QUN L AN TON LAO NG, MI TRNG XY DNG V

QUN L RI RO TRONG THC HIN D N U T XY DNG

CNG TRNH
I. Theo yu cu ca hc vin, tp ti liu c 2 chuyn :
1. Qun l an ton lao ng, mi trng xy dng:
- Quyn v trch nhim ca cc bn trong qun l an ton lao ng v
mi trng xy dng;
- K hoch qun l an ton v mi trng xy dng
- Cc bin php kim sot v m bo an ton lao ng v mi trng
xy dng
Chuyn 1 :

Qun l an ton lao ng, mi trng xy dng

1. Quyn v trch nhim ca cc bn tham gia thc hin d n u
t v xy dng v mt qun l an ton lao ng v mi trng
xy dng
1.1 Quy nh trong Lut Xy Dng :
Lut xy dng chi phi cc hot ng xy dng trn ton lnh th nc
Cng Ha X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam.
Trong cc iu khon ca Lut Xy Dng qui nh c th
v an ton lao ng, an ton cng trnh v v mi trng
c trch dn nh sau:
iu 4, khon 3 ca lut v nguyn tc c bn trong hot
ng xy dng yu cu t chc, c nhn T chc, c
nhn hhot ng xy dng phi tun theo cc nguyn tc
c bn sau y:
...
3) Bo m cht lng, tin , an ton cng trnh, tnh
mng con ngi v ti sn, phng, chng chy, n, bo m
v sinh mi trng trong xy dng;

iu 36 khon 1 mc c qui nh :
Yu cu i vi d n u t xy dng cng trnh: (iu 26
d tho Lut trnh Quc hi ti k hp th 3)
1. D n u t xy dng cng trnh phi bo m cc yu
cu ch yu sau y:
...
c) An ton trong xy dng, vn hnh, khai thc, s dng
cng trnh, an ton phng, chng chy, n v bo v mi
trng;
...
iu 37 qui nh v ni dung d n u t xy dng cng
trnh bao gm:
(iu 27 d tho Lut trnh Quc hi ti k hp th 3)

1. Phn thuyt minh c lp tu theo loi d n u t xy

dng cng trnh, bao gm cc ni dung ch yu sau: mc
tiu, a im, quy m, cng sut, cng ngh, cc gii
php kinh t - k thut, ngun vn v tng mc u t, ch
u t v hnh thc qun l d n, hnh thc u t, thi
gian, hiu qu, phng, chng chy, n, nh gi tc ng
mi trng;
iu 52 , Yu cu i vi thit k xy dng cng trnh c
qui nh :
(iu 43 d tho Lut trnh Quc hi ti k hp th 3)
1. Thit k xy dng cng trnh phi bo m cc yu cu
chung sau y:
...
c) N i vi nn mng v kt cu cng trnh, thit k phi
bo mm bn vng, khng b ln nt, bin dng qu
gii hn cho php lm nh hng n tui th cng trnh,
v cc cng trnh ln cn, an ton cho ngi s dng;
...
) Bo m aAn ton, tit kim, ph hp vi quy chun xy
dng, tiu chun xy dng c p dng; cc tiu chun v
phng, chng chy, n, bo v mi trng v nhng tiu

chun lin quan; i vi nhng cng trnh cng cng phi

bo m thit k theo tiu chun cho ngi tn tt;i vi
nhng cng trnh cng cng phi bo m thit k theo
tiu chun cho ngi tn tt;
Vn trong iu 52, khon 2 qui nh :
2. i vi cng trnh dn dng v cng trnh cng nghip,
ngoi cc yu cu trnquy nh ti khon 1 iu ny cn
phi bo m cc yu cu sau y:
...
b) Bo m aAn ton cho ngi khi xy ra s c; bo m
iu kin an ton, thun li, hiu qu cho hot ng cha
chy, cu nn; bo m khong cch gia cc cng trnh,
s dng cc vt liu, trang thit b chng chy hn ch
tc hi ca m chy i vi cc cng trnh ln cn v mi
trng xung quanh;
c) Bo m cCc iu kin tin nghi, v sinh, an ton, sc
kho cho ngi s dng;
...
iu 53 Ni dung thit k xy dng cng trnh (iu 44
d tho Lut trnh Quc hi ti k hp th ba)phi bao gm
cc ni dung ch yu sau y:
...
6. Phng n thit k phng, chng chy, n;
...
8. Gii php bo v nh gi tc ng mi trng theo quy
nh ca php lut v mi trng;
...
iu 72 : Qui nh v iu kin khi cng xy dng
cng trnh: (iu 60 d tho Lut trnh Quc hi ti k
hp th 3)
Cng trnh xy dng ch c khi cng khi cp ng
cc iu kin sau y:
...
6. C C bbin php bo m an ton, v sinh mi trng trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng;

...
iu 73 : iu kin thi cng xy dng cng trnh
(iu 61 d tho Lut trnh Quc hi ti k hp th
3)1. Nh thu khi hot ng thi cng xy dng cng trnh
phi p ngp ng cc iu kin sau y:
...
d) C thit b thi cng p ng yu cu v an ton v cht
lng cng trnh.
...
2. C nhn t t chc xy dng nh ring l c tng din
tch xy dng sn nh hn 250m2 hoc di 3 tng th phi
c nng lc hnh ngh thi cng xy dng cng trnh v
chu trch nhim v cht lng, an ton v v sinh mi trng.
iu 75. Quyn v ngha v ca ch u t xy dng
cng trnh i vitrong vic thi cng xy dng cng trnh
(iu 63 d tho Lut trnh Quc hi ti k hp th 3)
1. Ch u t xy dng cng trnh trong vic thi cng xy
dng cng trnh c cc quyn sau y:
...
d) Dng thi cng xy dng cng trnh v yu cu khc
phc hu qu khi nh thu thi cng xy dng cng trnh vi
phm cc quy nh v cht lng cng trnh, an ton v v
sinh mi trng;
2. Ch u t xy dng cng trnh trong vic thi cng xy
dng cng trnh c cc ngha v sau y:
...
d) Kim tra bin php bo m an ton, v sinh mi trng
trong thi cng xy dng cng trnh;
...
iu 76. Quyn v ngha v ca nh thu thi cng xy
dng cng trnh (iu 64 d tho Lut trnh Quc hi
ti k hp th 3)
...
2. Nh thu thi cng xy dng cng trnh c cc ngha v
sau y:
...

b) Thi cng xy dng theo ng thit k, tiu chun xy

dng, bo m cht lng, tin , an ton v v sinh mi
trng;
...
i) Bi thng thit hi khi vi phm hp ng, s dng vt liu
khng ng chng loi, thi cng khng bo m cht lng,
gy nhim mi trng v cc hnh vi vi phm khc gy
thit hi do li ca mnh gy ra;
...
iu 78. An ton trong thi cng xy dng cng trnh
(iu 66 d tho Lut trnh Quc hi ti k hp th 3)
Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng cng trnh, nh thu thi
cng xy dng cng trnh c trch nhim:
1. Thc hin cc bin php bo m an ton cho ngi, my
mc, thit b, ti sn, cng trnh ang xy dng, cng
trnh ngm v cc cng trnh lin k; i vi nhng my
mc, thit b phc v thi cng phi c kim nh an ton
trc khi a vo s dng;
2. Thc hin bin php k thut an ton ring i vi nhng
hng mc cng trnh hoc cng vic c yu cu nghim
ngt v an ton;
3. Thc hin cc bin php cn thit nhm hn ch thit hi
v ngi v ti sn khi xy ra mt an ton trong thi cng xy
dng.
iu 79. Bo m v sinh mi trng trong thi cng xy
dng cng trnh (iu 67 d tho Lut trnh Quc hi
ti k hp th 3)
Trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng cng trnh, nh thu thi
cng xy dng cng trnh c trch nhim:
1. C bin php bo m v sinh mi trng trong qu trnh
thi cng xy dng bao gm mi trng khng kh, mi trng
nc, cht thi rn, ting n v cc yu cu khc v v sinh
mi trng;
2. Bi thng thit hi do nhng vi phm v v sinh mi trng do mnh gy ra trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng v
vn chuyn vt liu xy dng;

3. Tun theo cc quy nh khc ca php lut v bo v

mi trng.
1.2

Quy ch Bo v Mi trng ngnh xy dng

Km theo quyt nh s 29/1999-Q-BXD ngy 22/10/1999 ca B Xy

Dng.
1.2.3. Quy ch ny quy nh phm vi p dng l:
1. Quy ch ny c p dng i vi cng tc qun l,
bo v mi trng ngay t khu: Lp v xt duyt d n quy
hoch xy dng th, im dn c v khu cng nghip;
Chun b d n u t xy dng; T chc thi cng, nghim
thu v a d n vo khai thc s dng; Qun l th v
qun l cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh vt liu v thit b
xy dng; Cc hot ng v nh gi tc ng Mi trng
bao gm c t chc kim tra kim sot, thanh tra gim st
mi trng trong cc khu c lin quan.
2. Cc c quan Nh nc, mi t chc v c nhn ngi
Vit nam v ngi nc ngoi c lin quan n cng tc t vn
v u t xy dng, sn xut kinh doanh c kh, vt liu
xy dng trn lnh th Vit nam u phi thc hin quy
ch ny. Cc c quan c chc nng qun l Nh nc theo
vng, lnh th v mi trng; cc Hi chuyn ngnh, t chc
qun chng v nhn dn c quyn gim st v h tr mi
mt bo v mi trng Ngnh Xy dng.
1.2.4. Mi trng c hiu theo khi nim thng nht :
Mi trng Ngnh Xy dng quy nh trong Quy ch
ny c hiu l tng th ca mi trng t nhin, mi trng
nhn to c th b tc ng bi cc hot ng ca cc d
n xy dng th, im dn c v khu cng nghip, cc
c s sn xut, kinh doanh vt liu, thit b xy dng.
Mi trng th im dn c v khu cng nghip:
bao gm cc yu t t nhin v nhn to, yu t vt cht v
phi vt cht c quan h mt thit vi nhau, nh hng ti i
sng, sn xut, s tn ti, pht trin ca thin nhin v con

ngi trong th, im dn c v trong cc khu cng

nghip.
Bo v mi trng Ngnh xy dng l thng qua cng
tc ng b trn cc mt lut php, hnh chnh, kinh t x
hi, khoa hc k thut nhm to iu kin t chc tt mi
trng v mi trng lao ng; gim thiu cc tc ng xu
nh hng n cc yu t t nhin v x hi.
1.2.5. Bo v mi trng trong cc d n u t xy dng c quy nh nh sau:
+ i vi tng d n xy dng phi c xc nh ngay t
khu chun b u t cho n giai on xy dng v
nghim thu, a d n vo s dng. Trong khu thm nh
cc d n u t xy dng cn thc hin cc qui nh v
nh gi Tc ng Mi trng (TM) (Thng t s 490/1998/TT
ca B KHCN&MT hng dn lp v thm nh bo co TM,
Thng t s 1420/MTg ngy 26/11/1994 Hng dn MT i vi
cc c s ang hot ng) v cn a vo d n ngun kinh
ph xy dng cc cng trnh k thut x l nhng vn
c lin quan n mi trng.
+ Cc d n phi bo m ph hp vi mi trng cnh quan
khu vc v tip ni thch hp vi h tng hin c, phi c
bit quan tm n mi quan h vi cc cng trnh ln cn
nh h thng giao thng, x l nc thi, kh thi, thu gom x
l rc thi khu vc. Cc ngun cht thi (kh thi, nc thi,
rc thi) pht sinh trong qu trnh vn hnh cng trnh xy
dng phi c x l cc b hoc c truyn ti kn ti h
thng c s h tng k thut x l cht thi ca th v
khu cng nghip.
+ V tin nghi, an ton sc kho cho ngi s dng:
Phi tun th Qui chun xy dng v cc Tiu chun c
lin quan v chiu sng t nhin, thng hi thong gi, li
i li thot, phng chng chy n, chng ng t v
nhit trong phng i vi cc cng trnh c s dng
iu ho nhit . Vt liu s dng bo m khng gy
nhim mi trng v nh hng n sc kho nhng ngi
sng v lm vic trong cng trnh .

+ Tit kim nng lng:

Cn nng cao hiu sut trong vic s dng nng lng,
nhin liu v bo m v sinh mi trng xy dng theo Qui
chun xy dng c th l:
a. Tn dng iu kin chiu sng t nhin.
b. S dng cc trang thit b trong cng trnh c hiu
sut nng lng cao.
c. V bao che cch nhit tt gim ti a hin tng
truyn nhit.
d. Cc cng trnh cng cng, thng mi, chung c nn s
dng h thng lm mt trung tm v khi s dng thit b
c dung mi lm lnh phi tun th Cng c v bo v tng
ozon m Chnh ph Vit Nam tham gia k v ph chun
ngy 26 thng 4 nm 1994.
1.2.6. Bo v mi trng trn cng trng xy dng
a) Cng trng xy dng
Cc cng trng xy dng phi m bo cc Qui nh
v an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng trong qu trnh
chuyn ch vt liu xy dng, qu trnh thi cng v hon
thin cng trnh.
Cc cng trng xy dng phi c tng hp tnh hnh
mi trng nh k hoc t xut khi c yu cu, theo bn
ph duyt bo co TM trong qu trnh thi cng cng trnh
cho n khi hon thnh, bn giao a cng trnh vo s
dng.
b) Cng ngh v trang thit b trn cng trng
Khi thi cng mng cc cho cc cng trnh trong th
phi xem xt la chn thit b thi cng thch hp trnh
rung ng, khi, bi, ting n v nh hng ti cc cng
trnh khc.
c) X l nc b mt v nc thi trong qu trnh thi cng
(i). Phi c h thng thot nc cng trng bo m
khng gy nhim ngun tip nhn, khng gy st l t

cc khu vc xung quanh, khng gy ly li lm nh hng

n pha ngoi cng trnh v giao thng th bng cch
x l ring trong cng trng hoc c h thu gom v chuyn
ch ra ni qui nh.
(ii). Cc dung dch khoan hoc bn t phi thu gom
v lng ng no vt hoc thu hi.
d) Thu gom ph thi cc cng trng thi cng.
(i). C bin php qun l, thu gom ph thi xy dng,
ch v sinh tm thi cho cng nhn xy dng.
(ii). Cm ph thi xy dng t do t trn cao
xung mt t hoc sn di.
(iii). Phi c k hoch thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi
xy dng n ni quy nh.
4. nhng ni qu cht
hp phi xin php ni ph thi tm thi
e. An ton v sinh trong thi cng v bo v cng trnh xy
dng
(i). Cc cng trng xy dng phi thc hin nhng qui
nh v v sinh v an ton lao ng theo TCVN 5308-91,
an ton in TCVN 4086-95, v Qui chun xy dng - 1996.
(ii). Cng trng phi c che chn chng bi v vt ri
t trn cao, chng n v rung ng qu mc TCVN TCVN
3985-85, phng chng chy TCVN 3254-89, an ton n
TCVN3255-86 trong qu trnh thi cng.
(iii). Xe vn chuyn vt t, vt liu xy dng ri, ph
thi xy dng d gy bi v lm bn mi trng phi c
bc kn, trnh ri vi; trnh mang bn, bn trong cng trng
ra ng ph v h thng ng giao thng cng cng.
(iv). Cng trnh k thut h tng ti cng trng: Bo v
cy xanh trong v xung quanh cng trng, vic cht h
cy xanh phi c php c quan qun l cy xanh; Vic
chiu sng bn ngoi phi tun theo tiu chun, i vi cc
nh cao tng phi c n bo hiu an ton ban m; Cc
cng trnh v sinh tm thi phi c x l trit v
khng gy nh hng n mi trng lu di sau khi hon
thnh cng trnh.

(v). Phi c bin php c th bo v cnh quan, gi

tr thm m, khng gian kin trc v cc yu cu khc ca
khu vc xung quanh trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng
cng trnh.
1.2.7. Bo v mi trng trong c s sn xut, kinh doanh
vt liu xy dng
a) Cc c s sn xut xi mng
1. Phi x l t khu nhp nguyn, nhin vt liu (t
st, vi, than, du...) n khu thnh phm (bi xi
mng) trong cc nh xng theo tiu chun mi trng lao
ng.
2. i vi bi v kh thi c ngun gc t t nhin liu
khi nung luyn clinker v trong khu nghin phi qua x l
lc bi, cn phi tnh ton y chiu cao ca ng khi
vi a hnh cho php theo tiu chun mi trng.
3. i vi cng ngh xi mng l quay sn xut theo phng php t l loi cng ngh lc hu, tn hao nng lng ln,
nhim mi trng trm trng cn u tin u t chuyn sang
cng ngh kh (hoc phi ci to mi trng theo hng u
t hin i nht).
Cn phi tun th cc qui nh v an ton lao ng
v v sinh mi trng theo cc TCVN c lin quan i vi cng
ngh xi mng l ng v l quay.
4. i vi cng ngh xi mng l ng, phi tin hnh
ci tin k thut u t chiu su hon thin dy chuyn,
bo m an ton lao ng v bo v mi trng: cn sm
loi b nhng c s xi mng l ng khng p ng yu
cu cht lng sn phm v gy nhim mi trng.
b) Cc c s sn xut thu tinh v gm xy dng:
+ Cc c s sn xut gch xy:
a. L nung sy tuynen nhim kh thi vn cn ln, cn
trang b h thng hp ph SO2 hoc ng khi chiu cao
nhm lan to kh thi theo hng pha long.
b. i vi loi l gch sn xut theo kiu th cng lng ph
nguyn liu, nhin liu v gy nhim mi trng, cn hn

ch nhim mi trng tin n thay th dn loi sn xut

gch th cng bng loi l nung sy tuynen.
+ Cc c s sn xut tm lp, m phanh t:
a. Cc c s sn xut ny gy nhim mi trng do kh
thi, nc thi v bi aming, xi mng. Phi c bin php k
thut x l nhm bo m v sinh mi trng v an ton
lao ng, hn ch v loi tr cc cht nhim trc khi x ra
ngun tip nhn v phi c a n v tr theo quy hoch
c duyt.
b. Vic s dng nguyn liu v sn xut sn phm c
cha aming cn thc hin ng cc quy nh hin hnh.
+ C s sn xut thu tinh, knh tm xy dng:
nhim bi, du m, kh SO2, HF v cc kh c hi
khc cng phi c loi tr trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn.
+ Cc c s sn xut thit b s v sinh v gch lt:
Cc c s sn xut ny gy nhim mi trng ch
yu l bi, kh thi v nc thi; phn xng sn xut v
trng men c hm lng cn l lng rt cao; Phi c cc bin
php k thut x l bi v lng cn nc thi t tiu chun
trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn.
+ Cc c s sn xut sn phm c kh xy dng :
nhim ch yu l x than, b t n, phoi st thp,
SiO2, NaCO3, ct lm khun, kh thi, du m v cc kim loi
nng trong nc thi (c bit l phn xng m). Phi c
bin php thu kh, bi, thu du m; Trung ho v x l nc
thi t cht lng trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn.
+ Cc c s khai thc ct, , si lm ct liu b tng, khai
thc gia cng p lt:
1. Phi bo v cnh quan, gim thiu s thay i b
mt t ai, thay i dng chy cc sng sui.
2. Bi v nc thi phi c x l t tiu chun trc
khi x ra ngun tip nhn.
3. Phi c bin php kim sot v x l bi t ngun
pht sinh bo m mi trng lao ng v mi trng

chung: trong nh phi c thu ht v lc bi, ngoi cng trng phi phun m nhm gim lng bi pht tn.
+ Khuyn khch cc c s sn xut cc sn phm vt liu
xy dng t cht lng mi trng.
Cc c s sn xut phi xc nh cc yu t ch yu
ca h thng qun l mi trng ca mnh xy dng ni
qui qun l c s, c th gm:
1. Ph bin nhm qun trit nhng quy nh v qun
l mi trng t th trng n v n tt c mi thnh vin
trong n v.
2. Xc nh cc sn phm ca c s sn xut cn t
tiu chun mi trng .
3. Nghin cu cc gii php k thut c th bo v
mi trng.
4. Cn Qui nh c th v cng ngh, kinh ph v lc
lng thc hin hot ng qun l mi trng, c quy ch c
th lc lng ny hot ng.
5. o to v c cc phng php nng cao nhn thc
v qun l cht lng sn phm theo yu cu bo v mi trng cho cn b, cng nhn vin.
6. T chc thng tin, tuyn truyn trong ni b v bn
ngoi v vn bo v mi trng. Cc thng tin phi c lu gi c th kim tra x l kp thi.
7. nh k kim tra mng li t chc bo v mi trng
ca c s.
8. Cp qun l phi kim tra h thng k thut bo v
mi trng nhm bo m h thng hot ng lin tc, thng xuyn v c hiu qu.
9. Phn u bo m c s sn xut c cp chng
ch theo cc tiu chun qun l cht lng ISO 9.000 v cc
tiu chun qun l mi trng ISO 14.000.
+ An ton v v sinh lao ng trong sn xut vt liu xy
dng

1. Cc c s sn xut vt liu xy dng phi t chc

nh k kim tra, o c cc yu t mi trng lao ng
theo quy nh hoc theo giy php v mi trng. Yu t
mi trng lao ng gm:
a. Cc yu t vi kh hu (nhit , m, tc gi,
bc x nhit);
b. Cc yu t vt l (nh sng, ting n, rung, cc bc x
c hi: bc x ion ho v khng ion ho),
c. Cc yu t ho hc (hi, kh, bi c, cht ho hc)
d. Cc vi sinh vt gy bnh nh vi khun, siu vi khun,
nm mc, cc loi k sinh trng, cn trng.
e. Khi cc yu t c hi vt qu tiu chun v sinh cho
php th phi c bin php khc phc ngay; hoc nu
thy c kh nng xy ra s c bt thng gy nguy c n
sc kho v tnh mng ca ngi lao ng th phi ngng
ngay hot ng v bo ngay cho c quan c trch nhim
kim tra, x l kp thi.
2. C s sn xut phi bo m nhng quy nh v
an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng cho tng c nhn.
Xe vn chuyn nguyn liu, vt liu, vt t xy dng ra khi
cng xng, x nghip sn xut vo ng ph phi che kn,
trnh ri vi.
2. K hoch qun l an ton v mi trng xy dng
2.1 Phng php lun chung cho bo v an ton lao
ng v bo v mi trng :
2.1.1 Bn k hoch thi cng :
Khi nghin cu bin php thc hin d n u t v xy dng, Ch u t
phi lp k hoch thc hin d n. C ba bn k hoch tin phi lp c
cn c ra lnh khi cng thc hin d n l : Bn tng s thi cng
(master schedule) l s phn chia cng trnh thnh cc hng mc, phn
chia hng mc thnh cc cng tc thi cng nhng khng qu chi tit v lch
thi cng. Trong bng s tng th ny phi th hin r s phi hp gia
nhiu n v tham gia thi cng v nu ln s phi hp gia cc n v ny
sao cho tng tin c khp, khng b ch i nhau hoc chng cho
cng vic. Bn k hoch tin thi cng ( calendar schedule) cho tng hng

mc, tng cng trnh lp trn cn c bn tng tin c thng qua.

Bn k hoch cp s dng c th nht l bn k hoch cng tc cho tng
thng, tng tun ca i thi cng.
K hoch bo v an ton lao ng hay k hoch bo v mi trng thng
cn c vo bn k hoch tin thi cng cho cng trnh hoc hng mc
cng trnh lp.
2.1.2 K hoch bo v an ton lao ng:
K hoch bo v an ton lao ng lp cho vic thi cng cng trnh da vo
cc nhn thc chung v tai nn lao ng c th xy ra trn cng trng.
Cn nhn thc r rng ngu nhin l hin tng tt yu ca cuc sng sn
xut. Phi thy trc nhng ti nn c th xy ra trn cng trng i
ph vi n trong tng giai on thi cng.
2.2 Bn k hoch bo v an ton chung cho cng trng :
Cn nhn thc rng cng trng xy dng c nhng c im d xy ra tai
nn :
Sn phm xy dng c bn tuy l sn phm cng nghip
nhng li rt khng ging cc sn phm cng nghip khc.
Nhng c im ca sn phm xy dng nh hng
rt nhiu n qu trnh ch to ra n cng nh l nguyn
nhn gy ra nhng tai nn lao ng rt c th.
Sn phm xy dng c bn chim din rng, chim khng
gian ln v gn lin vi mt t ( hoc mt nc trn t).
T c im ny, chng ta thy khng th che ph
hoc kh che ph cho sn phm xy dng trong qu trnh
ch to sn phm. Phn ln cng vic ca ngi lao ng
xy dng c bn din ra ngoi tri. Cc tc nhn thi
tit, kh hu, thin nhin mc sc nh hng n qu trnh
sn xut. Vic cc tc nhn thin nhin tc ng khin cho
khi lp k hoch sn xut xy dng cn d liu mi kh
nng trnh nhng tc ng lm nh hng n cht lng
cng trnh, cn tr tin thi cng cng nh gy tai nn lao
ng. Chng ta bit c im kh hu ca nc ta l c hai
ma ma v nng r rt. Cn sp xp sao khi khng ma,
tin hnh nhng vic ngoi tri khi ma lm nhng vic
trong mi che. Cc tc nhn thin nhin bnh thng khng

c xem nh kh khn t xut ko di thi hn thi cng.

Ngi lp k hoch thi cng phi lng trc iu kin thin
nhin tc ng m d bo v iu ny c phn nh trong
thi hn thc hin d n khi d thu xy lp.
Do chim din rng, chim khng gian ln v gn lin
vi mt t nn khi ch to sn phm xy dng, vt liu
ch to phi vn chuyn t ni khai thc v v tr cng
trnh. T iu ny, khu vn chuyn quyt nh qu
trnh sn xut xy dng. Cng tc vn chuyn chim t l
ln trong cng sc v gi thnh xy dng. Qu trnh thu
mua v vn chuyn l qu trnh rt d gp ri ro. Xe vn
chuyn phi ln bnh trn ng tng ri ro gp tai nn giao
thng.
Cc yu t a cht cng trnh, a cht thu vn
khu vc xy dng nh hng nhiu n sn xut xy dng
do sn phm xy dng gn lin vi mt t, mt nc.
Vic s l nn mng, chng cc s c ln, st, nc ngm, ct
chy l nhng kh khn cn c d liu trc trong qu trnh
thi cng v c bin php ngn nga.
Ngoi ra cn nhng yu t con ngi v x hi gy ra
cc tc ng tiu cc do c im sn phm xy dng
chim khng gian ln, chim din rng gy ra: s bo v
chng ph hoi, chng mt cp ti sn, chng vi phm a
gii xy dng, chng ph hoi v hnh ...
Thi gian ch to sn phm xy dng di:
So vi sn xut nhiu sn phm cng nghip khc, thi
gian ch to sn phm xy dng di nhiu ngy, nhiu
thng, nhiu nm. Thi gian ch to di qua nhiu ma kh
hu nn nhng yu t thin nhin tc ng mnh m n
qu trnh sn xut xy dng. Do c im ca mi ma
kh hu, khi sn xut xy dng cn tnh ton, d liu
trnh nhng b ng khi c tnh hung bt thng do kh
hu sinh ra.
Khi thi gian ch to di cn nhng nh hng ca con
ngi, ca x hi tc ng nh nhng bin ng do thay i
t chc, thay i ch trng sn xut, u t, xy dng
cng trnh. Nhng tc ng tiu cc n qu trnh to sn

phm xy dng cng nh d gy ra tai nn lao ng do thi

gian thi cng di l iu tt nhin.
Thi gian ch to di lm tng chi ph bo qun vt t,
bo qun cng trnh. Ngoi ra, vt t, bn thnh phm cn
b gim thp cht lng do phi bo qun lu. Thi gian thi
cng di lm cho ngi lao ng sn xut phi qua nhiu
thi k thay i thi tit trong mt nm. Cc yu t kh tng, kh hu tc ng lm cho sc khe ngi lao ng b
nh hng.
Thi cng ko di thi gian cng tng mi nguy c
mt an ton trong sn xut.
c im v tnh a dng v phc hp ca sn phm xy
dng:
Sn phm xy dng c rt nhiu hnh thi khc nhau (
phn nh tnh a dng): v qui m, v loi dng, v kch c,
v s dng vn u t...Ngi lao ng xy dng phi thng
xuyn thay i mi trng lao ng to ra nguy c mt an
ton lao ng. Sn phm xy dng do rt nhiu chng loi
cng nhn ch to tham gia, rt nhiu chng loi vt liu
to thnh ( phn nh tnh phc hp). T c im a dng
v phc hp ca sn phm xy dng nn c nhiu qu trnh
iu khin sn xut xy dng cng din ra trn mt mt
bng xy dng. l u mi cho s phi hp khng n
v cng l nguyn nhn to ra mt an ton lao ng. iu
ny i hi cc tiu chun v qun l v iu hnh sn
xut xy dng phc tp hn cc sn xut khc.
Do s a dng ca sn phm xy dng nn mi dng ca
sn phm xy dng li phi c nhng phng nga tai nn
lao ng khc nhau. Do tnh a dng ca sn phm xy
dng m tai nn xy ra cho ngi lao ng cng mun hnh
mun v.
T chc sn xut xy dng a dng v phc hp nn mi
dng t chc li c nhng c th ring v nhng c th
ny lm cho ngi lao ng phi ng u vi nhng dng
tai nn lao ng khng hon ton ging nhau.

D bo cc tai nn kh d cho tng thao tc nghip v

xy dng l yu cu ca qun l an ton trn cng trng :
Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng trong ngnh
xy dng
Va p c hc
Qu trnh sn xut xy dng phi s dng vt liu xy
dng nng v c kch thc ln. Nhng vt liu v cu kin
xy dng nu khng c nhng bin php chu o
nng ct, chuyn vn t v ny n v tr khc c th c
kh nng va p vo kt cu, vt liu khc hoc va p
vo ngi ang lao ng sinh ra tai nn cho ngi lm vic
trong phm vi nguy him.
Ri t cao xung:
Vic thi cng kt cu xy dng c th di su so vi
mt t hoc trn cao . Khi thi cng di su, vt liu, cu
kin cng nh nhng vt d tha trn cao c th ln hoc
di chuyn v ri xung ch thp hn. S di chuyn vt liu,
cu kin, cc vt dng thi cng hay rc xy dng t trn
cao xung m khng nga trc c th ri trng ngi lm bn
di. Cng c th t trn ming h su hoc trn sn m
kh nng ri ngi t trn cao xung thp xy ra nu khng
c bin php ro chn. Hng nm trn cc cng trng xy ra
khng t tai nn do ng t trn cao xung thp. Nhiu trng
hp ng gio v nhng l do tng nh kh c th. Trn gio
trt, cng nhn ht thuc lo v say thuc, ng t trn cao
xung thp gy tai nn. Trt chn khi di chuyn hoc gy
tm vn gc gio cng hay xy ra lm ngi cng nhn lao t
trn cao xung t.
L xt mi t
t c lc dnh v ma st gia nhng ht to nn t. Mi
dc t nhin c to ra t th n nh nh lc dnh v ma
st gia cc ht t. Lc dnh v ma st ph thuc kch thc
ca ht t v ngm nc ca t. o t khng to mi
dc thng hay xy ra hin tng l xt mi dc. Khi ma, nc

ngm vo t lm gim lc dnh v lc ma st trong t,

gy ra hin tng xt, l. Xt, l t c th vi lp ngi
ang lao ng chn dc, ng thi lm ngi ang lao
ng trn cao b ng xung thp. Xt l t cn lm
nghn giao thng i li cng nh gy tai nn giao thng. Nh
ven sng, ven bin b nghing, v xt l t. Vo
ma l, ma ma , dng chy sng, sui mnh v dng cao
lm xi l b sng, lm cho nh ca, cng trnh ln xung
sng, sui v tri theo dng chy.
Tt, ln t trn cao:
Vt nng nh vt liu, cu kin cht b h su hoc ti
mp sn trn cao nu xp , t khng n nh hoc
khng chn, chn cho cn bng c th b ln hoc b tt
xung h su. Khi vt nng ri s va p vo kt cu, gy
nguy him cho ngi lao ng hoc lm h hng kt cu
hoc cc vt khc nm bn di.
in git
in l ngun nng lng vn hnh my mc xy dng ,
chiu sng ni lao ng. Dy dn in phi c cch
ly vi cc b phn kim loi cng nh phi cch ly vi cc b
phn ca c th ngi lao ng trnh gy s truyn in
lm nguy him n sc kho v tnh mng con ngi. Hin tng in git xy ra nhiu lm bng v cht ngi. in
cng l ngun pht sinh nhiu v chy do chp in, do
dy in khng sc ti, dng in lm nng dy dn
qu nhit cho php , gy nng v bt chy. An ton s
dng in l yu cu kh bc bch ca ngnh xy dng. Tai
nn in xy ra do s ch quan, thiu cn thn, i khi do
s cu th ca s thit k v thi cng h thng s dng
in.
St nh :
Cng trng khng b tr h thng thu li hoc l h thng
thu li thit k v thi cng khng ng cc yu cu k thut
gy ra hin tng st nh. St c ngun in p rt mnh,
gy ra phng in n vi chc kiloAmpe hoc in
nhim lm nguy him n tnh mnh ngi lao ng, gy

chy hoc h hng my mc, thit b xy dng. Cn lm h

thng thu li hp cch, trnh ri ro do st.
Ngt
Thi cng trong mi trng kn, thng gi khng t yu cu
gy tai nn ngi cng nhn b ngt. Khi cn thi cng trong
ging su, hm di phi thng gi tt mi khng kh
cho s th ca ngi lao ng. Cn ht sc ch , m bo
xy cho cng nhn lao ng trong cc hm tu, trong
ging chm, trong cc bn cha ln. Hin tng gy ngt
trong cc mi trng thiu xy cng thng hay gy chy do
cc cht kh bc chy nh cc h kh cacbua hydro c nng
to chy.
Cht c
Mi trng t, mi trng nc cng nh mi trng kh nc ta
b nhim cht c nhiu do s dng ho cht c trong
thi k chin tranh, do ngi dn s dng cht dit c, thuc
su, thuc dit chut, phn bn ho hc ba bi, thiu thn
trng. Gn y, nhiu ngi li dng cht ho hc h cyanua
phn ly vng v cc kim loi qu him khc cng l
ngun gy c hi cho mi trng lao ng ca cng nhn
xy dng. Phng chng c hi cho mi trng ni lao ng
xy dng l iu rt ng quan tm trong giai on ny.
Mi sn c dilung, xng cng nghip hoc axtn rt hi
cho c quan h hp ca ngi cng nhn. Bi aming, bi
thu tinh l ngun gy ra ung th phi v vim phi. Tip
xc vi khng kh c nhiu hi axit, hi ca cc ho cht
khc l ngun gy bnh phi v cc bnh d ng da.
Trong nhng cng trng c x l ngm tm g phi dng
crzt hay cc loi thuc dit mi mt v cc cn trng c
hi khc th cc loi thuc ho cht ny u l cht c.
Cn c bin php hn ch cht c lan to ra khng kh
cng nh tip xc vi cc b phn ca c th.
Bng
Bng l tai nn lm cho chy da ca ngi lao ng. Ngun
gy tai nn bng do tip sc vi la, vi nhit cao. C
nhiu ngi b tai nn do b nc si lm bng da tht. C

nhiu tai nn b bng do chy thuc n. Khi chy thuc n,

m chy gy nhit cao tc thi lm hu hoi c th .
Nc ngp
c tai nn do lm lu ln ven sui ngh m. Tri khng
ma nhng l thng ngun v nhanh lm tri ln v cht ngi.
Thi cng trong hm su, ging su, nc trn ngp do ng
dn nc v t ngt, my bm thot nc hng , khng thot
c nc lm ngp ng , nguy him tnh mng ngi lao ng.
Lao ng trong cc bung kn ca con tu hay thuyn
ang chm c th b nc ngp bt ng.
N, chy
N, chy l tai nn hay xy ra vi cng tc xy dng. Trong
thi cng cc cng tc t c th s dng dng c gii ph
n. An ton vi cng tc ph n cn thc hin ht sc
nghim ngt. Qu trnh lm sch cc bn cha xng, du
hoc tin hnh sa cha dng hn vi cc bn trc y
cha xng, du rt hay gy tai nn chy n. Cn c bin
php thng gi hi cacbua hydro thp n mc khng
gy chy mi an ton.
Chy v bo, vt liu rn nh r lau , mn ca c th dn n
chy lan to. Chp in hay dng in qu ln so vi tit
din dy dn cng c kh nng gy chy. Khi hn khng
ch n mi trng chung quanh , x hn cn nng bn
ra gy chy. Chy do cht lng hay hi xng, du cng l
nguyn nhn thng trc. Chy bnh gas, chy axtilen, chy
bnh xy , bnh hydro cng xy ra.
Yu t sinh hc
Trong lao ng xy dng cn nhiu cng vic c thi cng
bng phng php th cng nh vt bn thot nc cho cc dng
sng, vt cng nc thi hoc nhiu cng tc m cc b phn
c th c th tip sc vi sinh vt gy bnh hoc nhim
trng cho con ngi. Vi khun c hi lm nh hng n sc
kho con ngi lao ng xy dng u tin l trong cng tc
gii phng mt bng, di chuyn m m. Vt bn, lm v
sinh trc khi lp t mt bng cng c th gy bnh tt v
lm nhim khun cho c th ngi xy dng. iu kin v

sinh v vn minh cng nghip km trn cng trng lm

nhim mi trng kh, lm nhim bnh cho cng nhn. Ba
n tra trn cng trng khi khu an ton v sinh thc phm
cha c ch ng mc l ngun c hi cho sc kho ca
ngi lao ng. c nhiu v nhim c tp th nhiu ngi lao ng do ba n tra km v sinh, an ton thc phm.
Yu t vt l : m, Quang, Nhit
Lao ng thuc ngh xy dng cn c th b lm vic
trong mi trng rt n. n khng kh vt trn cc tiu
chun quy nh v mc m cho php rt nhiu. iu ny
lm cho b phn thnh gic ca cng nhn suy km v
ng thi nng sut lao ng cng nh mc chnh xc ca
sn phm ch to ra b nh hng xu.
Khi hn h quang hay nhiu cng on khc trong ngh
xy dng nh rn, dp. Khi nh sng mnh nh nh sng hn
khng c che chn cn thn m tia sng chiu ri trc
tip vo mt s b xng do tc ng ca cc tia cc tm hay
hng ngoi lm ph hu t bo mt.
Lao ng xy dng c khi phi thng xuyn din ra trong
iu kin nhit cao nh ti cc phn xng rn, c
luyn kim. Cn c trang b thch hp cng nh gi gic lao
ng thch hp nhm trnh gy hi sc kho cng nhn, c
ch bi dng tho ng nhm nhanh phc hi sc lao
ng sau mi ca lm vic.
Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra bnh ngh nghip trong
ngnh xy dng
Bnh ngh nghip l bnh pht sinh do iu kin c hi
ca ngh nghip tc ng vo ngi lao ng. Bnh xy ra
t t hoc cp tnh. Mt s bnh ngh nghip khng cha
khi c m li di chng. Bnh ngh nghip c th
phng trnh c.
Nh nc quy nh c 21 loi bnh ngh nghip nm trong
cc nhm nh sau y
Cc bnh bi phi v ph qun do silic, do atbet, do
bng

 Nhim c : do ch, do thu ngn, do mnggan, do

TNT, do asen, do nicotin, do cc loi thuc su. Nhim
c benzen v cc cht ng ng ca benzen.
Do cc yu t vt l nh n, phng x, rung, gim p.
Cc bnh da ngh nghip nh sm da, lot da
Nhim khun ngh nghip nh lao, vim gan, xon
khun.
Chi tit ho v cc loi bnh ngh nghip c th khi qut
nh sau :
(1)Vi bnh nhim c do ch v cc hp cht ca ch :
Cng vic gy ra bnh khi tip sc vi ch :
+ Ch bin ch v cc ph liu c ch
+ Thu hi ch c
+ c, dt mng ch
+Hn, m ch
+Gia cng cc dng vt liu ch
+Sa cha accu ch
+iu ch v s dng cc oxyt ch, mui ch
+S dng cc dng sn , men c gc ch
+ Pha ch tetraethyl ch, xng pha ch.
Bnh l :
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

Hi chng au bng do ch
Vim thn tng m huyt hoc tng huyt p do ch
Lit c dui ngn tay do ch
Bnh no do nhim c ch
Tai bin tim mch do nhim c ch
Vim dy thn kinh mt do nhim c ch
au khp xng do nhim c ch
(2)Nhim c benzen v cc ng ng ca benzen

Cng vic c th gy bnh do nhim c benzen v cc

ng ng ca benzen :
+ Khai thc, ch bin, tinh luyn benzen
+ Dng benzen ch bin dn xut

+ Dng benzen ty, ra cc dng m bm ln vt liu, cu

kin.
+ iu ch cc dung mi ho tan cao su
+ Pha ch vecni, sn, men, mttit trang tr ni, ngoi
tht ca ngi nh
+ Dng benzen lm cht ho tan nha thin nhin v tng
hp khi pha sn.
+ Dng benzen ht nc trong ru hoc cn.
Bnh l :
+ Tai bin cp tnh : hn m, co git
+ Ri lon tiu ho
+ Gim bch cu mch mu ngoi vi km gim bch cu a
nhn trung tnh.
+ Ban xut huyt
+ Hi chng xut huyt c th ti pht trong nm, hoc ti
pht xut huyt m hng cu di 2,5 triu mt nm.
+ Thiu mu kiu thiu nng tu hoc suy tu
+ Trng thi gi bch cu
+ Bnh bch cu.
(3)Bnh nhim c thu ngn v cc hp cht ca thu
ngn
Cng vic c th nhim c thu ngn
+ Chng ct thu ngn, thu hi thu ngn
+ Sa cha cc nhit k thu ngn
+ Dng thu ngn trong cc cng vic v in
+ Sn xut axit actic, axetn
+ Ch bin da dng mui thu ngn
+ Cc bnh l khi nhim c thu ngn
+ Ty da bng axit thu ngn
+ M vng, m thic, m ng, khm vng bc dng thu
ngn hoc mui thu ngn
+ Lm ngi n mn bng Eluminate thu ngn
+ K thut lm s, in hnh, lm hoa nhn to.
Bnh l :

+
+
+
+
+

Chng no cp
B run c ( tremblement intentionnel )
Mt iu ho tiu no ( ataxie crbelleuse )
au bng, a chy
Vim thn tng m trong mu
(4)Bnh nhim bi phi silic

Cng vic c th nhim c bi phi silic

+ Khoan p
+ Tn, nghin sng
+ o, mi
+ Sn xut v s dng cc loi mi, bt nh bng, v
cc sn phm c silic t do
+ Ch bin cht cacborundum, mi thu tinh, snh, s,
gm, gch chu la.
+ Cc vic lin quan n ct, bi ct
+ Lm sch b mt bng phun ct.
Cc bnh l khi nhim c bi phi silic
+ X phi
+ Bin chng tim do hu qu ca x phi
+ Bin chng phi :
- Trn dch ph mc t pht
- Lao phi
(5)Bnh bi phi nhim bi aming
Cng vic c th gy ra bnh nhim c bi aming
+ Khoan,p ph , khai thc qung hay c aming
+ Tn, nghin, sng v thao tc kh vi qung hoc c
aming
+ Chi si, ko si v dt vi aming
+ Lm cch nhit bng aming
+ p dng aming vo sng bn nhit
+ Thao tc kh vi aming khi ch to xi mng aming
+ To giong bng aming v cao su
+ Ch to m phanh bng cao su aming
+ Ch to cc tng c aming

Bnh l khi b nhim c bi phi aming

+ X phi v ph qun do ht phi bi aming
+ X phi nhng cha n mc ri lon h hp hoc n
ri lon h hp
+ Ung th phi
+ Bin chng vo tim nh thiu nng tim, suy tim khng hi
phc.
(6)Bnh nhim c mnggan v cc hp cht ca mng
gan
Cng vic c th gy ra bnh nhim c mnggan
+ Khai thc, nghin , sng, ng bao v trn kh
bioxytmangan ( MnO2) nht l trong vic ch to pin in,
que hn.
+ Dng bioxytmangan trong vic lm gi ngi, ch to thu
tinh, thuc mu.
+ Nghin v ng bao x l luyn kim c bioxytmangan
Bnh l khi b nhim c mnggan
+ Hi chng thn kinh kiu Parkinson th hin triu
chng run tay nh, run tay nng n mc khng t phc
v mnh c.
(7)Bnh ngh nghip gy ra do quang tuyn X v cc tia
phng x
Cng vic c th gy ra bnh do cc dng tia
+ Khi lao ng c tip xc vi cc dng tia
+ Khai thc v ch bin qung c cht phng x
+ iu ch v s dng cc cht phng x, cc sn phm ho
hc v dc c cht phng x
+ iu ch v p dng cc cht phng x c pht quang

+ Nghin cu v o cc tia phng x v quang tuyn X trong

phng th nghim
+ Ch to cc my iu tr bng radium v cc my
quang tuyn X
+ Cc cng vic lin quan n tia x trong bnh vin,
phng th nghim, trong cng nghip, trong nng nghip
khc.
+ Quanh khu vc hn h quang, hn hi
Bnh l c th gy ra bnh do cc tia
+ Cc bnh v mu nh : gim bch cu, gim bch cu a
nhn, hi chng xut huyt, thiu mu, trng thi gi bch
cu, bnh bch cu.
+ Cc dng bnh v mt nh : vim m mt hay vim mng
tip hp, vim gic mc, c thu tinh th
+ Cc dng bnh v da nh : vim da cp, vim da mn tnh,
vim nim mc mn.
+ Cc bnh v xng nh hoi t xng, ung th xng
+ Cc bnh v phi nh ung th phi do ht phi bi phng
x.
(8)Bnh ngh nghip do ting n
Cng vic c th gy ra bnh do ting n
+ Cng nhn lm vic nhng ni b n t 6 gi tr ln
trong mt ngy v n trn 80 dB.
Bnh l c th gy ra do ting n
+ B ic ngh nghip dng tip m th y, gim thnh
lc trn 35%.
+ Tn thng t bo nghe loa o biu hin qua nghim
php o thnh lc trn ngng
+ Chc nng tin nh khng b nh hng
+ Gim thnh lc khng tt ln sau 3 thng.
(9)Bnh ngh nghip gy ra cho da

Cng vic c th gy ra bnh cho da

+ Ch to accuy, sn xut xi mng, gm, bt mu pha
sn hay pha vi mu, men s, thu tinh, cao su, bn km,
gch chu la, hp kim nhm, ngh n v ph n, m in,
m crm.
Bnh l v da
+ Lot da v nim mc
+ Lot vch ngn mi
+ Vim da tip xc, chm tip sc.
+ Xm da do tip xc vi du ho, than cc, nha ng,
bitum, luu hunh.
(10)
Bnh ngh nghip gy ra do lm vic trong mi
trng b rung
Cng vic gy bnh
+ Thao tc vi cc dng c hi nn cm tay nh c, ba di,
ba tn riv, chy c ph khun, my khoan , my m.
+ S dng cc my ng c n nh my ca cm tay, my
ct c, my mi cm tay.
+ Tip xc vi vt gy rung nh ti khoan, my mi.
Bnh l
+ H khp khuu, khp c tay
+ Hoi t xng bn nguyt
+ Gia h khp xng thuyn
+ Bnh Raynaud ngh nghip nh ri lon thn kinh vn
mch cc ngn, ri lon cm gic.
(11)

Bnh bi bng phi ( byssinosis )

Cng vic gy bnh

+ Lao ng khi x bng, chi th, lm si bng, ay, gai

lm cc vt liu nhi trong xy dng, lm vt liu tm
trong xy dng, lm cc lp cch m, cch nhit.
Bnh l
+ Kh th, tc ngc ngay t ngy u tin lao ng.
+ Bin i chc nng h hp t nh n trung bnh.
(12)

Bnh lao ngh nghip

Cng vic gy bnh

+ Tip xc vi sc vt b lao hoc mang vi khun lao
+ Thao tc sng, xng, da sc vt
+ Tip xc vi bnh nhn lao khi ngi b lao l cng nhn,
ngi lao ng.
Bnh l
+
+
+
+
+
+

Bnh lao da
Bnh lao hch
Lao mng hot dch
Lao xng khp
Lao mng phi
Lao phi
(13)

Bnh vim gan virut ngh nghip

Cng vic gy bnh

+ Phi tip xc vi ngi ang mc bnh vin gan virut , vt
phm nhim
Bnh l
+ Vim gan
+ X gan

(14)

Bnh do leptospira ngh nghip

Cng vic gy bnh

+ Lm vic trong hm, ho, h su, cng rnh.
+ o knh, mng, h su.
+ Lm vic m ly, sui, rung, ao , h.
Bnh l
+ St do leptospira
(15) Bnh nhim c TNT
Cng vic gy bnh :
+ Nhi, np thuc v l mn.
+ Dng mn gy n ph
+ Cc vic tip xc vi TNT
Bnh l :
+ Tn thng mu
+ Suy tu
+ Tn thng gan
+ c nhn mt
+ Tn thng nim mc ng tiu ho
+ Suy nhc thn kinh
Cc bin php ch yu nhm khc phc tai nn lao
ng v bnh ngh nghip trong ngnh xy dng.
Vic xy dng mi, m rng, ci to cc c s sn xut,
s dng, bo qun, lu gi cc loi my, thit b, vt t, cc
cht c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton lao ng, v sinh
lao ng th ch u t , ngi s dng lao ng phi lp
lun chng v bin php bo m an ton lao ng, v
sinh lao ng.
Lun chng phi c c quan thanh tra nh nc v an ton
lao ng hoc v sinh lao ng phi hp vi c quan hu
quan chp thun.

Nh nc cng quy nh v s dng cc tiu chun, quy phm

v an ton lao ng, v ni lm vic phi an ton, v ni
lm vic pht sinh c hi, trang b bo h lao ng, nh
k khm sc kho, v hun luyn v an ton cho ngi lao
ng.
Khi lp thit k cng trnh cng nh thit k bin php thi
cng cn xut bin php m bo an ton lao ng.
Ch u t l ngi c t cch php nhn u t phi chu
trch nhim trc php lut v an ton lao ng trn cng
trnh mnh l ch u t. Ch nv s dng ngi lao
ng phi chu trch nhim v an ton ca ngi cng
nhn, v v sinh lao ng trong qu trnh lao ng.
Cc B Lao ng v Thng binh x hi, B Y t v Tng
Cng on c nhiu thng t lin tch hng dn v t
chc thc hin cng tc bo h lao ng trong doanh
nghip, c s sn xut kinh doanh.
S quan tm n an ton lao ng v v sinh lao ng
ca Nh nc bin thnh trch nhim ca tng c s sn
xut, kinh doanh. S quan tm ny c th hin thnh s
phn nh trch nhim qun l ca cn b qun l v cc
b phn chuyn mn ca doanh nghip. iu ny phn nh
qua k hoch v bin php c th v bo h lao ng, v
an ton v v sinh lao ng. Ni dung, hnh thc v t
chc vic kim tra an ton lao ng cng c quy nh rt
c th.
Nhng bin php qun l rt kht khao v c th cng vi
thc ca ngi lao ng s hn ch tai nn , lm cho ngi lao
ng yn tm, c hiu qu, to nn nng sut cao v cht lng cng trnh tt.
An ton lao ng trong lp nghin cu kh thi v b
H s u thu
1.Ni dung bo m an ton phi c phn nh trong bo
co nghin cu kh thi
Trong bn nghin cu kh thi phi t vn an ton cho
s dng cng trnh cng nh phi m bo an ton
lao ng trong sut qu trnh thc hin u t. Khi
thit k cng trnh phi tun theo cc quy nh

cu to kin trc sao cho bo m an ton cho ngi

s dng cng trnh v lu di. Mt s th d nh
nhng khong trng, h phi c lan can bo m
cho ngi khng th ng, ri t trn cao xung thp do
v tnh. Lan can khng lm xc ngang ngi c
th dm chn vo cc thanh ngang ca lan can m
d dng vt qua lan can . Chiu cao ca tng chn
mi gi an ton khng cho ngi b ln qua tng
chn mi ng khi sn thng. Ca s nh cao tng
khng c lp bn l ng m phi l ca trt trong
mt phng ca. u mi cc bc thang phi c cc
vch ngang chng trn khi ln, xung thang.
2. Ni dung h s mi thu phi yu cu nh thu khi lp
bin php k thut thi cng phi km bin php an ton cho
sn xut, cho ngi lao ng.
Ch u t phi chu trch nhim trc nh nc v an ton lao
ng nn khi thng qua cc bin php thi cng cn ch
ng mc n cc bin php an ton cho ngi lao ng.
Ni dung h s mi thu phi gn s phi hp tin vi an
ton lao ng.
Cn yu cu trong h s mi thu s khn trng thi cng
theo nguyn tc trin khai nhng vic c iu kin trin
khai c, nhng nhng vic ang thi cng khng c gy
tai nn cho nhng vic khc. m bo an ton cho nhau
khi trin khai nhiu cng vic ng thi th trn mt mt
bng thi cng cho mt cng vic khng nn b tr vic khc
tin hnh trong . Trn cng mt chiu cao m khi thi cng
c th nh hng mt an ton cho cng vic bn di th
khng c b tr hai vic cng lm. B tr vic lm ng
thi ch khi c mt bng cho nhiu cng vic tin
hnh m khng cn tr hoc lm mt an ton cho nhau.
Lp k hoch bo m an ton chung cho cng trng da vo bn tng s
( master schedule) , mi cng vic trong tng s thy c kh nng xy
ra s mt an ton no s a vo thi im y nhng tai nn kh d xy ra v
bin php ngn nga.

Bn k hoch bo m an ton khi thi cng cng trnh :

Bn k hoch bo m an ton khi thi cng cng trnh lp trn c s bn tin
thi cng ( calendar planning ).
Cn da vo cc bin php thi cng nhm thc hin cc cng tc xy dng
trong bn tin lp ra bin php an ton bo m cho khi thi cng c
th khng b xy ra mt an ton.
Trc ht, phi nm c khi thi cng trong iu kin no s c kh nng b
tai nn.
Phi c cc bin php ngn nga tai nn khi thc hin tng bin php thi
cng.
a) Quy nh chung cho m bo an ton lao ng
Qui nh v ro chn
Mi ch c th ri ngi t trn cao xung nh t cc sn tng
cao, t ming h su u phi ro chn, ngn khng cho
ngi ri do thiu ch .
Nhng ni c th ri vt treo trn cao xung li i hay
mt bng cng tc ca ngi lao ng nh phm vi lm vic
ca cn trc, phi ro chn hoc c ch gii khng cho ngi
qua li nhm trnh tai nn.
Ro chn c nhng gi cho cc thanh chn ngang l cc
thanh ng c bt cht vo chc chn vi nn. Khong
cch gia thanh ng khng qu 2 mt , Nhng thanh
ngang phi t vo thanh ng sao cho nu c lc tc ng,
nhng thanh ny khng b bt bung lm t ng ngi cn
bo v. Thanh ngang phi sn vn en vng , chiu rng
vn ln hn 20 cm.
Ro chn phi c thit k chi tit khi xut gii php
thi cng . Phi lm xong ro chn mi c thc hin cc
thao tc k thut khc.
Qui nh v ch gii nguy him
ng phn gii gia khu vc nguy him, c kh nng xy ra
tai nn vi khu vc an ton l ch gii nguy him. Ch gii
tm thng lm thnh hng ro. Nu tnh di ng kh thng
xuyn th ch gii c th lm di hnh thc thanh chn

ngang hoc dy ngn an ton. Dy phi c mc treo vo

nhng tr bng b tng ct thp, bng thp hay bng g
tm thi. Tr chn t n nh v c th di
chuyn c c th chuyn ch khi cn iu chnh khu
vc nguy him.
Dy hoc thanh ngang lm ng ngn ch gii phi c
chiu rng bn trn 50 mm nhn bit bng mt thng. Phi sn vn vng-en thnh khoang m chiu di
mi khc vn phi sn l 200 mm.
Mu sc v ch cho cc tn hiu an ton : Ch ch
dn cc tn hiu v an ton phi vit kiu ch in chn phng. Chiu cao ca ch phi ln hn 20 cm v chiu rng
nt ch trn 20 mm. Nn vit ch phi l mu sng, thng l mu vng. Ch c th mu hay en. Ch tn
hiu an ton cn ch dn khi thiu nh sng phi c n
chiu ri sng c c trong mi tnh hung.
Qui nh v thng bo tn hiu an ton lao ng: Nhng
thng bo bng tn hiu cho cng tc an ton phi ngi
c nhn bit c trc khi vo khu vc m tn hiu ch dn
mt khong cch kp c hnh ng ngn nga tai
nn. Tn hiu thng bo v an ton khng c treo ngc
sng lm cho ngi c nhn khng r. Khi buc lng phi
treo tn hiu ngc sng, phi c n chiu trc tip vo
bng tn hiu ngi c nhn r c tn hiu.
V Ergonomics, nhn trc v khng gian tc nghip
Trong thit k bin php k thut, ngi k s, k thut vin
phi ch n ergonomics. Ergonomics c gi theo ting
Vit l cng thi hc l mn khoa hc lin ngnh, kt hp
gia khoa sinh hc ngi v khoa hc k thut to ra s thch
ng gia phng tin k thut , mi trng lao ng vi kh
nng ca con ngi v gii phu sinh l, tm l nhm m
bo cho lao ng c hiu qu nht, bo v sc kho, an
ton lao ng v tin nghi cho con ngi. Khi nghin cu
ergonomics trong lao ng xy dng, phi s dng nhng
s liu nhn trc ca con ngi Vit nam tng quan n

cng c lao ng, my mc cho ph hp thao tc, thch ng

vi iu kin an ton lao ng cho ngi cng nhn Vit
nam. Nhng vn c th l gin gio thi cng, mt mt
phi ph hp vi m un cao ca ngi nh ng thi phi
ph hp vi cao trung bnh ca ngi Vit nam, sao cho
thao tc trong lao ng c an ton nht.
Khng gian tc nghip ca mt cng nhn phi ph hp vi
s liu nhn trc ca con ngi Vit nam. T chc khng
gian tc nghip ca mt cng nhn hp l l la chn kch
thc khu vc lao ng sao cho gim nh s di chuyn trong
qu trnh lao ng. Quan h gia con ngi lao ng vi
i tng lao ng thun tin nht nhm to ra nng sut lao
ng cao, t hao ph nng lng nht ng thi phi m
bo an ton nht.
V mt phng tc nghip cc phng
Khi thit k t th trong lao ng cn ht sc ch n
mt phng tc nghip. Trc mt l mt phng tc nghip
thun li nht: t nng sut cao, t chnh xc ca sn
phm cao nht ng thi thun vi t th lao ng, t gy
tai nn. Hn ch mi t th lao ng khi phi quay xng
sng quanh tr sng thao tc nhng mt phng lm
vi mt phng i xng trc sau theo phng ng ca c
th. Lm vic nhng t th ny khng huy ng c sc
c bp n mc cao nht, d gy ra s co rt c do c
b vn ng khng ph hp vi quy tc sinh hc. V cao
ca mt phng cng tc, tu t th ng hay ngi m chn
cho ph hp vi nhn trc ngi Vit nam. Khi lao ng vi t
th ng th cao cng tc tt nht l cao 90 cm
so vi mt chn ng. Khi lao ng trong t th ngi th
cao ca mt cng tc tt nht l 30 cm cch mt gh
ngi. Mt cng tc khng ph hp vi t th lao ng, khng
nhng lao ng b gim nng sut m cn d gy ra tai
nn lao ng.
Dng c v trang b tm, nht thi
Dng c cm tay phi ph hp vi sc kho v nhn trc ngi Vit nam. Khng c qu nng , kh s dng cng nh d
gy tai nn. Nhng dng c c kh nng tut, vng khi lao

ng, tay cm phi to gn sng hp vi bn tay khi nm v

c lp lt, trng cao su, tng ma st khi nm chc. Khi
lao ng nhng t th m cng c b vng tut s gy
nguy him cho ngi chung quanh hay bn di , dng c y
phi c l buc dy no gi khi cng c b vng hay tut.
di ca dy khng cn tr khi thi cng nhng khng qu
di gy tnh trng neo gi khng c tc dng. Dng c phi
m bo an ton khi s dng, khng gy tai nn cho
ngi s dng v ngi chung quanh.
Trang b bo h thch hp cho tng tc nghip xy dng:
Vi mi dng cng tc xy dng i hi phi c trang b bo
h lao ng thch ng. Mi cng nhn cn iu chnh cho
nhng trang b lao ng va vn vi c th v nhn trc
ca mnh. Qun o bo h khng th mc rng thng
thnh, ngn cn s nhanh nhn cng nh cn tr cc thao tc
khi lao ng. M i phi c quai v khng b qu lng hay
qu cht. M cht sinh tc mu trn u, gy ra au u
v nhc u. Gng tay phi i va, khng cht m khng
lng. Lng s b tut v cht s cn tr khi cm, nm dng
c hoc vt liu xy dng.
b) S gn lin bin php k thut, bin php kim tra cht
lng v bin php an ton lao ng thnh mt th
thng nht
Theo mc e iu 16 ca bn Quy nh qun l cht lng
cng trnh xy dng ban hnh theo quyt nh s
18/2003/Q-BXD ngy 27-6-2003 ca B trng B Xy dng
th ch u t phi kim tra bin php thi cng, bin php
an ton lao ng cho cng trnh v an ton cho cc cng
trnh ln cn do doanh nghip xy dng lp. Lp bin
php thi cng l xy dng ti liu c s tin hnh thi
cng, to ra sn phm xy dng bo m cc yu cu k
thut v an ton lao ng do ch u t nu ra trong h s
mi thu. Kim tra cht lng sn phm xy dng do nh
thu to ra phi ng thi kim tra nhng bin php bo
m an ton lao ng v cht lng cng trnh khng th
tch ri an ton lao ng. Ngi lao ng c lm vic trong
iu kin an ton mi to ra sn phm tt. Va lao ng

va lo ngay ngy cho s an ton trong qu trnh lao ng

ca mnh th kh to c sn phm c cht lng. Trch
nhim ca nh thu l phi xut cc bin php m
bo cht lng cng nh bin php an ton lao ng. Trch
nhim ca ch u t l xem xt v ph duyt cc bin
php k thut thi cng cng vi bin php an ton sao cho
sn xut c cht lng ng thi bo m an ton.
c) Sp xp trnh t thi cng trong tin phi m bo
khng gian lao ng an ton
+ S phi hp cc yu t k thut nhm thi cng nhanh
C ba cch t chc thi cng c th thc hin trn mt mt
bng hng mc cng trnh l thi cng tun t, thi cng song
song v thi cng kiu dy chuyn. Trong vic sp xp thi
cng hp l, phi trin khai n mc ti a nhng cng
vic c th trin khai c nhm tranh th hon thnh cng
vic to sn phm xy dng nhanh nht. Cch thi cng theo
tun t, mt bng thi cng rng ri, lc lng thi cng huy
ng thp nhng thi gian to ra sn phm xy dng b ko
di. Cch thi cng song song, nhiu vic c thi cng ng
thi nn thi gian to ra sn phm xy dng rt ngn . Thi
cng song song phi huy ng lc lng thi cng ln v v
nhiu ngi cng tham gia thi cng ng thi nn kh nng
mt an ton trong lao ng cng ln. Thi cng kiu dy
chuyn i hi chia mt bng thi cng thnh cc phn
on v chia lao ng thnh nhng nhm chuyn . Nguyn
tc ca t chc dy chuyn l to nn s ng u khi
lng trong cc phn on iu phi lao ng mt cch
iu ho, nhp nhng. Trong mt phn on khng gian
lao ng ch c mt nhm th chuyn vo lao ng. Nhm
ny ra, nhm kia mi vo trong phn on. Trn mt phn
on ch c mt nhm th chuyn thc hnh thi cng. Phi
to ra iu kin lao ng lin tc cho ngi lao ng v trn
tng phn on khng gian lin tc c vic cho ngi lm.
C hai dng trnh t trong vic tin hnh cc bin php thi
cng nh sau:

Trnh t tip ni l bin php to ra sn phm xy dng c

nhiu thao tc m thao tc ny phi tin hnh trc, phi i
thc hin xong mi tin hnh c thao tc ng sau.
Trnh t song song l bin php m hai thao tc c th
ng thi tin hnh, khng nh hng n nhau v mt
qu trnh sn xut.
to ra sn phm xy dng th cng tin hnh song song
c nhiu vic th thi gian hon thnh chung cng nhanh.
Nhng cn xem xt v iu kin lao ng, iu kin mt
bng cng tc sao cho khi tin hnh thao tc ny khng lm
mt an ton lao ng cho thao tc khc.
Nguyn tc phi hp gia nhng cng vic ca cc nhm
chuyn mn hay l gia nhng thao tc khc nhau trong mt
qu trnh sn xut chung l to iu kin thun li cho
nhau, khng gy mt an ton lao ng cho nhau. Tuyt
i khng b tr hai hay nhiu i sn xut cng thi cng
trong cng mt mt bng cng tc khi iu kin an ton lao
ng khng cho php.
+ Cc yu cu phi m bo an ton lao ng trong khng
gian lao ng
Trong mt khng gian lao ng tc l trong mt phn on
cng trnh c chia tin hnh thi cng khng nn b tr
hai nhm lao ng chuyn mn cng thi cng.
Khi tin hnh cng tc chuyn mn, cng tc cn c khng
gian trin khai cng vic ca mnh. Khng gian cn
thit trin khai c th din ra theo mt bng nhng
nhiu cng tc cn khng gian theo chiu cao hoc nhiu
cng tc li cn khng gian theo c mt bng, c chiu cao.
Ly th d nh tin hnh cng tc lng nn. Lng nn
nh i hi mt bng tri va to lp nn hon chnh.
Khi lng nn mt gian phng khng th b tr dng cp pha
cho sn tng trn ca gian phng y c v lm cp pha
i hi mt bng chng nhng cy chng, ng thi
li i hi khng gian trn cao tri h thng tm cp
pha cho sn bn trn.
Nh th, trong mt gian bung, khng th va lng nn, va
lm cp pha. T c im khi trin khai cng tc i hi

khng gian lao ng, nguyn tc b tr cng vic l

khng b tr hai hay nhiu cng tc chuyn mn cng tin
hnh trong mt khng gian lao ng.
+ Cc yu cu v an ton lao ng khi phi hp cc yu t
k thut trong cng mt khng gian :
y nhanh tin hon thnh nhiu cng vic phi
tin hnh, cn thit phi sp xp cng lc c th tin
hnh nhiu cng vic ng thi. Nhng nh mc trn
phn tch, khi tin hnh ng thi nhiu cng vic trong
cng mt khng gian lao ng, vic n s cn tr vic kia
hoc vic ny c th gy tai nn cho ngi lm vic khc.
Nguyn tc b tr phi hp cc cng vic trong cng mt
khng gian lao ng l phi phn khu, phn vng lao ng
khi tin hnh cng vic, cc thao tc ca cng vic ny
khng gy cn tr cho vic khc cng nh khng gy mt
an ton lao ng cho vic khc. Nu khng c vt liu
chng , ngn cch khng gian theo chiu ng thnh cc
khu vc an ton khi tin hnh ng thi nhiu vic, khng
c b tr hai nay nhiu vic lm ng thi theo chiu cao.
Khng c ranh gii r rng theo mt bng cng khng tin
hnh cng mt lc nhiu vic theo mt bng.
Cn phn khu r rng, gia cc khong khng gian tin
hnh cc thao tc nghip v khng phm vi cng tc ca
vic ny ln sang phm vi cng tc ca vic khc m s ln
y c th lm mt an ton cho nhau.
d) Thit k tng mt bng thi cng hay l s cung cp
dch v thi cng phi c quan im an ton lao ng
+ Tng mt bng phi c sp xp ngn np v ng b:
Cc thnh phn c sp xp trn tng mt bng nhm
phc v cc iu kin ca thi cng. Tng mt bng l khu
t hn ch quanh cng trnh xy dng chnh c s
dng phc v cho cc giai on thi cng cng trnh. Cn
thit phi la chn sao cho thnh phn no trn tng
mt bng th thnh phn y phi phc v c tt cho thi

cng giai on tin hnh cng vic. Tng mt bng thi

cng c lm cho nhiu thi k thi cng nn khng phi ch
c mt tng mt bng chung cho mi giai on thi cng
m mi giai on thi cng c mt tng mt bng. Tuy nhin
c gng t thay i v tr cc thnh phn ca tng
mt bng qua cc thi k thi cng khc nhau nhng cng
khng nn qu khin cng m ch lm mt tng mt bng
chung.
Trc khi sp xp cc thnh phn ca tng mt bng vo v
tr, cn tnh ton v quyt nh din tch ca thnh phn
tng mt bng c sp xp ti cng trng. Cch tnh ton
c trang b trong mn t chc thi cng. Tuy nhin ti cng
trng xy dng t ai b tr tng mt bng thng
nh hn din tch theo tnh ton. Ngi thit k tng mt
bng cn cn nhc trn quan im phc v tt nht cho
thi cng v an ton nht quyt nh din tch cn
trin khai cho cc thnh phn ca tng mt bng cng trng.
S sp xp tng thnh phn ca tng mt bng phi xem
xt rng thnh phn y phc v cng tc thi cng no, v
tr ca thnh phn y lin quan n nhng thnh phn
khc th no quyt nh v tr sp xp. S sp xp
v tr ca thnh phn tng mt bng lin quan n ng
vn chuyn trn cng trng, lin quan n quan h gia
cc thnh phn v nht l hng gi.
Vt liu, cu kin dng trong xy dng u nhiu v s lng v nng v trng lng nn nhng ni cha vt liu v
cu kin phi xp ven ng vn chuyn. Tuy nhin c
nhng bi cu kin khi di chuyn phi dng cn trc
bc , xp th v tr nhng ni ny phi thun li cho vic
chuyn ch v bc xp. Nhng ni cha vt liu gy bi
nh bi ct cn xp cui gi, khng cho gi thi bi vo
ni thi cng.
Nhng khu vc pht ra khi, pht ra kh c hi cng cn lu
v sp xp sao cho thun li theo gi. Cn lu tm rng,
c th mt v tr cui gi ca cng trng ca ta li l u
gi, gy bt tin cho cng trnh sn c ca nh lin k.
Nhng trng hp ny phi c bin php kh bi, kh khi,
kh hi c mt cch ch ng v nhn to. Khng th

 cc cht gy nhim khng kh nh hng n mi trng ca c khu vc xy dng v chung quanh.

+ Cc yu cu v an ton vi ng tm cho cc dng phng
tin
Tin hnh vch ng tm phc v thi cng phi cn c
vo giai on thi cng ca tng mt bng. Giai on san
i, ng thi cng phc v ch yu cho vic vn chuyn t
, ng thi cng cn lm r li xe vo ly t v li ch
t ra khi cng trng. Tng mt bng thi cng giai on
lm phn mng, ng cn s dng chuyn t n
hoc i, cn chuyn vt liu thi cng mng cng
trnh. Tng mt bng thi cng phn thn cng trnh th
ng thi cng phc v vic vn chuyn vt liu n, vn
chuyn cu kin n cng trnh, vn chuyn d phm
hoc rc xy dng i ni khc. Khiu thi cng phn thn
cng trnh, xe n cng trnh a dng hn khi thi cng
phn t, mng. Cn thit k lung giao thng sao cho
thun li trong qu trnh thi cng: kt cu nn ng phi
sc chu ti, lung ng khng giao ct hoc t giao
ct vi cc lung vn chuyn khc, hn ch n mc ti
thiu vic phi di chuyn trong phm vi hot ng ca cn
trc.
Phi b tr li vo hoc vnh ai di chuyn cho cng nhn
di chuyn trn cng trng. Li di chuyn cn quang ng ,
khng c chng ngi vt, ch n nhng s c gy nguy
him cho cng nhn khi di chuyn nh ri vt liu t trn
cao, ln vt liu t bn ngoi, t bi cha vo ng i ca
cng nhn. Cn c ch dn nhng ch b tr my nng
vt liu nh cn trc , thng ti mi ngi phng hoc
cch gic khi di chuiyn gn phm vi ny.Dc theo ng i
phi c bin hiu thng bo, ch dn cho ngi qua li c
th nhn bit tnh trng qung ng sp di chuyn n.
Cn b tr li vo v ra cho cc phng tin cp cu.
Khi ng di chuyn dc theo bin c su trn 1,2 mt ,
cn lm lan can trnh ngi v ng t trn cao xung
thp. Khi di chuyn qua nhng cao khc nhau phi lm
bc hoc lm thang.

Nn b tr vic di chuyn xe v ngi trn cng trng

theo cc ng mt chiu trnh tc nghn do lung giao
thng giao ct hoc phi ch i gy ra.
V tr ca kho , bi cha vt liu, cu kin , thit b nn
bm st ng giao thng. Vt liu, cu kin cng gn ni
sn xut cng tt th d , si , xi mng gn ni ch, trn
b tng hoc va.
+ Cc yu cu v thot nc m bo an ton
Khi chun b mt bng khi cng cng trnh, nht
thit phi thot nc trn mt bng. Mi ch ng nc cn
lm kh.Khng c ng tng vng nc trn mt bng.
Nu a hnh dc, cn lm nhng con trch pha trn
ca h o nu ma, nc khng dn vo h o. Cn
lm nhng ng ho hoc mng nh dn nc t v nhng
im c quy hoch, c thit k theo ch nh ri bm
thot. Sau khi ma ngng, trn mt bng phi kh ro ngay,
khng c vng nc, khng ngp nc.
Nu cng trng thi cng cc nhi, tng barrette, cn thit
k bin php thu hi dung dch bentonite. Lm rnh, mng
dn bentonite n ln t l khoan khi b tng v h thu,
trang b my lc ct s dng li bentonite. Nu khng s
dng li bentonite th bentonite cng phi c tp trung
thot vo ni thch hp. Khng c trc tip bentonite
vo h thot nc cng cng v bentonite s lm cho h cng
cng cng b tc nghn nhanh chng.
+ Cc yu cu v cp nc m bo an ton
Ngun nc cp t nh my nc cn c bo v chng tht
thot. ng ng dn t im cp n cc ni tiu th nc
trong cng trng cn c bo v an ton, chng b v ng
khi ng dn ct qua ng giao thng. ng nc ct qua ng giao thng phi chn ngm su trn 50 cm cch
mt trn ca o ng. on ng qua ng phi lun qua
ng v bo v cho ng dn. ng knh ng v phi ln
hn ng knh ng dn nc ti thit 3 ln. Phi m bo
cc im ni ca ng dn nc c ni ren, c s dng

vt liu chng r r nc. V tr ni ng khng c nm trn

on ng lun qua ng giao thng. Nn t ng dn nc
song song vi ng giao thng. Cng hn ch vic b tr
ng qua ng cng gim c mi lo v ng. Trn ng ng
cn b tr van, kho y khi sa cha ng dn nc ti v tr no , khng lm nh hng n cc im tiu
th nc ch khc.
+ Cc yu cu v in, my xy dng phi m bo an
ton v phc v tt cho s dng
in l ngun nng lng ht sc quan trng cho mi hot
ng trn cng trng. Tuy nhin tai nn v in cng l
nguy c ng k. c im ca tai nn do in gy ra thng kh nhn bit trc c, yu t ngu nhin rt cao. Theo
thng k lu nm ca T chc Lao ng Quc t , c 30 tai
nn v in c mt tai nn lm cho cht ngi. Cch chng
tai nn do in gy ra l phi tun th ht sc nghim
ngt cc quy nh v h thng in. Vic chn tuyn
dy in trn khng hay ng dy cp phi rt hp l v
m bo an ton. Vic la chn cc thit b in phi ph
hp vi iu kin sn xut v an ton. Phi thng xuyn
kim tra an ton ca h thng dy dn in. Nu
cch in c du hiu khng an ton, phi c bin php
b cu kp thi. Tuy l li in tm nhng nht thit phi
lm h tip i cho an ton khi s c hoc khi ging
bo.
Khi thit k tng mt bng phi nghin cu c bit n
vic s dng cn trc thp v phi vch ra phm vi hot
ng ca cn trc thp. Tuy nhin khng phi mi thi gian
u cm khng c di chuyn hoc lao ng trong phm
vi vch ra cho cn trc thp hot ng m ch khi no cn
trc thp hot ng mi cn ro chn phm vi hot ng
ca cn trc thp. Khi hot ng khng thng xuyn, cn b
tr ngi cnh gii gn gi an ton th hin thc hn.
+ Nh tm phc v cc i tng khc nhau trn cng trng
Nh tm phc v l nhng kho cha , nh sn xut, nh
hnh chnh v sinh hot ca cng trng. Nh tm phi b tr

thnh tng khu vc cho cng trng ngn np, phc v tt

nht cho sn xut v an ton nht cho ngi lao ng cng
nh bo v tt c ti sn cng trng.
Kho cha phi bm vo ven ng gim cng sc vn
chuyn th cng khi ly v ct cha hng ho nhng nh kho
khng c cn tr mi hot ng trn cng trng cng nh
gy mt an ton lao ng. Kho cha nhng cht d bt
chy th kt cu ca kho phi lm bng vt liu kh chy.
S sp xp hng trong kho phi d tm, d thy v d ly
khi xut hng. Kho cha cn b tr gn nhng nh sn xut
cn s dng vt liu hng ho cha trong kho. Kho xng,
du hoc cha cht c, cht d bc chy phi t v
tr thun tin cu ho nu ri ro b chy, m chy khng
lan to ra cc nh chung quanh. Phi tun th khong cch
ly an ton gia nhng nh kho.
Nh sn xut cng cn bm ly ng di chuyn vic
cung cp vt liu v ly hng ho a ra cng trnh thun
li. Nhng xng khi sn xut c kh nng gy chy nh phn
xng hn, rn, dp phi b tr xa kho g v xng sn xut
mc. Ni sn xut c s dng xng, du phi lu tm n
khu phng v cha chy.
Nh bp phc v cng nhn n ung, nh ngh ngi ca
cng nhn cn lu n kh nng chy do la. La c th
t bp nhng cng nhiu kh nng do cng nhn dng thuc
l, thuc lo m gy chy.
+ Hng gi v s sp xp cc yu t tng mt bng
Khi sp xp cc thnh t ca tng mt bng cn ch hng gi. Phi v trn tng mt bng hoa gi ca nm. Khi
cng trng tn ti ngn, v hoa gi theo ma m thi gian thi
cng s b nh hng. Nhng ni sinh bi nh bi ct, ni sn
xut va, ni sinh khi nh l nu bitum , ni sinh cht c
ta vo khng kh nh b ngm tm g, nh v sinh ca
cng trng cn b tr cui hng gi. Li phi ch rng cui
hng gi ca cng trng mnh l u gi cho khong t
hoc nh ln cn nn phi gii quyt sao cho sn xut
khng to ra mt an ton v gy nhim cho mi trng lao
ng.

2.3 Lp k hoch bo v mi trng trong khu vc xy dng

Lp k hoch bo v mi trng c k hoch bo v mi trng chung v k
hoch bo v mi trng trong qu trnh thi cng.
2.3.1 K hoch bo v mi trng chung cho ton cng
trng:
Bo v mi trng trong cc d n u t xy dng c quy
nh nh sau:
+ i vi tng d n xy dng phi c xc nh ngay t
khu chun b u t cho n giai on xy dng v
nghim thu, a d n vo s dng. Trong khu thm nh
cc d n u t xy dng cn thc hin cc qui nh v
nh gi Tc ng Mi trng (TM) (Thng t s 490/1998/TT
ca B KHCN&MT hng dn lp v thm nh bo co TM,
Thng t s 1420/MTg ngy 26/11/1994 Hng dn MT i vi
cc c s ang hot ng) v cn a vo d n ngun kinh
ph xy dng cc cng trnh k thut x l nhng vn
c lin quan n mi trng.
Qui nh v gi, tc ng mi trng trong lp d n u t:
nh gi tc ng mi trng l vic phn tch d bo cc
tc ng n mi trng ca d n u t c th a ra cc
bin php bo v mi trng khi trin khai d n .
Bo co tc ng mi trng ca d n u t phi do c
quan c thm quyn ph duyt, l mt iu kin bt buc
ph duyt d n, cp php u t v trin khai d n.
Khng phi mi d n u phi bo co nh gi tc ng
mi trng m c qui nh c th:
Cc i tng d n phi lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi
trng.
- D n cng trnh quan trng quc gia.
+ Ngh quyt s 66/2006/NQ-QH quy nh c th th no
l d n quan trng quc gia.
+ Ngh inh 12/2009/N-CP ph lc v phn loi d n u
t

- D n c s dng mt phn din tch t hoc c nh hng xu n khu bo tn thin nhin, vn quc gia, cc khu
di tch, lch s vn ha, di sn thin nhin, danh lam thng
cnh c xp hng,
- D n c nguy c nh hng xu n ngun nc, lu vc
sng, vng ven bin, vng c h sinh thi c bo v.
- D n xy dng kt cu h tng khu kinh t khu cng
nghip, khu cng ngh cao, khu ch xut v cm lng
ngh.
- D n xy dng mi th, khu dn c tp trung
- D n khai thc, s dng nc di t v ti nguyn thin
nhin c quy m ln.
Cc d n khc c tim n nguy c ln c tc ng xu i
vi mi trng.
Qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n.
Ch u t d n c trch nhim lp bo co nh gi tc
ng mi trng ng thi vi d n u t. Qu trnh nh
gi tc ng mi trng c cc bc sau:
- Tin hnh nh gi hin trng mi trng ca khu vc d n
(xem mc nhim a im v xy dng v khng
kh, ting n o lng c sc chu ti ca mi trng.)
- nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n mi trng xung
quanh (trn c s xut ca d n n mi trng xung
quanh)
- xut cc bin php c th gim thiu cc tc ng
xu i vi mi trng xung quanh v phng nga ri ro
- Lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng
- Ly kin ca chnh quyn, phng x
- Ph duyt bo cc nh gi tc ng mi trng.
Ni dung ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng:
- Lit k, m t chi tit cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n
lin quan theo quy m v khng gian, thi gian v khi lng
thi cng cng ngh vn hnh ca tng hng mc cng trnh
v ca c d n.
- nh gi chung v hin trng mi trng ni thc hin d n
v vng k cn, nh gi mc nhy cm v sc chu ti
ca mi trng.

Khi mc nhiu mc thp -> tc ng vi mi trng

nh hu nh khng nhn thy. n mt mc no c nh
hng rt ln n d mc nhim tng rt t.
- nh gi chi tit cc tc ng MT c kh nng xy ra khi d
n c thc hin v cc thnh phn mi trng, cc yu t
kinh t x hi chu tc ng ca d n.
D bo nhng ri ro v mi trng do cng trnh gy ra.
- Trnh by cc bin php c th gim thiu tc ng xu
n mi trng, cc bin php phng nga ng ph cc s c
mi trng.
- Trnh by cam kt thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh cng trnh
- Danh mc cc cng trnh, cc chng trnh qun l v
gim st cc vn mi trng trong qu trnh trin khai
thc hin d n.
- kin ca U Ban Nhn Dn x phng, th trn, kin
ca cng ng dn c ni thc hin d n, cc kin khng
tn thnh vic t d n ti a phng hoc khng tn
thnh i vi cc gii php bo v mi trng xut
phi c nu trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.
- Ch dn cc ngun cung cp s liu, d liu v thuyt
minh phng php nh gi
+ Cc d n phi bo m ph hp vi mi trng cnh quan
khu vc v tip ni thch hp vi h tng hin c, phi c
bit quan tm n mi quan h vi cc cng trnh ln cn
nh h thng giao thng, x l nc thi, kh thi, thu gom x
l rc thi khu vc. Cc ngun cht thi (kh thi, nc thi,
rc thi) pht sinh trong qu trnh vn hnh cng trnh xy
dng phi c x l cc b hoc c truyn ti kn ti h
thng c s h tng k thut x l cht thi ca th v
khu cng nghip.
+ V tin nghi, an ton sc kho cho ngi s dng:
Phi tun th Qui chun xy dng v cc Tiu chun c
lin quan v chiu sng t nhin, thng hi thong gi, li
i li thot, phng chng chy n, chng ng t v
nhit trong phng i vi cc cng trnh c s dng
iu ho nhit . Vt liu s dng bo m khng gy

 nhim mi trng v nh hng n sc kho nhng ngi

sng v lm vic trong cng trnh .
+ Tit kim nng lng:
Cn nng cao hiu sut trong vic s dng nng lng,
nhin liu v bo m v sinh mi trng xy dng theo Qui
chun xy dng c th l:
a. Tn dng iu kin chiu sng t nhin.
b. S dng cc trang thit b trong cng trnh c hiu
sut nng lng cao.
c. V bao che cch nhit tt gim ti a hin tng
truyn nhit.
d. Cc cng trnh cng cng, thng mi, chung c nn s
dng h thng lm mt trung tm v khi s dng thit b
c dung mi lm lnh phi tun th Cng c Montreal v bo
v tng ozon m Chnh ph Vit Nam tham gia k v
ph chun ngy 26 thng 4 nm 1994.
Bo v mi trng trn cng trng xy dng
a) Cng trng xy dng
Cc cng trng xy dng phi m bo cc Qui nh
v an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng trong qu trnh
chuyn ch vt liu xy dng, qu trnh thi cng v hon
thin cng trnh.
Cc cng trng xy dng phi c tng hp tnh hnh
mi trng nh k hoc t xut khi c yu cu, theo bn
ph duyt bo co TM trong qu trnh thi cng cng trnh
cho n khi hon thnh, bn giao a cng trnh vo s
dng.
b) Cng ngh v trang thit b trn cng trng
Khi thi cng mng cc cho cc cng trnh trong th
phi xem xt la chn thit b thi cng thch hp trnh
rung ng, khi, bi, ting n v nh hng ti cc cng
trnh khc.
c) X l nc b mt v nc thi trong qu trnh thi cng

(i). Phi c h thng thot nc cng trng bo m

khng gy nhim ngun tip nhn, khng gy st l t
cc khu vc xung quanh, khng gy ly li lm nh hng
n pha ngoi cng trnh v giao thng th bng cch
x l ring trong cng trng hoc c h thu gom v chuyn
ch ra ni qui nh.
(ii). Cc dung dch khoan hoc bn t phi thu gom
v lng ng no vt hoc thu hi.
d) Thu gom ph thi cc cng trng thi cng.
(i). C bin php qun l, thu gom ph thi xy dng,
ch v sinh tm thi cho cng nhn xy dng.
(ii). Cm ph thi xy dng t do t trn cao
xung mt t hoc sn di.
(iii). Phi c k hoch thu gom, vn chuyn cht thi
xy dng n ni quy nh.
4. nhng ni qu cht
hp phi xin php ni ph thi tm thi
e. An ton v sinh trong thi cng v bo v cng trnh xy
dng
(i). Cc cng trng xy dng phi thc hin nhng qui
nh v v sinh v an ton lao ng theo TCVN 5308-91,
an ton in TCXDVN 394-2007, v Qui chun xy dng 1996.
(ii). Cng trng phi c che chn chng bi v vt ri
t trn cao, chng n v rung ng qu mc TCVN TCVN
3985-85, phng chng chy TCVN 3254-89, an ton n
TCVN3255-86 trong qu trnh thi cng.
(iii). Xe vn chuyn vt t, vt liu xy dng ri, ph
thi xy dng d gy bi v lm bn mi trng phi c
bc kn, trnh ri vi; trnh mang bn, bn trong cng trng
ra ng ph v h thng ng giao thng cng cng.
(iv). Cng trnh k thut h tng ti cng trng: Bo v
cy xanh trong v xung quanh cng trng, vic cht h
cy xanh phi c php c quan qun l cy xanh; Vic
chiu sng bn ngoi phi tun theo tiu chun, i vi cc
nh cao tng phi c n bo hiu an ton ban m; Cc

cng trnh v sinh tm thi phi c x l trit v

khng gy nh hng n mi trng lu di sau khi hon
thnh cng trnh.
(v). Phi c bin php c th bo v cnh quan, gi
tr thm m, khng gian kin trc v cc yu cu khc ca
khu vc xung quanh trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng
cng trnh.
Bo v mi trng trong c s sn xut, kinh doanh
vt liu xy dng
a) Cc c s sn xut xi mng
1. Phi x l t khu nhp nguyn, nhin vt liu (t
st, vi, than, du...) n khu thnh phm (bi xi
mng) trong cc nh xng theo tiu chun mi trng lao
ng.
2. i vi bi v kh thi c ngun gc t t nhin liu
khi nung luyn clinker v trong khu nghin phi qua x l
lc bi, cn phi tnh ton y chiu cao ca ng khi
vi a hnh cho php theo tiu chun mi trng.
3. i vi cng ngh xi mng l quay sn xut theo phng php t l loi cng ngh lc hu, tn hao nng lng ln,
nhim mi trng trm trng cn u tin u t chuyn sang
cng ngh kh (hoc phi ci to mi trng theo hng u
t hin i nht).
Cn phi tun th cc qui nh v an ton lao ng
v v sinh mi trng theo cc TCVN c lin quan i vi cng
ngh xi mng l ng v l quay.
4. i vi cng ngh xi mng l ng, phi tin hnh
ci tin k thut u t chiu su hon thin dy chuyn,
bo m an ton lao ng v bo v mi trng: cn sm
loi b nhng c s xi mng l ng khng p ng yu
cu cht lng sn phm v gy nhim mi trng.
b) Cc c s sn xut thu tinh v gm xy dng:
+ Cc c s sn xut gch xy:

a. L nung sy tuynen nhim kh thi vn cn ln, cn

trang b h thng hp ph SO2 hoc ng khi chiu cao
nhm lan to kh thi theo hng pha long.
b. i vi loi l gch sn xut theo kiu th cng lng ph
nguyn liu, nhin liu v gy nhim mi trng, cn hn
ch nhim mi trng tin n thay th dn loi sn xut
gch th cng bng loi l nung sy tuynen.
+ Cc c s sn xut tm lp, m phanh t:
a. Cc c s sn xut ny gy nhim mi trng do kh
thi, nc thi v bi aming, xi mng. Phi c bin php k
thut x l nhm bo m v sinh mi trng v an ton
lao ng, hn ch v loi tr cc cht nhim trc khi x ra
ngun tip nhn v phi c a n v tr theo quy hoch
c duyt.
b. Vic s dng nguyn liu v sn xut sn phm c
cha aming cn thc hin ng cc quy nh hin hnh.
+ C s sn xut thu tinh, knh tm xy dng:
nhim bi, du m, kh SO2, HF v cc kh c hi
khc cng phi c loi tr trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn.
+ Cc c s sn xut thit b s v sinh v gch lt:
Cc c s sn xut ny gy nhim mi trng ch
yu l bi, kh thi v nc thi; phn xng sn xut v
trng men c hm lng cn l lng rt cao; Phi c cc bin
php k thut x l bi v lng cn nc thi t tiu chun
trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn.
+ Cc c s sn xut sn phm c kh xy dng :
nhim ch yu l x than, b t n, phoi st thp,
SiO2, NaCO3, ct lm khun, kh thi, du m v cc kim loi
nng trong nc thi (c bit l phn xng m). Phi c
bin php thu kh, bi, thu du m; Trung ho v x l nc
thi t cht lng trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn.
+ Cc c s khai thc ct, , si lm ct liu b tng, khai
thc gia cng p lt:

1. Phi bo v cnh quan, gim thiu s thay i b

mt t ai, thay i dng chy cc sng sui.
2. Bi v nc thi phi c x l t tiu chun trc
khi x ra ngun tip nhn.
3. Phi c bin php kim sot v x l bi t ngun
pht sinh bo m mi trng lao ng v mi trng
chung: trong nh phi c thu ht v lc bi, ngoi cng trng phi phun m nhm gim lng bi pht tn.
+ Khuyn khch cc c s sn xut cc sn phm vt liu
xy dng t cht lng mi trng.
Cc c s sn xut phi xc nh cc yu t ch yu
ca h thng qun l mi trng ca mnh xy dng ni
qui qun l c s, c th gm:
1. Ph bin nhm qun trit nhng quy nh v qun
l mi trng t th trng n v n tt c mi thnh vin
trong n v.
2. Xc nh cc sn phm ca c s sn xut cn t
tiu chun mi trng .
3. Nghin cu cc gii php k thut c th bo v
mi trng.
4. Cn Qui nh c th v cng ngh, kinh ph v lc
lng thc hin hot ng qun l mi trng, c quy ch c
th lc lng ny hot ng.
5. o to v c cc phng php nng cao nhn thc
v qun l cht lng sn phm theo yu cu bo v mi trng cho cn b, cng nhn vin.
6. T chc thng tin, tuyn truyn trong ni b v bn
ngoi v vn bo v mi trng. Cc thng tin phi c lu gi c th kim tra x l kp thi.
7. nh k kim tra mng li t chc bo v mi trng
ca c s.
8. Cp qun l phi kim tra h thng k thut bo v
mi trng nhm bo m h thng hot ng lin tc, thng xuyn v c hiu qu.

9. Phn u bo m c s sn xut c cp chng

ch theo cc tiu chun qun l cht lng ISO 9.000 v cc
tiu chun qun l mi trng ISO 14.000.
+ An ton v v sinh lao ng trong sn xut vt liu xy
dng
1. Cc c s sn xut vt liu xy dng phi t chc
nh k kim tra, o c cc yu t mi trng lao ng
theo quy nh hoc theo giy php v mi trng. Yu t
mi trng lao ng gm:
a. Cc yu t vi kh hu (nhit , m, tc gi,
bc x nhit);
b. Cc yu t vt l (nh sng, ting n, rung, cc bc x
c hi: bc x ion ho v khng ion ho),
c. Cc yu t ho hc (hi, kh, bi c, cht ho hc)
d. Cc vi sinh vt gy bnh nh vi khun, siu vi khun,
nm mc, cc loi k sinh trng, cn trng.
e. Khi cc yu t c hi vt qu tiu chun v sinh cho
php th phi c bin php khc phc ngay; hoc nu
thy c kh nng xy ra s c bt thng gy nguy c n
sc kho v tnh mng ca ngi lao ng th phi ngng
ngay hot ng v bo ngay cho c quan c trch nhim
kim tra, x l kp thi.
2. C s sn xut phi bo m nhng quy nh v
an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng cho tng c nhn.
Xe vn chuyn nguyn liu, vt liu, vt t xy dng ra khi
cng xng, x nghip sn xut vo ng ph phi che kn,
trnh ri vi.
2.3.2 K hoch bo v mi trng trong qu trnh thi
cng:
Phi cn c vo tin thi cng lp k hoch bo v
mi trng trong qu trnh thi cng. Ty thuc bin php thi
cng cho tng thi gian thi cng, qu trnh thi cng thi loi
ra cc yu t gy nhim cho mi trng , phi c gii php

c sp xp i ph, ngn chn s lm nhim cho

khu vc xy dng.
Khi thi cng t, t o ra s c vn chuyn ct cha
hay ti ng v tr qui nh. Bin php chng bi do
t o b gi tung ln khng gian bng cch ti m cho
khu vc o, xe vn chuyn phi c np che chn, bin
php chng ri vi t ra ng vn chuyn. Nu s dng nc, phng s gy bn v nc thi, nc bm t h o.
Khi nu nha ng hay cc sn phm khc, chng khi, bi.
B ngm tm g, chng bc hi c...
ng vi mi bin php thi cng gy nh hng xu n mi
trng cn c bin php chng li cc nh hng y. Nhng
bin php ny gn vi thi gian xy ra ngi iu hnh
tin nhn bit c khi bt u tin hnh cng vic.
3. Cc bin php kim sot v m bo an ton lao ng v mi trng
xy dng
kim sot v bo m an ton lao ng v mi trng
xy dng phi da vo cc bn k hoch bo m an ton
v mi trng xy dng.
Ch u t phi cn c vo bn k hoch bo m an ton
lao ng v mi trng xy dng phn cng cho cc
n v chuyn trch, n v phi hp v cc c nhn chu
trch nhim c th theo di, gim st qu trnh thi cng v
n c thc hin cc bin php bo v an ton v mi trng.
Qu trnh theo di, n c, gim st qu trnh thi cng
v mt an ton v mi trng, c nhn v n v c
phn cng phi lp bo co nh k v bo co t xut
gi ch u t xem xt v quyt nh x l.
Bo co nh k c th c chu k l 1 tun, 1 thng, 1 qu.
Bo co t xut, khng thng xuyn khi c nguy c hoc
kh nng xy ra s c hoc tai nn.
Kt lun :
Bo m an ton lao ng v mi trng l yu cu ca
Nh Nc . Sn xut an ton v bo v mi trng an ton l

tiu ch nhn vn . Vn sn xut an ton c a vo

cc vn bn php lut, i hi c tun th nghim tc./.