NC MA V CHNG TA

100 cch s dng nc ma

NC MA V CHNG TA
100 cch s dng nc ma
Bn ting Anh ca Nhm tc gi Raindrops, Nht Bn (1995)

CC BO V MI TRNG
T chc dch v xut bn

Li gii thiu
Chng ti quyt nh dch cun sch ny tr gip Mng li Thng tin v S dng
Nc ma Nht Bn v trn ton Th gii. T ngy 01 n ngy 06 thng 08 nm 1994,
Hi ngh v S dng nc ma Quc t do Nht Bn ng cai c t chc ti thnh ph
Sumida, Tokyo vi ch "S dng nc ma cu Tri t - Xy dng mi quan h thn
thit vi nc ma cc thnh ph". Hi tho ln ny do Ban iu hnh Hi ngh S dng
nc ma ti Tokyo, chnh quyn thnh ph Sumida v Hip hi cc h thng thu gom nc
ma Quc t t chc.
Ngi ta c tnh rng n gia th k 21 c 60% dn s trn th gii sng ti cc khu
th. Trong hi tho ny, cc thnh vin a ra nhng tng hay v s dng nc ma v
cng nhau tm ra cch tit kim nc ma. Vo ma h nm 1994, Nht Bn b thiu nc
nghim trng, do vy hi tho ny c gii thiu rng ri trn cc phng tin truyn
thng v c hn 8000 ngi trn ton nc Nht tham gia. C 26 thnh vin nc ngoi,
tt c u l nhng nhn vt quan trng trong vic thc y s dng nc ma nc h: t
ngi dn, ngi i din ca cc t chc dn s, cn b chnh ph a phng, hc sinh cho
n cc nh nghin cu Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania, Trung Quc, Indonesia, Singapo,
Srilanka, Thi Lan, an Mch, Php, c, H Lan v M. Ngay t nhng ngy u, h
tho lun v cch tit kim nc ma trong cc khu th. Kt qu l c 5 im c rt ra:
1. Dn s Chu , chu Phi v Chu M La tinh s tip tc sng tp trung ti cc thnh
ph ln, do , nhng thnh ph ny phi i mt vi vn "Hn hn v l lt trong thnh
ph";
2. Nhng bi hc su sc v lng ph v thi nc ma xung cng thot nc ca Tokyo,
v mi y, ngi dn Tokyo to ra nhng cng ngh s dng nc ma hiu qu nhm
gp phn gii quyt vn "Hn hn v l lt trong thnh ph";
3. S dng nc ma l trch nhim ca ton Th gii, gn lin vi "Pht trin bn vng"
cc thnh ph;
4. Vn s dng nc ma c lin quan trc tip n ma axit v nhim khng kh;
5. Xy dng thi quen s dng nc ma trong cc thnh ph c lng ma di do.
Hi tho ny a ra nhng chnh sch v cng ngh lin quan n vic s dng nc
ma; thay i cch ngh v nc ma ca ngi dn. Kt qu ln nht ca hi ngh l
mng li thng tin v s dng nc ma ton cu. Chng ti mong rng vic s dng nc
ma hiu qu s c din ra trn ton Th gii. Do vy, chng ti hi vng tt c mi ngi
s quan tm ti vic s dng nc ma hoc nhng ngi s dng nc ma th s a ra

nhng cch s dng nc ma hiu qu. Chng ti thc s mun c cc bn chia s cc

tng s dng nc ma hay nht ca cc bn.
Ngy 31 thng 3 nm 1995
MAKOTO MURASE
Tng th k Ban t chc Hi ngh
Quc tv S dng nc ma din ra ti Tokyo

Mc lc
Trang
Li gii thiu

................................................................................................................... 3

M u

Nc ma v chng ta............................................................................... 7

Chng 1

CC THIT B S DNG NC MA
Nhng tng khc nhau ca nhiu ngi............................................. 11

Mc

Bo co vng
Mi thu gom nc ma - Botswana ........................................................ 74

Chng 2

C S CA VIC TN DNG NC MA
T cung cp - Tun hon - Hi ho ......................................................... 77

Mc

Bo co vng
Nui c bng nc ma - Srilanka ........................................................ 115

Chng 3

CC CNG NGH NG DNG NC MA

H thng thu gom - Lu cha - S dng............................................... 117

Mc

Bo co vng
Waikiki c ngha l nc sui - Hawaii ................................................ 168

Phn tham kho VI NT V S DNG NC MA

Tham quan cc c s c cc h thng s dng nc ma..................... 171
Mc

xut ca tc gi v ng dng nc ma
Hng ti mt thnh ph t iu tit nc ma ................................... 197

Cc thut ng

............................................................................................................... 200

Li kt

Mt cm nang thc hnh v s dng nc ma.................................... 201

M u
Chng ti xut bn cun sch ny, hy vng bn c s nh gi cao v tc dng ca nc
ma v s dng nc ma hiu qu hn.
Trc y, mi khi Tokyo ht nc dng, chnh ph c chiu hng xy thm p nc
cc vng thng ngun. Tuy nhin, vic xy dng nhng p nc khng l lm mt i
nhng khu rng, t nng nghip v i hi nhng hy sinh to ln ca c dn a phng.
Chng ti ngh xy dng hng vn cc "p nc nh" (cc b cha nc ma) cc khu
th thay v tip tc xy dng cc p nc khng l vng thng ngun bi v Tokyo
c thin nhin u i ban tng mt lng nc ma ln hn nhiu so vi nhu cu s dng
nc.
Mt t Tokyo c bao ph hon ton bng nha ng v b tng do khng cho
nc ma thm xung t. Hu qu l Tokyo tr thnh mt thnh ph nng, kht v hay lt
li. Chng ti mun phc hi s tun hon nc t nhin v lm cho thnh ph tr thnh ni
mi ngi sng mt cch hi ha v gn gi ma nh di sn cho cc th h mai sau. Chng ta
c th kim sot lt li trong thnh ph bng cch lu gi nc ma trn cc mi nh v
trn mt t v cho chng thm xung t. Nc ma tr c c th dng cho cc mc ch
khc khng phi n ung v dng trong cc trng hp khn cp, cho php chng ta bo
m t cung cp nc mt mc no .
To iu kin cho nc ma thm c xung t c th ngn nga vic cc thnh ph b
hy hoi do nhim nhit, phng nga tnh trng khan him nc v ci thin mi trng
th. N cng gp phn ti np ngun nc di t v nh chng ta c nc ung ngon
lnh t cc ngun nc di t. S dng nc ma l mt gii php ton din cho cc vn
v ti nguyn nc v mi trng cc khu th.
Cun sch ny khng phi l mt cun sch i su vo kha cnh khoa hc trong s dng
nc ma. y ch l sch hng dn vi 5 c im sau:
1. Cun sch ny l mt kho bu vi nhng tng m bt c ai cng c th ng dng
bt c u.
2. L thuyt chung v s dng nc ma cc khu th, nng thn v cc vng o xa
hon ton khng ging nhau. Cun sch ny tho lun nhng im khc bit c bn . Bn
chc chn s ngc nhin v mc bao qut rt rng v s dng nc ma ca nghin cu
ny.
3. Nhng thit k khc nhau ca cc h thng s dng nc ma v cc im cn thit cho
vic bo tr c minh ha r rng phc v cho nhng ngi mun th nghim chng.
4. Nhiu v d thc t cc h gia nh, cc ta nh ln v cc khu cng cng c gii
thiu. Cc v d ny s gip chng ta bin cc thnh ph thnh cc khu th m mi ngi
c th sng hi ha vi ma.

Cc iu kin v v d v s dng nc ma nc ngoi cng c gii thiu. Bn s

khm ph ra nc Nht c thin nhin u i nh th no vi nc ma. Cch nhn ca
bn v nc ma s thay i.
"Nhm ma ri (Raindrops)" bin son cun sch ny. Mt s thnh vin ca nhm nm
trong nhm nghin cu k thut ca ban t chc Hi ngh quc t Tokyo v s dng nc
ma c t chc thnh ph Sumida, Tokyo thng 4-1994. Nhm nghin cu k thut cam
kt cho s pht trin cc k thut cho bt c ai cng c th p dng ti mi ni. Hin nay,
c th thy c thnh qu ca nhng n lc ca chng ti trong vic xy dng cc khu
chung c, trm xng v cc khu siu th vi cc h thng s dng nc ma.
Chng ti cng t chc mt cuc thi v thu ht cc tng s dng nc ma trn khp
th gii. Chng ti nhn c nhiu tng sng to tuyt vi, 116 t Nht Bn v 7 t
nc ngoi. Chng ti cng i thm Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania v Hawaii hc hi cc
k thut khc nhau cc a phng. Cun sch ny cng trnh by cc pht hin thy c
trong nhng chuyn i ny. Mc ch cui cng ca "Nhm ma ri" l thay i kin trc
ca cc thnh ph ti Nht mi ngi c th sng mt cch hi ha vi ma, da trn c
mun ca nhng ngi i trc trong lnh vc ny.
Chng ti hy vng cun sch ny gip t c mc tiu .

Chng 1

CC THIT B S DNG NC MA
NHNG TNG KHC NHAUCA NHIU NGI

TO S THOI MI CHO CUC SNG THNH PH NH S DNG NC MA

Vo nm 1982, khi quyt nh xy dng Ryogoku Kokugikan (Trng u vt Sumo), mt

s thnh vin trong nhm Raindrops bt u ngay vic nghin cu s dng nc ma. ng
thi, cc thnh vin ny cng yu cu hip hi Sumo, thng qua Vn phng Thnh ph
Sumida, s dng nc ma t nhng mi che vo mc ch khc khng phi l n ung
hoc cung cp nc cho a phng trong trng hp khn cp. H cng cho rng khng
nn s dng nc ma theo cch n l tng ni, tng h m phi c p dng cho c mt
vng hoc c mt cng ng th mi em li hiu qu s dng cao. Kt qu l mt h thng
s dng nc ma c a vo xy dng trong cng trnh Ryogoku Kokugikan. Nm
1989, cc thnh vin trong nhm Raindrops bin son cun "Quan im v c o
Sumida" v trnh ln cc nh chc trch thnh ph nh mt bn xut a ra cc gi .
KHI PHC NHNG KNH THOT NC MT

thnh ph Sumida, c rt nhiu knh o tri di sut t Bc ti Nam, t ng sang Ty

m trc y c ni vi sng Sumida, sng Ara hoc vnh Tokyo. Ngy nay, hu ht cc
con knh ny u bin thnh ng b. Tuy nhin, theo quan im c trnh by trong
cun sch ny cc thnh vin ca nhm gi nn khi phc tr li cc con knh mt
thnh nhng knh nc nh c ng dnh cho ngi i b chy dc theo, ngi dn c
th tn hng c s mt lnh ca cc dng nc ny. Hn th na, vic xy dng cc knh
nc ny cng phi c xem nh mt chnh sch c bn trong quy hoch pht trin vng.
Nc cp cho cc con knh ny nn c ly t ngun nc ma thu gom t cc mi nh ca
cc ta nh hoc cc khu nh ln cn.
ng tic l nhng gi trong cun sch ny khng tr thnh hin thc. Tuy nhin,
mt vi tng c trnh by trong cun sch cng c ng dng ti thnh ph Sumida
v nhng ni khc. Nhng tng ny cng khuyn khch ngi dn cng nh cc chuyn
gia suy ngh tm ra nhng sng kin mi nhm s dng nc ma. Mc d c bin
son cch y 5 nm, song cc thnh vin ca nhm vn tin tng rng nhng quan im
c nu trong vn cn rt mi m, c ngha, mang tnh thc t v sng to.

GC B CHA NC MA CHO CNG NG DNG "TENSUISON"

Trc kia, cc cng ng ngi ta s dng cc thng ng nc thu gom nc ma.

Chng c y np v xp chng ln nhau theo hnh kim t thp. Hin nay, thnh ph
Sumida, rt nhiu thng sn mu cha nc sch xp dc l ng dng cho vic cha
chy. Cc thnh vin ca nhm tham gia bin son cun sch "Quan im v c o Sumida"
kin ngh thay v vic tch tr nc sch, nn cha nc ma trong nhng chic thng ny.
HI TNG LI CC THNG CHA NC MA THI XA

C th cha nc ma trong nhng b ln c t c nh trn mt t ti nhng a

im c tnh chin lc. Nn hn ch lng nc ma chy xung cc cng v rnh thot
nc xung quanh nh hoc hai bn ng ph. Lng nc ma c lu gi li ny c th
s dng trong cc cng ng nh ti cy hay mt s mc ch tng t khc; v trong
cc trng hp khn cp, c th dng lng nc ma d tr ny cha chy hoc thm ch
c th thay th cho nc n. Mi b cha nn c lp t thm mt chic bm tay v mt
ci vi nh bt c ai cng c th s dng nc vo bt c lc no. Cc thnh vin ca
nhm gi b cha nc loi ny l "Tensuison" c ngha l "trn trng ngun nc ma cha
ban tng".
H nu vn tt v tng ny trong cun "Quan im v c o Sumida".
Khi bn do quanh qun Ichitera-Kototoi thuc thnh ph Sumida, bn s i ngang qua
ng ph Eco-Roji - ng ph sinh thi (Roji theo ting Nht Bn c ngha l "ng
ph") v bn s thy ng ph c tn gi l Rojison - theo ngha en l "tn trng cc ng
hp". Ph Rojison c mt b cha nc ma ngm vi dung lng ti a 10m3 v c lp t
thm bm tay. Ngun nc ny c dng ti cy v c xem nh h thng cha nc
ma cho cng ng dng trong trng hp khn cp. Bn cng s nhn thy nhng b
cha ln sn mu ta c lp vi trc ca cc cn nh. Cc tng v Tensuison c
nu trong cun sch "Quan im v c o Sumida" tr thnh hin thc di nhiu hnh
thc khc nhau ti vng Ichitera-Kototoi.
KIM SOT LNG NC MA TRONG B CHA

Khng phi l tt c nc ma thu gom c u c th cha trong cc b cha kiu

"Tensuison". Ngi ta tnh ton dung lng b cha da trn lng ma trung bnh ti cc
a phng. Bi vy, khi c ma ln hoc ko di th lng nc ma s vt qu dung

lng b cha. Trong cun "Quan im v c o Sumida", cc thnh vin xut khi
phc tr li cc con knh nh trc y c th x lng nc d tha khi ma ln ko di
vo h thng knh thot ny, mt phn nc ny s b ngm xung t. Nc d tha c th
chy trn ra t b cha vo cc con knh qua mt mng chy. Tuy nhin khi cc b cha cn
nc th nc li c th chy ngc t cc knh thot ny vo cc b cha. Mng chy c
thit k nh mt thc nc theo kiu bc thang
Xung quanh cc b cha kiu "Tensuison" nn t cc khi vt liu thm nc c khi
nc trong b cha tha c th chy trn ra v ngm c xung t. Hin nay do c qu
nhiu t b mt b bao ph bi lp nha ng hoc b tng v b tng b chn su trong
lng t, do chu trnh nc b gin on v cc tng cha nc di t cng b tt gim
lng nc. S thiu ht lng nc ngm lm gim p sut a tnh v cng l nguyn nhn
gy st ln cc tng t. V vy, vic nc ma thm c xung lng t cng l mt
mc ch quan trng ca vic s dng nc ma.
LI VO THM LC NC MA XUNG LNG T

cui cc knh thot cng nn t cc khi vt liu c th thm nc. Nn s dng

tng ke b ca cc knh thot ny thay v s dng cc khi b tng. Hn na, b cc con
knh cng nn c ke dc thoai thoi ngi dn c th d dng ly nc. Mc ch l
tng nht ca vic s dng ke b knh l to nn mi trng cho cua v c sng trong
cc k h ca nhng khi . Nu ch dng b tng th khi dng nc chy qua ta s khng
khm ph c v p ca n.

CC THIT B HNG TH NGUN NC MA THNG BAN TNG

Trong cun "Quan im v c o Sumida", chng ti cng xut xy nhng con ng

dnh cho khch b hnh bn cnh cc knh thot nc mi ngi c th tn hng c
th vui i b. nhng on ng ny nn c nhng thm ngh c xy nh ra v bm st
vo b cc con knh khch b hnh c th ngh ngi. Ngoi ra, chng ti cng xut t
thm nhng thm ngh ny nhng vt dng trang tr c s dng nc ma to cnh p
mt v to m thanh vui tai. Chng ti yu cu nhiu ngi tham gia thit k cc h thng
knh dn nc ma ny nh mt "cng trnh ngh thut". V kt qu l nhn c rt
nhiu thit k mang tnh sng to. Di y xin m t 2 trong s cc thit k nhn c.

MA LM QUAY "BNH XE NC"

Sng to u tin mang tn "Vi phun ma". Nc ma c cha trong mt b Tensuison

t pha bn kia ca con knh khng cng pha vi ng i b v nc chy t b ti vi
phun trung tm thng qua ng ng ni t nghing. Dng nc c th c to gia tc dc
theo ng ng dc v v th s phun ra khi u vi phun. Cng c mt thit k tng t
ngh to mt dng sui nh gia thm ngh.
Sng to th hai mang tn "Bnh xe nc". Nc ma chy vo mt ci a ln t trn
nh ca mt chic gy di. Trn a c nhng l khoan nh, mt vi chic vng bnh xe nh
gn trn u cy gy. Cc ng ng dn nc ma ni vi cc l khoan nh ca a ri i
ln pha trn cc vng bnh xe v lm cho chng quay. Vng bnh xe c m mt lp kim
loi mng v c mt chic lng v mu vng im thm nhng di mu nu, khi quay trng
nh mt bng hoa hng dng. Vi lu lng ma khc nhau th tc quay cng khc
nhau v chng ta c th chim ngng rt nhiu dng hnh nh nhng bng hoa hng dng
khc nhau.
Thng thng mi ngi thng thch nhng ngy nng hn ngy ma. Bu tri trong
xanh s mang n cm gic ti sng. Khi tri ma, hu nh chng ta khng mun ra ngoi
v ng trn trt. V iu ti t nht l rt c th ma ln s gy ra lt li, xi mn, l t.
Tuy nhin chng ta khng th sng thiu ma. "Bnh xe nc" c thit k vi tinh thn
khuyn khch mi ngi trn trng ngun nc ma m thng ban tng. N to cho
chng ta cm gic nh mun ht vang cu ht: "Vng quanh, vng quanh, bnh xe nc...".

"TNG THN MA JIZO" NG VAI TR O MC NC MA

Masaki Matsumoto, mt trong nhng thnh vin ca nhm Raindrops, xut xy dng
mt bc tng mang ngha thn nc ma (Rainwater Jizo), va ng vai tr nh mt thit
b o mc nc v li va l biu tng khuyn khch cho vic s dng nc ma. y l
mt thit b s dng lc y ca nc (sc ni): khi nc ma y trong b cha th bc
tng thn nc ma s nh ln trn mt t, v khi nc c bm ra ngoi hoc b ngm
mt phn vo t th bc tng ny s b ln dn xung t. Khi bc tng ny tt xung n
y th ta ch c th nhn thy phn chm ca n l ci m. Bn cnh l mt tm bin hiu
vi khu hiu cao vic s dng nc ma "Nc ma l s ban tng ca thng ". Pha
trc bc tng t mt chic thng quyn gp ng h.
Nhng bc tng Jizo trc y rt ph bin Nht Bn. Chng ta c th nhn thy chng
khp mi ni trn cc min t nc. Nhng bc tng ny thng nm di nhng cy
ln m thng c xem nh nh ca cc n thn. Cc c gi v cc chng trai c th ng
di cc tn cy tr ma cng vi thn Jizo.

BIU TNG CA VIC S DNG NC MA

Thn Jizo rt rng lng thm ch bn tr c th nm hoc quay di ym ca bc tng

t ng trc ra ng sau v thong qua trng Jizo tht tinh nghch. Masaki Matsumo ni,
"Jizo l hnh nh gi nh li nhng ngy bnh yn, do ti xut Jizo nh l mt biu
tng khuyn khch vic s dng nc ma. Tuy nhin, cng ch l mt trong nhng la
chn. nc Nht c mt con vt truyn thuyt dn gian ging nh l loi ch gi l Kappa.
cng l hnh tng c th c s dng. iu ny c bit ph hp vi thnh ph Sumida
bi v trc y thnh ph c nhiu dng sng v knh nc, mi trng sng ca Kappa v
thnh ph Sumida cng c nhiu im tng ng.

THY CUNG THU NH CA CNG NG

Trc kia, bc tng Jizo ni ting trong khu vc n Nanzoin m by gi khng cn na.
Bc tng ny c tn l "Thn ma Jizo". Tng truyn rng trong nhng t kh hn tri s
ma nu ta cun dy thng lm bng rm ln ton b bc tng v cu nguyn. Chng ti hy
vng "Thn ma Jizo" nghe thy c li cu nguyn em ma ti.
Ryu Ichikawa, mt trong nhng thnh vin ca nhm Raindrops, xut "B nui c
cng cng". nh ca anh l lm mt b cha nc ma n gin t mt ci b cha ti s
dng gn vi mt b c pha bn trn gy s thch th.
Ryu Ichikawa yu thch c t thi nin thiu. Hi cn l hc sinh tiu hc, mi ln t
trng v l anh ly ngay chic gu v li chy ra dng sng gn nh bt c. Sau anh
mang c v th vo ci h nh trong sn nh v ngm nhn c bi li. Anh ngh n
tng ny vi hy vng to c c hi cho tr em cc khu th v thnh ph, ni khng
c cc dng sng, c chi a vi c.

B CHA NC MA C GN B NUI C

Thit b rt n gin. Nc ma chy t mi nh vo mt ci thng hnh trng thng qua

mt ng ng kn. Khi nc trong thng y, do chnh lch p sut nn nc s y
ngc t thng cha ln b c pha bn trn thng qua mt ng ng ni.
ng ng ni ny cng c chc nng o mc nc. Khi mc nc trong b c vt qu
mc nht nh th lng nc tha s ngm xung t qua mt ng ng chy trn. Phn
cn bn trong nc ma s lng xung y thng cha. Do , khi tnh ma bn c th m
vi v dng nc sch.

H KIU XOY C "MAIMAIZU" TRONG CNG VIN THNH PH

Yanaka, Tokyo, "b nui c cng cng" c tr em rt a thch. N ch l mt b cha

lm t mt ci l hoc bnh ti s dng, sinh vt trong nc sng c th sng trong . Chng
ta c th tng tng ra mt bc tranh sng ng: nhng ci b cha nc ma cng vi b
c pha trn t khp ni, trong c rt nhiu loi c bi li tung tng. Tr em c th cho
chng n v ngm nhn chng tha thch.
Cc khu cng vin nh do nhng ngi tham gia xy dng cun "Quan im v c o
Sumida" xut l mt loi hnh cng vin nh trong cc thnh ph c tn dng trit cc
ngun nc ma kh di do.
Trong cc khu cng vin ny, c mt b cha nc ma ngm di t v c hnh trn.
Nc ma c thu vo b cha t cc mi nh ca cc khu chung c gn . Pha bn trong
ca b cha hnh trn ny hi hm xung v c hnh xoy trn c dc xung di. Nc ma
trn b mt t khu cng vin v nc d tha trong b cha s chy dc theo ng xoy
trn c hi dc ny v dn dn thm xung t gia ch trng. Khi tri ma, phn trng
xung ny trng nh mt vng nc, khi tri tnh c th nhn thy c ng xon c
di y ca vng nc.

CC THIT B THM NC XUNG T V TO CNH QUAN

T nhiu nm trc, ngi sng vng Tama, pha ty ca Tokyo tng truyn li cch
thc to mt l xoy hnh xon c hi dc ly nc t cc ging o kiu maimaizu (c
sn), bi v mc nc di t qu thp c th o ging kiu thng ng. tng cng
vin nh xut pht t loi b nc hnh con c sn thng hay c dng ti vng Tama.
Xung quanh b cha ngi ta t nhng dy gh di, xch u, cu trt v cc thng ct,
v xung quanh cng vin ngi ta trng cc cy to. Nc ma cng c thu vo b cha
nc ma t pha di mi nh ca khu v sinh cng cng ca cng vin. Nc ma c
bm t di b cha ln s dng trong cc cng trnh v sinh v ti cy.

MA RI THT P

C mt tng khc v vi phun nc ma theo kiu tng ch tiu ng ang i tiu.

Ly nc ma t b cha t thp hn so vi b mt ng cao tc s dng cho vi phun
nc.
Cuc thi v Cc tng s dng nc ma c t chc cng lc vi Hi ngh quc t v
s dng nc ma t chc ti Tokyo nhm mc tiu thu thp cc tng v thit k v s
dng nc ma t khp ni trn th gii. Cuc thi thu ht c 116 tng ca Nht Bn
v 7 tng t cc nc khc.
Ngi ng th nm trong cuc thi l mt ngi Nht Bn, C Akiko Shigihara vi tiu
cho sng tc ca mnh "Lm nc ma ngm xung t theo cch ph hp v mt sinh thi
cc khu cng vin". Anh trai c, Takaaki Shigihara cng tham d cuc thi trn vi thit k
mang tn "Nng lng ca git ma trn mi nh". C hai u ot gii thng "Xut sc".
Trong xut ca mnh, c Akiko Shigihara trnh by: "Trong khi bay n Chu u, t
trn my bay ti nhn thy bu tri trong xanh, v p hp dn ca nh ni Everest y tuyt,
nhng vng bng trng Siberia v ni Blanc. Mi th u tht tuyt diu! Sumida, ma
c to thnh t cc m my dng nh phng to ln di bu tri ti p, p n ni
c cm gic ma ri nh l nhng git nc mt ca m my. Nc ma mang li sc sng
cho cy c, hoa l v con ngi. Nc ma cn cho s sng ca mi loi sinh vt v n c
to thnh t m thin nhin ti p.

HY EM NC MA C LC SCH QUAY V VI M THIN

Do , nhim v ca chng ta l tr li nc ma v cho t nhin nh n vn d. Ti mun

nc ma c tr v lng t qua cc thit b lm sch t trong cng vin, vng t trng
ngoi tri, vn tc v mt s ni khc na. tng ca ti v mt thit b lm sch da
trn mt tm li lc c mt nh lc cn bn t nc ma, cng vi si, than hot tnh v
ct lt di tm li. tng gy n tng ca c l s quan trng ca vic tn dng nc
ma.
Chng ti cng gii thiu tm tt tng ca Yasuaki Higuchi v "H thng thu hi nc
ma cng cng" m tng c bn cng tng t nh ca Shigihara.

S DNG KHNG GIAN PHA DI NG CAO TC TRN CAO CHA NC

MA

Do rng ca cc ng ng thot nc v khong khng gian pha di cc thanh x

ngang ca cc on ng cao tc v ng ray c nng ln cao, tng s dng khong
khng ny cha nc ma c v c tnh thc t cao. Chng ti cng pht hin ra rt
nhiu thit b s dng nc ma kiu ny c ng k sng ch sau khi kim tra danh
mc cp bng sng ch v cng ngh ng dng nc ma. Trong cuc thi v cc tng s
dng nc ma, c hai ngi Nht Bn cng xut tng s dng nc ma theo kiu
ny. Takashi Higuchi t gii sng to vi tng lin quan n khong khng pha di
cc thanh x ngang ca cc on ng cao tc v ng ray trn cao. Katsumi Tamura t
gii xut sc vi tng nhan "Xin cho (Hello)", vi nh lm cho cc khong khng t
nht pha di nhng on ng cao tc v ng ray trn cao trng c v "p hn".

CC CNG TY NG CAO TC CNG CNG V NG ST: XIN HY NGH V

IU NY!

on ng cao tc Tokyo di c khong 230 km v c chiu rng khong 16 m. Din

tch b mt ca ng l 3.680.000 m2 v nu nhn ln vi lng ma trung bnh hng nm
ti Tokyo (khong 1500 mm) th tng lng nc ma s vo c 5.520.000 m3. Lng nc
ma ny tng ng vi 4,4% tng lng nc m Tokyo x ra mi nm t p Yagisawa
(126.000.000 m3).
Tuy nhin, hu ht lng nc ma ny vo cc sng qua ng ng cng. Mc d
mt vi ni, cc khong trng pha di cc on ng cao tc v ng st trn cao cng
c s dng lm ng b, cng vin hay bi xe, song phn ln u cn cha c s
dng.
Trong cc khu th ng c th vic m bo c c khng gian xy dng cc b
cha nc ma l rt kh khn. Lp t h thng b cha nc ma di nhng con ng
hay cc ta nh hin ang c s dng l vn phc tp do chi ph cao v kh bo dng.
Thm ch nu chng ta ch cho n khi xy dng li th trong tng lai th cng ch c rt
t thay i v quy hoch ng x v cc ta nh ln, c th l s c mt s rt t khu m
dng cho mc ch xy dng b cha nc ma. Do , khong trng khng s dng di
cc on ng cao tc v ng ray trn cao rt c gi tr, v nn c s dng lm ni
cha nc ma. Hn na, s gim c sc ti ca cc h thng cng, nhng tp on ng
cao tc v tp on ng st cng cng: Hy xem xt tng ny!.

SN CHI VI B CHA "TENSUISON" V CY CI

Mt kin trc s ngi c mt ln ni rng: tr em ch cn mt sn chi trong c

nhiu nc v cy ci xum xu. Tr em theo bn nng bit cch chi vi ch nc v cy.
ng ta cho rng hin nay ti Nht Bn c qu nhiu sn chi dnh cho ngi ln. Trong cun
quan im v c o Sumida, chng ti ngh: nu mt sn chi ch c cy v nc m khng
c cc cu trt, xch u, tr chi th hnh th s nh th no?. Tt nhin, nc y nn l
nc ma.
Mt sn chi c cy xung quanh, c nhng cy ln ta nhnh v l rng ra pha ngoi c
th tro leo u a. B cha theo kiu Tensuison t di gc cy v c th tro ln c. C
mt cy c bao quanh bi mt si dy thng bng rm di khong 30 cm pha trn ca
Tensuison, v c hai u dy thng u ni vi l trn np b Tensuison thu nc ma.
tng ny ly ngun cm hng t h thng thu nc ma c tn Shide m trc y thng
c dng thu nc ma cc hn o ln cn bng cch ly nc ma t l cy vi
nhiu si dy thng. Tuy nhin ch vi cch ny khng thu hi c nhiu nc ma, do
ngi ta lp t thm nhng chic b ngm thu gom nc ma t mi nh ca nhng ta
nh ln gn .

KINH NGHIM V "LY NC MA" HC C T NGI DN SNG CC

O NH

Mi b Tensuison c mt ci vi, v di vi l mt ci chu hng nc. Tr con c th

a nghch vi nc trong chu v c th lm bt c vic g cn n nc. Chng ti yu cu
bn tr dng nc ti cy v hoa. Ti chnh gia sn chi, ngi ta t Amamizu-Kozo
(ch tiu ng i tiu) - l biu tng ca cng vin - ti ci vi tt c bn tr.
GII THNG LN - "CNG VIN NC MA"

"Cng vin nc ma" do Yasushi Niwa xut ot gii thng ln trong cuc thi v
ng dng nc ma. Mt thp ct mc c hnh dng tng t nh mt cnh tay v lng bn
tay hng ln pha bu tri c t gia cng vin, th hin ngha "nc ma l mt
mn qu ca thng ". Cng nh vy, nc ma c thu hi t phn c hnh bn tay ca
thp v chy vo b cha t pha trong lng thp. Mt phn nc ma c dng cho cc
nh v sinh cng cng t pha di thp. Phn cn li chy xui xung theo ng ng
xon v l ngun pht in. Nng lng in ny c th dng iu khin ng i b ni
xoay trn quanh khu thp v tr chi t ca tr em.
Vo bui sng khi m Yasushi Niwa c tin trn bo v cuc thi th tri ang ma. Vo
lc , anh cm thy bun chn v khng mun lm bt c vic g k c i do bn ngoi v
tri ma. V th m git thi gian anh bt u ngh n vic lm cch no c th s
dng nc ma. V cui cng, tng v "Cng vin nc ma" ra i. Vi mt chic thp
ging nh mt cnh tay v bn tay cng vi mt s c cu truyn ng ch hot ng trong
nhng ngy tri ma rt ph hp vi mc tiu ca cuc thi. Do , tng ca anh c
nht tr c cho gii thng ln.
CNG VIN CHY BNG IN NNG TO T NC MA

Vic vn hnh mt ng i b t xoay quanh khu thp dng nh rt kh. Tuy nhin v l ng ny ni
c trn mt nc ma dng cho ngun pht in v thot nc, do n khng i hi qu nhiu nng lng.
Nu bn i b dc theo ng bng truyn t ng dnh cho ngi i b trong cc nh ga xe la hoc sn bay
theo chiu ngc vi chiu chuyn ng ca bng truyn th bn s gy phin toi cho nhng ngi khc.
Nhng vi ng i b t quay trong cc cng vin kiu ny th bn c th i theo bt c chiu no v c th
ch ng tt hay bt chc nng quay t ng ty thch. y cng chnh l mt hnh thc gii tr rt th v i vi
tr em.

TN HNG VIC S DNG NC MA

Nhiu nm trc y, khi mong mun nhanh chng c v nh, tr em vn thng hay
ht bi " Kaeru ga naku kara kaero" (V i thi v ch ang ku m p ri". ch ku l du
hiu bo tri ti hoc sp ma. Tuy nhin, ngy nay, cc khu th, chng ta ch cn nhn
thy nhng con ch c t trn nhng ci bn hoc ci gi trang tr, chng khng th
nhy v cng khng th d bo thi tit c na.
Nhng cnh ca s ng cht khng ch ngn ting n trn ng ph m cn ngn c
ting ma ri p vo ca s. Do , ngm nhn cnh ma ri c nh th chng ta ang xem
mt b phim cm, d rng n vn rt th v. Tuy nhin, ta khng th tn hng hp m ca
ting ma ri.
Ngi ta t nhng chic ng h c nhy cao o lng nc ma trn mi nh
ca Ryogoku Kokugikan v Vn phng Chnh ph Tokyo. Tn hiu in t thng bo trc
tip ti h thng my tnh t ti phng qun l trung tm o cng ma ri. Nhng tn
hiu ny khng th d bo tri ma nh ch nhi v cng khng th thng bo ti ngi i
trn ng rng ma ln n th no. Nu tn hiu in truyn ti my tnh c chuyn sang
dng sng v chiu vo bin bo phn quang th s cho ta thy c ton cnh mi trng
xung quanh theo cch rt c o.

"KAPPA" THC DY VO NHNG NGY MA

Khi ngh v cch tn dng nc ma mang tnh gii tr, chng ti nghin cu nhiu
tng. Kazunobu Hotta xut hnh tng "Kappa (ging nh loi ch nhi trong chuyn
c tch Nht Bn) c th bo hiu tri ma". l mt chic thng cha hnh con ch Kappa
lm bng si vi bt d bo tri ma. Mt vi Kappa c treo trn cnh cy dc theo
nhng mng nc hoc trong cc cng vin nc ma trng l th v y cng l du hiu
cho bit lng ma rt hu hiu. Masaki Matsumoto, mt trong nhng thnh vin ca nhm
Raindrops, a ra tng "Urynkin" - mt loi nhc c chi c nh nc ma. Nc chy
t b cha lm xoay mt bnh xe nc. Trn b mt bnh xe c gn nhng chic cc nh, khi
bnh xe quay nhng chic cc ny p vo cc thanh g trn mt chic n phin g v to
m thanh.

"TENSUISON SENTO" (Nh tm cng cng) - TRI T C GT RA

Mt nh tm cng cng s dng nc ma c xut trong cun sch "Quan im v

c o Sumida". Nc ma thu c t mi ca nh tm cng cng c s dng trong cc
nh v sinh, ti cy, dp tt ha hon v cn l nc ung trong cc trng hp khn cp.
Theo tng ny, ngi ta t tn ca nh tm l Tensuison Sento c s phn bit vi
s xut hin ca nh tm giai on nhng nm 1603 - 1867. Quang cnh ca mt chic h
cha nc ma cng vi nhng bi cy nh trong khu vn v mt chic thp nh vi 1 b
cha bn trn. Nc ma c bm t b cha ngm ln ti b cha ni, T b cha ni,
nc c cp ti cc h thng khc di tc dng ca trng lc.
ng tic l, Tensuison Sento vn ch l tng. Tuy nhin, chnh l hnh mu xy
dng nh tm sinh thi (Eco-Sento) do t nhn iu hnh ti Ishihara. thnh ph Sumida
kiu nh tm ny c bit rng ri hn vi tn gi l "Mikokuyu" ca Shigeru Ito. Cc nh
tm cng cng loi ny tng rt c a chung v thng ng vai tr nh cc trung tm
cng ng. Nhng ln lt mt i. Tuy nhin, Mikokuyu tr thnh mt "trung tm sinh
thi" (l cch gi theo li chi ch do cch pht m gn ging nhau gia Sento v Center),
khng ch hot ng nh l mt trung tm ca cng ng m cn l trung tm c cc hot
ng mi trng ti a phng.

"ECO-SENTO" (Nh tm sinh thi)

Quan im s dng nc ma c p dng t khi Mikokuyu c thit k li vo nm

1991. Mc d nc dng cho cc bn tm v vi sen l nc cp trong thnh ph hoc ngun
nc khong thin nhin, song nc ma thu t mi nh ln ca nh tm cng cng c
dng cho nhng h nc nh hoc dng trong cc nh v sinh.
Bn cnh , ngi ta cn thit k mt gc gi l "gc ti ch" c t nhng chic thng
thu gom v thng, chai, l rng. Chai l rng s c sc ra bng nc ma v c thu
gom v Rojison v c lu gi ti y ch xe ti n em i ti ch.
Theo lut nh, nc c chia lm 3 loi: nc dng cho n ung (nc thnh ph), nc
khng dng c cho n ung (nc ma, nc xm...) v nc thi. Theo cc lut v quy
nh v y t th hn ch s dng nc ma cho cc nh tm v b bi cng cng. Nc cp
cho cc b bi v nh tm cng cng phi l nc dng cho n ung. Nu nc ma c
tinh lc v cht lng nc t tiu chun theo lut nh th c th s dng cho mc ch n
ung. Tuy nhin, iu ny i hi phi trang b rt nhiu thit b tinh lc. Lng nc ma
cng ln th i hi cng nhiu thit b v v chi ph ln. Mc d c kh nhiu khon vay
cng cng do chnh ph hoc cc chnh quyn a phng lun khuyn khch s dng nc
ma, song s lng cc d n ln v tng tin cho cc khon vay li hn ch. Do , nc
ma vn ch yu c dng trong cc nh v sinh, ti cy v ra xe, chnh l v khng cn
phi quan tm n cht lng nc nhiu lm.

KINH NGHIM LM SCH NC MA

Ti nhng vng thiu nc cp thnh ph, nc ma chy vo cc con sui, ging v c

lc dng cho mc ch sinh hot. Ngi dn sng nhng hn o Izu, Amami hay o
Zamami ti vng Okinawa vn phi dng nc theo cch ny. C l s tt hn nu nc ma
trong thnh ph cng c th dng lm nc ung, nhng iu ny rt kh do tnh trng mi
trng khng kh. Ti khu th, nc ma b nhim bn do khng kh b nhim. Vic lm
sch nc ma loi ny c th ung c khng phi d.
HY XEM LI CCH SNG CA CHNG TA

Khi cc p nc b kh cn hoc cc ng ng cp nc ca thnh ph b ph hy do

thin tai th s phi da vo nc ma phc v cho mc ch n ung. lm iu ny,
chng ta khng nhng cn phi nghin cu ch to cc h thng tinh lc t hiu qu cao m
cn cn phi xem xt li cch sng, v thc s n lc nhiu hn na khng gy nhim
khng kh.
NC MA THI SC SNG VO CC TRM XNG

Hin nay c hn 50.000 trm bm xng trn ton nc Nht. Hu ht ti cc trm ny u

c trang b cc thit b ra xe, vi lu lng s dng khong 150 lt nc trn mt u xe.
Thm vo , thit b ra xe ti cc trm xng hot ng c ngy, git khn lau lau cc ca
s. Nc cng c bm trn ra b mt ca khu bm xng trnh tch in. Ni chung, ti
tt c cc trm bm xng, ngi ta dng rt nhiu nc cp thnh ph. Tuy nhin, li c th
thu c rt nhiu nc ma t mi che ca cc trm bm xng. Vic s dng nc ma
cc trm bm xng l rt hp l v rt thun tin cho vic xy dng cc h thng s dng
nc ma.
Cc sinh vin ca gio s ging dy v kin trc, Nobuhiro Suzuki, ti trng i hc
Khoa hc ca Tokyo, c giao chuyn thc tp tt nghip y thch thc v "Ma
mang li khng kh sng ng cc trm xng". im trng tm ca ch ny l thit k
vic s dng nc ma cc trm xng khng ch cho mc ch s dng nc ma ra xe
v bm trn ra ngoi, m cn lm cho khch hng hay ngi qua li c th chim ngng
quang cnh v m thanh ma ri, khng ch vy m c cy ci, chim mung xung quanh cng
c th tn hng c bu khng kh sng ng ny. Cc sinh vin c t do thit k gic
m ca mnh m khng b hn ch bi bt c iu kin no.

THIT K S DNG NC MA LI CUN NG QUAN

Mt k hoch c xut: To mt khu ngh cho khch hng dng chn vi thc nc
nhn to dng nc ma, mn ma, cng vo bng nc, h cha nh kiu Tensuison v mt
vn nh trong cng mt khng gian. Thit k ny bao gm nhiu yu t ch r c mc
mnh ca thc nc ma, ca dng nc ma chy xui, nhng bc tng v sn s tr nn
t ti mc no v nh sng c phn chiu lp lnh qua gin ma nh th no.
Mt xut khc vi tn gi "c o gia thnh ph". Trong thit k ny, cy ci c
trng trn mi che, v nc ma c gi trong t s mang li s ti tt cho cy ci.
B CHA NC MA N GIN DNG CHO H GIA NH

Vn kh khn nht c th khuyn khch s dng nc ma quy m cc h gia nh

l vic khng b tr c khng gian cho cc b cha nc ma v lng nc ma qu ln.
Khi xy dng mt ngi nh c lp, th nn xy b cha nc ma bng btng c gia c
chc chn t ngm di lng t. B ny cng ng vai tr nh mng ngi nh m khng
cn thit phi thm khong khng hoc thm chi ph. Tuy nhin n c th cha nhiu nc
ma dng vo vic ti cy, dng cho cc cng trnh v sinh, ra xe, hoc d phng trong cc
trng hp khn cp. Trong mt ngi nh c sn, th c th xy dng b cha nc ma
hoc mua mt b cha lm sn t trong vn hay cnh li ra vo ca ngi nh. Tuy nhin,
do hn ch v dung tch cha c nn rt kh cha c nhiu nc ma trong cc b loi
ny, do vic s dng nc ma s b hn ch.
S DNG PHAO V HP CHA NC MA

xy cc b cha nc ma trong vn, ngnh cng nghip xy dng thng ch s

dng nhng tm nha vinyl c rng rt ln, thm mt vi v thng bia bng nha, ng
ng bng nha polyvinyl chloride v mt chic bm tt. Trc tin, ngi ta o mt h ln,
v ph ln h mt tm nha vinyl. Sau , t mt vi v thng bia ln ngc vo bn trong
h ri ph ln chng mt lp nha vinyl khc. Cui cng, ng nha polyvinyl chloride c
chn vo dn nc vo v lp thm mt chic bm. Chi ph cho loi b cha ny vo
khong 50.000 yn (khong 500 la M), ch yu chi ch l mua chic bm.
Nobuo Tokunaga chnh l ngi lm cho gi thnh xy b Tensuison tr nn rt r, v
chnh anh cng l ngi thc y vic lp t Rojison ti qun Ichitera-Kototoi thuc thnh
ph Sumida. Do l ngi c c sng to v suy ngh rt nghim tc v vic thc y s dng
nc ma, anh bt u lm b Tensuison bng phng php th cng. B Tensuison ca
Tokunaga l mt loi b ni c lm bng polyethylene v c s dng trong cc tri nui
c. Anh gn mt chic vi v mt chic ng bng nha trong sut o mc nc, v lm
mt ng ng ly nc vo t pha di. Chiu di ng o mc nc khong 60 cm v

chiu cao b cha l 90 cm, dung lng 200 lt. H thng ny tr gi khong 50.000 yn bao
gm c gi bng kim loi.
THONG NHN QUA N TRNG GING HT MT BC TNG B TNG, NH
NG

Nu nh ca bn li nm lin k vi nh hng xm v ch c mt chic sn nh pha ng

sau. Lm th no bn c th xy dng c mt ci b cha nc ma trn mt t
khong t trng y hoc l mt b cha nc ma ngm di lng t. y chnh l vn
hay gp phi trong vic s dng nc ma cc khu vc c mt dn c cao.
Khng sao c, bn c th vt qua c kh khn ny bng cch thay i hnh dng bc
tng hoc hng ro bin n thnh "b cha nc ma cc mng". B ny lm bng cc
khi btng v trng ging nh nhng bc tng bng btng thc s. Tuy nhin, mi khi
btng u trng rng c th cha c nc ma bn trong. Pha bn trong cc khi b
tng ny phi khng c cc ht v v cng khng c c cc l hc. V tt nht nn lm
bng vt liu chng thm nc. Cc khi c th c t so le trn mt h thng mng chu
lc bng btng rt chc v c no vo cc thanh chu lc c t cc gc v c cch
1,8 mt li t mt thanh chu lc nh vy. Ti cc im no cc khi b tng rng ny vi
cc thanh chu lc, nn trm kn bng btng. Cc ng ng thng gia cc khi btng nn
c tp hp li v t di lp y thp nht. y chnh l cch p dng mt tng m
chng ti c thy trong chuyn tham quan Botswana, Chu Phi kho st v cc k
thut s dng nc ma trong vng ny vo ma h nm 1993.

B CHA NC MA S DNG KHNG GIAN CHT

cuc thi "Cc tng s dng nc ma", gii thng xut sc nht c trao cho
Yoshihiko Kanbara vi tng "B cha nc ma s dng khng gian cht", s dng
nhng bc tng btng rng cha nc ma. Theo tng ny, thm ch c lp gch
cng c s dng nh mt phn b cha nc ma.
Trong s kin mang tn "Vng t ca ma" cng c t chc trong cng thi gian vi
hi ngh, hai cng ty ca Nht trnh din loi b cha nc ma tit kim khong khng
gian t b. Cng ty trch nhim hu hn Totetsu a ra loi b c hnh dng nh hng ro
lm bng thp khng g v Hip hi Ha hc Toyo chuyn v vt liu xy dng cng cho ra
mt loi b cha nc ma lm bng nha theo kiu nn nh gn, loi b ny c tn l "Rain
Oasis".
THNG MI HA B CHA NC MA TIT KIM KHNG GIAN

B cha nc ma theo kiu hng ro c dng theo tng khi nh v tn dng c

khong khng. Nhng khi nh bng thp khng g c kch thc: dy 15 cm, cao 130 cm v
rng 84,2 cm c t lin k nhau v ni vi nhau. Mi khi ny c dung tch 15 lt v c
ni vi nhau bng mt ng ni c van kim tra dng chy ngc v ng vai tr nh mt b
cha. Loi b ny khng nhng ph hp vi cc h gia nh m cn s dng trong cc ta
nh cao tng hoc tr s lm vic ca cc c quan.
THCH THC CA CC NH MY V VIC S DNG NC MA

Cng ty Totetsu pht trin b cha nc ma s dng cc ng nha Polyvinyl Chloride,

c lp t km theo h thng phn tch nc ma theo dng chy tch b i phn nc
ma u cn (first flash rainwater) v c gn mt ci mng pha di, sau nc ma
thm xung di lng t qua h thng lc. Cng ty ny rt ch trng vic m rng cc ng
dng s dng nc ma.
Mt khc, "Rain Oasis" ca Hip hi ha hc Toyo l mt b cha hnh tr (ng knh 45
cm, Dung lng 100 lt) c gn km mt thit b lng cn v mt thit b lc lm sch
nc ma. Loi b cha ny rt chuyn dng v nh gn n mc ch chim mt phn khng
gian nh trn ban cng ca nhng khu chung c. Bt k i tng no cng c th lp t
thit b vi chi ph khong 38.000 yn (Khong 380 la M) vi mt vt ct ti mng chy
pha di v lp ng dn ngang vi im cn ly nc ly nc. Hip hi ha hc Toyo l
cng ty u tin ti Nht Bn gii thiu mng lm bng polyvinyl chloride. Cng ty rt ho
hng trong vic pht trin cc k thut s dng nc ma v khng ngng ci tin c c
"Rain Oasis" ngy cng hon ho hn.

LM TH NO CHA NC MA TRONG CC KHU TP TH - PHN I

Lm th no mt h gia nh c th ly nc ma nu h sng trong cc khu chung c?

Katsuji Ando gii quyt cu hi ny bng cch pht minh mt ng ng dn c bit.
Anh y thy rng hu ht nc ma nh thc thng qua ng ng dn t cc mng
nc ca mi nh hoc ban cng xui theo chiu ca ng ng. Anh pht kin ra mt loi
vng hnh trn c rng ph hp t bn trong ng mng ti cc khp ni. Trong qu
trnh tin hnh th nghim, phn ln nc ma dc theo ng ng v b phn tch bng
vng c t ti im khp ni ny v chy qua mt ng ni khc vo b cha. Nc
ma s lin tc chy vo b cha cho n khi y. Nh vy, tt c cc h gia nh u c th
cha nc ma ch khng phi ch ring cc h tng trn cng.

THU NC MA T NG DN

Cng theo nguyn l ny, Yuko Kanbayashi cng a ra mt tng rt d thc hin. Mt
lp kim loi mng hoc mt tm nha ct thnh hnh mng nga c ng knh trong bng
ng knh ngoi ca ng dn v c mt im nh ra. Trn b mt ng ng dn, ngi ta
c mt l nh v ct theo chiu thng ng xung pha bn di, sau tm kim loi hoc
tm nha c hnh mng nga c kp vung gc theo chiu thng ng ca ng dn. Cui
cng, ng nha vinyl c ni vi tm kim loi hoc tm nha ti im nh ra (Hnh tr
mng nga ny nn c mt tay cm nh).
Nu nh vic ny c v mt nhiu thi gian, th hy th phng php "qu cu" dn nc
ma ca Ryu Ichikawa. Mt qu cu c ci vo trong l nh trn b mt ng ng dn.
Sau n c thi phng v tr thnh vt thay th hnh tr mng nga. Hai ng ng ni
vi ng ng dn chnh v b cha - mt ng ng dng cho nc chy vo b v mt
dng cho nc chy trn quay li vo ng ng chnh khi nc trong b y. Phng
php ng dng nc ma ny c th p dng cho mi gia nh.

LM TH NO CHA NC MA TRONG CC KHU TP TH - PHN II

"Hoa n khi ma" l g? l loi hoa vng nhit i ch n khi c ma ri hoc hoa bng
giy n ra khi b nhng vo mt cc nc.
Nu nh bn c qu nhiu nhng chic bng nha vinyl tha bn phi mua khi tri ma
bt ng th ti sao khng s dng chng vo cc vic khc na? Yuko Kanbayashi a ra
mt sng kin mi. Trc tin, ngi ta c hai l ngay trn cc ng trc ca , sau
li ct i khong 1cm u trc. Mt ng bng nha vinyl gn vo u trc ct. Treo vi ci
cng kiu m xe trn thanh ngang theo hng ln ngc ln pha trn. Nhng chic
ny s hng nc ma ri chy vo ng dn bng nha vinyl. y l cch thu gom nc ma
rt d thc hin ngay c nhng khu chung c.

TH NO GI L "HOA N KHI TRI MA"

Bt k chic no c tay cm kiu hnh ng (rng bn trong) cng c th s dng c.

Yuko Kanbayashi, mt chic "k quc", lun ngh tht tic nhng chic mi ch dng mt
ln ri b i. T y, ch ny sinh tng ny.
c nhng thnh vin khc nh Kaoru Hotta v con trai ng ngh n nhng b hoa
n vo cc ngy ma. H bin i vi bt che nng trn ban cng thnh vt dng hng
nc ma. Trn mp ca tm vi c gn ng mng nha polyvinyl chloride ni vi mt
ng ng c tnh mm do (thay v ng ng dn chnh). Gn y, tm vi bt che ma
nng c sn xut phong ph nhiu mu sc, trong s c loi vi hoa c dng
che ma trn ban cng trng nh hoa ang n gia tri ma - trng tht d thng.

CC BC TNG CNG C TH L CNG C HNG NC MA

Thu gom nc ma t mi v nc nh ngoi tri thng rt ph bin, nhng nc ma

cng c th c thu gom t pha tng ngoi thng ng ca cc ta nh cao tng bi ma
khng nht thit l lun lun ri theo phng thng ng. Nc ma a phn l ri theo
hng xin, trong mt vi trng hp, ma ri li b ht ngc ln trn. l nguyn nhn
ti sao, chng ta li lm nhng bc tng chng thm ti cc h gia nh, cc ta nh cao tng
v trt kn xung quanh ca s. Nu chng ta ch hon ton da vo nhng mi hin khng thi
m khng ch n cc phng tin che ma khc, th nc ma s thm qua cc vt nt
xung quanh khung ca s hoc nhng ch ni ca mi che.
Trong nhng ngi nh truyn thng ca ngi Nht Bn thng s dng nhng mi che
di cun trn che trnh ma cho nhng bc tng b nt, ca s, ca ra vo v hnh lang
khi tri ma. Tuy nhin, hin nay, chiu su ca mi che vt qu 1,2m c xem nh l
mt phn ca thc o din tch ca chnh ta nh, do vy m ngy cng c nhiu ta nh
hin i lm mi hin ngn bt i c thm din tch cho pha trong ta nh. Ngy nay, nh
c cc ca s nhm knh ko trt tinh xo nn cng t thy nhng mi hin che ma. Kiyoshi
Sato, mt thnh vin ca nhm "Raindrops" v cng l mt kin trc s, xut vic dng
nc ma chy xui theo tng nh. Trong cuc thi v s dng nc ma, cng c mt s
tng quan tm n vic s dng nc ma chy xui theo nhng bc tng ca cc ta nh
cao tng. Kazuo Nagado xut tng thu gom nc ma bng cch t cc mi che
ngay ti tng mt ca cc ta nh.

HY THU THP NC MA T NHNG BC TNG V CA KNH CA CC

TA NH

Lng nc ma thu gom c t mt tng thng ng ca ta nh c chng khong

50% so vi lng nc thu c t b mt mi nm ngang c din tch tng ng. Nhng
c mt bo co cho rng thc t ch t c 7%. Nhng k c khi ch t 7% i chng na
th tng lng nc ma thu c t cc bc tng thng ng cng rt ln. Bi v, din tch
b mt ca cc bc tng ng ca ta nh bao gi cng rng hn din tch mi nh rt nhiu
v cc khu th th c rt nhiu nhng ta nh chc tri.
MT CHIC XE HI LUN C RA SCH

Di y l chuyn k ca cc thnh vin trong nhm chng ti, nhng ngi tng i
thm quan cc c s s dng nc ma ti Hawai.
Mt na s t lu hnh ti Hawai l xe c sn xut ti Nht Bn. iu lm chng ti
ngc nhin hn c l nhng chic t h li hng ngy trn ng ph u b g v c nhng
l thng do n mn. Bi bin gn , v vy t lun b n mn do hi mui t nc bin.
iu ny cng d hiu, nhng Nht Bn, rt him khi nhn thy nhng chic xe c bn nh
vy. iu ny tuyt nhin khng phi l v ngi dn Hawai khng chm sc xe c tt hay
li bing, m l do s khc bit v tp qun v vn ha gia hai nc. Cng c th l h
chm sc xe thng xuyn hn so vi ngi Nht. Nhng ngi Nht Bn li thng c thi
quen thi xe ch sau vi nm s dng.
RA XE BNG NC MA VA NHANH V VA HIU QU

Ngi dn Nht Bn thng xuyn ra xe. Do , cc gara ra xe lun cht cng vo tt

c cc ngy trong tun. Ra mt chic xe tn khong 150 lt. Ngi Nht nh bng cho
chic xe ca h cho n lc h cm thy xu h v n. 150 lt nc l gp 75 ln so vi lng
nc ti thiu cn cho mt ngi dng trong mt ngy l 2 lt. V th m, c l ngi dn
Hawai, ni rt khan him nc s b sc khi nghe thy iu ny. Tuy nhin, thc ra th lng
clo c trong nc cp ca thnh ph li chnh l nguyn nhn lm gim tui th ca xe.
V vy, Hidetake Nagashima a ra tng s dng nc ma ra xe. tng ca
anh l tri rng tm bt che ma nng v trng xung gia t bn gc, nc ma s
c gi li ti ch trng . Mt chic vi c gn vi tm im ch trng khi cn ra xe.
Pht minh ca anh t gii "Ngi c n lc cao nht" (Best Effort Prize) ti Cuc thi v
s dng nc ma bi tnh thc t v d dng thc hin ca n. Mt tng thc t khc
c xut bi Kaoru Hotta: thu gom nc ma t mi nh ca gara t v cha trong b
t ti chn gc ca mi che.

BN ANG LO LNG V CHT LNG NC MA THU C?

c nc bn nc ma ng trong hp giy bng ba Cac tng. Bn ngoi thng in ch

" Khu vc bo i Ty Dng (The roaring Forties)". Trong t in ngha cm t ny l
vng ma bo pha bc Atlantic, v 40 - 50 bc, l vng c nhiu nc pht trin
vi mi trng b ph hy. Nhng cn bo pha ty ti cun theo khng kh bn, do nc
ma khng sch. Cch din gii ny ca cun t in lm chng ta d lm ln bi v cc nc
pht trin trong vng ny l ra khng nn bn nc ma b nhim nh vy. Khi chng ti
xem k hn cc nhn m t trn v hp ba cactng, th pht hin ra l n c sn xut ti
hn o Tasmania, nm v nam 40-50 tch bit n Dng v i Ty Dng v l
vng cc nam ca nc c. Nhn m t ny lm sng t mi th. o Tasmania c
xem l ni c ngun khng kh sch nht trn th gii, do ngun nc ma ni y c l l
sch nht.

GII QUYT LO LNG BNG CCH KIM TRA THNG XUYN

Khi kim tra ngun nc ma ti thnh ph Sumida, chng ti pht hin ra ngun nc
y khng tinh khit, nhng vn sch s dng cho cc mc ch khc khng phi l
nc sinh hot v n cng khng lm h hi cc thit b cha nc. Nc ma ri xung vo
lc bt u bo c gi l " nc ma u cn" v thng l nhim bn nht. Tuy nhin,
thng qua qu trnh lng lc, cht lng nc c th gn nh tng ng vi nc my
thnh ph. Nu un si, ngun nc ny c th ung c. Tuy nhin, cng vi thi gian, cc
ht mn c mu en nh b hng t khi thi ca cc nh my, ng c xe v t ct s tch t
trong b lng. Kt qu xt nghim nc ma rt khc nhau ty thuc vo thi gian lu cha,
kh hu v a im. Ma axt cng l vn lm chng ti lo ngi.

LM TH NO LOI B NC MA U CN

Tm li, chng ta phi thng xuyn ch n vic kim tra cht lng ngun nc ma.
Bng mt vi thit b nh (mt chic nhit k, giy th pH, b o nhanh cht lng nc,
my o c, cc ti nha vinyl trong sut), chng ta cng c th t mnh tin hnh kim
tra cht lng ngun nc. Cc xt nghim kim tra k lng hn c th c thc hin
trung tm y t vi mt mc l ph no .
Mt thnh vin trong nhm chng ti, Tatsuo Hitomi, ch to c thit b c th d
dng thu nc ma kim tra tnh cht axt ca nc ma bng cch s dng li mt chai
nha qua s dng. Vt liu chnh l chai nha c dung tch khong 1,5 lt, mt qu bng
ni (c ng knh rng hn ming chai mt cht), mt ti nha vinyl mng, dy buc bng
cao su v mt vi hn cui nh. "Nc ma u cn" c thu mt cch n gin bng
cch treo thit b ny ngoi tri. Nc ma c kim tra cht lng bng giy th pH v b
o th nhanh.
Nc ma c pH khong 5,8 - 8,6 l chp nhn c (gi tr ny cng thp th nc
ma cng c cha nhiu axt); nhng nc ma mt s vng thuc Tokyo c gi tr pH
bng 4, y thng l pH ca "nc ma u cn" v cng vi thi gian, khi khng kh ngy
cng sch hn th gi tr pH ca nc ma s t tiu chun. Do , ta phi tch "nc ma
u cn" c th s dng ngun nc ma. Thi gian lu tr cng ngn th mc cn thit
phi x l nhiu hn. Cc thnh vin trong nhm chng ti ch to ra vi cng c dng
cho mc ch ny, cc cng c u da trn mt nguyn l: khi b nh (ni lin vi b ln)
y lng "nc ma t u" th dng nc s trn chuyn sang b cha chnh.

THIT B LOI B NC MA U CN

Theo tng ca Masaki Matsumoto, phn y ca ng ly nc ra s c s dng nh

l mt b cha "nc ma t u". T im ly nc ti y khong 1,2 mt. Khi nc ma
trn n im ly nc th nc ma sch hn s t chy vo b cha chnh thng qua ng
nha vinyl. Ti u ca ng nha, mt tm lc n gin c gn vo c th thu c
nc ma tinh khit hn.
LM CHO CC MI VM CC KHU CNG NGHIP TRUNG TM BUN BN TI
MT HN BNG NC MA

Nm 1989, cun "Quan im v c o Sumida" do cc thnh vin trong nhm chng ti

xut ku gi ng dng nc ma mt cch ph bin trong cng ng. Mt trung tm
bun bn ti s 3-chome Ishihara-thnh ph Sumida ang th s dng nc ma t nhng
mi vm. l trung tm bun bn vi mt b tm cng cng dng nc ma v l ni m
quan im ny gn nh c hin thc ha.
T gia nhng nm 1950, cu trc mi vm tr nn rt ph bin ti Nht. Lc cha ai
ngh n vic ng dng nc ma. Ngi Nht qu lo lng n vic lm th no nc
ma v nh nng khng lm nh hng n mi vm. Nc ma trc tip chy thng vo
rnh. Thm ch tng khi cn ng li trn cc ng rnh m khng c lm sch cng
nh sa cha. Qua qu trnh s dng trong thi gian di, cc ng rnh cng s hng dn.
Nu khng c sa cha, hnh nh ca trung tm bun bn s b phai nht dn.
CC MI VM TRUNG TM BUN BN C BAN TNG NHIU NC MA

Nhiu trung tm bun bn khng dng mi vm na. Tuy nhin, khu siu th ti s 3Ishihara quyt nh chuyn nhng mi vm ca mnh thnh "mi vm hng c nc ma".
chnh l k hoch s dng nc ma t cc ng rnh v mi nh ca cc ta nh cao
tng. Lng nc ma vt qu 700 m3/nm c th thu gom n thun bng ng mng. Vt
liu trong sut m nh sng c th lt qua c s dng lm mi vm sng sa. Ngi ta
loi b cn bn ra khi mng v lm du bt nh nng gay gt ca ma h bng cch lm thm
mi hin, cc vi phun t ng. Cc tm quang in thu nng lng mt tri s cung cp in
cho cc vi phun ny, mt s thit b s dng nc ma khc v dng cho vic chiu sng.
Di mi hin, trn b tng v mt s con ng ngi ta trng cy v ti bng nc ma.
Vi xut ny, trung tm bun bn kin ngh vi chnh quyn thnh ph Tokyo ti tr
vic ci to mi vm.

MY IU HA KHNG KH T NHIN

Vi ti nc ma lm du nhng cn nng chi chang, tng hp cc nhn t lm gim

nhit v to kh lu thng. Cng nh nc khi ti trn nn t cng s cho hiu qu tng
ng. Vo ma h, nhng cn gi lnh thi dc theo b bin lm mi ngi thy thoi mi k
c trong nh, lm nhng chic chung gi treo trn mi hin reo vang. Tuy nhin, vo bui ti
khi no gi bng nhin ngng li th l "bui ti m m". Chng ta thng phi tri
qua nhng bui ti nng nc bng cch phun nc trong vn. Thnh vin ca nhm
Raindrops v mt kin trc s- Kiyoshi Sato, ko di thm bui ti mt m bng cch bm
thng nc ma d tr v trc tip phun ln mi nh. T lu anh ngh v mt h thng
iu ha khng kh t nhin bng lung bc x v lu thng kh thay cho h thng iu ha
tun hon khng kh bnh thng khc.

NG DNG NGUYN L PHUN MA

Nhng h thng iu ha khng kh bng phng php i lu mang tnh cht c kh

thng l to nn khng kh nng hoc lnh v i hi tn rt nhiu nng lng, ng thi
nh hng khng tt ti sc khe con ngi. Khi nhit mi trng xung quanh thp hn
cht t, thm ch ch cn mt lung kh nh cng c th lm gim nhit c th. V vy,
chng ta s cm thy mt m. y l l do ti sao chng ta thy mt khi qut bng tay. Min
l, nhng cn phng phi thng thong, ta nh cao tng cng vi nhng bc tng v mi
nh khng b tc ng di nh nng gay gt, ch cn mt lung gi nh cng c th lm du
bt khng kh nng. Kiyoshi Sato lp t nhng ng ng dn nc ma quanh trn nh
ca anh tun hon nc ma vo ma h v cc vi ti nc ln mi nh. H thng ny
lm mt cu trc nh v kt qu l s bc x v lu thng khng kh s lm cho cn phng
mt hn. Nc ma thu gom vo b cha nc ngm c dung tch khong 40 m3 t mng
nh v bm thng ln h thng ng lm mt. Nhit ca nc ma vo ma h thp hn so
vi nhit khng kh, do nc ma c th lm mt ngi nh m khng cn n qu trnh
no khc na.
BO CO VNG:
MI THU GOM NC MABOSTWANA Cc thit b thay th mi
Ma h nm 1993, mt vi thnh vin ca nhm nghin cu k thut cho Hi tho ti
Tokyo ti thm Botswana v hai nc khc Chu Phi nghin cu phng php k
thut ng dng nc ma ti a phng.

Trc tin, cc thnh vin ti thm Trung tm cng ngh Bostwana (BTC). Ti y
ngi ta ang pht trin v hng dn nhiu cng ngh khc nhau gip cng ng dn a
phng: lm th no s dng cng c c c nc thi bng nng lng mt tri, bm
nc ngm bng sc gi, k thut ng dng nc ma.
Bn thn ta nh BTC cng c xy dng minh ha cho cch s dng nc ma.
Nc ma ch yu c thu gom t mi nh ca nhng ta nh chnh v im xe c mt
bng ln. Trong h thng thu gom,
ngi ta lp t thm nhng mng lc loi b cn bn trong nc ma. im ni bt
nht l nc ma cng c thu gom t mt chic mi ht. Mt mi ht c gn vo mi
hin c v c th ngn chn nh nng ht ra t ca s bng cch ng v m. Thm vo ,
n cng c th p ng c vic thu gom nc ma khi ng li. Pha bn ngoi ca s l
mt gin nho gip ngn chn bc x nhit trong ma h. Di chi ta nh l b cha nc
ma c th lm cho sn nh mt hn. Ngun nc ma ny s s dng cho cc nh v sinh v
cng c bm bng mt chic bm tay ti cy.
Ti Botswana, cc thnh vin gp Gosta Ingvar Nilsson-nh nghin cu bnh hc cho
cy ci ngi Thy in ngi iu hnh mt cng ty qun l trang tri mang tn SANITAS.
ng ang nghin cu cc thit b l th s dng nc ma lm cho cy pht trin. Mt
iu n tng nht l khi tng btng cng lc lm c hai chc nng, va l h thng ng
dng nc ma va l ni trng cy cnh.
Nhng khi btng c th xp chng ln nhau to thnh bc tng. Nilsson y t
trong nhng phn rng ca khi btng trng rau v hoa trn . Nc ma cha ng
trong phn rng khc ca khi btng. Nc ma c bm y ln pha trn bng chic bm
chy bng nng lng mt tri v chy dn xung t trn cao bc tng. Nc chy dc theo
b tng qua cc khi b tng v ti cho cy. Nc chy xung y c thu gi li v ti
s dng. Nilsson rt t tin khi ni vi mi ngi rng c th tr li mu xanh cho thc vt
trn vng t sa mc Botswana - ni thiu ma v kh hn trong thi gian di. Sng kin ca
anh cng c th c p dng ti Tokyo.

Chng 2

C S CA VICTN DNG NC MA
T CUNG CPTUN HON - HI HA

CC THNH PH LN TIP TC LI MT CCH CH K VO CC P NC

LN

Nhiu ngi dn Nht Bn hiu rng vic tn dng nc ma l quan trng i vi cc

nc t ma, nhng h khng hiu ti sao h li phi quan tm n nc v lng ma trung
bnh hng nm Nht Bn kh cao.
Lng ma trung bnh hng nm Nht Bn l khong 1800 mm, gn gp 2 ln lng
ma trung bnh ca th gii. Tuy nhin lng hi nc trung bnh tng kh quyn trn cao
mc 22mm mt nm. iu ny c ngha l hi nc trong khng kh thay i khong 81 ln
trong nm v c 4 n 5 ngy li c b sung thm. iu ny ph hp vi tn s xut hin
cc lung p sut thp i qua cc qun o Nht Bn.
Nht Bn 120.000.000 ngi sng trong din tch nh hp. Lng ti nguyn nc tnh
bnh qun theo u ngi hng nm Nht Bn khong 6000 m3, ch bng 20 % mc bnh
qun u ngi ca th gii. Tokyo 12.000.000 ngi sng trong din tch 1778 km2, do
vy lng nc bnh qun u ngi khong 207 m3 chim 0,6 % bnh qun u ngi ca
th gii.
B PH 1.500MM NC MA HNG NM

Nc ma Tokyo l mt ngun ti nguyn rt quan trng. Tuy nhin thay v trn trng
n, chng ta li tip tc nc ma xung cng. ng thi chng h xem xt k lng,
chng ta ngh rng chng ta lun lun c th xy dng nhng b cha ln trn thng ngun
nu nh cn nhiu nc. Chng ta sa vo mt suy ngh ch k rng: "Tht rc ri khi tri
ma Tokyo; chng ta mun tri ma nhiu cc vng c h cha ch khng phi l ma
trong thnh ph ny".
Do vy, nhng vic phi lm t by gi l coi lng nc ma m chng ta ang tip
tc xung cng nh l mt ngun nc tim nng; lm nhiu cc "p nc nh" (b cha

nc ma) cc khu th mt cch trit , c gng lp k hoch xy dng h thng cung

cp nc c lp. y l nhng mc tiu c bn ca chng ta nhm tn dng nc ma.
PHT TRIN CC NGUN NC GY THIT HI CHO CC LNG VNG CAO

400 Nm trc, Kanda Josui, mt knh dn nc sui cch trung tm thnh ph Edo
(Tokyo) 20 km c xy dng cung cp nc. Khong 340 nm trc, nc c dn
t sng Tama cch xa 40 km. Hin nay h thng cp nc sch ph thuc vo cc h cha
ln trn cc dy ni cch xa trung tm Tokyo 190 km. S khan him nc lm cn tr s pht
trin ca cc thnh ph nhng sau Tokyo vt qua kh khn ny khi lin tip tm ra cc
ngun nc vng xa.
Tuy nhin xy dng cc h cha nc ln phi cht rng u ngun v tn ph mt
vng rng ln t canh tc dn n xa b nn vn ha lng xm tn ti nhiu th k qua.
Mc d ngi dn cc lng ny cui cng cng c n b thng qua vic ti nh c,
nhng s tn ph nn vn ha qu bu th khng th no b p ni. C quan im cho rng
ngi dn Tokyo buc dn lng vng thng ngun phi hy sinh qu ln.

XY DNG CC P NC KHNG L L KHNG TH C V THIU A

IM THCH HP

Do vic xy dng nhiu h cha nc thng ngun sng Tone, s lng cc cng trnh
xy dng h cha mi gim r rt. Thm ch c nhng cng trnh ang trin khai phi b
hon li do gp phi s phn i t pha c dn. Lng nc tn cha cc h ny cng
ang gim xung do s tch t, lng ng t ct.
gii quyt cc vn ny, th trng Tokyo lc by gi Shunichi Suzuki cng vi
Eishiro Saito lc l ch tch lin hip cc t chc kinh t ku gi thc hin "d n phn
chia sng Shinano" t nm 1987 nhm mc ch xy dng mt h cha khng l vi sc
cha 1 t m3 nc bng cch xy dng 1 ng hm xuyn qua dy ni Mikumi dn nc
t sng Shinano v.

XY DNG CC P NH TRONG THNH PH

Ch tch huyn Niigata ng Takeo Kimi mt mc kch lit phn i tng ny: "Dn
nc t sng Shinano qu l 1 gii php d dng m khng cn n 1 cht n lc no m
bo ngun nc cho mnh ch bi v cc d n dn nc t sng Tone dng nh khng
thnh cng lm". l iu sai lm khi da qu nhiu vo ngun nc a phng khc.
Thm ch nhng tin tc v cc t hn ko di v lng h cha nc tr tri cng khng
lm ngi dn Tokyo ngc nhin thm na. Tt nhin l cc h cha nc t xa ni h sinh
sng v h khng th n xem chng mc d h mun vy. Nhn thc v kin thc v h
cha nc c th s c m mang hn nu cc ngun nc gn vi ni c dn sinh sng v
nu h bit c mc tiu th nc hng ngy.

CC B CHA NC MA C TH CUNG CP 29% NHU CU NC

Vic to nn ngun nc cho chnh chng ta bt u t n lc ca chng ta d tr nc

ma. Nu tt c cc h gia nh Tokyo hng nc ma th tng sc cha s l con s gy
sng st. S lng nh Tokyo l khong 1.500.000, mi nh c kch thc trung bnh
khong 60 m2. Vi lng ma trung bnh hng nm 1500 mm, lng nc d tr
l:60m2*1,5m (1500mm)*1.500.000 nh = 135.000.000 m3
"P NC NH" L TIT KIM

ng ch l con s ny cao hn lng nc ly t h cha Yagisawa huyn Gumma

cung cp cho Tokyo (126.000.000 m3). Tm li nhiu "b cha nh" gp li s bng 1 h
cha nc ln. Nu mi h gia nh lp t thit b hng nc ma th nc ma s chim
bao nhiu % trong tng lng nc cung cp mi ngy? Trung bnh trong mi cn nh xy
theo kiu tch bit c 4 ngi v thng s dng khong 790 l nc/ngy. Do vy % lng
nc ma m ng l s b mt i c th c thu li s dng so vi tng lng nc cp
mi ngy l:
(60 m2 * 1,4m) : (800l * 365 ngy) * 100 = 29%
Lng nc dng cho vic v sinh chim 22% tng lng nc tiu th ca 1 gia nh, do
vy hon ton c th s dng nc ma thu c cho nhu cu ny.
H cha Naramata c s dng t nm 1990 vi sc cha 85.000.000 m3 thng
ngun sng Tone. Ngi ta mt 17 nm v tiu tn 135.200.000.000 yn (1.352.000.000
USD) xy dng n. S tin ny cha bao gm cc khon bi thng cho nh dn v h mt
c trang tri ln t canh tc. Chi ph ny rt t nhng n mi ch chim 10 - 20 % tng chi
ph xy dng h cha v xy dng h thng cp nc cho Tokyo. Khi ngh v chi ph ca d
n cp nc cho thnh ph, thng chng ta ch ngh n chi ph cho vic xy dng h cha.
Tuy nhin cn c rt nhiu cc khon chi ph khc na nh l: nc cung cp cho cc nh
my nc, chi ph x l lm sch nc, nc cung cp cho cc h gia nh t cc nh my
nc, cc chi ph khc. Theo ton b chi ph s gp 5 - 10 ln chi ph xy dng h cha.
Hn na do vic gim s lng cc v tr ph hp xy dng p nn trong tng lai
tng chi ph cho vic xy dng h cha thm ch s tng ln. Ngoi ra, cng c trng hp h
cha b lp y bi t v ct. H cha Yagisawa ni ting vi sc cha ln nht 175.800.000
m3 trong lu vc sng Tone b lng ng 23.000.000 m3 t ct trong vng 15 nm k t
ngy xy dng. Mi lo ngi chnh hin nay l sc cha ca h ny s gim xung cn mt
na sc cha trong 50 nm ti.
CH CN 500.000 YN ($5.000) CHO MI H GIA NH

Mt khc, "p nc nh" (b cha s dng nc ma) c th lp t nhanh gn v khng

s b gim sc cha do lng ng t ct. Ngoi ra cng khng tn thm chi ph cho h thng
cp nc ln chi ph v nng lng. Vic bo tr rt d dng. Hin nay chi ph lp t b cha
10 m3 tn dng nc ma cho 1 nh l khong 500.000 yn ( 5000 USD). Nu thit b nh
vy c lp t cho 1.500.000 nh th tng sc cha nc s l 15.000.000 m3 v tng chi
ph lp t l 750.000.000.000 yn. Tnh v chi ph th nhiu "p nc nh" c th ngang vi
1 h cha ln.
C PHI CHNG TA SAI KHI THNG XUYN X THOT NC MA?

Chnh quyn th Tokyo sa sang cc cng thot nc lm gim lt li trong thnh

ph. Mc d gn nh 100 % cc cng thot nc c tu sa nhng hin tng tc cng
v lt li trong ni thnh vn xy ra khi mc nc ca cc con sng nh v va dng ln khi
ma to. Cc ng ph trong ni thnh c ph ngy cng nhiu b tng v nha ng do
vy nc ma khng th thm vo lng t. Hu qu l 1 lng ln nc ma vo cng
thot nc cng 1 lc dn ti ng ngp thng xuyn. Thm ch nu l lt trong ni thnh
khng xy ra th nc thi cha qua x l cng s ra sng, ra bin t hng ngn cc ng
thot nc v t hng t trm bm nc thi khi lng ma vt qu 15 mm. Cng thot
nc Tokyo thuc loi "chung", tc l tt c cc loi nc thot thi nh nc ma t mi
nh, ng ph, nc thi t nh bp, nh v sinh nc thi t cc nh my u thi chung
qua 1 ng cng chnh. Nu "h thng thot thi chung" ny tt c nc thi ra sng bin
th s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng.

LT LI TH, NHIM NC SNG V BIN V NHNG M H OI BC

Hi chng nha ng/ b tng ny nh hng xu ti sc khe ca con ngi v h sinh

thi. Vo ma h Tokyo, my iu ha nhit tr nn khng th thiu v vic s dng qu
nhiu my iu ha nh hng khng tt ti qu trnh thot m hi t nhin. S lng tr
em khng iu chnh c thn nhit ang c chiu hng tng ln. Mc d s ngy tri nng
gt ch tng ln cht t trong vng 100 nm qua nhng s m ma h oi bc khng ngng
tng ln trong 60 nm qua. Kh nng dn nhit ca btng/nha ng rt cao v chng hp
th nhiu nhit hn vo nhng ngy gia h nng nng. iu ny gy ra bc x nhit t nha
ng/btng khi m v.

T AI CC VNG TH ANG KH KIT DN

Mt vn khc l mt ng nha/btng cn tr s thm nc ma do vy nc

ngm khng c b sung v tr nn kh cn. Hu qu l mt t tr nn kh hn. Chim n
khng th quay tr li Tokyo v ct cho vic lm t v nhng con rp lm thc n cho chng
bin mt.
Khong 40 nm trc, ngi ta cho rng vi lng ma 1500 mm mt nm Tokyo th
khong 400 mm b bc hi, 500 mm chy ra sng bin, 600 mm thm xung t. Nc ma
thm xung t tr thnh nc ngm, khong 300 mm bin thnh nc sui chy i cc vng
khc nhau ca Tokyo.
Phn ln t ai Tokyo thuc cao nguyn Musashino rng ln tri di t vng Ome cao
180 m so vi mt nc bin xung pha ng v ng bc. Khi c nc tun hon lun
chuyn trn cao nguyn Musashino s c rt nhiu cc ging nc Tokyo v ngi dn s
c hng nc trong lnh. Nc ma thm vo lng t v chy ti vnh Tokyo. Mt phn
chy vo cc con sui c cao 50 m so vi mt nc bin, 1 phn nh chy v pha ng v
vng cc ng ca cao nguyn.

S I LP MA MAI GIA L LT V HN HN

Tuy nhin vo nhng nm 1950, 1960, cc nh my, cc nh cao tng bm ht qu

nhiu nc ngm t cc ging su m khng quan tm ti vng tun hon nc t nhin. Hu
qu l cc ging nc nng b kh cn gy nn s st ln. Cc v st ln khu bun bn kinh
doanh ca Tokyo c bit nghim trng nh: mt phn thnh ph Sumida b ln xung ti
mc su nht 3,5 m. Phn ln thnh ph ny thp hn mc nc ca cc con sng v c
gi l "vng c cao khng". T thm ha ny m chnh quyn Tokyo thc hin cc quy
nh nhm kim sot tnh trng bm ht nc ngm.
LU TR NC MA TM THI - THOT THI KHNG PHI L GII PHP DUY
NHT

Tuy vy, cc dng sui Tokyo khng c khi phc hon ton v nc ma khng th
thm xung lng t d dng. Hin nay theo bo co th lng nc ma thm xung lng t
nhiu nht l 300 mm mt nm, bng mt na so vi trc y. Kt qu l lng nc sui
gim xung ch cn 30 - 100 mm/nm. Mt khc lng nc ma hng nm chy ra sng,
bin l 800 mm cao hn 300 mm so vi trc y.
Cc bin php thng thng nhm khc phc ng ngp trong thnh ph da trn nguyn
tc: " Nu nc ma khng thot kp qua cng thot nc v qua sng th sng phi c o
su v m rng thm hoc phi xy cc b ngm ln cha nc ma tm th". Ch sau khi
mc nc ca cc con sng gim xung di mc cho php, nc ma t b cha tm thi s
c cho chy ra sng. Tuy nhin vic cha nc ma nhng ni ma xung c l l hp
l hn. Cng nh vy, cc cng trnh ngm ln s chia ct cc mch nc ngm v cng lm
cn kit nc ngm ging nh cc cng thot nc v cc ng hm.
Hng nm chnh quyn Tokyo chi hng trm t yn tu b cc con sng, xy dng b
cha nc ma ngm, lm thm cng thot nc, thm cc trm bm thot nc. Tuy nhin
tnh trng ng ngp trong ni thnh dng nh vn tip tc. Ti sao khng dng s tin ny
cho vic xy dng cc b cha nc ma v cc thit b thm nc ma thay v p dng cc
cch thc lc hu v gy mt cn bng sinh thi nh vy.
HY THU GOM, D TR V S DNG NC MA V SAU TH TR CHNG
V VI M THIN NHIN

Mt b cha nc ma 1000 m3 c xy dng Tokyo Dome vi s tr gip ca

chnh ph. Chnh ph c s tr gip v ti chnh v thy rng vic ngn chn tt c nc
ma chy vo sng Kanda ngay khi ma xung l hiu qu hn. B cha nc ma c s
dng tr s thnh ph Sumida cng c sc cha 1000 m3 nhng ch cha ti a 500 m3.
Na cn li dng khi lt li. B cha nc ma ny c ng thi 2 chc nng: s dng

hiu qu ngun nc v ngn chn lt li trong thnh ph. Trc y, 1 cuc kho st do
Hip hi nhit, iu ha khng kh v k thut y t Nht Bn yu cu ch s hu cc ta
nh cao tng tr li v l do ti sao h p dng vic s dng nc ma, nhiu cu tr li
ch ra rng l do chnh yu l ngn chn lt li trong thnh ph.
CI THIN MI TRNG BNG CCH CHO NC THM XUNG LNG T

Vic ci thin vn mi trng c th t c bng cch s dng nc ma hng t cc

mi nh, cho nc ma thm tr li vo lng t. Lt li trong thnh ph s c loi b v
nc s khng vo cng thot nc ngay khi ma xung. ng thi nc thi cha qua x
l s khng c thi ra sng v bin qua cng thot v cc trm bm v lm cho mi trng
sng v bin c bo v.
Mc nc ca nhiu sng trong thnh ph gim xung trong ma kh v thm ch nhng
cn ma nh to nn nhng dng sui ly li. Tuy nhin nu nh c gng lm thm nc
ma vo lng t th nc ngm s tr nn d tha, cc dng sui s c hi sinh v mt
lng nc sng thch hp s c duy tr. Mt dng chy c duy tr u n s tng
cng chc nng t lc sch ca cc dng sng dn n s hi sinh cc dng sui trong lnh.
Hin tng "hn o nng trong thnh ph" cng s khng cn. Nhit khng kh bn trn
cc mt ng ni nc ma d thm qua thp hn 3oC so vi mt ng thng thng.

SN CHO NC THM QUA LM GIM NHIT XUNG 3oC

Cng thot nc thng thng c chia thnh 2 loi: 1) Loi gp chung c nc ma v

nc thi trong cng mt ng ng; 2) Loi phn chia nc ma v nc thi thnh cc ng
ring bit. Tuy nhin, trong c hai loi cng thi ny th nc ma u b thi b. Gn y,
ngi ta ngy cng ch n vic thit k 1 loi cng thot nc mi c kh nng kim sot
lu lng nc ma chy qua. Qua vic s dng h thng mi ny, nc ma thm vo lng
t v nc thi chy ra ng nc thi. Tc l cng c nhiu nc ma thm vo lng t
m khng b ha ln vo nc thi b th cng tt. H thng ny c s dng rng ri
thnh ph Nerima, Tokyo v nhiu thnh ph khc.

NC D TR C NH HNG XM C TH GIM MI LO

Thnh ph Akishima, Tokyo hon ton ph thuc vo ngun nc ngm c coi l ngun
nc chnh ca thnh ph. Cng vi vic ngn chn lt li trong thnh ph, s thm nc
ma vo lng t ng vai tr quan trng trong vic gp phn gn gi ngun nc ngm qu
gi.
Thng 11/1983, ni la Oyama trn o Miyake phun tro v nhiu nh ca huyn Ako
b chn vi trong nham thch. H thng cp nc trn o b ph hy nng n v phi
ngng cp nc trong 1 thng. Nu 1 trn ng t ln gy ra nhng tn ph nng n nh vy
i vi Tokyo th tnh hnh s rt ln xn. Tuy nhin s hong lon khng cn tn ti trn
o Miyake. V nc my thnh ph c cht lng thp vi nhiu mui v cht khong, c
dn trn o t lp t b cha nc ma v s dng nc ma hng t mi nh lm
nc ung v un nu. Khi b ct nc, cc b FRP c mang t t lin ti b sung cho
nhu cu nc ung, cc b cha ny c s dng li lm b cha nc ma sau khi h thng
cp nc hot ng tr li.
Nm 1923, 40.000 dn thnh ph Sumida phi chu thit hi bi trn ng t khng
khip Kanto v h thng cp nc cng b ph hy nng n. Mc d nc c cung cp t
vng Marunouchi nhng h thng ny hot ng khng c tt. Thnh ph ny c th xoay
x vt qua cn khng hong bng cch xy dng li ging nc nh trc y Ryogoku
Kokugikan. Nhng v d trn cho thy rng nc ma c th gip ch cho ngi dn trong
trng hp khn cp. V ng thi vic d tr nc ma nhiu ni c th nng cao an
ton trong thnh ph.

B "TENSUISON" MT PHN CA K HOCH NG CU CC TRNG HP

KHN CP CA THNH PH

Nhiu nm trc y, cc thng cha nc ma c s dng ph bin v c dng

cha chy. Tensuison (chng 1) c thit k bi ng Nobuo Tokunaga bt ngun t nhng
thng cha nc ma ny. Gi 1 Tensuison l di 50.000 yn (500 USD) v n c th cha
c 200 lt nc ma. Hin nay c gn 100 Tensuison c lp t Tokyo v nc ma
d tr s c dng ti cy, v cng sn sng lm nc ung trong trng hp khn
cp. Mt b cha nc c th cung cp nc ung cho 1 gia nh 4 ngi trong khong 2
tun.

CC IM CNG NG PHNG NGA THM HA

Ngi ta cho rng cha nc trong cc b cha ngm l cch tt nht trong trng hp
khn cp. Nhng cht lng ca nc khng c m bo do lu cu sut nm ny qua nm
khc. Tri li, i vi Tensuison, cht lng nc c m bo v nc ma c tn cha
mt ln, sau s dng, ri lp li.
Rojison l 1 dng ca Tensuison c s dng ph bin trong cng chng. Thng 6 nm
1994, 4 Rojison c lp t qun Ichitera Kototoi. Rojison c dn a phng
tha nhn. H t nguyn kim tra v bo dng Rojison. Chnh quyn thnh ph Sumida
tr ton b chi ph lp t.

"ROJISON" GIO DC THC CHIA S TRCH NHIM GIA NHNG NGI

DN

Eco - Roji l mt khu cng cng dng ngn nga thm ha v thu thp cc vt liu c
th ti s dng. Cc thit k Eco - Roji thit k theo khun mu c nhng li i nh v nhng
ci ging tng ph bin trn nc Nht v gi nh cuc sng ti p trc kia.
Khu cng cng mi c xy gn y Hatohotto l mt khu cng vin nh c h thng tn
dng nc ma hin i. Thm vo , cn c mt vn rau c tn gi vn Mukojima Yuki.
Khu vn ny c 1 Rojison c th cha 9m3 nc ma mt ngy phc v cho vic trng rau.
Rojison c thit b c kh nng cung cp nc cu ha thm ch trong sut thi gian t
ma. Yuki l tn do nhng ngi dn a phng t cho khu vn. T Yuki trong ting Nht
Bn l s chi ch vi nhiu ngha khc nhau nh: "c t chc", "theo ma" v "dng cm".
Nhng c dn trc y thng tht cht mi quan h ca h bng cch gp g v tr
chuyn ci ging ni gc ph, ngy nay Rojison tr thnh 1 khu cng cng ni mi ngi
c th gp g nhau. Chng ta s khng th vt qua cn khng hong nu nh khng c mi
on kt cht ch gia nhng ngi trong cng ng. Rojison thnh ph Sumida ng vai
tr quan trng khng ch trong vic m bo ngun nc trong trng hp khn cp m cn
trong vic duy tr thc chia s trch nhim v hp tc cng nhau ngn chn thm ha ca c
dn thnh ph.

NHNG YU T NGUY HIM CA "BC MN MU XM" TOKYO

Nhn ton cnh Tokyo t tng trn cng ca ta nh tr s chnh quyn Tokyo vo ngy
tri nng, bn s nhn thy rng Tokyo v mi trng xung quanh b bao ph dy c bi bi
bn. T trn tri nhn xung, bn s thy dng nh Tokyo b bao ph bi mt "bc mn mu
xm" v chnh bc mn ny l nguyn nhn khin cho thnh ph b nng ln ging nh lp
thy tinh ca nh knh. Nhng ht bi bn thi ra t xe t, t nh my l lng trong khng
kh, chng kt hp vi cc ht sng m to nn bc mn mu xm.
Khi chng ta d tr nc ma, chng ta c th nhn thy nhng thnh phn to nn bc
mn mu xm ny. Mt nm sau khi d tr nc ma, bn s thy nhng ht mu en lng
xung v tch t y b cha. Ngi ta cho rng nhng ht mu en ny l nhng cu t
trong kh thi ng c t diesel. Tokyo, ngi ta ni rng s ngi ang phi chu ng
chng st ma h (hay fever) v bnh ung th phi ang tng ln; v mi gn y, ngi ta
pht hin ra rng hp cht pirene hydrocacbon - mt nhm nguyn t trong khi thi ng c
t diesel- l nguyn nhn gy ra st ma h. Ngoi ra Tokyo t l ngi cht v ung th
phi ang gia tng mt cch chng mt v hp cht pirene hydrocacbon b nghi ng l mt
nguyn nhn gy ra bnh ung th phi.

D TR NC MA CHO THY KHNG KH B NHIM BN TOKYO

Ma axit l do kh NO2 t khi thi ca t, cc nh my ha trn vi nc ma. V trong

bu kh quyn c cha kh CO2 nn nc ma m ta tn cha s hi mang tnh axit, nhng
ma axit th c tnh axit mnh hn nc ma thng thng. May mn l Tokyo c 4-5 ngy
c ma mt ln v trn ma ny lm sch khng kh. Nhng nu Tokyo t khi c ma v c
ma kh ging nh Thi Lan th vn nhim khng kh Tokyo s tr nn nghim
trng hn.
S DNG NC MA BO TN NC NGM

 mi quc gia, mc ch v c s ca vic tn dng nc ma thay i khc nhau. V d

c, vic tn dng nc ma c y mnh bo tn nc ngm - ngun nc cp ca
thnh ph. C 2 loi nc ngm. Loi 1 gi l "nc ngm t do" (khng hn ch) nm t
trong tng t khng thm qua c ln n su khong 30m di mt t. Loi th 2 gi
l "nc ngm hn ch" nm tng t khng thm qua c c su 30-400m. Nc
ngm hn ch c bm ln cho h thng cp nc ca hu ht cc thnh ph, tuy nhin,
bm qu nhiu nc ngm hn ch s lm cho nc ngm t do cn kit v gy nn st ln.
Nc ngm hn ch c to ra khi nc ngm t do c gn gi cc tng t kh thm
qua v qu trnh gn gi ny din ra trong thi gian di. l l do ti sao nc ngm hn ch
c tn gi "nc ha thch". Cng ging nh vy, chng ta phi suy ngh v nhng cch thc
hiu qu s dng nc ngm hn ch sao cho th h tng lai cng s c ngun ti nguyn
nc ca h.
CC THNH PH C KHUYN KHCH S DNG NC MA

Ti nhiu thnh ph c, nc ngm hn ch c s dng lm ngun nc cp u vo

sn xut nc my thnh ph, Osnabruck v Erlangen vic tn dng nc ma c chc
nng bo tn nc ngm hn ch v tn dng nc ma dn n gim vic bm nc ngm
ln. Mc d nc c c lng ma bng na Nht Bn nhng c ngi dn v chnh quyn
thnh ph u tch cc xc tin s dng nc ma; chnh quyn thnh ph cng ang ti tr
pht trin vic tn dng nc ma. H thng tn dng nc ma c v c bn ging vi
Nht Bn: nc ma c hng t cc mi nh, c cha trong b cha ngm lm bng
btng vi sc cha 6m3 v nc ma ny c s dng cho cc cng trnh v sinh, git gi
qun o v cc mc ch khc. Nc ma chy trn ra khi b cha s thm vo lng t
ti sinh nc ngm.

I B 5 KM LY NC

Cc thnh vin trong nhm nghin cu thuc Hi tho Quc t v tn dng nc ma

Tokyo n thm Kenya xem vic tn dng nc ma a phng. Kenya, h nhn
thy cc xe la ko khng c ngi nh xe ch thng phuy cha 200 lt nc. Nu mt gia
nh c 6 hoc 7 ngi cng vi vt nui dng 400 lt nc mi ngy th con la phi i li
hai chuyn trong ngy. Nhng gia nh no khng c la ln xe ko th ph n v tr em phi
t i ly nc bng bnh v. Trn ng i vi bnh nc rng th t nng hn nhng khi quay
tr v nh, h phi i b nhiu gi vi bnh y nc. H phi i bnh ng nc trn u
hoc cng trn lng i b qung ng 5km. thc s l gnh nng i vi ph n v tr
em.

LP T B CHA NC MA GIM BT CNG VIC NNG NHC

T chc u tr em ang h tr cho vic lp t b cha nc ma nhm gim gnh

nng cng vic ly nc Kenya. Mt ngi nc pht trin nhn nui dng mt a tr
nc ang pht trin s tr thnh nh cung cp ti chnh cho a tr . S tr gip ti
chnh ny khng ch gip nng cao trnh hc vn v mc sng ca a tr m cn ci thin
iu kin sng hoc to nn nhng iu kin thun li ni em sinh sng. Cc b cha nc
ma c lp t s dng mt phn s tr gip ca nhng ng b, b m u ny.
Tazania - nc lng ging ca Kenya, vic lp t b cha nc ma rt c khuyn khch.
Nh vy, ngi dn Tazania c th thot khi gnh nng ca vic i ly nc.

CC MI NH BNG THIC THU NC MA

Nhiu tr em trn th gii ung nc sng nhim v b cht v nhng cn bnh truyn
nhim. Nc ma hng t mi nh l nc ung an ton. Tuy nhin, cn c trng hp mt
s ngi nhng nhng bnh cha, bn tay bn vo b cha nc ma lm cho nc ma d
tr b nhim bn. Do vy, i hi phi c cc hng dn v v sinh k lng hn.
Tin t ang c lu hnh Botswana - Chu Phi l "pula" c ngha l "ma" v "thebe"
ngha l "git ma" c s dng nh l n v tin t nh hn. iu ny cho thy rng ma
l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v cng quan trng Botswana. Trong thc t, lng ma
hng nm min Bc Botswana l 250mm ch bng 17% Tokyo. Thm vo , ma ch tp
trung vo mt s ngy trong nm v i khi ngi dn y phi tri qua c nm tri khng
c ma. Thc t l vo nhng nm 1980, khng c ma trong 5 nm lin.

THU NC MA T M M CA ANDES

Nht Bn, chng ta phi cn nhc xem lm th no gii quyt vn nc chy trn
ra khi cc b cha nc ma, cn Botswana, ngi dn phi hng cng nhiu nc ma
cng tt. V nc ma c hng t mi nh khng th tha mn hon ton nhu cu ca
ngi dn Botswana, nhng ngi sng vng nng thn cng tng ly nc ma di
mt t. Nc ma t nn t cng c lc bng cc thit b n gin v c cha trong
cc b cha ngm di t.
Tuy nhin, do nc ma hng c vn bn, v d: v cht bi tit ca vt nui, nhng mi
nh lm bng thic mi hng nc ma c Trung tm Cng ngh Botswana (BTC)
gii thiu. y l Trung tm Cng ngh Quc gia nghin cu v pht trin nng lng mt
tri v tn dng nc ma. Chi ph lp t mt b cha nc ma v mt mi nh bng
thic l 3600 pula (1800USD). S tin ny bng 50% thu nhp hng nm ca mt gia nh
khu vc ny. V gi thnh cao nn i khi b cha nc ma b n cp.

QUA MA KH BNG NC MA D TR T MA MA

vng Andes Nam M, him khi c ma nhng sng m thng l lng st mt t.

Mt tm chn mu en rng 3600m2 c t chn sng m v thu nc ngng t. Bng
phng php ny, ti a c th thu c 11m3 nc/ngy.
cc vng nng nghip min ng Bc Thi Lan, khng c sng ln chy qua. Do s
xm thc ca bin vo t lin lm nc ngm y khng ung c v nhim mn. Kt
qu l khu vc ny, ngi dn s dng nc ma t rt lu. Lng ma hng nm vo
khong 1300mm, nhng vo ma kh t thng 10 n thng 1 rt t ma. Nc ma ch c
hng khi ma ma ti. Cc b cha nc ma dung tch 11m3, cc vi cha nc 0,6m3 v
cc bnh cha nc nh hn c dng d tr nc ma.
Gn y, t chc phi chnh ph - Hip hi dn s v Pht trin (PDA) - thc y mnh
m s pht trin ca khu vc thng qua vic lp t cc b cha nc ma, kt qu l s
lng b cha nc ma ngy cng tng ln trong ton khu vc. PDA cho cc gia nh c
nhu cu lp t b cha nc ma vay tin. Cc gia nh ny nhn s tr gip v ti chnh v
dng nc ma chn nui, h s hon tr s tin ny khi bn cc vt nui. PDA thnh
cng trong vic lp t 12.000.000 b cha nc ma v vi cha nc ma trong khu vc
ny. Vic lp t b cha nc ma pht trin nhanh chng v ngi dn y quyt nh
lp t b cha nc ma mt cch t nguyn v khng b chnh quyn bt buc. Cc hot
ng ca PDA do chnh ph c v c ti tr.

CC B CHA NC MA LM DU CN KHT V HP TI TIN

B cha nc ma Thi Lan trc y c lm bng btng ct bng tre, nhng v

nhng con mi n tre lm cho nc b r r ra ngoi nn ngy nay s dng mu chun l
btng ct st. Mt s b cha Thi Lan c th loi b lng ma ban u. Mt thng cha
dng lng c y c th tho ri c lp bn ngoi di y b cha nc ma v lng
ma ban u chy vo thng ny qua mt ci ng; sau khi ma c mt lc, y ca ng
ny ng li v b cha bt u cha nc ma.
T lu nay, Singapore mua nc ca Malaysia. Nm 1992, nc ny bt u s dng
nc ma sn bay Changi. Nc ma c ly t ng bng v c s dng cho v sinh.
Yogyakarta - Indonesia, vic cho nc ma thm vo lng t l nhim v bt buc nhm
bo tn nc ngm, ngun nc ca thnh ph. c, vic tn dng nc ma c khuyn
khch nhm bo tn ngun nc ngm nh cp trn. an Mch v H Lan cng ang
n lc khuyn khch tn dng nc ma theo cch ging nh c.

S DNG NC MA L CH MANG TNH TON CU

Tokyo, vic tn dng nc ma v lm nc ma thm vo lng t c xc tin bi

s tham gia tch cc ca ngi dn nhm ngn chn lt li v khi phc cc dng sui. Cc
cu chuyn v s dng nc ma thnh ph Sumida c m t. thnh ph Koganei,
17.650 b cha nc ma c lp t cho ring tng nh vi s h tr ca chnh quyn
thnh ph. Nu vic lm nc ma thm vo lng t thnh cng trn ton b cao nguyn
Musashino th Tokyo s li c th thng thc cc dng sui tng b kh cn.
BC U TIN XY DNG CC THNH PH BN VNG

Nhng vn lin quan n nc m Tokyo ang phi i mt nh l ging nc kh cn,

lt li trong thnh ph, thiu ngun nc mt cng l nhng vn c th bt gp vi nhng
cp khc nhau cc thnh ph khc trn ton th gii. Ngi ta c tnh rng vo mt thi
im no th k 21 s c 60% dn s th gii sng trong ni thnh. iu ny ch ra rng
cc thnh ph cn phi thc y vic tn dng v lc nc ma m bo t cung cp nc;
v khi phc v bo v s tun hon lun chuyn nc trong khu vc. y l nhng bc
u tin to nn cc thnh ph bn vng: nhng thnh ph c th duy tr s pht trin bn
vng. t ti s pht trin ny, vic kt ni cc thnh ph ang khuyn khch tn dng
nc ma nhm trao i thng tin v tnh hnh s dng nc ma l rt quan trng. Hi tho
quc t v tn dng nc ma Tokyo khi xng vic thit lp mt mng thng tin nh
vy.

BO CO VNG
NUI C BNG NC MA - SRILANKAGii nht cho
tng ca nc ngoi ti cuc thi"Sng kin s dng nc ma"
Thng 10/1993 nhm nghin cu k thut ca hi tho Tokyo ng qung co trn t
"Water Line" (mt tp ch v cc cng ngh khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn nc mi) ku
gi xut cc tng tn dng nc ma ca cc chuyn gia nc ngoi. Mt trong by d
n mt nh th ti Sri Lanka chim gii nht v bm st ch ca cuc hi tho, trong
xut ny ng gp ln cho s nng cao mc sng ca c dn a phng v nu r vai
tr ca cng ng.
Nh th Ceylon l mt trng dng truyn gio v tr cp thuc dng thin cha gio nm
trn mt ngn i cao 90m so vi mc nc bin ngoi thnh ph Galle. Trng chm sc
tr em ngho, ph n thai nghn v cho con b. Trng cng c chng trnh phc hi nhn
phm cho ngi nghin ma ty v dy ngh cho thanh nin, ph n cha c vic lm. Nh th
tng phi ph thuc vo nhng ci ging su 22,5 m ly nc. Nhng nhng nm gn
y c mt ging b kh sut gn su thng mi nm. Lng nc ngm gim xung do
vic cht cy v khai thc i tr granite.
Cn phi xem xt tm mt ngun nc thay th v ngi dn phi di xung i ly
nc. Ba tng c ngh l: r nhnh nc t nhng ng ng chnh, o ging khc
v hng nc ma
Ngi ta nhn ra l tng th nht ch c th cung cp nc n khong gia qu i.
Sau hai ging su 75m c o nhng cui cng cng kh cn. V vy, n lt cho
tng th ba.
Mt s vng ca SriLanka c lng ma hng nm kh cao trn 2.000mm nhng thnh
ph Galle th t hn v gn ging nh Tokyo, khong 1.450mm. Nh th quyt nh ly
nc ma t din tch mi 630m2 vo mt b cha 189m3. Nc thu c dng cho git gi
v tm ra, trong trng hp thiu nc, n c lc v un si ung. Mt b lng vi
mt ci van dng tch nc ma trong vng 10 pht u sau mt t kh hn. Nc trn
ra t b cha ny c cha vo mt b ph 90m3 nui c. Nu khng c ma trong vng

60 ngy, nc b ph s c dng b sung vi nc b chnh. Nui c mang li thm thu

nhp cho cng ng v chng mui sinh sn.

Chng 3

CC CNG NGH NG DNG NC MA

H THNG THU GOMLU CHA - S DNG

CC K THUT X L NC MA V NC THI MT CCH TCH BIT

Mun tn dng nc ma th nc ma v nc thi phi c x l ring bit. Mt phn

nc ma s dng thot vo cc ng ng cng, mt phn thm vo lng t, mt phn
na s c ti s dng. Lng nc ma trn s thm trc tip vo lng t. Ch c nc
nhim bn s thot theo cc ng ng cng. Cng ngh ny hot ng nh mt h thng ng
nc da trn nguyn tc c bn l k thut p ng nhu cu s dng nc ma, l cng ngh
tch hp theo cc chc nng sau:
1. Thu gom nc ma t mi nh, v.v...
2. C b cha nc ma, v.v...
3. Phn loi nc ma;
4. Cp nc ma ti cc ni dng;
5. C ng ng chy trn khi tri ma ln;
6. C th b sung bng ngun nc my thnh ph khi thiu nc ma;
7. C th tch nc ma nhim bn khi tri bt u ma.

S THIT B SNG TO

S dng nc ma l s phi hp cc thnh phn k thut mt cch chn lc lp t

mt thit b ti u nht p ng v mt cu trc v mc ch s dng. Mt iu quan trng l
ngh ra mt thit b c tnh sng to v lp t vo h thng. Do vic tn dng nc ma c
dn dn n nhn, cc loi cng ngh s dng nc ma khc nhau ngy cng pht trin nh
l iu cn thit. Chng ny ch yu cp n trng tm ca tng cng ngh theo chc
nng trong qu trnh tho lun v ng dng nc ma i vi mi cn nh tch bit, khu
chung c, ni cng s, cc phng tin khc trong thnh ph: khu v sinh cng cng, cng
vin, ng ph.
M BO DIN TCH THU NC MA LN NHT C TH

i vi cc cn nh tch bit, nc ma thu gom t mi nh, y l phng php d lm

bt k cu trc ngi nh ra sao. iu m bn nn lm l lng nc ma chy vo mng
ca mi nh m khng cn n h thng ng ng. Nhng mi nh ca cc x nghip, im
xe t v cc ni khc u c th thu gom nc ma. Cng nh vy, nc ma c th thu
gom t cc mi hin, tm che ma nng, sn ban cng. Phn ln vng thu gom nc ma u
c th s dng ti a lng nc tri cho ny.
Nu mi nh khng rng th c th thu gom nc ma trc tip t cc cng trnh
cng cng xung quanh v vic thu nc ma chy dc theo tng nh c th s khng kh
khn lm. nhng ni c t ngun nc nh nhng hn o xa th c th thu nc ma bng
cch ph btng ln sn ni.
CC C S CA CNG NGH S DNG NC MA TI CC CN NH XY
THEO KIU TCH BIT

Nc ma nn c thu gi khng c cht bn v cc loi rc khc. Nc thu c ny s

dng trong cc cng trnh v sinh, ti tiu, ra xe c, lau nh. iu thit yu i vi tt c
cc thnh vin trong gia nh l quan tm n s dng nc ma. H nn tham gia c ra mi
nh, mng hng nc v lun duy tr b cha cht lng tt m bo cho qu trnh thu gom
nc ma.
Cht lng nc cng tt, bn cng c th mong i phm vi s dng rng hn, chng hn
nh nc b sung cho ao nui c vng nhit i. Ti nhng vng m t c iu kin khai
thc ngun nc nh cc hn o th s dng nc ma un si lm nc ung. Nn c gng
p dng mi cch c th cho nc ma khi chy trn khi b cha u c th thm vo
lng t.

VIC S DNG B HN CH MI CN H

Ti nhng khu chung c th din tch thu gom nc ma gii hn, ni t v dung lng
b cha c th l khng c thit k trong qu trnh xy nh. Ngun nc ny ch c s
dng gii hn cho mc ch ti cy v trong trng hp khn cp. Khng ging nh nhng
cn nh ng tch bit, vic nng cp s dng h thng ng ng l khng phi iu d
dng. Do , nc ma cng khng th dng c vo nhiu mc ch khc k c cc cng
trnh v sinh.
Ni thu nc v t b cha nc l cc ban cng hoc sn thng. Nc ma c thu
vo tm nha vinyl t st di sn ca ban cng hay l tm vi bt che ma tri ra ti ban
cng.

K THUT S DNG NC MA C BN CC KHU CHUNG C

Nu nhng ngi c dn khc tn thnh th c th s dng nc ma chy xung t ban

cng cao hn, hoc c th chia s (khi cn thit) nc ma chy t trn sn thng xung qua
ng dn nhng phi ni trch ngang ng ng n ni tiu th nc. iu ny v mt k
thut, c th thc hin c, v nu c hng ng th vic thu gom nc ma s bt u t
sn thng v chy vo b cha t ti ban cng cao nht. Khi b cha trn ban cng cao nht
y th nc ma s t ng chy trn xung b cha ban cng tip theo v c nh vy i
vi cc ban cng sau . Mi h gia nh ti mi tng u c th s dng nc ma. Trong
trng hp ny, v tr lp t v kch thc b cha, phng php chy trn nn thng nht.
Thm ch ti nhng khu chung c xy dng, vic s dng nc ma vo cc mc ch
thng thng khc nh: ra xe, c ra my mc, lm sch ni thu gom rc thi, ra ng
ph hoc ti tiu kh d dng. t c nhng mc ch ny, y l l do c th thu gom
nc ma t y cc ng ng dn vo mt b cha t ti ni c nhu cu s dng nc
loi ny.

VIC S DNG B HN CH DO V TR CA VNG THU NC MA

sch ca nc ma c xc nh bng cc ngun thu gom. Trong khi , mc yu

cu v sch cn tu thuc vo mc ch s dng. V vy, cc ngun thu gom s c xc
nh theo cch s dng hoc mt mc yu cu lm sch trong sut qu trnh x l chng hn
nh qu trnh lc.
Nc ma c cht lng tng i cao c th hng c t mi nh khng b mi mt
(hay b mt loi sinh vt sng no s dng). Nu loi b c cn th nc ma cng c
th tr thnh nc n ung c. Thc ra, nc ma c dng nh ngun nc ung v
s dng sinh hot ti nhng vng thiu ngun nc t nhin, cc h thng cp nc hay
nc ging. Nc ma cht lng tt hn cng c th c hng t nhng bc tng hoc
trn b mt knh. Nc ma t mi ca cc to nh, ban cng, mi che khng sch lm do y
l nhng ch m ngi v ng vt thng tip xc. Tuy nhin, nu s dng ngun nc ny
cho cc cng trnh v sinh hoc dng cho ti cy th hon ton khng sao.
Mc sch

Ni thu nc ma

Cch s dng
nc ma

Mi nh (nhng ni ngi v ng vt Dng trong nh v sinh, ti

khng thng xuyn s dng ti)
cy, v lc sch lm nc
ung

Mi nh (nhng ni c ngi v ng Dng trong nh v sinh, ti

vt s dng thng xuyn)
cy, v cc mc ch s
dng khc (tr nc ung)

C
D

Sn, nh bi xe

Dng trong nh v sinh, ti

cy

ng x, ng xe la trn cao

Dng trong nh v sinh,

ti cy

NC MA HNG T MI NH C TH UNG C

Trong nhng khu chung c, ng dn nc thi ca my git t ban cng pha trn i
khi thi chung theo ng ng dn nc ma. Bn khng th dng ng thi ng dn nc
ma t ban cng thu gom nc ma c. Bn cng c th kim tra xem c thp lm lnh
hoc b cha di ng trn tng thng khng. Thp lm lnh thi ngun nc c nhiu mui
vo h thng ng x trong sut ma h v nc chy t ng ng thot trn b cha cao
hn xung cui ng mng sau khi c ra sch cng b nhim do cc ha cht s dng
lm sch.
MC NHIM NGHIM TRNG CA 1 MM NC MA U TIN

Nn dng vic thu nc hoc l tm ngng s dng nc ma trong sut qu trnh v sau
khi lm sch ng ng.
Nc ma thu gom t sn hoc cc im xe tt hn ht l nn dng trong cc cng
trnh v sinh k c khi qua qu trnh lc sch. Nc ma thu gom t cc con ng b ln
v ng tu thng cha du, bi bn, mui du, kim loi v cc hp cht c hi khc nn
trc khi s dng cn c qu trnh lc v ch nn s dng cho cc cng trnh v sinh.
Nc ma ri xung v ko theo cc cht bn l lng trong khng kh. Nc ma trong
thnh ph cha cc hp cht c hi nh sunphua dioxide v nitrogen oxide pht sinh t khi
thi ca phng tin giao thng v cc c s sn xut. Cng nh vy, bi bn v mui cha
cc hp cht c hi thm nhp v ng li trn khu vc thu gom nc ma nh mi nh.
y chnh l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho nc ma b nhim bn. Sau nhng t
kh hn ko di, hin tng nhim ca "nc ma u cn" cng c bit nng. Khong
1mm lng nc ma u cn thng l b nhim bn n mc khng dng cho bt k mc

ch no k c khng phi dng cho mc ch sinh hot. Do , cn phi loi b nc ma

u cn khi cc h thng thu nc ma.
Nc ma u cn b nhim bn thng ch l mt phn nh trong khi b cha c th cha
c mt lng ln nc ma. Hn na, vic u t cho thit b t ng lin tc loi b
lng nc ma u cn thng i hi chi ph u t ln. Khi lp t cc loi b cha ln
nh vy th thng nc ma u cn vn c gi li trong b cha. Tuy nhin, nhng
cn nh ng tch bit, c b cha nc ma vi dung tch nh, nn loi b lng nc ma
u cn ny.
GI CHO VNG THU NC MA LUN SCH

Trong khi khng th ngn chn vic ho tan hoc truyn cc cht nhim khng kh vo
trong nc ma, th c th trnh vic lm nhim bn thm nc ma bng cch thng xuyn
lau ra sch s nhng khu vc thu cha nc ma. Nhng mi nh trn tng thng l ni
tip xc trc tip vi cht bn, mui v l cng l ni m cc ng vt nh mo, chim phng
u. Bn cng c th gi cho ng vt khng tip xc vi mi nh. Khi mi nh nhim bn th
rt kh lm sch. Bn cng c th s dng nc ma t ngun ny lm sch khu vc thu
gom. Nu khng ch n vic lm sch ban u, th cn phi c cng nhiu bc lm sch
nc ma mt cch rt phc tp.

THIT B T NG TCH B PHN NC MA U CN

H thng s dng nc ma vi quy m ln thng c gn thm thit b o nc ma v

c ni trc tip vi mt van t ng trong ng thu nc ma tch b i mt cch c
chn lc phn nc ma u cn. Thit b ny ni chung l t v khng ph hp i vi quy
m h gia nh.
Cng c th tch b i phn nc ma u cn bng cch ni mt ci vi pha di
ng ng dn v ch ly nc ma vo b cha sau khong thi gian ngn nht nh no
sau khi tri bt u ma. Tuy nhin, bin php ny khng c thit thc lm bi cn phi
mt ai tham gia lm vic ny khi tri bt u ma. Chng ti cng tho lun v cc
thit b c kh nng t ng tch b phn nc ma u cn. Nobuo Tokunaga xut
mt loi thit b tch b phn nc ma u cn bng cch t thm mt chic b nh gia
on ng ni vi pha di v b cha. Trc tin, nc ma s chy vo b nh trc; khi
b nh ny y, phao s t ng ng ng ng ra ca b cha nc ma chnh. Sau ,
nc ma s tip tc chy vo b cha chnh.

THM LC XUNG T PHN NC MA B TCH B

Mt s thit b tng t khc cng theo nguyn l ny c xut. Lp t mt loi

b c lp cha nc ma u cn, khi b ny y, nc ma s c t ng chuyn
sang chy vo b cha chnh. Tt c cc phng php ny u ngh thi b i phn nc
ma u cn c thu vo b cha nh lm b ny rng trc khi c t ma tip theo.
Nn lng nc ma u cn b thi b ngm xung lng t. Tuy nhin, nu thm
ngay tc th v trc tip xung t s gy nh hng n thnh phn di t, v vy nn
phn nc ma u cn b ngm mt cch t t xung t thng qua cc mng o cng vi
dng chy trn khi b cha chnh y nc. Trong qu trnh thm thu t t th nc ma s
c lc bng t hoc c lm sch bng cc vi khun sinh hc ti to li ngun nc
sch di t.

KHC PHC NHNG TR NGI

L cy, cn bn hoc ct lng ng quanh ng ng mng thu nc ma trn mi nh

cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy nhim ngun nc. Hn na, nu c mt ch b
r r cng s lm tht thot nc.Vic thng xuyn v sinh phn mi trn cng ca cc ta
nh th khng c thc t lm, do cn thit phi ngn khng cho nhng vt cn ny chy
cng vi nc ma vo ng ng dn. Thm vo , bn nn lm sch ng mng dn
nc ca mi nh nht l sau thi gian di tri kh nng hoc sau khi tri c gi bo mnh.
Vo ma thu, bn nn thng xuyn dn sch l cy ri trn mi nh v khu vc thu nc
ma.
Hawaii, ni m nc ma c s dng nh l mt ngun nc sinh hot bao gm c
nc ung, trn ng mng hng nc, ngi ta t thm cc tm li ngn vt cn.
Loi li ny c bn ti cc siu th s dng trong cc h gia nh, t bn trong ng
ng dn. Rc v vt cn s ri vo li v t ng thot ra khi ng ng dn.

S DNG CC LI HOC TM LC

C th c mt cch khc na l gn mt tm lc hnh a nm ngay trong ng dn nc.

Tm lc phi t cn i. Cng c th t tm li hoc song chn trc khi nc ma vo
trong b cha. Bin php ny c th loi b vt cn d dng hn khi t li hoc song chn
xung quanh ng mng trn mi nh. C rt nhiu loi li s dng c, th t theo li
thng thng cho ti song chn s dng trong x l nc thi cng. Vic la chn kiu li
ph thuc vo v tr ca vng thu nc ma. Kch thc mt li vo khong 2-3 mm cho ti
10 mm l ph hp.

DIN TCH VNG THU NC MA KHONG 60M2 S CUNG CP KHONG 22L

NC MA

Mt cch xc nh nc ma ti ni thu gom, bn c th tnh ton dung lng nc ma

theo phng trnh sau:
Lng nc ma ti ni thu gom (m3) =
Din tch vng thu gom (m2) x lng ma hng nm(m/nm) x h s dng chy
V d: Din tch dng chy l 60m2, lng ma trung bnh hng nm l 1,5m, v h s
dng chy l 0,9 th dung lng nc ma thu c trong nm l 81 m3. Do lng nc
ma thu c trung bnh theo ngy l (81.000 lt : 365 ngy) 222 lt.
Trung bnh lng nc s dng x nh v sinh vo khong 50 lt/ngi/ngy. V vy,
vi din tch vng thu nc ma l 60 m2 c th cung cp lng nc cn dng cho 4
ngi. Tuy nhin con s 222 lt/ngy c tnh ton vi gi thit l tt c lng nc ma
u c thu li. Do tnh chnh xc hn, nn tr i lng nc chy trn t cc b cha
khi ma to.

C TH S DNG C C 70% LNG NC MA

Lng nc ma cha trong b nhn chung tng ng khong 80% tng lng nc
ma thu c. Theo v d trn th cn mt b cha c dung tch khong 178 lt/ngy tc
khong bng 70% tng lng ma c th thu c vi din tch vng thu nc ma tng
ng. Cng khong bng 90% tng lng nc cn thit dng x nh v sinh cho 4 ngi
trong mt ngy (178 lt : 200lt x 100).
Theo tnh ton trn, mt b cha c dung tch khong 200 lt l va . Tuy nhin b cha
ny li khng cha nc cung cp cho cc mc ch s dng khc nh ti cy hoc
d tr cho cc trng hp khn cp. Hn na, nu tnh trung bnh th ti Tokyo c 4 ngy c
mt trn ma, nhng cng c th c thng lin li khng c trn ma no c. Xt tt c cc
nhn t ny, mt b cha c dung lng ln hn khong 20 n 30 ln tng lng nc ma
s dng x nh v sinh trong mt ngy i vi gia nh c 4 ngi (200 lt x 20 hoc 30
ln = 6 000 lt) v c th s cha y nc khi tri ma.

DUNG TCH CA B CHA C XC NH THEO KCH THC CA VNG THU

NC MA

Dung lng ca b cng c th xc nh bng kch thc ca vng thu gom. Phng trnh
sau cho thy:
Din tch vng thu gom (m2) x H s C (m) =
Dung lng ca b cha nc ma (m3)
Theo l thuyt, h s C l gi tr phn nh c im lng ma trong vng, v.v... nhng
da trn s liu trc, C = 0,1 l gi tr tiu chun c nh c th p dng rng ri cho ton
nc Nht. Nu din tch ca vng thu gom nc ma l 60m2, th dung tch b cha s l 6
m3. Nu m bo c kch thc ny, 70% lng ma trong vng c th c tn dng.
Phn trm ca nc ma c s dng hiu qu gi l "h s ng dng nc ma".

DUNG TCH LN HN KHNG NHT THIT L TT

C v l b cha nc ma c dung lng cng ln, h s s dng nc ma s tng ln

do nc ma b trn ra ngoi t hn. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng phi lun lun ng.
Thm ch, nu dung lng b cha tng ln 50%, th s gia tng ca h s s dng ch
khong 5% ti 10%. Tht vy, dung lng b cha ln hn cha phi l c li ch hn. c
bit l i vi cc khu nh c sn th vic lp t thm b cha to li gp nhiu kh khn. Do
, tnh ton dung lng b cha cng gn vi kt qu ca phng trnh nu trn l thch hp
v b sung thm lng nc thiu bng ngun nc my thnh ph.

BA IU KIN THIT YU CA CC B CHA NC MA

Khi xy dng mt cng trnh mi, th c th cha ra khu vc t b cha trong mt phm
vi gii hn (0,25 theo t s sn tiu chun - theo quy nh ca Lut nhng tiu chun v xy
dng nh (Din tch cha li cho vng mt bng ca b so vi tng mt bng ca ca ton b
cu trc).
(Ghi ch: Lut nhng tiu chun xy dng nh ca Nht Bn gii hn t s ca ton b b
mt bng to nh vi v tr im xy dng m bo khong khng ph hp cho thnh ph).
Nhng thng, bnh cha c th cha ng nc ma nu cc iu kin sau c tho mn:
1. Khng r r
2. c lm bng vt liu m thnh phn khng cha cht ho tan hay r ra vi nc ma
v lm nhim nc, kh nng chu c nh nng, ngn chn s pht sinh to.
3. C np y ngn bi v bc hi, cu trc c th d dng lm sch bn trong.

NG H O MC NC S C CH

B cha c nhiu loi hnh dng khc nhau, vt liu v cu trc s dng tu thuc vo
nhiu ni khc nhau, cch s dng v mc ch s dng, loi cng trnh, dung lng cha v
v tr lp t. Mt b cha lm sn c l lp t s n gin, trong mt vi trng hp b c
th c lp rp hoc xy trn v tr .
T trc n nay, chng ta thng s dng bnh, l, thng, x chu nh mt b cha nc
ma n gin.Nhng chic chum hoc thng nha c dng nh nhng b cha nh (dung
tch nh hn 500 lt). Cng c th l b cha nc ma lm sn vi dung tch t 500 lt tr
ln lm bng thp, thp khng r hay FRP, hoc gia c bng b tng. Nu dng b bng vt
liu FRP th i khi phi dn nc sang b cha khc.
Ti nhng nc t ma v ma kh ko di, b cha hu ht c dng hnh trn, lm bng
cc vt liu thng thng nh: g, thp, b tng v nha. B thng c t trn nn t.
Ti nhng vng khng c h thng cung cp nc hoc nc ngm, nc ma c s dng
nh l mt ngun nc cho sinh hot bao gm c nc ung. Ti nhng vng ny, cng c
lm sch nc ma v cha ng nc ma khng lm nhim nc l iu thit yu cho
cuc sng. Cc ng ng lng t ct c s dng nh l phn chnh tch nc ma u
cn.

CHA NC MA BAN CNG TI NH XY KIU TCH BIT

B cha nc ma c th t trn mi nh (c khi c trn ban cng), trn nn t hoc

ngm di lng t. Ti cc h gia nh c lp, loi b gn lp trn mi hoc trn nn t
c s dng nhiu. Trong mt vi trng hp, cc khung gia c b tng c thit lp
xy dng b cha, hoc b t trn nn t c mi che, trn tng trt hoc trong gara. Cng c
th t b cha ti khong trng trong gm cu thang.
Nhn chung, b cha nc ma loi ln t ti tng trt hoc ngm di lng t. Nu b
cha t ngm di lng t s kh khn khi lm ng ng chy trn do trng lc, cn thit
phi dng bm y nc ra.

NI LP T C TH NH HNG N CU TRC NGI NH

Nu nh gia nh c lp c 2 tng cng thu gom nc ma t mi nh v cha trong

mt b t trn ban cng hoc trn tng th hai th nc c th phn phi c xung cc
tng thp hn. Trong thi gian , nu b cha c t ti tng trt, trong vn hoc trn
mt t, nc s phn phi n cc tng cao hn nh bm.
Nu xt v gi thnh thit b v bo dng, gii php tt nht l t b cha ti tng th
hai, th n l t ti tng trt. Tuy nhin, kch thc b cha s b hn ch nu t b trn
tng hai. Nu b cha c kch thc qu ln s nh hng n cu trc ngi nh v chi ph.
Nu lp t b cha di mi nh hoc trn gc xp s thch hp vi mc ch n gin l thu
gom v s dng. Tuy nhin, cu trc ca ngi nh nh nh sng, ct nh v cc chi tit khc
vn phi m bo chc thch hp.
Cc cch s dng nc ma
Ti cy

X l nc ma
Khng cn x l

Dng lm nc cu ho, nc lm mt cho Cn c x l trc khi s dng

iu ho khng kh
Ao/h, nc dng cho v sinh, git qun Cn c x l v mt v sinh v ngi s
o/ra xe
dng c tip xc vi nc
B bi/bn tm, nc dng n/ung

Cn thit phi lc k nc ma v ngi s

dng ung trc tip hoc gin tip

CC CCH S DNG I VI NC MA C CHT LNG KHC NHAU

Cht lng nc ma bin i tu theo mc nhim khng kh, cng nh mc sch

ca dng c thu gom nc ma. Nhng iu kin ny cng ph thuc vo mi trng xung
quanh dng c. y l vn nn quan tm khi tho lun v nhng gii php c th lm sch
nc ma. V d: ngi nh ca bn c vn cy bao quanh th cn thit phi c tm li ngn
l cy khng ri vo khu vc thu gom. Nu l vng ct hoc khu t rng ln gn th
cn phi c cc dng c lng lc loi b cn bn. Cc gii php c th s khc nhau cho
ph hp vi mc ch s dng.
V d: khi nc ma s dng lm ngun nc ung, tm ra hoc tip xc trc tip vi c
th con ngi th cn phi c qu trnh tit trng ngun nuc. Tuy nhin, i vi mc ch
khng phi l nc dng cho sinh hot th ch cn qu trnh x l vt l n gin nh loi b
cht bn bng sng lc hoc lng ct. Nu thit b x l qu phc tp s va tng v mt chi
ph, va kh bo dng v cng knh. Bin php x l nc ma cng n gin cng tt tu
theo mc ch s dng v cht lng ca nc ma.
D LOI B RC RI NH B LC V MNG CHN

Hu ht cc hp cht ln ln trong nuc ma bao gm t ct ca vng thu gom. L cy v

cc loi tp cht c kch thc ln c loi b trc khi i vo b cha bng cc cng c
sau:
1. t tm lc trc tip bn trong ca ng thu gom.
2. t tm ngn ngay ti ming b. Trong trng hp ny tm ngn s khng c nhng
vo trong nc, nhng s t cao ln pha trn mt cht so vi mc nc trong b c th
ngn tp cht v l cy ri vo.
C hai cch rt n gin v d dng p dng. Vic cn thit phi lm ch l kim tra tm
ngn thng xuyn v dn cht bn cng vi l cy.

CH DNG NC SCH QUA QU TRNH LNG LC

Mt b lc v mt b lng thng kt hp vi nhau trong mt h thng b cha nc ma

loi b t ct. Chng c thit k cho php ch s dng lp nc sch bng cch gi
li ct v t b lc v lng cc phn t l lng nh vo trng lc ti b lng.
B lc c t ngay trc b lng vi thi gian lu trong b lc khong t 30 n 60
giy, trong thi gian ny t v ct nng s lng xung y. Khi nc i vo b lng, cc phn
t l lng lng chm vi thi gian t 2 n 3 gi do nhng ht ny nng hn nc. Thi gian
lu thch hp ph thuc vo bn cht cc phn t l lng. Dung lng ca b lng ln hn so
vi dung lng b lc do phi gi nc li lu hn.
B CHA C SN B LC TIN LI CHO S DNG TI H GIA NH

y ca c b lng v lc nn c dc hoc c ch trng d lng ng v tch lu cht

bn. iu cn thit l phi c l thng kim tra bn trong v loi b cn. Mi b u c
tm chn nc ngay di ng nc vo ngn khi tri ma ln khng cho dng nc
chy mnh vo lm khuy trn cn bn lng v lm chng chy thot ra.
Cch ng nht l lp t mt b lc v mt b lng c lp ngay trc mt b cha nc
ma, hoc trong mt b cha nc ma c th phn chia ra lm mt khoang lc, mt khoang
lng, mt khoang cha cng cho hiu qu tt. Khi dung tch b cha nc ma nh hn 10
m3, ch c th c b lng. i vi cc h gia nh, lc nc, ngi ta thng gn tm sng
chn bng kim loi hoc lt lp si vo b cha lc v lm sch nc thay v lm thm b
lc v b lng.
THI GIAN LNG CN DI S HIU QU HN, NHNG...

Nc ma thu c t cc khu ly nc ma thng c cha nhiu phn t bi vi nhiu

kch c v trng lng khc nhau l lng trong khng kh hoc trong ng ng dn. Nhng
cht bn ny s c loi b mt cch n gin do b lng xung cc b lng nh cp
trn di tc dng ca trng lc.
B lng c vai tr lm gim bt lng cht bn trong nc ma trc khi i vo b cha,
ko di thi gian gia mi b lm sch. Cc b lng hot ng khng ng thi, tit kim v
thi gian v nng lng. Trong trng hp b lng t trn mt t, vic b tr cc van ca
ng ng s rt thun tin, c bit l lm sch b, bi v c th tho b i cn bn ch
n gin bng cch m van bng tay.

THIT K LM SCH B LNG

Nh cp cc phn trn, mt b phn hm s c gn ngay di dng vo c

th hm tc dng chy. Nu b mt vt liu hm lm bng si nhn to th khng ch c
chc nng hm dng chy m cn cho hiu qu lc nh mong mun.
Dung lng b lng cng ln, hiu qu lc s cng ln do thi gian nc ma b lu cha
trong b cng di th lng cn bn b loi b cng s nhiu hn. Khi tri ma to, mt lng
ln nc ma b trn vo b cha nc sch v lm xo trn cn lng v lm cho nc tr li
tnh trng nhim bn nh trc. V vy, qu trnh lng hai, ba hoc nhiu ln s cng lm tng
hiu qu lc. Tuy nhin, cch ny ch c hiu qu kinh t i vi cc thit b s dng nc
ma quy m ln v v i hi bo dng thng xuyn.

MT KIU LC N GIN KHNG CN THIT B IN

Cc ht t, ct, cht bn l lng c kch thc qu nh khng th loi b bng qu trnh

lng. Phng php hiu qu hn l lp t mt thit b lc ngay cnh b lng. C nhiu
phng php lc nc, nhng phng php sau y thch hp vi lc nc ma:
1. Lc qua lp si:
Si lc gn ging nh granit, c ng knh xp x 7 - 8cm, nha c hnh dng nh vy
cng c th s dng c. dy lp si c th thay i hiu qu lc, nhng xt v mt bo
dng th lp si lc khng nn qu dy s ph hp hn. dy thch hp khong 70 cm.
Nht thit phi thng xuyn kim tra lp si lc v ra sch cc cht cn bn tch t trn b
mt lp vt liu lc. iu ny c th d dng lm c bng cch nhi nhng hn vo mt
chic r hoc khung li c th d dng tho ra c v lm sch cng vi b cha.
S DNG MT LP SI HAY TM LC

2. Lc qua tm lc kim loi hoc nha thng.

Khung li lc c lm tng hiu qu lc nhng n li i hi phi thng xuyn kim tra
v lm sch. Vic lm sch s d dng hn so vi lc bng si bi v ch cn ko tm lc ra
lm sch.
C h thng lc bng si v h thng bng tm lc u khng cn thit b iu khin bng
nng lng c bit no c. Cn c cc phng php khc nh cc thit b lm sch quay
vng t ng, thit b lc tinh vi vi nhng tm lc cc ht cc nh, nhng tt c cc phng
php ny c th s c thm nhiu thit b ph tr, v qu mc cn thit nu nc ma ch
s dng vo cc mc ch khng i hi phi c cht lng nc cao.
KHNG CN PHI LO V MUI SINH SN

Khng phi lo lng v vn u trng rui mui s n trong b cha nc hoc mui s
sinh si ny n. B cha nc vn s dng bnh thng v c b sung nc thng xuyn.
Thm ch c khi u trng c th b ha ln vi nc hoc mui vo b cha trng bn
trong th khi m np b lm sch, u trng khng th sinh si c. Nhng thng ma kh
s gi cho b kh ro. Nn ly phn nc cn ng li trong b khi lm sch bn trong.
Nu vn cn lo lng, th c th tho nc ma ra bng cch iu chnh mc nc theo ng
o mc nc gn trn b theo lng ma d on theo d bo thi tit. y l cch tt c
th tho b i nc ma c. Nc ma thot ra, d nhin l nn thm xung lng t.

IU CHNH DUNG TCH NC THEO D BO THI TIT

ng o mc nc l thit b rt cn thit kim sot dung lng nc c trong b cha

nc ma. Mt loi c thit k nh kiu van phao hnh cu. N c thit k lm sao
qu cu phao c th chuyn ng ln v xung theo mc nc c trong b v c mt cy kim
c gn km ch mc nc. Mt loi khc theo kiu mt ci ng o, ng lm bng vt
liu trong sut ni thng ng theo hng vung gc vi y b. Mc nc trong ng chnh
l mc nc trong b cha.
Cc h hoc rnh thot nc ma rt d b tc do t lm v sinh v l nguyn nhn pht
sinh u trng mui. Chng ta c th khng ch my n vn lm v sinh cc h thot ny
nn do vy tt nht lm cc h thot c th thm c nc c kh nng thm xung t.
Tt nht nn c cc bin php ngn nga trnh ng nc ma. l bin php tt nht,
ph hp v mt sinh thi ngn nga s sinh si ca rui mui.

BO V CC THIT B TN DNG NC MA KHI TRI MA TO

Khi tri ma to, mt lng ln nc ma s xi x vo b cha thng qua cc ng

ng thu nc lm khuy ng t, ct tch t di y b v gy nn cc vn v thit b. T
hi nht l nc ma s chy trn ra khi b cha. Nu thu nc ma t mi nh, th mt
cng c kim sot dng vo s c gn vi ng ng trn mi hoc xy ng bao bng b
tng xung quanh mng dn nc, v vy c th ngn chn c hin tng nc ma xi
x vo b cha. Nu ch p dng bin php ny khng thi th cha bi v nc ma c
lu gi tm thi trn mi nh c th gy r r, ngm xung mi nh. Do , bn cnh ng
chy dn nc vo b nn lm thm mt dng thot nc ma d c th chy ra ngoi.
NC MA C TH C CH KHI THNH THONG TUYT RI

ng knh ca ng thu gom nc ma, trong trng hp ny nn lm nh hn ng ng

chy trn. Mt ng ng ngn c gn vo cng chiu vi ng ng thu gom gip
gim p sut bn trong ng ng. i vi thit b ng dng nc ma loi nh s dng cho
cc h gia nh th ng ng thu gom tho lp c l gii php hiu qu. ng ng thu
gom c th tho ra khi c d bo tri ma nng ht. Cch khc l lm rng b cha bng cch
tho nc trc.
Cha nc ma c li ch rt ln mi khi tuyt ri. Khi c tuyt ri ln ti cc vng trong
thnh ph, nu cha thch nghi vi tuyt s gy ra s xo trn: xe la trt bnh trn ng
ray, nh hng n m phanh t nn d gy tai nn, mi ngi d b trt chn v ng phi
vo bnh vin. ngn chn tnh trng ny, nc ma c phun ln khp mi nh, ton b
khu vn v ng i cho tuyt chy ra. H thng ng dng nc ma ca Ryogoku
Kokugikan c trang b thm thit b lm tan tuyt. Ti cc h gia nh, iu ny c th thc
hin m khng cn phi lp t thm mt thit b c bit no.
HY CN THN VI CAO KHC NHAU CA B CHA, NG DN V RNH

Nc ma chy trn t cc b cha c thi ra ngoi qua ng ng chy trn vo h

thot nc chy trn v thm vo lng t. ng ng chy trn ch dn nc khi c tri ma
v y c th l ng cho mui i vo b cha nc. Do cn phi t mt tm li chn
ngay u ra ca ng chy trn trnh s xm nhp ca mui.
i vi b cha nc ma t ngm di lng t, hin tng chy ngc dng c th xy
ra do s khc nhau v mc nc gia nc trong b v nc trong vng chy trn. Do
phi kim tra cn thn v tr lp ng chy trn v cng nn t thm van kim sot dng chy
ngc. Nn mt khong trng khng kh phn cui cng ca ng chy trn.
Nu nh cn phi xy h thot nc chy trn th nn lm y h bng vt liu thm nc
tt nc thot ra c th d dng thm xung t hn. Khi lp t bm cho dng chy trn,
nn lp c van kim sot dng nc chy ngc cng vi cc ct ni c th chng li s
thm nhp ca mui t pha thot thi nh trong trng hp ng ng khng lp bm.

NGN CHN NC MA CHY NGC BNG VAN IU KHIN

Dng chy trn t b cha l dng nc cng c gi tr v l qu tng ca thin nhin.

iu quan trng l khng cho dng nc ny chy vo cng gp phn ngn chn ngp
ng trong th cng nh duy tr, bo m an ton ca qu trnh lu thng nc trong
vng mt cch hp l. Thm ch nu bn khng c s la chn no nhng dng chy trn vn
trc tip i vo cng do hn ch v v tr hoc cc l do khc, bn cng nn xem xt cn thn
nhng im lu chnh c cp trn khi lp t ng ng chy trn.
LP T CC RNH THM NC V VNG THM NC

Khng ch vic thu nc ma t mi vo cha trong b s dng, m c vic lm cho

nc ma b chy trn ra hoc l nc ma chy vo cc knh thot nhng khu vc khng
c cc h thng thu nc ma ngm c xung t u gip ti to li nc v lu thng
nc trong vng cng nh gip kim sot mt cch hiu qu tnh trng ng ngp cc khu
th. c bit l nhng khu th, vic lm cho nc ma ngm tt xung lng t s gip
khi phc li ngun nc di t ang b kh cn, ngn chn hin tng ln st, lm cy ci
ti tt v gi m cho khng kh.
Cc phng tin gip nc ma c th thm xung t bao gm cc con mng, vng
nc, rnh ho, ging, va h c th thm thu nc. Cc con mng, vng nc v va h ch
p dng cho cc khu gia nh n l. Nc ma chy theo ng dn a vo mt con
mng hoc vng nc v thm t t vo trong t. Nhng khu t rng ln nh nhng im
xe, ng cao tc nn lm cho b mt c th thm nc, gim thiu nc ma chy dn
vo cc ng mng bn ng.

TN DNG NC MA => NGM NC XUNG T => TI NP NC NGM

Khng ch nc ma chy trn t b cha m c nc ma c s dng cho cc mc

ch nh ra xe, git qun o, lau chi, lm mt cng nn c a tr li vo lng t. y
l cch thc hon tr dn dn nc cho cc vng di lng t xung quanh v lm ti tt
cy ci. Mt bo co cho thy rt kh trng cy bch tng v mt s loi cy a nc khc
trn vng cao nguyn Musashino Tokyo. Nc thm qua t s thc y qu trnh ti np
li v tit kim nc di t, lm cho cy trng ti tt, v kim sot " hin tng o
nng" ti nhiu khu vc th. Cng c th hy vng vic ngm nc ma xung t s gip
khi phc li cc dng sui b kh cn. S dng nc ma, lm cho nc ma thm xung
lng t, khi phc ngun nc ngm v lm cy ci tng trng l nhng qu trnh gn kt
cht ch vi nhau nh gii thiu qua trong nhng chng trc.
Khi nc ma c s dng cho mc ch v sinh, cc cng trnh v sinh m trong b
thiu nc th s khng s dng c. iu cn thit l phi b sung ngun nc cp thnh
ph v m bo lng nc khi tri khng ma. Nhng cng trnh ng dng nc ma
vi quy m ln c thit k c s dng ngun nc b sung t ng ca thnh ph vi van
ni hoc gy iu kin bng in cc kim sot van b sung nc khi mc nc trong b
cha thp hn mc nc quy nh. Nc trong b cha cng c th c cung cp mt cch
n gin bng cch vn m van bng tay khi cn thit.

B SUNG NC CP CA THNH PH CHO NC MA

Khi b cha trn cao c lp t cung cp nc cho thnh ph th b ny cng b sung

nc cp cho b cha nc ma. S tiu th nc my thnh ph nh hn nhng ta nh c
s dng nc ma, v vy nc my thnh ph c xu hng lu li trong thi gian di trong
b cha trn cao v gim cht lng ca nc.
B SUNG NC CP CA THNH PH QUA MT B CH L TI U

S dng nc my thnh ph b sung cho b cha nc ma gp phn cho qu trnh

trao i, lu thng v duy tr cht lng nc. Khi dung lng ca b trn cao c tnh ton
trn s liu gi thuyt v kh nng ng dng nc ma th vic cha nc trong b nng cao
khng phi l v ch, v vy b cha nc ma nn c kt ni trc tip vi b ch.
D thng qua b nng cao hay kt ni trc tip vi b ch, ch khng gy ra dng chy
ngc t b cha nc ma trn vo ng ng. Bin php thng thng trnh dng chy
ngc l to ra mt khong trng gia ng ng cp nc ra v ng ng dn nc vo b
cha nc ma v lp t thm mt my phanh hi, thit b lm tng p sut bn trong bng
cch ht kh t ng khi p sut m sinh ra bn trong ng ng dn nc. Thm vo , mt
" b nc b sung" v ng ng phn phi nn c lp t trc b cha nc ma nu c
th.
CP NC T B CHA TRN CAO

Ti nhng to nh cao tng, nc cp thnh ph chy vo b ch thng qua mt ng

ng phn phi t ng ng chnh t ngm di lng t. Sau , nc s c phn phi
n tng phng. B ch thng c t ngay pha trn mt t hoc ngm di lng t.
Nu nc c cung cp ch bng cch bm trc tip t b ch n tng phng th p sut
nc s rt mnh hoc rt yu ph thuc vo cao ca tng tng. Vic iu chnh p sut
i hi mt thit b phc tp, v vy mt b trn cao s c lp t trn mi nh ca tng cao
nht cha nc bm t b ch ln, nc s t phn phi n cc phng nh trng lc.
Mt b cha trn cao i khi c s dng trong h thng s dng nc ma. Cu trc v
cht liu trn c bn ging vi h thng cp nc thnh ph, nhng ch trnh cc vt liu
m nh sng c th d dng lt qua nh FRP v s dng vt liu khng cho nh sng xuyn
qua trnh cho to khng sinh trng bn trong b cha.

H THNG BM TRONG CC CN NH XY THEO KIU TCH BIT

Nh cp, nn lp t thm b cha b sung v cc ng ng b sung b sung

thm nc bng ngun nc cp ca thnh ph, duy tr p sut bn trong ng ng b sung
v ngn khng cho dng nc ma chy ngc vo cc ng ng nc cp ca thnh ph.
Nu lp thm b cha trn cao th b ny cng c th c xem nh mt b cha b sung. Do
, c th phn phi nc cp thnh ph t b cha nc cp trn cao trc tip ti b cha
nc ma trn cao.
Cc cn nh c t tng khng cn thit phi c b cha nc ma trn cao. Vic lp t
khng gy ra s bt li nhng chi ph xy dng v duy tu, bo dng s tng ln. Vic cp
nc bng cch s dng bm trc tip c p dng rng ri hn.

H THNG BM GING NH H THNG BM NC CP CA THNH PH

Cn thit c mt chic bm bm nc t b cha nc ma trn mt t hoc ngm

di lng t ln b trn cao nm trn mi nh ca tng cao nht hoc phn phi nc cho cc
cng trnh v sinh, trn tng hai v cc tng cao hn. C hai loi bm, bm th di nc
v bm trn mt sn. i vi c hai loi bm, nhng loi nh hot ng vi in th c
khong 100 vn v loi ln l 200 vn. Nn lp mt cc in hoc phao ni kim sot mc
nc trong b cha nc ma, do bm s t ng dng khi lng nc trong b di mc
nc quy nh. C ch ny cng c s dng cho b cha nc cp thnh ph.
Nn lp t hai bm cho h thng s dng nc ma c quy m ln nh trng hp b
cha nc cp thnh ph. Khi mt trong hai loi bm b hng th s c s thay th ca bm
kia, lm cho qu trnh bm nc khng b ngt qung. Vi h thng s dng nc ma c
quy m nh nh cc nh c lp th ch cn mt chic bm l nu kp thi sa cha
khi c s c. V cc loi kiu mu, loi bm c nh s dng cho bm nc t ging ti cc
cng trnh v sinh. Mt chic bm tay cng c th s dng bm nc ma cho mc ch
ti tiu hoc ra xe.

HIN THC HA TM QUAN TRNG CA VIC S DNG NC MA BNG

CCH S DNG BM TAY

Bm tay vn hot ng khi mt in. Hn th na, mi ln bm bng tay l mt ln gi

nh li ngha ca vic s dng nc ma cng nh nhc nh phi tit kim nc. Thm ch
loi bm ny c th gy phin h nhng li c th c gi tr hn cc loi bm ng c khc c
th cung cp bao nhiu nc theo mun ch bng cch m vi. Do bm tay th cng
c khuyn khch s dng trong cc h gia nh, c bit l gio dc thc tr em.
KHNG BAO GI C NI NG CP NC MA VI NG CP NC CA
THNH PH

ng ng cung cp nc ma c lp t pha trong hoc bn ngoi nh v hot ng

c lp i vi h thng cp nc thnh ph. Ch rng ng ng cp nc ma khng
c kt ni trc tip vi ng ng cp nc thnh ph. Vic kt ni trc tip gia hai loi
ng ng ny nh l s "bt cho", l nguyn nhn nc ma chy vo h thng cung cp
nc thnh ph lm nhim bn nc sinh hot. Bin php ngn chn s "bt cho" ny
c a ra nh sn ng ng cp nc ma cho d dng xc nh. Khi mt ngi nh mi
xy, m rng hoc nng cp bao gm c h thng ng nc th phi m bo rng ng ng
nc thnh ph v ng ng dn nc ma khng c kt ni vi nhau do nhm ln.
C th gn mt chic vi vo b cha nc ma t trong mt chic sn hoc trn mt ban
cng nc ma c th chy t vi vo x chu hoc ti nc trc tip bng ng ng
di ni vi vi. Chi ph lp t l rt r tin khng cn thit phi lp t cc ng ng dn
nc ma. Nhn chung, ng knh ca vi khong 13 milimt tu tng loi v ph thuc vo
ni s dng nc ma nh th no. Vi c th t gn di y ca b cha nhng khng t
st xung y bi cn lng s c th chy vo vi ra ngoi.
T NHT PHI M BO CHC CHN L GN THM MT VI NC

Khi b cha nc ma t trn mt t, ti thiu phi c mt chic vi ly nc trc

tip t b cha, thm ch ngay c khi ng ng cung cp nc v bm c lp t. Theo
cch ny, vic xem xt cht lng nc s d dng hn.
Vic bo dng thit b ng dng nc ma rt quan trng i vi qu trnh thu gom, lu
gi, s dng nc ma sch. Trch nhim ny l ca ngi dn. C kin cho rng cc thnh
vin trong gia nh nn c k hoch hng nm thay phin nhau bo dng:

KHNG BAO GI SAO NHNG VIC KIM TRA V LM SCH CC DNG C

CHA NC MA!

1. Ti vng thu gom - Rc ri v cht thi ca ng vt ti vng thu gom nc ma bao

gm c trn mi nh phi c lm sch thng xuyn. c bit l trong ma l rng, nn
lm sch thng xuyn trnh s tc nghn ng ng dn.
2. B lc, b lng, li lc: Trong ma kh, cc b lc, b lng, phi c lm sch hon
ton. i vi b cha nc ma t trn mt t, cn lng phi c loi b bng ng ng
thi di y b. Pha bn trong b cha phi c lm sch t mt n nm nm mt ln ph
thuc vo lng cn lng. Cn, rc mc trn tm li lc nn c loi b thng xuyn.
X Y D NG K HO CH B O D NG C C D NG C LI N QUAN T I S D
NG N C M A

B NG
PhnNi dung kim traThi gianKhong thi gian lm schKim tra, lm schMi
nh
Loi b rc, phn chim,1 ln/nm1 - 5 nm94/5/15Mng, ng thot ncLoi b rc, phn
chim/ Kim tra han r2 ln/nm1 - 5 nm94/5/1594/11/13Tm lcLoi b l, bi,1
ln/nm1 - 3 nm94/5/1594/6/17B lngKim tra v loi b bi, cn lng2 ln/nm1 - 3 nm
94/5/1594/11/3B chaKim tra v loi b bi, cn lng2 ln/nm1 - 5 nm94/5/1594/11/3
My bmVn hnh khng thng xuyn2 ln/nm1 - 5 nm94/5/1594/11/33. Tm lc: t,
ct v rc b gi li trn tm lc cng s c loi b thng xuyn. Tm lc c th c lm
li hoc thay th khi hiu qu s dng gim xung hoc khi chng khng th tch t, ct.
Tm lc c lm sch t mt n ba nm mt ln.
4. B cha nc ma: Kim tra bn trong khong hai ln trong nm khi loi b cn lng.
Bn trong b c lm sch nu thy cn thit. Bo dng ton b vng thu gom, b lng v

tm lc s lm gim chu k lm sch bn trong b t mt ln trong nm xung nm nm mt

ln.
5. Thit b cung cp nc ma: m bo rng cc dng c my mc nh bm lm vic
bnh thng bng cch kim tra ti thiu ba thng mt ln. Cc dng c khc phi c kim
tra khong su thng mt ln v bo dng nh thit b cung cp nc thnh ph.
BO CO VNG
WAIKIKI C NGHA LNC SUI HAWAII
Nc di t - Cc vng min ng v min Ty giu c s dng nc ma
29 thnh vin thuc nhm nghin cu k thut n thm Hawaii vo thng 3 nm 1994
xem cch thc s dng nc ma y. Chng ti t hi ngun nc cung cp cho
1.160.000 ngi dn v 6.000.000 du khch mi nm l g. Trn hn o Oahu, nc di t
l ngun cung cp chnh. Thc ra, Waikiki c ngha l "nc sui". C th ni l hot ng
ca ni la to ra nhng ti nc di t khng l di hn o ny.
Nhng cn ma ln bn b pha ng ca cc dy ni din ra khi gi mu dch ng
Bc thi nhng m my mang y hi m t bin vo qua nhng nh ni ti b pha bc.
Lng ma trung bnh hng nm khong 7.620mm, gp 5 ln Tokyo. Hu ht nc ma
c lu gi trong lp khng thm nc ca ni la v ngun nc ny c dng nh
ngun cung cp nc sinh hot cho ton thnh ph. Ti nhng vng khng c lp chng
thm, th nc ma thm su vo tng ngm nc v gi l "thu knh nc". Nc bin cng
c th to thnh m trn nhng va nhng nc ma s ni ln trn v nc ma c trng
lng nh hn nc bin. Trong nhng nm gn y, vn nhim mn trong nc ngy
cng trm trng do vic bm ht qu mc ngun nc di t.
Trn hn o Oahu, trn nhng qu i khng c nc cp ca thnh ph v ch c mt
lng rt t nc ngm v bn b pha Ty ca qu ni khan him nc, nc ma c thu
s dng nh ngun nc sinh hot hng ngy. y, c gn 110 h gia nh s dng nc
ma. C th thy trn hn o Hawaii nhng b cha nc bng g vi dung tch t 20
n 50 m3 c n 120 nm tui, chng t rng s dng nc ma c t lu i. Ngy nay,
nhng b cha lm bng btng hoc thp v g rt t. Khi nc tr nn rt him ti
nhng vng khng c ma thng xuyn trong mt thi gian di, nhng xe ti ch nc n
cung cp vi gi 9 la/m3. Nc ma ti Hawaii c cht lng cao bi khng kh khng
b nhim, tuy nhin li pht sinh mt s vn khc. Nhng vng thu gom nc ma v
ng rnh c xu hng b nhim bn do l cy v cht thi t cc loi chim do cc h gia
nh trng cy xung quanh nh. Hn na, ch t sn ca mi nh v sn chng g c th b
ho tan vo nc ma. Harvey E. Finch t hn o Hawaii a ra tm li lc t vo
ng ng dn vi mc ch loi b l cy. Nc ma sau khi lc cha trong b v c kh
trng bng clo. Ti Hawaii, chnh ph khng h tr cho vic s dng nc ma m hon ton
do ngi dn a phng t xy dng. Mi ngi dng nh ngh rng h nn t m bo
ngun nc cho bn thn khi khng c nc cp thnh ph bi v h t la chn n sinh
sng vng ny.

PHN THAM KHO

VI NT V S DNG NC MA
THAM QUAN CC C S C CC H THNG
S DNG NC MA

NGI NH DO KIN TRC S KIYOSHI SATO THIT K

y l mt cn nh xy theo kiu ng c lp t nm 1987. K t khi mt s tp ch v

bi bo m t nt c trng ca ngi nh nh mt hnh mu kin trc i tin phong trong vic
ng dng h thng s dng nc ma hon thin.
Ngi nh c b cha nc ma ngm di lng t vi dung tch 40 m3 thu nc ma
t mi nh. Nc ma ch yu s dng x trong cc cng trnh v sinh, v nu cn c
th dng vo vic git gi qun o.
Ngi nh nm trong vng lu vc sng Shingashi - l mt nhnh ca sng Ara, thng
xuyn b ngp l khi tri ma to. V vy khi kin trc s Kiyoshi Sato thit k ngi nh mi
ca mnh, anh quyt nh t mt b cha nc ma ngm c dung tch ln di lng t
c th tn dng lun nc ma ngay ti nh v gp phn hn ch lt li.
Ngi nh ny cho thy r nhng tng s dng nc ma theo quy m h gia nh. V
d, anh y lm mt cn phng bng cch ging cc ng ng dn nc ma ngay pha
trn trn nh. Nhit phng khi c th thp hn bnh thng khong 3oC. Khi nc ma
i vo cc ng ng, Sato cho rng anh y vn cm thy d chu thm ch vo ma h ngt
ngt ti nc Nht khi ch c th dng qut in. Anh y cng lm mt ngi nh bng cch
t ri rc b cha nc ma trn mi nh. Thm vo , anh y la chn h thng lc tt

nht nc ma c th sch hn: lp t khong 70 mm theo chiu rng ca mng thu

nc trn mi hin v t thit b lc v li lc trn ng ng dn nc vo b cha.

THNG S:
Loi nh: Nh xy theo kiu ng c lpVt liu: b tng chu lc (i vi tng 1 v tng2), G
(tng 3 tr ln)Din tch sn: 130m2
Mc ch s dng: X nc trong cng trnh v sinh, ti cy, nc lm mt gip iu ha khng kh.
Din tch vng thu gom: Mi nh, 64m2
B cha nc ma: ngm di lng t, dung tch 40m3V tr: qun Saitama
Ngy xy dng: thng 12 nm 1987
n v thit k: Cng ty kin trc

NGI NH DO GIO S SUZUKI THIT K

y l v d tt nht cho thy cch thc thit k "h thng s dng nc ma". Nhiu thit
b c a vo s dng trong ngi nh a nc ma vo phc v cuc sng hng
ngy v tr nn thn thin vi nhng ngi sinh sng trong cn nh. Cng trnh thit k bi
Nobuhiro Suzuki - gio s trng i hc khoa hc Tokyo. ng cng l ngi ni ting c
bit n nh mt kin trc s u ngnh, c bit l trong vic kin trc khung cnh ng dng
nc ma.
Trc phng khch tng hai l cu trc pan bng polycarbonate va c dng nh ca
s ly nh sng tri. Chng ta c th tn hng nhng hnh mu rt th v do nc ma chy
trn nhng tm pan ny. Trn ban cng ca tng mt l mt h cha nc ma vi mt "vi
phun ma" c nh t gia h. Vi phun s to ra nhng gn sng ln tn v lm cho mt

h tr nn sng ng, mt chic gh di bng tre en bn cnh h cng lm cho cnh vt tr

nn hi ha. H cha ny cng nh l mt ngun cung cp nc v l "h mt tri" phun
nc ln trn mi nh v c tc dng lm mt nh bng c ch bc x. Nc ma chy theo
ng ng mng polyvinyl chloride t ngang qua ban cng, sau chy xui theo ng
ng lm bng thp khng g t pha ngoi t h n bn cha bng ngay pha di ban
cng.
Tr em nh hng xm cng c th a nghch nc v bn cha cn l ni chim chc dng
bay ung nc. Nc chy trn t bn cha bng ngang qua pha trc ca to thnh
thc nc nh theo tng t. Sau dng nc chy xung lm t nhng phin trng
trong chic sn nh bn trong. Sn sau c tc dng nh l ni tr nc tm thi trong lc tri
ma nng ht.

THNG S:
Loi nh: Nh ng c lp
Vt liu: G (Tng 1 v 2), b tng chu lc (mng nh)
Tng din tch sn: 136 m2
Mc ch s dng nc ma: L ni th gin tinh thn,
Kim sot mi trng. Nc phc v cho mc ch khng phi l nc sinh hot, khi phc ngun
nc ngm.
Din tch vng thu gom nc ma: mi nh, 64m2B cha nc ma: ban cng, 0,2 m3V tr: Qun
Saitama
Thi gian khi cng: thng 6, 1989
Ngi thit k: Nobuhiro Suzuki

NGI NH DO MINAMI THIT K

Ngi nh ny c xy dng khng ch ci tin v s tin nghi v ph hp vi cuc sng

m cn c s kt hp hi ha v mi trng t nhin v tit kim nhng ngun ti nguyn
sau:
ng dng nc ma: Mt b cha nc khong 20m3 t di sn. Nc trong bung v
sinh c cung cp bi ngun nc ny. Khi b cha y, dng chy trn s chy xung mt
vng nc v thm vo lng t.
Tng hp nng lng nhit mt tri: Cng c tng hp in t nng lng mt tri t
trn mi nh. Masako Minami bn in nng c tng hp theo phng php ny cho Cng
ty nng lng in Tokyo. Cng sut tng hp khong 2,2 KW/ngy v hng thng bn cho
Cng ty vi s tin l 3000 yn (khong 30 la M)/1thng.
S dng nng lng mt tri lm nng nc: Trong ngi nh c ni lm nng nc
bng nng lng mt tri hp thnh bi nhng tm knh v ng tup chn khng. Vic s
dng nng lng nh vy khng phi bn lun g v vn cc hp cht kh thuc nhm
CFC. H thng ny c s dng n p sut nc cp thnh ph, do nc nng c th c
cung cp cho ton b mc ch s dng trong cn nh mt cch hiu qu.

Khng CFC: Nhit di mi nh duy tr khong 24 C trong sut ma h. Mt

chic qut thng gi t tng trt nn khng kh mt c th ta vo cc phng. H thng lm
mt ny c th thay th cho iu ha khng kh thng thng s dng tc nhn kh CFC
lm lnh, l cht ha hc gy tc hi ph hy tng zn.
Khc: Hu ht g s dng trong nh l g trng ti Nht Bn. Mt h thng tn dng nc
quay vng t nh tm dng cho my git cng c lp t.

THNG S:
Loi nh: Nh xy theo kiu ng c lp
Vt liu: G (Tng th nht v hai)Tng din tch sn: 108 m2
Mc ch s dng nc ma: Nh v sinh, ti tiu
Din tch vng thu gom nc ma: Mi nh, 94m2
B cha nc ma: B ngm, dung tch 25m3V tr: Qun Chiba
Ngy xy dng: Thng 12/1993Thit k: Cng ty Kin trc, Quy hoch v Chuyn giao cng ngh

NGI NH CA KATSUKO NAKAYAMA

Mt v d v ngi nh ang c ci tin bng cch t thm mt b cha nc ma

bng b tng ngm di lng t, trn b cha l gara t.
Katsuko Nakayama-ch nhn ngi nh vi t cch l thnh vin trong hi ng thnh ph
Machida, Tokyo v cng l ngi ni tr trong gia nh. C y rt quan tm n vic x l
cc vn mi trng. C cho rng nc ma sch c th s dng c m khng nn
thi vo cng rnh. C y ci tin ngi nh ca mnh v lp t thm h thng s dng
nc ma chng minh rng nc ma c th s dng nh th no v hy vng rng h
thng ny ngy cng tr nn ph bin trong cng ng.
Nc ma c dng trong cc cng trnh v sinh, ra xe t v trong h thng ti tiu.
Lng nc cp thnh ph s dng trung bnh hng thng trong nh khong 10 m3, trong
tng ng vi dung lng nc ma l 5m3. Nh vy, tng lng nc ma khong bng
1/3 tng lng nc s dng l 15m3 trong mt gia nh.
TH NG S:
Loi nh: Nh xy theo kiu ng c lp
Vt liu: G, (tng 1 v 2) Tng din tch sn: 138m2 (nh) v 18 m2 (garage)
Mc ch s dng nc ma: Cng trnh v sinh, Ti cy, Ra xe t
.Din tch vng thu gom: mi nh, 110m2
Dung tch b cha: Ngm di lng t, 20m3V tr: Thnh ph Machida City, Tokyo
Ngy xy dng: Thng 6 nm 1993
Thit k: Cng ty Kin trc, Quy hoch v Chuyn giao Cng ngh

KHU SN XUT GO AKITA

Akita l mt khu sn xut go v ni ting l ni c go ngon. K t khi chnh sch ca

chnh ph thay i cho m ca mt phn th trng nhp khu go vo nm 1994, ngi nng
dn lo lng v s cnh tranh ca go ngoi nhp. Thm vo , nh hng ca nhng ma
h lnh lo v sc p thu hp din tch cy trng t pha chnh ph. Do , ngy nay ngi
nng dn a phng khng ch c th sn xut v bn go ngon, m cn c th ch bin
lm tng gi tr ca sn phm.
Vi tnh hnh nh vy, mt vi nng dn a phng ti lng Ogata thuc qun Akita quyt
nh xy dng nh my ch bin "mochi". Mt lng ln nc c s dng nh bng
go. t lng Ogata c m rng t bin, do cht lng nc ngm ti vng t ny
khng cao. Vi ngi dn vn dng nc sinh hot ly t cc vng khc. Do vy, ngi nng
dn c nh s dng nc ma cho qu trnh ny v ti s dng cho nng nghip sau qu
trnh lng s b.
Mt b cha nc ma c dung tch 135m3 t di lng t. Trong giai on u tin ca
k hoch, b cha c s dng trong cc cng trnh v sinh v ti cy. Xa hn na, nc

c s dng cho qu trnh ra go l mc tiu chnh. Hy vng rng, sau ny "Raimwater

Mochi" s ngy cng ph bin v s dng rng ri.

THNG S:
Loi nh: Nh my ch binVt liu: G (tng 1 v 2)
Tng din tch sn: 435m2
Mc ch s dng nc ma: Cc cng trnh v sinh, Ti tiu
Din tch vng thu gom: mi nh, 185m3
B cha nc ma: t ngm di lng t, 135m3
V tr: Qun Akita
Ngy xy dng: Thng 12 nm 1993Thit k: Nh my Kin trc, Quy hoch v Chuyn giao cng
ngh

NH HNG M KIU MCH

Nh hng m kiu mch c thit k theo cu trc truyn thng Nht Bn dng ch L.
Ngi nh to ra khng kh yn tnh vi mi bng ng v nhng bc tng trt bn theo
phong cch truyn thng Nht Bn. Ngi nh ny c thit k theo hng thn thin vi mi
trng sinh thi v c trao gii thng ca qun Saitama vo thng 11 nm 1993 v bo
v mi trng.
Mt b cha nc ma bng b tng c lp t di tng trt ca nh hng cung cp
nc ma cho cc cng trnh v sinh v mc ch s dng khng phi dng cho sinh hot.
Nc ma c thu gom t mi nh bng ng do c mu hi xanh lc do c t g ng,
nhng y cng l iu ng phi ch .
Ch nh hng rt thc vi cc vn mi trng v yu cu ngay nh thit k lp t
mt h thng ng dng nc ma. Mt bng hiu gn trn bc tng nh v sinh vi ni
dung: "Nh v sinh s dng nc ma" lt vo tm mt ngi s dng. Mt im trng tm
khc l nh hng s dng ngun nng lng b sung nh l mt phn nhin liu dng lm
nng thay v s dng du la lm cn kit ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v gy nhim
trng.

TH NG S:
Loi nh: Nh hng
Vt liu: G (Tng 1 v 2)
Tng din tch sn: 250 m2
Mc ch s dng nc ma: Cng trnh v sinh, Ti cy
Din tch vng thu gom: Mi nh, 200m2
B cha nc ma: t ngm di lng t, Dung tch 80 m3V tr: Qun Saitama
Ngy xy dng: Thng hai 1993Thit k: Cng ty Kin trc, Quy hoch v Chuyn giao cng ngh

CN H MANG TN LOI HOA "CLIVIA"

Mt cn h mang tn loi hoa "clivia". D hiu rng mi ban cng ca cn h u trn y

mu xanh bi ch nhn ca cn nh cn l ngi chi cy cnh. Tht ngc nhin, nc c
bm t b cha t trn tng hai v ti cy t ng trn mi ban cng.

Dung lng ca b cha nc ma l 40 m3. Nc ma c thu gom t mi nh v trn

mt t c trng b tng xung quanh cn h. Nc ma thu gom c lc qua mt tm li
v ng trong b cha. H thng ny c thit k s dng nc ma vo vic ti cy
trn ban cng v phng chng ha hon.
Trc mt ta nh c mt cy h ht d to, gi v l mu xanh ca cy l biu tng ca
cn h. Bi u xe v xung quanh cy c ph bng loi vt liu c kh nng thm tt.
V d in hnh nht ca vic to nn mi trng sng ph hp hn l gn cht vic s
dng nc ma vi thc vt. Ngi nh ny nhn c gii thng ca B Xy dng trong
cuc thi " Thnh ph ca nhng loi hoa nm 1991". Thit b phn phi nc ma t ng
cho mi ban cng u hot ng hu hiu.

THNG S:

Loi nh: Cn h
Vt liu: B tng chu lc (mng, tng 1 n tng 5)Tng din tch sn: 1386 m2 (39 cn h)
Mc ch s dng nc ma: Ti cy, Phng chng ha hon
Din tch vng thu gom: Mi nh, 800m2
B cha nc ma: Ngm di lng t, 40 m2
V tr: Thnh ph Suginami, TokyoNgy xy dng: Thng t 1990
Thit k: Vn phng Thit k Kin trc Oikawa

NH TP TH THN THIN VI MI TRNG THNH PH KOGANEI

y l mt khu tp th 3 tng c p dng cc cng ngh kin trc hng u bo v mi

trng: ton b ngi nh c ph xanh, h thng lm mt khng kh theo phng php bc
x t di tng hm, h thng ng dng nc ma, cc pin v cc thit b chy bng nng
lng mt tri gim thiu rc thi.
Trn mi nh, ngi ta lm khung gin v t c th trng rau. t v cy trng
trong nhng bn nh treo trn gin c tc dng ngn bt nh nng mt tri v gim s bc x
nhit t mi che ti cc phng. Thm vo , t gp phn gim bt s ng ngp xung quanh
ta nh khi tri ma to nh thm nc ma t trn mi.

Trn ban cng v pha ngoi ngi nh ph y mu xanh to nn bu khng kh trong lnh.
Nc ma c s dng ti cy. Nc ma thu gom t mi nh v c cha trong mt
b ngm t di lng t ri c bm ln mt chic b di ng t trn mi nh bng bm
chy bng nng lng mt tri. Mt phn nc ma phun vo mt chic h nh ti sn pha
trong nh. Mt cnh qut chy bng nng lng gi khuy trn dng nc trong h trong khi
cht lng nc h vn m bo v c l hnh nh ny s gy cm gic sng khoi tinh thn.
Thnh ph Koganei h tr kinh ph cho cc h thng thm lc nc ma. V vy, nhng
vng thm nh s c xy trong khu chung c ny v lng nc ma d tha s thm
xung t qua nhng vng thm ny v cc va h c lt vt liu d thm nc.
Nhng thng cha bng compost c t trn mi nh. Mt thit b thng gi cho cc
phng thng qua nhng ng ng thng hi t ngm di lng t cng c lp t
mt phn.

THNG S:
Loi nh: Khu chung c
Vt liu: Btng chu lc (T tng 1 ln tng 3)
Tng din tch sn: 2960 m2
Mc ch s dng nc ma: Ti cy (cho vn cy trn ban cng v trn mi nh), dng nc v
h nh.
Din tch vng thu gom nc ma: Mi nh, 600 m2
B cha nc ma: t ngm di lng t, 80m3
V tr: Thnh ph Koganei, TokyoNgy xy dng: Thng 12 nm 1994
Thit k: Cng ty trch nhim hu hn Sekkei Keikaku v Cng ty Kin trc, Quy hoch v Chuyn
giao cng ngh.

TA NH CA CNG TY SN TOPPAN

Khi cng ty sn Toppan xy dng ta nh ph, mt h thng s dng nc ma c

thit k ng dng trong ta nh ny.
Cng ty thng bo trong "Tuyn b v mi trng tri t" ca mnh nm 1992. Do
cng ty ny sn sng hng ng yu cu ca thnh ph Sumida v vic p dng s dng
nc ma trong thit k xy dng ta nh mi ca cng ty c xem xt n vic gp phn to
s lu thng nc tt trong khu vc bng cch lp t cc h thng kiu nh vy ph hp
vi mc tiu ca bn tuyn b v mi trng ca h. Cng ty ngay lp tc chuyn i quy
hoch kin trc ca cng ty bng cch xy thm ta nh ph v u t thm 15.000.000 yn
(150.000 la M) cho h thng s dng nc ma ton b.
c trng ni bt nht ca ta nh ny l thit b t ng ct b phn nc ma u cn c
cha bi bn bng cch s dng mt sensor (b cm ng) ma v tuyt. Nc ma c thu
t mi nh ca ta nh ph mi xy v ta nh 'studio' c xy t trc v c lu cha
trong b cha ngm di t. Nc ma c bm ln b cha trn cao v c s dng
x nh v sinh. Khi b cha y, 1 van t ng s ng ng ng dn nc ma vo b cha
ngm di t. Mt khc, khi b cha nc ma t th nc li t ng chy vo b t ng
nc cp ca thnh ph.
THNG S:
Mc ch s dng ca ta nh: Cng sVt liu: B tng chu lc (t tng 1 n tng 8, mng)
Tng din tch sn: 13.270 m2
S dng nc ma: x nh v sinh
Din tch vng thu nc ma: mi nh,2.667 m2
B cha nc ma: ngm di t, 356 m2
a im: thnh ph Sumida, Tokyo
Ngy xy dng: 12/1994Thit k: Cng ty Kajima

KHU V SINH CNG CNG PH HP V MT SINH THI

Ngy nay ti Nht Bn, ngy cng nhiu khu v sinh cng cng lun trong trng thi sch
s, sng bng p ng nhu cu ca nhng ngi kh tnh nht. Khu v sinh cng cng c
thit k theo hng thn thin vi mi trng sinh thi c xy dng nhiu ni. Mt v
d v nh v sinh cng cng xy dng ti cng vin Hirano Cherry ti thnh ph Adachi,
Tokyo. Trn mi nh ca nh v sinh l h cha nc ma trn vi dung tch 1,7m3. Xung
quanh h cha l t trng cy xanh.
Khi tri ma, nc ma chy trn t h cha thm vo t trng cy xung quanh h, do
cy ci d c trng trn mi nh hay trn mt t vn c nc sinh trng. Khi tri

khng ma, nc my thnh ph s c cp cho h. y l mt m hnh th nghim mi v

khu v sinh cng cng ci thin ng k hnh nh v cc khu v sinh trc y.
Masayo Uchiyama lm vic ti vn phng thnh ph Adachi l ngi ph trch quy hoch
khu v sinh ny. C y ni: "Ti thit k khu v sinh ny cng vi mc ch to nn ni n
nu cho loi chim bng cch t mt h cha nc ngay trn chnh mi nh ca khu v sinh
v to ra mt h sinh thi thu nh. Ti cng rt mun mt s loi chim v c nhng ch chun
chun cng ho hp trong mi trng thin nhin . C mt phng nghin cu t nhin
ngay ti trung tm cng ng sau khu v sinh cng cng ny. Ti cng c th nhn thy mt
vi con chim u trn mi ca khu v sinh cng cng. Ti cng hy vng rng c th trng
thy nhng ch chun chun trng trn v nhn thy nhng qu trng chun chun n".
Trong tng lai, cy ci v hoa s mc xung quanh khu nh v sinh, mi hng ca chng
s t bt mi sinh ra t khu v sinh v v p ca hoa l, cy ci s to ra nn n tng tt i
vi khch i qua.

THNG S:
Loi nh: Nh v sinh cng cngVt liu: B tng chu lc (tng 1)
Tng din tch sn: 10 m2
Mc ch s dng nc ma: Ti cy, lm sn chim
Tng din tch vng thu gom: Mi nh, 10 m2
B cha nc ma: t trn mi nh. Dung tch 1,7m3
V tr: Thnh ph Adachi, Tokyo
Ngy xy dng: Thng 12 nm 1993
Thit k: Phng qun l - Vn phng thnh ph Adachi

MA MANG LI SC SNG TRONG CC GC CA NH GA

B cha nc ma dng cho mc ch ra xe t. Khi tri ma, nc ma chy trn t b

cha s to nn thc nc nh v lm quay mt bnh xe nc, v thi sc sng mi cho cy
v t. Gc trm bm xng ny l ni m mi ngi c th th gin.
H thng ra xe kinh t: Trung bnh khong 30 xe t c ra trong mt ngy, tng
lng nc s dng trong mt thng khong hn 100m3. Nu ng knh ng nc l 75 mm
th chi ph nc hng thng khong 80.000 yn; v l 130.000 yn trong trng hp ng
knh ng l 100 mm. Tuy nhin, nu tt c lng nc s dng u l nc ma th cn chi
ph khong 20.000 yn duy tr h thng ng dng nc ma v mt phn nh cho vic lm
cc ng cng rnh thot nc nu cn thit. Nc ma cng l qu tng ca t nhin v
mt h thng lm nng nc chy bng nng lng mt tri c th cung cp nc ma m
nng, v vy y l h thng t hiu qu.
Bu kh quyn trong sch: Nhng phin t m sng v mt dng nc nh chy qua
s lm cho nhng v khch kh tnh cng cm thy tinh thn d chu. Khi bn i ra khi gc

qun c ph, bn c th trng thy nhng tia nc bn ra t bnh xe nc v m thanh thnh

thch pht ra t mt chic ng c bng g. Cnh vt ni y lm chng ti gi nh li thnh
ph qu hng mnh.
Khi phc ngun nc ngm: Phn mi nh v nn t c ph t v trng cy. Nc
ma lm cho cy ci tr nn xanh ti hn v thm dn vo lng t. Nc sch c lc bi
cc tng t v ti s dng ti cy. Vic cha ng nc ma tm thi trong t gip
kim sot ngp lt th. Cn nc ma thm su vo lng t th ri cng s quay tr li
mt t vo mt ngy no v l ngun cung cp nc cho cc th h mai sau.

THNG S:
Loi nh: Trm bm xng du
Vt liu: thp
Din tch t: 1.800 m2
Din tch xy dng: 250 m2
Din tch ph cy xanh: 350 m2
Mc ch s dng nc ma: Ra xe t, Cng trnh v sinh, Ti cy, C ra, Lm cho bnh xe
nc quay.
Din tch vng thu gom: Mi vm, 380m2
B cha nc ma: Ngm di lng t, dung tch 100 m3
V tr: Th TokyoNgy xy dng: ang giai on thit kThit k: Nhm nghin cu ca Nobuhiro
Suzuki - Ging vin trng i hc Khoa hc v Kin trc Tokyo

 xut ca tc gi v ng dng nc ma

HNG TI MT THNH PHT IU TIT NC MA

SHIGESOU HAYAMA,
Qun l Cng ty t vn k thut Tetens
1. S dng nc ma xung quanh Cung hong gia:
Thnh ph Edo (tn trc kia ca th Tokyo) vi dn s hn mt triu ngi v l mt
trong nhng thnh ph ln nht trn th gii trong giai on t nm 1603 n nm1867.
Trong giai on ny khng c cc c s x l nc thi v lm sch nc, nhng n c
xem l thnh ph sch s. Nc c cung cp khng phi t nhng p cha cch 200
km m t dng sng Rama, nhng con sui nh hoc ging gn . chnh l nc ma
c thu li. Bn thi t cng c s dng nh l ngun phn bn hu c cho cy trng v
nc ma thm t nhin vo t hoc chy vo cc knh lch t nhin.
Con ngi sng trong giai on ny thn thin vi nc ma hn v thnh ph Edo rt
thnh cng trong vic kim sot vic cung cp nc vi nhng ngun nc t iu tit v duy
tr s quay vng nc trong vng mt cch hp l. Liu m hnh ny c th c p dng
Tokyo ngy nay vi din tch ln gp khong mi ln so vi thi k Edo khng? Nu xem
xt kha cnh s dng ngun nc ma cho mc ch khng phi l nc sinh hot, trong cc
trng hp khn cp, phng nga lt li ti thnh ph, ti ngh nn khuyn khch s dng
nhng ngun nc t iu tit ny. Mt h thng cung cp nc khng th p ng c nh
cu s dng ca vng c din tch qu rng, nhng cn phi khoanh vng. V d, mt th x
nh hoc l mt ta nh cho d vic ng dng nc ma c th l khng my hiu qu.
Uc tnh tng lng nc ma chy thm Tokyo l 8.500.000 m3 nm 1984, v
13.000.000 m3 nm 1989. Phn ln nc ny khng s dng c v thi vo nhng con
sng hoc cng rnh v chi ph t thu thu ca ngi ng thu. Nc sui t bn ngoi chy
vo nhng hm cha trong cc ng ngm v s dng vo cc mc ch khng phi l nc
dng cho sinh hot nh l vic s dng nc ma. Nu cc ng ng dn nc tri ra khp
trn ca bn tu in ngm c tc dng lm mt b tng th ta c th mong i hiu qu nh
dng my iu ha nhit . Hay l dng nc sui thu thp c cho chy vo khu ho bao
quanh cung in Hong gia?
Tng din tch mt bng c ho bao quanh cung in Hong gia l 378 000m2 v su
trung bnh khong 1.27 m, do tng lng nc s cha c khong 481.000 m3. c
c tnh rng ho c th su hn 2m khi lu i Edo c xy dng vo nm 1457. Nhng
ngy nay, do bn tch t su ca ho gim xung cn mt na so vi trc kia v nc
c. Nu ho c no vt v nc c b sung bng nc sui cng vi nc t nhin c
sn trong ho th ho s c phc hi li nh chnh thi k Edo, nc chy trn t ho s
c dn ra ngoi cng rnh gn cc ta nh cng cng v c th c s dng trong trng
hp khn cp.
2. Th vin ca trng i hc Sophia:
Nhm nghin cu ca chng ti (gio s Isao Oshida qu c, trc l ging vin
trng i hc tng hp Sophia, Gio s Ichiro Kawahara thuc trng i hc Hosei,
Kiyoshi Sato, Makoto Murase v ti) xut vic s dng nc ma xung quanh Cung

in Hong gia cho thnh ph Chiyoda v Th Tokyo, nhng rt tic iu vn ch l

gic m cha thc hin.
Trong khi , ti li tham gia vo vic pht trin thit k c bn th vin ca trng i
hc Sophia v ti xut gii thiu hot ng nhn thc v mi trng bao gm c gii
thiu v ngun nng lng mt tri nh l ngun nhit nng mc thp, nh sng mt tri,
thng gi t nhin, h thng lm mt v bc x nhit, ng dng nc ma.
Chng ti nhn c khon tr cp t B Thng Mi v B Cng nghip cho k
hoch bao gm c vic thc hin xy dng h thng si, lm mt, cung cp nc nng bng
cch ng dng ngun nng lng mt tri. Cng nh vy, chng ti gii thiu qu trnh
tng hp nng lng quang in v thng gi t nhin (h thng thng gi qua ca s ca
Dreh Kipp - c c chp nhn). i vi nc ma, chng ti xc nh mc ch s
dng nh l mt ngun nc khng dng cho sinh hot m ch yu dng cho cc cng trnh
v sinh. Hin nay, khong 5000 ngi s dng ta nh c 3 tng ngm di lng t v 9 tng
nm pha trn vi din tch mi l 2340m2. Do ch s dng nhng tm lc n gin chi ph
cho xy dng h thng ch c 13 000 000 yn (130 000 la), s c hon li trong 8 nm.
Ngy nay chi ph cho nc my thnh ph ct gim t i 2.000.000 yn trong mt nm.
Nhng khu nh ca cc trng i hc xy dng sau d n ny u ra vic ng dng
nc ma. Khi thi tit p, nng hoc lnh th h thng cung cp nc nng s dng nng
lng mt tri c s dng; v khi tri ma, nc ma c lu cha s dng cho nhiu
mc ch khc. Cng trnh c nhng h thng ng dng nc ma m trong ti c tham
gia nay nhiu hn con s 20.
Ti cng tham gia vo thit k ca Ryogoku Kokugikan (Trng u vt Sumo) v th
nghim kh nng ng dng nc ma ti y. Thi u Sumo thng vo thng ging, thng
nm v thng chn, do nc ma c lu tr cch nhau ba thng gia cc trn u. Thm
vo , trng u c thit k vi din tch mi che l 8.400m2. Ti chc chn tin rng
trng u ny l khu vc thu gom nc ma l tng t mi nh ln nh vy. May thay,
cng vi nhng cam kt ca thnh ph Sumida, k hoch ny c thc hin.

Cc thut ng:
Nc ma u cn: Nc ma u cn ma c cht lng km, cha nhiu cht
nhim trong khng kh (b hng, sulphua oxit, oxit nito) v bi bn cc khu vc dn v hng
nc ma.
FRP: Kt cu nha chu lc.
Nc xm: L nc thi c x l khng dng cho sinh hat m dng cho mc ch
khc, nh dng cho cc khu v sinh, ti cy, nc lm mt cho iu ha. Nc xm khng
c s dng cho vic ra tay, ra mt hoc tm bi v nc ny vn c th cha cc cht
bn.
B sung lng nc ngm: y l cch tr li nc b mt v nc ngm qua s
dng bng cch thm xung tng ngm nc mt cch nhn to nhm ngn chn vic suy
gim mc nc ngm.

Mng thm nc: L mt mng cha y si vi mt ng ng bng btng nh

hoc mt ng thm c c mt l thng gia. Nc ma c thu gom s thm qua
lp si xung t.
B ngm: L mt ng ng c ng knh 25 n 60 cm lm bng btng, bn trong
cha y si nc ma thu c c th thm xung t. ng ng ny c xy mt
sn. ng ng thng thng c lm bng cht liu khng thm nc, bi vy nc ma
chy t mi nh xung ng ng v chy vo cng thot. Tuy nhin, nhng b ngm ny
c th gip thm nc ma vo t.

Li kt:

MT CM NANG THC HNH V S DNG NC MA

"Ti cn mt s thng tin v cch s dng nc ma. Khng bit bn c bit mt vi
cun sch hng dn no khng?"
"Ti mun tn mt xem mt vi h thng s dng nc ma. Ti c th i xem nhng
loi h thng no?"
"Ti ang suy ngh p dng mt h thng s dng nc ma v ti sp xy nh mi,
ti nn bt u nh th no?"
Nhng cu hi ny thng xuyn c chuyn n ban t chc Hi ngh quc t Tokyo v
s dng nc ma t khp ni trn t nc. S quan tm ca d lun dng nh tng ln do
ngi dn bit n Hi ngh qua bo ch v truyn hnh. Tuy nhin, ri thay cha c cun
sch hng dn no v tn dng nc ma c xut bn v ban th k ca Hi ngh khng
th p ng c nhu cu thng tin ca mi ngi. Bi cnh thc y chng ti bin
son thng tin a vo cun sch ny.
Nhiu thnh vin ca "Nhm ma ri" tham gia vo thit k, nghin cu v pht trin
nhiu h thng s dng nc ma. V vy, chng ti bt tay vo vit v bin son cun sch
ny vi hy vng l kinh nghim ca chng ti c th phn no gip cho nhng ngi c mong
mun thc y vic s dng nc ma.
Nguyn nhn chnh ca vic thiu nc v lt li Tokyo l do s thiu nhn thc v
"Ngun cp nc ti ch" v "S tun hon hp l ca nc trong khu vc". Hi ngh quc t
v s dng nc ma Tokyo nhm mc tiu phc hi li Tokyo bng cch hc hi t cc ng
dng thnh cng s dng nc ma nc ngoi v thng tin cho th gii v cc v d ca
Tokyo nh l mt "bi hc". V nhiu thnh ph thuc cc nc ang pht trin nhu cu
nc cng ang tng vt do mt dn s tng nhanh, dn n vic bm rt nc di t
qu mc gy st ln nghim trng. Tnh trng lt li th vo nhng lc ma to cng xy
ra thng xuyn.
Dn s th gii hin ti l 5.000.000.000. Con s ny c l s vt 8.500.000.000 vo nm
2025, 60% ca dn s s sng cc vng th. "Hn hn v lt li cc khu th" chc
chn s tr thnh nhng vn nghim trng hn rt nhiu ni trn th gii. S dng nc
ma vi kh nng gii quyt trit cc vn trn s l mt trong nhng ni dung ca
chng trnh ngh s khng ch ca ring Tokyo m ca tt c cc thnh ph trn th gii.
Nn nghin cu k hn v l thuyt s dng nc ma thc y vic s dng trn thc
t quy m ton cu khi chng ta ang tin ti th k 21. Cn phi bin l thuyt thnh cc
ng dng thc t v cc kt qu p dng trn thc tin cng cn phi c l thuyt ha. Cn
phi c s trao i thng tin v l thuyt v thc tin s dng nc ma gia nhng ngi
dn, cc cng chc nh nc c cp quc gia v cp a phng, cc k s v cc nh khoa
hc.
Hi ngh Quc t v s dng nc ma Tokyo c t chc t ngy 1 n mng 6
thng 8 nm 1994. Cc cng chc nh nc c cp a phng, cp quc gia, cc k s, cc
nh khoa hc, l nhng ngi ang thc y vic s dng nc ma t 16 quc gia chu
Phi, chu M, chu v chu u v nhiu vng khc nhau thuc Nht Bn v tham d hi

ngh ny. Hi ngh ny l bc u tin nhm tin ti thit lp mt mng li trao i thng
tin nhm bo v tri t bng cch s dng nc ma.
Nm 1995, Hi ngh Quc t ln th 7 v cc h thng thu nc ma d kin s c t
chc t 19 n 25 thng 6 ti Bc Kinh. Chng ti hy vng rng thnh cng ca Hi ngh
Quc t Tokyo s c chuyn giao ti hi ngh Bc Kinh. Chng ti cng hy vng rng
cun sch ny s gip cho vic thc y s dng nc ma nhiu hn v m rng mng li
lin vng v s dng nc ma cp ton cu.
Cui cng, chng ti mun by t lng bit n su sc ti chnh quyn a phng thnh
ph Sumida, Tokyo; tnh Okinawa, thnh ph Koshigaya, tnh Saitama v thnh ph
Osnabruck (c) v cc Vin Nghin cu thuc Trung tm Cng ngh Botswana (BTC), D
n nc v v sinh v sc khe ca M v i hc tng hp Hawaii, Trung tm nghin cu
ti nguyn nc, v cc t chc v xy dng v cc t chc phi chnh ph thuc Hip hi
Pht trin Cng ng v Dn s (PDA) ca Thi Lan, T chc PLAN International Kiambu
ca Knia v cung cp cc ti liu qu gi. Chng ti cng xin by t lng bit n su sc
ti Aiichiro Nagao, ch tch Tp on Hokuto. Cui cng, chng ti xin chn thnh cm n
Nichibei Kaiwa Gakuin v tn tm tn lc dch cun sch ny sang ting Anh.
Thng 3 nm 1995
NHM MA RI