phng php thi cng t trn xung "Top-down"

Trong s pht trin mnh m ca ngnh xy dng ni chung v

xy dng dn dng ni ring th nh cao tng hin nay c xy
dng rng ri, nht l cc th t hp v nhu cu s dng ln v
vn phng, nh , siu th.. .Cc to nh ny c xy dng bng
nhng phng php thi cng tin tin, nhng thit b my mc ti
tn. Phn ln nh ny cao tng u c cc tng hm phc v
nhng nhu cu ca n nh: tng hm lm gara t, lm ni gii tr ,
b bi qun bar, cc ca hng bch ha, l ni lp t h thng
iu ha khng kh, cp nhit, h thng cp thot nc. N cng l
ni c tr cho c dn khi c chin tranh ng thi tng hm cng l
ni ct du nhng ti sn qu gi. Vic thi cng tng hm nh cao
tng t trc ti nay c tin hnh theo hai phng php ch yu: Phng php th nht ta gi l "Bottom-up" ngha l o t trc sau
thi cng tng hm t di ln. Phng php ny gp mt s kh
khn trong vic gi thnh h o. gi thnh h o khng b
st l ngi ta p dng cc bin php chng nh l vn c thp kt
hp vi neo, chng hoc dng cc c bng b tng ct thp hoc
dng tng barrete thi cng ti ch c kt hp vi cc neo b tng chm
trong t. Nhc im chnh ca phng php ny l thi gian thi
cng cng trnh ko di.
khc phc cc nhc im ca phng php trn ngi ta a
ra phng php th 2 gi l "Top-down". Quy trnh thi cng ca phng php ny c tin hnh theo trnh t sau: Trc ht ngi ta thi
cng tng c chn t, thng l dng tng barrette. Cc cc nhi v
cc ct tm dm-sn cho tng hm cng c thi cng trong giai
on ny. Tip theo ta tin hnh thi cng b tng dm sn tng trt
ngay trn nn t, khng dng bt k mt h chng dm sn
no. Sau khi b tng dm sn t cng yu cu ngi ta tin
hnh o t thng qua cc l cha sn trn sn nh cu thang,
ging tri hay ng ln xung ca t vn chuyn t ln. t
c o n cao trnh y sn tng hm th nht sau tin
hnh b tng dm-sn tng hm 1 v thi cng ct c nh cho
tng hm ny. Quy trnh thi cng s c lp li cho n y tng
hm (trng hp hm c nhiu tng). Trong khi thi cng tng hm
th ct 0,00 ngi ta cng tin hnh thi cng ct, dm, sn ca
phn thn nh. Nh vy mc nhin thi gian thi cng cng trnh
c rt ngn, ton b phn tng chn ca tng hm khng cn
phi neo gi v c h dm sn tng hm thay th. Tuy nhin
trong qu trnh thi cng ngi ta phi gii quyt mt lot vn nh
lm kh y h o, vn chng thm cng nh gii quyt vn
chng n, chiu sng, thng gi trong tng hm. Ngy nay phng php "Top-down" c p dng kh rng ri cc nc cng nghip
pht trin v n cng ang c p dng cc nc ang pht trin.
Vit nam ta c mt s cng trnh c tng hm c thi cng theo
phng php ny, tuy chiu su ca hm cn khim tn nhng m
ra mt trin vng tch cc cho xy dng Vit Nam.
1

 xy dng tng hm nh cao tng theo phng php "Topdown" iu ct li l ngi ta phi xy dng c h tm dmsn. H ct tm ny c thi cng cng lc vi tng chn v cc
khoan nhi, n c th c gi li lm li cho ct c nh hoc c
d b i sau khi h ct c nh c thi cng tng cui cng ca
tng hm v t cng thit k. Vt liu lm ct tm c
th l bng thp hnh hoc bng ct b tng ct thp tit din
trn.
Ta c th dng 3 loi ct tm lm nh sau:
a) Ct tm lm bng thp hnh
Ct li thp hnh lm ct tm. Ct ny c nhim v cc
sn tng hm v mt s sn thn nh (sn dng). N s c
nm li lm li cho ct c nh.

Ct tm bng thp hnh: N s c tho b khi thi cng xong

cc ct c nh ca tng hm.

b) Ct tm lm bng thp ng nhi b tng

Thng th ct ny l ct li. N s nm li li cho ct c nh.
i khi ngi ta dng n lm ct c nh cho tng hm
c) Ct tm l ct b tng ct thp tit din trn C 2 loi nh
sau:
Ct tm ng thi l ct li n s nm li lm li cho ct c
nh.

Ct tm nhng s c d b khi thi cng xong ct c nh.

C 3 loi ct tm ny u c thi cng trong khi thi cng cc

khoan nhi
Tuy rng phng php thi cng "Top-down" cha c ph bin
rng ri Vit Nam nhng n ang l vn thi s vi cc k s
xy dng, ang thu ht c s ch ca cc nh thu cng nh
cc ch u t v nhng u im khng th ph nhn ca n.
Trong tng lai gn th y s l phng php thi cng ch o
thi cng cc tng hm nh cao tng Vit Nam. Phng
php ny nn p dng cho nhng cng trnh c tng hm c
chiu su ln, mt bng thi cng cht hp v khi c trong tay
i ng cng nhn, k s lnh ngh cng vi cc trang thit b
my mc ng b, hin i, vi trnh qun l cao ca nh
thu. Nu nh vy chc chn phng php ny s c thi cng
mt cch hon ho v m bo cht lng cng trnh nh mong
mun.
2

Phm vi p dng ca mng cc khoan nhi

Vi nhng cng trnh xy dng nh ca v cu cng c th
ng dng nhiu loi mng. Khi cng trnh c ti trng b, thng
di 3 tng th c th dng mng nng, ti trng ln hn khong
4- 11 tng v t yu th dng mng cc p hoc cc ng.
i vi nh cao tng khi s tng ln khong t 12-40 tng th ti
trng rt ln, khng th dng cc b c, v vy phi s dng
cc nhi c ng knh t 0,6 - 1,4m chiu di tu thuc iu
kin a cht ti ni xy dng. Thng thng cc c a vo lp
cui si chu lc tt. Mt khc vi nh cao tng rt nhy cm
vi bin dng ln nn cn a ti trng truyn xung lp t tt,
hn ch ln ca cng trnh. nc ta hu ht cc nh cao
tng u s dng mng cc nhi vi chiu di t 40-50 m .
Khuyt im ca cc khoan nhi l kh kim tra cht lng b
tng do ti ch v su ln, ga thnh cao. Tuy nhin do
thi cng khng gy chn ng v khng gy nt ln cho cng
trnh ln cn nn c dng rng ri.
Tm li cc khoan nhi c p dng cho cc cng trnh cao
tng, mng tr cho cc cu vt sng nhp ln, ti cc vng c nn
t yu.
C th k mt s cng trnh xy dng ti H ni c dng cc
khoan nhi
- To nh VINCOM 25 tng
- Khu chung c Yn ho t 15-17 tng
- Khu chung c Xun la 15 tng
- Chung c cao tng M3,M4,M5 ti ng Nguyn Ch Thanh
- Chung c 15-17 tng khu Linh m
- Cu Thanh tr
...

Phng php kim tra cht lng

b tng cc khoan nhi
Khi thit k cc khoan nhi thng dng mac b tng t
300-400, do thi cng ti ch v kn khut nn cht lng b tng
ph thuc vo iu kin thi cng. m bo theo yu cu
thit k vic kim tra cht lng b tng cc khoan nhi l khu
ht sc quan trng.Khi thit k da vo tI trng ca cng
trnh , cu to a cht quyt nh chiu su chn cc
v sc chu tI ca cc. Tuy nhin cn kim tra bng th nghim
mi quyt nh c cc iu kin thc t c ph hp hay khng
iu chnh trc khi thi cng i tr.
Kim tra cht lng c 3 giai on:
*Kim tra cng tc chun b thi cng:
- Chun b cc my mc c cc ch tiu k thut ph hp
- C ti liu a cht i chiu khi khoan
- nh v cng trnh, tim cs theo thit k v hin trng khu
t xy dng cng trnh
* Kim tra trong giai on thi cng:
- Kim tra kch thc hnh hc , v tr ca cc, thng
ng ca h khoan, i chiu vi a cht theo ti liu thm
d
- Kim tra dung dch Bentonai khi cho vo h khoan, kim tra
vic lm sch h khoa
- Kim tra y h khoan, o chiu su h khoan khi va t
sau thit k v sau khi lng v vt y li
- Kim tra ct thp trc khi cho xung h khoan v ng knh,
s lng, khong cch, sch du m..
- Kim tra b tng trc khi vo h khoan v cp phi( c l
lch km theo) n cng trng phi kim tra st theo yu
cu thng st t 12-17
- Cc vic kim tra khc nh iu kin nc, in
*Kim tra sau khi b tng
- nh gi sc chu ti ca cc khoan nhi tin hnh th
nghim gia ti tnh, vic gia ti thc hin vi thi gian lu, gia
ta thnh nhiu cp, ti trng thng bng 2 ln sc chu ti d
kin theo thit k sau d ti t t
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- Nn mu c khi b tng, xc nh mc b tng

thc t
- Khoan ly mu t cc thi cng, phng php ny c th
quan st trc tip v kh chnh xc
- Siu m: khi thi cng cc t 3-4 ng thp dc theo chiu
di cc v u theo chu vi, dng siu m xc nh vn tc
truyn sng qua b tng kim tra c chc ca b
tng, v c th xc nh c mac b tng.
- Kim tra bng phng x: lm tng t phng php siu m
- Kim tra bng phng php o m di, dng ba g o hiu
ng m x l cho bit c chc ca b tng
- Phng php th ng:cos th dng my phn tich bin dng
ln(PDA) hoc phn tch bin dng nh (PIT)
- Phng php tr khng c hc:
Trn c s phn tch dao ng c hc xc nh cht lng
cc v ch tiu ng u ca cc v tr trn chiu di cc
Phng php chng thm c hiu qu
cho mI b tng lm mi
Hin tng mi b tng ct thp b thm dt l hin tng ph
bin trong cc cng trnh xy dng nc ta. C nhiu nguyn
nhn gy ra thm dt:
- Do thi cng khng m bo cht lng, b tng khng c
chc,r
- Co ngt v bin dng do tc dng ca nhit thay i, do
kh hu ca nc ta thng xuyn nng m
-Nt mI do bin dng lu di, nt c trn l v tr tip gip
gia mI BTCT v tng gch xy
-Hng cc lp chng thm, cch nc
V vy vic chng thm cho mi b tng c t ra l mt
vn cn thit. Nu khng chng thm trit th hin tng thm s tn ti mi vi cng trinh.
Trc y chng thm cho mi b tng ngi ta thng ngm
nc xi mng khi b tng ang ng cnidd Nc xi mng s chui
qua nhng l rng trong b tng ngn c nc thm qua mi.Tuy
nhin phng php ny c th gy bt li cho b tng khi cha
cng mc d vn cn cp pha, v gy mt v sinh mi trng do nc chy ra xung quanh. Bin php th 2 l lng va xi
mng ct v nh mu, cch lm ny ngn thm tt nhng chng
hng, do nng ma trc tip v mt tc dng chng thm. Mt
bin php na l dng giy du cch nc, loi ny hay bong rp
v nin hn s dng thp. Sau ny ngi ta dng sn c chng
chng thm, nu c bo v khi bc x nhit th sn s
rt bn.

Nhng phng php trn l gii php chng thm truyn thng
khng th c hiu qu lu di, v vy mun c hiu qu chng
thm lu di th ta s dng cch lm gm 5 bc sau y:
1- Chn thnh phn b tng chng thm
2- Dng cc gii php k thut nh : m li sau khi b tng
t 2-3 gi, gia cn b mt bng cch rc u mt lp xi mng
bt ri xoa k mt b tng, bo dng b tng ng theo quy
trnh ca quy phm.
3- t khe co dn nhit bng cch phn chia kt cu thnh
nhiu on cho b tng co dn t do di tc dng ca nhit ,
ti cc v tr d ngi ta t cc giong cch nc khng cho thm
qua b tng
4- t ng thot nc ma cho mi to iu kin cho nc
thot nhanh, khng ng, thng t 100 cm2 ng cho 100 m2
mi
5- Chng nng cho mi tt trnh ma nng trc tip tc
dng ln mi b tng.
Trn y l cch chng thm c hiu qu lu di cho mi b
tng ct thp trong iu kin kh hu nc ta. Hiu qu cao thp
cn ph thuc vo trnh thi cng, iu kin thi cng tng
ni khc nhau. Tuy nhin nu tun th nghim ngt quy trnh
trn th dy l bin php chng thm c hiu qu lu di nht.