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i cng
Vitamin l nhm cc hp cht c phn t lng tng i nh, c tnh cht l
ha khc nhau nhng c bit cn thit cho hot ng sng ca bt k c th sinh vt
no.
Vitamin cn cho c th sng vi lng rt nh xp x 0,1-0,2g (trong khi cc
cht dinh dng khc khong 600g) v c vai tr nh cht xc tc.
Cho n nay c c 30 loi vitamin, xc nh c cu trc ha hc, kho
st v tnh cht vt l, tnh cht ha hc cng nh tc dng sinh hc ca chng.
Cch gi tn vitamin: c ba cch:
- Da vo tc dng sinh l ca vitamin thm anti vo bnh c trng thiu
vitamin.
- Da vo ch ci.
- Da vo cu trc ha hc.
Th d: vitamin C, tn ha hc: axit ascocbic, antisocbut.
Phn loi:
Cc vitamin c phn nhm trn cc c s sau:
- Kh nng ha tan
- Vai tr sinh ha
- Cu trc ha hc
Cch phn loi thng dng nht c chp nhn l phn loi theo kh nng ha
tan, c th chia vitamin lm hai nhm ln:
1. Nhm vitamin ha tan trong nc: Vitamin B1 (tiamin), Vitamin B2
(riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (axit pantotenic), Vitamin B5 (nicotinamit), Vitamin B6
(piridoxin), Vitamin B7 (biotin), Vitamin B10 (axit folic), cc vitamin B12 (cc
cianocobalamin), vitamin B15 (axit pangaminic), vitamin C, vitamin P (citrin),
vitamin U (S-metyl-metionin).
2. Nhm vitamin ha tan trong du bo: Vitamin A (antixerophtalmias), cc
vitamin D, cc vitamin E, cc vitamin K
- Cc loi vitamin tan trong nc xc tc v tham gia vo qu trnh lin quan vi
s gii phng nng lng (nh oxi ha kh, phn gii cc cht hu c) trong c
th.
- Cc loi vitamin tan trong cht bo (du) tham gia vo cc qu trnh hnh thnh
cc cht trong cc c quan v m.
* Tnh cht sinh hc ca cc nhm vitamin
Nhm cc Prostetic vitamin
Nhm cc inductive vitamin
Cc vitamin
Cc vitamin B v K
Cc vitamin A, C, D v E
Tn ti t nhin
Thng thng
Ch trong nhng loi t bo nht
nh ca c th ng vt bc cao
Vai tr ca chng Khng th thiu c trong trao Ch tham gia thc hin mt s
i cht. Ti cn thit cho s nhim v c bit. Khng phi l
sng. L phn ca coenzim
yu t khng th thiu cho s sng.
Khng ng vai tr trong s to
thnh ca coenzim.
Nng ca Rt n nh
Thay i mnh
chng trong m
-1-
Bnh
vitamin
thiu Nhu cu
hng
ngy
[mg]
Kh
mt 1,5-2,0
(xerophthalmia),
ph i gic
mc
(hyperkeratosis)
Axerophtol
Calciferol
Ci
xng 0,025
(rachitis)
Tocopherol
Cc ri lon v (20)
sinh sn
-2-
Mt n v Lng
quc t (1 gy c
NE)
0,34 mg A- Ngi
axetat
ln: 60,6 mg - 10 triu
carotin
NE
Tr em:
25-45
nghn
NE
0,025
g Hng
ergocalciferol ngy
trn
100-150
ngn NE
1mg
- tocopherolaxetat
+ D b ly nhim.
Vitamin A c hai dng quan trng l vitamin A1 v A2.
OH
OH
-4-
H3C
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CHO
axeton/H
CH3
CH3
18-8
CH3
18-9
18-20
beta-ionon
citral (geranial)
H3C
CH3
O
CH
ClCH2COOC2H5
CH
C
H
CH
CH3
18-21
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH2
CH
CHO
CH3
CH3
18-22
andehit C14
COOC2H5
CH
CH3 - CO - CH=CH2
NH3 long
18-23
CH3
CH3
C)2Ca
(HC
CH
CH=CH2
CH
CH2OH
18-25
OH
CH3
CH
CH3
CH
CH2OH
BrMgC
2 C2H5MgBr
18-25
CH
CH2OMgBr
18-26
+ iu ch Vit-A-axetat
H3C
CH3
CH2
CH
CHO
18-26
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
C
C
CH3
CH3
CH - CH2OMgBr
OMgBr
18-22
18-27
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
H2O + NH4Cl
CH2
H
C
CH=C
CH - CH2OH
OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2
H
C
CH=C
CH
C
H
CH - CH2OH
OH
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
1)Ac2O/pyridin
OCOCH3
2) HBr
3) NaHCO3
CH3
18-4
vitamin A-acetat (retinylaxetat)
+ iu ch retinal ca Glaxo
-6-
H3C
CH3
H3C
CH
CH3
C
CH
OH
CMgX
CH3
CH3
18-30
18-31
CH3
H3C
CH3
C
CH = CH - CH =C(CH3) - CH=CH2
OH
CH3
18-32
CH3
H3C
CH3
H
C
C
H
OH
CH = CH - CH =C(CH3) - CH=CH2
OH
CH3
18-33
CH3
CH3
OH
18-1
retinol
-7-
CH3
CH3
CH3
R
CH3
CH3
CH3
Tn -caroten (18-30)
H3C
R
H3C
-caroten (18-6)
-caroten (18-6)
Criptoxanten (18-32)
H3C
H3C
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
OH
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
R
CH3
CH3
CH3
Tn
Echinenon (18-33)
-8-
Torularhodin (18-34)
H3C
H3C
H3C
H3C
COOH
CH3
-9-
H3C
CH3
CH3
H3C
CHO
CH3
CH3
HC(OC2H5)3
CH(OC2H5)2
CH3C6H4SO3H
CH3
CH3
18-35
H3C
CH3
CH3
OC2H5
CH2=CHOC2H5
C
H
ZnCl2/toC
OC2H5
OC2H5
CH3
18-36
H3C
CH3COOH
CH
CH3
CH3
CH
CHO
CH3
-10-
AcONa/H2O
H3C
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3
HC(OC2H5)3
CHO
CH(OC2H5)2
CH3
CH3
18-38
andehit C16
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
OC2H5
CH3CH=CHOC2H5
CH
CH3COOH/ZnCl2
OC2H5
OC2H5
CH3
18-39
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3COOH/AcONa/H2O
CH3
CHO
CH3
18-40
andehit C19
-11-
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CHO
+ BrMgC
CMgBr
2
18-40
CH3
andehit C19
OMgBr
H3C
H3C
HC
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH
H3C
CH3
CH3
OMgBr
CH3
18-41
OH
H3C
CH3
H3C
H3C
H2O
CH3
CH3
HC
CH3
C
CH
H3C
CH3
OH
CH3
18-42
CH3
HCl/C2H5OH
H3C
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C
H3C
18-43
15,15 -dehidro--caroten
d, Giai on tng hp -caroten (18-6)
H3C
1, H2/Pd, CaCO3
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
18-43
2, Dong phan hoa
CH3
CH3
-caroten
+ Cng dng v liu dng ca -caroten
-12-
CH3
H3C
CH3
- Cng dng:
Chng kh gic mc
C tc dng ti to mt, lm tng t l hng cu
L nhn t iu tr bnh ly nhim (nhim khun)
- Liu dng: Liu dng vitamin A thng c biu din bng cc n v quc
t (IU) hay ng lng retinol (RE), vi 1 IU = 0,3 microgam retinol. Do sn
xut retinol t cc tin vitamin trong c th ngi c iu chnh bng lng
retinol c sn trong c th, nn vic chuyn ha ch p dng cht ch cho thiu ht
vitamin A trong ngi. Vic hp th cc tin vitamin cng ph thuc ln vo
lng cc lipit c tiu ha cng tin vitamin; cc lipit lm tng s hp th tin
vitamin.
Cht v mi trng ha hc ca n
Retinol
1/12
1/24
-13-
CH3
HO
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
Tocoferol cht lng khng mu, ha tan tt trong du thc vt, ru v ete.
Tocoferol kh bn vi nhit, c th chu ng nhit 1700C khi un nng trong
khng kh. Tuy nhin tia t ngoi ph hy nhanh tocoferol.
Vitamin E nh hng qu trnh sinh sn ca ng vt, gip bo m chc nng
bnh thng ca nhiu m v c quan. Vitamin E lm tng tc dng ca protein v
vitamin A, ngoi ra n cn c tc dng ngn cn cc axit bo cha no khi b oxi
ha. Khi thiu vitamin E, s to phi s b cn tr, ng thi xy ra s thoi ha c
quan sinh sn, teo c, thoi ha ty sng v suy nhc c th.
Do tnh cht chng oxy ha mnh nn trong k ngh du m, vitamin E c
dng lm cht bo v cht bo khi b oxy ha v trnh hin tng i. Ngun
nguyn liu iu ch vitamin E l mm lua m. Vitamin E c nhiu trong b, rau
x lch, du thc vt, chui.
1.1.3.Vitamin K
Vitamin K l mt trong nhng yu t tham gia vo qua trnh ng mu.
Vitamin k l nhng dn xut ca naphtoquinon, c hai loi:
- Vitamin K1 dng du vng nht, kt tinh - 200C, nhnh bn ch cha 20
nguyn t carbon.
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
n=5-8
CH3
O
Vitamin K2
-14-
Name
Vitamin D1
Chemical composition
Structure
molecular compound of
ergocalciferol
with
lumisterol, 1:1
Vitamin D2
Vitamin D3
cholecalciferol
(made
from 7-dehydrocholesterol
in the skin).
Vitamin D4
22-dihydroergocalciferol
Vitamin D5
-15-
CH2
Vitamin D2
Ergocanxiferol
Vitamin D3
Cholecanxiferol
Ngoi ra vitamin D tham gia vo qu trnh tiu ha, trao i canxi, photpho,
lm tng hm lng photpho huyt thanh v chuyn ha phtpho dang hp
cht hu c thnh dng hp cht v c trong c th.
Trn da ngi c 7- dihidro cholesterol, l tin vitamin D, di nh sng mt
tri s chuyn thnh vitamin D. Do tm nng cng l mt bin php cha tr
tre con b ci xng.
Vitamin D dng tinh th nng chy 115-1160C, khng mu, khng tan trong
nc, ch tan trong: clorofom, benzen, axeton, v ru. Vitamin D d b phn hy
khi c mt cc cht oxi ha v axit v c.
Tr em, ph n mang thai v cho con b c nhu cu v vitamin D cao hn.
Ngun vitamin i vi ngi l gan c, m c, lng trng, sa, nm men.
nh sng t ngoi c th bin tin vitamin D thnh vitamin D bc sng
250-300m.
Cc tin vitamin D l nhng hp cht cha khung steroit 4 vng lin hp v
cc mch nhnh khc nhau. Bao gm tin vitamin D3 (18-44), tin vitamin D2 (1845), tin vitamin D4 (18-46), tin vitamin D5 (18-47) v tin vitamin D6 (18-48).
18
19
HO
-16-
CH3
H3C
18-44
CH3
R=
17
CH3
H3C
18-45
ergosterol
(pro-vitamin D2)
CH3
R=
17
(3-beta)-7-dehydro cholesterol
(pro-vitamin D3)
CH3
CH3
H3C
18-46
CH3
R=
17
22,33-dihidro-ergosterol
(pro-vitamin D4)
CH3
C2H5
H3C
18-47
R=
17
CH3
7-dehydro-sitosterol
(pro-vitamin D5)
CH3
7-dehydro-stigmasterol
(pro-vitamin D6)
CH3
C2H5
H3C
18-48
R=
17
CH3
18-44 vitamin D2
18-45 vitamin D3
Nguyn tc chung tng hp vitamin D:
Tin vitamin D UV
vitamin D
b, Ngun nguyn liu v sn xut mt s sn phm ca vitamin D
Trong cng nghip ch yu ch sn xut hai loi l vitamin D2 v provitamin D,
cn vitamin D thin nhin c chit xut t du gan c cng vi vitamin A nh
cp trong sn xut du gan c. Ngoi ra vitamin D c trong mt s sn phm ng vt
nhng t l tng i thp.
Ngun nguyn liu ch yu sn xut vitamin D2 l ergosterol ly t nm
men (levure) hoc sinh khi sn xut penicillin.
b1. Sn xut ergosterol (provitamin D2)
- Sn xut sinh khi cha ergosterol
Trong ln men mc penicillin sn xut khng sinh, sau khi thu khng sinh
penicillin cn li khi khun ty c cha khong 15% cht kh trong hm lng
ergosterol l khong 0,5% (Nu mt phn xng sn xut penicillin c th tch thit b
ln men 500m3, mt nm c th thi ra khong 350 tn khun ty kh t c th chit
ly ra khong 1500-1900 kg ergosterol. Trong khun ty penicillin c c vitamin B1
(25-35mg/kg), vitamin B2 (10-25mg/kg).
Cng c th thu ergosterol t khun ty ln men Aspergillus niger.
Nm men cng l ngun nguyn liu chit ly ergosterol. Men lm bnh m
sau khi p c khong 0,18-0,25%, c loi n 3% ergosterol cha trong men sy kh
(nm men cn l ngun nguyn liu sn xut phc hp vitamin (B1, B2, PP, H,
PAD, axit folic,) ng thi l ngun m giu dinh dng (gn vi m ng vt)
c dng rng ri trong vic chng suy dinh dng cc cng ng thiu ngun
m, ngoi ra cn dng trong chn nui. T nhng thp k su mi ca th k XX,
nm men c sn xut nhiu trong qui m cng nghip.
- Chit ly ergosterol t sinh khi hoc nm men
Trong nm men, cc vitamin v ergosterol lin kt rt chc vi cc protein v
th mun chit xut ergosterol cn phn thy phn ph hy lin kt vi protein.
Thng vic thy phn c tin hnh bng axit hay enzim (thy phn kim t dng
v cc vitamin nhm B b ph hy). n gin nht l s dng qu trnh t phn
(autolyse): Khi 40-45oC protease c trong t bo nm men lm ph v cc lin
kt protein-vitamin, protein- ergosterol gii phng ra cc vitamin v ergosterol
trng thi t do. Sau chit ly cc vitamin B bng nc v ergosterol bng ancol.
Quy trnh sn xut thng c tin hnh nh sau:
+ Chit phc hp vitamin B: Cho nm men p kh (100kg) vo ni chu p sut
hai v, thm vo 20 lt nc v un 1100C trong vng 25-30 pht, sau cho vo
dch thy phn 80 lt cn nng t 50%. Khuy 45-50 pht nhit 75-780C
lm ng t anbumin. Lm lnh n 100C lng anbumin. Lc, phn dch lc
cha phc hp vitamin B, phn b cha ergosterol. Phn dch lc ct thu hi cn trong
p sut gim n dung dch phc hp vitamin B cha 50% cht kh, sau lm kh
thu c hn hp vitamin B. Phn b c ht kh trong chn khng n ht cn, sy
chn khng c m < 2%, y l nguyn liu chit ly ergosterol.
+ Chit phn lp ly ergosterol (18-44, provitamin D2): Cho b nm men sy
kh trn vo thit b hai v, cho vo bn phn cn, un hi lu trong 1 gi. Lc,
b chit thm 2 ln nh th. Dch cn gp li, ct chn khng thu hi cn, cn kh cn
-18-
li cha lipit (T 100kg nm men thu c khong 25 kg lipit). Cho lng lipit trn
vo dung dch NaOH 45% v un nng x phng ha. Sau lm lnh xung 00C50C kt tinh ergosterol. Lc thu c ergosterol th (trong dch lc cha mui natri
ca cc axit bo). Kt tinh li ergosterol trong hn hp dung mi cn-toluen 4:1. Sy
kh thu c ergosterol. C th tinh ch ergosterol trong cn 950 hoc trong CHCl3
hay trong ete, axeton. Sn phm ngm 1.5 H2O c chy 1660C. Ph UV c max
263, 271, 282, 293 nm. Tinh th d b nh sng chuyn thnh mu vng. Cn bo qun
lnh (<00C) v trong kh tr.
b1. Sn xut vitamin D2 (ergocalaferol, 18-49)
Nguyn tc ca s chuyn ha ca ergosterol thnh ergocalaferol v cc hp
cht khc, di tc dng ca tia t ngoi. di tc dng ca tia cc tm th bc u
precalciferol c to thnh, cht ny ngoi vic to ra sn phm mong mun c tc
dng vitamin D l ergcalciferol (vitamin D7), n cn to ra 2 hp cht c c tnh,
khng c tc dng vitamin D l lumisterol, tachysterol.
+ Qu trnh chiu x, iu ch vitamin D2
Ha tan ergosterol trong ete c nng 0,3-0,5%, cho dung dch ny i qua
ng c chiu sng bng n thch anh dng nh sng thy ngn vi bc sng cc tm
vng 275-300nm nhit si ca dung mi. Dch phn ng sau khi chiu x l cht
lng snh, ct loi dung mi n khi dung dch c nng tng ln 100 ln (lc ny
thnh phn cc cht c trong dch phn ng nh sau: ergocalaferol 55-60%, ergosterol
cn tha cha chuyn ha 10-13%, lumisterol 15-20%, tachysterol 10-12%. Lm lnh
xung 8-100C kt tinh ergosterol cha phn ng. Tinh th ergosterol to ra c
lc, dch lc c di p sut gim 50mmHg loi ht ete, thu c cn.
Cn c ha tan trong hn hp ete-metanol 1:2, sau bc hi i 50% dung
mi v kt tinh cc sterol (c lumisterol v tachysterol). Lc, dch lc c ui ht
dung mi, thu c cn dng nha ny ch yu l ergocalaferol. c th tch
c ergocalaferol (vitamin D2) sch cn phi chuyn sang dng este dinitrobenzoat
ca n.
+ To este dinitrobenzoat ca vitamin D2 (ergocalaferol dinitrobenzoat)
Cho nha (1kg) trn vo 2,5 lt piridin dng kh nit hoc CO2 vo ui
oxi, khuy cho tan sau cho vo 0,8kg 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl clorua, duy tr nhit
phn ng khng ln qu 600C. Tip tc khuy trong 4h. Sau ct chn khng
50mmHg loi bt mt na lng piridin. Tip cho hn hp trn 6,5 lt nc
nng 500C, khuy k v lng. Gn loi nc-piridin, gn v li ra cho n lc ht
piridin. Cui cng ngm v khuy cn vi 2,5 lt metanol loi axit dinitrobenzoic.
Lc loi dch metanol. Cn c ha tan trong axeton, ty mu bng than hot tnh
(1,5-2%), dch lc c lm lnh -100C qua m. Tinh th to ra c em lc, sn
phm este mu vng c chy 145-1470C (H=30%) so vi nha l
ergocalaferol dinitrobenzoat.
+ Thy phn este ergocalaferol dinitrobenzoat to ergocalaferol (vitamin D2)
Cho lng ergocalaferol dinitrobenzoat trn ha tan trong dung dch KOH
5% trong metanol sau un hi lu cho n khi mu vng bin mt v ta mu tm
xut hin. Lc nng loi ta kalidinitrobenzoat (trong lung kh nit). Dch lc c
pha long vi nc si n khi xut hin vn c khi ang nng. Sau lm lnh
xung -5 n -10oC. Tinh th to ra c lc, ra li vi nc lnh hoc cn long
-19-
CH3
CH2OH
NH2
-20-
CH2OH
CHOH
CHOH
CH2
CH2
H3C
NH
H3C
H3C
N
H
H
N
+2H
-2H
H3C
NH
Dng I
Dng II
Khi thiu vitamin B2 vic to nn cc enzim oxy-ha kh b ngng tr lm nh
hng n s pht trin ca c th. Vitamin B2 cn cn thit cho sinh sn t bo biu
b rut, tng sc khng ca c th, tng kh nng to mu v nh hng n s
pht trin ca bo thai.
Vitamin B2 c nhiu trong nm men bnh m, men bia, u, tht, gan, thn, tim,
trng, sa, c v ru xanh. Vitamin B2 c tng hp t t bo thc vt v vi sinh vt.
1.2.3. Vitamin B6 (piridoxal, piridoxamin, piridoxin)
Vitamin B6 c tch ra dng tinh th t nm men v cm go nm 1938.
Cu to ca vitamin B6 c cng nhn sau khi c tng hp nm 1939. Vitamin B6
c nm, men bia, gan, tht b. Khi thiu vitamin B6 s xut hin mt s bnh ngoi
da, bnh thn kinh, st cn, rng lng, tc
CH2OH
HO
H3C
CH2NH2
HO
CH2OH
H3C
CH2OH
Piridoxamin
Piridoxal
-21-
COOH
CONH2
Axit nicotinic
Khi thiu vitamin PP s vy ra triu trng sng mng nhy rut v d dy, sau
da b sn si nht l nhng ni tip xc vi nh sng mt tri.
c th ng vt mt phn vitamin PP c th c tng hp t triptophan nh
s tham gia ca vitamin B2 v B6. V vy nu dng thc n m protein c gi tr thp
tc l c t triptophan ng thi thiu c B2 v B6 th s ko theo hin tng thiu
vitamin PP
1.2.5. Vitamin C (axit ascorbic)
Tn ti trong thin nhin di dng axit ascobic, axit dehidroascocbic v dng
lin kt ascocbigen, chnh l dng lin kt ca vitamin C vi polypeptit.
Vitamin C l mt dn xut ca dng glucoz
O
CH
CH
O
HO
H
HO
HO
HO
O
HO
CH2OH
O
H
CH2OH
-22-
-23-
2.2. C ch tc dng:
C ch tc dng ln vi sinh vt gy bnh ( hay cc i tng gy bnh khc - gi tt l
mm bnh) ca mi cht khng sinh thng mang c im ring, ty thuc vo bn
cht ca khng sinh ; trong , nhng kiu tc ng thng gp l lm ri lon cu
trc thnh t bo, ri lon chc nng iu tit qu trnh vn chuyn vt cht ca mng
t bo cht, lm ri lon hay kim to qu trnh sinh tng hp protein, ri lon qu
trnh ti bn ADN, hoc tng tc c hiu vi nhng giai on nht nh trong cc
chuyn ha trao i cht
2.3. n v khng sinh:
Nng lc tch t khng sinh ca chng hay nng cht khng sinh thng c biu
th bng mt trong cc n v l : mg/ml, g/ml, hay n v khng sinh UI/ml (hay
UI/g, International Unit .
n v ca mi khng sinh c nh ngha l lng khng sinh ti thiu pha trong
mt th tch quy c dung dch c kh nng c ch hon ton s pht trin ca chng
vi sinh vt kim nh chn, th d, vi penicillin l s miligam penicillin pha vo
trong 50 ml mi trng canh thang v s dng Staphylococcus aureus 209P lm
chng kim nh; vi Streptomicin l s miligam pha trong 1 ml mi trng canh
thang v kim nh bng vi khun Escherichia coli).
2.4. Hot tnh khng sinh c hiu:
Hot tnh khng sinh c hiu l c tnh cho thy nng lc km hm hay tiu dit mt
cch chn lc cc chng vi sinh gy bnh, trong khi khng gy ra cc hiu ng ph
qu ngng cho php trn ngi bnh c iu tr. c tnh ny c biu th qua
hai gi tr l:
Nng km hm ti thiu (Minimun Inhibitory Concentration - Vit tt l MIC) v
nng dit khun ti thiu (Minimun Bactericidal Concentration - Vit tt l
MBC), xc nh trn cc i tng vi sinh vt gy bnh kim nh la chn tng ng
cho mi cht khng sinh.
2.5. Ph khng khun ca khng sinh:
Ph khng khun ca cht khng sinh biu th s lng cc chng gy bnh b tiu
dit bi khng sinh ny. Theo , cht khng sinh c th tiu dit c nhiu loi
mm bnh khc nhau c gi l cht khng sinh ph rng, cht khng sinh ch tiu
dit c t mm bnh l cht khng sinh ph hp.
2.6. Hin tng khng thuc v bn cht khng thuc ca vi sinh vt:
Hin tng khng thuc: Hin tng mm bnh vn cn sng st sau khi iu tr
khng sinh c gi l hin tng khng thuc (trn phng din kim nghim, vi
sinh vt gy bnh c coi l khng thuc nu nng MIC ca cht khng sinh kim
nghim in vitro trn i tng ny cao hn nng iu tr ti a cho php i vi
bnh nhn. C hai dng khng thuc:
Kh nng khng sinh hc: Kh nng khng thuc ca vi sinh vt gy bnh c th
c hnh thnh ngu nhin trong qun th, ngha l kh nng ny c hnh thnh
mm bnh ngay khi chng cha tip xc vi mi trng cha cht khng sinh. Dng
khng thuc ny c gi l kh nng khng sinh hc. Nguyn nhn ca hin
tng ny c th do t bin ngu nhin trong nhim sc th lm trong qun th vi
sinh vt gy bnh xut hin cc t bo (hay thm ch ch cn mt vi t bo) c kh
-24-
nng khng thuc. Do , khi bnh nhn c iu tr khng sinh trong mt thi gian
nht nh th ch c cc t bo thng b tiu dit, cn cc t bo khng thuc ny vn
cn sng st, tip tc sinh trng pht trin dn b ep cho c s t bo b tiu
dit. Kt qu lm thay i hon ton bn cht vi sinh ca bnh v v hiu ha tc dng
iu tr ca thuc khng sinh .
Kh nng khng iu tr: Kh nng khng thuc ca vi sinh vt gy bnh thng
xut hin ph bin hn nhiu sau khi chng tip xc vi khng sinh, v vy trng
hp ny cn c gi l kh nng khng iu tr. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny
l do trong t bo vi sinh vt c cha cc yu t khng thuc R tim n (Resistance
Factor). Yu t khng thuc R c bn cht plasmid. Khi vi sinh vt sng trong mi
trng c khng sinh, cc plasmid khng thuc ca chng s c hot ho, t sao
chp tng hp ra v s plasmid mi. Chnh hot tnh ca cc plasmid ny s lm tng
sc khng cho t bo ch, nh vy chng vn c th tn ti v pht trin trong mi
trng c khng sinh. Do c bn cht plasmid nn cc yu t khng thuc R ny rt d
dng vn chuyn qua li gia cc loi gn gi nhau qua bin np, ti np hay tip hp.
Nguyn nhn hin tng khng thuc:
- Vic s dng cng loi khng sinh ko di hoc lm dng thuc khng sinh (tu tin
s dng thuc khng ng liu lng, khng ng ch nh v khng thi gian cn
thit) v tnh to ra u th pht trin cnh tranh cho cc chng vi sinh vt c kh
nng khng thuc, ng thi tr thnh liu php kch thch cc chng khng thuc ny
tng hp ra v s plasmid mi.
- Xu th s dng tu tin cht khng sinh trong chn nui, c bit l b sung vo khi
ch bin thc n gia sc, gia cm nui ly tht, trng, sa ... Khi , ngoi cc tc
dng c li d kin, chnh cht khng sinh b sung s to ra mi trng pht trin
chn lc cho cc chng mang yu t khng thuc R trn ng vt nui. Khi s dng
tht, trng, sa ... ca chng lm nguyn liu ch bin, cc chng khng thuc ny s
ko theo vo trong cc sn phm thc phm. Kt qu khi ngi tiu dng s dng cc
thc phm ny, mt mt h phi tip nhn phn d lng khng sinh trong sn phm;
nhng mt khc, nguy him hn l cc loi vi sinh vt khng thuc trong cc sn
phm thc phm thuc nhm ny c u th tn ti, pht trin cao hn v cc plasmid
khng thuc ca chng li ang trong trng thi hot ho.
C ch ca s khng thuc: C ch ca s khng thuc rt a dng v thng khc
nhau i vi tng chng vi sinh vt:
* Mt s loi vi sinh vt c kh nng khng thuc t nhin vi mt s khng sinh nht
nh, do thuc ny khng tc ng ln chng ( th d nh: nm, virus, nguyn sinh
ng vt, do trn thnh t bo khng c lp peptidoglucan nn khng chu tc ng
ca cc khng sinh lactam).
* Mt s chng vn nhy cm vi cht khng sinh tr nn khng thuc khi chng thu
nhn c mt trong cc c tnh mi nh:
C kh nng v hot hay ph hy cht khng sinh (bng cch tng hp ra cc enzym
ngoi bo lm ph v cu trc ca cht khng sinh hay lin kt vi cht khng sinh
to ra dng km hiu lc khng sinh hn).
C th t iu chnh kh nng hp th ca mng t bo cht lm gim hoc ngn nga
cht khng sinh xm nhp vo t bo cht.
-25-
-26-
-28-
- Trong chin tranh th gii th 2 nhm nghin cu M-Anh thnh lp, nm 1943 bt
u sn xut Penicillin, pht hin ra chng mi Penicillin Chrysogenum c nng sut
cao; xc nh cu trc ca Penicillin.
- Nm 1945 nhm nghin cu Anh-M c gii thng Noben.
- Sheehan v Henery-Logan (1957-1959) tng hp ton phn Penicillin.
- Bachelor (1959) phn lp c 6-APA.
H
H
S
ROCHN
CH3
H2N
CH3
N
H
CH3
CH3
N
COOH
20-1
(R = CH3CH2CH=CHCH2, CH3(CH2)6,
C6H5CH2, p-OH-C6H4-CH2)
COOH
20-2
(6-APA)
-29-
-30-
-32-
xon trao i nhit, vng km hiu qu hay vng cht ca thit b) tc chuyn
khi hay tc truyn nhit cng gim i. Ngoi ra, ti nhng khu vc nht nh ca
thit b c th xut hin vng xoy cc b hay cc dng chy th cp lm thiu ht v
hm lng oxy ha tan.
Cc yu t nu trn y s tc ng trc tip n nng lc sinh tng hp ca chng,
hiu qu chuyn ha to sn phm v hiu qu kinh t chung ca ton qu trnh ln
men. Thc t thng chn ch khuy trn d trn mc yu cu.
. Thnh phn mi trng ln men:
Mi trng c s ln men penicillin, vo thi k u trong nhng nm 40 - 50, l
mi trng lactoza - nc chit ng, vi thnh phn chnh nu trong bng 2.1.
Ngun c cht chnh: l lactoza c th c thay th tng phn hoc ton b bng cc
c cht khc nh: cc loi ng hexoza, ng pentoza, disaccarit, dextrin hay thay
th bng du thc vt. Trong cc c cht nu trn, hiu qu cao hn c vn l glucoza.
Ngoi ra, khi s dng du thc vt lm cht ph bt phi xt n hiu ng nm
mc s dng mt phn du thc vt lm ngun cung cp thc n cacbon, tnh ton
iu chnh nng glucoza trong mi trng ln men (v c s cn tr qu trnh
chuyn khi do nh hng ca du ph bt).
Ngun cung cp thc n nit: c th s dng l bt u tng, bt ht bng,
cc loi du cm. Nhu cu v thc n nit cng c th c p ng bng cch cung
cp lin tc (NH4)2SO4, nhng duy tr nng thp, khong 250 - 340g/l (nu d
tha hiu qu sinh tng hp penicillin s gim, nu thiu s xy ra hin tng t phn
h si) .
Hm lng cc cht khong b sung: c tnh ton, ph thuc vo lng dch
chit ng s dng;
pH mi trng c iu chnh trc khi thanh trng, sau trong sut qu
trnh ln men c gim st cht ch v iu chnh theo yu cu cng ngh.
Nng tin cht to nhnh:Trong qu trnh sinh tng hp penicillin, vic kt
gn mch nhnh ca phn t penicillin khng mang tnh c hiu cht ch. Nh vy,
nu duy tr nng tin cht to nhnh cn thit phenylacetat (hoc phenooxyacetat)
s cho php thu nhn ch yu mt loi penicillin G trong dch ln men (hoc penicillin
V). Theo l thuyt, nhu cu v phenylaceta l 0,47g/gam penicillin G (hoc
phenooxyacetat l 0,50g/gam penicillin V ). Cn ch c hai cu t trn thc cht u
gy c cho nm nn ngi ta thng la chn gii php b sung lin tc cu t ny
v khng ch cht ch nng theo yu cu, khng lm suy gim nng lc ln men
ca chng sn xut.
. iu kin tin hnh ln men:
Nhit l thng s c nh hng ln n s pht trin ca nm mc, kh nng sinh
tng hp v nng lc tch t penicillin ca chng. Nhn chung nm mc pht trin
thun li hn di nhit khong 300C. Tuy nhin, di nhit ny tc phn
hu penicillin cng xy ra mnh m. Trong thc t, giai on nhn ging sn xut
ngi ta thng nhn di nhit 300C; sang giai on ln men thng p dng mt
trong hai ch nhit l :
Ln men mt di nhit : Thng duy tr nhit trong sut qu trnh ln men
di nhit 25 - 270C.
-34-
-35-
-36-
-37-
-38-
-39-
-40-
+ Lc dch ln men :
Mc ch: Penicillin l sn phm ln men ngoi bo. V vy, ngay sau khi kt thc qu
trnh ln men ngi ta thng tin hnh lc ngay gim tn hao do phn hu
penicillin v gim bt kh khn khi tinh ch, do cc tp cht to ra khi h si nm t
phn.
Thit b lc: ph bin l thit b lc ht kiu bng ti hoc kiu thng quay. Thng
thng, ngi ta ch cn lc mt ln ri lm lnh dch ngay chuyn sang cng on
tip theo. Ch trong nhng trng hp rt c bit mi cn phi x l kt ta mt phn
protein v lc li dch ln th hai. Hin tng t phn h si nm thng ko theo hu
qu lm cho dch kh lc hn.
Thu hi sinh khi nm: Phn sinh khi nm c ra sch, sy kh v s dng ch
bin thc n gia sc.
+ Trch ly :
Penicillin thng c trch ly dng axt ra khi dch lc bng dung mi amylacetat
hoc butylacetat pH = 2,0 - 2,5, nhit 0 - 30C. Nhm hn ch lng penicillin b
phn hu, qu trnh trch ly c thc hin trong thi gian rt ngn trong thit b trch
ly ngc dng lin tc kiu ly tm nhiu tng cnh. ng thi, trong thi gian trch ly
cn gim st cht ch cc thng s cng ngh nh: nhit pH, v khun.... hn
ch tn tht do phn hu penicillin. Dch ln men sau khi lc c bm trn ng thi
vi dung dch H2SO4 hoc H3PO4 long c b sung thm cht chng to nh v bm
song song cng vi dung mi trch ly vo trong thit b. T l dch lc: dung mi
thng chn trong khong 4 - 10V dch lc /1V dung mi. Trong mt s cng ngh,
nhm ci thin cht lng sn phm, ngi ta c th p dng phng php trch ly hai
ln dung mi, vi ln u trch ly penicillin bng amylacetat hoc butylacetat; tip
theo penicillin li c trch ly ngc sang dung dch m
pH = 7,2 - 7,5,
thng l dung dch KOH long hoc dung dch NaHCO3; sau penicillin li c
trch ly sang dung mi ln th 2, vi lng dung mi t hn.
+ Ty mu :
ty mu v loi b mt s tp cht khc, ngi ta thng b sung trc tip cht
hp ph vo dung mi cha penicillin sau trch ly, s dng ph bin nht l than hot
tnh. Sau than hot tnh c tch v ra li bng s dng thit b lc ht bng ti
hoc thit b lc ht kiu thng quay. Phn than sau lc c a i chng thu hi
dung mi v x l hon nguyn, phc v cho cc m sau.
+ Kt tinh, lc, ra v sy thu penicillin t nhin:
Vic kt tinh penicillin V hay penicillin G di dng mui c th c thc
hin rt n gin, bng cch b sung trc tip vo dung mi sau khi ty mu mt
lng nh kali acetat (hay natri acetat) hoc ngi ta trch ly li sang dung dch KOH
long (hay NaOH long), tin hnh c chn khng nhit thp, sau b sung
BuOH penicillin t kt tinh. Cc thng s cng ngh c nh hng ln n hiu
qa kt tinh l : nng penicillin, nng mui acetat, pH dung mi hay pH dung
dch c c, nhit kt tinh ... Sau khi kt tinh, tinh th penicillin c lc tch bng
my lc ht thng quay. m bo tinh khit cao hn, c th tin hnh ha tan v
kt tinh li penicillin. Khi sn phm t tinh sch theo yu cu, thng tinh
khit khng di 99,5%, chng c lc tnh tinh th; tip theo ra v lm kh s b
-41-
HOOC
HH
S
NH2
CH3
O
COOH
HOOC
CH3
H
OCH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
H
HO
OH
H
CH3
OCH3
H
N
HOOC
CH3
NH2
CH3
N
O
COOH
OH
O
N
O
COOH
20-7
clavulanic acid
-42-
OH H
CH3 H
(+)
NH3
H3 C
NaO3SO
(-)
COO
COONa
20-8
thienamycin
20-9
olivalic acid
O
NH2
OCH3
H
N
N
H
HOOC
O
CH3
N
O
20-10
sulfazecin
-43-
SO3H
NH
NH
khung penam
(1-tia-heptam)
azetidin-2-on
-lactam
azetidan
N
O
khung clavam
(1-oxa-heptam)
khung cacbapenam
S
N
O
khung cepham
(1-tia-octam)
khung 2-cephem
(1-tia-oct-2-em)
S
S
N
N
O
khung 3-cephem
(1-tia-oct-3-em)
O khung isocepham
(2-tia-octam)
N
O
khung cacbacepham
(khung cotam)
khung oxa-cepham
H
H
H
S
CH3
H
O
ROCHN
CH3
N
O
H O
H
N
COOH
C
H
O
-44-
OH
H
R2
C
O
C
R1OCHN
C H
CH2R2
OH
H
N
R
C
COOH
H
H
phng
(planris)
thp
(piramidlis)
Hnh 20.4. S so snh cu trc khng gian 3 chiu ca khung penicillin (A)
v 3-cephalosporine.
* Cc Penicillin t nhin
- Khi nim v Penicillin t nhin: L sn phm ln men nui cy chng Penicilium
notatum v Penicilium chrysogenum , sinh ra mt lot khng sinh t nhin ch khc
nhau nhm th R
Bng 20.3. Cc Penicillin t nhin
H
H
S
CO
N
H
CH3
CH3
N
O
COOH
20-1
Ch k
hiu
F
G
X
K
O
V
N
Tn
2-pentenyl-penicilline (20-1a)
CH3CH2CH=CH-CH2
Benzyl-penicilline (20-1b)
C6H5-CH2
p-hidroxi-benzyl-penicilline (20-1c)
p-HO-C6H4-CH2
n-heptyl-penicilline (20-1d)
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
almecillin (20-1e)
CH2=CH-CH2-S-CH2
pheoxi-metyl-penicilline (20-1f)
C6H5-O-CH2
4-amino-4-carboxybutyl-penicillin
H2S-CH(COOH)-(CH2)2-CH2
(20-1h)
- Sinh tng hp cc penicillin t nhin: nui cy chng ln men ly khng sinh.
-45-
- Khi nim v hiu lc khng sinh: c o bng n v UI: lng khng sinh tnh
bng mg c ch 1 mu khun gy bnh.
- Ph khng khun ca penicillin G
Bng 20-4. Ph khng khun ca penicillin G
Loi
Vi sinh vt
Nng c ch
ti thiu (g/ml).
Tn
Cu khun
Streptococcus pyogenes (A)
0,006
Streptococcus pneumoniae
0,006
Streptococcus viridans*
0,012
G
Streptococcus faecalis
2
R
Staphylococcus aureus*
0,012
A
Staphylococcus albus*
0,012
M
Starcina lutea
0,0015
Trc khun
Bacillus anthacis
0,01-0,04
Clostridium tetani
0,007-0,3
D
Clostridium welchii
0,06-0,25
Clostridium oedamatiens
0,007-0,015
Clostridium septicum
0,03
N
Clostridium histolyticum
0,03
G
Corynebaterium diphtheriae
0,02-0,6
Actinobacillus muris
0,06
Erysipelothris rhusiopathiae
0,04-0,08
Listeria monocytogens
0,2-0,6
Cu khun
Neisseria gonorrheae*
0,003
Neisseria meningitidis
0,012
G
Neisseria catarrhalis
0,012
R
Haemophilus influenzae
0,25-1
A
Trc khun
Haemophilus pertussis
0,5-2
M
Haemophilus ducreyi
0,045-0,15
Bacteroides fragilis*
16
Bacteroides melaninogenicus
0,007-0,06
Bacteroides necrophorus
0,06-0,12
M
Escherichia coli*
20
Klebsielia pneumoniae
2-100
Proteus mirabilis
8
Salmonella spp
2,5
* Sn sinh ra enzim penicillinase phn hy khng sinh.
- Cc phn ng ha hc ca Penicillin
Trong cc qu trnh kim tra cu trc ha hc ca b khung cc hp cht
-46-
CH3
H
OC
R
S
CH3
NH
CH3
ROCHN
CH
CO
N
H
CH3
HOOC
Hg2+
H2
CH3
Raney-Ni
COOCH3
HS
CH
CH
ete
HN
CH3
N-axyl-L-alanyl-D-valin
H3COOC
CH2N2
H
H
H
S
CH3
ROCHN
(OH-)
CH3
HN
COOH
COOH
CO
CH3
N
H
HOOC
CH
3
H+
CH3
CH3
pH=2
hc enzim
penicillase
COOH
COOH
R
(-CO2)
H /Hg
2+
Hg2+
(-CO2)
HS
H
S
H2 C
ROCHN
HN
HOOC
CH3
Hg2+
CH
CH3
H3C
COOH
NH2
SH
CH3
acid peniloic
D-penixillamin
+
ROCHN
H
C
CHO
COOH
(-CO2)
Acid penaldinic
ROCHN
H2
C
CHO
Andehit peniloic
NH2
SH
COOH
HC
M2+
H3C
CH3
NH2
M
S
CH3
20-11
H3C
cistein
CH3
COOH
HOOC
S
S
NH2
CH3
* CC PENICILLIN BN TNG HP
iu ch axit 6-amino-penicillin (6-APA)
-47-
CH
3
H
R
H3C
CH3
20-12
H+
COOH
H2
C
CO
H
N
CH3
H2N
CH3
Penicillin-acylase
CH3
N
O
COOH
CH3
+H2O, pH=7,5
O
C6H5CH2COOH
COOH
20-2
6-APA
20-1b
Penicillin G
H2
C
CO
H
N
CH3
Cl-Si(CH3) 3/CHCl3,
200C
COOH
COOSi(CH3)3
20-16
20-11
10-13
CH3
0
PCl5/-500C
CH3
Piridin, 1/2h
CH3
CH3
H2 N
CH3OH/10-20 C
Cl
CH3
OCH3
CH3
Piridin (-HCl)
O
CH3
3h
COOSi(CH3)3
COOSi(CH3)
20-14
20-15
NH4HCO3
pH=4
H2O
H
H 2N
CH3
CH3
N
O
COOH
20-2
6-APA
H2N
R-COCl
CH3
ROCHN
CH3
-HCl
CH3
N
O
COOR
-50C
N
O
20-2
6-APA
CH3
COOR
-48-
O
R
6-APA
ROCHN
CH3
N
'
CH3
COOH
ROCHN
CH3
CH3
N
O
Stt
1
Tn
Phenethicillin (20-16)
(Broxil, Maxipen, Syncillin)
COOH
TLTK Ghi ch
[15]
1960
O CH
CH3
Propicillin (20-17)
(Baycillin, Brocillin, Ultrapen)
[16]
1961
[16]
1960
[17]
1961
[18]
1960
[19]
1961
[20]
1961
O CH
C2H5
Fenbenicillin (20-19)
(Phebenicillin, Penspek)
O CH
C6H5
Cl
Clometocillin (20-19)
(Rixapen)
H
C
Cl
OCH3
OCH3
Methicillin (20-20)
(Azapen, Belfacillin, Celbenin)
OCH3
Ancillin (20-21
C6H5
Nafcillin (20-22)
(Naftopen, Unipen, Nafeit)
OC2H5
Oxacillin (20-23)
(Micropenin, Oxabel, Stapenor)
N
O
-49-
CH3
Cloxacillin (20-24)
(Bactopen,
Methocilin)
Cl
N
Cl
Dicloxacillin (20-25)
(Brispen, Stampen, Veracillin)
11
Floxacillin (20-26)
(Culpen, Floxapen, Ladropen)
1965
[22]
1965
Ampicillin (20-27)
(Amfipen,
Amipenix,
Domicillin)
Epicillin (20-28)
(Dexacillin, Spectacillin)
[23]
1961
[24]
1969
[25]
1964
[26]
1963
[27]
1966
CH3
13
[22]
CH3
Cl
Cl
12
1961
CH3
10
[21]
Cloxapen,
H
C
H2N
H
C
H2N
14
Amoxicillin (20-29)
(Amoxilline, Amolin, Aspenil)
H
C
HO
H2 N
15
16
Azidocillin (20-30)
(Globacillin,
Longatrew,
Nalpen)
H
C
N3
Cl
Pirazocillin (20-31)
CH3
N
N
Cl
17
Betacin (20-32)
H
C
H2C
18
Metampicillin (20-33)
(Ocetina, Magnipen, Bonopen)
H
C
N
19
NH2
Suncillin (20-34)
CH2
H
C
HN
-50-
SO3H
20
Azlocillin (20-35)
(Alzin, Securopen)
H
C
HN
21
Mezlocillin (20-36)
(Baycipen, Baypen, Mezlin)
Piperacillin (20-37)
(Isipen, Pentcillin, Pipril)
C
O
HN
1974
[30]
1976
[31]
1965
[32]
1964
[33]
1970
[34]
1964
[25]
1963
C
O
[29]
SO2CH3
H
C
1971
NH
H
C
HN
22
C
O
[28]
N
C2H 5
23
24
Hetacillin (20-38)
(Uropen, Versapen, Natacillin)
HN
H3 C
CH3
Cyclocillin (20-39)
NH2
25
Carbenicillin (20-40)
(Gripenin-O, Carbapen)
CH
COOH
26
Sulbenicillin (20-41)
(Kedacillin, Sulpenlin)
CH
SO3H
27
Ticarcillin (20-42)
(Monopen, Ticar, Ticillin)
CH
S
COOH
28
Quinacillin (20-430
29
Furbenicillin (20-44)
COOH
H
C
HN
C
O
H
N C
O
-51-
CH CO
NH2
H
N
CH3
axit clavulanic
CH3
N
O
enzim -lactamase
COOH
Ampicillin, R=H
Amoxillin, R=OH
O
C
CH
H
N
COOHHN
NH2
Enzim -lactamase
CH3
CH
Axit penicillic
COOH
Cc penicillin este
- Cc este tiu biu ca ca penicillin v ang s dng trong iu tr
Bng 20-6. Cc este quang trng ca penicillin t nhin v penicillin bn tng hp
H
R1OCHN
CH3
CH 3
N
O
STT
1
2
3
COOR2
Tn
R1
Penethamate (20-50)
(Alivin,
Estopen,
Neopentil)
Lactopen (20-51)
H2
C
H2
C
Penamecillin (50-52)
(Wy-20788,
Havapen,
Maripen)
Pivampicillin (20-53)
(Inacilin,
Maxifen,
Pondocillin)
Bacampicillin (50-54)
(Ambaxin,
Bacacil,
Penglobe)
Talampicillin (20-55)
(Talat,
Talpen,
Yamacillin)
H2
C
NH2
R2
-CH2CH2N(C2H5)2
TLTK
[38]
-CH2CH2N(CH3)2
-CH2OCOCH3
[39]
-CH2OCOCH(CH3)2 [40]
C
H
NH2
C
H
[41]
CH(CH3)OCOOCH3
NH2
[42]
C
H
NH2
Lenampicillin (20-56)
(Takacillin, Varacillin)
H2
C
C
H
CH3
[43]
O
O
Carindacillin (20-57)
(Carindapen, Geocillin)
-H
CH
C
O
-52-
[44]
Carfeccillin (20-58)
-H
[32]
CH
(Carbapen,
Carbecin,
C
O
Pyopen)
O
Mt s phng php chung iu ch este ca penicillin, c th quan st c
trong hnh 20-8
R1OCHN
CH3
CH3
N
O
COOY
CH3
CH3
N
O
ClCOOR2
R2N2
ete/200C
R1OCHN
CH3
N=
S
COOR2
CH3
C
2
DCD
N
R1OCHN
R2OH
CHCl3
CH 3
COOCOOR
R2-OH/00C
COOH
R1OCHN
CH3
A
S
CH 3
R1OCHN
Y=Na, K, Et3NH(+)
R1=C6H5CH2-,C6H5OCH2R2-X (X:Cl, Br)
R1OCHN
CH3
CH3
COOY
CH3
R2OH
COOH
CH3
CH3
COO
H
OCH3H
HN
COONa
CH3
CH3
N
O
COONa
20-59
temocillin [47]
(temopen)
CHO
O
C
NH
HN
O
O
C2H5
O
N
CH 3
CH3
COOH
20-60
tomadicillin
-53-
Axit Clavulanic
OH
H
N
O
COOH
20-7
Clavulanic acid49
(Augmentin, Ciblor, Llavocin)
S
NHR
H3 C
N
O
COOH
Cc axit olovanic
H3 C
O
NaO
S O
O
COO(-)Na(+)
-54-
(-)
H
N
OOC
H 3N
(+)
O
COOH
O
pH>7.5
20-3: R=OCOCH3
20-67: R=OH
<
20-68: R=H
pH=1-2
O
O
20-69
HOOC
CH3
CH3
OCOCH3
(-)
H
N
OOC
H3N
CH3
(+)
CH3
CH 3
N
O
CH 3
CH3
20-70
COOH
20-1h
HO
OH
H
CH 3
OCOCH 3
H2 N
SH
H2N
CH3
COOH
NH2
HOOC
COOH
-aminoadipic
H
N
HOOC
NH2
CH3
L-valin
L-cistein
SH
H
N
O
O
Tripeptid
H
N
HOOC
COOH
H
N
HOOC
CH3
O
H2N
OCOCH3
O
H2N
N
O
COOH
CH3
COO
H
R2
N
H
N
R1
20-71
COOR2
20-71
COOH
Cephalosporin
amidase
H2O/axylase
esterase
H2 N
ROCHN
N
N
CH2R'
CH2OH
COOH
COOH
desaxetyl cephalosporin
axit 7-aminocephalosporiamic
H+
H+
(-H2O)
(-H2O)
S
ROCHN
H2 N
N
O
lacton ca axit
desaxetyl 7-aminocephalosporamic
ROCHN
ROCHN
COOH
lacton ca axit
desaxetyl cephalosporin
--lactamase
hoc
OH-,H+
HN
COOH
CH2R'
CH 2
COOH
axit cephalosporoic
COOH
axit anhidriodesaxetyl
cephalosporoic
H2N
R2
N
H
R
N
N
R1
R1
COOR3
COOR3
R2
N
H
N
R1
O
COOR3
Th Tn thng
h
dng
1
I
2
Cephalothin
(20-93)
R1
R R3
2
4
OCOMe
-57-
5 6
H H
C vo
c th,
NC vi
-lac..
7
Tim
nhy cm
TLT
K
8
[68]
Cephaloridin
e
(20-94)
H H
Tim
[69]
nhy cm
OCOMe
H H
Tim
[70]
nhy cm
OCOMe
H H
OCOMe
H H
Tim
[71]
nhy cm
Ung
[72]
nhy cm
+
N
I
I
Cephapirin
(20-95)
Cephacetriel
(20-96)
Cephaloglyci
n
(20-97)
Cephalexin
(20-98)
Cefadroxyl
(20-99)
Cephradie
(20-100)
Cefazolin
(20-101)
NC
NH2
NH2
NH2
-Me
H H
Ung
[73]
nhy cm
-Me
H H
Ung
[74]
nhy cm
-Me
H H
Ung
[75]
nhy cm
H H
Tim
[76]
nhy cm
H H
Ung
[77]
nhy cm
HO
NH2
N
N
N
S
S
HN
Cefaclor
(20-102)
NH2
-OCH3
-58-
Me
Cefroxadie
(20-103)
Cefatrizie
(20-104)
NH2
-OCH3
NH2
NH
H H
Ung
[78]
nhy cm
H H
Tim
[79]
nhy cm
H H
Tim
[80]
nhy cm
H H
Tim
[81]
nhy cm
H H
Tim
bn vng
[82]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[83]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[84]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[85]
S
N
HO
NH2
Cefaparole
(20-105)
N
S
Me
HO
Cefazedone
(20-106)
II
Cl
Me
N
N
OH
Cefamandol
(20-107)
Cl
N
N
Me
II
OCHO
Cefamandol
Nafete
(20-108)
N
N
Me
II
OH
Cefonicid
(20-109)
N
N
CH2SO3H
II
Cefazaflur
(20-110)
F3CS
S
N
N
Me
-59-
II
II
Ceforanide
(20-111)
Cefuroxime
(20-112)
II
Cefoxitin
(20-113)
II
Cefotetan
(20-114)
H H
Tim
bn vng
[86]
NH2
N
CH2COOH
OMe
OCONH2
H H
Tim
bn vng
[87]
OCONH2
O H
C
H
Tim
bn vng
[88]
Tim
bn vng
[89]
Tim
bn vng
[90]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[91]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[92]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[93]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[94]
NH2
N
N
Me
C C
NH2
Cefminox
(20-115)
HOOC
II
HOOC
N
N
Me
III
O H
C
H
3
SO3H
Cefsulodin
(20-116)
O H
C
H
H
S
CONH2
III
Cefotiam
(20-117)
N
N
S
N
H2N
S
CH2CH2NMe2
III
Cefotaxime
(20-118)
OMe
OMe
OCOMe
H2N
III
Cefuzonam
(20-119)
S
N
S
H2N
-60-
Me
III
NOMe
Ceftizoxim
(20-120)
H H
Tim
bn vng
[95]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[96]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[97]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[98]
O H
M
e
Tim
bn vng
[99]
O H
M
e
Tim
bn vng
[100]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[101]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[102]
N
H2 N
S
III
NOMe
Cefmenoxim
(20-121)
N
H2 N
Me
III
OH
Cefpiramide
(20-122)
N
CONH
S
N
Me
Me
OH
III
Cefoperazon
e
(20-123)
N
C2 H5
O
NH
HO
III
Cefbuperazo
ne
(20-124)
Me
CONH
N
N
Et
O HO
CH3
Me
III
Cefmetazol
(20-125)
NCH2C
S
N
S
N
Me
III
NOMe
Ceftriaxone
(20-126)
Me
OH
N
S
N
H2 N
S
III
NOMe
Ceftiofur
(20-127)
O
S C
H2 N
S
-61-
III
Me
NOMe
Cefodizime
(20-128)
H H
Tim
bn vng
[103]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[104]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[105]
H H
Ung
bn vng
[106]
NOCH2CO
H H
Ung
bn vng
[107]
NOH
H H
Ung
bn vng
[108]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[109]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[110]
H H
Ung
bn vng
[111]
N
COOH
H2 N
S
III
Me
Ceftazidime
(20-129)
COOH
N O
N
Me
H2N
S
III
Cefpimizole
(20-130)
CONH
N
COOH
N
H
III
SO3H
NOMe
Cefetamet
(20-131)
-Me
N
H2 N
S
III
Cefixime
(20-132)
N
H2N
S
III
Cefdinir
(20-133)
N
H2N
S
III
NOCH3
Cefditoren
(20-134)
N
Me
H2N
S
III
NOMe
Cefteram
(20-135)
N
N
Me
H2 N
S
III
NH2
Cefprozil
(20-136)
Me
HO
-62-
III
OCONH2
Me
Cefcapenepir
oxil
(20-137)
H A
Ung
bn vng
[112]
H H
Ung
bn vng
[113]
H B
Ung
bn vng
[114]
H H
Tim,
ung
bn vng
[115]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[116]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[117]
H H
Tim
bn vng
[118]
N
H2N
S
III
HOOC
Ceftibuten
(20-138)
N
H2N
S
III
Cefpodoxim
eProxetil
(20-139)
NOMe
OMe
N
H2 N
S
III
NOMe
Cefozopram
(20-140)
N
H2 N
S
IV
NOMe
Cefepime
(20-141)
Me
N
H2 N
S
IV
NOMe
Cefpirome
(20-142)
N
H2 N
IV
NOMe
Cefclidin
(20-143)
NH2
+N
H2 N
S
A=
B=
-63-
OCO C(Me)3
Me
O
Me
O
O
Me
iu ch mt s nguyn liu trung gian cha khung cephem: Axit 7-aminocephalosporanic (7-ACA, 20-6) v 7-amino-desaxetoxi-cepha-losporanic (7ADCA,20-72)
a. iu ch axit 7-amino-cephalosporanic (20-6,7-ACA)
* Phng php ca R.B Morin (1962) i t cephalosporin C
HOOC
H 2N
HOOC
O
H
NOCl
N
H
NH O
NO
CH2OAc
20-3
N R
H
COOH
20-73
HOOC
HOOC
+
N2
O
NR
N R
20-74
H
+
H /H2O
20-75
H2 N
R=
N
CH2OAc
20-6
COOH
CH2OAc
O
COOH
-64-
S
R1OCHN
(CH3)2SiCl
cephalosporin
20-76
CH2R
20-77
COOSi(CH3)3
S
POCl3
R1 C N
R2OH
Cl
piridin
CH2Cl2
R1 C N
OR2
N
N
CH2R
20-78
COOSi(CH3)3
pH=5
COOSi(CH3)3
H 2N
N
N
CH2R
CH2R
20-6
7-ACA
trong do
20-79
H2N
(ng im)
CH2R
COOH
20-80
R1= HOOC-CH(NH2)(CH2)3
COOSi(CH3)3
R=OCOCH3, R2=C2H5
-65-
O
CHN
CH3
O
CHN
CH3
CH3
este hoa
O
H
20-81
G-penixillin C6H5CH2
CH3
KMnO4
COOH
20-85
COOR1
CH3
CHN
V-penixillin C6H5OCH2
CH3
N
O
COOR1
20-83
oxi hoa
R1: p-NO2C6H5CH2
CCl3CH2
(Me)3Si
CH3CO2OH
CH3CN
O
R
O
CHN
CH3
Este hoa
O
CHN
OHAc
O
CHN
CH3
C
CH2
CH3
CO2 R1
20-86
O
H
20-88
NHC
OCOCH3
1.PCl5
2.ancol hoa
3.HOH
4.p-TsOH
CH3
CO 2R1
20-88
H
NHC
CO2R
O
S
Ac2O/Toluen
CH3
20-84
+
COOH
O
CHN
20-82
Marin-Jackson
CH3
CH3
S(--izome)
O
CH3
CH3
20-89
CO2 R1
loai nhom
bao ve este
.p-TsOH H2N
CO 2R1
H2N
N
N
CH3
CH3
20-89
20-89
CO 2R1
CO 2R1
CH3
S
C6H5H2C
CO
CH3CN
N
H
CH3
(H 3C)3SiN
CH3
OSi(CH 3)3
piridin, HBr
80%
COOH
20-82
S
S
C6 H5 H2 C
CO
N
H
PCl5, ROH
H2 N
N
N
CH3
20-91
>90%
CH3
O
COOH
COOH
7-ADCA,20-72
. iu ch cc cephalosporin bn tng hp
- Axyl ha nhm 7-amino ca 7-ACA hoc 7-ADCA
- a cc nhm th vo C-7, C-3 hoc C-3.
a. Cc cephalosporin bn tng hp l dn xut N-axyl ha ca 7-ACA, 7-ACDA
Tin hnh trong 3 bc (este ha-axyl ha-thy phn)
S
este ha
H2 N
N
bao v nhm
cacboxylic
CH2R
O
COOH
axyl ha
H2N
COOR'
20-93
20-6, R=OCOCH3
20-72, R=H
R=OCOCH3 hoac H
R'=-CH2CCl3, -SiMe3, -CHPh2
S
S
R''
R''-COX
R''-COOCOOR'''
CH2 R
O
C
N
H
thuy phn
R''
O
C
N
CH2 R
20-94
N
H
N
CH 2R
20-94
COOR'
COOH
R=OCOCH3 hoac H
R''=l nhng nhm th khc nhau
NHR
1. NEt3
2. ROCOCl
H
N
A:
3. 7-ACA (20-6)
hoac 7-ADCA (20-72)
4. H +
220-144
R=t-BuOCO
R1
R=t-BuOCO
R1=-OAc hoac H
NH 2
COOH
H
N
R1
O
COOH
B:
Zn/HCOOH
NHCOOCH2 CCl3
RHN
H 2N
1. NEt3
COOH 2. ROCOCl
3. H +
20-145
O
O
CH 3
CH3 O
COOR2
COOCH2CCl3
7.ADCA-TCE
20-146
thi gian bn phn hy ngn (74 pht). O-formyl ca cefamandol l cefamandolnafate (20-108) cng c iu ch, cht ny c tc dng ging nh cefamandol
nhng bn vng hn.
iu ch cefamandol (20-107):
N
7-ACA
20-6
H2N
N
HS
20-148
N
CH3
CH3
20-149
COOH
OR
OR
X
H
N
N
N
20-150
R=SiMe3 hoac COCH2Cl2
X=OCOtBu hoac Cl
O
CH3
COOH
20-151
R=SiMe3 hoac COCHCl2
OH
H
N
(+)
N
O
N
O
CH3
20-107
Cefamandol COOH
NH2
H
N NH2
1. Nitro hoa
2. Khu ha
H2N
NH
1.HNO3 loang
2.NaNO2
N3
H2N
NH.HNO3
dd NaOAc
dun si
diazo ha
(+)
N
H2N
H2S
MeI
N
N
N2
N
H
NH.HNO3
HS
N
H
HS
N
H
N
CH3
20-148
OH
H
N
OH
H
N
N
HS
CH3
O
20-152
20-153
N
O
OAc
-68-
20-109
Cefonicid
COOH
CH3
COOH
H2N
CF 3CH2COCl
N
F3C
NH
20-109
Cefonicid
CH3
COOH
20-110
Cefazaflur
CH 3
COOH
CF3-S-Ag
PCl3
CF3-S-CH2-COOH
CF3-S-CH2-COCl
20-154
H
C
NH2
H3CO
N
H
O
COOH
Cephamycin A, R=
C
C
OCH3H
OSO3H
Cephamycin B, R=
C
C
H
OCH3
OH
(20-158)
Cephamycin C, R= NH2
-69-
Cephalosporin C (20-3)
Theo pp
Glaxo
Cephamycine (20-158)
Chiet xuat
+ este ha
H
OCH3 H
CONH
1.LiOCH3
2.t-BuOCl
N
O
CO2R''
R'N
OAc
O
CO2R''
COOR''
CONH
R
COOR''
20-161
R=OCONH2 hoac OAc
R'=R''=H
20-160
R': Phtalyl hoac t-BuOCO
R'': CHPh2
deaxyl ha
CO
S
OCH3 H
OCH3 H
S
COCl
CONH
Cl3OCOCHN
O
CO2CHPh2
CF3CONHSi(CH3)3
OCONH2
AcOHZn
CF3COOH anizol
1. axyl ha
2. CF3COOH-anizol
O
O
OCH3H
O
N
H
CO2CHPh2
COOR''
20-159
R=OAc, R''=H
CO2CHPh2
20-162
H2N
OCH3H
HN
O
20-163
R
COOH
20-113
cefoxitin
HN
O
R
COOH
7-metoxi-cephalotin
-70-
OCH3H
O
CH C N
COOH H
HO
N
N
S
N
CH3
COOH
20-169
moxalactam (113)
(Festamoxin, Moxam, Shiomarin)
N
20-2
6-APA
CH3
R' CO N
H
CH3
CH3
H 2N
O
R' CO N
H
N
Bazo
COOR2
O
20-170
O
R'=C6H5, R2CHPh2
COOH
CH3
CH3
CH3
N
20-171
R1
COOR2
R1
O
O
R1
Cl
NH
Cl
Cl2
O
NaHCO3
CH2
20-172
CH3
COOR2
Cl
20-173
CH2
COOR2
20-174
O
COOR2
R1
OH
2. Cu2O
DMSO-H2O
a. Cl2
b. piperidin
CH2
N
H
R1
N
COOR3
C
H2
COOR3
C
H2
20-178
2. axyl ha
3. deeste ha
H
HO
S
N
O
CH C N
H
COOH
N
COOH
-71-
N
Me
OMe
1. deaxyl ha
Cl
CH2
20-176 COOR
2
OMe H O
N
H
20-176
N
H
BF3, Et2O R1
20-175 COOR
2
H
O
R1
1. NaI
N
N
CH3
. Cc -lactam n vng
Nhm khng nay c pht hin ra u tin vo nm 1976. Gm 2 nhm cht
- Nocardicin A(20-180)
HOOC
O
O
H
OH
NH2
N
N
OH
O
HOOC
20-180
nocardicin A
- Nhm mnbactam
NH2
OCH3
H
N
HOOC
N
H
O
20-181
Sulfazecin
CH3
NH2
SO3H
OCH3
H
N
HOOC
N
H
20-182
isosulfazecin
CH3
SO3H
- iu ch cc mnbactam
+Ln men.
+ Chuyn ha i t penicillin G hoc cephamycin
S
H2
C CO N
H
CH3
R
O
C
H
N
OCH3
CH3
N
N
COOH
R'
Penicillin G
Cephamycin
COOH
OCH3
H2N
H2N
N
O
SO3H
SO3H
20-184
20-183
3-AMA
-72-
OH
H3N
OH
H3N
Me
t-Boc
H2N
MeOH
93%
NH3
Me
SOCl2
O
+5%
90%
OMe
OH
H
N
Me
Me
MsCl, piridin
t-Boc-Cl
75-85%
80-90%
NH2
OMs
H
N
t-Boc
Me
C2H4Cl2
_
O
H
N
KHCO3
Me
1. 2-picolin-SO3 90%
2. Ionpar-extraktion
M+=Bu4N+
NH2
20-189
20-188
t-Boc
OMs
H
N
t-Boc
Me
NH2
20-191
20-190
CH3
O
97%
HCOOH 70%
CH3
NH3
N
O
20-191
COOH
Me
H3N
SO3M
NHSO3M
Me
_
SO3
N
O
20-185
aztreonam
_
SO3
COOH
N
H2N
O
O
NH2
N
O
20-193, X=SO3H
carumonam (130)
(Amasulin, Mobactam
-73-
Monophospham: X=
OH
ankyl
Monocarbam: X= -CONHSO2NH-acyl
Monosulfactam: X= -OSO3H
Oxamazin: X= -OCH2COOH
HN
N-(tetrazol-5-yl)-azetidion: X=
Cl
OH
H
N
Cl
H
N
Cl
Cl
O
O2N
OH
O
H3CO2S
20-194
chloramphenicol (133)
(chloromycin, chlorocid, leucomycin)
OH
20-195
thiamphenicol(134)
(thiamcol, thionicol, thiocymetin)
H
CH CH N C
O
H2C
CHCl2
COR
Mt s tnh cht v dc hc
- C ch tc dng: Gn c phc hi vo tiu phn 50S ca riboxom ca vi khun c
tc dng km khun v dit c mt s vi khun.
- Dc ng hc: Hp thu tt qua ng ung, kh nng sinh hc 76-90%.
- Ch nh: Thng hn, vim mng no, nhim khun thn kinh trung ng, nhim
khun k kh (Vi khun khng cn O2), hoi th sinh hi, nhim khun mt v tai.
- Chng ch nh: Khng dng c iu tr cc nhim khun thng thng nh
cm lnh, cm...
- Khng thuc: Hin nay t l khng thuc cao vi vi khun khc nhau t 42-85%.
- Tai bin: Gy thiu mu=> gim hng cu, gy vim dy thn kinh. Do t dng,
ch dng trong trng hp c bit.
Sn xut chloramphenicol
- Vi nt v cu trc v ng phn: C 2 C* (C1 & C2) =>22 ng phn. ng phn c
hot tnh l D(-)-treo, D(+)-treo khng c hot tnh. 2 ng phn Erytro c c tnh
nn cn loi b.
- Sn xut chloramphenicol:
a. Sn xut bng ln men vi sinh vt vi Steptomyces venezuelae.
-74-
b. Sn xut bn tng hp ha hc
C nhiu patent cng b v sn xut chloramphenicol, sau y l mt s phng php
u vit trong s ang c s dng trong cng nghip:
- i t etylbezen
H2
C
HNO3/H2SO4
Br2
KMnO4/Al2(SO4)3
H2
C
O2N
CH3
O2N
CH3
CO
N4(CH2)6
O2N
Ac2O/CH3COONa
O2N
CH2Br
C
O
CH2NH2
C
O
Al(OiPr)3
CH2O/NaHCO 3
O2N
C
O
O2 N
CH2NHAc
H
C
O2N
C
O
CHNHAc
CH2OH
Meerwin-Poundorf
1. H2O/H+
CHNHAc
Cl2CHCOOC2H5
H
C
O2N
H
C
O2N
2. D-tartaric
tch dng phn
OH CH2OH
CH3
CHNH2
OH CH2OH
D(-)-treo-1-(p-nitrophenyl)2-amino-1,3-propan-diol
CHNH COCHCl2
OH CH2OH
chloramphenicol
- i t p-nitrotoluen
MnO2
O2 N
CH3
H2NCH2COOH
O2 N
H
C
O2 N
CHO
CH
NH
2
OH COOH
20-201
20-203
DL-treo--nitrophenyl-serin
20-202
LiAlH4
ROH/HCl
H
C
O2 N
CH
H
C
O2 N
NH2
OH COOR
20-200
D(-)-treo-1-(p-nitrophenyl)2-amino-1,3-propan-diol
NH2
OH CH2OH
20-205
20-204
axit D-tactaric
CH
Cl2CHCOOC2H5
O2 N
H
C
CH
NHCOCHCl
2
OH CH2OH
20-194
chloramphenicol
* iu ch chloramphenicol-succinat (20-206)
-75-
H
C CH
O2N
NHCOCHCl2
H
C CH
O2N
OH CH2OH
O
20-207
20-149
chloramphenicol
NHCOCHCl2
OH CH2O COCH2CH2COO
H
O
NH2CH2CH2OH
HCOOH
H
C CH
O2N
NHCOCHCl2
(-) (+)
OH CH2O COCH2CH2COOH3NCH2CH2OH
20-208
H
C CH
O2N
20-206
Chloramphenicol
NHCOCHCl2
OH CH2O COCH2CH2COO
H
SH
NaOH
H
C CH
H3CS
CH3 COCl
H3CS
AlCl3
NHCOCHCl2
H3CS
CH3COOH
H3CO2S
H
C CH
OH CH2OH
R3
H
7
6
H3C
R2
H
CH3
N
4a
12a
OH
11
OH
5
5a
10
NHCOCHCl
2
OH CH2OH
20-195
Thiamamphenicol
R5
COCH3
12
OH
-76-
OH
O
CONHR1
Stt Tn
1 Chlortetracylin*(20-209)
(aureomycin, xathomycin, dibiomycin)
2 Oxytetracyclin*(20-210)
(tetramycin, sigmamycin, tetran)
3 Tetracyclin*(20-211)
(achromycin, sigmamycin, tetran)
4 Demeclocycline*(20-212)
(ledermycin, declomycin, meciclin)
5 Rollitetracyclin (20-213)
(Reverin, syntetrin, tetraverin)
6 Methacycline (20-214)
(rodomycin)
7 Doxycycline (20-215)
(vibramycin)
8 Minocycline (20-216)
(minocin)
9 Sancycline (20-217)
(bonomycin)
10 Meclocycline (20-218)
(Meclan, mecloderm, mechitin)
11 Lymecycline (20-219)
(armyl, tetralisal, tetramyl)
12 Pipacycline (20-220)
13 Nitrocycline
(nitrocyclinum)
14 Demecycline*
(Demecyclinum)
15 Bromtetracyclin
Ghi ch: * Cc tetracyclin t nhin
X= CH2NH-CH(COOH)-(CH2)NH2
Y=
H2CN
R1
H
R2
H
R3
OH
R4
CH3
R5
Cl
OH
OH
CH3
OH
CH3
OH
Cl
OH
CH3
OH
CH2 CH2
OH
CH3
N(CH3)2
OH
CH2 CH2
Cl
OH
CH3
Y
H
H
H
OH
H
CH3
H
H
NO2
OH
OH
CH3
Br
H2 CN
NCH2 CH2OH
-77-
R
N
4a
12a
9
10
OH
11
OH
5
5a
12
OH
20-223
2
1
OH
O
R3
H
H3C
R2
H
CH3
H3C
OH
R3
H
H3C
R2
H
CH3
OH
CH2O
amin
NH2
X
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
20-210
tetracyline
X
20-213
rollitetracyline (135)
20-220
pipacycline (136)
N
N
N CH2CH2OH
20-225
COOH
HN C (CH2)4 NHAc
H
20-219
lymecycline (137)
COOH
HN C (CH2)4 NH2
H
-79-
H3C
CH3
N
R3 OH
H
H
OH
H3C
H3C
CH3
N
R3 OH
H
H
OH
H3C
NH2
OH
OH
OH
NH2
OH
OH
6---deoxy-OTC
20-210
OTC
H3C
H3C
CH3
OH
N
H
OH
N-clo-succinimid
Cl
OH
H+,H2SO4
NH2
OH
O Cl
OH
H2F2 (closunfonic
20-226
11-clo-oxi-tetracycline
CH2
H3C
CH3
OH
N
H
OH
CH2
H3C
CH3
OH
N
H
OH
NH2
OH
O Cl
OH
NH2
Na2S2O4
OH
OH
OH
20-214
Methacycline
20-227
11-clo-6-metylen-oxitetracyclin
C6H5
H3C
R-SH
OH
H
CH3
OH
OH
NH
NH2 Pd,Ni
NH2
OH
OH O
O
20-214
Methacycline
H3C
CH3
N
CH3 OH
H
H
OH
OH
OH
OH O
20-228
13-phenylmercapto-oxitetracycline
-80-
OH
OH
OH O
20-215
doxycyline
OH
H
H3 C
H
CH3
H3 C
H
Khu ha
OH
CH3
NH2
OH
OH
OH O
NH2
OH
20-229
demecycline
(6-demetyl-tetracycline
KNO3/H2F2
OH
OH
OH O
20-230
(6-demetyl-6-deoxi-tetracycline)
NO2
NO2
+
OH
20-231
7-Nitro
NO2
H2N
ON2
OH
OH
20-232
9-nitro
20-233
H2N
OH
20-234
H3 C
NO2
CH3
N
H2/Pd
+
H3 C
H
CH3
OH
CH2O
carbamid
N2
OH
20-235
OH
H
OH
20-236
NH2
OH
OH
OH O
20-216
minocycline
-81-
Kasugamycin
Destomycin
Validamycin
Kanamycin B
1965
1965
1967
1969
Tobramycin
(nebramycin-6)
Sisomycin
Ribostamycin
Lividomycin
Micronomicin
Apramycin
1969
Astromycin
1976
1971
1970
1971
1974
1974
Purpurea. Mic.echinospora
S.kasugaenis
S.rimofaciens
S.hygroscopicus
var.limonensis
S.kanamyceticus,
Tenebrarius
S.tenebrarius
Mic.inyoensis
S.ribosidificus
S.lividus
Mic. Sagamiensi
S.tenebraius
Bo v thc vt
K cu trng
Bo v thc vt
G+, GG+, GG+, GG+, GG+, GG+, GThuc th y,
thc n gia sc
G+, G-
Mic.Olivoasterospora
Cc aminoglucosid tng hp
Dhydrosteptomycin 1974
G-, Mycob
Amikacin
1973
G+, GDibekacin
1975
G+, GMetilmycin
1976
G+, GHabekacin
1981
G+, GMycob: mycobaeterium.
* Cu trc v tnh cht ha hc ca cc khng sinh aminoglycozid
Cu trc ha hc ca cc aminoglycozid
a. Phn aglucon hay genin l cc hp cht cha vng cyclitol (poliancol vng) trong
c 2 nhm OH v tr C-1, C-3 (1,3) hoc C-1, C-4 (1,4) c thay bng 2 nhm
amino (-NH2) hoc guanidine (- HNC(NH)NH2). Cc aminoglycozid cng c phn
nhm trn c s cu trc ca aglucon (ca cyclitol). Phn nhm tip na c th theo
s phn ng/aminoglycozid, cht lng ca n v v tr gn kt ca n vi aglucon.
Aglucon (cyclitol) c th l dn xut ca 1,3-diamino-(streptidin (I), streptamin (II),
2-deoxistreptamin
(III)(DOS),
1,4-diamino-(fortamin(IV)),
monoamino(validamin)(V) hoc khng c cha nhm amino (inositol) (VI) ca cyclitol. Sau y
l mt s cu trc mt s agluco chnh ca cc aminoglycosid (Hnh 20-18).
-82-
R3
R2 NH
R2
R3
NH
HN R1
R4
OH
HO
H
N
HO
OH
OH
OH
R1
Streptidin (I)
Streptamin (II)
2-Deoxistreptamin (DOS) (III)
HO
HOH2C
OH
OH
HO
OH
OH
NH2
HO
HO
HO
OH
OH
OH
HN CH3
OCH3
OH
OH
Fortamin (IV)
L-(+)-inositol (VI)
Validamin (V)
HOH2C
H2NH2C
HO
HO
HO
HO
HO
NH2
D-glucosamin 2
HO
OH
OH
D-glucosamin 3
NH2
OH
Neosamin C
O
H
CH3
HO
H3 C
CH
O
H2 N
H3 C
H2 N
OH
NH2
OH
Garosamin
O
H3 C
Purpurosamin
OH
HOH2C
CH2NH2
HO
OH
Sirosamin
OH
CHO
OH
OH
OH
OH
D-Riboz
L-Streptoz
-83-
H2N
H
H3C N
NH
CH3
HN
HO
H
N
HO
NH
NH2
H3C NH
NH
OHC
CH2OH
H
H3C N
20-237 OH
streptomicin
R2
H2C
HO
NH2
NH2
HOH2C
OH
CH3
HO
H2N
O
H2N
O
O
HO
NH2
NH2
HOH2C
O
HO
O
20-238
spectinomycin
HO
OH
O
CH3
OH
R1
H2C
OH O
CH3
OH
HOHC
CH3
OH
HO
NH2 O OH
H2N CH2
R1
neomycin (20-239)
NH2
paronomycin (20-240) OH
lividomycin (20-241) OH
OH OH
R2
OH
OH
H
-84-
OH
20-241
ribostamycin
NH2
HOH2C
HO
H2N
R2
R1
R3
H2
C NH2
HO
OH
O
R4
NH2
N
H
Kanamycin A (20-243)
Kanamycin B (20-244)
Tobramycin (20-245)
Dibekacin
(20-246)
Amikacin
(20-247)
R1
-OH
-NH2
-NH2
-NH2
-NH2
-OH
R2
R3
R4
-OH -OH -H
-OH -OH -H
-H
-OH -H
-H
-H
-H
-H
-H
-H
-OH -OH -COCH(OH)CH2CH2NH2
OH
H3C
H3CHN
H2N
R1
HO
OH
O
H2N
C
O
HN
NH2
R1
Gentamicin C1 (20-248) -CH3
Gentamicin C2 (20-249) -CH3
Gentamicin C10 (20-250) -H
Sagamicin
(20-251) -H
-85-
R2
-CH3
-H
-H
-CH3
H
R2
OH
O
H3C
H3C
NH
H2N
H2
C NH2
O
OH
HO
O
O
R
NH2
N
H
Sisomicin (20-252), R: -H
Netilmicin(20-253), R: -C2H5
CH3
OH
HO
NH2
OH
NH2
O
H2
C OH
OH
H
N R2
O
HO
N
H
H2N
HO
NH2
HO
OH
H3C
H2NH2C
OH
O
OH H3CHN
O
O
O
H3CO
20-257
Fortimicin
OH
O
20-256
apramycin
H2C
NH2
CH2OH
HO
O
R1
NH2
OH
HO
OH
NH2
NH2
HO
HO
COOH
OH
HN
HO
H3C
O
N
H
H2N
OH
HO
CH2
OH
HO
O
HO
OH
HO
20-258
Validamycin A
H2
C OH
20-259
Kasugamycin
OH
OH
OH
-87-
-88-
Tn khng sinh
Erythromycin
(A)
Carbomycin
Leucomycin
Spiramycin
Oleandomycin
Tylosin
Nm
ch
1952
1952
1953
1954
1955
1961
Tc dng
S. erythraeus, S. griseoplanus
G+
S.halstedi
Streptovericillium
kitasatoensis
S. ambofaciens
S. antibioticus
S. fradiae
G+
G+
G+
G+
G +, Th.T.Y,T.A,
My
narbonensisor. G +, T.A
Josamycin
1967
S.
(Leucomycin A3 )
Josemyceticus
Midecamycin** 1971
S. mycarofaciens
G+
Maridomycin** 1973
S. hygroscopicius
G+
Roasarammycin 1973
Mic. Rosaria
G+
Ivermectin
1978
S. avermitilis
K, Th, T, Y
Ghi ch ( ca Bng 20.11)
* Cc thuc khng cn trn th trng
** ch c dng dn xut axyl ho ( axetyl, propionyl); G+: Gram dng; T>A
thc n gia sc Th.T.Y : Thuc th y, My: micoplasma; K: k sinh trng.
* CC TNH CHT HO HC CA CC KHNG SINH MACROLID
. c tnh l, ho tnh
- L nhng hp cht thn m, v ng, ho tan c trong dung mi hu c.
- Do c phn ng amin nn c tnh baz, d tan trong axit nhng khng bn trong
axit.
- Phn t lng t 500-900, vng lacton d thu phn trong mi trng qua kim
hay qu axit.
. Cu trc:
Cc macrolid bao gm hai phn: aglucon ( hoc genin) v phn ng.
Phn aglucon l vng lacton ln gm 12 n 16 nguyn t to thnh vng 12
n 16 cnh, cc nhm th trn vng c th oxo, hydroxyl, metoxy, ankyl ( ch yu l
metyl) formyl-metyl ni i v ni i lin hp. Nhm th formyl- metyl c trng
cho cc macrolit c vng 16 nguyn t (16 cnh), cc nhm hydroxyl trong cc phn
t cc hp cht thin nhin thng c axyl ho ( vi cc nhm axetyl,
izopropanoyl, isobutanoyl, n-axyl...).
Phn ng: gm cc ng trung tnh (glucoz) v ng amin (
aminoglucoz). Cc ng amin a li tnh baz cho phn t macrolid, cc ng bao
gm : desosamin, cladinoz, Oleandroz, mycaroz, forosamin, mycaminoz.
Phn nhm: Cn c vo s nguyn t ca vng ln lacton phn nhm:
Vy c nhm vng 12, 14, 15, 16. Mt s macrolid quan trng trong nhm c th thy
trong bng 20-12. Ch rt t khng sinh macrolid t nhin thuc nhm 12 hay 15 cnh
cn li i b phn l loi ( c trn 100 hp cht ).
-89-
R
cng thc
-90-
-91-
- Spiramycin
* Cc khng sinh bn tng hp chnh
- Mydecamycin
- Josamycin
- Azithromycin
- Clarithoromycin
h. KHNG SINH LINCOSAMID
Trong nhm ny c lincosamid ( 20-279), y l khng sinh t nhin c phn
lp ra t mi trng nui cy Streptomyces linconensis vo nm 1962 v clindamycin
( 20-280) l ch phm bn tng hp i t licomycin. Cc khng sinh nhm lincosamid
c ph tc dng v c ch tc dng rt ging cc khng sinh macrolid ( erythromycin,
oleandomycin ) nhng cu trc li khc hn.
Tnh cht ho l ca cc khng sinh lincosamid:
- C phn ng nn dng t do tan trong nc
- Khng hp th UV nn nh lng bng sc k lng ( HPLC)
Ph tc dng
Tng t khng sinh macrolid c v ph v c ch tc dng nhng cc licosamid
c mt s c im ring:
- Rt nhy cm vi Haemophilus; nhy cm vi Clostridium perfringens nhng
khng nhy cm vi chng vi khun rut Clostridium difficile, loi c c t
gy vim rut kt mng gi.
- Nhy cm vi vi khun ym kh ni chung, loi c ngun gc rut v sinh dc
ni ring nn thun li khi dng lincosamid iu tr nhim khun vng bng
v vng chu.
- Stapphylococcus aureus nhy cm v t khng li cc khng sinh lincosamid,
iu ny to thun li khi cn thay th khng sinh -lactam trong iu tr.
- Clandamycin cn nhy cm vi mt vi dng k sinh trng st rt.
- Khng nhy cm vi Neisseria v Strrep.faccalis.
S khng ca vi khun
- C s khng cho axit gia lincomycin vi cc khng sinh macrolid
Tc dng khng mong mun
- Vim rut kt do c 1 s chng vi khun khng chu tc dng ca lincomycin
sn xut ra c t nng cao gy vim.
Tnh cht dc ng hc
- Hp thu tt ng rut, o thi qua mt- rut 60%
Cc ch phm i din
- Lincomycin.HCl l 0,5g x 2 ln / ngy ( tim bp )
- Clindamycin phosphate este. Ung hoc tim bp, tnh mch 0,6 - 2,7 g/ ngy
i. KHNG SINH POLYPEPTID ( A PEPTID)
L cc cht c cu trc peptid, c tc dng khng khun, c chit sut t mi
trng nui cy mt s chung ca Strreptomycin v Bacillus. Hin dng trong iu
tr c cc cht polymucin B, colistin, grammicin, tyrothridin v bacitracin.
k. POLYMYCIN B SUBFAT
Polymycin B c chit sut ra t mi trng nui cy Bacillus polymyxa vi
thnh phn gm polymycin B1, B2.
-92-
-NH2
-NH2
-93-
-NH2
-
L-Dbu
-94-
-95-
-96-
-97-
MC LC
CHNG 1: Vitamin .......................................................................................... 1
i cng ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Cc vitamin tan trong cht bo ..................................................................... 3
1.2. Cc vitamin tan trong nc .......................................................................... 20
CHNG 2: Cht khng sinh ............................................................................ 23
i cng ........................................................................................................... 23
2.1. nh ngha khng sinh ................................................................................. 23
2.2. C ch tc dng ........................................................................................... 24
2.3. n v khng sinh ........................................................................................ 24
2.4. Hot tnh khng sinh c hiu ...................................................................... 24
2.5. Ph khng khun ca khng sinh ................................................................. 24
2.6. Hin tng khng thuc v bn cht khng thuc ca vi sinh vt ................. 24
2.7. iu chnh sinh tng hp khng sinh ........................................................... 26
2.8. Phn nhm khng sinh ................................................................................. 27
2.9. ngha kinh t ca khng sinh .................................................................... 28
2.10. Cc thuc khng sinh nhm -lactam ........................................................ 28
2.11. Cc thuc khng sinh khc ......................................................................... 54
Ti liu tham kho .............................................................................................. 97
-98-