Chuyn 4.

AXIT CACBOXYLIC
I. Ni dung chuyn
Axit cacboxylic: Khi nim, phn loi, danh php; c im cu to; tnh cht vt
l; tnh cht ha hc; ng dng, iu ch.
II. T chc day hc chuyn
1. Mc tiu:
- Kin thc
Nu c :
+ nh ngha, phn loi, danh php ca axit cacboxylic.
+ c im cu to phn t ca axit cacboxylic.
+ Tnh cht vt l : Trng thi, nhit si, tnh tan; lin kt hiro.
+ Tnh cht ho hc ca axit cacboxylic: Tnh axit yu (phn li thun nghch
trong dung dch, tc dng vi baz, oxit baz, mui ca axit yu hn, kim loi hot
ng mnh), tc dng vi ancol to thnh este. Khi nim phn ng este ho.
+ Phng php iu ch, ng dng ca axit cacboxylic.
- K nng
+ Quan st th nghim, m hnh, rt ra c nhn xt v cu to v tnh cht
ca axit cacboxylic.
+ D on c tnh cht ho hc tnh cht ho hc ca axit cacboxylic no, n
chc, mch h; kim tra d on v kt lun.
+ Vit cc phng trnh ho hc minh ho tnh cht ho hc ca axit
cacboxylic.
+ Phn bit c axit c th vi ancol, phenol bng phng php ho hc.
+Tnh khi lng hoc nng dung dch anehit, axit cacboxylic trong phn
ng.
- Thi
1

+ Say m, hng th hc tp, yu khoa hc;

+ S dng hiu qu v tit kim ha cht, thit b th nghim;
+ ng dng axit cacboxylic vo mc ch phc v i sng con ngi.
- nh hng cc nng lc c hnh thnh:
+ Nng lc t hc; nng lc hp tc;
+ Nng lc s dng ngn ng ho hc;
+ Nng lc thc hnh ho hc;
+ Nng lc pht hin v gii quyt vn thng qua mn ho hc;
+ Nng lc tnh ton ha hc;
+ Nng lc vn dng kin thc ho hc vo cuc sng.
2. Chun b ca gio vin (GV) v hc sinh (HS)
2.1. Chun b ca GV:
- Dng c th nghim: ng nghim, kp ng nghim, n cn, gi th nghim,
bnh cu y trn, ng sinh hn, b dng c o kh nng dn in.
- Ha cht: CH3COOH, NaOH, ZnO, CaCO3, Zn, C2H5OH, giy qu tm, nc
ct.
2.2. Chun b ca HS:
- n li cc bi hc c lin quan: axit axetic (lp 9), Ankan, ancol, anehit
(lp 11)
- Nghin cu trc bi axit cacboxylic, tm hiu phng php iu ch v
nhng ng dng ca axit cacboxylic trong cng nghip v i sng.
3. Thit k cc tin trnh dy hc chuyn
HOT NG HC TP 1: Huy ng kin thc, kinh nghim c ca HS
Phiu hc tp s 1
- Hot ng c nhn:

1. Vit cng thc phn t, cng thc cu to khai trin v cng thc cu to thu
gn ca axit axetic
2. Vit cng thc cu to thu gn ca cht ng ng lin trc v 2 cht ng
ng lin sau ca axit axetic; t suy ra cng chc phn t v cng thc cu to
chung cho cc cht thuc dy ng ng ca axit axetic? Nhn xt v cc axit trong
dy ng ng ny (chng l cc hp cht hu c hay hp cht v c? C cha
nhm chc g? n chc hay a chc? L cc hp cht no hay khng no? mch h
hay mch vng?).
3. Cho bit cc tnh cht ha hc ca axit axetic? Vit cc phng trnh ha hc
minh ha.
- Hot ng nhm:
Hy chia s vi cc bn trong nhm v qu trnh lm vic c nhn ca em trn.
- Hot ng c lp:
GV yu cu cc nhm bo co kt qu qu trnh lm vic nhm trong H hc tp
1.
HOT NG HC TP 2: Tm hiu v khi nim, phn loi, danh php ca axit
cacboxylic
- Hot ng c nhn:
GV yu cu HS nghin cu sch gio khoa v cho bit:
1. Khi nim chung v axit cacboxylic;
2. Phn loi axit cacboxylic;
Khi nim v axit cacboxylic no, n chc, mch h;
Cng thc cu to thu gn v cng thc phn t chung ca axit cacboxylic no,
n chc, mch h; vit c cng thc cu to ca cc axit cacboxylic no, n
chc, mch h, c s nguyn t C 4.
3. Danh php axit cacboxylic.
- Hot ng nhm:
3

Hy trao i vi cc bn trong nhm v qu trnh lm vic c nhn ca mnh

- Hot ng c lp:
GV yu cu cc nhm bo co, nhn xt kt qu qu trnh lm vic nhm trong H
hc tp 2, ng thi GV sa cha, b sung, cht kin thc (nu cn).
HOT NG HC TP 3: Nghin cu cu to, d on tnh cht ca axit
cacboxylic
Phiu hc tp s 2
- Hot ng nhm:
1. Nghin cu cu to ca nhm chc:

- c im ca lin kt O-H trong nhm COOH; so snh s phn cc ca lin kt

O-H trong nhm COOH ca axit cacboxylic vi s phn cc ca lin kt O-H
trong ancol v phenol.
- c im ca lin kt C=O; lin kt C-OH trong nhm COOH?
2. Kh nng to lin kt hiro: gia cc phn t axit cacboxylic vi nhau? Gia
cc phn t axit cacboxylic vi cc phn t nc?
3. So snh c im cu to (ging nhau, khc nhau) ca cc axit:

Axit fomic:

Axit axetic: CH3- COOH

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Axit acrylic: CH2=CH-COOH (axit khng no, n chc, c mt ni i C=C).

4. D on tnh cht vt l (trng thi, nhit si, kh nng tan trong nc) v
tnh cht ha hc chung ca axit cacboxylic;
D on tnh cht ha hc khc ca axit fomic H-COOH, axit acrylic
CH2=CHCOOH so vi cc axit cacboxylic no, n chc khc.
- Hot ng c lp:
GV yu cu cc nhm bo co kt qu qu trnh lm vic nhm trong H hc
tp 3.
HOT NG HC TP 4: Th nghim kim chng v tnh cht vt l, tnh cht
ha hc ca axit cacboxylic
- Hot ng nhm:
GV chia lp thnh cc nhm (mi nhm khong 6 HS) lm cc TN kim
chng cc tnh cht vt l v tnh cht ha hc m HS d on H hc tp 3:
+ Kh nng tan trong nc ca axit cacboxylic;
+ Kh nng dn in;
+ Kh i mu cht ch th (qu tm);
+ Tc dng vi baz, oxit baz;
+ Tc dng vi kim loi ng trc hiro trong dy hot ng ha hc.
+ Tc dng vi mui ca cc axit yu hn
Lu : Ring th nghim v phn ng este ha cn nhiu thi gian nn GV c
th cho HS quan st th nghim m phng qua my chiu projector hoc lm th
nghim trong gi thc hnh.
- Hot ng c lp:
GV yu cu cc nhm bo co kt qu th nghim; t cc nhm nu tnh
cht vt l, tnh cht ha hc chung ca axit cacboxylic; GV cho cc nhm nhn xt
ln nhau v cht kin thc.
HOT NG HC TP 5: iu ch
5

Hot ng c nhn:
+ Nu cc phng php iu ch axit cacboxylic m em bit
+ i chiu vi SGK v b sung thm cc phng php m mnh cn thiu;
vit phng trnh ha hc ca cc phn ng iu ch.
HOT NG 6: GV yu cu HS v nh nghin cu cc ng dng ca axit
cacboxylic v lm cc bi tp trong SGK.

4. Bng m t cc mc nhn thc v cu hi/bi tp kim tra nh gi

Ni dung

Axit
cacboxylic

Loi cu
hi/bi tp
Cu hi/bi
tp nh
tnh

Nhn bit

Thng hiu

Vn dng

Vn dng cao

Nu c :

- Gii thch c

+ nh ngha,

mt s tnh cht vt

- Vit v gii thch

c mt s phn

Suy lun c mt
s phn ng i vi

phn loi, danh

php ca axit
cacboxylic.

l, tnh cht ha hc
ca axit cacboxylic;

- So snh v gii
thch c nhit
+ c im
cu to phn t ca si ca axit
cacboxylic so vi
axit cacboxylic.
ancol c cng s
+ Tnh cht vt
nguyn t C.
l, tnh cht ha
hc chung ca axit - Vit c cng
thc cu to cc
cacboxylic.
ng phn ca mt
+ Cc phng
s axit cacboxylic
php iu ch; ng
tng t cc axit
dng ca axit
hc.
cacboxylic.
- Phn bit c axit
cacboxylic vi cc
loi hp cht hu c
7

ng ha hc ca
axit c mt ni i,
n chc (phn
ng cng H2, cng
Br2, phn ng trng
hp); phn ng th
vo vng benzen
ca axit bezoic.
- xut c mt
s gii php nhm
nng cao hiu sut
ca phn ng este
ha.

mt s axit c chc
thm nhm chc
OH nh phn ng
este ha ng vng
ni phn t; mt s
phn ng ca axit
salixylic

khc bng phng

php ha hc.

- Xc nh cng thc

Bi tp
nh lng

- Xc nh cng
thc phn t, cng

phn t, cng thc

thc cu to ca
cu to ca axit
axit cacboxylic;
cacboxylic mc
tnh nng mol,
n gin t cc d
nng % ca axit
liu u bi cho.
( mc yu cu
- Tnh nng mol, cao hn).
8

Cc bi tp yu cu
HS phi s dng cc
kin thc, k nng
tng hp gii
quyt.

nng % ca axit.
Bi tp
thc
hnh/th
nghim

M t v nhn bit
c cc hin
tng TN

Gii thch c cc
hin tng th
nghim.

Gii thch c
mt s hin tng
TN lin quan n
thc tin

Pht hin c mt
s hin tng trong
thc tin v s dng
kin thc ha hc
gii thch

Cu hi bi tp
a. Mc nhn bit
Cu 1. Cng thc cu to ca axit propionic l
A. CH3-COOH.

B. CH3CH(CH3)-COOH.

C. CH3-CH2-COOH.

D. CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH.

Cu 2. Hp cht CH2=C(CH3)COOH c tn gi l
A. axit acrylic.

B. axit metacrylic.

C. axit isopropenoic.

D. axit butenoic.

Cu 3. Cng thc phn t chung ca axit cacboxylic no, n chc, mch h l

A. CnH2nO2.

B. CnH2n+1O2.

C. CnH2n+2O2.

D. CnH2n-2O2.

Cu 4. C cc dung dch ring bit sau: HCOOH, CH3CHO, NH3.

Thuc th c th dng phn bit c ba dung dch trn l
A. dung dch NaOH.

B. dung dch AgNO3/NH3.

C. dung dch HCl.

D. qu tm.

Cu 5. Khi nh t t dung dch CH3COOH n d vo ng nghim c cha sn

mt t CaCO3 (dng vin nh), thy
A. Khng c hin tng g xy ra
B. CaCO3 tan ht, c bt kh thot ra, ng thi c kt ta trng to
thnh.
C. C bt kh thot ra, CaCO3 tan ht, cui cng thu c dung dch
khng mu.
D. C bt kh thot ra, CaCO3 tan ht, cui cng thu c dung dch mu
.
Cu 6. Cht A phn ng c vi Na gii phng H2. T A c th iu ch trc
tip c axit axetic bng mt phn ng ha hc. Cht A l
A. CH3OH.

B. CH3CHO.
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C. CH3CH2CH2CH3.

D. C6H5OH

b. Mc thng hiu
Cu 7. S ng phn cu to ca cc axit cacboxylic c cng cng thc phn t
C5H10O l
A. 2.

B. 4.

C. 5.

D. 3.

Cu 8. Cho cc cht sau: H2O(1), CH3CHO(2), CH3COOH(3), C2H5OH (4).

Th t tng dn nhit si ca cc cht l:
A. (1), (4), (2), (3).

B. (4), (1), (2), (3).

C. (2), (1), (4), (3).

D. (2), (4), (1), (3).

Cu 9. Cho s phn ng sau:

CH3COONa

vi ti xt , t

Cl , as
M 2
1 :1

dd NaOH , t 0

CuO , t 0 Q
P

Bit M, N, P, Q l cc hp cht hu c. cht Q l

A. HCOOH.

B. CH3COOH.

C. HCHO.

D. CH3OH.

Cu 10. Mt axit X mch h , khng phn nhnh c cng thc n gin nht l
C3H5O2. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A . C6H10O4.

B. C3H5O2.

C. C9H15O6.

D. C12H10O8.

Cu 11. Pht biu khng ng l:

A. Dung dch natri phenolat phn ng vi kh CO2, ly kt ta va to ra
cho tc dng vi dd NaOH li thu c natri phenolat.
B. Phenol p vi dd NaOH, ly mui va to ra cho tc dng vi dd HCl
li thu c phenol.
C. Axit axetic p vi dd NaOH, ly mui va to ra cho tc dng vi kh
CO2 li thu c axit axetic.
D. Ancol etylic p vi Na, ly sn phm rn sinh ra cho tc dng vi H2O
li thu c ancol etylic.
11

Cu 12. t chy hon ton a mol axit hu c Y thu c 2a mol CO2. Mt

khc, trung ho a mol Y cn va 2a mol NaOH. CTCT thu gn ca Y l
A. CH3COOH.

B. CH2(COOH)2.

C. HOOC-COOH.

D. HCOOH.

Cu 13. trung ha 6,72g mt axit cacboxylic Y (no, n chc), cn dng

200g dd NaOH 2,24%. Cng thc ca Y l
A. CH3COOH.

B. HCOOH.

C. C2H5COOH.

D. C3H7COOH.

c. Mc vn dng
Cu 14. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacboxylic n chc, cn va
V lt O2 ( ktc), thu c 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,2 mol H2O. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 8,96.

B. 6,72.

C. 11,2.

D. 4,48.

Cu 15. Trung ho 4,11 gam hn hp gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic, cn

dng 450 ml dd NaOH 0,1M. C cn dd sau p, thu c hn hp cht rn khan
c khi lng l
A. 6,48 gam.
5,13 gam.

B. 5,1 gam.

C. 3,675 gam.

D.

Cu 16. Hn hp Y gm HCOOH v CH3COOH (t l mol 1: 1). Ly 5,3 gam

hn hp Y cho tc dng vi 5,75 gam C2H5OH (c xc tc H2SO4 c) un
nng, thu c m gam hn hp este (hiu sut cc p ng este ha u bng
80%). Gi tr ca m l
A. 16,2.

B. 10,12.

C. 8,1.

D. 6,48.

Cu 17. Cho dd HCl v dd CH3COOH c cng nng mol/l, pH ca 2 dd

tng ng l x v y. Quan h gia x v y l (bit in li ca CH3COOH
nng cho l 1%):
A. y = x + 2.

B. y = 100x.

C. y = x 2.

D. y = 2x.

Cu 18 Cho X v Y l hai axit cacboxylic mch h, c cng s nguyn t

cacbon, trong X n chc, Y hai chc. Chia hn hp X v Y thnh hai phn
bng nhau. Phn mt tc dng ht vi Na, thu c 4,48 lt kh H2 (ktc). t
12

chy hon ton phn hai, thu c 13,44 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Phn trm khi
lng ca Y trong hn hp l
A. 28,57%.

B. 57,14%.

C. 85,71%.

D. 42,86%.

Cu 19. t chy hon ton 5,13 gam hh gm axit acrylic, metyl acrylat v axit
oleic, ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo dd Ca(OH)2 (d). Sau p thu c
27 gam kt ta v dd X. Khi lng dd X so vi khi lng dd Ca(OH)2 ban
u thay i nh th no?
A. Tng 4,05g.

B. Gim 11,07g.

C. Tng 11,88g.

D. Gim 11,61g.

Cu 20. Bit X l axit cacboxylic n chc, Y l ancol no, c hai cht u mch
h, c cng s nguyn t cacbon. t chy hon ton 0,60 mol hn hp gm X
v Y (trong s mol ca X ln hn s mol ca Y) cn va 45,36 lt kh O2,
thu c 40,32 lt kh CO2 v 29,70 gam H2O. Bit th tch cc kh o iu
kin tiu chun. Khi lng Y trong 0,60 mol hn hp trn l
A. 26,55 gam.

B. 13,50 gam.

C. 17,10 gam.

D. 28,50 gam.

Cu 21. Gim n
Mt trong nhng ng dng c bit n rt sm ca axit axetic l
pha ch gim n (nng axit axetic trong gim n khong 2-5%).
xc nh nng phn trm ca axit axetic c trong mt loi gim n
ngi ta ly 25 ml gim em trung ha bng dd NaOH 0,5M, thy va ht
25 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M (coi khi lng ring ca gim bng khi lng
ring ca nc).
a) Tnh Nng % ca axit axetic c trong gim n ni trn. (S: 3%)
b) Bit CH3COOH c pKa = 10-4,76. Tnh pH ca loi gim n ni trn.
(S: pH= 2,53)
c) T axit axetic tinh khit v nc ct, lm th c th pha ch c
500ml gim n ni trn? (Bit khi lng ring ca axit axetic tinh khit l
1,05(g/ml)).
Hng dn gii:
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- Khi lng dung dch CH3COOH l 500x1 = 500 (g)

mCH3COOH = 500x3/100 = 15 (g).
VCH3COOH = 15/1,05 = 14,28 (ml).
Cch pha ch:
Dng pipet (loi pipet 25 ml) ly 14,28 ml axit axetic tinh khit cho vo
bnh nh mc 500 ml, sau thm dn nc ct vo (va thm nc ct va
khuy u) cho n vch nh mc, c dung dch gim cha axit axetic 3%
cn pha ch.
Cu 22. pH v s su rng
Rng c bo v bi lp men cng, dy khong 2 mm. Lp men ny l
hp cht Ca5(PO4)3OH v c to thnh theo phn ng sau:

Ca5(PO4)3OH (1)
5Ca2+ + 3PO43- + OH-

Qu trnh to lp men ny l s bo v t nhin ca con ngi chng li

bnh su rng. Sau ba n, vi khun trong ming tn cng cc thc n cn lu
li trn rng to thnh cc axit hu c nh axit axetic, axit lactic. Thc n vi
hm lng ng cao to iu kin tt cho vic sn sinh ra cc axit .
a) Em hy a ra li gii thch ca mnh ti sao khi lng axit trong
ming tng li c nguy c gy bnh su rng?
b) Em hy l gii ti sao nhng ngi c thi quen n tru li tt cho vic
to men rng v c tc dng ngn nga bnh su rng?
c) Em hy a ra hai bin php hp l, c tnh kh thi phng nga
bnh su rng?
Hng dn tr li:
a) Khi thc n cn lu li trn rng, di tc dng ca vi khun c trong
ming s to ra cc axit nh axit axetic, axit lactic, lm cho lng axit trong
ming tng, nng H+ tng, pH gim, lm cho phn ng sau xy ra:
H+ + OH- H2O (2)

14

Khi xy ra phn ng (2) lm nng OH- gim, lm cn bng (1) chuyn

dch sang tri (theo nguyn l L Sa- t-li-), lm men rng b mn dn, to
iu kin cho bnh su rng pht trin.
b) Khi n tru ngi ta thng qut vi ti (Ca(OH)2) vo tru, lm tng
nng cc ion Ca2+ v OH-, lm cn bng (1) chuyn dch sang phi, tt cho
vic to men rng.
c) Hai bin php hp l c th l:
+ Hn ch n qu chua, ngt (ng, ko, bnh ngt);
+ nh rng sau khi n lm sch thc n cn lu li trn rng, nn
dng cc loi kem nh rng c thm ion F- (NaF, SnF2...), v ion F- to iu
kin cho phn ng sau xy ra:

Ca5(PO4)3F
5Ca2+ + 3PO43- + F-

Hp cht Ca5(PO4)3F l men rng thay th mt phn Ca5(PO4)3OH.

C th a ra 2 bin php khc nh hn ch n chua, ngt; thng
xuyn sc ming bng cc loi nc dit khun;...
d. Mc vn dng cao:
Cu 23. t chy 11,6 gam hh X gm axit propionic, axit acrylic, metyl axetat
v vinyl axetat thu c 11,2 lt CO2 (ktc). Mt khc, 0,6 mol hh X ni trn p
va vi 400 ml dd Br2 1M. Phn trn khi lng ca axit acrylic trong X l
A. 31,03%.

B. 30,32%.

C. 62,06%.

D. 63,79%.

Cu 24. t chy hon ton x gam hh gm 2 axit cacboxylic hai chc, mch h
v u c mt lin kt i C=C trong phn t, thu c V lt CO2 (ktc) v y
mol H2O. Biu thc lin h gia cc gi tr x, y v V l
A. V= 28(x-30y)/55.

B. V= 28(x-62y)/95.

C. V= 28(x+30y)/55.

D. V= 28(x+62y)/95.

Cu 25. Hn hp X gm axit fomic, axit acrylic, axit oxalic v axit axetic. Cho
m gam X phn ng ht vi dd NaHCO3 thu c 2,016 lt CO2 (ktc). t chy
hon ton m gam X cn va 3,024 lt O2 (ktc), thu c 7,26 gam CO2 v a
gam H2O. Gi tr ca a l :
15

A.2,43.

B. 2,70.

C. 5,40.

D. 2,16.

Cu 26. t chy hon ton 10,02 gam hn hp X gm axit metacrylic, axit

aipic, axit axetic v glixerol (trong s mol axit metacrylic bng s mol axit
axetic) bng O2 d, thu c hn hp Y gm kh v hi. Dn Y vo dung dch
cha 0,285 mol Ba(OH)2, thu c 36,94 gam kt ta v dung dch Z. un nng
Z li thy xut hin kt ta . Cho 10,02 gam hn hp X tc dng vi 105 ml
dung dch KOH 1M, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, c cn dung dch
thu c cht rn khan c khi lng l
A. 14,01 gam.

B. 10,83 gam.

C. 14,28 gam.

D. 9,99 gam.

Cu 27. Hn hp X cha ba axit cacboxylic u n chc, mch h, gm mt

axit no v hai axit khng no u c mt lin kt i (C=C). Cho m gam X tc
dng va vi 112,5 ml dung dch NaOH 2M, thu c 19,17 gam hn hp
mui. t chy hon ton m gam X, hp th ton b sn phm chy bng dung
dch NaOH d, khi lng dung dch tng thm 30,06 gam. Tng khi lng
ca hai axit cacboxylic khng no trong m gam X l
A. 11,52 gam.

B. 7,47 gam.

C. 14,22 gam.

16

D. 9,045 gam.

17