Carl Jung
3 Levels of Consciousness:
* Ego: conscio
out daily acti
Freud’s
* Personal Unconscious:
individual's thoughts,
memories, wishes, impulses;
like Freud’s
level; carries
ies; like
* Collective Unconscious:
storehouse of memories
inherited from the common
ancestors of the whole
human race; no counterpart
in Freud’s theoryThe Collective Unconscious
It contains archetypes,
emotionally charged
images and thought forms
that have universal
meaning.
Archetypes cause us to
respond in certain ways to
common human
experiences.
Key archetype: Mandala
(“magic circle”), an image
symbolizing the unity of
life.AI teTeansy olor e)
on the Mandala...
Thad to abandon the idea of the superordinate position
of the ego. ... I saw that everything, all paths I had been
$e) Ke ATT ae DU ee B OUR) COMA LORR e He ae ao)
single point -- namely, to the mid-point. It became
pnts SNe CERAM ene CB CRI ke sn ana
PISS UeteMoosg ole) eTsse (Moy ae] Mort eo ReCM CCM old com sot Reolrn mere)
individuation. ... I knew that in finding the mandala as
an expression of the self I had attained what was for me
the ultimate.
C. G. Jung. Memories, Dreams, ReflectionsAdditional Archetypes
Persona: your public personality, aspects of
yourself that you reveal to others.
Shadow: prehistoric fear of wild animals,
represents animal side of human nature.
Anima: feminine archetype in men.
Animus: masculine archetype in women.
Others: God, Hero, Nurturing Mother, Wise Old
Man, Wicked Witch, Devil, Powerful Father.Basic Personality Orientations
* Introversion: focused mward; the person is cautious,
shy, timid, reflective.
* Extroversion: focused outward; the person is outgoing,
sociable, assertive, energeticMental Functions
Thinking: naming and interpreting experience.
Feeling: evaluating an experience for its emotional
worth to us.
Sensing: experiencing the world through the senses
without interpreting or evaluating it.
Intuiting: relating directly to the world without
physical sensation, reasoning, or interpretation.The Concept of Self
au ar-et— meat
developed personality.
It is attained by balancing
and integrating all parts of
the personality.
Jung was the forerunner
of the humanistic
movement, with its
emphasis on self-
actualization.Carl Rogers
Humanistic PsychologyI. Biography
* Carl grew up on a farm in Illinois, developing an
interest in biology & agriculture.
* Expressing emotions was not allowed in the Rogers
household & it took its toll on Carl who developed
an ulcer at 15.
* Rogers went to the University of Wisconsin to stud
agriculture in 1919.
* He changed careers becoming interested in religious
studies. He finished his degree and left for Union
Theological Seminary in NY to become a minister.Biography contd.
*
*
He changed his mind for 2 reasons:
--Intense study in religion made him question his
own beliefs
--He took a psychology course at Columbia
University.
Rogers left the seminary to study psychology at
Columbia.
He held faculty positions at Ohio State, the U of
Chicago, & U of Wisconsin.Biography contd.
* Rogers view of humanistic psychology was at odds __.
with Freudian theory & behaviorism
* He gained recognition when he won the APA award
for distinguished scientific contribution in 1956.
In 1963, he moved to LaJolla, California to found the
Center for Studies of the Person.
He continued his scientific efforts, writing, holding
workshops, etc. until he died in 1987.II. Humanistic Psychology
* personality depends on what people
believe & how they perceive the world.
Your interpretations of the events in your life
influence how your personality develops.
People make deliberate conscious decisions
about what to do with their lives.Where did humanistic psychology
come from?
Two principle sources:
1. Existential philosophy- addresses many
questions regarding the meaning of our
existence, the role of free will, & the
uniqueness of the human being.
2. Rogers & Maslow -started writing about their
personal transitions from traditional
psychology approaches to a humanistic
perspective.Key Elements of the Humanistic
approach
* 1. Emphasis on personal responsibility F
* Argues we are ultimately responsible for
our actions. Our behaviors represent
personal choices. Humans are active
participants in their lives.
(e.g., when we knew we have complete a
task, we often say, “I have to do this.””)2. The Here and Now
* We should fully experience life in the
present, rather than focusing on the future
or ruminating over the past.
* To become fully functional, we need to
live our lives as they unfold, not as we
hope they will.
* Motto: “Today is the first day of the
rest of your life.”3. The Phenomenology of the
Individual
* Argues that no one knows you better than you do.
* Therefore, a therapist needs to “listen” carefully to
clients to see where they are “coming from.”
* Problem: This view suggests that people are capable _
of understanding their own problems. If this is true,
why would these people seek therapy in the first
place!!!
* What about people who are incapable of understanding
their own problems???4. Personal Growth
immediate needs met.
* This view argues that we need to grow,
develop, & progress toward some
satisfying state of being.
* We strive to become a “fully-functioning”
individual. This has also been called, “self
actualization.”On average, Humanistic Psychologists:
* 1. Do NOT conduct scientific research
* 2. Study unique individuals
3. Study growth experiences-when you’ve
learned something significant.
4. Study peak experiences which are moments in
which a person feels truly fulfilled, content, & at
peace.IH. Carl Rogers: Person-Centered
Approach
* Rogers believed that humans are basically good.
* He argued that we have an innate drive to reach an
optimal sense of ourselves & satisfaction with our lives
result is what matters
* A person who does this is what he calls a “Fully
Functioning Person.”A. What are the characteristics of a
Fully Functioning Person?
* 1. These people are open to their experiences. They
strive to experience life to its fullest & are willing to
take some risks.
* 2. These people live in the present (here & now).
*
3. These folks trust their own feelings & instincts
They aren’t held back by old standards or concern for
what others might think.
* 4. These folks are less concern with social
conventions.If we all have the potential to become
fully functioning, why is there so much
unhappiness in the world?
* Rogers argued we often respond to anxiety
with various defenses.
* The defenses do succeed in reducing our
anxiety, but in the process we lose touch
with who we are & our ability experience
life’s richness.When does anxiety result?
* When we come into contact with information that is
inconsistent with the way we conceive of ourselves.
You may believe you are a good student, tennis player,
daughter/son, & nice person.
Receiving information that conflicts with your self-
concept, is threatening & creates anxiety.
(“Hey, not everybody likes me. What’s wrong with
them!!!)What happens when people receive
information inconsistent with their self-
concepts?
* Rogers argued we receive this contradictory
information below consciousness. He called this
subception
* Information that is not threatening enters
consciousness.
* The most common defense for anxiety is distortion, a
process by which you convince yourself that the person
was either in a bad mood or is just a rude person.What does distortion do?
reduces the anxiety.
* Most extreme cases call for denial.
* While distortion & denial reduce the
anxiety, they stop you from reaching your
full potential & experiencing life to its
fullest.B. Conditions of Worth &
Unconditional Positive Regard
* Rogers argues that most of us grow up in
an atmosphere where we are given love &
support as long as we behave the way we
are expected to.What happens if we don’t do what our
parents want us to do?
* Rogers argued that in these cases, parents withhold
their love from us.
true feelings, wishes, & desires, for those of thei:
parents.
* This paves the way for us to become alienated from
our true selves.Unconditional positive regard
* We need this to accept all parts of our
personality.
* With this we know we are loved & valued
for being who we are.
* Parents can do this, by it clear that their
love is not contingent on the child’s
behavior (even when such behavior is
abhored).Are parents & family the only source
of Unconditional Positive Regard?
* No other sources may come from close
friends, coworkers, & therapists.C. Person-Centered Therapy
* Rogers argued that a therapist cannot
possibly understand a client better than the
client can.
* The clients are responsible for changing
themselves, not the therapist.
* The goal of the therapy is to provide an
atmosphere in which the client can help
themselves.How is successful therapy
accomplished?
* 1. Therapists must create the proper relationship with
their clients.
* --be open & genuine with clients
* --therapists must be themselves
* 2. Therapists must have unconditional positive regard
for clients.
* 3. Help clients understand themselves through
reflection. This requires that the therapist tell the client
what they “hear” the client saying.Thanks
*Any Questions?