Chiết Xuất Tannin Từ Điều Lộn Hột Và Thử Nghiệm Tính Kháng Ăn Mòn Kim Loai

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht
Sinh vin: Trng Ngc Hi Uyn
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PGS.TS L T Hi
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PGS.TS L T Hi
M U
1. L DO CHN TI.
Chng n mn kim loi l mt lnh vc thu ht s quan tm ca hu ht mi
quc gia trn th gii, c bit l cc quc gia c nn cng nghip pht trin. Theo
nh gi hng nm ca c quan pht trin Lin Hip Quc (UNDP), n mn kim loi
lm tn tht kh ln i vi nn kinh t quc dn v chim ti 3% tng sn phm quc
gia (GNP). C nhiu phng php chng n mn kim loi, trong vic s dng
cc cht c ch nh cromat, photphat, nitrit, cng mang li hiu qu ng k. Tuy
nhin, cc cht c ch ny thng gy nhim mi trng. V vy, cng ngh chng
n mn mi hng n vic s dng cc cht c ch sch, thn thin vi mi trng
ang c cc nh khoa hc ch trng.
Trn th gii, ngi ta bit n tanin l mt hp cht c nhiu ng dng c
bit: lm dc phm, dng trong cng ngh thuc da, lm bn mu, lm cht c ch n
mn kim loi
Hin nay nc ta cy iu ln ht c bit n nh mt loi cy trng quen
thuc c gi tr kinh t cao. T nm 2002 Vit Nam vn ln ng th nh th gii
sau n c v din tch trng iu (350.000 ha), sn lng cng nghip (220-250
ngn tn) ln kim ngch xut khu (214 triu USD). Cy iu ln ht tr thnh loi cy
xa i gim ngho cho ngi nng dn. Khi ni n qu iu ngi ta thng ch
ngh ti mt vi sn phm ca n nh: ht iu,du iu... cn tht qu iu ln ht b
b i sau thu hoch ly ht, ch mt s lng rt t khng ng k c s dng lm
thc n gia sc, nc mm chay... Trung bnh c 1 tn ht iu th c thu hoch th
c n 8-10 tn tht qu iu b ngi nng dn b i gy nhim mi trng nghim
trng. Trong khi , trong tht qu iu ln ht c mt lng rt ln tanin b thi loi
hoang ph. V vy vic khai thc thm ng dng, nhm nng cao gi tr ca cy iu
ln ht v gii quyt vn cht c ch n mn kim loi thn thin vi mi trng c
ngha thc tin cao. Bn cnh gp phn gii quyt c mi lo v nhim mi
trng v to thm cng n vic lm cho ngi nng dn. V th, chng ti chn ti
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PGS.TS L T Hi
"Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu

iu ln ht.
2. I TNG V PHM VI NGHIN CU
2.1 i tng:
- Tht qu iu ly t cy iu ln ht khu vc th trn Ph Ho, huyn
ChPh, tnh Gia Lai .
2.2 Phm vi nghin cu:
- Nghin cu quy trnh chit tch tanin bng cc dung mi khc nhau; kho st
cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chit tch v kho st kh nng c ch n mn kim
loi trong mi trng NaCl 3,5%; HCl.
3. MC TIU V NHIM V NGHIN CU.
3.1. Mc tiu nghin cu :
- nh gi kh nng tch tanin t tht qu iu ln ht.
- Th tc dng chng n mn kim loi ca tanin thu c t tht qu iu ln
ht.
3.2. Nhim v nghin cu :
- Nghin cu chit tch v ng dng tanin t tht qu iu ln ht lm cht c
ch n mn kim loi.
4. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
4.1. Phng php nghin cu l thuyt
- Tm hiu v qu o ln ht, Tanin thng qua cc ti liu tham kho.
4.2. Phng php nghin cu thc nghim
- Phng php chit tch Tanin t tht qu iu ln ht.
- Phng php khi lng, phng php phn hy mu phn tch v phng
php ph hp th nguyn t.
- Phng php ph hng ngoi v phng php sc l lng cao p ghp khi
ph.
- Phng php in ha kho st kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca Tanin.
5. NGHA KHOA HC V THC TIN CA TI
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5.1. ngha khoa hc

- Xc nh cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chit tch Tanin t tht qu iu
ln ht thu c hm lng Tanin cao.
- Kho st kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca Tanin.
5.2. ngha thc tin
- Nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca qu iu ln ht.
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PGS.TS L T Hi
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN

1.1 TNG QUAN V TANIN
1.1.1. Khi nim
T tanin c dng u tin vo nm 1976 ch nhng cht c mt trong
dch chit thc vt c kh nng kt hp vi protein ca da sng ng vt lm cho da
bin thnh da thuc khng thi v bn. Do , tanin c nh ngha l nhng hp cht
polyphenol c trong thc vt, c v cht c pht hin vi th nghim thuc da v
c nh lng da vo mc hp ph trn bt da sng chun. nh ngha ny
khng bao gm nhng phenol n gin hay gp cng vi tanin nh acid gallic, cc cht
catechin, acid chlorogenic... mc d nhng cht ny nhng iu kin nht nh c th
cho kt ta vi gelatin v mt phn no b gi trn bt da sng. Chng c gi l
pseudotanin.
Phn t lng tanin phn ln nm trong khong 500 5.000 vc
Khi un chy tanin trong mi trng kim thng thu c nhng cht sau:
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
COOH
Pyrocatechin Axitpyrocatechic
OH
OH
COOH
Pyrogallol
Acid gallic
HO
OH
Phloroglucin
Tanin c trong v, trong g, trong l v trong qu ca nhng cy nh si, s,

vt, thng, c, ch,c bit mt s tanin li c to thnh do bnh l khi mt vi
loi su chch vo cy trng to nn Ng bi t. Mt s loi ng bi t cha
n 50% 70% tanin.
1.1.2 Phn loi
Ha hc ca tanin rt phc tp v khng ng nht. tanin c th chia lm 2 loi
chnh: tanin thy phn c hay cn gi tanin pyrogallic v tanin ngng t hay cn gi
l tanin pyrocatechic.
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1.1.2.1. Tanin pyrogallic

Tanin pyrogallic l nhng este ca gluxit, thng l glucoz vi mt hay nhiu
axit trihiroxibenzencacboxylic.
Khi thy phn bng acid hoc bng enzym tanase th gii phng ra phn ng
thng l glucose, i khi gp ng c bit, v d ng hamamelose. Phn khng
phi ng l cc acid. Acid hay gp l acid gallic. Cc acid gallic ni vi nhau theo
dy ni depsid to thnh acid digallic, trigallic. Ngoi acid gallic ngi ta cn gp
cc acid khc v d acid ellagic, acid luteolic, dng m 2 vng lacton ca acid elagic,
acid chebulic.
Phn ng v phn khng phi ng ni vi nhau qua dy ni ester nn ngi
ta coi loi ny l nhng pseudoglycosid.
c im chnh ca loi tanin ny:
Khi ct kh 1800C 2000C th thu c pyrogallol l ch yu.
Cho kt ta bng vi ch axetat 10%.
Cho kt ta mu xanh en vi mui st (III).
Thng d tan trong nc.
Axit galic
Galoyl este
-1,2,3,4,6-pentagaloyl-O-D-glucoz
- 1,2,2,3,6-pentagaloyl-O-D-glucoz
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Naringenin
Eriodictyol
G
O
OH
O
HO
G
OH
O
G
OH
O
G
1,2,2,3,6 pentagaloyl O D - glucose
G l este ca acid gallic
Hnh 1.1 Mt s loi polyphenol thuc nhm tanin pyrogallic

1.1.2.2. Tanin pyrocatechic
Tanin nhm ny c to thnh do s ngng t t cc n v flavan-3-ol hoc
flavan 3,4-diol. Di tc dng ca axit hoc enzim th khng b thy phn m to thnh
cht tanin hay phlobaphen. Phalobaphen t tan trong nc l sn phm ca s trng
hp km theo oxi ha, do tanin pyrocatechic cn c gi l phlobatanin.
c im ch yu ca loi tanin ny l:
Khi ct kh cho pyrocatechin l ch yu.
Cho kt ta mu xanh m vi mui st ba.
Cho kt ta bng vi nc brom.
Kh tan trong nc hn pyrogallic.
Catechin (C)
Epicatechin (EC)
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B-1 Epicatechin-(4->8)-epicatechin
B-2Epicatechin-(4->8)-catechin
Hnh 1.2. Mt s loi polyphenol thuc nhm tanin pyrocatechic.

1.1.3. Tnh cht v nh tnh tanin
Tanin c v cht, lm sn da, tan c trong nc, kim long, cn, glyxerol v
axeton.
- Th nghim thuc da ca tanin: Ly mt ming da sng ch sn ngm vo
dung dch HCl 2% ri ra vi nc ct, sau th vo dung dch tanin trong vng 5
pht. Ra li vi nc ct ri nhng vo dung dch st (III) sunfat 1%. Ming da s
chuyn sang mu nu hoc nu en.
- Kt ta vi gelatin: Dung dch tanin 0,5-1% khi thm vo dung dch gelatin 1%
c cha 10% NaCl th s c kt ta.
- Kt ta vi alkaloid: tanin to kt ta vi cc alkaloid hoc mt s dn cht hu
c c cha nit khc nh hexamethylen tetramin, dibazol
- Kt ta vi mui kim loi: tanin cho kt ta vi cc mui kim loi nng nh
ch, thy ngn, km, st.
- Phn ng Stiasny ( phn bit 2 loi tanin): Ly 50ml dung dch tanin, thm
10ml formol v 5ml HCl un nng trong vng 10 pht. tanin pyrogallic khng kt ta
cn tanin pyrocatechic th cho kt ta gch. Nu trong dung dch c c 2 loi tanin
th sau khi lc kt ta, cho vo dch lc CH3COONa ri thm mui st (III), nu c mt
tanin pyrogallic th s c kt ta xanh en.
- Tanin b oxi ha hon ton di tc dng ca KMnO4 hoc hn hp cromic
trong mi trng axit.
1.1.4. Cng dng ca tanin
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trong cy, tanin tham gia vo qu trnh trao i cht, cc qu trnh oxi ha
kh, l nhng cht a phenol, tanin c kh nng khng khun nn c vai tr bo v cho
cy.
Tanin l mt hp cht c kh nhiu ng dng trong iu tr:
- Do c tnh to ta vi protein, khi tip xc vi nim mc, t chc da b tn
thng hay vt lot, tanin s to mt mng mng, lm mu ng li, ngng chy nn
ng dng lm thuc ng mu v thuc sn se da.
- Tanin c tnh khng khun, khng virus, c dng trong iu tr cc bnh vim
rut, tiu chy m bp i, bp Sim, v i v v Mng ct l nhng dc liu tiu biu
c dn gian s dng.
- Tanin dng lm thuc cha bng, lm tiu c v tanin c th kt hp vi cc
c t do vi khun tit ra, cng nh vi cc cht c khc nh mui bc, mui thy
ngn, mui ch, km.Tanin to kt ta vi cc alcaloid v cc mui kim loi nng
ny nn lm gim s hp thu ca nhng cht ny trong rut, v vy c ng dng
gii c trong nhng trng hp ng c alcaloid v kim loi nng. Cng v l do ny,
khng nn ung thuc vi nc tr.
- Trong bo ch hin i, tanin c tinh ch ri bo ch thnh nhng ch phm
nh dung dch c nng 1-2% hoc thut bt, thuc m dng ngoi 10-20%.
- Tanin c ng dng quan trng trong cng ngh thuc da, lm cho da bin thnh
da thuc khng thi v bn, lm cht cm mu trong nhum vi bng. S d tanin
c dng thuc da l do cu trc ho hc ca tanin c nhiu nhm OH phenol to
c nhiu dy ni hydro vi cc mch polypeptid ca protein trong da. Phn t tanin
cng ln th s kt hp ny cng cht ch.
1.1.5. Tnh hnh nghin cu v s dng tanin hin nay
Trn th gii
Cc sn phm Tannin riche, Tannin riche Extra, Quer Tannin c sn xut vi
sn lng ln cc nc Chu u tng hng, v cho ru v bo qun ru nho.
Gi tr ca cc hp cht tanin chit xut t thc vt lin tc c nghin cu.
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PGS.TS L T Hi
- Gn y, khi nghin cu v dc tnh ca ch xanh, cc nh khoa hc tin rng

cc cht chng oxi ha gi vai tr ch o. Cht chng oxi ha trong ch l polyphenol
c hiu lc gp 100 ln vitamin C, gp 25 ln vitamin E (theo kt qu nghin cu ca
Bc s Weisburger).
- Tanin chit xut t v v ht lu c tc dng lm da mn mng.
Nhng nghin cu gn y v cc vn ng dng khc ca tanin c cc nh
khoa hc quan tm:
- Sn xut keo-formaldehyde cho g dn ni tht t bt bp-tanin
- Tanin cht kt dnh cho g p.
- nh gi kh nng phn ng ca formaldehyde v tanin to cht kt dnh bng
sc k kh.
- Cht kt dnh sinh hc lin kt g t tanin.
Nh my tanin DITECO Chile hin ang sn xut tanin t v cy thng. Cc
nh nghin cu chng minh rng cc gii php tanin c th c s dng nh cht
chng n mn kim loi vi chi ph t hn nhiu, khi lng ln v thng b thi loi t
quy trnh thai thc g thng (v cha 15% tanin) c th c s dng sn xut tanin
thng mi. Mt lot cc sn phm sn xut t tanin c pht trin v cp bng
sng ch ti Chile v Brazil, bao gm:
Sn phm chng n mn mn - c bn di tn thng hiu Nox-Primer, sn
phm ny x l g b mt thp trc khi sn. Mt polymer trong thnh phn ca
Nox-Primer to ra mt lp bo v m trn thc t c th gp i tui th ca sn
truyn thng.
Keo dn g - chit xut tanin c thm vo cht kt dnh s dng dn g
trong sn xut vt liu ng tu.
Cht c ch n mn- tanin l du khong addedto bo v thp cn ngui khi
n mn trong qu trnh vn chuyn v lu tr.
Vit Nam
Hin nay tim nng khai thc tanin rt ln nhng vic nghin cu v hiu qu s
dng vn cha cao. Trong thi gian gn y, mt s nh khoa hc bc u nghin
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PGS.TS L T Hi
cu v th tc dng chng oxi ha ca polyphenol t cy ch. Ngoi vic lm thuc

cha bnh v cc cht ph gia c gi tr cao trong cng nghip thc phm, tanin cng
cn c nghin cu s dng c hiu qu hn trong cng nghip thuc da v chng
n mn kim loi.
1.1.6. Nhng thc vt cha nhiu tanin
Tanin phn b rng ri trong thin nhin.
Cc loi keo (acacia) khc nhau c hm lng tanin khc nhau. Loi c hm lng
tanin ln nht l keo en (acacia mearsi) c ti 40 43% tanin, loi acacia cepebricta c
hm lng tanin t 15 20%. Cy si cha khong t 7 n 10% tanin. Bch n: v
bch n vng Bin en cha khong 10 12%. Cy ch cng c hm lng tanin kh
ln: l ch cha khong 20% tanin.
Nhn chung, tanin c nhiu trong thc vt 2 l mm nh: Loi thng
(Rubiaceae), sn (Sapotaceae), c roi nga (Verbennaceae), h cc, hoa mm ch
(Scrophulariaceae), trc o (Apocynaceae), khoai lang (Convolvulaceae), hoa mi
(Labiatea), thu du (Ecephorbiaceae), u (Leguminoseae), trm (Sterculiaceae), o
ln ht (Anacardiaceae),chm t (Bignoniaceae) v oro (Acanthaceae); d (Fagaceae),
thng Caribe (pinus caribaea),, .
c bit, c mt s tanin c to thnh do thc vt b mt bnh l no , nh
v thuc Ng bi t l nhng ti c hnh thnh do nhng ca con su ng bi t gy
ra trn cnh v cung l ca cy Mui (Rhus semialata, thuc h Anacardiaceae). Hm
lng tanin trong dc liu thng kh cao, chim t 6-35%, c bit trong Ng bi t
c th ln n 50-70%. trong cy, tanin tham gia vo qu trnh trao i cht v oxy
ho kh, ng thi nh c nhiu nhm phenol nn tanin c tnh khng khun, bo v
cy trc nhng tc nhn gy bnh t bn ngoi.
1.2. TNG QUAN V CY IU
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PGS.TS L T Hi
Cy iu c tn khoa hc Anacardium occidentale L. Mt s vng nc ta cn

gi l cy o ln ht. Tn ting Anh thng gi l Cashew, thuc h xoi.
Hnh 1.1. Cy iu ln ht
Ht iu (tri thc ca cy iu) l phn c gi tr kinh t cao nht. Nhn iu
(ht iu bc v) chim 25 30% trng lng ht, trong bt ng (22 33 %),
cht bo (44 49% ), m (15 28% ). Ngoi ra cn c sinh t B1, sinh t E v nhiu
cht khong rt cn cho c th con ngi. Do vy nhn iu l thc phm b dng
cao cp, c ngi tiu dng nhiu nc trn th gii a chung.
Tri iu (tri gi ca cy iu) cho dch p trong cha ng, nhiu cht
khong, sinh t (C, B1, B2, PP), c th ch ra nc ung, sir c c, ru iu, mt,
rau xanh; b tri lm thc n cho gia sc, phn bn v.v
V ht iu cha 18 23% du v iu (CNSL), l nguyn liu ch ra cc
loi sn phm nh: sn ph kim loi, sn cch in, sn m ngh, bt ma st, thuc
bo qun g v.v Hin nay, du v iu cng l mt mt hng xut khu.
iu khng nhng l cy thc phm qu, cho v thuc tt m cn l cy
ph xanh t trng i trc, cy chn gi, chn ct. iu l cy nhit i, xanh quanh
nm, cao 6 14m, thn ngn cnh di, l n nguyn hnh trng trn u, hoa nh mc
thnh chu. Qu tht l mt loi qu kh, hnh qu thn, nng 5 9g, v mu xm,
cung qu phnh to bng qu trng mu vng, hay trng, lm cho ta c cm gic
phn cung qu phnh ra l qu v qu tht l ht do c tn l o ln ht.
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PGS.TS L T Hi
iu ngun gc Braxin nhng cc nc trng nhiu nht li l n , Vit

Nam, Tanzanai, Mozambic. iu pht trin vng nng m v na kh hn. Cy
khng chu c gi rt, di 7 80C cy ngng sinh trng, do iu ch pht trin
tt min Nam nc ta nh kh hu ph hp.
Cy iu pht trin tt nhng iu kin:
* Nhit : trung bnh nm t 24 280C , trung bnh ti thp 180C, trung bnh ti
cao 380C, khng c sng gi.
* Ma, m: lng ma 800 1.600 mm/ nm, m khng kh tng i 65 85
%; c hai ma ma v kh r rt ko di 5 6 thng.
* Gi: nhng vng t b nh hng ca gi bo v lc xoy, tc gi t 2 25
km/ gi.
* t: cy iu c th mc c trn nhiu loi t, nhng pht trin tt trn cc
loi t ct, ct pha, tht nh, t ti xp c tng t dy trn 1m, tng nc ngm su
t 1,5 m n trn 5 m; t phi thot nc; pH t 5 7,3; cao so vi mt nc
bin di 700 m.
1.3. L THUYT V N MN V BO V KIM LOI
1.3.1. n mn kim loi
1.3.1.1. nh ngha v phn loi cc qu trnh n mn kim loi
a. nh ngha
n mn kim loi l qu trnh ph hy kim loi dn t ngoi vo trong khi kim
loi tip xuvs vi mi trng xung quanh.
b. Phn loi theo qu trnh: gm 3 loi
- n mn sinh hc: L s n mn kim loi gy ra do tc ng ca mt s vi
sinh vt c trong mi trng xm thc (t , nc)
- n mn ha hc: L qu trnh ph hy kim loi do tc ng ca n vi mi
trng xung quanh: kh kh hay cht lng khng phi l cht in gii. n mn kh
kh nhit thng t gp, qu trnh n mn kim loi kh ph bin l khi kim loi
tip xc vi kh nhit cao.
xMe(r) + y2 MexOy
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PGS.TS L T Hi
-n mn in ha: L s ph hy kim loi do tc dng in ha ca mi trng

cht in gii v xy ra hai mi trng khc nhau trn b mt kim loi v lm xut
hin dng in. n mn in ha ca kim loi gm ba qu trnh km theo nhau sau
y:
+ Qa trnh anot: Kim loi b n mn theo phn ng:
Men+.ne
+ mH2O
Men+.mH2O.ne
+ Qa trnh catot: Cc cht oxi ha nhn e do kim loi gii phng:

Ox + ne Red (Red l cht kh) hay D + ne [D.ne]
+ Qa trnh dn in: Cc electron do kim loi b n mn gii phng s di
chuyn t anot sang catot, trong dung dch in li cng c s dch chuyn ca cation v
anion tng ng.
Vng anot (-)

ne
Me
ne
+mH2O
K+
Men+ . mH2O
Dne
A-
Vng catot (+)
Hnh 1.2. S n mn in ha
1.3.1.2. n mn thp trong nc sng v nc bin
a. Thnh phn ca nc sng v nc bin
Nc sng v nc bin l nhng dung dch in li. Trong nc bin c rt
nhiu loi mui ha tan nh trong bng 1.1:
Bng 1.1. Thnh phn cc mui ha tan trong nc bin

Mui
Thnh phn (%)
Mui
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Thnh phn (%)
PGS.TS L T Hi
NaCl
MgCl2
MgSO4
CaSO4
77,8
10,9
4,7
3,6
K2SO4
CaCO3
MgBr2
2,5
0,3
0,2
Vy trong nc bin c cc anion: Cl-, SO42-, CO32-, Br- v cc cation: Na+,

K+, Mg2+, Ca2+.
dn in ca nc bin rt cao, hm lng Cl- kh ln. V vy qu trnh n
mn xy ra trong nc bin rt mnh lit. St, gang, thp cacbon c hm lng thp v
trung bnh thc t khng c kh nng th ng trong nc bin.
Khc vi nc bin, nc sng c thnh phn rt khc nhau ty theo iu kin
t nhin hnh thnh dng sng cng nh tc ng ca con ngi.
b. S lc v thp CT3
Thp CT3 thuc nhm thp cht lng thng, C l cacbon, T l thp, con s
tip theo ch gii hn bn chu ko ti thiu (kg/mm2).
Bng 1.2.Thnh phn (%) cc nguyn t ca thp CT3
Thnh phn
Fe
Mn
Si
Ni
Cu
98,88
0,06
0,25
0,12
0,04
0,05
0,3
0,3
Thp CT3ngoi thnh phn chnh l hp kim st cacbon cn cha mt lng

nh cc nguyn t nh: Mn, Si, P, S. Cc nguyn t ny c gi l tp cht thng,
trong Mn, Si lm nng cao c tnh ca thp, P v S ( 0,13%) lm cho thp dn v
kh hn. Ngoi ra cn c mt lng nh cc nguyn t Cr, Ni, Cu ( 0,2%) gi l hp
cht ngu nhin nng cao c tnh ca thp.
bn v cng ca thp ph thuc vo thnh phn C, thnh phn C tng ln
th cng tng nhng do v dai gim.
Thp CT3 c u im l: c c tnh nht nh ( nh cng sau khi ti ca thp
cacbon cao khng thua km hp kim c lng cacbon tng t), c tnh cng ngh tt
nh d c, hn, cn, rn, dp, ko si, gia cng ct gt. iu c bn nht l thp CT3
c gi thnh r, hp vi ti tin ca mi ngi (c bit l ngi lao ng).
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PGS.TS L T Hi
c. n mn thp trong nc
Thp l mt hp kim ca st vi nhiu loi kim loi v phi kim. m ,m thp
trong dung dch nc l kt qu ca hai hay nhiu phn ng xy ra trn b mt cc kim
loi. Trong c mt phn ng anot (oxi ha kim loi thnh ion ca n di dng oxit
hay hidroxit) v mt hay nhiu phn ng catot (kh cc cu t oxi ha c mt trong
dung dch).
Cc phn ng xy ra nh sau:
Phn ng catot:
-
2H2O + O2 + 4e
4OH
Vi pH = 7, PO2 = 0,2 atm, T = 298K, ta c:

-
2H2O + O2
H2 + 2OH
Vi pH = 7, PH2 = 1 atm, T = 298K, ta c:

Phn ng anot:
Fe2+ + 2e
Fe
Vy thp rt d b n mn trong nc.
Ngoi ra cc kim loi khc c trong thp c th cn bng ln hn phi nhng vn

c th b n mn trong dung dch c cha oxi ha tan.
Trong mi trng axit, tc n mn ph thuc vo nhng phn ng catot:
+
2H + 2e
+
O2 + 4H
H2
+ 4e
2H2O
pH thp th cc phn ng trn xy ra nhanh nn tc n mn ln.

Bn cnh , ti catot cn xy ra cc phn ng khc dn n n mn. V d:
-
2CO2 + 2H2O + 2e
H2 + 2HCO3
Thc t trong t nhin, nc sng v nc bin c tc n mn ph thuc

phn ln vo lng oxi ha tan, hm lng Cl-, Br-...trong nc.
1.3.2. Cc phng php bo v kim loi
1.3.2.1. Bo v bng cch ngn cch kim loi vi mi trng xm thc
a. Cc lp che ph kim loi
Trang 17
PGS.TS L T Hi
Cc lp loi ny l cc lp che ph catot v cc lp che ph anot. Nu lp che

ph c th m hn th ca kim loi cn bo v gi l lp che ph anot. Cc lp che ph
anot trn st l cc lp km, cacdimi. Cc lp che ph catot trn st l ng, niken,
ch,...
b. Cc lp che ph phi kim loi
Cc lp che ph phi kim loi gm cc lp che ph cht v c v hu c. Cc
lp che ph hu c l cc mng polyme. Sn v sn lc c s dng rng ri nht
trong thc t chng n mn kim loi. Cc mng sn lc v mng sn c nhiu c im
tri hn so vi cc lp kim loi. Chng d che ph ln cc chi tit c nhiu loi kch
thc, bt kn cc l, cc khe, cc vt rn nt m khng lm tnh cht ca kim loi thay
i. Chng l nhng vt liu bo v hiu qu m r tin.
1.3.2.2. Cc phng php bo v in ha
a. C s ca phng php bo v in ha
Trang 18
PGS.TS L T Hi
Hnh 1.3. Gin th - pH cc vng n mn v bo v kim loi.

Da vo hnh 1.3 th trong iu kin no ta c th chuyn th in cc v
pha dng hn hay m hn so vi th n mn th dng n mn s gim. Nh vy bo
v in ha l phn cc th in cc. C 2 phng php bo v kim loi chng n
mn: Bo v catot v bo v anot.
b. Bo v catot
- Bo v bng dng in ngoi:
Nh dng in mt chiu bn ngoi, ngi ta gim th in cc xung trong
vng khng b n mn, hay trong gin Evans ta gim th cactot n gi tr th anot
(Ec0 = E0a). Do dng n mn hng v s 0. Vic bo v catot p dng cho Fe, Cu,
Al v hp kim Al trong trng hp cc kim loi ny ngm trong dung dch nc hay
trong mi trng m.
-
Bo v anot hi sinh (bo v bng protector):
gim th in cc n th bo v (bng kim loi khng b n mn hay th

ng hon ton) ta c th cho Fe tip xc vi kim loi c th thp hn th ca Fe v
tavs dng nh anot hi sinh (anot hi sinh thng dng l Zn, Al, hp kim Al Zn).
c. Bo v anot
Theo hnh 1.3, ta thy chuyn kim loi vo trng thi th ng bn (tc l
chuyn th kim loi v pha dng hn), ngi ta ni kim loi cn c bo v vi cc
dnng ca ngun in mt chiu. Bo v anot c p dng cho thp khng g trong
H2SO4cha HCl 250C. Khi c mt vi cht c ch (nitrat, cromat, sunfat,...)trong
dung dch th hiu qu bo v anot tng ln.
1.3.2.3. Bo v bng cht c ch
Khi nim: Cht c ch n mn l cht m khi thm mt lng nh vo mi
trng th tc n mn in ha ca kim loi v hp kim gim i rt ln. C cu tc
dng ca cht c ch l ngn cn qu trnh anot, catot hay to mng. nh gi hiu
qu ca cht c ch, ngi ta thng da vo 2 ch s sau:
- H s tc dng bo v (kh hiu l Z):
Trang 19
PGS.TS L T Hi
Z=
. 100%
K0: tc n mn ca kim loi trong dung dch khi cha c cht c ch (g/m2.h).
K1: tc n mn ca kim loi khi c cht c ch (g/m2.h).
- Hiu qu bo v (k hiu ):
=
Cht c ch anot: Cht lm chm anot thng l cc cht oxi ha NO2-, NO3-,
MnO4-, CrO42- Nhng cht ny c kh nng oxi ha to thnh mng th ng trn
anot theo thuyt mng hay hp ph. V d: c cu tc dng ca CrO42- (cromat) l hp
ph trn st to thnh hp cht b mt.
Cht c ch catot: Cht lm chm catot lm gim tc n mn do gim hiu
ng qu trnh catot hay gim b mt catot.
Cht lm chm catot l cht hp ph oxi, do lm gim tc n mn kh
phn cc oxi.
V d: Na2SO4 + 1/2O2 Na2SO4
Cht lm chm to thnh mng trn catot v gim b mt catot.
V d: Ca(HCO3)2 + OH- CaCO3 + HCO3- + H2O
Cation ca mt s kim loi: As3+, Bi3+trong mi trng axit chng s gii
phng in trn catot to thnh As v Bi. Qa th ca H2 trn kim loi ny cao hn qu
th ca H2 trn thp. Do s c mt ca cc ion ny lm gim tc thot H 2 dn
n gim tc n mn kim loi.
Cht c ch hu c:
Tc dng ca cht c ch hu c l hp ph ln b mt kim loi v gim tc
n mn. Cng c kin cho rng cht hu c hp ph ln b mt kim loi, u tin l
hp ph vt l do lc tnh in v lc Van der Waals, sau l hp ph ha hc: cc
nguyn t N, O, S c trong thnh phn ca cht c ch s tham gia phn ng vi cc
electron d ca kim loi to thnh lp mng trn b mt kim loi. Mt s cht c ch
Trang 20
PGS.TS L T Hi
hu c c s dng nh: Thioure, Pyridin, Benzidin, Allylamin, Quinolin,

Imidazolin, Benzylmecaptan.
C nhiu cht c ch c s dng chng n mn kim loi. Tuy nhin cc
cht c ch nh cromat, photphat, nitrit,thng gy nhim mi trng. V vy
hng s dng cc cht c ch sch, thn thin vi mi trng ang c cc nh
khoa hc quan tm. V vy chng ti tin hnh nghin cu tnh cht c ch n mn
thp CT3 trong dung dchNaCl 3,5% ca Tanin chit t tht qu iu ln ht.
CHNG 2: I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1. I TNG NGHIN CU
- Tht qu iu ly t cy iu ln ht khu vc th trn Ph Ho, huyn
ChPh, tnh Gia Lai .
2.2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
2.2.1. nh tnh xc nh Tanin c trong tht qu iu ln ht
2.2.1.1. nh tnh chung
S dng thuc th FeCl3 xc nh s c mt ca hp cht polyphenol.
Ly 2ml dung dch lc vo mt bnh tam gic, thm vo 5ml dung dch gelatin
mui, khuy u thy c kt ta bng trng xut hin C tanin.
Trang 21
PGS.TS L T Hi
2.2.1.2. nh tnh phn bit 2 loi tanin

Tanin c 2 loi tanin Pyrogalic (tanin thy phn) v tanin pyrocatechin (tanin
ngng t). phn bit v chng minh s c mt ca 2 loi tanin trong qu o ln
ht, da vo phn ng Stiasny (thuc th Stiasny: formol + HCl).
2.2.2. nh lng Tanin bng phng php Lowenthal
- Nguyn tc: Oxi ha tanin bng dung dch KMnO4 vi ch th l sunfoindigo.
- Cch tin hnh:
* Pha ch th sunfoindigo: Ly 5g indigocacmin cho tc dng vi 25ml dung dch
H2SO4 c, khuy trong vng 5 pht sau cho tip 25ml H2SO4 c vo khuy. Tip
theo cho nc vo ha tan ht lng sunfoindigo mi iu ch, ngui, nh mc ln
1000ml.
* nh lng tanin: Cn 1 g bt nguyn liu v ly mt th tch chnh xc dung
mi, un trn bp cch thy. Sau mt thi gian nht nh, lc, ngui v chuyn ton
b dch lc vo bnh nh mc 250ml. Sau , i vi mi ln chun th ly 10ml
dung dch ny, 10ml ch th v 250ml nc ct cho vo bnh nn dung tch 500ml
chun bng dung dch KMnO4 0,1N, va nh, va lc u cho n khi xut hin mu
vng kim.
Song song cng tin hnh nh lng mt mu trng vi 10ml ch th trong
250ml nc.
Hm lng % tanin c trong nguyn liu c tnh theo cng thc:
(a-b)V2.0,00582.100
X =
V1.G
Trong :
X l hm lng % tanin trong nguyn liu.
a: Th tch KMnO4 em chun mu phn tch.
b: Th tch KMnO4 em chun mu trng.
V1: Th tch dung dch mu em phn tch (10ml).
V2: Th tch bnh nh mc (250ml).
Trang 22
PGS.TS L T Hi
0,00582: Khi lng tanin ng vi 1ml KmnO 4.

G: Khi lng nguyn liu ban u (1g).
2.2.3.Xc nh mt s ch tiu ha l ca mu bt tht qu iu ln ht
2.2.3.1. Xc nh m ca mu bt tht qu iu ln ht
- Nguyn tc: dung phng php sy kh n khi lng khng i.
- Cch tin hnh:
Tin hnh lm 3 mu, ly kt qu trung bnh.
Chun b 3 chn s c k hiu sn (cc chn s c ra sch v sy kh trong
t sy, lm ngui n nhit phng), em cn c khi lng mo(g).
B vo cc khong 15g mu bt, em cn phn tch, ghi nhn khi lng, khi
tng lng cc cn v mu l m1(g).
t cc vo t sy v sy nhit 95-100oC, sy khong 2 gi th ly ra t
trong bnh ht m cho ngui n nhit phng ri cn.
Cn xong cc vo sy tip khong 2 gi th cn li ln na n khi trng
lng cc mu gia cc ln sy khng thay i. Ghi nhn khi lng m2(g).
Cng thc tnh m (W):
W = (m1 m2)*100/(m1 m0) (%)
Trong :
m0: Khi lng cc sau khi sy n khi lng khng i.
m1: Khi lng cc v mu trc khi sy.
m2: Khi lng cc v mu sau khi sy n khi lng khng i.
2.2.3.2. Xc nh hm lng tro ca mu bt tht qu iu ln ht
- Nguyn tc: Tro ha mu bng nhit, sau xc nh hm lng tro bng
phng php khi lng.
- Cch tin hnh:
Ly 3 mu c khi lng m1(g) va c xc nh m em i tro ha. t
cn thn trn bp in n than ha.
Nung nhit 5000C trong thi gian t 10 n 12 gi n tro trng.
Trang 23
PGS.TS L T Hi
Lm ngui trong bnh ht m. Qa trnh nung c lp li n khi cc nung c

khi lng khng i m2(g).
tng nhanh qu trnh tro ha c th cho vo cc cha tro ( ngui) 3-5 git
H2O25%, sau tin hnh nh trn.
Hm lng tro (X) tnh bng % theo cng thc:
X = [(m2 mo)*100]/(m1 mo)
Trong :
m0: Khi lng cc nung
m1: Khi lng cc nung v mu ban u
m2: Khi lng cc nung v tro
Kt qu l trung bnh cng ca 3 ln xc nh song song.
2.2.4. Xy dng quy trnh chit tch Tanin t tht qu iu ln ht
Tht qa iu ln ht sau khi thu lm v s c ra sch ct v bi bng nc,
sau em phi kh. Ly 1g nguyn liu nu chit vi dung mi trong thi gian nht
nh bng bp cch thy nhit nht nh.
Nguyn liu c nu chit vi dung mi theo 2 cch nh sau:
Cch 1: Chit bng dung mi nc 800C.
Cch 2: Chit bng dung mi nc: etanol t l 1:1 800C.
Trong 2 trng hp, dung dch sau khi chit c x l vi clorofom loi tp
cht sau cho qua phu chit loi tng clorofom, dch chit cn li em ct n
kh, ta thu c tanin rn.
Sau tin hnh o ph hng ngoi (IR) v sc k lng cao p (HPLC-MS) ca
2 mu tanin rn tch c theo 2 cch trn.
Tin hnh nghin cu s nh hng ca cc yu t sau n qu trnh chit tch
tanin:
* Thi gian, nhit .
* T l nguyn liu rn: dung mi lng.
* T l nc: etanol
2.2.5. Phn tch sn phm Tanin rn tch t tht qu iu ln ht
Trang 24
PGS.TS L T Hi
2.2.5.1. Ph hng ngoi (Infrared spectroscopy)

Phng php ph hng ngoi da trn s hp ph nng lng bc x trong vng
hng ngoi ca phn t do s thay i trng thi nng lng chuyn ng quay v
chuyn ng dao ng t trng thi nng lng c bn n trng thi nng lng kch
thch.
Ph hng ngoi ng vi chuyn ng dao ng ca phn t cn gi l ph dao
ng ch xut hin khi c s thay i lng cc ca phn t khi dao ng. Tn s dao
ng c bn ca phn t (ng vi bc chuyn t mc nng lng c bn ln mc
nng lng kch thch th nht) ph thuc vo bn cht v bn ca lin kt. Nh
vy tn s hp ph ph hng ngoi l c trng cho cu to ha hc ca phn t.
i vi phn t nhiu ngun t, c rt hiu kiu dao ng: dao ng ha tr i
xng v khng i xng, dao ng bin dng. Khi s nguyn t trong phn t tng th
s kiu dao ng cng tng (s dao ng c bn trong phn t N nguyn t khng
thng hng l 3N 5). Cc dao ng trong phn t li tng tc vi nhau lm bin i
ln nhau. Ngoi ra c nhiu dao ng gn ging nhau, nn cng th hin mt vng
tn s hp v to ra ch mt vn ph chung. V th thay cho vic phn tch t m cc dao
ng c bn, ngi ta a vo quan nim dao ng nhm trn c s xem mt vi dao
ng ca cc lin kt rin r hay ca cc nhm chc gn nh c lp vi cc dao ng
khc trong ton phn t. Tn s bc x tng ng vi dao ng nhm l tn s dc
trng nhm. Theo quan nim ny nhng nguyn t ging nhau trong cc phn t c
cu to khc nhau s c nhng dao ng th hin nhng tn s ging nhau. iu ny
l c s cho vic nhn ra s c mt ca cc nhm chc trong phn t.
Thc t tn s c trng nhm cn chu nh hng ca cc yu t cu trc phn
cn li ca phn t nh hiu ng electron, hiu ng khng gian v lin kt hidro ni
phn t, v mi yu t trn theo nhng cch khc nhau u gy nh hng n hng s
lc lin kt. V th tn s hp th hng ngoi l nhng thong tin hu ch cho vic
nghin cu cu trc phn t. Tuy nhin, cng chnh iu ny nhiu khi li gy rc ri
thm cho cng vic nghin cu. Ngoi ra khi cc phn t nm trong trng thi tp hp
khc nhau hay trong dung dch, hng s lc lin kt ha tr cn chu nh hng lc
Trang 25
PGS.TS L T Hi
tng tc gia cc phn t, lin kt hidro lin phn t, tng tavs vi cc phn t dung
mi c bn cht khc nhau. Do nhng nh hng ny, tn s hp th hng ngoi c th
b dch chuyn ng k. V vy khi nghin cu cu trc phn t cn phi quan tm ti
vic loi tr hay gim thiu nhng nh hng ny.
Trong ti ny, chng ti dng ph hng ngoi xc nh cc nhm chc
c trng ca Tanin trong mu nghin cu, so snh vi ph hng ngoi ca Tanin
chun.
2.2.5.2.Phng php sc k lng cao p ghp khi ph (HPLC-MS)
* Phng php sc k lng cao p ( High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
HPLC) l phng php c dng ph bin trong phn tch hp cht hu c.
Qa trnh phn tch gm 2 giai on: tch hn hp cht v pht hin.
. Giai on tch: Hn hp cht phn tch c bm qua ct sc k (pha tnh),
c lu gi trong ct v ln lt c ra gii khi ct nh mt pha ng chy qua
ct di mt p lc ln.
. Giai on pht hin v x l kt qu phn tch: Cc cht phn tch sau khi
tch ra khi nhau c pht hin nh b d gi l detecto. C nhiu loi detecto c
s dng trong HPLC nh; detecto UV-VIC, detecto hunh quang, detecto o dn,
cc ph, ph MS,
Vic ghi nhn v x l kt qu c thc hin nh my tnh cha phn mm
chuyn dng. Kt qu cho mt sc k cha cc thng tin cn thit nh gian lu, din
tch v thi gian ca pic, h s phn gii, h s i xng,
Vi mt cht s c mt thi gian nht nh c trng cho cht nn ta c th
cn ciws vo tnh cht ny phn tch nh tnh. ln ca pic c c trng bng
din tch hay chiu cao; hai i lng ny t l vi nng ca cht phn tch trong
mt khong nng no . Do vy phng php ny c s dng phn tch nh
lng bng cch lp ng chun hay so snh vi cht chun bit chnh xc hm
lng.
* Phng php khi ph
a. Nguyn tc
Trang 26
PGS.TS L T Hi
Nguyn tc ca phng php khi ph l da vo cht nghin cu c ion ha

trong pha kh hay pha ngng t di chn khng cao bng nhng phng php thch
hp thnh nhng ion (ion phn t, ion mnh,) c s khi khc nhau. Sau nhng
ion ny c phn tch thnh nhng dy ion theo cng s khi m (chnh xc l theo
cng t s s khi trn in tch ion, m/e) v xc sut c mt ca mi dy ion c cng t
s m/e c ghi li trn th c trc tung l xc sut c mt hay cng vch, v
trc honh l t s m/e gi l khi ph .
Ph khi lng c ghi li di dng ph vch hay bng; tring cng
cc vch c o bng phn trm so vi nh c cng cao nht (gi l nh c s).
nh ion phn t thng l nh cao nht , tng ng vi khi lng phn t ca
hp cht kho st.
Ph khi lng khng nhng cho php xc nh chnh xc phn t khi, m cn
c vo cc mnh phn t to thnh, ta cng suy ra c cu trc phn t. Xc sut to
thnh mnh ph thuc vo cng lin kt tng i trong phn t cng nh vo kh
nng bn ha cc mnh to thnh nh cc hiu ng khc nhau, Cc mnh c bn ln
s u tin to thnh, cc lin kt yu nht d b t nht. C nhng mnh c khi lng
c trng gi l mnh cha kha, chng cho php phn tch ph khi lng d dng.
b. Cc phng php ion ha mu trong khi ph
- Phng php va p electron
- Phng php ion ha bng trng in
- Phng php ion ha ha hc
c. Mt s i lng trn s khi ph
- Ion phn t
- Ion ng v
- Ion mnh
- Ion chuyn v
d. ng dng ca khi ph
- Xc nh cng thc phn t
- Xc nh cng thc cu to
Trang 27
PGS.TS L T Hi
2.2.6. Nghin cu tnh cht c ch n mn kim loi ca Tanin

2.2.6.1. Thit b o
nh hng ca thi gian ngm thp trong dung dch Tanin v nng ca dung
dch Tanin n kh nng c ch n mn thp CT3 trong mi trng Cl- c nghin
cu trn thit b o PGS-HH3 phng th nghim phn tch trng i hc S phm
i hc Nng. y l thit b o in ha a nng c ghp vi my vi tnh c
kh nng o theo phng php cc ph (NP), cc ph xung (NPP), cc ph xung vi
phn (CPP). Chng trnh c s dng l chng trnh Potentiondyamic.
RE
I
PotentioStat
(2)
CE
ADC
DAC
PC
Lu
tr
(5)
WE
(1)
Hnh 2.1. S thit b o ng cong phn cc.

Trong :
(1): Bnh o in ha
(2): Potentiostat
(3): B bin i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s (ADC: Analog Digital
Converter) v tn hiu s sang tn hiu tng t (DAC: Digital Analog Converter).
CE
(4): My vi tnh
ADC
DAC
RE in cc i (in cc ph)
CE:
I
(1)
PotentioStat
(2)
(5): Lu tr thong tin
RE: in cc so snh (in cc Ag/AgCl)
PC
Lu
tr
(5)
WE
Trang 28
PGS.TS L T Hi
WE: in cc lm vic
Ch o :
- Tc qut th: 20mV/s
- Khong qut th: T -0.9V n 0.3V
2.2.6.2. in cc v ha cht
a. in cc
in cc lm vic c ch to t thp CT3, din tch b mt l 1 cm2, phn cn
li c bc bi nha epoxy. mng nha epoxy cch ly tt, trong qu trnh nghin
cu chng ti tin hnh bc nhiu lp bn nhau.
in cc Ag/AgCl c dung lm in cc so snh v in cc i l in cc
Platin (Pt).
b. Ha cht
Cc ha cht s dng:
- Dung dch NaCl 3,5%.
- Dung dch Tanin vi cc nng 0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 mg/l.
2.2.6.3. Phng php chun b b mt
Cng vic chun b b mt cho in cc lm vic (thp CT3) l rt quan trng
i vi qu trnh nghin cu. Trc khi tin hnh nghin cu, thp CT3c nghin
cu c b mt phng v ty sch cc lp g hay ha cht bm trn b mt.
a. Mi nhn v nh bng
Thp dung lm in cc c din tch lm vic l 1 cm2. Trc khi tin hnh
nghin cu, kim loi c gia cng c b mt nhn bong. Nguyn tc mi nhn v
nh bng l dng cc vt liu nhm ch xt ln b mt kim loi. Cc vt liu nhm
l giy nhm th v mn nh bng b mt. Trc khi ty dung giy nhm th v
mn nh bng b mt.
b. Phng php ty g
Axit H2SO4 vi nng t 18-20% dung ty g cho b mt in cc lm vic
(thp CT3), nhit tin hnh 250C lm gim s ha tan kim loi v kh H2 thot
ra.
Trang 29
PGS.TS L T Hi
c. Ty du m
Dng dung dch Na2CO3 c nng 30mg/l ty m b mt in cc lm vic
trc khi tin hnh nghin cu. Sau mi ln ty, b mt kim loi c mi nhn mt
ln na bng giy nhm mn v dng nc ct ra sch.
2.2.6.4. Phng php nghin cu n mn in ha
Qa trnh n mn l n mn in ha, v vy cc phn ng n mn c th c
nghin cu bng phng php in ha, tc n mn tng ng vi mt dng
in. V vy tc n mn v cc i lng khc c trng cho s thay i lin quan
n b mt in cc c xc nh bng phng php nghin cu in ha.
a. Phng php xy dng ng cong phn cc
Chng trnh o Potentiodynamic dung xy dng ng cong phn cc. Mi
lin h gia dng v th biu th bng h thc I=F(U). Khi qut th trong mt khong
t U1 n U2 ngi ta xc nh cc dng tng ng th hin c cc qu trnh in
ha xy ra trn b mt in cc. Mi quan h gia dng v th ca phng php th l
ng cong phn cc.
b. Phng php xc nh in tr phn cc
Vic xc nh in tr phn cc RP ca h n mn l xc nh dc ca ng
cong phn cc ti iennj th n nh (trng thi khng c dng in).
xc nh in tr phn cc, phi o mt on ca ng cong phn cc ti
th t -30mV n +30mV so vi EC v ly tg ti in th n mn.
Trang 30
PGS.TS L T Hi
10
8
j (mA/cm^2)
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
-0.65
U(V)
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5
-0.45
-0.4
Hnh 2.2. th xc nh in tr phn cc t ng cong phn cc

Ta c: tg
I
U
Theo nh lut Ohm: R p
U
1
Rp
I
tg
dc ca ng cong phn cc () cng cao th in tr phn cc cng nh

hay tc n mn cng ln v ngc li.
CHNG 3: KT QU V THO LUN

3.1. NH TNH TANIN
3.1.1. nh tnh chung
- Chit 5-10g nguyn liu qua x l trn bp cch thy trong 15 pht.
ngui, lc ly dung dch lm phn ng nh tnh.
- Ly 2ml dung dch lc cho vo bnh tam gic, thm vo 5ml dung dch gelatin
mui, khuy u thy c kt ta bng trng xut hin C tanin.
Trang 31
PGS.TS L T Hi
Hnh 3.1. Kt ta bng trng ca tanin vi gelatin mui.

3.1.2. nh tnh phn bit 2 loi tanin
Tanin c 2 loi tanin Pyrogalic (tanin thy phn) v tanin pyrocatechic (tanin
ngng t). phn bit v chng minh s c mt ca 2 loi tanin trong tht qu iu
ln ht, chng ti da vo phn ng Stiasny
Ly 50ml dch lc cho vo bnh tam gic 250ml, thm 10ml fomol v 5ml HCl,
un cch thy khong 20 pht c kt ta vn mu gch c tanin
pyrocatechic. Sau thm vo dch lc dung dch CH3COONa d ri thm mui
FeCl3 c kt ta mu xanh en c tanin pyrogalic.
Hnh 3.2. Kt ta mu xanh en ca tannin vi dung dch Fe3+.

Nh vy, trong tht qu iu ln ht c tanin pyrogalic v tanin pyrocatechic.
3.2. XC NH MT S CH TIU HA L CA MU BT THT QU
IU LN HT
Trang 32
PGS.TS L T Hi
3.2.1.Xc nh m
Kt qu xc nh m ca mu bt tht qu iu ln ht c trnh by bng
3.1.
Bng 3.1. m ca mu bt tht qu iu ln ht
Mu
Khi lng
chn
(mo, g)
Khi lng chn

+ mu
(m1, g)
1
2
3
TB
29,938
29,926
29,950
29,938
45,039
45,028
45,053
45,040
Khi lng
chn + mu
sau khi nung
(m2, g)
44,037
44,027
44,050
44,038
m
(%)
6,635
6,628
6,641
6,635
Kt qu bng 3.1 cho thy m trung bnh ca mu bt tht qu iu ln ht

thp do mu c bo qun cn thn trong bao ni lng nn hi nc trong khng kh
khng lm nh hng n m ca mu.
3.2.2. Xc nh hm lng tro
Kt qu xc nh hm lng tro ca mu bt tht qu iu ln ht c trnh by
bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2. Hm lng tro ca mu bt tht qu iu ln ht
Mu
1
2
3
TB
Khi lng
chn
(m0, g)
29,938
29,926
29,95
29,938
Khi lng chn +

mu (m1, g)
44,936
45,028
45,051
45,005
Khi lng
chn + tro
(m2, g)
32,665
32,671
32,697
32,678
Hm lng tro
(%)
18,182
18,175
18,189
18,182
Kt qu bng 3.2 cho thy hm lng tro trung bnh ca mu bt tht qu iu

ln ht kh cao do trong mu c hm lng cht hu c ln.
3.3. KHO ST MT S YU T NH HNG N QU TRNH CHIT
TCH TANIN T THT QU IU LN HT
3.3.1. nh hng ca thi gian nu chit
Trang 33
PGS.TS L T Hi
Tin hnh cn 1g nguyn liu kh, dng bt, cho vo bnh chng ct cha 100ml
nc ct nhit 800C. Ta tin hnh ly mu nh lng tanin c mt trong dch
chit cc khong thi gian khc nhau: 30ph, 40ph, 50ph, 60ph, 70ph, 80ph. Kt qu
c trnh by bng 3.3, hnh 3.1.
Bng 3.3. nh hng ca thi gian nu chit n hm lng Tanin.
Thi gian
(pht)
30
40
50
60
70
a (ml)
b (ml)
X (%)
1,8
2,00
2,15
2,15
2,05
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
17,46
20,37
22,55
22,55
21,10
Hm lng Tanin
25
20
15
Series1
10
5
0
0
20
40
60
80
Thi gian nu chit (pht)
Hnh 3.3. nh hng ca thi gian nu chit n hm lng Tanin.

Kt qu bng 3.3 cho thy hm lng Tanin tng dn theo thi gian nu chit
nhng khi n mt gii hn no (ngi ta gi l giai on ti hn) th hm lng
Tanin gim. V giai on ti hn, Tanin khng th ha tan vo dung dch, sau thi
gian nu chit c tng lm cho phn t Tanin b thy phn ct mch. Do , chn thi
gian nu chit Tanin tt nht l 60 pht.
3.3.2. nh hng ca nhit nu chit
Tin hnh cn 1g nguyn liu kh, dng bt, cho vo bnh chng ct cha 100ml
nc ct trong thi gian l 60 pht cc mc nhit 500, 600, 700, 800, 900,1000C.
mi mc nhit li tin hnh ly mu nh lng tanin c mt trong dch chit. Kt
Trang 34
PGS.TS L T Hi
qu c trnh by bng 3.4 v hnh 3.4.

Bng 3.4. nh hng ca nhit nu chit n hm lng Tanin.
Nhit
(0C)
50
60
70
80
90
a (ml)
b (ml)
X (ml)
1,65
1,8
2,0
2,13
2,10
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
15,28
17,46
20,37
22,26
21,82
Hm lng Tanin (%)
25
20
15
Series1
10
5
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Nhit nu chit (0C)
Hnh 3.4. nh hng ca nhit nu chit n hm lng Tanin.

Kt qu bng 3.4 cho thy: Nhit nu chit Tanin tt nht l 800C. Tanin
tan trong nc nng khong 600C, mun nng cao hiu sut chit tch Tanin th cn
phi nu chit nhit cao hn nhit hoa tan ca n. Trong mi trng trung tnh,
nhit nu chit Tanin khong 800C p sut thng. nhit nh hn 800C, mc
ha tan ca Tanin gim, hiu sut chit tch km.
V vy, chn nhit nu chit Tanin ti u l 800C.
3.3.3. nh hng ca t l nc : etanol
Sau khi la chn c thi gian, nhit nu chit Tanin - tin hnh cn 1 gam
nguyn liu kh, dng bt, un cch thy nhit 800C vi 50 ml dung mi, kho st
s ph thuc t l dung mi nc: etanol vi thi gian chit l 60 pht. Kt qu thc
nghim trnh by bng 3.5; hnh 3.5.
Bng 3.5. nh hng ca t l nc : etanol n hm lng Tanin.
Trang 35
PGS.TS L T Hi
T l nc : etanol
(ml)
60 : 0
50 : 10
40 : 20
30 : 30
20 : 30
10 : 50
0 : 60
a (ml)
b (ml)
X (%)
2,10
2,35
2,45
2,60
2,56
2,50
2,35
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
21,82
24,00
25,46
29,10
28,52
27,64
25,46
Hm lng Tanin (%)
35
30
25
20
Series1
15
10
5
0
0
T l nc : etanol
Hnh 3.5. nh hng ca tie l nc : etanol n hm lng Tanin.

T bng 3.5 cho thy: khi t l etanol tng ln th lng tanin tch ra cng nhiu,
n t l nc: etanol = 1:1 thu c lng tanin ln nht. C th gii thch nh sau:
tanin l hp cht polyphenol nn tan tt trong etanol nn khi tng t l etanol th kh
nng tanin tch ra cng tng. t l 1:1 to ra mi trng c phn cc ph hp nht
vi tanin. Hn na khi tng nng etanol c kh nng mt s tp cht tan trong
etanol nn tch ra cng vi qu trnh tch tanin; do vy, khi lng etanol qu ln th
cc cht ny tch ra cng nhiu v lm gim hiu qu ca qu trnh tch tanin.
Nh vy, t l nc : etanol l 1 :1 hiu sut chit tch Tanin l ln nht.
3.3.4. nh hng ca t l nguyn liu rn : dung mi lng
Cn 1 gam nguyn liu, kch thc bt, un si vi dung mi nc: etanol = 50%
: 50% trong thi gian 60 pht. Thay i th tch dung mi t 30 ml n 70 ml. Kt qu
thc nghim c trnh by bng 3.6; hnh 3.6.
Trang 36
PGS.TS L T Hi
Bng 3.6. nh hng ca t l nguyn liu rn : dung mi lng.

Th tch dung mi (ml)
a (ml)
b (ml)
X (%)
10
1,95
0,6
19,64
20
2,25
0,6
24,00
30
2,40
0,6
26,19
40
2,50
0,6
27,64
50
2,55
0,6
28,37
60
2,65
0,6
29,82
70
2,65
0,6
29,82
Hm lng Tanin (%)
35
30
25
20
Series1
15
10
5
0
0
20
40
60
80
Th tch dung mi (ml)
Hnh 3.6. nh hng ca th tch dung mi n hm lng Tanin.

T kt qu bng 3.6, ta thy khi tng th tch dung mi th lng tanin tch ra cng
nhiu; n t l 1 gam nguyn liu: 60 ml dung mi th lng tanin tch ra hu nh khng
Trang 37
PGS.TS L T Hi
i. Nguyn nhn l do khi lng dung mi tng ln th kh nng tip xc vi nguyn liu
cng ln v lng tanin tch ra cng nhiu, t l bt: dung mi l 1:60 t lng tanin tch
ra ln nht, khi dng lng dung mi ln hn th tanin cng khng tch ra thm v lc ny
lng tanin c trong v thng hu nh c tch hon ton.
Vy, t l 1 gam nguyn liu: 60 ml dung mi l ti u.
Tm li: iu kin ti u cho qu trnh chit tch tanin t v qu o ln ht l:
nhit 800C, thi gian 60 pht, t l th tch nc: etanol =50% : 50%, t l rn:
lng = 1 gam : 60 ml.
Vi iu kin ny th lng tanin thu c khong 29,82% so vi lng
nguyn liu kh.
3.4. TCH TANIN RN V XC NH THNH PHN CU TO
3.4.1 Tch tanin rn
Hnh 3.7. Chit loi b tp cht trong Tanin.
Hnh 3.8. Tanin rn thu c sau khi ui dung mi nc.

3.4.2. Ph IR ca mu tanin rn
Trang 38
PGS.TS L T Hi
Sau khi tinh ch thu c tanin rn, tin hnh o ph IR ca 2 mu tanin tch
c trong 2 dung mi khc nhau (nc v ancol:nc) ti phng o mu thuc i
kh tng thy vn khu vc Trung Trung B. Di y l hnh nh ph :
Date: 04/18/2012
Time: 16:32:51
Hnh 3.9. Ph IR ca Tanin thu c.

Bng 3.7. Kt qu phn tch ph IR.
Tn s
(cm-1)
3376
-OH
Tn s
(cm-1)
1204
1612
C=O
1095
C-O-C
1515
C=C thm
845
CH benzen th para
1448
C=C thm
722
CH thm
Loi dao ng
Loai dao ng
C-O-C
iu ny cho thy, tanin tch t tht qu o ln ht c cc nhm chc ph hp

vi cc cng thc ca tanin c cng b. Tanin tch chit theo 2 cch trn c cc
tn s dao ng khng khc nhau nhiu, iu chng t c th dng dung mi H2O
hoc hn hp C2H5OH:H2O tch tanin u ph hp, khng lm thay i cu trc
hay bin tnh tanin.
3.4.3. Phn tch sc k lng cao p ghp khi ph (HPLC-MS)
Tin hnh phn tch HPLC-MS mu tanin trong dung mi metanol-H20 ti Vin
ha hc cc hp cht thin nhin-Vin KH&CN Vit Nam thu c kt qu trnh by
hnh 3.10.
Trang 39
PGS.TS L T Hi
Hnh 3.10. Kt qu HPLC ca mu Tanin rn.

Di y l mt loi ph MS ca cc cu t tch ra t sc k cc thi gian lu
khc nhau:
Trang 40
PGS.TS L T Hi
(a) rettime: 12.346 min
(b) rettime: 7.945 min
Trang 41
PGS.TS L T Hi
(c) rettime: 6.022 min
T kt qu ph IR v ph HPLC-MS, kt hp vi mt s d liu v ph chun

ca mt s hp cht tanin t th vin ph cho php d on s c mt ca mt s hp
cht thuc loi tanin c trnh by trong bng 3.8.
Cng thc cu to:
1-Rettime: 12.346 min

OCH3
[M+H]+ = 301
OH
HO
M = 300
Tn gi: Peonidin (thuc loi hp

OH
cht anthocynidin)
OH
Cng thc cu to:

O
2- Rettime: 7.945 min
[ M +3H ]+ = 415
M = 412
OH
HO
CTPT: C21H16O9
4-0 -pyrogallo eriodictyol
OH
HO
Cng thc cu to:
3- Rettime: 6.022 min
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
M = 762
OH
OH
[M+H]+ = 763
OH
- CTPT : C37H30O18
OH
- Tn gi: 3'-Galoylprodelphinidin
OH
B4
OH
OH
OH
OH
Trang 42
PGS.TS L T Hi
3.5. NGHIN CU TNH CHT C CH N MN KIM LOI CA TANIN

RN TCH T THT QU IU LN HT
3.5.1. ng cong phn cc ca thp CT3 trong dung dch 3,5% khi khng c
cht c ch
Kt qu o ng cong phn cc ca thp CT3 trong dung dch NaCl 3,5% khi
khng c cht c ch c trnh by hnh 3.11.
2
j (mA/cm^2)
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
-0.65
U(V)
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5
-0.45
-0.4
Corr. Potential: -0,7510 (V);

Pol. Resistance: 98,0635 Corr.
Density: 6,6513E-0002 mA/cm2
Hnh 3.11. ng cong phn cc ca thp CT3 trong dung dch NaCl 3,5% khi
khng c cht c ch.
Trang 43
PGS.TS L T Hi
3.5.2. nh hng ca nng dung dch Tanin n tnh cht c ch n mn

Kt qu kho st nh hng ca nng dung dch Tanin n tnh cht c ch
n mn c trnh by hnh.
3
2
j (mA/cm^2)
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5

Pol. Resistance: 112,9141
Corr. Density: 5,7765E-0002 mA/cm2
Hnh 3.12. ng cong phn cc ca thp CT3 trong dung dch NaCl 3,5% vi nng
ca dung dch Tanin l 20mg/l.
j (mA/cm^2)
-1
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5

Hnh 3.13. ng cong phn cc ca thp CT3 trong dung dch NaCl 3,5% vi
nng ca dung dch Tanin l 30mg/l.
Trang 44
PGS.TS L T Hi
3
2
1
j (mA/cm^2)
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5

j (mA/cm^2)

2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5
Corr. Potential: -0,7547 V);

Trang 45
PGS.TS L T Hi
j (mA/cm^2)
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5

1
j (mA/cm^2)
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5
Corr. Potential : -0.7290 vol,

Pol. resistance : 228.2601 Ohm
Corr. density
: 2.8575E-0002 mA/cm2
Trang 46
PGS.TS L T Hi
j (mA/cm^2)
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5
Corr. Potential : -0.9333 vol,

Pol. resistance : 174.5260 Ohm
Corr. density
: 5.2379E-0002 mA/cm2
Bng
Nng dung dch
Tanin (mg/l)
0
Rp (Ohm)
Icorr (mA/cm2)
Z (%)
98,0635
6,6513E-0002
20
112,9141
5,7765E-0002
13,15
30
162,7630
4,0074E-0002
39,75
40
169,4649
3,9615E-0002
42,13
50
171,1459
3,8111E-0002
42,70
60
238,3839
2,7361E-0002
58,86
70
228,2601
2,8575E-0002
57,04
80
174,5260
5,2379E-0002
43,81
Trang 47
PGS.TS L T Hi
Nh vy, t bng 3.11 ta thy khi nng dung dch tanin cng tng th h s
tc dng bo v cng ln do lp mng to ra trn b mt thp cng dy, cch li kim loi
tt hn vi mi trng n mn v nng tanin ti u l 60mg/l, t hiu qu c ch
l 58,86%. Khi tng nng tanin ln na th hiu qu c ch cng khng tng thm
v c gim, c th l do nng cng ln th tc to mng cng nhanh, lm cho lp
mng c cu trc xp, lm cho hiu qu c ch n mn gim.
3.5.3. nh hng ca thi gian ngm thp trong dung dch Tanin n tnh cht c
ch n mn
Kt qu kho st nh hng ca thi gian ngm thp trong dung dch Tanin n
tnh cht c ch n mn c trnh by hnh.
j (mA/cm^2)
-1
-2
-3
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5

ng cong phn cc ca thp ngm trong dung dch NaCl 3,5% vi nng
ca dung dch Tanin 60mg/l trong thi gian 5 pht.
Trang 48
PGS.TS L T Hi
j (mA/cm^2)
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5

j (mA/cm^2)
-1
-2
-3
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5

ca dung dch Tanin 60mg/l t trong thi gian 15 pht.
Trang 49
PGS.TS L T Hi
j (mA/cm^2)
-1
-2
-3
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5

j (mA/cm^2)
-1
-2
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5

Trang 50
PGS.TS L T Hi
j (mA/cm^2)
-1
-2
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5

j (mA/cm^2)
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5

ca dung dch Tanin 60mg/l t trong thi gian 35 pht.
Trang 51
PGS.TS L T Hi
j (mA/cm^2)
-1
-2
-0.9
-0.85
-0.8
-0.75
-0.7
U(V)
-0.65
-0.6
-0.55
-0.5

Bng
Thi gian
ngm (ph)
0
Rp (Ohm)
Icorr (mA/cm2)
Z (%)
98,0635
6,6513E-0002
218,0028
2,9919E-0002
55,02
10
238,1261
2,7391E-0002
58,82
15
265,3538
2,4580E-0002
63,04
20
302,5280
2,1560E-0002
67,59
25
362,7597
1,7980E-0002
72,97
30
395,8899
1,6476E-0002
75,23
35
370,2902
1,7615E-0002
73,52
40
353,0873
1,8473E-0002
72,23
Trang 52
PGS.TS L T Hi
T bng 3.9 cho thy, thi gian ti u ngm thp trong trong dd tanin l 30ph v
t hiu qu c ch l 75,23%.
Nguyn nhn c ch n mn thp CT3 ca Tanin l do Tanin c cha nhm
OH, -C=O vng benzen, nn khi Tanin b hp ph ln b mt thp th cc eletron
cha lin kt ca cc nhm OH, C=O c th lin kt vi cc obitan d cn trng ca
st to thnh lp mng hoc to phc tanat dng vng cng vi ion kim loi st v
ngn cch b mt thp vi mi trng n mn. Khi ngm lu hn th Tanin to
mng t cn bng nn c s chuyn dch t b mt thp vo trong dung dch ngm
nn lm lp mng mng hn.
Trang 53
PGS.TS L T Hi
KT LUN
Sau mt thi gian nghin cu trn i tng tht qu iu ln ht, chng ti rt
ra mt s kt lun sau:
1. nghin cu mt s ch tiu ha l ca tht qu iu ln ht:
m trung bnh ca mu bt tht qu o ln ht l 6,635%.
Hm lng tro trung bnh ca mu bt tht qu o ln ht l 18,182%.
2. nghin cu cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chit tch Tanin t tht
qu iu ln ht. Kt qu cho thy:
hm lng Tanin cao nht iu kin ph hp cho qu trnh l:
Thi gian nu chit Tanin l: 60 pht.
Nhit nu chit Tanin l 800C.
T l rn : dung mi lng l 1 gam : 60ml.
T l nc : etanol l 1 : 1.
3. Kim tra nh tnh c sn phm thu c
Qua kt qu o ph IR v HPLC-MS chng ti i n khng nh sn phm
Tanin chit t tht qu iu ln ht c:
Cc loi dao ng chnh trong ph hng ngoi ca tanin l:
-OH, C=O, =C-O-C-, -C-O-C-, C=C, C-H dao ng khng phng
(anken), nhn thm
Xc nh c s c mt ca mt s hp cht thuc nhm tanin trong tht
qu iu ln ht.
4. Kho st kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca Tanin
Tanin c tnh c cht c ch n mn thp CT3 trong dung dch NaCl 3,5%.
Vi thi gian ngm thp l 30 pht trong dung dch Tanin 60mg/l th hiu qu
c ch n mn thp CT3 trong dung dch NaCl 3,5% ca Tanin l 75,23%.
Trang 54
PGS.TS L T Hi

Chiết Xuất Tannin Từ Điều Lộn Hột Và Thử Nghiệm Tính Kháng Ăn Mòn Kim Loai

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Chiết Xuất Tannin Từ Điều Lộn Hột Và Thử Nghiệm Tính Kháng Ăn Mòn Kim Loai

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ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

Sinh vin: Trng Ngc Hi Uyn

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

Sinh vin: Trng Ngc Hi Uyn

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

Sinh vin: Trng Ngc Hi Uyn

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

"Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

5.1. ngha khoa hc

Sinh vin: Trng Ngc Hi Uyn

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN

Tanin c trong v, trong g, trong l v trong qu ca nhng cy nh si, s,

Sinh vin: Trng Ngc Hi Uyn

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

1.1.2.1. Tanin pyrogallic

Sinh vin: Trng Ngc Hi Uyn

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

1,2,2,3,6 pentagaloyl O D - glucose

G l este ca acid gallic

Hnh 1.1 Mt s loi polyphenol thuc nhm tanin pyrogallic

Sinh vin: Trng Ngc Hi Uyn

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

Hnh 1.2. Mt s loi polyphenol thuc nhm tanin pyrocatechic.

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

Sinh vin: Trng Ngc Hi Uyn

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

- Gn y, khi nghin cu v dc tnh ca ch xanh, cc nh khoa hc tin rng

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

cu v th tc dng chng oxi ha ca polyphenol t cy ch. Ngoi vic lm thuc

1.2. TNG QUAN V CY IU

Sinh vin: Trng Ngc Hi Uyn

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

Cy iu c tn khoa hc Anacardium occidentale L. Mt s vng nc ta cn

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

iu ngun gc Braxin nhng cc nc trng nhiu nht li l n , Vit

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

-n mn in ha: L s ph hy kim loi do tc dng in ha ca mi trng

+ Qa trnh catot: Cc cht oxi ha nhn e do kim loi gii phng:

Vng anot (-)

Vng catot (+)

Bng 1.1. Thnh phn cc mui ha tan trong nc bin

Thnh phn (%)

Sinh vin: Trng Ngc Hi Uyn

Thnh phn (%)

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

Vy trong nc bin c cc anion: Cl-, SO42-, CO32-, Br- v cc cation: Na+,

Thp CT3ngoi thnh phn chnh l hp kim st cacbon cn cha mt lng

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

Vi pH = 7, PO2 = 0,2 atm, T = 298K, ta c:

Vi pH = 7, PH2 = 1 atm, T = 298K, ta c:

Ngoi ra cc kim loi khc c trong thp c th cn bng ln hn phi nhng vn

pH thp th cc phn ng trn xy ra nhanh nn tc n mn ln.

Thc t trong t nhin, nc sng v nc bin c tc n mn ph thuc

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

Cc lp loi ny l cc lp che ph catot v cc lp che ph anot. Nu lp che

Sinh vin: Trng Ngc Hi Uyn

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht

Hnh 1.3. Gin th - pH cc vng n mn v bo v kim loi.

Bo v anot hi sinh (bo v bng protector):

gim th in cc n th bo v (bng kim loi khng b n mn hay th

Sinh vin: Trng Ngc Hi Uyn

ti : Nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca hp cht Tanin tch t tht qu iu ln ht