Gii bi ton bng phng trnh ion thu gn.

Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc Thanh H

GII BI TON BNG PHNG TRNH ION RT GN:

Dng 1: Cc bi ton c phng trnh phn t xy ra cng bn cht
- Cn nm bng tan hay qui lut tan; iu kin phn ng trao i ion xy ra: Sau phn ng phi
c cht khng tan (kt ta), cht in li yu(H2O,CH3COOH), cht kh.
- Bit cch chuyn i linh hot gia pt phn t v pt ion. Bit cch gim s lng phn ng khi
chuyn t phn ng dng phn t sang phn ng dng ion. Tm c bn cht ca phn ng
- Khi pha trn hn hp X(nhiu dung dch baz) vi hn hp Y(nhiu dung dch acid) ta ch cn
ch n ion OH- trong hn hp X v ion H+ trong hn hp Y v phn ng xy ra c th vit gn
li thnh: OH- + H+ H2O(phn ng trung ha)
- Ta lun c :[ H+][ OH-] = 10-14 v [ H+]=10-a pH= a hay pH=-log[H+]
- Tng khi lng dung dch mui sau phn ng bng tng khi lng cc ion to mui.
V d 1: a/ 200 ml dung dch A cha HCl 0,15M v H2SO4 0,05M trung ho ht bao
nhiu ml dung dch baz B cha NaOH 0,2 M v Ba(OH)2 0,1 M ?
c/ Tnh tng khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng gia dung dch A v B ?
Hng dn
y l nhng phn ng gia 2 Baz v 2 Axit (c km theo theo to kt ta). Vy
nn nu gii phng php bnh thng s rt kh khn trong vic lp phng trnh
gii h. Nn ta s dng phng trnh ion thu gn.
a. Gi th tch dung dch B l V (lit).
Trong 200 ml ddA :
nH
Trong V (lit) ddB :

nOH

= 2. 5 x = 0,05 (mol)

= 0,2 . V + 2. 0,1. V = 0,4 V (mol)

nH
= nOH hay 0,4 V = 0,05 => V = 0,125 (lit) hay 125 (ml)
b. Tnh tng khi lng cc mui.

m Cc mui =

m cation +

m anion

= mNa
+ mBa
+ mCl
+ mSO 4
= 23.0,2.0,125 + 137.0,1.0,125 + 35,5.0,2.0,15 + 96.0,2.0,05 =
4,3125 (g)
V d 2: Cho 200 ml dung dch A cha HCl 1 (M) v HNO3 2(M) tc dng vi 300 ml
dung dch B cha NaOH 0,8 (M) v KOH (cha r nng ) thu c dung dch C.
Bit rng trung ho 100 ml dung dch C cn 60 ml dung dch HCl 1 M, tnh :
a/ Nng ban u ca KOH trong dung dch B.
b/ Khi lng cht rn thu c khi c cn ton b dung dch C.

Hng dn

Bnh thng i vi bi ny ta phi vit 4 phng trnh gia 2 axit vi 2 baz. Nhng
nu ta vit phng trnh dng ion ta ch phi vit 1 phng trnh ion thu gn
ca phn ng trung ho.
a. Phng trnh phn ng trung ho :
H+ + OH- H2O
Trong 200 (ml) ddA :

nH
= 0,2 . 1 + 0,2 . 2 = 0,6 (mol)
Trong 300 (ml) ddB :
nOH

0,3 . 0,8 + 0,3 . a = 0,24 + 0,3.a (a : nng mol ca

KOH).
Trong dung dch C cn d OHTrong 100 (ml) dd C :
Nguyn Thanh Tuyn

nOH

= nH

1. 0,06 = 0,06 (mol)

1

Gii bi ton bng phng trnh ion thu gn. Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc Thanh H

Trong 500 (ml) dd C :

nOH

= 0,06 . 5 = 0,3 (mol).

nOH
= (0,24 + 0,3.a) 0,6 = 0,3.a 0,36 (mol)
Ta c : 0,3.a 0,36 = 0,3 => a = 0,66/0,3 = 2,2 (M).
b. Khi lng cht rn khi c cn ton b dd C.
i vi bi ny nu gii vi phng php bnh thng s gp kh khn, v c th tnh
c khi lng cc mui nhng khng tnh c khi lng baz v ta khng bit baz
no d. Vy bi ny ta s s dng phng trnh ion, thay v tnh khi lng cc mui
v baz ta i tnh khi lng cc ion to ra cc cht .
Ta c :

m Cht rn = mNa

mNa
mK

mCl

+ mK

+ mCl

+ mNO 3

+ mOH

= 0,24. 23 = 5,52 (g)

= 0,3 . 2,2 . 39 = 25,74 (g)

mNO
nOH
mOH

= 0,2 . 35,5 = 7,1 (g)

= 0,4 . 62 = 24,8 (g)
d = 0,3.a 0,36 = 0,3 . 2,2 0,36 = 0,3 (mol)
d = 0,3 . 17 = 5,1 (g).

m Cht rn = mNa
+ mK
+ mCl
+ mNO 3
+ mOH d = 68,26 (g).
V d 3: a/ Cho dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 (dung dch A). trung ho 10 ml
dung dch A cn 10 ml dung dch B cha 2 axit HCl v H2SO4. Xc nh pH ca
dung dch B ?
b/ Trn 100 ml dd A vi 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 x (M), thu c dung dch C.
trung ho dung dch 500 ml dung dch C cn 350 ml dung dch B. Xc nh x
Hng dn
y l nhng phn ng gia 1 Baz v 2 Axit v 2 Baz v 2 Axit (c km theo
theo to kt ta), v c lin quan n pH dung dch. Vy nn nu gii phng php
bnh thng s rt kh khn trong vic lp phng trnh gii h. Nn ta s dng
phng trnh ion thu gn.
a. Phng trnh phn ng trung ho ddA vi ddB
H+ + OH- H2O (1)
H = 10-13 (M) OH = 10-1 (M).
Dd NaOH (ddA) c pH = 13
Trong 10 ml = 10-2 (l) dung dch A c :
S mol OH- :
nOH

= 10-2.10-1 = 10-3 (mol)

theo pt (1) c : nOH

= nH
= 10-3 (mol)
Trong 10 (ml) = 10-2(l) dung dch B c :
nH

= 10-3 (mol)

H =

10-3 / 10-2 = 10-1 (M) => pHB = 1.

b. Trn 100 ml A + 100 ml Ba(OH)2 x(M) => 200 ml dd C.
=> nOH

dd C = 10-2 + 0,2 . x (mol).

Trong 500 ml dd C c : nOH

= 2,5. 10-2 + 0,5x (mol).

Trong 350 ml dd B c : nH
= 3,5. 10-2 (mol).
Theo pt (1) c : 2,5. 10-2 + 0,5x = 3,5 . 10-2 => x = 2.10-2 (M)
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Gii bi ton bng phng trnh ion thu gn. Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc Thanh H

V d 4: Cho 35 gam hn hp X gm Na2CO3 v K2CO3. Thm t t , khuy u 0,8

lit HCl 0,5 M vo dung dch X trn thy c 2,24 lit kh CO2 thot ra ktc v dung
dch Y. Thm Ca(OH)2 vo dung dch Y c kt ta A.
Tnh khi lng mi cht trong X v khi lng kt ta A ?
Hng dn gii
Bi ny nu hc sinh dng phng trnh phn t lm th s gp kh khn khi
xt phn ng ca Ca(OH)2 vi dung dch Y to ra kt.
Nn i vi bi ny ta nn s dng phng trnh ion.
Gi s mol ca Na2CO3 l a, K2CO3 l b.
Khi thm t t dd HCl vo dd X ln lt xy ra phn ng :
CO 32 + H+ HCO 3
a+b
a+b
a+b
2
Khi ton th CO 3 bin thnh HCO 3
HCO 3 + H+ CO2 + H2O
0,1
0,1
0,1
nCO 2 = 2,24/ 22,4 = 0,1 mol.
Dung dch sau phn ng tc dng Ca(OH)2 cho kt ta. Vy HCO 3 d, H+ ht.
HCO 3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + OH- + H2O
= a + b + 0,1 = 0,5 . 0,8 = 0,4
nH
hay a + b = 0,3 (1)
v 106a + 138b = 35 (2). Gii h c a = 0,2 mol Na2CO3,
b = 0,1 mol K2CO3.
Do khi lng 2 mui l :
mNa 2 CO 3 = 0,2 . 106 = 21,2 (g)
mK 2 CO 3 = 0,1 . 138 = 13,8 (g)
khi lng kt ta :

nCaCO 3 = nHCO 3

= a + b - 0,1 = 0,2 mol

mCaCO 3 = 0,2 . 100 = 20 (g)

V d 5: a/ Ly 21 gam hn hp Na2CO3 v K2CO3(vi t l mol ln lt l 2:1) vi
thnh phn % nh trn tc dng vi dung dch HCl va (khng c kh CO2 bay
ra). Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M cn dng ?
b/ Nu thm t t 0,12 lit dung dch HCl 2M vo dung dch cha 21 gam hn hp X
trn. Tnh th tch CO2 thot ra ktc ?

Hng dn gii

a. Khi cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch X : Na2CO3, K2CO3

(21 gam = 2 . 10,5 gam hn hp trn).
CO 32 + H+ HCO 3
0,18
0,18
0,18
Nu khng c kh CO2 thot ra, tc l phn ng dng li y.

nHCl = nH
= 0,18 mol => VHCl 2M = 0,18/2 = 0,09(l)
b. Nu dng 0,12 lit dung dch HCl 2M hay 0,12.2 = 0,24 mol H+ > 0,18 mol. Nn s
c phng trnh :
HCO 3 + H+ CO2 + H2O
0,06
0,06
VCO 2 = 0,06.22,4 = 1,344 (l)
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Gii bi ton bng phng trnh ion thu gn. Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc Thanh H

Bi tp tham kho
Cu 1: Mt dung dch A cha HCl v H2SO4 theo t l mol 3:1. 100ml dung dch A trung ha va bi
50ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Nng mol mi acid l?
A. [HCl]=0,15M;[H2SO4]=0,05M
B. [HCl]=0,5M;[H2SO4]=0,05M
C. [HCl]=0,05M;[H2SO4]=0,5M
D. [HCl]=0,15M;[H2SO4]=0,15M
Cu 2: 200ml dung dch A cha HCl 0,15M v H2SO4 0,05M phn ng va vi V lt dung dch B cha
NaOH 0,2M v Ba(OH)2 0,1M. Ga tr ca V l?
A. 0,25lt
B. 0,125lt
C. 1,25lt
D. 12,5lt
Cu 3: Tng khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng ca dung dch A v dung dch B trn(cu 22) l?
A. 43,125gam B. 0,43125gam
C. 4,3125gam D. 43,5gam
Cu 4: 200 ml dung dch A cha HNO3 v HCl theo t l mol 2:1 tc dng vi 100ml NaOH 1M th lng
acid d sau phn ng tc dng va vi 50 ml Ba(OH)2 0,2M. Nng mol cc acid trong dung dch A
l?
A. [HNO3]=0,04M;[HCl]=0,2M
B. [HNO3]=0,4M;[HCl]=0,02M
C. [HNO3]=0,04M;[HCl]=0,02M
D. [HNO3]=0,4M;[HCl]=0,2M
Cu 5: Trn 500 ml dung dch A cha HNO3 0,4M v HCl 0,2M vi 100 ml dung dch B cha NaOH 1M
v Ba(OH)2 0,5M th dung dch C thu c c tnh g?
A. Acid
B. Baz
C. Trung tnh D. khng xc nh c
Cu 6: Cho 84,6 g hn hp 2 mui CaCl2 v BaCl2 tc dng ht vi 1 lt dung dch cha Na2CO3 0,25M
v (NH4)2CO3 0,75M sinh ra 79,1 gam kt ta. Thm 600 ml Ba(OH)2 1M vo dung dch sau phn ng.
Khi lng kt ta v th tch kh bay ra l?
A. 9,85gam; 26,88 lt
B. 98,5gam; 26,88 lt
C. 98,5gam; 2,688 lt
D. 9,85gam; 2,688 lt
Cu 7: Cho 200 ml dung dch A cha HCl 1M v HNO3 2M tc dng vi 300 ml dung dch cha NaOH
0,8M v KOH (cha bit nng ) th thu c dung dch C. Bit rng trung ha dung dch C cn 60
ml HCl 1M. Nng KOH l?
A. 0,7M
B. 0,5M
C. 1,4M
D. 1,6M
Cu 8: 100 ml dung dch X cha H2SO4 2 M v HCl 2M trung ha va bi 100ml dung dch Y gm 2
baz NaOH v Ba(OH)2 to ra 23,3 gam kt ta. Nng mol mi baz trong Y l?
A. [NaOH]=0,4M;[Ba(OH)2]=1M
B. [NaOH]=4M;[Ba(OH)2]=0,1M
C. [NaOH]=0,4M;[Ba(OH)2]=0,1M
D. [NaOH]=4M;[Ba(OH)2]=1M
Cu 9: Dung dch HCl c pH=3. Cn pha long bng nc bao nhiu ln c dung dch c pH=4.
A. 10
B. 1
C. 12
D. 13
Cu 10: Dung dch NaOH c pH=12 cn pha long bao nhiu ln c dung dch c pH=11
A. 10
B. 1
C. 12
D. 13
Cu 11: Trn 100 ml dung dch gm Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M vi 400 ml dung dch gm H2SO4
0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M thu c dung dch X. Ga tr pH ca dung dch X l?
A. 2
B. 1
C. 6
D. 7
Cu 12: Cho 2,45g hn hp Al- Ba(t l mol tng ng l 4:1) tc dng vi 50ml dd
NaOH 1M, thu c dung dch X. Tnh th tch HCl 1M cn thm vo dd X sau
phn ng thu c:
a/ Kt ta ln nht
A. 0,07 l
B. 0,08 l
C. 0,09 l
D. 0,1 l
b/ 1,56 g kt ta
A. 0,05 l
B. 0,08 l
C. 0,13 l
D. C A v C ng
Cu 13: Cho m gam hn hp Mg v Al vo 250ml dung dch X cha hn hp acid HCl 1M v acid
H2SO4 0,5M thu c 5,32 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch Y (coi th tch dung dch khng i). Dung dich Y
c pH l?
A. 7
B. 1
C. 2
D. 6
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Gii bi ton bng phng trnh ion thu gn. Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc Thanh H

Cu 14: Cho mt mu hp kim Na-Ba tc dng vi nc d thu c dung dch X v 3,36lt H2 (ktc).
Th tch dung dch acid H2SO42 M cn dng trung ha dung dch X l?
A. 150ml
B. 75ml
C. 60ml
D. 30ml
Cu 15:200 ml dung dch A cha HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,2M trung ha vi dung dch B cha NaOH 2M
v Ba(OH)2 1M. Th tch dung dch B cn dng l?
A. 0,05 lt
B. 0,06 lt
C. 0,04lt
D. 0,07 lt
Cu 16: Hn hp X gm Na v Ba. Ha tan m gam X vo nc c 3,36lt H2 ( ktc) v dung dch Y.
trung ha lng dung dch Y cn bao nhiu lt dung dch HCl 2M?
A. 0,15lt
B. 0,3 lt
C. 0,075lt
D. 0,1lt
Cu 17: Dung dch X cha NaOH 0,06M v Ba(OH)2 0,02M. pH ca dung dch X l?
A. 13
B. 12
C. 1
D.2
Cu 18:Trn dung dch X cha NaOH 0,1M; Ba(OH)2 0,2M vi dung dch Y (HCl 0,2M; H2SO4 0,1M)
theo t l no v th tch dung dch thu c c pH=13?
A. VX:VY=5:4
B. VX:VY=4:5
C. VX:VY=5:3
D. VX:VY=6:4
Cu 19: C 4 dd mi dung dch ch cha 1 ion (+) v 1 ion (-). Cc ion trong 4 dung dch gm: Ba2+,
Mg2+, Pb2+, Na+, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, CO32-. l 4 dung dch no sau y?
A. BaSO4, NaCl, MgCO3, Pb(NO3)2
B. BaCl2, Na2CO3, MgSO4, Pb(NO3)2
C. Ba(NO3)2, Na2SO4, MgCO3, PbCl2
D. BaCO3, NaNO3, MgCl2, PbSO4
Cu 20: Trn 150 ml dd MgCl2 0,5M vi 50ml dd NaCl 1M th nng mol/l ion Cl- trong dung dch l?
A. 2 M
B. 1,5 M
C. 1,75 M
D. 1 Khi lng
Cu 21: Cho 8,8 gam hn hp 2 kim loi Mg v Ca tc dng va vi 500 ml dung dch HCl. Sau
c cn dung dch, thu c a gam hn hp 2 mui. Cho hn hp 2 mui trn vo 1 lng d dung dch
cha hn hp Na2CO3 v (NH4)CO3 . Kt thc phn ng thu c 26,8 g kt ta X
Nng mol ca dung dch HCl v khi lng ca Mg trong hn hp ban u ln lt l
A. 1,2 M - 4,8g
B. 1,5 M- 4,8g
C. 1,2 M - 2,4g
D. 1 M - 4,8g
p n: 1- A
12-A-D

2- B 3-C
13-B 14-B

4- D
15-D

5 -A
16-C

6-B
7-C
17-A 18-A

8-D
19- B

9-A 10-A 11-A

20-D 21-A

Dng 2: Phn ng ca oxit axit vi hn hp dung dch kim.

nOH
Nu
1 => ch to ra mui axit (HCO 3 )
nCO2
nOH

2 => ch to ra mui trung tnh (CO 32 )

Nu

Nu

Ch :
Nu baz d ch thu c mui trung ho.
Nu CO2 d ch c mui axit.
Nu cng mt lc c 2 mui th c 2 cht CO2 v baz u ht.
- Khi lng chung ca cc mui :

nCO2

1<

nOH
nCO2

< 2 => to ra 2 mui.

m Cc mui =

m cation +

m anion

trong : mCation = mKim loi

mAnion = mGc axit
V d. C 200 ml dung dch A gm : NaOH 1M v KOH 0,5 M. Sc V lit kh CO2
ktc vi cc trng hp V1 = 2,24 lit, V2 = 8,96 lit, V3 = 4,48 lit. Thu c dung dch B,
c cn B thu c m gam cht rn khan. Tnh m trong cc trng hp ?
Hng dn gii

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Gii bi ton bng phng trnh ion thu gn. Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc Thanh H

i vi bi ny nu dng phng trnh phn t s gp nhiu kh khn lp h rt

di dng. V vy khi gp dng ny ta nn gii theo phng trnh ion.
TH1 : V1 = 2,24 lit CO2 ktc
2,24

nCO 2 = 22,4 = 0,1 mol

nOH
nOH
nCO2

= 0,2.1 + 0,2.0,5 = 0,3 mol

0,3

= 0,1 > 2 ch to ra mui trung tnh CO 3

CO2 + 2 OH-- CO 32 + H2O

0,1
0,3
0,1
C cn dung dch B khi lng cht rn khan l khi lng cc ion to ra cc mui :

m = mK + mNa + mCO 3 + mOH

d
= 0,2.0,5. 39 + 0,2.1. 23 + 0,1. 60 + (0,3 0,2).17 = 16,2 (g)
TH2 : V2 = 8,96 lit CO2 ktc
8,96

nCO 2 = 22,4 = 0,4 mol

nOH
nOH
nCO2

= 0,2.1 + 0,2.0,5 = 0,3 mol

0,3

= 0,4 < 1 ch to ra mui axit HCO 3

CO2 + OH-- HCO 3

0,4
0,3
0,3
C cn dung dch B khi lng cht rn khan l khi lng cc ion to ra cc mui :

m = mK + mNa + mHCO 3
= 0,2.0,5. 39 + 0,2.1. 23 + 0,3. 61 = 26,6 (g)
TH3 : V3 = 4,48 lit CO2 ktc
4,48

nCO 2 = 22,4 = 0,2 mol

nOH

= 0,2.1 + 0,2.0,5 = 0,3 mol

nOH
0,3

2
1 < n
= 0,2 < 2 to ra 2 mui axit HCO 3 v CO 3
CO 2

CO2 + OH-- HCO 3

a
a
a
-
CO2 + 2 OH
CO 32 + H2O
b
2b
b
a + b = 0,2 (1)
a + 2b = 0,3 (2) Gii h c a = b = 0,1 mol
C cn dung dch B khi lng cht rn khan l khi lng cc ion to ra cc mui :

m = mK + mNa + mHCO 3 + mCO 3

= 0,2.0,5. 39 + 0,2.1. 23 + 0,1. 61 + 0,1. 60 = 20,6 (g)
Bi tp tham kho

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Gii bi ton bng phng trnh ion thu gn. Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc Thanh H

Cu 1: Sc CO2 vo 200ml hn hp dung dch gm KOH 1M v Ba(OH)2 0,75M. Sau

khi kh b hp th hon ton thy to 23,6 g kt ta. Tnh VCO2 dng o ktc
A. 8,512 lt
B. 2,688 lt
C. 2,24 lt
D. C A v B u ng
Cu 2: Hp th 4,48 lt CO2(ktc) vo 0,5 lt hn hp dung dch gm NaOH 0,4M
1
v KOH 0,2M. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch X. Ly
dd X tc dng vi dd
2
Ba(OH)2 d, sau phn ng to m gam kt ta. Gi tri m v tng khi lng mui khan
thu c sau khi c cn dd X ln lt l
A. 19,7g- 20,6g
B. 19,7g- 13,6g
C. 39,4g- 20,6g D. 1,97g- 2,06g
Cu 3: Sc 2, 24 lt(ktc) CO2 vo 100ml hn hp dung dch gm KOH 1M v
Ba(OH)2 0,75M. Sau khi kh b hp th hon ton thy to m g kt ta. Tnh m
A. 19,7g
B. 14,775g
C. 23,64g
D. 16,745g
Cu 4: Sc 4, 48 lt(ktc) CO2 vo 100ml hn hp dung dch gm KOH 1M v
Ba(OH)2 0,75M. Sau khi kh b hp th hon ton thy to m g kt ta. Tnh m
A. 23,64g
B. 14,775g
C. 9,85g
D. 16,745g
Cu 5: Hp th 3, 36 lt SO2(ktc) vo 0,5 lt hn hp dung dch gm NaOH 0,
2M v KOH 0,2M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c khi lng mui khan l
A. 9,5gam
B. 13,5g
C. 12,6g
D. 18,3g
p n:

1-D

2-A

3-B

4-C

5- D

Dng 3: Tnh cht ca ion NO 3 trong mi trng axit.

V d 1: Cho 1,92 g Cu vo 100ml hn hp dung dch X gm KNO3 0,16 M v
H2SO4 0,4M. Sau phn ng thy thot ra Vlt kh NO(ktc). Tnh V
Hng dn gii

Do trong thnh phn ca X c ion NO 3 v ion H+ nn dung dch X c tnh cht nh

dung dch HNO3. V vy sau phn ng Cu s b oxho nn Cu2+. Nhng nu gii bi
ton bng phng trnh phn t s gp phi tnh hung kh, ion Cu2+ c th s
trong CuSO4 cng c th trong Cu(NO3)2. trnh phi chia thnh 2 trng hp nh
trn bi ton s c gii theo phng trnh ion thu gn nh sau

nCu= 0,03 mol;

nNO 3 = nKNO 3 = 0,016 mol;
nH = 2 nH 2 SO 4 = 0,08
Khi Cu tc dng vi X s c phn ng sau
3 Cu + 8 H+ + 2 NO 3 3 Cu2+ + 2 NO + 4 H2O
0, 03 0, 08
0, 016

Do
>
nn trong phn ng trn NO 3 s ht, th tch kh NO sinh ra
3
8
2
s c tnh theo ion ny

nNO = nNO 3 = 0,016 mol VNO = 0,3584 lt

V d 2: Hn hp X gm Fe v Cu cho tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long, d thy
to 2,24 lt kh. oxiho cc cht sau phn ng cn dng mt lng va 10,1 g
KNO3. Phn ng kt thc thy to V lt kh NO. Tnh V v % khi lng hn hp X(th
tch cc kh u o ktc)
Hng dn gii
nH 2 = 0,1 mol
Fe + H2 SO4 FeSO4 +
0,1

nNO 3 =

H2
0,1 mol

nKNO 3 = 0,1
2

Vy sau phn ng hn hp thu c c Cu, ion Fe2+, H+ d, SO 4 . Khi thn KNO3 vo s

c cc phn ng
Nguyn Thanh Tuyn

Gii bi ton bng phng trnh ion thu gn. Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc Thanh H

8 H+ + 2 NO 3 3 Cu2+ + 2 NO + 4 H2O
0, 2
mol 0,1
3

2+
+
3 Fe
+ 4 H + NO 3 3 Fe3+ + NO + 2 H2O
0,1
mol
0,1

T 2phng trnh nNO = nNO 3 = 0,01 V= 2,24 lt

nCu= nFe= 0,1 mol % Fe = 46,67; % Cu = 53,33
V d 3: Cho 11,76 gan hn hp X gm Fe, Mg, Cu tc dng vi 100ml dung dch
HNO3 3,4 M. Sau phn ng thy to kh NO v cn mt kim loi cha tan ht. Cho t
t dung dch H2SO4 0,5M vo hn hp thu c, n khi kimloi va tan ht thy tn
ht 220 ml axt, phn ng li sinh ra thm kh NO. Ly ton b dung dch thu c
tc dng vi NaOH d. Tch kt ta nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i
to 15,6 g cht rn. Tnh % khi lng X
Hng dn gii
Bi ny tuy ni dung rt di nhng nu nm c nhng iu sau y ni
dung gii s tr nn rt ngn gn
Do Cu c tnh kh yu nht nn kim loi cha tan ht phi l Cu. Cng do Cu
d nn sau phn ng vi HNO3, Fe ch b oxiho thnh Fe2+ ging nh Mg thnh Mg2+
v
Cu + Fe(NO3)3 Cu(NO3)2 + Fe(NO3)2
Khi thm H2SO4 vo v nguyn tc c Cu d v Fe2+ u to NO, nhng do
tnh kh ca Cu > Fe2+ v vy Cu phn ng trc. Nn 220 ml axt thm vo ch
dng phn ng vi Cu, Fe2+ cha phn ng
Sau hai lt phn ng vi hai axt im ging nhau cc kim loi loi u ch b
oxiho ln +2
Gi: a, b, c ln lt l s mol ca Fe, Mg, Cu
M l k hiu chung cho 3 kim loi
Sau phn ng vi hai axt pt ion thu gn l

3 M + 8 H+ + 2 NO 3 3 M2+ + 2 NO + 4 H2O
mol
0,21 0,56

nH = 2 nH 2 SO 4 + nHNO 3 = 0, 56 a + b + c = 0,21 (1)

3 Cu +

Do sau cc th nghim th
2 Fe Fe2O3 ;
Mg MgO ; Cu CuO
a
a/ 2
b
b
c
a
15,6 = 160
+ 40b + 80c
2
11,76= 56a + 24b + 64 c
Gii h (1), (2), (3) kt qu

c
(2)
(3)

Bi tp tham kho
Cu 1: Cho 19,2g Cu vo 500ml dung dch NaNO3 1M sau thm tip 500ml
dung dch HCl 2M vo. Phn ng kt thc thu c dung dch X v V lt kh
NO(ktc). Gi tr ca V v th tch dung dch NaOH 2M cn dng kt ta ht
ion Cu2+ trong dung dch X ln lt l
A. 4,48lt - 4lt
B. 4,48lt - 2lt
C. 2,24lt - 4lt
D. 4,48lt 0,5lt
Cu 2: Thc hin 2 th nghim
Nguyn Thanh Tuyn

Gii bi ton bng phng trnh ion thu gn. Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc Thanh H

a.
b.

Cho 3,84g Cu phn n vi 80ml dung dch HNO3 1M thot ra V1 lt NO

Cho 3,84g Cu phn n vi 80ml dung dch HNO3 1M v H2SO4 0,5M thot ra V2 lt NO. Bit NO
l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V1 v V2 l nh th no?
A. V2=2,5V1
B. V2=1,5V1
C. V2=V1
D. V2=2V1
Cu 3: Ho tan 27,8g mui FeSO4.7 H2O vo nc c dung dch X. Chia X thnh hai
phn bng nhau
Phn 1 cho tc dng vi 900ml hn hp dung dch gm HNO3 1M v H2SO4 1M
thy to Vlt kh NO(ktc)
Phn 2 cho tc dng vi dung dch NH3 d, tch kt ta nung trong khng kh
n khi lng khng i to mg cht rn
Gi tri m v V ln lt l
A. 4- 0,224
B. 4- 0,3584
C. 2- 0,224
D. 20,3584
Cu 4(bi ny ni dung gii rt hay) Khuy k dung dch cha 13,6g AgNO3 vi m
g bt Cu ri thm tip 100ml dung dch H2SO4 long d vo. un nng cho ti khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton th thu c 9,28g kim loi v Vlt kh NO
Tnh m v V o ktc
A. 6,4- 2,24
B. 3,2- 0,3584
C. 10,88- 1,792
D. 10,882,68 8
p n:

Nguyn Thanh Tuyn

1-A

2-D

3-B

4-C