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Tin t hu t
Tit kim 20% cng sc nh t vng!

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Trong ting Anh c nhng t gi l cn ng (root), cn ng ny c th c

ghp thm mt cm t trc gi l tip u ng (prefix). Ty thuc vo
ngha ca cn ng v tip u ng m c mt t c ngha khc. Tng t
cm t c ghp cui cn ng gi l tip v ng (suffix).
V d:
Cn ng happy ngha l hnh phc.
Tip u ng un- c ngha l khng.
Tip v ng -ness c ngha l s vic,...
T ta c:
unhappy:bt hnh
happiness:nim hnh phc
V c c nhng t va c thm tip u ng va c tip v ng.
V d:
unhappiness:s bt hnh.
Tt c cc t bt ngun t mt cn ng c gi nhng t cng gia nh
(familiar). Nh vy nu bit c mt s tip u ng v tip v ng, khi
gp bt k mt t no m ta bit cn ng ca n ta cng c th on
c ngha ca t mi ny. y cng l mt cch hu hiu lm tng vn
t ca chng ta ln. Nhng lu rng iu ny ch c th p dng cho mt
chiu l t ting Anh on ngha ting Vit.
Khng phi lc no chng ta cng c th t tin ghp cc tip u ng hay
cc tip v ng vo bt k cn ng no c.
Sau y l nhng tin t hu t ph bin nht dng, c l cun cm
nang ny l th c tng hp y nht trn internet v tin t hu t,
mong cc bn chia s cho c bn b mnh na nh.

!
!
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aCch dng: ph nh t i sau hoc gc t i sau.

V d: atypical, apolitical, asocial, aseptic, asexual = khng in hnh, phi chnh tr,
khng mang tnh cht x hi, v trng, v tnh.

-able
Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi ng t to tnh t. Ting Vit thng dch l d...,
ng..., c th ... c, kh...
Cch vit:
1. T tn cng l e th b e trc khi thm able (c 1 s ngoi l). ee th khng b
2. T tn cng l ate th b ate i trc khi thm able.
V d: lovable, enjoyable, readable, breakable, differentiable, desirable, notable =
ng yu (d thng), th v, d c (c c), d v, (Ton) kh vi, ng ao c,
ng ch .

Cch dng 2: kt hp vi danh t to tnh t.

Cch vit: t tn cng l y th b y.
V d: comfortable, miserable, honorable = thoi mi, au kh, ng knh

-ability
Cch dng: kt hp vi tnh t -able tr thnh danh t.
V d: lovability, ability, differentiability, readability
Ch :
unable --> inability, unstable --> instability.

!
!

-ant
Cch dng 1: vi ng t --> danh t ch ngi thc hin hnh ng
Cch vit: nh -able
V d: accountant, servant, combatant, assistant, assailant = k tan, k hu, ngi
tham chin (bn tham chin), tr t, k tn cng
Ch : confidant l ngi c ngi ta tm s ch ko phi l ngi tm s.

Cch dng 2: vi ng t --> danh t ch vt c chc nng m ng t m t

V d: deodorant (ngh c c 1 ci ) = cht kh mi

Cch dng 3: vi danh t --> tnh t lin quan

V d: combatant, tolerant = thuc v nh nhau, kin nhn (bit chu ng)

-ance
Cch dng: vi ng t (thng l tn cng -ant) --> danh t lin quan
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V d: performance, tolerance, entrance, assistance = cuc trnh din, s chu

ng, li vo, s gip

antiCch dng: kt hp vi hu ht danh t to tnh t c ngha l "chng, chn,

ngn" hay "ngc li"
V d: anti-Bush, anti-terrorist, anti-goverment, anti-war, anti-clockwise = chng
Bush, chng khng b, chng chin tranh, ngc chiu kim ng h.

anteCch dng: trong tnh t, ngha l "trc", tin t tri ngha l post- (sau)
V d: ante-war (tin chin), post-war (hu chin)

SinoCch dng: ngha l "thuc v Trung Quc, lin quan ti Trung Quc, v pha
Trung Quc"
V d: Sino-Vietnamese relations (quan h Vit - Trung), Sino-Japanese War (chin
tranh Trung - Nht), Sino-Soviet (X - Trung)
Ch : cc tin t sau c ngha tng t: Filipino- (Philppin), Anglo- (Anh),
Hispano- (Ty Ban Nha), Indo- (n ), v.v.

!
!

aeroCch dng: xut hin trong nhng t c ngha l "khng trung, bng ng
khng"
V d: aerodrome (sn bay), aerodynamic (kh ng lc), aeronaut (phi hnh gia),
aeroengines (ng c my bay), aerograph (biu ng hng khng)

-age
- Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi ng t to thnh danh t lin quan
- VD: assemblage (s tp hp), blockage (s tc nghn), shortage (s thiu ht),
seepage (s r qua), shrinkage (s co li), wreckage (s nt, ng nt),
storage (s tn tr)

- Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch n v o lng to thnh danh t mi. Danh t

ny ni n khong lng
- VD: mileage (tng s dm i), poundage (lng cn), tonnage (trng ti tnh
bng tn. Cars with high mileage should not be driven. = Xe chy nhiu mile ri
khng nn chy na (= nn mua xe mi )

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- Trong cc t c ngha l "t" hay "nng nghip"

- VD: agrochemical (ha cht trong nng nghip), agronomy (nng hc), agrology
(th nhng hc)

-aholic, -oholic
- Kt hp vi danh t to danh t mi ngha l "ngi nghin"
- VD: chocoholic (ngi nghin scla), workaholic (ngi ham lm vic),
shopaholic (ngi hay mua sm), cashaholic (k hm tin), bookaholic (k mt
sch)
- Ch : nhng t ny xut hin nhiu trn bo ch, tra t in cha chc c.

anthrop- Trong cc t c ngha l "ngi, con ngi"

- VD: anthropology (nhn chng hc), philanthropic (nhn c, phi- c ngha l
"tt, hay, t t"

aqua- Trong cc t c ngha l "nc"

- VD: aqualung (bnh hi th ln), aquarium (h c cnh)

arch- Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi cc danh t ch tc v trong gii qu tc hoc gio hi

to danh t mi ch ngi c a v cao nht, c ngha l "tng, i"
- VD: archbishop (tng gim mc), archduke (i cng tc), archangel (tng lnh
thin thn)

- Cch dng 2: kt hp vi danh t tuyt i ha danh t

- VD: arch-enemy (k th khng i tri chung), arch-rival (i th s mt), archtraitor (k phn phc), arch-villain (tn cn khn nn), arch-exploiter (k bc lt
qu sc)

-archy
- Trong cc t c ngha l "s cai tr" hoc "chnh ph"
- VD: anarchy (tnh trng v chnh ph), matriarchy (ch mu h, matr- c ngha
l "m, mu", patriarchy (ch ph h, patr- c ngha l "cha, ph"

astr- Trong cc t c ngha l "sao, ngi sao" hoc "khng gian"

- VD: astrology (chim tinh), astronaut (nh du hnh), astrophysics (vt l khng
gian), astronomy (thin vn hc)

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-based
- Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi danh t thnh tnh t. Tnh t ny din t mt s vt
m thnh phn quan trng v ni bt l danh t gc.
- VD: acid-based powder (bt c thnh phn chnh l axt), coal-based industrial
economy (kinh t cng nghip da vo khai thc than l chnh), market-based
(theo th trng), computer-based TOEFL (TOEFL thi trn my tnh, tri vi paperbased l thi trn giy)

-Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch ni chn to tnh t. Tnh t ny din t s vic

c t chc hoc xut x t ni . Ting Vit dch nm na l "..."
- VD: British-based engineering group (nhm c kh Anh), home-based industry
(nn cng nghip sn xut t gia), Reuters is the London-based news agency
(Reuters l 1 hng thng tn t ti London), ground-based telescopes (knh thin
vn t trn mt t)

bi- Cch dng 1: Trong cc t c ngha l "hai, i, song"

- VD: bifocals (knh 2 trng), bilateral (song phng), bigamy (ch song phu
hoc song th, bilingual (song ng)

- Cch dng 2: kt hp vi 1 tn s thi gian ch "bao lu hai ln"

- VD: , bi-monthly (mt thng 2 ln), bi-weekly (1 tun 2 ln).
- Ghi ch: bit c ngha ca bi- gip ta phn bit c biannual (1 nm 2 ln) v
biennial (2 nm 1 ln)

bio- Trong cc t c ngha l "sinh vt, i sng, s sng" hay "thuc v sinh hc"
- VD: biology (sinh hc), antibiotics (thuc khng sinh), biochemical (ha sinh),
biochip (con chip sinh hc), biography (tiu s), symbiotic (cng sinh, sym- c
ngha "ng, cng"

!
cardio!
- VD: cardioid (hnh tim), cardiac (thuc v tim), cardiograph (my in tm )
!
chron- Ch "thi gian"
- VD: chronicle (s bin nin), chronic (kinh nin), anachronistic (li thi)

-cide
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- Trong cc danh t c ngha l "git"

- VD: homicide (ti git ngi), infanticide (ti git tr con), insecticide (thuc dit
cn trng), pesticide (thuc tr su), herbicide (thuc dit c), genocide (ti dit
chng)

circum- C ngha "vng quanh"

- VD: circumspect (thn trng, gc spect ngha l "nhn", circumference (chu vi),
circumlocution (s quanh co)

co- C ngha "ng, cng"

- VD: co-author (ng tc gi), co-founder (ng sng lp vin), co-exist (cng tn
ti, tn ti song song)

counter- Vi ng t v danh t. C ngha "phn li, chng li, ngc li"

- VD: counter-attack (phn cng), counterstrike (phn cng), counter-terrorism
(chng khng b), counterblow (c m tr), counterfire (bn tr), counterproductive (phn tc dng), counter-clockwise (ngc chiu kim ng h)
- Ghi ch: anti- cng c ngha tng t nhng nh hn. C ngi phn bit antiterrorism c ngha l "chng v quan im m ko lm g", cn counter-terrorism
c ngha l "chng i km vi hnh ng (v lc chng hn)"

!
!

-craft
- Cch dng 1: vi danh t hoc hin ti phn t to danh t mi. Danh t mi
ny ni v "phng tin di chuyn"
- VD: aircraft (my bay), hovercraft (thy phi c), landing-craft (tu b),
spacecraft (tu khng gian)

- Cch dng 2: vi danh t, ngha l "kh nng, k nng, k thut"

- VD: filmcraft (k thut phim nh), bushcraft (k thut chm bn cy cnh),
needlecraft (k nng may v, witchcraft (ma thut, yu thut), woodcraft (ti i
rng; ngh mc), statecraft (s qun l nh nc)

cross- Cch dng 1: ngha l "xuyn, xuyn sut, xuyn qua"

- VD: a large cross-national survey (cuc thm d trn c nc), cross-border
(xuyn bin gii), cross-town (xuyn tnh thnh), cross-country (xuyn min ng
qu
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- Cch dng 2: ngha l "cho"

- VD: cross-reference (tra cu cho), cross-cultural study (cuc nghin cu v s
tng tc, ha nhp vn ha), cross-breed (ging lai cho)

crypto- Ngha l "ngm, b mt, cha uc bit"

- VD: crypto-coalition (lin qun b mt), crypto-fascist (tn pht xt b mt), cryptodemocrat (ng vin ng Dn ch ngm)

-cy
- Cch dng 1: vi tnh t (thng tn cng l T)--> danh t lin quan ch "tnh
trng, trng thi".
- Cch vit: b T hay TE cui t gc trc
- VD: accuracy (s chnh xc), privacy (s ring t), dependency (s ph thuc),
infancy (la tui s sanh), proficiency (s tinh thng), hesitancy (s do d)

- Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch ngi --> danh t mi ch "tc hiu, chc v" hay
"ngh"
- VD: presidency (chc tng thng), accountancy (ngh k ton), piracy (ngh n
cp), bureaucracy (s quan liu), captaincy (bc i y), candidacy (s ng c)

de- CD1: Vi ng t --> ng t ch hnh ng i nghch li ng t gc

- VD: deactivate (v hiu ha), deallocate (t ny trong ngnh Tin, ko bit ),
decentralize (phn quyn v a phng), decompress (bung nn), decontaminate
(kh nhim), decouple (tch ra), de-emphasize (khng nhn mnh), decolonize (tr
li c lp), decongest (lm cho lu thng, ht tc nghn), dehydrate (loi nc)

- CD2: vi danh t --> "xa b, ty tr"

- VD: debug (tm v sa li), defrost (lm tan bng), descale (nh vy), de-skill (coi
thng)

deca- Ngha l "mi, thp"

- VD: decagon (hnh thp gic), decahedron (khi thp din), decametre ( = 10
metres)

!
!
!

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- Ngha l "bn, 1 na"

- VD: demi-god (na ngi na thn), demi-world (na th gii)

derm- ngha l "da, b"

- VD: dermal (thuc da), dermatitis (vim da), dermatology (khoa da liu),
epidermis (lp biu b, epi c ngha l " trn, b mt"

dis- Vi danh t (c khi tnh t) hay ng t --> ch "s i nghch, tri ngc"
- VD: disconnect, disagree (bt ng), disallow (ko cho fp), disarm (gii gip),
disband (gii tn), discredit (lm mt uy tn), disprove (phn chng, bc b),
disobey (ko nghe theo), dislike (ko thch), disadvantage (s bt li), disorder (s
ln xn), disrespect (s bt knh), dissimilar (khc nhau)

-dom
- "Tnh trng, trng thi" (tru tng ha danh t hoc tnh t)
- VD: freedom, stardom (gii ngi sao), princedom (tc hong thn), wisdom (s
thng thi), martyrdom (s t v o)

dys- "khc thng, bnh hon, kh chu"

- VD: dysfunction (ri lon), dysentery (bnh l), dystrophy (s yu c bp)

eco- Lin quan ti "mi sinh, sinh thi"

- VD: ecology (sinh thi hc), ecosystem (h sinh thi), ecosphere (sinh quyn),
eco-disaster (thm ha sinh thi)

-ectomy
- Vi danh t ch b phn c th, thng trong cc t y hc, ngha l "phu thut
ct b" b phn m danh t gc cp
- VD: appendectomy (PTCB rut tha), splenectomy (PTCB l lch), tonsillectomy
(PTCB amian)

-ee
- Vi ng t --> danh t ch ngi nhn hnh ng .
- VD: interviewee (ngi c phng vn), trainee (thc tp vin), employee (nhn
vin), addressee (ngi nhn th), appointee (ngui c b nhim), examinee
(th sinh)

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em-, en- Vi danh t hoc tnh t --> "lm cho" c c tnh m danh hoc tnh t m t
- VD: enrich (lm giu thm), enfeeble (lm cho yu t), enjoy (thng thc),
ensure (bo m), entitle (t ta)

-en
- Vi tnh t --> ng t, ngha l "lm cho"
- VD: darken, blacken, sharpen, sadden, strengthen, moisten
- Ghi ch: 1 s t c c 2 gc en- v -en
VD: enlighten (lm sng t), enliven (lm si ni)

!
!

equi- "bng, bng nhau"

- VD: equidistant (c khong cch bng nhau), equilateral (u, trong Hnh hc)

-ery
- Ch "ni chn"
- VD: bakery (l bnh m, nursery (nh tr), nunnery (nh dng n), winery (nh
my ru)

-ese
- Trong tnh t ni v ci cht in hnh, hay "phong cch" ca danh t m n kt
hp
- VD: Americanese (phong cch ngi M), journalese (vn vit bo, vn phong
nh bo), officialese (ging iu quan liu)

-esque
- Vi danh t ---> tnh t ch "mang phong cch", hay "ging nh phong cch"
ca danh t gc
- VD: Beethovenesque (ging nhc ca Beethoven), Tarzanesque, picturesque
(p nh tranh)

!
!

-ess
- Vi danh t ---> danh t ging ci
- VD: lioness (s t ci), tigress (cp ci), hostess (n gia ch), actress, waitress (n
hu bn)

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- Vi danh t ---> ch "cu, c"

- VD: ex-wife (v c), ex-chairman (cu ch tch), ex-pupil (cu hc sinh)

extra- CD1: vi tnh t --> "rt"

- VD: extra-fine (rt mn), extra-bright (rt sng), extra-large (rt rng), extra-long

- CD2: "ngoi, ngoi"

- VD: extra-curricular (ngoi kha), extra-European (ngoi Chu u), extraterrestrial (ngoi tri t), extra-marital (ngoi hn nhn), extra-territorial (ngoi
lnh th)

!
-first
!

- Kt hp vi danh t ch b phn c th to trng t (adverb) ch "theo

hng ca b phn "

- VD: fall head-first (ng chi u). When gorillas descend, they do so feet-first,
lowering themselves with their arms. (Khi kh tut xung, chng tut chn xung
trc ri h thp ngi bng cnh tay.)

-fold
1. Vi s m -> tnh t ch gp bao nhiu ln
- VD: twofold (gp i), fourfold (gp t)
2. Vi s m -> tnh t ch c bao nhiu thnh phn quan trng.
- VD: The aims of the new organization are eight-fold. (Mc tiu ca t chc mi c
8 phn.)

fore- Ngha l "trc", "pha trc ca"

- VD: forearm (cnh tay), foredeck (boong tu pha trc), forefoot (chn trc),
forepart (phn trc), forefathers (t tin), foresee (thy trc), forewarn (cnh bo
trc), foreword (li ni u)

!
!
!

-free
- Vi danh t -> tnh t ch "khng c trong thnh phn"
- VD: cholesterol-free cooking oil (du n khng cha cholesterol), meat-free diet
(ch n king khng tht), risk-free investment (s u t khng ri ro), carefree
(v t l), debt-free (khng mc n)
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- Ghi ch: -less cng c ngha l "khng c", nhng khc vi -free ch -less ch
"ng ra phi c m khng c". VD: careless (bt cn, ng l phi "care" nhng
khng "care", carefree (khng "care" g ht, v t l), a childless couple = 1 cp v
chng khng c con (mun c con m khng c, a childfree couple = 1 cp v
chng khng (mun) c con (khng mun b con ci rng buc)

-ful
- Vi danh t ch vt cha --> danh t mi ch s o lng
- VD: a teaspoonful of salt (mt mung mui), a boxful of chocolates (mt hp y
scla), mouthful (y 1 ming), handful (y 1 nm tay)

full- "ton, trn, ht mc"

- VD: full-color (ton l mu, y mu), full-size (c ln), full-year (trn nm)

geo- "t"
- VD: geography (a l hc), geology (a cht hc), geophysics (vt l hc a
cu)
-gon
- "gc"
- VD: decagon (hnh thp gic), polygon (hnh a gic, poly- = nhiu, a), hexagon
(hnh lc gic)

-graph
- ch "v", "thu", "vit
- VD: autograph (ch k, photograph (hnh chp)

great- Vi danh t ch thnh vin trong gia nh -> danh t mi ch thnh vin cch hai
hay nhiu th h vi bn (ch khng phi danh t gc).
- VD: great-grandmother (b c), great-aunt (b thm), great-grandson (chu c),

haem- "mu"
- VD: haematology (huyt hc), haemoglobin (huyt cu t)

!
!

half- Vi danh t ch thnh vin trong gia nh --> mi quan h khng phi cng cha
v m
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- VD: half-brother (anh/em trai cng cha khc m (hay cng m khc cha)

-hand
1. "tay cm"
- VD: cup-hand (tay cm tch), gun-hand (tay cm sng). The blond man held his
bloody knife-hand over him. (G tc vng cha tay cm dao vy y mu vo
chng)
2. "ngi lm"
- VD: cowhand (ngi qun l b sa), factory-hand (ngi lm trong nh my),
fieldhand (ngi lm vic trn ng)

-headed
- vi tnh t -> "c u c"
- VD: big-headed (kiu ngo), empty-headed (dt), hard-headed (cng u), softheaded (kh kho), level-headed (im m)

hetero- "khc", tri vi "homo"

- VD: heterodox (khng chnh thng), heterosexual (tnh dc khc gii),
heterogeneous (hn tp)

hom-, homo- "ng, cng"

- VD: homosexual (ng tnh), homogeneous (ng nht), homonym (t ng m
khc ngha)

-hood
1. Vi danh t ch ngi --> danh t mi ch tnh trng, thi im mt vic kinh
qua. i khi nm na ch "thi..."
- VD: adulthood (tui trng thnh), bachelorhood (tnh trng c thn), girlhood
(thi con gi), childhood (thi th u), studenthood (thi sinh vin), wifehood
(cng v lm v, s lm v), parenthood (cng v lm cha m)
2. "tnh"
- VD: brotherhood (tnh anh em), sisterhood (tnh ch em), neighborhood (tnh
hng xm)

hydr- "nc"
- VD: hydrant (vi nc cha chy), hydro-electric (thy in), hydro-power (thy
lc), hydrology (thy hc), hydrophobia (chng s nc, phobia- = chng s)

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hyper- "qu mc cn thit", i khi dng nh super- VD: hyper-active child (a b qu hot bt), hypersensitive (qu nhy cm),
hyperdevoted (qu tn tm)

hypo- " di"

- VD: hypodermic (di da, derm- = da)

-ian
1. Ch ngi lm cng vic
- VD: beautician (chuyn vin sc p), comedian (ngh s hi), historian (s gia),
magician (nh o thut, ph thy), mathematician (nh ton hc)

2. Vi danh t ring --> danh t hoc tnh t ch "theo phong cch ca ngi ,
chu nh hng ca ngi "
- CV: tn cng l E thung kt hp vi -AN hn l -IAN
- VD: Darwinian (theo hc thuyt c-uyn, Shakespearean (thuc Shakespeare),
Victorian clock (ng h thuc thi Victoria), Jeffersonian democracy (nn dn ch
theo hc thuyt Jefferson)

-iana, -ana
- Vi danh t ch ngi hoc ni chn --> danh t mi ch "tp hp vt th hay tin
tc lin quan ti danh t gc"
- VD: the middle-class disdain for Americana (thi coi thng ca giai cp trung
lu i vi hng Hoa K), the display of Wellingtoniana (s trng by nhng tc
phm ca Wellington)

-ibility
- To danh t t tnh t tn cng -ible
- VD: possible -> possibility, eligible -> eligibility (d c)

-ible
- Nh -able
- CV: trc khi thm -ible: tn cng l E -> b E, tn cng D hay DE -> chuyn
thnh S, tn cng l IT th chuyn thnh ISS
- VD: collapse -> collapsible (c th gp li), divide -> divisible (c th chia c,
chia ht cho), permit -> permissible (chp nhn c)

-ic
- To tnh t lin quan danh t gc, thng i vi danh t tn cng bng -IST
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- VD: demon -> demonic (thuc ma qu), atomic (thuc nguyn t), diplomatic
(ngoi giao), symbolic (tng trng), optimist (ngi lc quan) -> optimistic,
moralist (ngi c hnh) -> moralistic, capitalistic (theo ch ngha t bn)

-ics
- Trong t c ngha lin quan ti mt b mn hay ngnh khoa hc
- VD: physics, athletics, politics, acoustics (m hc), electronics (in t hc)

-ide
- C trong nhng t ch hp cht ha hc
- VD: bromide (cht brm), cloride (cht clorua), hydroxide (hirxit), oxide (xt)

-ify
- To ng t lin quan danh t hoc tnh t gc.
- VD: classify (phn loi), falsify (gi mo), horrify (lm khip s), intensify (tng
cng), purify (lm tinh khit), simplify (n gin ha), solidify (lm cho rn li;
on kt)

il-, im-, in-, ir- Dng rt thng dng ph nh tnh t gc

- CV: IL- ch i vi tnh t bt u bng L, IR- ch i vi tnh t bt u bng R, IMthng i vi tnh t bt u bng M hay P, cn i vi IN- th l A hoc C, D hoc
S.
- VD: illegal (phm php), illegible (kh c), illiterate (m ch, khng bit ch),
illogical (phi l, immature (non nt), impatient (khng kin nhn), impossible (bt
kh thi), imperfect (khng hon ho), impratical (khng thc t), inaccurate (khng
chnh xc), incorrect (khng ng), insecure (khng an ton), irresponsible (v
trch nhim), irregular (khng theo quy lut), irrational (phi l

Indo- "thuc v n "

infra- "di, di"

- VD: infra-red (tia hng ngoi), infrasonic (siu m), infrastructure (c s h tng)

inter1. Vi danh t --> tnh t ch lin quan gia ci ny vi ci khc

- VD: inter-city (lin thnh ph, gia cc thnh ph vi nhau), intercontinental (lin
lc a), international (quc t, gia cc nc), interstate (gia cc bang, lin bang)
2. Vi ng t, danh t, tnh t --> ng/danh/tnh t mi ch s lin kt
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- VD: interlock (mc vo nhau, ***g vo nhau), interact (tng tc), interlink (ni
lin nhau), intertwine (xon vi nhau), interchange (trao i), interplay (s phi
hp), interdependence (ph thuc ln nhau)

-ly
1. Cch dng thng dng: to trng t t tnh t.
- Ch : t tn cng l -IC th thm -AL trc khi thm -LY (vd: automatic ->
automatically)
- VD: gp rt nhiu ri, khng cn v d na.

2. To tnh t c ngha "nh l" hoc "c c im ca" danh t m n kt hp.

- VD: friendly (thn thin), manly (c tnh n ng), costly (tn km), earthly (trn
th, trn tc), brotherly (nh l anh em), sickly (qut quo, hay bnh), worldly (trn
tc, vt cht), orderly (c trt t)

3. Vi danh t ch thi gian -> tnh t ch tn sut

- VD: daily (hng ngy), hourly (hng gi; [tr tin cng]theo gi), weekly (hng
tun), monthly (hng thng)

macro- "ln, v i"

- VD: macroeconomics (kinh t v m), macrocosm (v tr, th gii v m), macrograph (biu c t l ln), macro-structure (kin trc v m)

mal- Ch s "t hi, khng hon ho"

- Vd: maladministration (s qun l yu km), malnutrition (s suy dinh dng),
maltreatment (s ngc i, bc i), malpractice (s bt cn, hnh ng bt
chnh), malodorous (hi, nng mi), malfunction (khng hot ng ng),
maldistribution (s phn phi khng u)

-mania
- Ch "chng bnh mong mun mnh lit" ci g
- VD: egomania (chng t tn), monomania (chng c tng), megalomania
(bnh v cung, hoang tng, t i)

-mate
- Vi danh t --> danh t mi ch "bn cng", "ngi cng chia s"

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- VD: classmate (bn cng lp), schoolmate (bn cng trng), team-mate (bn
ng i), roommate (bn cng phng), _ _ _ _-mate (ngi chung lu), _ _ _
_mate (bn cng cn h)

matri- "ph n", "m"

- VD: matriarch (n gia trng), matricide (ti git m), maternal (thuc v m, vd:
maternal grandmother = b ngoi)

mega- Trong danh t c ngha "cc k ln"; vi n v o lng = 1 triu ln n v

- VD: mega-bid (d thu ln), megaloss (s mt s tin ln), mega-production (s
sn xut trn quy m ln), megahertz (= 1.000.000 hertz), megabyte

-ment
- To danh t t ng t
- VD: abandonment (s b ri, t b), accomplishment (s hon thnh), agreement
(s tha c, hip nh), amusement (s tiu khin, gii tr), improvement (s ci
thin)

-meter
- Vi n v o lng hoc mt c tnh -> thit b o lng n v hoc c tnh

- VD: thermometer (nhit k), voltmeter (vn k), ammeter (ampe k),
speedometer (ng h o tc xe), hydrometer (my o t trng cht lng),
altimeter (thit b o cao)

micro- "rt nh", tri ngha vi macro-; kt hp vi n v o lng --> 1 phn triu n
v .
- VD: microeconomics (kinh t hc vi m), microelectronics (vi in t),
microbiology (vi sinh vt hc), microscope (knh hin vi), microsecond (= 1 phn
triu giy)

mid- " gia" (thi gian, v tr, hoc hnh ng)

- midsummer (gia h), mid-1920s (gia thp nin 1920), midnight (na m),
midday (gia ngy), midterm (gia kha hc), midpoint (im gia), mid-air
(gia khng trung), mid-ocean (gia i dng), mid-flight (gia chuyn bay).
Don''''''''t stop me in mid-sentence (= ti ni ht !)

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-minded
1. Vi tnh t -> tnh t mi mang ngha "c u c" m danh t gc m t
- VD: narrow-minded (hp hi, nh nhen), strong-minded (kin quyt), absentminded (ng tr), like-minded (c cng t tng), liberal-minded (phng khong)

2. Vi danh t -> tnh t ch "quan tm n" danh t gc

- VD: career-minded (c u c ngh nghip), community-minded (quan tm n
cng ng), future-minded (bit lo cho tng lai), peace-minded (yu thch ha
bnh)

mini- "nh"
- VD: rt thng dng, nn khng cn v d

mis- "sai", "lm"

- VD: misunderstand (hiu lm), misquote (trch dn sai), misinformation (thng tin
sai), mismanage (qun l sai), misjudgement (s nh gi sai), misbehave (c x
sai), misuse (dng sai), misplace (= b ci g u ri tm li khng thy),
misfortune (ri ro), misconception (khi nim sai lm), mislead (lm sai lch [cch
suy ngh])

-monger
- Vi danh t -> ngi bun bn
- VD: warmonger (k hiu chin [xem chin tranh nh 1 cch kim li]),
rumourmonger (k hay n i), fishmonger (ngi bn c), ironmonger (ngi
bun st)

mono- "c", "n"

- VD: monocycle (xe p 1 bnh), monosyllabic (n m tit), monologue (c
thoi), monotone (n iu), monoxide ([Ha] mnxt)

-most
- Vi danh t -> tnh t ch s tn cng
- VD: innermost (pha trong cng), topmost (pha trn cng), rightmost (tut v
pha bn phi), bottommost (pha di cng), outermost (pha ngoi cng),
southernmost (v pha cc nam), hindmost (pha sau cng)

multi- "nhiu"
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- VD: multi-national corporation (tp on a quc gia), multicultural (a vn ha),

multimedia (a phng tin), multi-screen (nhiu mn nh), multilateral (a
phng), multi-level (nhiu mc )

near- "gn", "gn nh"

- VD: near-black (gn nh en hon ton), near-accident (tai nn sut xy ra, vd:
that was a near-accident [= sut na l b tai nn ri!]), near-identical (gn nh
tng t), near-perfect (gn nh hon ho), near-CD sound quality (cht lng m
thanh gn nh l trn a CD)

neo- "mi"
- VD: neo-natal (s sinh), neo-colonialist (ch ngha thc dn mi), neo-Marxist
(theo ch ngha Mc mi), neo-bourgeoisie (thuc v giai cp t sn mi)

-ness
- To danh t t tnh t (thng l tnh t ch tm trng, trng thi)
- VD: happiness, loneliness, madness, sadness, sickness, tiredness, situatedness

neuro- "thn kinh"

- VD: neuralgia (chng au thn kinh), neurosurgeon (nh gii phu thn kinh),
neurology (khoa thn kinh), neurectomy (phu thut ct dy thn kinh), neuron (t
bo thn kinh)

non- "khng" (ph nh t kt hp)

- VD: non-academic (khng mang tnh hc thut), non-stop (khng ngng), nonprofit (phi li nhun), non-smoker (ngi khng ht thuc), non-drinker (ngi
khng ung ru), non-resident (khng phi ngi c tr)

octa-, octo- "tm"

- VD: octagon (hnh tm cnh, bt gic), octave ([Nhc] qung tm), octahedron
(hnh tm mt)

off- "bn ngoi", "khng ng"

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- VD: off-campus life (cuc sng ngoi khun vin trng), off-center (ngoi trung
tm), off-court (bn ngoi ta), off-field (ngoi lnh vc), offshore (ngoi khi), offseason (khng ng ma [nh Du lch]), off-topic (ngoi l, khng ng ch )

-off
- To tnh t t trng t ch mc kh gi v tin bc
- VD: well-off (giu c), better-off (hnh phc hn, c nhiu tin), badly-off (ngho
nn), comfortably-off (sung tc)

-oid
- "ging nh"
- VD: humanoid (ging ngi), cuboid (c dng hnh hp), spheroid (nh hnh
cu), sinusoidal graph (biu c dng hnh sin)

-ology
- C trong t ch ngnh hc hoc h thng t tng.
- VD: anthropology (nhn chng hc), geology (a cht hc), ecology (sinh thi
hc), pathology (bnh l hc), biology (sinh hc), psychology (tm l hc),
sociology (x hi hc), ideology (h t tng), thobiology ("th b" hc - [t ny
ch, ng bt chc])

omni- "tt c", "ton b"

- VD: omnipresent (c mt khp ni), omnivore (ng vt n tp)

once- Vi tnh t --> tnh t mi: " tng"

- VD: once-forgotten ( tng b qun lng), once-famous ( tng ni ting),
once-common ( tng ph bin)

-or
- Vi ng t --> danh t mi ch ngi hoc thit b thc hin hnh ng
- VD: actor (din vin), commentator (bnh lun vin), director (o din), editor
(ch bt), instructor (ging vin), visitor (khch thm), calculator (my tnh),
compressor (my nn), refrigerator (t lnh), reactor (l phn ng), elevator (thang
my), detector (my d)

-osis
- C trong cc t ch bnh tt
- VD: cirrhosis (bnh x gan), tuberculosis (lao phi), neurosis (chng lon thn
kinh chc nng)
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-ous
- To tnh t t danh t
- VD: adventurous (phiu lu, thch mo him), anxious (lo u), cautious (thn
trng), continuous (lin tc), courageous (can m), spacious (rng ri)

out- Cch dng thng dng nht l kt hp vi ng t (thng l ni ng t, tc l

nhng ng t khng cn tn ng nh LIVE, JUMP, YELL, v.v.) to NGOI
NG T (ng t cn tn ng, nh EAT, SEE, HEAR, v.v.) ch "vt tri hn"
- VD: outgrow (pht trin nhanh hn), outjump (nhy xa hn), outrun (chy nhanh
hn), outlive (sng lu hn, vd: she outlived him by one year = b y sng lu hn
ng y mt nm.), outfox (gian xo hn - y kt hp vi danh t), outdo (lm tt
hn), out-perform (biu din hay hn), out-yell (la to hn).

over- Kt hp vi hu ht cc t loi (thng l ng t) ch "qu mc cn thit". Tri

ngha l under- VD: overeat (n qu nhiu), over-cautious (thn trng qu mc), over-confident
(qu t tin), overcook (nu qu chn), overheat (lm qu nng), oversleep (ng
qun), overdose (s qu liu), overwork (lm vic qu sc), overestimate (nh gi
qu cao, c lng qu cao)

!
!

pan1. "xuyn sut, bao gm tt c"

- VD: pan-African (lin Phi Chu), pan-continental (lin lc a), pan-national (lin
quc gia)
2. "tt c, ton b"
- VD: panacea (thuc tr bch bnh), panorama (ton cnh), pandemic (dch bnh)

para1. "ging nhng khng chnh thc"

- VD: paramedic (nhn vin y t [khng phi bc s hay y t]), paramilitary (lc
lng bn qun s [khng phi qun i chnh quy]), para-professional (bn
chuyn nghip), paratyphoid (bnh cn thng hn)
2. "khc l"
- VD: paranormal (siu hnh), paradox (nghch l)
3. lin quan ti "nhy d"
- VD: parachute (d my bay), paragliding (mn lt d), paratrooper (lnh nhy
d)
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penta- "nm, c nm phn"

- VD: pentagon (ng gic), pentameter (cu th ng m b [c 5 m c nhn]),
pentagram (hnh ngi sao c nm im - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram ),
pentangle (nh pentagram), pentathlon (cuc thi in kinh nm mn phi hp) ->
tng t: biathlon (2 mn), decathlon (10 mn), heptathlon (7 mn), triathlon (3
mn)

-phile
- vi danh t to danh t: "ngi yu thch" danh t gc
- VD: audiophile (dn ghin nhc [= coi trng cht lng nhc]), bibliophile (ngi
yu sch v), Anglophile (ngi yu nc Anh), Europhile (ngi yu Chu u)

-phobia
- "chng s/ght"
- VD: agoraphobia (chng s ch ng c), claustrophobia (chng s hi s ngt
ngt, g b [nh s b nht, v.v.]), homophobia (chng s/ght ngi ng tnh),
hydrophobia (chng s nc), xenophobia (chng bi ngoi [s hoc ght ngi
nc ngoi])

phon(o)- "m thanh"

- VD: phonology (m v hc), phonetics (ng m), phoneme (m v), phonograph
(my ht a dng kim)

photo- "nh sng"

- VD: photosynthesis (quang hp), photograph (tm hnh chp), photochemical
(quang ha), photosensitive (nhy vi nh sng)

poly- "nhiu"
- VD: polylingual (a ng; bit nhiu th ting), polynominal ([Ton] a thc),
polytechnic (bch khoa), polytheism (ch ngha a thn), polyhedron (khi a
din), polygon (hnh a gic)

post- "sau"
- VD: post-Iraq reconstruction (s ti thit hu Iraq), post-liberation (sau gii
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Freudian (sau thi Freud), post-1960''''s society (x hi sau thp nin 60), postWTO Vietnam (Vit Nam thi k hu WTO)

pre- tri ngha vi "post-"

1. "trc"
- VD: pre-adolescent (trc tui thnh nin), pre-birth (trc thi k sinh sn), premarital sex (tnh dc trc hn nhn), prenatal (tin sn; trc khi sinh), pre-school
education (gio dc trc tui i hc), pre-match commentaries (nhng li bnh
lun trc trn u)
2. vi ng t to ng t: "lm trc"
- VD: preview (xem trc), predetermine (tin nh), prejudge (nh gi trc, xem
xt trc [mc d khi cha c thng tin])
3. (cch dng thng dng) vi qu kh phn t to tnh t: " c lm trc"
- VD: pre-recorded ( c thu m trc), pre-paid phone service (dch v in
thoi tr trc), pre-booked room (phng t trc), pre-cooked sausage (xc
xch c nu trc).

pro- vi danh t to tnh t: "ng h"

- VD: pro-church (ng h gio hi), pro-life (ng h s sng [phn i n t hnh
chng hn]), pro-nationalist (ng h c lp quc gia), pro-feminist (ng h s
bnh quyn cho ph n), pro-democracy (ng h nn dn ch).

-proof
- vi danh t to tnh t: "chng li" danh t gc
- VD: bulletproof car (xe hi chng n), waterproof raincoat (o ma khng thm
nc), foolproof instructions (ch dn d hiu, d s dng [ngi kh cng lm
c]), leakproof (chng r r), soundproof room (phng cch m tt [khng
m thanh i ra hoc lt vo]), childproof ([thng thy trn hp thuc] ngn nga
tr em m ra)

proto- vi danh t to danh t: "nguyn thy, u tin"

- VD: prototype (nguyn mu), protohuman (con ngi u tin), protoplanet
(hnh tinh u tin), proto-fish (loi c u tin)

pseudo- vi danh t to danh t: "gi"

- VD: pseudo-metal (kim loi gi), pseudo-code (m gi [khng thuc mt ngn
ng lp trnh no]), pseudo-democracy (nn dn ch gi)
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psych- "u c, tm thn"

- VD: psychiatrist (bc s tm thn), psychology (tm l hc), psychotic (ri lon tm
thn), psychopath (ngi b bnh tm thn)

quad- "bn"
- VD: quadrangle (hnh t gic), quadruped (loi vt c 4 chn)

quasi- "gn nh; ging nhng cha phi" (nh gc "para-")

- VD: quasi-official (gn nh chnh thc), quasi-military (bn qun s), quasirepublic (nn th ch nh cng ha)

radio- "phng x; sng v tuyn"

- VD: radiocarbon (phng x ccbon), radio-telephone (in thoi v tuyn), radiotelescope (knh vin vng v tuyn)

re- dng ph bin vi ng t to ng t mi c "li, mt ln na". T thng

dng vit khng c gch ni.
- VD: redo(lm li), reassure (bo m li), reopen (m li), recount (m li),
rename (i tn), restart (khi ng li), rewrite (vit li), redefine (nh ngha li),
rebuild (xy dng li)

retro- "sau", "tr v sau"

- VD: retrospect (s nhn li qu kh): In retrospect, I think that I was wrong (Ngh
li th ti thy ti sai); The closure of the factory is a retrograde step. (Vic ng
nh my l mt bc i tht li.)

-ridden
- vi danh t c ngha *tiu cc* to tnh t ch "nhiu, y" nhng tiu cc
- VD: clich-ridden essay (bi lun vn y nhng cu so mn), debt-ridden (n
nn chng cht), guilt-ridden childhood (tui th y ti li), drought-ridden (b
hn hn lin tc), plague-ridden area (vng b bnh dch honh honh), rumourridden city (thnh ph lun y nhng tin n)

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- lin quan ti "(nc/ting/ngi) Nga"

- VD: Russo-Japanese war (cuc chin Nga-Nht)

-scape
- vi danh t: "phong cnh"
- VD: landscape (phong cnh t lin), cityscape (phong cnh th), snowscape
(cnh tuyt), moonscape (cnh di trng), seascape (cnh bin), waterscape
(cnh sng nc)

self- "t", "cho bn thn"

- VD: self-study (s t hc), self-appointed (t b nhim), self-control (t ch), selfdefence (t v), self-interest (t li), self-service (s t phc v), self-winding watch
(ng h t ln giy), self-locking door (ca t kha), self-evident (hin nhin), selfsufficient agency (c quan t qun [t cung t cp]), self-contained chapter
(chng sch c lp [khng ph thuc cc chng khc, coi nh bi c thm
chng hn]), self-respect (s t trng)

semi- "na", "mt phn"

- VD: semi-final (bn kt), semi-automatic (bn t ng), semi-skilled (bn chuyn
nghip), semi-circle (hnh bn nguyt), semi-tone ([Nhc] na cung), semidetached houses (nh c chung vch), semiconductor (cht bn dn), semi-annual
(na nm 1 ln)

-ship
- to danh t tru tng
1. vi danh t ch ngh nghip: "tnh trng" hoc "kinh nghim"
- VD: authorship (tc quyn), citizenship (quyn cng dn), ownership (quyn s
hu), membership (s tr thnh hi vin; quyn hi vin), leadership (v tr lnh
o), professorship (chc ging vin)
2. vi danh t ch ngh tn cng bng -man: "ti", "k thut"
- VD: marksmanship (ti thin x), oarsmanship (ti bi thuyn), salesmanship (ti
bn hng), sportsmanship (k nng th thao)
3. "tnh"
- VD: friendship (tnh bn), kinship (tnh b con), comradeship (tnh ng ch),
companionship (tnh bn)

Sino- lin quan ti "(nc/ting/ngi) Trung Quc"

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- VD: Sino-Vietnamese relations (quan h Vit-Trung), Sino-Vietnamese word (t

Hn Vit)

socio- "x hi"

- VD: sociolinguistics (ngn ng hc x hi), socio-political (thuc chnh tr x hi),
socio-economic (thuc kinh t x hi)

-some
1. vi danh t hoc ng t to tnh t ch c tnh ca t gc
- VD: bothersome (gy phin phc), meddlesome (thch xen chuyn ngi khc),
quarrelsome (thch gy g), adventuresome (thch mo him)
2. vi danh t, ng t hoc tnh t to tnh t ch "gy ra" mt cm xc g
- VD: loathsome (ng ght, gh tm), awesome (gy kinh s), fearsome (ng s),
irksome (lm mt mi), tiresome (lm mt mi), troublesome (quy ry), worrisome
(ng lo, lm lo lng), wearisome (lm mt mi), burdensome (l gnh nng cho)
3. vi s nh nh hai, ba, bn to danh t ch "mt nhm ngi"
- VD: twosome (nhm hai ngi), threesome (nhm ba ngi), foursome (nhm
bn ngi)
4. "th"
- VD: chromosome (nhim sc th), ribosome (th ribxm)

-speak
- cch dng thng dng trn bo ch, vi danh t ch mt ngnh ngh hoc tn
ring to danh t mi ch "ngn ng c trng" ca danh t gc
- VD: lawyer-speak (ngn ng ca lut s), computer-speak (ngn ng ca my
tnh [thuc lnh vc tr tu nhn to, khng phi ngn ng lp trnh]), teacherspeak (ngn ng ca thy gio), media-speak (ngn ng ca phng tin i
chng), consumer-speak (ngn ng ca ngi tiu dng)

step- vi danh t ch *thnh vin trong gia nh* to danh t mi ch thnh vin gia
nh khng c quan h rut tht vi *bn* nhng c vi ngi m bn c mi
quan h trong gia nh. Ting Vit dch l "gh", "k"
- VD: stepson (con trai gh), stepfather (cha gh), stepmother (m k), stepbrother
(anh/em gh)

-stricken
- vi danh t c ngha *tiu cc* to tnh t lin quan ch "b danh t gc tc
ng mnh (theo hng xu)"

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- VD: awe-stricken (kinh ngc), fear-stricken (s hi), famine-stricken areas (nhng

vng b nn i), poverty-stricken families (nhng gia nh ngho tng), horrorstricken (hong s), conscience-stricken killer (tn git ngi b cn rt lng tm),
grief-stricken (bun b v cng), war-stricken countries (quc gia b chin tranh
nh hng)

sub1. vi danh t to danh t mi ch "ph, con"

- VD: subset (tp hp con), sub-group (nhm nh, nhm ph), sub-structure (cu
trc con), subtotal (tng ph), sub-agent (i l con), sub-committee (tiu ban)
2. "di, km hn"
- VD: substandard (di tiu chun), sub-zero temperature (nhit di 0 ),
subconscious (thuc tim thc), subsea (di bin), submarine (tu ngm), subsurface (di mt t), subnormal (di mc bnh thng), subsonic (di tc
m thanh)

super- "qu mc bnh thng; siu; trn". C th ng ring trong vn ni vi ngha

"siu".
- VD: supersonic (siu thanh, vt tc ca m thanh), supernatural (siu nhin),
supercomputer (siu my tnh), super-hero (siu anh hng), superman (siu nhn),
supermarket (siu th), superstar (siu sao), superstructure (cu trc thng tng)

sur- " trn; thm"

- VD: surcharge (tin tr thm, ph ph), surreal (siu thc), surplus (thng d)

sym-, syn- "cng; cng nhau; ging nhau"

- VD: symbiosis (s cng sinh), symmetrical (i xng), sympathy (s ng cm),
synonym (t ng ngha), synthesis (s tng hp)

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tele- "xa, t xa"

- VD: telephone (in thoi), telecommunication (s truyn thng, vin thng),
telegram (in tn), telepathy (s thn giao cch cm), telescope (knh vin vng),
television (my v tuyn truyn hnh)

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- "thn thnh"
- VD: atheism (ch ngha v thn), theology (thn hc), theocracy (chnh tr thn
quyn)

thermo- "nhit"
- VD: thermometer (nhit k), thermal (thuc v nhit), thermodynamics (nhit
ng hc), thermoelectric (nhit in)

-to-be
1. vi danh t to danh t mi ch " tng lai"
- VD: bride-to-be (c du tng lai), husband-to-be (v hn phu, chng sp ci),
mother-to-be (ngi sp lm m)
2. vi "soon" hoc "never" to tnh t
- VD: The soon-to-be widow did not comprehend that her husband would die.
(Ngi ph n khng hiu l chng mnh s cht v mnh s tr thnh ga ph.)

trans1. "xuyn qua, ngang qua"

- VD: trans-America (xuyn Chu M), transatlantic (xuyn i Ty Dng),
transcontinental (xuyn lc a)
2. trong ng t: "sang dng hoc v tr khc"
- VD: transform (bin i), transcribe (vit li, ghi li di dng khc), transplant
(phu thut cy ghp)

tri- "ba"
- VD: tricycle (xe p ba bnh), Triad (hi Tam Hong), triangle (hnh tam gic),
trilogy (b ba [nhc/phim]), tripod (king ba chn), triplet (con sinh ba)

-ular
- thng kt hp vi danh t tn cng m /l/ to tnh t lin quan
- VD: circular (thuc hnh trn), cellular (thuc t bo), muscular (nhiu c bp),
corpuscular (thuc hng cu), vehicular (thuc xe c), molecular (thuc phn t),
angular (c gc cnh), tabular (xp theo bng, chia theo bng), spectacular
(ngon mc)

ultra- vi tnh t to tnh t: "siu; cc k"

- VD: ultra-high (cc cao), ultra-clean (cc sch), ultra-intelligent (cc k thng
minh), ultra-modern (cc k hin i, ti tn), ultraviolet ray (tia cc tm)
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un- cch dng rt thng dng vi ngha ph nh

1. vi ng t: "lm ngc li" ng t gc
- VD: undo (hy b hnh ng va ri), unbreak (hn gn li [sau khi lm v]),
undress (ci qun o), uncover (phi by ra), unbend (lm cho thng li [sau khi
un]), unlock (m kha), unwrap (m ra), unplug (ngt ra [khi in])
2. vi tnh t v qu kh phn t hoc hin ti phn t: to ngha ph nh
- VD: unhappy (khng hnh phc, bt hnh), unfortunate (khng may mn),
unimportant (khng quan trng), unaware (ko nhn thc c), unkind (ko t t),
unnatural (khng t nhin), unchanged (khng i), unchanging (khng thay i),
uncooked (cha c nu), unemployed (tht nghip), unknowing (khng bit, v
), uninviting (khng mi mc).
- Lu : unable nhng inability

under1. tri ngha vi "over-", ch s "thiu ht, cha ti mc bnh thng"

- VD: underdeveloped (cha pht trin ht mc), underestimate (nh gi thp),
undernourished (thiu dinh dng), underpay (tr lng thiu/thp), underweight
(thiu cn, nh k), undercooked (nu cha chn)
2. " di" (v tr/tui/cp bc/chc v/v.v.)
- VD: underground (di mt t), underline (gch di), undersea (di mt
bin), underwater (di nc), underside (mt di), the under-twenties (nhng
ngi di tui 20 [U20]), undergraduate (sinh vin cha tt nghip), underworld
(a ngc; [ngha bng] th gii ngm)

uni- "mt"
- VD: unicycle (xe p mt bnh), uniform (ng phc), unilateral (n phng),
union (s hp nht)

vice- vi cc danh t ch chc v to danh t mi ch "ph, th"

- VD: vice-chairman (ph ch tch), vice-principal (hiu ph), vice-president (ph
tng thng), vice-minister (th trng)

-ward (trong tnh t), -wards (trong trng t)

- "v hng"
- VD: backward (v pha sau), ceiling-ward (v hng trn nh), shoreward (v pha
b bin), outward (v pha ngoi), southward (v pha nam), upward (v pha trn)

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-ware
1. vi danh t ch cht liu hoc ng t to danh t khng m c: " lm
bng" hoc " dng cho"
- VD: brassware ( ng), silverware ( bng bc), glassware ( thy tinh),
stoneware ( s) , tableware (b n), cookware ( nu bp)
2. c trong cc danh t ch "phn mm my tnh (software)"
- VD: freeware (phn mm min ph), shareware (phn mm thng mi),
postcard-ware (phn mm c s dng min ph nhng khuyn khch ngi
dng gi bu thip cho ngi vit chng trnh), spyware (phn mm gin ip),
malware (phn mm c hi)

-wide
- vi danh t to tnh t v trng t: "tri rng khp"
- VD: nationwide survey (cuc iu tra rng khp nc), worldwide (khp th gii),
campus-wide (khp khun vin), continent-wide (khp lc a), system-wide
shortcuts ([Tin hc] cc phm tt c tc dng ton h thng), city-wide (khp thnh
ph), countrywide = nationwide

-wise
1. vi danh t to tnh t v trng t: "ging nh"
- VD: clockwise (theo chiu kim ng h), Face your problems and don''t hide
your head in the sand, ostrick-wise. (Hy i mt vi vn v ng vi u trong
ct nh iu vy.) He clenched his fist and beat hammer-wise on the wall. (Anh
nm cht nm tay li v p nh ba b ln tng.)
2. vi danh t to trng t: "v vn g, v mt g".
- VD: Age-wise, I was eight years younger than Tom. (V mt tui th ti nh hn
Tom 8 tui). Tuesdays and Wednesdays are a bit restricted, menu-wise. (Vo th ba
v th t th thc n hi hn hp mt cht.)
- Lu : ch yu dng trong vn thn mt, dng cu trc tng ng khc trong
vn trang trng. VD: As far as taxes are concerned,... (v mt thu th...).

-work
- to danh t khng m c
1. vi danh t ch cht liu: "tp hp nhng th c lm bng" cht liu
- VD: ironwork ( st [nh cng, v.v.]), leatherwork ( da), woodwork ( g
[ca, bn gh, v.v.]), pipework ( lm bng ng), silverwork ( lm bng bc),
brickwork ( lm bng gch), plasterwork ( lm bng thch cao)
2. vi danh t: "cng vic" m danh t gc m t
- VD: paperwork (vic giy t), brainwork (cng vic tr c), needlework (vic kim
ch), metalwork (vic kim kh), housework (vic nh), coursework (nhng kha hc
ly), schoolwork (nhng vic trng hc [bi tp, cng tc trng, v.v.]),
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farmwork (vic nng tri), office-work (vic vn phng), nightwork (cng vic ban
m)

-worthy
1. vi danh t to tnh t: "ng"
- VD: newsworthy (ng ng tin), noteworthy (ng lu ), trustworthy (ng tin),
creditworthy (ng tin cy), stageworthy (ng c ln sn khu)
2. vi danh t ch mi trng to tnh t mang ngha "thch hp" vi mi trng
, "y iu kin an ton" vn hnh trong mi trng .
- VD: airworthy (thch hp cho ng khng), roadworthy ([xe] thch hp chy trn
ng ph [= iu kin an ton]), This craft is seaworthy (chic tu ny c th
i bin tt), trackworthy (chy trn ng ry c)

-wright
- vi danh t to danh t: "ngi to hoc sa cha ci g"
- VD: playwright (nh vit kch), cartwright (ngi ch to xe y), shipwright
(ngi ng tu), wheelwright (th lm bnh xe)

-y
1. vi danh t to tnh t: "c c tnh ca; y, nhiu"
- VD: dirty (d, nhiu bi), starry (y sao), bulky (cng knh), cloudy (nhiu my),
mighty (mnh), rainy (c ma), thirsty (kht), foggy (c sng m), roomy (rng ri),
summery (nh ma h; thch hp cho ma h)
2. vi ng t to tnh t: "c khuynh hng" ca ng t gc
- VD: sticky (hay dnh), picky (kn chn), touchy subject (ch d ng chm),
runny nose (mi hay b chy), sleepy (bun ng)
3. vi tt c danh t (k c danh t ring) trong vn thn mt hay ca tr con to
danh t tng ng nhng c thn mt hn. Mt s t dng -ie.
- VD: fishy (con c), doggy (con ch), birdie (con chim), Jimmy (= Jim), Johny (=
John), daddy (cha), mommy (m)

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