan cc tnh cht cm quan c th nhn bit
c ca sn phmr. Tu thuc vo phng php m t c s dng, khch
quan hay chnh xc v mc nh tnh hoc nh lng s khc nhau.

71

c im ca phn tch m t l m t chi tit c im cc tnh cht cm

quan ca mt sn phm hoc so snh cc sn phm vi nhau .V d: v b ngoi,
mu sc, v, cu trc ca sn phm c miu t mt cch c th, chi tit. Ngoi ra,
cc c tnh cm quan cng c nh lng theo t l cng .
Cc php th ph bin trong nhm phn tch m t gm: m t mi v
(Flavour profile- FP), m t cu trc (Texture profile- TP), phn tch m t nh
lng (Quantitative Discriptive Analysis - QDA), quang ph cm quan - Sensory
Spectrum v m t la chn t do - Free-Choice Profiling (FCP).
Cc yu cu thit yu cho phn tch m t:
Thnh vin hi ng cm quan
S yu thch v sn sng ca nhng thnh vin trong hi ng
Mu th v mu chun cho qu trnh sn lc v hun luyn
S p ng ca mt phng cm quan t chun
Nhng c s vt cht phc v cho vic thu thp s liu v phn tch
thng k (phng tho lun, my vi tnh, cc phn mm phn tch,)
4.3.2. Quy trnh la chn v hun luyn hi ng nh gi cm quan
Phn tch m t i hi cn c mt nhm chuyn gia nh gi hay cn gi l
hi ng gm t 6- 18 ngi c hun luyn k. Nhm chuyn gia ny phi c
kh nng cm quan tt v phi nhn c s hun luyn thng xuyn.
Khi pht trin mt hi ng nh gi cm quan, c nhiu vn cn phi
c cp nh:
- Nhu cu thnh lp hi ng nh gi trong mt t chc, b phn sn xut
thc phm (R&D, QA/QC).
- S h tr v qun l v t chc, chi ph, thi gian
Vic thnh lp hi ng nh gi cm quan c chia lm 2 bc: tuyn
chn v hun luyn.
4.3.2.1. Quy trnh la chn
72

Vic tuyn chn hi ng nh gi cm quan cho phn tch m t c thc

hin theo cc trnh t sau:
Tuyn chn
Cc thnh vin trong hi ng nh gi thng c tuyn chn t nhn vin
ca phng th nghim, nhn vin vn phng v nhng ngi lm trong mt cng ty
thc phm. Ngoi ra, nhng thnh vin bn ngoi cng c th c tuyn chn t
cng ng dn c gn cng ty hoc trng hc.
Nhng ng vin c kh nng s c gi in thng bo, hoc gi giy
bo mi phng vn c nhn. Nhng ng vin ny phi c thng tin r rng,
c th v cc c im g s c i hi cho mt chuyn gia nh gi cm quan
cng nh mt chng trnh lm vic c d nh m h s tham gia.
Tham gia tr li bn cu hi chn lc ban u
Cc ng vin cn phi hon thnh bn cu hi chn lc ban u ly nhng
thng tin c bn nh:
S thch v s tnh nguyn tham gia vo qu trnh sn lc v chng trnh
hun luyn cng nh sn sng lm vic trong nhng tnh hung cp thit.
C sc khe tt: khng c bt k bnh l no nh bnh v rng ming, au
na u, d ng vi nhng thc n nng mi hoc nhng phn ng vi thc
phm.
Nhng thng tin khc c lin quan v tui, gii tnh, quc tch, vn ha v
tnh ngng, kinh nghim nh gi cm quan trc , thi quen ht thuc.
Trong mt cng ty, bn cu hi c phn pht cho nhn vin in y
cc chi tit trn. Nu thc hin y cc cu hi s gip tm c nhng ng vin
p ng c nhng yu cu ca mt chuyn gia cm quan mt cch trung thc.
Ghi nhn tt c nhng thng tin nhn c tm ra nhng ng vin t tiu chun
cho bc sn lc tip theo.
73

 Phng vn
Cc bui phng vn c nhn c thc hin xc nh nhng ng vin c
nhng tnh cch sau:
C kh nng lm vic vi i, nhm;
Ha ng;
C quan im ring nhng khng nn thi qu;
Bit lng nghe v giao tip tt;
C cam kt;
Linh hot.
Sau khi tuyn chn c mt nhm ng vin hi cc tiu ch trn, tip
theo l bc th nm sn lc cm quan
Kim tra sng lc cm quan
Bc ny c thc hin thu nhn c nhng thng tin ca nhng ng
vin tim nng. Nhng ng vin ny cn phi c kh nng:
Phn bit s khc nhau ca cc tnh cht hin din trong mu nhng
mc cng ca chng.
M t c nhng tnh cht bng nhng t ng m t v cc phng
php thang im cho nhng mc cng khc nhau.
C th ghi nh v p dng nhng tnh cht ca mu chun khi c
yu cu.
Lu : Cc ng vin khng nn c yu cu nh gi mt thc phm m h
khng thch.
Trc khi din ra bui kim tra phi c mt bui hng dn v nhng quy
tc cn phi tun theo trc v trong qu trnh th mu.

74

 Trnh n, ung, ht thuc hoc nhai ko cao su trong khong 30 pht

trc khi din ra bui th nm.
Khng ni chuyn hoc lm gin on ngi khc trong sut qu trnh
th nm.
c k v ht cc hng dn trn t nh gi trc khi bt u nh
gi mu.
Phi nh gi mu theo ng th t c yu cu
Phi in y tn v ngy nh gi
Khng tho lun v mu th vi cc thnh vin khc mi n khi kt
thc bui th nm.
Phi t tin by t quan im ca mnh
Khng th hin nhng biu hin thch v khng thch i vi mu th
trong sut qu trnh nh gi.
Vic kim tra sn lc cm quan c thc hin trn cc mi v c bn.
Ngoi ra cng c th tin hnh th nm trn cc mu thc phm. Vic kim tra trn
cc v c bn thng c thc hin theo nguyn l SPENCER. Nguyn l ny
c thc hin theo 3 bc nh, nu lm tt bc trc mi c lm tip bc
sau:
Bc 1: Ngi th nhn 4 dung dch : ng 20g/l, acid citric 0.7 g/l, mui
n 2g/l v cafein 0.7 g/l. Sau khi th phi tr li ng 4 v c bn nhn c i
vi dung dch tng ng. Khng c php sai.
Bc 2: So hng cng v ngt theo nng ca 4 dung dch ng: 70,
100, 125, 150 g/l. Khng c php sai.
Bc 3: Ngi th nhn mt lc 20 mu cht thm khc nhau, ngi v ghi ra
giy tn nhng mi nhn c trong 15 pht. Phi nhn ng t nht 14 mi.

75

Cc php th tam gic v 2-3 cng c thc hin nh gi cc ng vin

tim nng i vi vic pht hin cc s khc bit nh gia cc ngng kch thch.
Cc ng vin tim nng phi thc hin chnh xc 100%.
4.3.2.2. Hun luyn hi ng
Vic hun luyn hi ng nh gi cm quan rt quan trng pht trin s
t tin cng nh nhng k nng cho vic nh gi sn phm ca cc thnh vin. Cc
thnh vin phi c dy ng cc quy trnh cho vic nh gi mu. H cng phi
hc cch khng bc l tnh cch ca h. Khong t 40 n 120 gi hun luyn
c i hi cho php th phn tch m t, thi gian hun luyn ny ph thuc vo
sn phm, s tnh cht cn nh gi cng nh gi tr v tin cy c yu cu.
Mt hi ng nh gi thng c s dng bao gm t 10 20 cm quan vin.
Bc u tin ca qu trnh hun luyn l pht trin ngn ng (hay cn gi
l bc nh gi s b mu). Ton b sn phm c a cho cc cm quan vin.
H c hng dn nh gi mt cch c lp s khc nhau v cm quan gia
cc mu v ghi nhn bt k s khc bit bng nhng thut ng m t. Khi hon
thnh bc ny, nhng lit k v tnh cht sn phm ca mi cm quan vin c
s dng m t cho mi mu. y l bc rt quan trng, trng nhm c th
yu cu gii thch i vi nhng thut ng m t m cc cm quan vin a ra,
nhng h khng c hng dn hoc phn xt nhng thut ng m t ny. Cc
cm quan vin s hng n mt s thng nht v cc tnh cht ca sn phm s
dng cho qu trnh nh gi sau khi ton b cc tnh cht ca sn phm c nu
ra.
Bc k tip l vai tr ca nhm trng trong vic tng hp v cung cp
nhng tiu chun chun cho nhng tnh cht m c c hi ng nht tr.
Nhng chun ny c th s dng gip cho cc cm quan vin xc nh v nh
mt tnh cht cm quan c tm thy trong sn phm th. Cc chun ny c th l
cc cht ha hc, thnh phn hoc sn phm. Cc cm quan vin sau khi nh gi

76

cc mu th theo cc chun, thng nht cc tnh cht cm quan, cc tiu chun

chun v cc nh ngha. Quy trnh ny nn c tip tc mi n khi tt c cc
cm quan vin hiu v hi lng vi cc thut ng s dng.
Phn cui ca qu trnh hun luyn l thit k mu nh gi cm quan bi
cc cm quan vin. H quyt nh v th t ca cc tnh cht sn phm s dng
trong qu trnh nh gi. Tnh cht no quan trng, vn c, i din cho sn phm
th c t trc, tip theo l cc tnh cht km i din hn. Trng nhm s
quyt nh loi thang im s dng cho vic nh gi.
Cui cng, khi cc thnh vin tr nn quen thuc vi cc mu, cc chun
v cc nh ngha, qu trnh hun luyn hi ng nh gi cm quan c hon
thnh vi phn kim tra cui kha. Hi ng c thng bo giai on nh gi
chnh thc s bt u. Tuy nhin, trong thc t hai hoc ba bui u ca giai on
nh gia chnh thc ch nhm gip xc nh tnh n nh ca hi ng. Mi mu
nh gi s c th lp li ba ln. Thng tin t nhng bui nh gi ny s c
phn tch, cc chuyn gia cm quan s nghin cu mc ngha ca nhng hiu ng
tng tc lin quan n ngi th. Trong mt hi ng c hun luyn tt, nhng
hiu ng ny s khng khc nhau c ngha gia nhng ngi th. Nu c nhiu
thnh vin lin quan n nhng hiu ng tng tc th cc chuyn gia cm quan s
phi xc nh xem thnh vin no cn c hun luyn thm v trn nhng thut
ng no. Nu tt c cc thnh vin lm vic khng n nh h cn phi quay li
bc hun luyn. Sau khi hon tt kha hun luyn th vic hun luyn cng cn
phi c thc hin thng xuyn trnh vic gim cc cm gic v qun cc
mi v.
Trc khi nh gi mu th chnh thc, cc cm quan vin s c ngi li
cc mi c bn, c ng trong cc h thy tinh np kn. Thng thng nhng
mi c bn ny s c trng cho sn phm c th. iu ny gip h nh li cc mi
c bn thun tin cho vic m t v mi trong qu trnh nh gi: v d nh

77

nh gi cm quan v bt cacao. Bt cacao lm nguyn liu cho sn xut chocolate

c rt nhiu mi c trng ty thuc vo ging, cch , phi, sy, bo qun nh
mi thm ca hoa, mi kht (rang), mi i du (cht bo b oxi ha), mi t, mi
rm r, mi green (sng nh u xanh)...
4.3.3. Phng php m t mi v-Flavor Profile method
Phng php m t mi-v - Flavor Profile (FP) l mt php kim tra m t
nh tnh. Tn v k thut ny c ng k bn quyn bi Arthur D.Little v Co.,
Cambridge, Massachusetts. K thut ny c pht trin vo cui nhng nm
1940, u nhng nm 1950 ti Arthur D.Little bi Loren Sjostrom, Stanley
Cairncross, v Jean Caul. FP c s dng ln u tin m t h mi phc dng
o nh hng ca Natri glutamate ln cm nhn ca mi-v. Tri qua nhiu nm,
FP lin tc c ci tin. Phin bn mi nht ca FP c bit n l Profile
Atribute Analysis (Cairncross v Sjostrom, 1950; Sjostrom, 1954; Caul, 1957;
Jellinek, 1964; Moskowitz, 1988; Powers, 1988; Meilgaard, Civille v Carr, 1991).
Cch tin hnh php th
Phng php m t mi-v (Flavor profiling) l mt k thut da trn s
ng thun. T ng dng m t sn phm v kt qu nh gi sn phm ch t
c khi c s thng nht gia cc thnh vin hi ng. FP quan tm ti mi v
tng th cng nh cc cu t mi ring bit. Profile m t mi-v tng th, mi-v
n v c lng cng v s y (cm gic chung) ca nhng thut ng
ny. K thut ny cung cp mt bn sp xp ca cc mi c nhn bit, cng ,
th t nhn bit, hu v ca chng v cm gic chung. Nu ngi th c hun
luyn mt cch ph hp th bn kt qu ny c tnh lp li.
Theo nhng k thut c tiu chun ha trong chun b, trnh by v nh
gi, nhm ngi th gm t 4 n 6 ngi c hun luyn nh gi chnh xc
mi ca sn phm trong mt chng trnh ko di 2 n 3 tun. Cc mu thc
phm c nm v cc tnh cht cm nhn c nh hng, mi, cm gic trong
78

ming v hu v c ghi li. Ngi th phi lm vic vi nhiu loi sn phm

trong cng mt nhm thc phm. Sau , ngi th s xem xt v gt gia li
cc thut ng c s dng. Cc chun tham kho v cc nh ngha cho tng thut
ng cng c xy dng trong qu trnh hun luyn. S dng chun tham kho
thch hp s ci thin tnh chnh xc ca thut ng thng nht. Khi hon thnh qu
trnh hun luyn, ngi th xc nh mt h thng chun dng biu din cng
cc thut ng.
Cc mu th phi c chun b ging nh chng c a cho khch hng.
V vy, nu ngi th nghin cu nhn bnh nng anh o th nhn bnh phi
c trnh by cho ngi th di dng bnh.
M t mi-v (FP) ch ra rng kt qu thu c s chnh xc v lp li nu
ngi th c hun luyn tt. S cn thit tiu chun ho t vng gia hi ng
ngi th khng cn phi qu cao. Nhng ngi khng ng tnh vi qu trnh
ny phn nn rng s thng nht t c thc cht c th ch l kin ca mt
ngi c c tnh p t nht, hoc mt thnh vin trong hi ng c quyn lc cao
nht, thng l trng hi ng. Vi vic hun luyn bi bn, trng hi ng c
th trnh c vn trn. c th s dng k thut ny mt cch hiu qu, vic
hun luyn v cng quan trng v phng php ny c th tm thy ti Arthur
D.Little, Inc. Hn na, nhng ngi s dng phng php xc nhn rng, hi
ng FP c hun luyn theo phng php ny s t kt qu mt cch nhanh
chng.
Cc cm quan vin nh gi sn phm v kt qu s c bo co cho
trng nhm. Sau thng qua cc cuc tho lun m gia cc thnh vin a
ra mt quyt nh thng nht cho mi mu th. Cc thang o s dng cho k thut
ny bao gm s dng cc con s v cc biu tng v th kt qu thu c khng
th no phn tch theo phng php thng k. V th y l mt phng php m t
nh tnh.
79

Cng thp

Cng cao

Hnh 4.10 : V d v thang o 9 im s dng trong phn tch m t mi v

Bng 4.6. V d v bng cu hi m t mi-v cho sn phm bia
Code sn phm :

Tn ngi th :

Ngy th :

Cc c tnh
Mi

Cng

Hoppy
Fruity
Sour
Yeasty
Malty
Tingly
Sweet
Fruity

Bitter
Malty
Yeasty
Metallic
Astringent

4.3.4. Phng php m t cu trc - Texture Profile method

Phng php m t cu trc - Texture Profile (TP) c sng to bi nhng
nh khoa hc lm vic cho General Foods trong nhng nm 1960 v sau c
sa i bi mt s nh khoa hc cm quan (Brandt v cng s, 1963; Szczesniak
v cng s, 1963; Szczesniak, 1966; Civille v Liska, 1975; Szczesniak, 1975;
80

Munoz, 1986). Mc ch ca TP l to ra mt k thut cm quan cho php nh gi

tt c cc c tnh cu trc ca sn phm bng nhng nguyn l k thut, t ln cn
u tin cho n khi qu trnh nhai kt thc. Cc tc gi xy dng TP da trn
nhng khi nim tin phong ca nhng ngi to ra FP. TP c Civille v Liska
(1975) nh ngha nh sau:
Tnh cht cm quan th hin cu trc ca thc phm bao gm cc c tnh
ho hc, hnh hc, tnh bo v m, mc ca mi c tnh v th t m chng
xut hin t ln cn u tin cho n khi c nhai hon ton.
Yu t quyt nh s thnh cng ca TP l mu tham kho cho tt c ngi
th phi ging nhau. Tt c ngi th phi c hun luyn nh nhau theo nhng
nguyn tc v tnh cht cu trc v qui trnh ca TP. Vic chun b, trnh by v
nh gi mu phi c kim sot cht ch. Ngi th cng nn c hun luyn
cn, nhai v nut theo cng mt cch c tiu chun ho. Trong sut qu trnh
hun luyn, hi ng, c lm quen vi bng phn loi cc c tnh cu trc
Szczesniak (1963). Sau h c lm quen vi cc dng sn phm v cc thang
tham kho. Trong bc th ba, ngi th tinh luyn k nng nhn bit, xc nh v
nh lng mc ca mi c tnh cu trc ca tng thc phm nht nh. Qu
trnh ny thc hin hng ngy v ko di trong vi tun hun luyn.
Bng 4.7. V d v thang m t cu trc cng (theo Munoz, 1986)
im

Sn phm
Phomat kem

Kch
thc
1/2 inch3

Nhit

40-450F

1,0
2,5
4,5

Lng trng trng

Phomat M

1/4 inch3
1/2 inch3

phng
40-450F

6,0

liu

1 ming

phng

7,0

Xc xch c

1/2 lt

phng

Thnh phn mu
Pho mat kem
Philadelphia(Kraft)
Luc chn, sau 5 pht
Phomat vng thanh trng
(Land O Lakes)
Nhi, liu Ty Ban Nha
loi b tiu t (Goya
Foods)
Xc xch b, un trong
81

9,5

Lc

1 ming

phng

11,0

Hnh nhn

1 ming

phng

14,5

Ko cng

1 ming

phng

nc si 5 pht (Hebrew
National Kosher Foods)
Cc-tai lc trong hp
thic chn khng
(Planters, Nabisco Brand)
Hnh nhn bc v
(Nabisco Brand)
Ko Life Savers
(Nabisco Brand)

4.3.5 Phn tch m t nh lng (QDA)

Phn tch m t nh lng (Quantitative Descriptive Analysis - QDA)
c pht trin trong nhng nm 1970 hiu chnh mt vi vn c nhn bit
lin quan vi phn tch m t mi (Stone, Sidel, Oliver, Woolsey v Singleton,
1974; Stone v Sidel, 1993). Phn tch m t nh lng l php th c s dng
ph bin nht trong nhm php th m t. Khc vi FP, kt qu thc nghim khng
c to ra t khu tho lun thng nht, trng hi ng khng phi l mt thnh
vin ch lc, v thang khng cu trc c s dng m t cng ca cc ch
tiu. Stone (1974) la chn thang th ng thng, mt ng thng ko di
vt qua nhng im u mt c t m t, bi h nhn thy rng loi thang im
ny c th gim xu hng ngi th ch s dng phn gia ca thang nhm trnh
cho im qu cao hoc qu thp. Quyt nh ca h da trn mt phn nghin cu
ca Aderson (1970) v php o hm trong nh gi tm l. Cng nh FP, QDA c
rt nhiu ngi ng h, v k thut ny c xem xt li mt cch rng ri
(Stone, Sidel, Oliver, Woolsey v Singleton, 1974; Zook v Wessman, 1977; Stone,
Sidel v Bloomquist, 1980; Power, 1988; Einstein, 1991; Meigaard, Civille v
Carr, 1991; Heymann, Holt v Cliff, 1993; Stone v Sidel, 1993).
Cc bc tin hnh php th QDA
Mu th

82

QDA c th c dng m t tt c cc tnh cht cm quan lin quan n

mt sn phm hoc nhiu sn phm t nh gi hnh trng bn ngoi n hu v.
Vic la chn mu c quyt nh bi mc ch nghin cu. Cc mu c trnh
by theo kiu khi ngu nhin hon ton (randomized complete block design
RCBD).
Cch thit k mu theo kiu RCBD
Cch thit k khi ngu nhin hon chnh (phn tch ANOVA 2 bin s) rt
kh bin trong nh gi cm quan, c bit l i vi phn tch m t bng nhng
hi ng c hun luyn. i vi kiu thit k ny, mi thnh vin hi ng tham
gia nh gi tt c cc sn phm v tt c nhng ln lp li. Trong , c th phn
chia cc sn phm trong mt khi, hoc cc ln lp li trong mt khi. Thng
thng trong nh gi cm quan, vn then cht l so snh cc sn phm vi
nhau, do nn b tr cc sn phm trong cng mt khi cho cc ln lp li.
V d v cc b tr cc sn phm trong mt khi :

SP 1

SP 1

SP 1

SP 2

SP 2

SP 2

SP3

SP3

SP3

SP4

SP4

SP4

Ln 1

Ln 2

Ln 3

Ngi th v thang o
Ngi th c s dng cho phn tch m t nh lng bt buc phi l hi
ng nh gi phi qua hun luyn vi s lng ngi th 10 n 12. Trong qu
trnh hun luyn QDA, thun li cho s hnh thnh khi nim chnh xc, ngi
th c tip cn vi nhiu dng khc nhau ca sn phm. Trc khi din ra qu

83

trnh nh gi chnh thc, cc thnh vin s a ra mt tp hp cc thut ng m t

s khc nhau ca sn phm. Sau , thng qua s ng thun, cc thnh vin pht
trin t vng tiu chun m t s khc nhau v cm gic -gia cc mu. Cc thnh
vin cng quyt nh chun tham kho hoc cc nh ngha bng li nn c dng
c nh cc thut ng m t. Mt thang o lin tc o cng thuc tnh
ca sn phm vi mt on thng di 120 mm hoc 150 mm gn vi cc t ng
c hi ng thng nht c s dng trong php th ny (Hnh 4.11)
T m t

T m t
Hnh 4.11. V d v thang im ng thng QDA

Bng cch o t im u mt tri ca ng thng n im ngi th nh

du, ta thu c mt gi tr s.
Phiu nh gi
Sau khi thng nht c cc tnh cht c trng cho sn phm, sp xp th t
u tin cho tng tnh cht v chn thang o ph hp, mt mu phiu nh gi cho
QDA s c thit k (hnh 4.12).
Phiu nh gi QDA cho sn phm Yoghurt
Tn ngi th :..
Ngy th :
Hng dn : Bn hy th cc mu yoghurt c theo trnh th t tri qua phi cho v nh
gi cc tnh cht cm quan v mouthfeel bng cch nh du trn thang o cho mi tnh cht
c thng nht trong phn pht trin ngn ng. Gia cc ln th mu, bn nn thanh v
bng nc lc hoc bnh lt.
M s mu :
1.
2.
3.
4.

Hnh 4.12. V d v phiu nh gi cho QDA

84

 X l s liu : Phn tch phng sai ANOVA c s dng phn tch d

liu. S liu trnh by kiu biu , thng thng l biu mng rada (hnh4.13).
Bng 4.5. V d bng kt qu nh gi v cc tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm sa
ti hng du
Hng

Nu

Ngt

Bo

ng nht

Bm dnh

Snh

P1

5.67

1.17

4.33

3.75

6.42

4.0

5.17

P2

5.0

2.08

5.92

3.75

6.42

4.33

4.92

P3

5.17

1.17

5.58

5.08

6.42

4.67

4.92

P4

1.08

6.33

4.0

5.08

6.42

5.42

5.17

P5

6.42

1.08

6.58

6.08

6.50

5.83

5.75

P6

5.5

1.25

4.42

4.0

6.33

5.0

4.92

P7

6.25

1.08

5.25

4.83

6.33

4.33

4.83

T bng 4.5, ta v c th rada (hnh 4.13) biu din cc tnh cht cm quan
ca 7 sn phm sa ti hng du. Ta c th

Hnh 4.13 : V d s liu QDA biu din theo s mng rada

85

4.4. PHNG PHP CHO IM THEO TIU CHUN VIT NAM

Phng php cho im cht lng tng hp c s dng nh gi tng
qut mc cht lng ca mt sn phm so vi tiu chun hay so vi mt sn phm
cng loi trn tt c cc ch tiu cm quan: mu sc, mi, v v trng thi. Tnh
trng cht lng ca mi ch tiu c nh gi bng im. Gi tr im tng theo
mc tng ca cht lng. Ty theo sn phm v quc gia m thang im s dng
rt khc nhau (thang 10, 20, 50 thm ch 100 im). Do cc ch tiu c vai tr i
vi cht lng chung ca sn phm mc khc nhau nn cc gi tr im i vi
mi ch tiu c nhn vi mt gi tr gi l h s quan trng. Cc ch tiu c vai
tr ln hn th c h s quan trng cao hn. Vic xc nh h s quan trng cho
mi ch tiu ca mi loi sn phm l rt kh. Cc h s ny thng c xc nh
theo kinh nghim, phng php iu tra kt hp vi phng php chuyn gia trn
c s thng k. Khi nh gi cht lng cm quan bng mt hi ng th im cht
lng ca ch tiu no l im trung bnh cng ca cc thnh vin nhn vi h
s quan trng ca n. Tng im ca cc ch tiu l im cht lng ca sn phm.
im ny quyt nh mc cht lng ca sn phm c nh gi.
Vit Nam, phng php nh gi cm quan sn phm thc phm thc hin
theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 3215:79. Tiu chun ny p dng kim tra tt
c cc ch tiu cm quan hay tng ch tiu cm quan ring bit (trng thi, mu sc,
mi, v) ca tng loi sn phm v hng ha. y l tiu chun s dng h im 20
xy dng trn mt thang thng nht 6 bc 5 im (0 n 5), trong im 0 ng
vi cht lng b hng, cn im t 1 n 5 ng vi mc khuyt tt gim dn.
im 5 coi nh sn phm khng c sai li, khuyt tt no trong tnh cht ang xt,
sn phm c tnh tt c trng r rt cho ch tiu . Tng h s quan trng ca tt
c cc ch tiu bng 4. H s quan trng ca mt s sn phm theo cc TCVN c
trnh by bng 4.8.

86

Bng 4.8. H s quan trng ca mt s sn phm thc phm theo cc TCVN

Ru

Nc gii kht c ga

Bia

Nc qu

trong v
mu sc

0,8

Bt

0,8

trong

0,6 Mu

1,2

Mi

1,2

trong,
mu sc

0,4

Mu

0,4 Mi v

2,0

2,0

Mi

0,8

Mi

1,2 Hnh thi

0,8

2,0

1,8

Bnh ngt

Ko

Sn phm ng lnh

Ch

Mu

0,6

Hnh thi

0,8

Bng

0,5 Ngoi hnh

0,8

Hnh trng
ngoi

0,4

Trng thi
trong

1,0

Tp

0,5 Mi

1,2

Hnh trng
trong

1,0

Mi v

2,2

Mu

0,8 V

1,2

Mi

0,5

Mi v

1,2 Mu nc

0,4

1,5

Trng thi vt l

1,0 B

0,4

Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 3215:1979 cng quy nh r t cc iu kin

kim tra, cch thc tin hnh kim tra n cch biu din kt qu v cch tnh
im. Theo , qu trnh nh gi phi c thc hin trong phng phn tch cm
quan t yu cu. Vic chun b mu phi ph hp vi tng loi sn phm theo quy
nh cht ch. Hi ng phi gm t 5 n 12 chuyn gia c hiu bit v sn phm
c nh gi. Hi ng c ch tch v th k lnh o hi ng trong qu trnh
lm vic.
Khi nh gi cc thnh vin lm vic c lp, cho im vo phiu v np cho
th k sau gi lm vic. Mu ca phiu ghi kt qu nh gi c quy nh nh
bng 4.9. Th k hi ng s tng kt im ca cc thnh vin v t tnh ra
im cht lng ca sn phm. t c yu cu v cht lng, s im trung
bnh cha c quan trng ca mi ch tiu cm quan phi t t nht 2,8 im v s

87

im chung t nht phi l 11,2 im i vi mt sn phm. Theo h im 20, cht

lng sn phm c chia ra 6 mc (Bng 4.9).
Nu mt ch tiu cm quan b im 0 th vic kim tra nn tin hnh mt ln
na i vi ch tiu . Khi hi ng quyt nh cho mt ch tiu no im 0
th sn phm b nh gi s im chung bng 0. i vi mu sn phm ng
nht, nhn xt ca mt thnh vin hi ng b bc b khi nhn xt chnh lch
qu 1,5 im so vi im trung bnh cha c quan trng.
Bng 4.9. Mu phiu ghi kt qu kim tra
Tn sn phm kim tra:

Ngy

H v tn ngi kim tra

Ch k:

Mu s

Cc ch tiu

thng

nm

im

Ghi ch

t 0 n 5

(nhn xt bng t)

Bng 4.10. Cc mc cht lng

Danh hiu cht lng

im chung

Yu cu v im trung bnh cha

c trng lng i vi cc ch tiu

Loi tt

18,6 20

Cc ch tiu quan trng nht 4,8

Loi kh

15,2 18,5

Cc ch tiu quan trng nht 3,8

Loi trung bnh

11,2 15,1

Mi ch tiu 2,8

Loi km
(Khng t mc cht lng quy
nh trong tiu chun nhng cn
kh nng bn c)

7,2 11,2

Mi ch tiu 1,8

88

Loi rt km
(Khng cn kh nng bn c
nhng sau khi ti ch thch hp cn
s dng c)

4,0 7,1

Mi ch tiu 1,0

Loi hng
(Khng cn s dng c)

0 3,9

Mi ch tiu 1,0

V d:
C mt hi ng cm quan tin hnh kim tra 1 mu bia ca mt x nghip X v kt
qu c ghi li theo bng 4.11 sau:
Bng 4.11. Kt qu cho im ca sn phm bia
Ch tiu cht
lng

im ca cc thnh vin

Tng
im

im
trung
bnh

H s
quan
trng

im c
trng
lng

Mu sc,
trong

24

3,43

0,4

1,37

to bt

24

3,43

0,8

2,74

Mi

20

2,86

0,8

2,28

25

3,57

2,0

7,14

4,0

13,53

3
3

Cng

Cn c vo im chung 13,53 = 13,5 v cn c vo im trung bnh cha c trng

lng ca cc ch tiu v tin hnh i chiu vi TCVN 3215:1979, ta c mu bia
ca x nghip t loi trung bnh v cc ch tiu cm quan.

89

90

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Dzung, N.H. (2006), Thc hnh nh gi cm quan, NXB HQG TP.HCM, 72 trang.
[2] H Duyn T, K thut phn tch cm quan, NXB Khoa hc k thut, 1991.
[3] Tuan, N.V. (2007), Phn tch s liu v to biu bng R, NXB Khoa hc & K
thut, 340 trang
[4] ISO 8586-1: 1993, Sensory analysis-General guidance for the selection, training and
monitoring of assessors- Part 1: Selected assessors.
[5] Kemp, S.E., Hollowood, T., Hort, J. (2009), Sensory Evaluation: A Practical
Handbook, Wiley-Blackwell, 196pp.
[6] Lawless T.H., Heymann H. (1998), nh gi cm quan: Nguyn tc v Thc hnh
(Nguyn Hong Dng v cng s bin dch, 2007), NXB i hc quc gia Tp.H
Ch Minh, 701 trang.

91

PH LC
Ph lc 1: Thit k mu th theo hnh vung Latin Williams
C mu = 5
A
B
C
E
B
C
A
D
C
D
B
E
D
E
C
A
E
A
D
B
D
C
E
B
E
D
A
C
A
E
D
B
B
A
C
E
C
B
D
A

D
E
A
B
C
A
B
C
D
E

92

Ph lc 2. Cc bng tra
Bng 1 - S cu tr li ng ti thiu cn thit c th kt lun hai sn phm khc
nhau, i vi php th so snh cp 1 pha.1 2
n

0.2

0.1

0.05

0.01

0.001

10
11
12
13
14
15

7
8
8
9
10
10

8
9
9
10
10
11

9
9
10
10
11
12

10
10
11
12
12
13

10
11
12
13
13
14

16
17
18
19
20

11
11
12
12
13

12
12
13
13
14

12
13
13
14
15

14
14
15
15
16

15
16
16
17
18

21
22

13
14

14
15

15
16

17
17

18
19

23
24
25

15
15
16

16
16
17

16
17
18

18
19
19

20
20
21

26
27
28
29
30

16
17
17
18
18

17
18
18
19
20

18
19
19
20
20

20
20
21
22
22

22
22
23
24
24

31
32
33
34
35

19
19
20
20
21

20
21
21
22
22

21
22
22
23
23

23
24
24
25
25

25
26
26
27
27

36
37
38
39
40

0.2
22
22
23
23
24

0.1
23
23
24
24
25

0.05
24
24
25
26
26

0.01
26
27
27
28
28

0.001
28
29
29
30
31

44
48
52
56
60

26
28
30
32
34

27
29
32
34
36

28
31
33
35
37

31
33
35
38
40

33
36
38
40
43

64
68
72

36
38
41

38
40
42

40
42
44

42
45
47

45
48
50

76
80

43
45

45
47

46
48

49
51

52
55

84
88
92
96
100

47
49
51
53
55

49
51
53
55
57

51
53
55
57
59

54
56
58
60
63

57
59
62
64
66

104
108
112
116
120

57
59
61
64
66

60
62
64
66
68

61
64
66
68
70

65
67
69
71
74

69
71
73
76
78

93

Bng 2 - S cu tr li ng ti thiu cn thit kt lun hai sn phm khc nhau

i vi php th so snh cp 2 pha 2) 3)
0.10
9
9
10
10
11
12

0.05
9
10
10
11
12
12

0.01
10
11
11
12
13
13

0.001

10
11
12
13
14
15

0.20
8
9
9
10
10
11

16
17
18
19
20

12
12
13
13
14

12
13
13
14
15

13
13
14
15
15

14
15
15
16
17

15
16
17
17
18

21
22
23
24
25

14
15
16
16
17

15
16
16
17
18

16
17
17
18
18

17
18
19
19
20

19
19
20
21
21

26
27
28
29
30

17
18
18
19
20

18
19
19
20
20

19
20
20
21
21

20
21
22
22
23

22
23
23
24
25

31
32
33
34
35

20
21
21
22
22

21
22
22
23
23

22
23
23
24
24

24
24
25
25
26

25
26
27
27
28

11
12
13
14
14

0.20

0.10

0.05

0.01

0.001

36
37
38
39
40

23
23
24
24
25

24
24
25
26
26

25
25
26
27
27

27
27
28
28
29

29
29
30
31
31

44
48
52
56
60

27
29
32
34
36

28
31
33
35
37

29
32
34
36
39

31
34
36
39
41

34
36
39
41
44

64
68
72
76
80

38
40
42
45
47

40
42
44
46
48

41
43
45
48
50

43
46
48
50
52

46
48
51
53
56

84
88
92
96
100

49
51
53
55
57

51
53
55
57
59

52
54
56
59
61

55
57
59
62
64

58
60
63
65
67

104
108
112
116
120

60
62
64
66
68

61
64
66
68
70

63
65
67
70
72

66
68
71
73
75

70
72
74
77
79

94

Bng 3 S cu tr li ng ti thiu cn thit kt lun rng c s khc bit c

th nhn bit c trn c s php th 2 3
n
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

0,20
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
15
15
16

0,10
6
6
7
7
8
9
9
10
10
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
14
16
16
17

0,05
6
7
7
8
9
9
10
10
11
12
12
13
13
14
15
15
15
16
17
18

0,01
_
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
17
18
19
19

0,001
_
_
_
_
10
11
12
13
13
14
15
16
16
17
18
18
19
20
20
21

n
26
27
28
29
30
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88

0,20
16
17
17
18
18
19
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
41
43
45
47
49

0,10
17
18
18
19
20
21
23
25
27
29
32
34
36
38
40
42
45
47
49
51

0,05
18
19
19
20
20
22
24
26
28
31
33
35
37
40
42
44
46
48
51
53

0,01
20
20
21
22
22
24
26
28
31
33
35
38
40
42
45
47
49
51
54
56

0,001
22
22
23
24
24
26
28
31
33
36
38
40
43
45
48
50
52
55
57
59

95

Bng 4 - S cu tr li ng ti a kt lun hai mu th l ging nhau trn c s php

th 2 3
n

20

0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20

24

28

32

36

40

44

48

84

10%
3
5
6
7
8
5
7
8
9
10
6
8
10
11
12
8
10
12
13
14
10
12
14
15
16
11
14
16
17
18
13
16
18
19
20
15
17
20
21
23
31
35
38
39
41

20%
4
6
7
8
9
6
8
9
10
11
8
10
12
12
14
10
12
14
15
16
11
14
16
17
18
13
16
18
19
20
15
18
20
21
23
17
20
22
23
25
35
39
42
44
46

pd
30%
5
7
8
9
10
7
9
11
12
13
9
11
13
14
15
11
13
15
16
18
13
16
18
19
20
15
18
20
21
22
18
20
22
24
25
20
22
25
26
27
40
43
46
48
50

40%
6
8
10
10
11
9
10
12
13
14
11
13
15
15
17
13
15
17
18
19
15
18
20
21
22
18
20
22
23
25
20
23
25
26
27
22
25
27
28
30
44
48
51
52
54

50%
8
9
11
11
12
10
12
13
14
15
12
14
16
17
18
15
17
19
20
21
17
20
22
23
24
20
22
24
25
27
23
25
27
28
30
25
28
30
31
33
49
52
55
57
59

n
52

56

60

64

68

72

76

80

100

0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20

10%
17
19
22
23
25
18
21
24
25
27
20
23
26
27
29
22
25
28
29
31
24
27
30
31
33
26
29
32
33
35
27
31
34
35
37
29
33
36
37
39
39
42
46
48
50

20%
19
22
24
26
27
21
24
27
28
30
23
26
29
30
32
25
28
31
32
34
27
30
33
35
36
29
32
35
37
39
31
35
38
39
41
33
37
40
41
43
44
47
51
53
55

pd
30%
22
25
27
28
30
24
27
29
31
32
26
29
32
33
35
29
32
34
36
37
31
34
37
38
40
33
36
39
41
42
35
39
41
43
45
38
41
44
46
47
49
53
56
58
60

40%
25
27
30
31
33
27
30
32
34
35
30
33
35
36
38
32
35
38
39
41
34
38
40
42
43
37
40
43
44
46
39
43
45
47
49
42
45
48
50
52
54
58
61
63
65

50%
28
30
33
34
35
30
33
36
37
38
33
36
38
40
41
36
39
41
43
44
38
41
44
45
47
41
44
47
48
50
44
47
50
51
53
46
50
53
54
56
60
64
67
68
70

96

88

92

96

0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20

33
37
40
41
43
35
38
42
43
46
37
40
44
46
48

37
41
44
46
48
40
43
46
48
50
42
45
49
50
53

42
46
49
50
52
44
48
51
53
55
47
50
54
55
57

47
50
53
55
57
49
53
56
58
60
52
56
59
60
62

52
55
58
60
62
55
58
61
63
65
57
61
64
66
67

104

108

112

0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20
0,001
0,01
0,05
0,10
0,20

40
44
48
50
52
42
46
50
52
54
44
48
52
54
56

46
50
53
55
57
48
52
55
57
60
50
54
58
60
62

51
55
59
60
63
54
57
61
63
65
56
60
63
65
68

57
61
64
66
68
59
63
67
68
71
62
66
69
71
73

63
66
70
71
73
65
69
72
74
76
68
72
75
77
79

97

Bng 5- S cu tr li ng ti thiu cn thit kt lun rng hai sn phm khc

nhau Php th tam gic.
n

6
7
8
9
10

0.20
4
4
5
5
6

0.10
5
5
5
6
6

0.05
5
5
6
6
7

0.01
6
6
7
7
8

0.001
-7
8
8
9

27
28
29
30

0.20
12
12
13
13

0.10
13
14
14
14

0.05
14
15
15
15

0.01
16
16
17
17

0.001
18
18
19
19

11
12
13
14
15

6
6
7
7
8

7
7
8
8
8

7
8
8
9
9

8
9
9
10
10

10
10
11
11
12

31
32
33
34
35

14
14
14
15
15

15
15
15
16
16

16
16
17
17
17

18
18
18
19
19

20
20
21
21
22

16
17
18
19
20

8
8
9
9
9

9
9
10
10
10

9
10
10
11
11

11
11
12
12
13

12
13
13
14
14

36
42
48
54
60
66

15
18
20
22
24
26

17
19
21
23
26
28

18
20
22
25
27
29

20
22
25
27
30
32

22
25
27
30
33
35

21
22
23
24
25
26

10
10
11
11
11
12

11
11
12
12
12
13

12
12
12
13
13
14

13
14
14
15
15
15

15
15
16
16
17
17

72
78
84
90
96
102

28
30
33
35
37
39

30
32
35
37
39
41

32
34
36
38
41
43

34
37
39
42
44
46

38
40
43
45
48
50

98

Bng 6-S cu tr li ng ti a c th kt lun rng hai sn phm ging nhau trng hp php th tam gic.
n
18

24

30

36

42

48

54

60

pd
pd
n

10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
0.001
0
1
2
3
5
0.001 14
18
22
26
31
66
0.01
2
3
4
5
6
0.01
16
20
25
29
34
0.05
3
4
5
6
8
0.05
19
23
28
32
37
0.1
4
5
6
7
8
0.1
20
25
29
33
38
0.2
4
6
7
8
9
0.2
22
26
31
35
40
0.001
2
3
4
6
8
0.001 15
20
24
29
34
0.01
3
5
6
8
9
0.01
18
23
28
32
38
0.05
5
6
8
9
11
72
0.05
21
26
30
35
40
0.1
6
7
9
10
12
0.1
22
27
32
37
42
0.2
7
8
10
11
13
0.2
24
29
34
39
44
0.001
3
5
7
9
11
0.001 17
22
27
32
38
0.01
5
7
9
11
13
0.01
20
25
30
36
41
0.05
7
9
11
13
15
78
0.05
23
28
33
39
44
0.1
8
10
11
14
16
0.1
25
30
35
40
46
0.2
9
11
13
15
17
0.2
27
32
37
42
48
0.001
5
7
9
11
14
0.001 19
24
30
35
41
0.01
7
9
11
14
16
0.01
22
28
33
39
45
0.05
9
11
13
16
18
84
0.05
25
31
36
42
48
0.1
10
12
14
17
19
0.1
27
32
38
44
49
0.2
11
13
16
18
21
0.2
29
34
40
46
51
0.001
6
9
11
14
17
0.001 21
27
32
38
45
0.01
9
11
14
17
20
0.01
24
30
36
42
48
0.05
11
13
16
19
22
90
0.05
27
33
39
45
52
0.1
12
14
17
20
23
0.1
29
35
41
47
53
0.2
13
16
19
22
24
0.2
31
37
43
49
55
0.001
8
11
14
17
21
0.001 23
29
35
42
48
0.01
11
13
17
20
23
0.01
26
33
39
45
52
0.05
13
16
19
22
26
96
0.05
30
36
42
49
55
0.1
14
17
20
23
27
0.1
31
38
44
50
57
0.2
15
18
22
25
28
0.2
33
40
46
53
59
0.001 10
13
17
20
24
0.001 25
31
38
45
52
0.01
12
16
19
23
27
0.01
28
35
42
49
56
0.05
15
18
22
25
29 102 0.05
32
38
45
52
59
0.1
16
20
23
27
31
0.1
33
40
47
54
61
0.2
18
21
25
28
32
0.2
36
42
49
56
63
0.001 12
15
19
23
27
0.001 27
34
41
48
55
0.01
14
18
22
26
30
0.01
31
37
45
52
59
0.05
17
21
25
29
33 108 0.05
34
41
48
55
63
0.1
18
22
26
30
34
0.1
36
43
50
57
65
0.2
20
24
28
32
36
0.2
38
45
52
60
67

99

Bng 7 Gi tr ti hn (F) ca phng php Friedman

( ri ro 0.05 v 0.01)
S
ngi
th
j
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

S sn phm
3
7.143
6.250
6.222
6.200
6.545
6.167
6.000
6.143
6.400
5.99
5.99
5.99
5.99
5.99
5.99

4
5
6
Mc ngha ()
= 0,05
7.8 9.11 10.62
7.65 9.19 1068
7.66 9.22 1073
7.67 9.25 1076
7.68 9.27 1079
7.70 9.29 10.81
7.70 9.30 10.83
7.71 9.32 10.85
7.72 9.33 10.87
7.73 9.34 10.89
7.73 9.34 10.90
7.73 9.36 10.90
7.74 9.36 10.91
7.74 9.37 10.92
7.81 9.49 10.07

12.07
12.14
12.19
12.23
12.27
12.29
12.37
12.34
12.35
12.37
12.38
12.39
12.40
12.41
12.59

8.857
9.000
9.667
9.600
9.455
9.500
9.385
9.000
8.933
8.79
8.81
8.84
8.86
8.87
9.21

5
6
Mc ngha ()
= 0,01
10.371 11.97 13.69
10.35 12.14 13.87
1044
12.27 14.01
10.53 12.38 14.12
10.60 12.46 14.21
10.68 12.53 14.28
10.72 12.58 14.34
10.76 12.64 14.40
10.80 12.68 14.44
10.84 12.72 14.48
10.87 12.74 14.52
10.90 12.78 14.56
10.92 12.81 14.58
10.94 12.83 14.60
11.34 13.28 15.09

7
15.35
15.53
15.68
15.79
15.98
15.96
16.03
16.09
16.14
16.18
16.22
16.25
16.27
16.30
16.81

Bng 8 - Gi tr ti hn ca s khc bit gia cc tng th hng, p= 0.05

S
ngi
nh 20
gi 21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41

2
8.8
9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.7
10.9
11.1
11.3
11.4
11.6
11.8
11.9
12.1
12.2
12.4
12.6

3
14.8
152
15.5
15.9
16.2
16.6
16.9
17.2
17.5
17.8
18.2
18.5
18.7
19.0
19.3
19.6
19.9
20.2
20.4
20.7
21.0
21.2

4
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5
23.9
24.4
24.8
25.3
25.7
26.1
26.5
26.9
27.3
27.7
28.1
28.5
28.9
29.3
29.7
30.0

5
273
28.0
28.6
29.3
29.9
30.5
31.1
31.7
32.3
32.8
33.4
34.0
34.5
35.0
35.6
36.1
36.6
37.1
37.6
38.1
38.6
39.1

S sn phm
6
33.7
34.6
35.4
362
36.9
37.7
38.4
39.2
39.9
40.6
41.3
42.0
42.6
43.3
44.0
44.6
45.2
45.9
46.5
47.1
47.7
48.3

7
40.3
41.3
42.3
43.2
44.1
45.0
45.9
46.8
47.7
48.5
49.3
50.2
51.0
51.7
52.5
53.3
54.0
54.8
55.5
56.3
57.0
57.7

8
47.0
48.1
49.2
50.3
51.4
52.5
53.5
54.6
55.6
56.5
57.5
58.5
59.4
60.3
61.2
62.1
63.0
63.9
64.7
65.6
66.4
67.2

9
53.7
55.1
56.4
57.6
58.9
60.1
61.3
62.4
63.6
64.7
65.8
66.9
68.0
69.0
70.1
71.1
72.1
73.1
74.1
75.0
76.0
76.9

10
60.6
62.1
63.5
65.0
66.4
67.7
69.1
70.4
71..7
72.9
74.2
75.4
76.6
77.8
79.0
80.1
81.3
82.4
83.5
84.6
85.7
86.7

100

42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
55
60
65
70
80
90
100
110
120

12.7
12.9
13.0
13.1
13.3
13.4
13.6
13.7
13.9
14.5
15.2
15.8
16.4
17.5
18.6
19.6
20.6
21.5

21.5
21.7
22.0
22.2
22.5
22.7
23.0
23.2
23.4
24.6
25.7
26.7
27.7
29.6
31.4
33.1
34.8
36.3

30.4
30.8
31.1
31.5
31.8
32.2
32.5
32.8
33.2
34.8
36.3
37.8
39.2
42.0
44.5
46.9
49.2
51.4

39.5
40.0
40.5
40.9
41.4
41.8
42.3
42.7
43.1
45.2
47.3
49.2
51.0
54.6
57.9
61.0
64.0
66.8

48.9
49.4
50.0
50.6
51.1
51.7
52.2
52.8
53.3
55.9
58.4
60.8
63.1
67.4
71.5
75.4
79.1
82.6

58.4
59.1
59.8
60.4
61.1
61.8
62.4
63.1
63.7
66.8
69.8
72.6
75.4
80.6
85.5
90.1
94.5
98.7

68.0
77.9
68.8
78.8
69.6
79.7
70.4
80.6
71.2
81.5
72.0
82.4
72.7
83.2
73.5
84.1
74.2
85.0
77.9
89.1
81.3
93.1
84.6
96.9
87.8 100.5
93.9 107.5
99.6 1.14.0
105.0 120.1
110.1 126.0
115.0 131.6

87.8
88.8
89.9
90.9
91.9
92.9
93.8
94.8
95.8
100.5
104.9
109.2
113.3
121.2
128.5
135.5
142.1
148.4

Trch dn t D. Basket, Critical values of differences among rank sums for multiple comparisons,
Food Technology, 42: 79, 1988. In li vi s cho php ca Institute of Food Technologists.

101

Bng 9 _ Xc sut tch ly ca phn b chun vi gi tr tra bng l 1- nm di ng

cong chun t - n z(1- )
z
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4

.00
.5000
.5398
.5793
.6179
.6554

.01
.5040
.5438
.5832
.6217
.6591

.02
.5080
.5478
.5871
.6255
.6628

.03
.5120
.5527
.5910
.6293
.6664

.04
.5160
.5557
.5948
.6331
.6700

.05
.5199
.5596
.5987
.6368
.6736

.06
.5239
.5636
.6026
.6406
.6772

.07
.5279
.5675
.6064
.6443
.6808

.08
.5319
.5714
.6103
.6480
.6844

.09
.5359
.5753
.6141
.6517
.6879

.5
.6
.7
.8
.9

.6915
.7257
.7580
.7881
.8159

.6950
.7291
.7611
.7910
.8186

.6985
.7324
.7642
.7939
.8212

.7019
.7357
.7673
.7967
.8238

.7054
.7389
.7704
.7995
.8264

.7088
.7422
.7734
.8023
.8289

.7123
.7454
.7764
.8051
.8315

.7157
.7486
.7794
.8078
.8340

.7190
.7517
.7823
.8106
.8365

.7224
.7549
.7852
.8133
.8389

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

.8413
.8643
.8849
.9032
.9192

.8438
.8665
.8869
.9049
.9207

.8461
.8686
.8888
.9066
.9222

.8485
.8708
.8907
.9082
.9236

.8508
.8729
.8925
.9099
.9251

.8531
.8749
.8944
.9115
.9265

.8554
.8770
.8962
.9131
.9279

.8577
.8790
.8980
.9147
.9292

.8599
.8810
.8997
.9162
.9306

.8621
.8830
.9015
.9177
.9319

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

.9332
.9452
.9554
.9641
.9713

.9345
.9463
.9564
.9649
.9719

.9357
.9474
.9573
.9656
.9726

.9370
.9484
.9582
.9664
.9732

.9382
.9495
.9591
.9671
.9738

.9394
.9505
.9599
.9678
.9744

.9406
.9515
.9608
.9686
.9750

.9418
.9525
.9616
.9693
.9756

.9429
.9535
.9625
.9699
.9761

.9441
.9545
.9633
.9706
.9767

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

.9772
.9891
.9861
.9893
.9918

.9778
.9826
.9864
.9896
.9920

.9783
.9830
.9868
.9898
.9922

.9788
.9834
.9871
.9901
.9925

.9793
.9838
.9875
.9904
.9927

.9798
.9842
.9878
.9906
.9929

.9803
.9846
.9881
.9909
.9931

.9808
.9850
.9884
.9911
.9932

.9812
.9854
.9887
.9913
.9934

.9817
.9857
.9890
.9916
.9936

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

.9938
.9938
.9965
.9974
.9981

.9940
.9940
.9966
.9975
.9982

.9941
.9941
.9967
.9976
.9982

.9943
.9943
.9968
.9977
.9983

.9945
.9945
.9969
.9977
.9984

.9946
.9946
.9970
.9978
.9984

.9948
.9948
.9971
.9979
.9985

.9949
.9949
.9972
.9979
.9985

.9951
.9951
.9973
.9980
.9986

.9952
.9952
.9974
.9981
.9986

Selected Percentiles
Xc sut tch ly (1- ) :
Z(1- ) :

.90
1.282

.95
1.645

.975
1.960

.98
2.054

.99
2.326

.995 .999
2.576 3.090

In li t J. Neter v W. Wasserman, Applied Linear Statistical Models,1974, c s cho php ca

Richard D. Irwin, Homewood, IL.

102

Bng 10 - Bng cc gi tr ti hn ca t
Mc ngha ca kim nh mt pha (1 ui-One-Tailed Test)
Bc t do

.10

.05

.025

.01

.005

.0005

Mc ngha ca kim nh hai pha (2 ui-Two-Tailed Test)

.20
3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476

.10
6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015

.05
12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571

.02
31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365

.01
63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032

.001
656.619
31.598
12.941
8.610
6.859

6
7
8
9
10

1.440
1.415
1.3977
1.383
1.372

1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812

2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228

3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764

3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169

5.959
5.405
5.041
4.781
4.587

11
12
13
14
15

1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341

1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753

2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131

2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602

3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947

4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140
4.073

16
17
18
19
20

1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325

1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725

2.120
2.110
2.10
2.093
2.086

2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528

2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845

4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883
3.850

21
22
23
24
25

1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316

1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708

2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060

2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485

2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787

3.819
3.792
5.767
3.745
3.725

26
27
28
29
30

1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310

1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697

2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042

2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457

2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750

3.707
5.690
3.674
3.659
3.646

40
60
120

1.303
1.296
1.289
1.282

1.684
1.671
1.658
1.645

2.021
2.000
1.980
1.960

2.423
2.390
2.358
2.326

2.704
2.660
2.617
2.576

3.551
1.460
3.373
1.291

1
2
3
4
5

In li t E.S. Pearson v H.O. Hartley, Biometrika Tables for Statisticians Vol. I, 3d ed., 1966, c
s cho php ca Trustees of Biometrika

103

Bng 11 - Bng cc gi tr ti hn ca Khi-bnh phng

Bc t do
1
2
3
4
5

.20
1.64
3.22
4.64
5.99
7.29

Xc sut di iu kin H0 x2 Khi-bnh phng

.10
.05
.02
2.71
3.84
5.41
4.60
5.99
7.82
6.25
7.82
9.84
7.78
9.49
11.67
9.24
11.07
13.39

.01
6.64
9.21
11.34
13.28
15.09

.001
10.83
13.82
16.27
18.46
20.52

6
7
8
9
10

8.56
9.80
11.03
12.24
13.44

10.64
12.02
13.36
14.68
15.99

12.59
14.07
15.51
16.92
18.31

15.03
16.62
18.17
19.68
21.16

16.81
18.48
20.09
21.67
23.21

22.46
24.32
26.12
28.88
29.59

11
12
13
14
15

14.63
15.81
16.98
18.15
19.31

17.28
18.55
19.81
21.06
22.31

19.68
21.03
22.36
23.68
25.00

22.62
24.05
25.47
26.87
28.26

24.72
26.22
27.69
29.14
30.58

31.26
32.91
34.53
36.12
37.70

16
17
18
19
20

20.46
21.62
22.76
23.90
25.04

23.54
24.77
25.99
27.20
28.41

26.30
27.59
28.87
30.14
31.41

29.63
31.00
32.35
33.69
35.02

32.00
33.41
34,80
36.19
37.57

39.29
40.75
42.31
43.82
45.32

21
22
23
24
25

26.17
27.30
28.43
29.55
30.68

29.62
30.81
32.01
33.20
34.38

32.67
33.92
35.17
36.42
37.65

36.34
37.66
38.97
40.27
41.57

38.93
40.29
41.64
42.98
44.31

46.80
48.27
49.73
51.18
52.62

26
27
28
29
30

31.80
32.91
34.03
35.14
36.25

35.56
36.74
37.92
39.09
40.26

38.88
40.11
41.34
42.56
43.77

42.86
44.14
45.42
46.69
47.96

45.64
46.96
48.28
49.59
50.89

54.05
55.48
56.89
58.30
59.70

In li t E.S. Pearson and C. M. Thompson, Table of percentage points of the chi -square distribution,
Biometrika, Vol. 32, 1941, c s cho php ca Biomenika Trustees.

104

Bng 12 - Cc im ti hn ca Phn b F
Bc t do
Sai s

Bc t do sn phm

1
2
5
6
7
8
9

6.61
5.99
5.59
5.32
5.12

5.79
5.14
4.74
4.46
4.26

5.41
4.76
4.35
4.07
3.86

10
11
12
13
14

4.96
4.84
4.75
4.67
4.60

4.10
3.98
3.89
3.81
3.74

3.71
3.59
3.49
3.41
3.34

3.48
3.36
3.26
3.18
3.11

15
16
17
18
19

4.54
4.49
4.45
4.41
4.38

3.68
3.63
3.59
3.55
3.52

3.29
3.24
3.20
3.16
3.13

20
21
22
23
24

4.35
4.32
4.30
4.28
4.26

3.49
3.47
3.44
3.42
3.40

25
26
27
28
29

4.24
4.23
4.21
4.20
4.18

30
40
60
120

4.17
4.08
4.00
3.92
3.84

4
5
Nhng im trn 5%
5.19
5.05
4.53
4.39
4.12
3.97
3.84
3.69
3.63
3.48

10

20

4.74
4.06
3.64
3.35
3.14

4.56
3.87
3.44
3.15
2.94

3.33
3.20
3.11
3.03
2.96

2.98
2.85
2.75
2.67
2.60

2.77
2.65
2.54
2.46
2.39

3.06
3.01
2.96
2.93
2.90

2.90
2.85
2.81
2.77
2.74

2.54
2.49
2.45
2.41
2.38

2.33
2.28
2.23
2.19
2.16

3.10
3.07
3.05
3.03
3.01

2.87
2.84
2.82
2.80
2.78

2.71
2.68
2.66
2.64
2.62

2.35
2.32
2.30
2.27
2.25

2.12
2.10
2.07
2.05
2.03

3.39
3.37
3.35
3.34
3.33

2.99
2.98
2.96
2.95
2.93

2.76
2.74
2.73
2.71
2.70

2.60
2.59
2.57
2.56
2.55

2.24
2.22
2.20
2.19
2.18

2.01
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.94

3.32
3.23
3.15
3.07
3.00

2.92
2.84
2.76
2.68
2.60

2.69
2.61
2.53
2.45
2.37

2.53
2.45
2.37
2.29
2.21

2.16
2.08
1.99
1.91
1.83

1.93
1.84
1.75
1.66
1.57

Nhng im trn 1%
5
6
7
8
9

16.26
13.75
12.25
11.26
10.56

13.27
10.92
9.55
8.65
8.02

12.06
9.78
8.45
7.59
6.99

11.39
9.15
785
7.01
6.42

10.97
8.75
7.46
6.63
6.06

10.05
7.87
6.62
5.81
5.26

9.55
7.40
6.16
5.36
4.81

105

(Phn tip theo ca Bng D) Cc im ti hn ca Phn b F

10

20

Nhng im trn 1%

10
11
12
13
14

10.04
9.65
9.33
9.07
8.86

7.56
7.21
6.93
6.70
6.51

6.55
6.22
5.95
5.74
5.56

5.99
5.67
5.41
5.21
5.04

5.64
5.32
5.06
4.86
4.69

4.85
4.54
4.30
4.10
3.94

4.41
4.10
3.86
3.66
3.51

15
16
17
18
19

8.68
8.53
8.40
8.29
8.18

6.36
6.23
6.11
6.01
5.93

5.42
5.29
5.18
5.09
5.01

4.89
4.77
4.67
4.58
4.50

4.56
4.44
4.34
4.25
4.17

3.80
3.69
3.59
3.51
3.43

3.37
3.26
3.16
3.08
3.00

20
21
22
23
24

8.10
8.02
7.95
7.88
7.82

5.85
5.78
5.72
5.66
5.61

4.94
4.87
4.82
4.76
4.72

4.43
4.37
4.31
4.26
4,22

4.10
4.04
3.99
3.94
3.90

3.37
3.31
3.26
3.21
3.17

2.94
2.88
2.83
2.78
2.74

25
26
27
28
29

7.77
7.72
7.68
7.64
7.60

5.57
5.53
5.49
5.45
5.42

4.68
4.64
4.60
4.57
4.54

4.18
4.14
4.11
4.07
4.04

3.85
3.82
3.78
3.75
3.73

3.13
3.09
3.06
3.03
3.00

2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.57

30
40
60
120

7.56
7.31
7.08
6.85
6.63

5.39
5.18
4.98
4.79
4.61

4.51
4.31
4.13
3.95
3.78

4.02
3.83
3.65
3.48
3.32

3.70
3.51
3.34
3.17
3.02

2.98
2.80
2.63
2.47
2.32

2.55
2.37
2.20
2.03
1.88

y l bng rt gn ca Bng Table 18 trong The Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, Vol. 1, 3d ed.,
edited by E.S. Pearson and H.O. Hartley. c in li vi s cho php ca The Trustees of
Biometrika.

106

Bng 13- Bng s ngu nhin

11164
21215
10438
36792
73944

36318
91791
44482
26236
04773

75061
76831
66558
33266
12032

37674
58678
37649
66583
51414

26320
87054
08882
60881
82384

75100
31687
90870
97395
38370

10431
93205
12462
20461
00249

20418
43685
41810
36742
80709

19228
19732
01806
02852
72605

91792
08468
02977
50564
67497

49563
64208
51486
99756
71325

12872
48237
72875
26360
55217

14063
41701
38605
64516
13015

93104
73117
29341
17971
72907

78483
33242
80749
48478
00431

72717
42314
80151
09610
45117

68714
83049
33835
04638
33827

18048
21933
52602
17141
92873

25005
92813
79147
09227
02953

04151
04763
08868
10606
85474

65285
17264
95639
61555
78137

97198
57327
99754
76404
98768

12138
38224
31199
86210
04689

53010
29301
92558
11808
87130

94601
31381
68368
12841
79225

15838
38109
04985
45147
08153

16805
34976
51092
97438
84967

61004
65692
37780
60022
64539

43516
98566
40261
12645
79493

17020
29550
14479
62000
74917

62490
24216
16975
59138
29478

99215
63444
95428
39542
59652

84987
21283
33226
71168
50414

28759
07044
55903
57609
31966

19177
92729
31605
91510
87912

14733
37284
43817
77904
87154

24550
13211
22250
74244
12944

28067
37485
03918
50940
49862

68894
10415
46999
31553
96566

38490
36457
98501
62562
48825

96155
29621
12639
14544
83403

95009
66583
75291
37134
88827

27429
62966
71020
54714
09834

72918
12468
17265
02401
11333

08457
20245
41598
63228
68431

78134
14015
64074
26831
31706

48407
04014
64629
19386
26652

26061
35713
63293
15457
04711

58754
03980
53307
17999
34593

05326
03024
48766
18306
22561

67642
64041
17048
93039
82244

05204
99011
94523
89416
34392

30697
14610
97444
52795
96607

44806
40273
59904
10631
17220

96989
09482
16936
09728
51984

68403
62864
39384
68202
10753

85621
01573
97551
20963
76272

45556
82274
09620
02477
50985

35434
81446
63932
55494
97593

09532
32477
03091
39563
34320

96990
09119
57666
46492
08433

55244
74803
41204
61594
19172

70693
97303
47589
26729
08320

25255
88701
78364
58272
20839

40029
51380
38266
81754
13715

23289
73143
94393
14648
10597

48819
98251
70713
77210
17234

07159
78635
53388
12923
39355

60172
27556
79865
53712
74816

81697
20712
92069
87771
03363

10011
92420
35542
86595

75004
65431
55865
26247

86054
16530
07304
18552

41190
05547
47010
29491

10061
10683
43233
33712

19660
88102
57022
32285

03500
30176
52161
64844

68412
84750
82976
69395

57812
10115
47981
41387

57929
69220
46588
87195
107

72115 34985 58036 99137 47482 06204 24138 24272 16196 04393
07428
35379
10982
90127
63002

58863
27922
22807
33341
12990

96023
28906
10920
77806
23510

88936
55013
26299
12446
68774

51343
26937
23593
15444
48983

70958
48174
64629
49244
20481

96768
04197
57801
47277
59815

74317
36074
10437
11346
67248

27176
65315
43965
15884
17076

29600
12537
15344
28131
78910

40779
43216
96167
70975
85812
40603
40941
73505
39412
57994

86382
12608
64375
62693
61875
16152
53585
83472
16013
76748

48454
18167
74108
35684
23570
83235
69958
55953
11442
54627

65269
84631
93643
72607
75754
37361
60916
17957
89320
48511

91239
94058
09204
23026
29090
98783
71018
11446
11307
78646

45989
82458
98855
37004
40264
24838
90561
22618
49396
33287

45389
15139
59051
32989
80399
39793
84505
34771
39805
35524

54847
76856
56492
24843
47254
80954
53980
25777
12249
54522

77919
86019
11933
01128
40135
76865
64735
27064
57656
08795

41105
47928
64958
74658
69911
32713
85140
13526
88686
56273

61834
91402
58299
40684
75978

59199
77227
83880
99948
64298

15469
79516
20125
33880
08074

82285
21007
10794
76413
62055

84164
58602
37780
63839
73864

91333
81418
61705
71371
01926

90954
87838
18276
32392
78374

87186
18443
99041
51812
15741

31598
76162
78135
48248
74452

25942
51146
99661
96419
49954

34556
65990
16381
52458
33007

39861
57048
15069
88880
85607

88267
25067
25416
78352
92008

76068
77571
87875
67913
44897

62445
77974
90374
09245
24964

64361
37634
86203
47773
50559

78685
81564
29677
51272
79549

24246
98608
82543
06976
85658

27027
37224
37554
99571
96865

48239
49848
89179
33365
24186

38712
58722
26188
12893
33186

31512
03678
69497
54048
81346

08588
19186
51351
07255
85095

61490
69602
47799
86149
37282

72294
34625
20477
99090
85536

42862
75958
71786
70958
72661

87334
56869
52560
50775
32180

05866
17907
66827
31768
40229

66269
81867
79419
52903
19209

43158
11535
70886
27645
74939

79893
48449
94205
38648
04292

29448
15102
04259
09278
46028

88392
44126
68983
81313
75666

54211
19438
50561
77400
26954

61708
23382
06902
41126
34979

83452
14985
10269
52614
68381

61227
37538
22216
93613
45154

81690
30120
70210
27263
09314

42265
82443
60736
99381
81009

20310
11152
58772
49500
05114

17026
48070
30159
12148
73838

49737
76848
95450
92231
77067

85875
02531
83778
31361
24863

12139
97737
46115
60650
97576

59391
10151
99178
54695
01139

81830
18169
97718
30035
54219

30185
31709
98440
22765
02959

83095
74842
15076
91386
45696

78752
85522
21199
70399
98103

40899
74092
20492
79270
78867
108

109