Cc Cch Phn Loi Danh Php Hu C

I: PHN LOI CHUNG

1, danh php h thng
l loi danh php trong mi b phn cu thnh u mang ngha h thng.VD tn gi
hexan(C6H14) gm 2 b phn l hexa-(tin t xut pht t ting Hy Lp c ngha l 6)
v -an (hu t ni ln mt hidrocacbon no),do ta c hex(a)+an-->hexan(b bt 1
tronh 2 ch a lin nhau)
2, danh php thng
loi danh php ny c hnh thnh da trn ngun gc tm ra hoc do tnh cht b
ngoi(mu sc, mi v...)hoc mt yu t khc khng c tnh h thng.VD nh ure(ting
Php l uree)c ngun gc t urine(ting Php c ngha l nc tiu)v ure ln u tin
c tch ra l t nc tiu(1778)
3, danh php na h thng hay na thng thng
loi danh php ny c tnh trung gian gia 2 loi trn, v n ch c 1 vi yu t h
thng.VD nh stiren(C6H5-CH=CH2)c ngun gc l stirax(tn loi nha cy cho ta
stiren)v ch c hu t -en(ni ln s c mt ca ni i C=C)l yu t h thng.
II : PHN LOI DANH PHP IUPAC
1, tn thay th(substitutive name)
loi tn ny c to thnh nh danh php thay th,tc l thay th 1 hay nhiu nguyn
t H b phn chnh gi l hidrua nn(mch chnh, vng chnh...)bng 1 hay nhiu
nguyn t nhm nguyn t khc nhau (c nu tn di dng tin t hoc hu t ty
trng hp,theo nhng quy tc xc nh)VD :
CH3-CH2-OH
hidrua nn : etan
nhm th -OH c tn dng hu t -ol
tn th : etanol
Cl-CH2-CHCl-CH3
hidrua nn : propan
nhm th -Cl c tn dng tin t l cloro- hoc clotn thay th 1,2-dicloropropan hay 1,2-diclopropan
C6H5-NH-CH3
hidrua nn (c vng v nhm chc) : amin
tn thay th : N-mtylalanin
2, tn trao i (replacement name)
loi tn ny c hnh thnh bng thao tc trao i nguyn t (hay nhm nguyn
t)khc H ca hidrua nn bng nguyn t (hay nhm nguyn t) khc
c 2 loi
a. tn trao i b khung
ta gi tn hp cht nh khi cha c s trao i nhng cn thm tin t ni ln nguyn t
c ua vo, cc tin t ny u tn cng bng ch "a" : chng hn nh oxa-(nguyn
t oxi), thia-(lu hunh), aza-(nito hay azot-),sila-(silic)
VD
CH3-(CH2)7-CH3------------------------------------------------>CH3-O-CH2-CH2-O-CH2CH2-O-CH3
trao di nhm -CH2- bng nguyn t O
b.tn trao i nhm chc : s trao i nguyn t O nhm chc bn nguyn t khc
c th hin bng tin t ni ln nguyn t mi c a vo
CH3-CH2-COOH -----------------> CH3-CH2-CSSH
Axit propanoic Axit propan(dithioic)
CH3(CH2)4CH=O ------------------> CH3(CH2)4CH=Se

hexanal hexanselenal
3, tn loi chc hay tn gc-chc(Functional class name, Radicofunctional name)
tn ny c to thnh bng thao tc cng tn ca gc (hay nhm ) vi tn ca cc cht
hu c VD
CH3CH2-Br etyl bromua
CH3-CO-Cl axetyl clorua
CH3-CH2-OCOCH3 etyl axetat
CH3CH2-O-CH3 etyl metyl ete
CH3CH2-CO-C6H5 etyl phenyl ete
CH3CH2-OH etyl ancol hay ancol etylic
4, tn cng (Additive name)
c hnh thnh bng thao tc cng cc hp phn m khng bt i nguyn t hay nhm
nguyn t no ca ni hp phn .VD
CH2=CH2 + -O- -------------> CH2-CH2
\/
etilen Oxi O etilen oxit
C6H5- + C6H5- --------------> C6H5-C6H5
phenyl- phenyl- biphenyl
Ch3(CH2)4CH2- + -O- --------------------> CH3(CH2)4CH2O
hexyl- Oxi hexyloxi
ngoi ra cn 1 s loi tn khc na nh tn dung hp (fusion name),tn ky
hp(conjunctive name), tn tr (subtractive name),tn nhn(multiplicative name), tn
ca d vng theo Hantzsch v Widman, tn thng na h thng c lu dng tronh h
thng tn ca IUPAC
Su tm