CHNG 1

CC PHN T BN DN CNG SUT C BN

Cc phn t bn dn cng sut c s dng trong s cc b bin i nh cc
kho in t, gi l cc van bn dn; khi m dn dng th ni ti vo ngun, khi kho th
ngt ti ra khi ngun, khng cho dng in chy qua. Cc van bn dn c th ng ct
c dng in ln nhng li c iu khin bi cc tn hiu cng sut nh, to bi cc
mch in t cng sut nh. Quy lut ni ti vo ngun ph thuc vo s b bin i
v ph thuc vo cch thc iu khin cc van trong b bin i.
Hiu r nguyn l hot ng v cc c tnh c bn ca cc phn t bn dn l iu
v cng quan trng c th s dng ng v pht huy ht hiu qu ca cc phn t bn
dn trong cc ng dng c th. Tnh nng k thut ch yu ca cc phn t bn dn cng
sut th hin qua kh nng chu in p v cc c tnh lin quan ti qu trnh ng ct
cng nh vn iu khin chng. Cc phn t bn dn cng sut u c nhng c tnh
c bn chung l:
- Cc van bn dn ch lm vic trong ch kho, khi m cho dng chy qua th c
in tr tng ng rt nh, khi kho khng cho dng chy qua th c in tr tng
ng rt ln. Nh tn hao cng sut trong qu trnh lm vic s c gi tr rt nh.
- Cc van bn dn ch dn dng theo mt chiu khi phn t c t di in p
phn cc thun. Khi in p t ln phn t phn cc ngc, dng qua phn t ch c gi
tr rt nh, c mA, gi l dng r.
V kh nng iu khin, cc van bn dn c phn loi thnh:
- Van khng iu khin, nh it.
- Van c iu khin, trong li phn ra:
+ iu khin khng hon ton, nh tiristo, triac.
+ iu khin hon ton, nh bipolar tranzito, MOSFET, IGBT, GTO.
1.1 IT
it l phn t c cu to bi mt
lp tip gip bn dn p-n. it c hai cc,
ant A l cc ni vi lp bn dn kiu p,
catt K l cc ni vi lp bn dn kiu n.
Dng in ch chy qua it theo chiu t
A n K khi in p UAK dng. Khi UAK
m, dng qua it gn nh bng khng.
Cu to v k hiu ca it biu din trn
hnh 1.1.

Ant

p
n

D
Catt

a)

b)

Hnh 1.1. it: a) Cu to; b) K hiu

1.1.1 Cu to ca it
Tip gip bn dn p-n l b phn c bn trong cu to ca mt it. nhit mi
trng, cc in t t do trong lp bn dn n khi khuch tn sang lp bn dn p s b
trung ho bi cc ion dng y. Do cc in tch trong vng tip gip t trung ho ln
nhau nn vng ny tr nn ngho in tch, hay l vng c in tr ln. Tuy nhin vng
ngho in tch ny ch m rng ra n mt dy nht nh v bn vng n khi cc
in t di chuyn i s li cc ion dng, cn bn vng p khi cc in t di chuyn
n s nhp vo lp cc in t ho tr ngoi cng, to nn cc ion m. Cc ion ny nm
1

trong cu trc tinh th ca mng tinh th silic nn khng th di chuyn c. Kt qu to

thnh mt t in vi cc in tch m pha lp p v cc in tch dng pha lp n.
Cc in tch ca t ny to nn mt in trng E c hng t vng n sang vng p,
ngn cn s khuch tn tip tc ca cc in t t vng n sang vng p. in trng E
cng to nn mt ro cn Uj vi gi tr khng i mt nhit nht nh, khong 0,65V
i vi tip gip p-n trn tinh th silic nhit 25 0C (hnh 1.2).
Cc it cng sut c ch to chu
c mt gi tr in p ngc nht nh.
iu ny t c nh mt lp bn dn n tip gip vi lp p, c cu to ging nh lp
n, nhng t in t t do hn. Khi lp tip
gip p-n - c t di tc dng ca in p
bn ngoi, nu in trng ngoi cng chiu
vi in trng E th vng ngho in tch s
m rng sang vng n - in tr tng ng
ca it cng ln v dng in khng th
chy qua. Ton b in p ngoi s ri trn
vng ngho in tch. Ta ni rng it b
phn cc ngc (hnh 1.3a).

Vng ngho in tch

E
p

Uj
Hnh1.2. S to thnh in th ro cn
trong tip gip p-n

n-

na)

b)

Hnh 1.3. S phn cc ca it cng sut: a) Phn cc ngc; b) Phn cc thun

Khi in p bn ngoi to ra in trng ngoi c hng ngc vi in trng trong

E, vng ngho in tch s b thu hp li. Nu in p bn ngoi ln hn Uj, c 0,65V,
vng ngho in tch s thu hp bng khng v cc in tch c th di chuyn t do qua
cu trc tinh th ca it. Dng in chy qua it lc ny s ch b hn ch do in tr
ti mch ngoi v mt phn in tr trong it bao gm in tr ca tinh th bn dn
gia ant v catt, in tr do phn kim loi lm dy dn ra ngoi v in tr do tip xc
gia phn kim loi v bn dn. Ta ni it c phn cc thun (hnh 1.3b).
1.1.2 c tnh vn-ampe ca it
Mt s tnh cht ca it trong qu trnh lm vic c th c gii thch thng qua
vic xem xt c tnh vn-ampe ca it trn hnh 1.4a. c tnh gm hai phn, c tnh
thun nm trong gc phn t I tng ng vi UAK > 0, c tnh ngc nm trong gc
phn t III tng ng vi UAK < 0.
Trn ng c tnh thun, nu in p ant-catt tng dn t 0 n khi vt qua
ngng in p UD0 c 0,6 0,7 V, dng c th chy qua it. Dng in ID c th thay
i rt ln nhng in p ri trn dit UAK hu nh t thay i. Nh vy c tnh thun
ca it c trng bi tnh cht c in tr tng ng nh.
2

Trn ng c tnh ngc, nu in p UAK tng dn t 0 n gi tr Ung.max, gi l

in p ngc ln nht th dng in qua it vn c gi tr rt nh, gi l dng r, ngha
l it cn tr dng in theo chiu ngc. Cho n khi UAK t n gi tr Ung.max th xy
ra hin tng dng qua it tng t ngt, tnh cht cn tr dng in ngc ca it b
ph v. Qu trnh ny khng c tnh o ngc, ngha l nu li gim in p trn antcatt th dng in vn khng gim. Ta ni it b nh thng.
Trong thc t, n gin cho vic tnh ton, ngi ta thng dng c tnh khi dn
dng, tuyn tnh ho it nh c biu din trn hnh 1.4b. c tnh ny c th biu
din qua cng thc:
u D U D.0 r D .I D
trong r D

U
l in tr tng ng ca it khi dn dng.
I D

c tnh vn-ampe ca cc it thc t s khc nhau, ph thuc vo dng in cho

php chy qua it v in p ngc ln nht m it c th chu c. Tuy nhin
phn tch s cc b bin i th mt c tnh l tng cho trn hnh 1.4c c s dng
nhiu hn c. Theo c tnh l tng, it c th cho mt dng in bt k chy qua vi
st p trn n bng 0. Ngha l, theo c tnh l tng, it c in tr tng ng khi
dn bng 0 v khi kho bng .
iD

iD

U ng. max
U D.0

U D.0

U D.0

Hnh 1.4. c tnh vn-ampe ca it:

a) c tnh thc t; b) c tnh tuyn tnh; c) c tnh l tng

1.1.3 Cc thng s c bn ca mt it
1. Gi tr trung bnh ca dng in cho php chy qua it theo chiu thun, ID
Trong qu trnh lm vic, dng in chy qua it s pht nhit lm nng tinh th bn
dn ca it. Cng sut pht nhit bng tch ca dng in chy qua it vi in p ri
trn n. it ch dn dng theo mt chiu t ant n catt, iu ny ngha l cng sut
pht nhit t l vi gi tr trung bnh ca dng in. V vy dng in ID l thng s quan
trng la chn it cho mt ng dng thc t.
2. Gi tr in p ngc ln nht m it c th chi c, Ung.max
Thng s th hai quan trng la chn it l gi tr in p ngc ln nht m it
c th chu ng c. Nh c tnh vn-ampe ch ra, qu trnh it b nh thng l
qu trnh khng th o ngc c, v vy trong mi ng dng phi lun m bo rng
UAK < Ung.max.
3

3. Tn s
Qu trnh pht nhit trn it cng ph thuc vo tn s ng ct ca it. Trong qu
trnh it m ra hoc kho li, tn hao cng sut tc thi u(t), i(t) c gi tr ln hn lc
it dn dng hoc ang b kho. V vy nu tn s ng ct cao hoc thi gian ng ct
ca it so snh c vi khong thi gian dn dng th tn tht trn it b quy nh ch
yu bi tn s lm vic m khng phi gi tr trung bnh ca dng in. Cc it c
ch to vi tn s lm vic khc nhau, do tn s l mt thng s quan trng phi lu
khi la chn it.
4. Thi gian phc hi tr v in tch phc hi Qr
Cc it khi kho li c dng ngc di chuyn lng in tch Qr ra khi cu trc
bn dn, phc hi kh nng kho ca mnh. Thi gian phc hi tr c th b ko di, lm
chm li qu trnh chuyn mch gia cc van. Dng in ngc c th tng xung dng
trn cc van mi m ra vi bin c th rt ln. Hn na thi gian phc hi cng lm
tng tn tht trong qu trnh ng ct cc van. Nhng l do nh trn khin ta phi c
bit lu n nh hng ca tr trong nhng trng hp c th. gim thi gian chuyn
mch c th phi s dng loi it c tr rt ngn, c s. Tuy nhin khi dng in
ngc thay i qu nhanh, c th gy nn in p rt ln trn nhng mch in c in
cm. Tm li khng nn ngh rng it l mt phn t rt n gin m b qua qu trnh
kho li ca it.
1.2 TIRISTO
Tiristo l phn t bn
dn cu to t bn lp
bn dn p-n-p-n, to ra ba
tip gip p-n: J1, J2, J3.
Tiristo c ba cc: ant A,
catt K, cc iu khin G
nh c biu din trn
hnh 1.5.

Q1
n+

Q2

J3
J2
J1

Hnh 1.5. Tiristo: a) Cu trc bn dn; b) K hiu

1.2.1 c tuyn vn-ampe ca tiristo

c tnh vn-ampe ca tiristo gm hai phn (hnh 1.6). Phn th nht nm trong gc
phn t th I l c tnh thun tng ng vi trng hp in p UAK > 0; phn th hai
nm trong gc phn t th III, gi l c tnh ngc, tng ng vi trng hp UAK < 0.
1. Trng hp dng in vo cc iu khin bng khng (IG = 0)
Khi dng vo cc iu khin ca tiristo bng 0 hay khi h mch cc iu khin tiristo
s cn tr dng in ng vi c hai trng hp phn cc in p gia ant-catt. Khi
in p UAK < 0, theo cu to bn dn ca tiristo, hai tip gip J1, J3 u phn cc ngc,
lp J2 phn cc thun, nh vy tiristo s ging nh hai it mc ni tip b phn cc
ngc. Qua tiristo ch c mt dng in nh chy qua, gi l dng r. Khi UAK tng t
n mt gi tr in p ln nht Ung.max s xy ra hin tng tiristo b nh thng, dng
in c th tng ln rt ln. Ging nh on c tnh ngc ca it, qu trnh b nh
thng l qu trnh khng th o ngc, ngha l nu c gim in p UAK xung di
mc Ung.max th dng in cng khng gim c v mc dng r. Tiristo b hng.
4

Khi tng in p ant-catt

theo chiu thun, UAK > 0, lc u
cng ch c mt dng in rt nh
chy qua, gi l dng r. in tr
tng ng mch ant-catt vn
c gi tr rt ln. Khi tip gip
J1, J3 phn cc thun, J2 phn cc
ngc. Cho n khi UAK tng t
n gi tr in p thun ln nht,
Uth.max, s xy ra hin tng in
tr tng ng ca mch antcatt ngt gim, dng in chy
qua tiristo s ch b gii hn bi
in tr mch ngoi. Nu khi

iV

I G 3 I G 2 I G1

U ng. max

i dt
U v.thU th. max

Hnh 1.6. c tnh vn-ampe ca tiristo

dng qua tiristo ln hn mc dng ti thiu, gi l dng duy tr Idt, th khi tiristo s
dn dng trn c tnh thun, ging nh ng c tnh thun it. on c tnh thun
c c trng bi tnh dn dng c th c gi tr ln nhng in p ri trn ant-catt
nh v hu nh khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca dng in.
2. Trng hp c dng vo cc iu khin (IG > 0)
Nu c dng iu khin a vo gia cc iu khin v catt, qu trnh chuyn im
lm vic trn ng c tnh thun s xy ra sm hn, trc khi in p thun t n gi
tr ln nht, Uth.max. iu ny c m t trn hnh 1.6 bng nhng ng nt t, ng
vi gi tr dng iu khin khc nhau, IG1, IG2, IG3, Ni chung, nu dng iu khin ln
hn th im chuyn c tnh lm vic s xy ra vi UAK nh hn.
Qu trnh xy ra trn ng c tnh ngc s khng c g khc so vi trng hp
dng iu khin bng 0.
1.2.2 M, kho tiristo
Tiristo c c tnh ging it, ngha l ch cho php dng chy qua theo mt chiu, t
ant n catt, v cn tr dng chy theo chiu ngc li. Tuy nhin khc vi it,
tiristo c th dn dng, ngoi iu kin phi c in p UAK > 0 cn cn thm mt s
iu kin khc. Do tiristo c gi l phn t bn dn c iu khin phn bit vi
it l phn t khng iu khin c.
1. M tiristo
Khi c phn cc thun, UAK > 0, tiristo c th m bng hai cch. Th nht, c th
tng in p ant-catt cho n khi t n gi tr in p thun ln nht, Uth.max, in tr
tng ng trong mch ant-catt s gim t ngt v dng qua tiristo s hon ton do
mch ngoi xc nh. Phng php ny trong thc t khng c p dng do nguyn
nhn m khng mong mun v khng phi lc no cng c th tng c in p n gi
tr Ung.max. V li nh vy s xy ra trng hp tiristo t m ra di tc dng ca cc
xung in p ti mt thi im ngu nhin, khng nh trc.
Phng php th hai, phng php c p dng thc t, l a mt xung dng in
c gi tr nht nh vo gia cc iu khin v catt. Xung dng in iu khin s
chuyn trng thi ca tiristo t tr khng cao sang tr khng thp mc in p antcatt nh. Khi nu dng qua ant-catt ln hn mt gi tr nht nh, gi l dng duy
tr (Idt) th tiristo s tip tc trong trng thi m dn dng m khng cn n s tn ti
5

ca xung dng iu khin. iu ny c ngha l c th m cc tiristo bng cc xung dng

c rng xung nht nh, do cng sut ca mch iu khin c th l rt nh, so vi
cng sut ca mch lc m tiristo l phn t ng ct, khng ch dng in.
2. Kho tiristo
Mt tiristo ang dn dng s tr v trng thi kho (in tr tng ng mch antcatt tng cao) nu dng in gim xung nh hn dng duy tr, Idt. Tuy nhin tiristo
vn trng thi kho, vi tr khng cao, khi in p ant-catt li dng (UAK > 0), cn
phi c mt thi gian nht nh cc lp tip gip phc hi hon ton tnh cht cn tr
dng in ca mnh.
Khi tiristo dn dng theo chiu thun, UAK > 0, hai lp tip gip J1, J3, phn cc
thun, cc in tch i qua hai lp ny d dng v lp y tip gip J2 ang b phn cc
ngc. V vy m dng in c th chy qua ba lp tip gip J1, J2, J3. kho tiristo li
cn gim dng ant-catt v di mc dng duy tr (Idt) bng cch hoc l i chiu
dng in hoc p mt in p ngc ln gia ant v catt ca tiristo. Sau khi dng v
bng khng phi t mt in p ngc ln ant-catt (UAK < 0) trong mt khong thi
gian ti thiu, gi l thi gian phc hi, tr, ch sau tiristo mi c th cn tr dng in
theo c hai chiu. Trong thi gian phc hi c mt dng in ngc chy gia catt v
ant. Dng in ngc ny di chuyn cc in tch ra khi tip gip J2 v np in cho t
in tng ng ca hai tip gip J1, J3 c phc hi. Thi gian phc hi ph thuc
vo lng in tch cn c di chuyn ra ngoi cu trc bn dn ca tiristo v np in
cho tip gip J1, J3 n in p ngc ti thi im .
Thi gian phc hi l mt trong nhng thng s quan trng ca tiristo. Thi gian
phc hi xc nh di tn s lm vic ca tiristo. Thi gian phc hi tr, c gi tr c 5
50 s i vi cc tiristo tn s cao v c 50 200 s i vi cc tiristo tn s thp.
1.2.3 Cc thng s c bn ca tiristo
1. Gi tr dng trung bnh cho php chy qua tiristo, Iv
y l gi tr dng trung bnh cho php chy qua tiristo vi iu kin nhit ca
cu trc tinh th bn dn ca tiristo khng vt qu gi tr cho php. Trong thc t dng
in cho php chy qua tiristo cn ph thuc vo cc iu kin lm mt v nhit mi
trng. Tiristo c th c gn ln cc b tn nhit tiu chun v lm mt t nhin.
Ngoi ra, tiristo c th phi c lm mt cng bc nh qut gi hoc dng nc ti
nhit lng to ra nhanh hn. Vn lm mt van bn dn s c cp n phn
sau, tuy nhin c th la chn dng in theo cc iu kin lm mt theo kinh nghim
nh sau:
- Lm mt t nhin: dng s dng cho php n mt phn ba dng Iv.
- Lm mt cng bc bng qut gi: dng s dng bng hai phn ba dng Iv.
- Lm mt cng bc bng nc: c th s dng 100 dng Iv.
2. in p ngc cho php ln nht, Ung.max
y l gi tr in p ngc ln nht cho php t ln tiristo. Trong cc ng dng
phi m bo rng, ti bt k thi im no in p gia ant-catt UAK lun nh hn
hoc bng Ung.max. Ngoi ra phi m bo mt d tr nht nh v in p, ngha l
phi c chn t nht l bng 1,2 n 1,5 ln gi tr bin ln nht ca in p trn s
.
3. Thi gian phc hi tnh cht kho ca tiristo, tr (s)
6

y l thi gian ti thiu phi t in p m ln gia ant-catt ca tiristo sau khi

dng ant-catt v bng khng trc khi li c th c in p dng m tiristo vn
kho. Thi gian phc hi tr l mt thng s rt quan trng ca tiristo, nht l trong cc b
nghch lu ph thuc hoc l nghch lu c lp, trong phi lun m bo rng thi
gian dnh cho qu trnh kho phi bng 1,5 n 2 ln tr.
dU
4. Tc tng in p cho php,
(V / s)
dt
Tiristo c s dng nh mt phn t iu khin, ngha l mc d c phn cc
thun (UAK>0) nhng vn phi c tn hiu iu khin th n mi cho php dng in chy
qua. Khi tiristo c phn cc thun, phn ln in p ri trn lp tip gip J2 nh c
ch ra trn hnh 1.7.
Lp tip gip J2 b phn cc ngc
K
G
K
nn dy ca n n ra, to ra vng
khng gian ngho in tch, cn tr
dng in chy qua. Vng khng gian
n
n
J3
p
ny c th coi nh mt t in c in
dung CJ2. Khi c in p bin thin vi
J2
+
tc ln, dng in ca t c th c
n
gi tr ng k, ng vai tr nh dng
nJ1
p
iu khin. Kt qu l tiristo c th m
ra khi cha c tn hiu iu khin vo
cc iu khin G.
Tc tng in p l mt thng
A
s phn bit tiristo tn s thp vi cc
Hnh 1.7. Hiu ng dU/dt tc dng nh dng iu khin
tiristo tn s cao. tiristo tn s thp
dU dt vo khong 50 n 200 V s ; vi cc tiristo tn s cao dU dt c th t 500 n
2000 V s .

dI
(A / s)
dt
Khi tiristo bt u m, khng phi mi im trn tit din tinh th bn dn ca n u
dn dng ng u. Dng in s chy qua bt u mt s im, gn vi cc iu
khin nht, sau s lan to sang cc im khc trn ton b tit din. Nu tc tng
dng qu ln c th dn n mt dng in cc im dn ban u qu ln, s pht
nhit cc b qu mnh lit c th dn n hng cc b, t dn n hng ton b tit
din tinh th bn dn.
Tc tng dng cng phn bit tiristo tn s thp, c dI dt c 50-100 /s, vi cc
tiristo c tn s cao vi dI dt c 500-2000 /s. Trong cc ng dng phi lun m bo
tc tng dng di mc cho php. iu ny t c nh mc ni tip cc van bn
dn vi cc cun khng tr s nh. Cun khng c th c li khng kh hoc li ferit. C
th dng nhng xuyn ferit lng ln thanh dn to cc in khng gi tr khc nhau tu
theo s lng xuyn s dng. Khi dng qua thanh dn nh, in khng s c gi tr ln
hn ch tc tng dng; khi dng in ln. cun khng b bo ho, in cm gim
gn nh bng khng. Nh vy cun khng kiu ny khng gy st p trong ch dng
nh mc qua thanh dn.
5. Tc tng dng cho php,

1.3 TRIAC
Triac l phn t bn dn c cu trc bn dn gm nm lp, to nn cu trc p-n-p-n
nh tiristo theo c hai chiu gia cc cc T1 v T2 nh c th hin trn hnh 1.8a.
Triac c k hin trn s nh hnh 1.8b, c th dn dng theo c hai chiu T1 v T2. V
nguyn tc, triac hon ton c th coi tng ng vi hai tiristo u song song ngc
nh trn hnh 1.8c.
T2
p
n
G

p
n

T2

G
n

T1
T1

c)

b)

a)

Hnh 1.8. Triac: a) Cu trc bn dn; b) K hiu;

c) S tng ng vi hia tiristo song song ngc

c tnh vn-ampe ca triac bao gm hai on c tnh gc phn t th I v th III,

mi on u ging nh c tnh thun ca mt tiristo nh c biu din trn hnh 1.9a.
i A
Iv

T2

I G 3 I G 2 I G1

I dt

T1

u v. th u th. max

b)
a)
Hnh 1.9. a) c tnh vn-ampe; b) iu khin triac bng dng iu khin m

Triac c th iu khin m dn dng bng c xung dng dng (dng i vo cc iu

khin) hoc bng xung dng m (dng i ra khi cc iu khin). Tuy nhin xung dng
m c nhy km hn, tc l dng ch c th chy qua triac khi in p gia T1 v T2
phi ln hn mt gi tr nht nh, ln hn khi dng dng iu khin dng. V vy trong
thc t m bo tnh i xng ca dng in qua triac, s dng xung iu khin m l
tt hn c. Nguyn l thc hin iu khin bng xugn dng iu khin m c biu din
trn hnh 1.9b.

Triac c bit hu ch trong cc ng dng iu chnh in p xoay chiu hoc cc

cngtct tnh di cng sut va v nh.
1.4 TIRISTO KHO C BNG CC IU KHIN, GTO (GATE TURN-OFF
THYISTOR)
Tiristo thng, nh c gii thiu mc 1.3, c s dng rng ri trong cc s
chnh lu, t cng sut nh vi kW n cng sut cc ln, vi trm MW. l v trong
cc s chnh lu, tiristo c th kho li mt cch t nhin di tc dng ca in p
li, in p chnh lu c th iu chnh bng cch ch ng thay i thi im m ca
cc tiristo. Tuy nhin vi cc ng dng trong cc b bin i xung p mt chiu hoc cc
b nghch lu, trong cc van bn dn lun b t di in p mt chiu th iu kin
kho t nhin s khng cn na. Khi vic dng cc tiristo thng s cn n cc
mch chuyn mch cng bc rt phc tp, gy tn hao ln v cng sut, gim hiu sut
ca cc b bin i.
Cc GTO, nh tn gi ca n, ngha l kho li c bng cc iu khin, c kh
nng v ng ct cc dng in rt ln, chu c in p cao ging nh tiristo, l mt
van iu khin hon ton, c th ch ng c thi im kho di tc ng ca tn hiu
iu khin. Vic ng dng cc GTO pht huy u im c bn ca cc phn t bn
dn, l kh nng ng ct dng in ln nhng li c iu khin bi cc tn hiu
in cng sut nh.
Cu trc bn dn ca GTO
phc tp hn so vi tiristo nh
c ch ra trn hnh 1.10. K
hiu ca GTO cng ch ra tnh
cht iu khin hon ton ca
n. l dng in i vo cc
iu khin m GTO, cn
dng in i ra khi cc iu
khin dng di chuyn cc
in tch ra khi cu trc bn
dn ca n, ngha l kho
GTO li.

A
+

p n

p n p

J1

n+

p
n+

J2
n+

a)

J3

b)

Hnh 1.10. GTO: a) Cu trc bn dn; b) K hiu

Trong cu trc bn dn ca GTO lp p, ant c b sung cc lp n+. Du (+) bn

cnh ch ra rng mt cc in tch tng ng, cc l hoc in t, c lm giu thm
vi mc ch lm gim in tr khi dn ca cc vng ny. Cc iu khin vn c ni
vo lp p th ba nhng c chia nh ra v phn b u so vi lp n+ ca catt.
Khi cha c dng iu khin, nu ant c in p dng hn so vi catt th ton b
in p s ri trn tip gip J2 gia, ging nh trong cu trc ca tiristo. Tuy nhin nu
catt c in p dng hn so vi ant th tip gip p +-n st ant s b nh thng ngay
in p rt thp, ngha l GTO khng th chu c in p ngc.
GTO c iu khin m bng cch cho dng vo cc iu khin, ging nh tiristo
thng. Tuy nhin do cu trc bn dn khc nhau nn dng duy tr GTO cao hn
tiristo thng. Do dng iu khin phi c bin ln hn v duy tr trong thi gian
di hn dng qua GTO kp vt xa gi tr dng duy tr. Ging nh tiristo thng,
sau khi GTO dn th dng iu khin khng cn tc dng. Nh vy c th m GTO
bng cc xung ngn, vi cng sut khng ng k.
9

 kho GTO, mt xung dng phi c ly ra t cc iu khin. Khi van ang dn

dng, tip gip J2 cha mt s lng ln cc in tch sinh ra do tc dng ca hiu ng
bn ph v bo to nn vng dn in, cho php cc in t di chuyn t catt, vng
n+, n ant, vng p+, to nn dng ant. Bng cch ly i mt s lng ln cc in tch
qua cc iu khin, vng dn in s b co hp v b p v pha vng n+ ca ant v vng
n+ ca catt. Kt qu l dng ant s b gim cho n khi v n khng. Dng iu khin
c suy tr mt thi gian ngn GTO phc hi tnh cht kho.
1.5 TRANZITO CNG SUT, BJT (BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANZITOR)
1.5.1 Cu to, nguyn l lm vic ca BJT
Tranzito l phn t bn dn c
cu trc bn dn gm 3 lp bn dn
p-n-p (bng thun) hoc n-p-n
(bng ngc), to nn hai tip gip
p-n. Cu trc ny thng c gi
l Bipolar Junction Tranzitor (BJT)
v dng in chy trong cu trc
ny bao gm c hai loi in tch
m v dng. Tranzito c ba cc:
Baz (B), colect (C) v emit (E).
BJT cng sut thng l loi bng
ngc. Cu trc tiu biu v k
hiu trn s ca mt BJT cng

n-

a)

b)

Hnh 1.11. BJT: a) Cu trc bn dn; b) K hiu

sut c biu din trn hnh 1.11, trong lp bn dn n xc nh in p nh thng

ca tip gip B-C v do ca C-E.
Trong ch tuyn tnh, hay cn gi l ch khuch i, tranzito l phn t khuch
i dng in vi dng colect IC bng ln dng baz (dng iu khin), trong
c gi l h s khuch i dng in. IC = .IB
Tuy nhin, trong in t cng sut, tranzito ch c s dng nh mt phn t kho.
Khi m dng iu khin phi tho mn iu kin:
I
I
I B C hay I B k bh C

trong kbh = 1,2 1,5 gi l h s bo ho. Khi tranzito s trong ch bo ho

vi in p gia colect v emit rt nh, c 1 1,5 V, gi l in p bo ho, UCE.bh.
Khi kho, dng iu khin IB bng khng, lc dng colect gn bng khng, in
p UCE s ln n gi tr in p ngun cung cp cho mch ti ni tip vi tranzito.
Tn hao cng sut trn tranzito bng tch dng in colect vi in p ri trn
colect-emit, s c gi tr rt nh trong ch kho.
Trong cu trc bn dn ca BJT ch kho, c hai tip gip B-E v B-C u b
phn cc ngc. in p t gia colect-emit s ri ch yu trn vng tr khng cao
ca tip gip p-n -. dy v mt in tch ca lp n - xc nh kh nng chu in p
ca cu trc BJT. Tranzito ch tuyn tnh nu tip gip B-E phn cc thun v tip
gip B-C phn cc ngc. Trong ch tuyn tnh, s in tch dng a vo cc Baz
s kch thch cc in t t tip gip B-C thm nhp vo vng baz, ti y chng c
10

trung ho ht, kt qu l tc trung ho quyt nh dng colect t l vi dng baz, IC

= .IB. Tranzito trong ch bo ho nu c hai tip gip B-E v B-C u c phn
cc thun. Cc in t s thm nhp vo y vng baz, vng p, t c hai tip gip B-E
v B-C, v nu cc in tch dng c a vo cc baz c s lng d tha th cc
in tch s khng b trung ho ht, kt qu l vng baz c in tr nh, dng in c
th chy qua. Cng do tc trung ho in tch khng kp nn tranzito khng cn kh
nng khng ch dng in c na v gi tr dng in s hon ton do mch ngoi
quyt nh. l ch m bo ho.
1.5.2 c tnh ng ct ca tranzito
u B (t )
U B1

+ Un

C BC
uB (t )

RB

U B1

B
i B (t )

U B2

C BE
a)

Rt

i C (t )
C

UB2
0,7V

u BE ( t )

U B2

i B1 (t )

i B (t )

i B2 (t )

u CE (t )

+ Un

I C . bh

i C (t )

b)
Hnh 1.12. Qu trnh ng ct BJT: a) S ; b) Dng dng in, in p

Ch ng ct ca tranzito ph thuc ch yu vo cc t k sinh gia cc tip gip

B-E v B-C, CBE v CBC. Ta phn tch qu trnh ng ct ca mt tranzito qua s kho
trn hnh 1.12a, trong tranzito ng ct mt ti thun tr Rt di in p +Un iu
khin bi tn hiu in p t -UB2 n +UB1 v ngc li. Dng sng dng in, in p
cho trn hnh 1.12b.
1. Qu trnh m
Theo th hnh 1.12b, trong khong thi gian (1) BJT ang trong ch kho vi
in p ngc UB2 t ln tip gip B-E. Qu trnh m BJT bt u t khi tn hiu iu
khin nhy t -UB2 ln mc +UB1. Trong khong (2), t u vo, gi tr tng ng
bng Cin = CBE + CBC, np in t in p -UB2 n +UB1. Khi UBE cn nh hn khng,
cha c hin tng g xy ra i vi IC v UCE. T Cin ch np n gi tr ngng m U *
ca tip gip B-E, c 0,6 0,7V, bng in p ri trn it theo chiu thun, th qu trnh
np kt thc. Dng in v in p trn BJT ch bt u thay i khi UBE vt qu gi tr
khng u giai on (3). Khong thi gian (2) gi l thi gian tr khi m, td(on) ca BJT.
11

Trong khong (3), cc in t xut pht t emit thm nhp vo vng baz, vt qua
tip gip B-C lm xut hin dng colct. Cc in t thot ra khi colct cng lm tng
thm cc in t n t emit. Qu trnh tng dng IC, IE tip tc xy ra cho n khi trong
baz tch lu lng in tch d tha QB m tc t trung ho ca chng m
bo mt dng baz khng i:

I B1

U B1 - U *
RB

Ti im cng dng in ti baz trn s hnh 1.12a, ta c:

I B1 i C.BE i C.BC i B
Trong :
iC.BE l dng np ca t CBE,
iC.BC l dng np ca t CBC,
iB l dng u vo ca tranzito, iC = .iB.
Dng colect tng dn theo quy lut hm m, n gi tr cui cng l IC() = .IB1.
Tuy nhin ch n cui giai on (3) th dng IC t n gi tr bo ho, IC.bh, BJT ra
khi ch tuyn tnh v iu kin iC = .iB khng cn tc dng na. Trong ch bo
ho c hai tip gip B-E v B-C u c phn cc thun. V kho lm vic vi ti tr
trn colect nn in p trn colect - emit UCE cng gim theo cng tc vi s tng
ca dng IC. Khong thi gian (3) ph thuc vo ln ca dng IB1, dng ny cng ln
th thi gian ny cng ngn.
Trong khong (4), in p UCE tip tc gim n gi tr in p bo ho cui cng,
xc nh bi biu thc:
UCE.bh = Un IC.bh.Rt
Thi gian (4) ph thuc qu trnh suy gim in tr ca vng n - v ph thuc cu to
ca BJT.
Trong giai on (5), BJT hon ton lm vic trong ch bo ho.
2. Qu trnh kho BJT
Trong thi gian BJT trong ch bo ho, in tch tch t khng ch trong lp
baz m c trong lp colect. Tuy nhin nhng bin i bn ngoi hu nh khng nh
hng n ch lm vic ca kho.
Khi in p iu khin thay i t +UB1 xung UB2 u giai on (6), in tch
tch lu trong lp bn dn khng th thay i ngay lp tc c. Dng IB ngay lp tc s
c gi tr:

I B2

U B2 U *
RB

Lc u cc in tch c di chuyn ra ngoi bng dng khng i IB2. Giai on di

chuyn kt thc cui giai on (6) khi mt in tch trong tip gip baz - colect
gim v bng khng v tip theo tip gip ny bt u b phn cc ngc. Khong thi
gian (6) gi l thi gian tr khi kho, td(off).
Trong khong (7), dng colect IC bt u gim v khng, in p UCE s tng dn ti
gi tr +Un. Trong khong ny BJT lm vic trong ch tuyn tnh, trong dng IC t

12

l vi dng baz. T CBC bt u np ti gi tr in p ngc, bng Un. Lu rng

trong giai on ny, ti im cng dng in ti baz trn s hnh 1.12a, ta c:
IB2 = iC.BC - iB
trong iC.BC l dng np ca t CBC; iB l ng u vo ca tranzito. T c th thy
quy lut iC = .iB vn c thc hin. Tip gip B-E vn c phn cc thun, tip gip
B-C b phn cc ngc. n cui khong (7) tranzito mi kho li hon ton.
Trong khong (8), t baz - emit tip tc np ti in p ngc UB2. Tranzito ch
kho hon ton trong khong (9).
1.6 TRANZITO TRNG, MOSFET (METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR
FIELD EFFECT TRANZITOR)
1.6.1 Cu to ca MOSFET
Khc vi cu trc BJT,
MOSFET c cu trc bn dn
cho php iu khin bng in
p vi dng in iu khin cc
nh. Hnh 1.13 th hin cu trc
bn dn v k hiu ca mt
MOSFET knh dn kiu n.
Trong G l cc iu khin
c cch ly hon ton vi cu
trc bn dn cn li bi lp in
mi cc mng nhng c
cch in cc ln ioxit-silic
(SiO2). Hai cc cn li l cc
gc (S) v cc mng (D). Cc

D
n

n
G

n
n

b)

a)
Hnh 1.13. MOSFET (knh dn n):
a) Cu t rc bn dn; b) K hiu

mng l cc n cc ht mang in. Nu knh dn

l n th cc ht mang in s l cc in t
(eletron), do cc tnh in p ca cc mng s
l dng so vi cc gc. Trn k hiu phn t,
phn chm gch gia D v S ch ra rng trong iu
kin bnh thng khng c mt knh dn thc s
ni gia D v S. Cu trc bn dn ca MOSFET
knh dn kiu p cng tng t nhng cc lp bn
dn s c kiu dn in ngc li. Tuy nhin a s
cc MOSFET cng sut l loi c knh dn kiu n.

a)

13

Vng ngho in tch

nn

b)

Knh dn

1.6.2. Nguyn l hot ng ca MOSFET

Hnh 1.14 m t s to thnh knh dn trong
cu trc bn dn ca MOSFET. Trong ch lm
vic bnh thng u DS > 0. Gi s in p gia cc
iu khin v cc gc bng khng, uDS = 0, khi
knh dn s hon ton khng xut hin. Gia cc
gc v cc mng s l tip gip p-n - phn cc
ngc. in p uDS s hon ton ri trn vng
ngho ca tip gip ny (hnh 1.14a).

c)

nn

n
it trong

nn

Hnh 1.14. S to thnh knh dn trong

cu trc MOSFET

Nu in p iu khin m, UGS < 0, th vng b mt gip cc iu khin s tch t

cc l (p), do dng in gia cc gc v cc mng s khng th xut hin. Khi in p
iu khin l dng, UGS > 0, v ln, b mt tip gip cc iu khin s tch t cc
in t, v mt knh dn thc s hnh thnh (hnh 1.14b). Nh vy trong cu trc bn
dn ca MOSFET, cc phn t mang in l cc in t, ging nh ca lp n to nn cc
mng, nn MOSFET c gi l phn t vi cc ht mang in c bn, khc vi cu trc
ca BJT, IGBT, tiristo l cc phn t vi cc ht mang in phi c bn. Dng in gia
cc gc v cc mng by gi s ph thuc vo in p UDS.
T cu trc bn dn ca MOSFET (hnh 1.14c), c th thy rng gia cc mng v
cc gc tn ti mt tip gip p-n-, tng ng vi mt it ngc ni gia D v S.
Trong cc s b bin i, trao i nng lng gia ti v ngun thng cn c cc
it ngc mc song song vi cc van bn dn. Nh vy u im ca MOSFET l c
sn mt it ni ti nh vy.
1.7 TRANZITO C CC IU KHIN CCH LY, IGBT
(Insulated Gate Bipolar Tranzitor)
IGBT l phn t kt hp kh nng ng ct nhanh ca MOSFET v kh nng chu ti
ln ca tranzito thng. V mt iu khin, IGBT gn nh ging hon ton MOSFET,
ngha l c iu khin bng in p, do cng sut iu khin yu cu cc nh. Hnh
1.15 gii thiu cu trc bn dn ca mt IGBT.
V cu trc bn dn, IGBT rt ging vi MOSFET, im khc nhau l c thm lp p
ni vi colect to nn cu trc bn dn p-n-p gia emit (tng t cc gc) vi colect
(tng t cc mng), khng phi l n-n nh MOSFET (hnh 1.29b). C th coi IGBT
tng ng vi mt tranzito p-n-p vi dng baz c iu khin bi mt MOSFET
(hnh 1.15b v c).
Di tc dng ca in p iu khin UGE > 0, knh dn vi cc ht mang in l cc
in t c hnh thnh, ging nh cu trc MOSFET. Cc in t di chuyn v pha
colect vt qua lp tip gip n--p nh cu trc gia baz v colect tranzito thng,
to nn dng colect.

n+
p

n+
p

i1

i2

Hnh 1.15. IGBT: a) Cu trc bn dn;

b) Cu trc tng ng vi mt tranzito n-p-n v mt MOSFET; c) S thng ng; d) K hiu

1.8 TN HAO CNG SUT TRN CC PHN T BN DN CNG SUT

Ngoi tn tht do mch iu khin sinh ra cp n nhng phn t c th ni
trn, ta s phn tch cc thnh phn tn tht trong cc ch lm vic ca van sau y.
14

1.8.1 Tn tht trong ch tnh, ang dn dng hoc ang kho

Khi phn t ang trong ch dn dng hoc ang kho, tn hao cng sut bng
tch ca dng in qua phn t vi in p ri trn n. Khi phn t ang kho, in p
trn n c th ln nhng dng r qua van s c gi tr rt nh, v vy tn hao cng sut c
th b qua. Tn hao cng sut trong ch tnh ch yu sinh ra khi van dn dng. Vi a
s cc phn t bn dn, in p ri trn van thng khng i, t ph thuc vo gi tr
dng in chy qua. Nh vy c th d dng xc nh c tn hao cng sut trong trng
thi van dn.
1.8.2 Tn tht trong qu trnh ng ct
Trong qu trnh ng ct, cng sut tn hao tc thi c th c gi tr ln v dng in
v in p ri trn van u c th c gi tr ln ng thi. Ni chung, thi gian ng ct
ch chim mt phn nh trong c chu k hot ng ca phn t nn tn hao cng sut
trong qu trnh ng ct ch chim mt phn nh trong cng sut tn hao trung bnh. Tuy
nhin phn t phi lm vic vi tn s ng ct cao th tn hao do ng ct li chim mt
phn chnh trong cng sut pht nhit.
Xc nh tn hao trong ch ng ct l mt nhim v khng n gin, v phi
phn bit cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ng ct, do nh hng n tn hao
cng sut.
1.9 SO SNH TNG I GIA CC PHN T BN DN CNG SUT

Hnh 1.16. So snh tng i gia cc phn t bn dn

C th so snh mt cch tng i cc phn t bn dn cng sut theo kh nng ng

ct v cng sut (in p v dng in) v tn s ng ct thy c phm vi ng
dng ca cc phn t khc nhau. Hnh 1.16 m t s so snh tng i ny.
Tiristo l nhng phn t c ch to cho kh nng ng ct v cng sut ln nht.
Nhng tiristo ln nht c in p chu c n 4500V, dng in ti a n 4000A.
Phm vi hot ng v tn s i vi tiristo li l thp nht v thi gian tr ng m ca
cu trc p-n-p-n tng i ln, tr khi m c 5s, tr khi kho c 10 n 200 s. V vy
cc tiristo c ng dng ch yu trong cc s chnh lu, trong cc kho s chuyn
mch t nhin di tc dng ca in p li vi tn s 50 60 Hz.Tiristo l phn t
iu khin khng hon ton, c th iu khin m bng cc iu khin nhng khng th
kho li c.
GTO l bc ci tin ng k v cng ngh ch to ca tiristo. GTO c kh nng
ng ct v cng sut thp hn so vi tiristo nhng phm vi hot ng v tn s th li
15

cao hn. Do c kh nng kho li bng cc iu khin nn thi gian tr khi kho c rt
ngn li mt cch ng k so vi tiristo. GTO c ng dng trong cc s nghch lu
vi cng sut trung bnh v tn s trung bnh. Vic ng dng cc GTO dn n cng
sut ca cc b bin tn c ch to ngy cng ln.
Tranzito v IGBT l nhng phn t bn dn c ng dng vi nhng phm vi cng
sut nh nhng yu cu tn s lm vic cao. c bit l cc IGBT ang c ng dng
ngy cng rng ri v thay th dn cc tranzito thng. Vi cng sut iu khin yu cu
rt nh vic s dng IGBT lm n gin ng k thit k ca cc b bin i v lm cho
kch thc ca h thng iu khin ny ngy cng thu nh.
Vi u th tuyt i v thi gian ng ct cc nh (c 0,5 n 1 s) cc MOSFET
chim u th tuyt i cho cc ng dng yu cu tn s ng ct rt cao (n vi trm
kHz) nhng cng sut tng i nh, v d nh cc b ngun xung cho my tnh PC.

16

CHNG 2

CHNH LU
2.1 GII THIU CHUNG
2.1.1 Cu trc mch chnh lu
Chnh lu l qu trnh bin i nng lng dng xoay chiu thnh nng lng dng
mt chiu.
Chnh lu l thit b in t cng sut c s dng rng ri nht trong thc t. S
cu trc thng gp ca mch chnh lu nh trn hnh 2.1.
P~

P~

U1~

U 2~

U d , Id

U d , Id

Hnh 2.1. S cu trc mch chnh lu

Trong s c my bin p lm hai nhim v chnh l:

a) Chuyn t in p quy chun ca li in xoay chiu U1 sang in p U2 thch
hp vi yu cu ca ti. Tu theo yu cu ca ti m my bin p c th l tng
p hoc gim p.
b) Bin i s pha ca ngun li sang s pha theo yu cu ca mch van. Thng
thng s pha ca li ln nht l 3, song mch van c th cn s pha l 6, 12
Trng hp ti yu cu mc in p ph hp vi li in v mch van i hi s
pha nh li in th c th b my bin p.
Mch van y l cc van bn dn c mc vi nhau theo cch no c th
tin hnh qu trnh chnh lu.
Mch lc nhm m bo in p (hoc dng in) mt chiu cp cho ti l bng
phng theo yu cu.
2.1.2 Phn loi
Chnh lu c phn loi theo mt s cch sau y:
1. Phn loi theo s pha ngun cp cho mch van: mt pha, hai pha, ba pha, 6 pha
v.v.
2. Phn loi theo loi van bn dn trong mch van:
Hin nay ch yu dng hai loi van l it v tiristo, v th c ba loi mch sau:
- Mch van dng ton it, gi l chnh lu khng iu khin.
- Mch van dng ton tiristo, gi l chnh lu iu khin.
- Mch chnh lu dng c hai loi it v tiristo, gi l chnh lu bn iu khin.
3. Phn loi theo s mc cc van vi nhau. C hai kiu mc van:
a) S hnh tia: s ny s lng van bng s pha ngun cp cho mch van.
Tt c cc van u mc chung mt u no vi nhau hoc catt chung, hoc ant
chung.
b) S cu: s ny s lng van nhiu gp i s pha ngun cp cho mch
van. Trong mt na s van mc chung nhau catt, na kia li mc chung nhau ant.
17

Nh vy, khi gi tn mt mch chnh lu, ngi ta dng ba du hiu trn ch c

th mch . Th d: chnh lu cu ba pha bn iu khin, c ngha l mch chnh lu
ny dng kiu mc van theo s cu, ngun cp cho mch van l ba pha, v dng 6 van
c c it v tiristo.
2.1.3 Cc tham s c bn ca mch chnh lu
Cc tham s ny dng nh gi cc ch tiu k thut trong phn tch hoc thit k
mch chnh lu, gm c ba nhm thng s chnh nh di y:
1. V pha ti
Ud gi tr trung bnh ca in p nhn c ngay sau mch van chnh lu:

Ud

1T
1 2
u
(
t
)
dt

u d ()d
d
T 0
2 0

(2.1)

Id gi tr trung bnh ca dng in t mch van cp ra:

1 2
Id
i d ()d
2 0

(2.2)

Pd = Ud.Id l cng sut mt chiu m ti nhn c t mch chnh lu.

2. V pha van
Itbv gi tr trung bnh ca dng in chy qua 1 van ca mch van.
Ung.max in p ngc cc i m van phi chu c khi lm vic.
y l hai tham s gip vic la chn van ph hp khng hng khi hot ng
trong mch.
3. V pha ngun
Th hin bng cng sut xoay chiu ly t li in, thng thng s dng theo cng
sut biu kin ca bin p:
S S2
S ba 1
= ksPd
(2.3)
2
trong :
S1 U1I1
(2.4)
m

S 2 U 2 i I 2i

(2.5)

i 1

y cc gi tr U1, I1, U2i, I2i l tr s hiu dng ca in p v dng in pha s cp v

th cp my bin p. Do pha th cp c th c nhiu cun dy, nn phi tng cng cng
sut ca tt c m cun dy.
nh gi kh nng bin i ca cng sut xoay chiu thnh mt chiu, cng sut
ly t li in Sba c so snh vi cng sut mt chiu Pd m ti nhn c qua h s
ks. H s ny cng gn 1 cng chnh t mch c hiu sut bin i tt hn.
Ngoi ba nhm tham s trn cn c mt tham s dng nh gi s bng phng ca
in p mt chiu nhn c, gi l h s p mch km, c xc nh theo biu thc:
U
km= 1m
U0
18

trong U1m l bin sng hi bc 1 theo khai trin Fourier ca in p chnh lu v U0

l thnh phn c bn cng theo khai trin ny. U0 cng chnh l gi tr in p trung bnh
ca in p chnh lu, tc l U0 = Ud .
2.1.4 Lut dn van
Mch van thc hin qu trnh chnh lu c kh nhiu, tuy nhin chng u tun
theo hai kiu mc vi nhau l mc catt chung v mc ant chung. V th ch cn nhn
bit hai quy lut dn ny, ta c th phn tch ton b cc mch chnh lu c trong thc t.
A1

A2
An

D1

D2

K1
KC

K2

Dn

Kn

D1

D2

AC

Dn

Hnh 2.2: a) Van u catt chung; b) Van u ant chung

1. Nhm van u catt chung

Hnh 2.2a l mch van khi tt c cc it c catt u vi nhau. Lut dn ca n c
pht biu nh sau:
Van c kh nng dn l van c in th ant ca n dng nht trong nhm, tuy
nhin n ch dn c nu in th ant ny dng hn in th im catt chung KC.
Th d, thi im hin ti ta c:
A1 > A2 > A3 > > An
v ng thi A1 > KC th van D1 s dn. Lc nu coi st p trn van bng 0 th khi
D1 dn ta thy KC = A1. iu ny dn n in p trn cc van cn li s m:
AK2 = A2 - KC = A2 - A1 < 0

AKn = An - KC = An - A1 < 0
Nh vy cc van cn li s phi kho khng dn c.
2. Nhm van u ant chung
nhm van u ant chung (hnh 2.2b) c lut dn van sau:
Van c kh nng dn l van c in th catt m nht trong nhm, nhng n ch dn
c nu in th ny m hn in th ant chung AC.
Trong chng ny s p dng hai lut dn trn phn tch cc mch chnh lu thng
dng, trong s coi cc van l l tng, nh vy khi dn st p trn van bng khng
(uAK = 0).
2.2 CC MCH CHNH LU C BN
S lng cc mch chnh lu kh nhiu, song ch yu l mt s mch chnh c gi
l mch c bn. Nhng mch ny c xc nh cc tham s vi mch dng van l it
v ti thun tr.
2.2.1 Chnh lu mt pha
19

1. Chnh lu mt pha mt na chu k

Mch van ch c mt van duy nht l it D (hnh 2.3). na chu k u (0) khi
in p t vo mch van u2 > 0 vi cc tnh dng trn th it D dn. V vi UD = 0
nn c ud u2. na chu k sau ( 2) in p u2 o du (cc tnh trong ngoc trn
s ) nn it D kho, v th u d = 0.
D

i2

u2

id
u1

ud

u2

Rd

ud
a)

D kho

D dn

Hnh 2.3

b)

Nh vy in p chnh lu nhn c trn ti l:

Ud

1 2
1 2
2
u
(

)
d

2U 2 sin d
U 2 0,45U 2
d

2 0
2 0

(2.6)

V ti thun tr nn:

Id

Ud
R

(2.7)

Theo mch ta thy dng qua van chnh l dng qua ti v dng chy qua cun th cp
bin p, v vy Itbv = Id.
in p ngc trn van ch xut hin khi van kho, tc l trong khong ( 2).
Theo s lc uAK = u 2, do in p ngc trn van Ungmax = 2 U 2 . Mt s tham
s khc ca mch chnh lu ny xem trong bng 2.1.
Nhn chung, mch chnh lu ny c cc ch tiu k thut km nn ch thch hp vi
ti nh (n mt vi ampe).
2. Chnh lu mt pha hai na chu k c im gia (chnh lu hnh tia hai pha)
Bin p c im gia bin ip p s cp u1 thnh hai in p ngc pha nhau 1800
th cp u '2 v u '2' .
mch van ny cc it D1, D2 u theo kiu catt chung, v vy chng s lm vic
theo lut dn 1 trong ant ca it D1 ni vi u '2 , cn ant ca D2 ni vi in p u '2' .
V vy trong khong t (0), it D1 dn do u '2 > u '2' ; cn trong khong ( 2) th D2
dn do u '2' > u '2 . Do vy in p chnh lu u d s c dng hnh 2.4b vi:
ud = u '2 0
ud = u '2' 2
20

u' 2

u' ' 2

u' 2
u' ' 2

ud

a)

Hnh 2.4

b)

in p chnh lu nhn c trn ti l:

1
1
2 2
U d u d ()d 2U 2 sin d
U 2 0,9U 2
0
0

(2.8)

v:

Id

Ud
R

Do mi it ch dn mt na chu k in p li, trong khi dng in ti tn ti c

hai na chu k, do vy dng trung bnh qua it bng mt na dng ti:
I
I tbv d
2
xt in p ngc trn van, ta gi s D1 dn, D2 kho (giai on 0 ). Lc ny ta
thy D2 c u song song vi hai cun th cp ni tip nhau, v vy:

u D u '2' u '2 2 U 2 sin( 1800 ) 2 U 2 sin 2 2 U 2 sin

2

nn in p ngc cc i trn it D2 l Ungmax = 2 2U 2 .

Mch chnh lu ny c s dng nhiu trong di cng sut nh n vi kW, n thch
hp vi chnh lu in p thp v st p trn ng ra ti ch c mt van. Nhc im
ca mch l buc phi c bin p i s pha. Hn na mt s thng s khc cng khng
tt.
3. Chnh lu cu mt pha
Mh chnh lu gm 4 van D1 D4 u thnh hai nhm (hnh 2.5a): D1D3 u catt
chung, D2D4 u ant chung. Ngun xoay chiu da vo mch van c th ly trc tip t
li hoc thng qua bin p.
Trong na chu k u: 0, in p u2 > 0 vi cc tnh trong ngoc trn s . Ta
thy vi nhm catt chung D1D3 th ant D1 dng hn ant D3 v vy D1 s dn. Cn
nhm ant chung D2D4 th catt D2 m hn catt D4 v vy D2 dn.
Nh vy na chu k u D1D2 dn. Trong na chu k sau in p u2 < 0 vi cc tnh
o li (trong du ngoc), l lun tng t ta thy it D3D4 dn.

21

u2

ud

D1, D 2 dn D1, D 2 kho

D3 , D4 kho D3 , D 4 dn
Hnh 2.5

i vi in p ra ti, ta lun thy im a trong c hai na chu k u c ni vi

cc tnh dng (+) ca ngun u2, v im b lun c ni vi cc tnh m (-) ca u2. V
vy in p ra ti ud ging ca chnh lu hnh tia hai pha, do ta cng c:

2 2
U 2 0,9 U 2

Id d
R

Ud

Dng in qua mi it cng ch tn ti trong mt n chu k, do I tbv

(2.9)

Id
.
2

Tuy nhin in p ngc trn van ang kho ch bng in p ngun u2:
Ungmax =

2U 2 .

Chnh lu cu mt pha c s dng kh rng ri trong thc t, nht l vi in p

trn 10V, dng ti c th n mt trm ampe. u im ca mch l c th khng cn
bin p. Nhc im ca n l c hai it tham gia dn dng: it nhm l dn dng ra
ti, nhm it chn dn dng t ti v ngun. Nh vy s c st p do hai it gy ra,
chnh l do ny lm cho mch cu khng thch hp vi chnh lu in p thp di 10V
khi dng ti ln.
2.2.2 Chnh lu hnh tia ba pha
Mch van gm ba it D1, D2, D3 mc thnh mt nhm (hnh 2.6a), y l kiu
catt chung, do vy chng s hot ng theo lut dn 1. in p xoay chiu a vo
mch van l ngun ba pha i xng ua, u b, uc. Theo s ta thy ant D1 u vi ua; ant
D2 u vi ub; ant D3 u vi u c. V th:
Trong khong 1 2 (tc t 300 1500), ua > ub, u c nn it D1 dn, ud = ua.
Trong khong 2 3 (tc t 1500 2700), ub > ua, uc nn it D1 dn, u d = u b.
Trong khong 3 4 (tc t 2700 3900), uc > ua, ub nn it D1 dn, ud = u c.
Nh vy in p ra ti u d lun ly cc in p pha dng nht ca ngun, theo th
hnh 2.6b ca u d, ta c:

22

1 150
3 6
Ud
2 U 2 sin d
U 2 1,17 U 2

2 / 3 30
2

(2.10)

Ud

Id

Rd

Dng in qua mi van ch tn ti trong 1/3 ca chu k in p ngun, v vy:

I
I tbv d
3
in p ngc trn van: ungc van = udy ngun. in p ngc cc i trn van l in
p dy cc i:
0

3 2U 2 6U 2

Ungmax = Udy max =

(2.11)

Chnh lu hnh tia ba pha c c im tng t chnh lu hnh tia hai pha. mch
hot ng cn c bin p a im trung tnh N ra ti. V mch dng ngun ba pha
nn cng sut c th tng ln nhiu, dng in ti n vi trm ampe.

u a 2 U 2 sin
u b 2U 2 sin( - 1200 )
u c 2 U 2 sin( - 2400 )

b)

D1dn

D 2 dn

D 3dn

Hnh 2.6

2.2.3 Chnh lu cu ba pha

Mch van gm 2 nhm, cc it D1, D3, D5 u kiu catt chung (hnh 2.7), nn hot
ng theo lut :
D1 dn trong khong 1 3 khi ua dng nht;
D3 dn trong khong 3 5 khi ub dng nht;
D5 dn trong khong 5 7 khi uc dng nht;
Cc it D2, D4, D6 u kiu ant chung, nn:
23

D2 dn trong khong 2 4 khi uc m nht;

D4 dn trong khong 4 6 khi ua m nht;
D6 dn trong khong 6 8 khi ub m nht;
i chiu theo th dn cc van trn hnh 2.7c ta thy, bt k thi im no cng
c mt it nhm trn dn vi mt it nhm di. Th d trong khong 1 2 l it
D1D6 dn. Lc theo s thay th hnh 2.7b ta thy in p ra ti ud chnh l in p
dy ca ngun xoay chiu uab. Lm tng t nh vy ta s thy rng, trong mt chu k
ca in p xoay chiu, in p u d s hnh thnh t 6 on in p ca ngun xoay chiu
theo th t uab uac ubc - uba uca - ucb. in p trung bnh nhn c trn ti l:
0

1 90
6 90
Ud
(
u
u
)
d

U 2m sin - U 2 m sin( - 1200 ) d

a
b

2 / 6 30
2 30

3 6
U 2 2,34 U 2

(2.12)

Hnh 2.7

So snh gi tr ny vi chnh lu ba pha hnh tia, ta thy n c tr s gp 2 ln. iu

ny c th thy trn s 2.7a, s cu ba pha dng nh l hai s hnh tia mc ni
tip nhau, nhm it l chnh lu ly in p dng, nhm it chn chnh lu ly nt
phn in p m cn li, v vy tng qut ta c hai chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ni tip
nhau.
in p ud ca cc mch chnh lu c dng gn sng, khng phng, gi l p
mch. S ln p mch (k hiu mm) trong mt chu k ca ngun xoay chiu 2 ph
thuc vo s chnh lu. S p mch mm cng cao th dng u d cng phng, tc l h
s p mch k m nh hn.
Tham s ca mch chnh lu c bn xem bng 2.1

24

Tham s
S

Ud0

Itbv Ungmax

I2

I1

Sba

m m

km

Mt pha mt na
0,45U2 Id 1,41U2 1,57Id
chu k

1,21Idkba 3,09Pd

1,57

Mt pha c im
0,9U2 Id/2 2,83U2 0,58Id
gia

1,11Idkba 1,48Pd

1
Xa Id

0,67

Mt pha s cu

0,9U2 Id/2 1,41U2 1,11Id

1,11Idkba 1,23Pd

2
Xa Id

0,67

Ba pha hnh tia

1,17U2 Id/3 2,45U2 0,58Id

0,47Idkba 1,35Pd

3
Xa Id
2

0,25

Ba pha s cu

2,34U2 Id/3 2,45U2 0,816Id 0,816Idkba 1,05Pd

3
Xa Id

0,057

Su pha hnh tia

1,35U2 Id/6 2,83U2 0,29Id

0,58Idkba 1,56Pd

3
Xa Id
2

0,057

Su pha c cun
1,17U2 Id/6 2,45U2 0,29Id
khng cn bng

0,41Idkba 1,26Pd

3
Xa Id
4

0,057

Bng 2.1. Tham s chnh ca cc mch chnh lu c bn

Ghi ch:
Ud0 - tr s trung bnh ca in p chnh lu; U2 - tr s hiu dng ca in p pha cun th
cp bin p ngun; Itbv - tr s trung bnh ca dng in qua van; Ungmax - in p ngc ln nht
van phi chu khi lm vic; I2, I1 - tr s hiu dng dng in cun th cp v cun s cp bin
p ngun; Id - tr s trung bnh dng in ra ti; kba - h s my bin p ngun; Sba cng sut
tnh ton my bin p ngun; Pd cng sut mt chiu trn ti Pd = Ud0.Id; U - st p do hin
tng trng dn gy ra (khi La 0); k m - h s p mch ca in p chnh lu: k m =

U1m
,
U d0

trong U1m l bin sng hi c bn ca in p chnh lu theo trin khai Fourier.

2.2.4 Chnh lu m pha tng qut

T cc mch xt trn ta thy, vi mt mch chnh lu tng qu m pha, in p u d c
dng nh hnh 2.11. N l ng bao theo cc in p pha ngun xoay chiu vi h s
p mch l m m, trong :
Chnh lu hnh tia: m m = m pha
Chnh lu cu: nu m chn: m m = mpha
nu m l: m m = 2m pha
Bin in p chnh lu Um cng ph thuc vo s u van:
Chnh lu hnh tia: Um = U pha max = U2m
Chnh lu cu: nu m chn: Um = 2U2m

nu m l: U m 2U 2m cos
2m
Gi tr trung bnh in p chnh lu:
25

Ud =

m m
2

U m cos d

m m

U m sin

m m

(2.13)

2.3 CHNH LU IU KHIN DNG TIRISTOR

2.3.1 Khi nim v gc iu khin
Mch chnh lu dng van l it tuy n gin nhng ch cp ra ti mt in p xc
nh Ud = ksU2, ch ph thuc vo mch van v in p ngun U2, khng cho php thay
i hoc gi n nh theo yu cu cng ngh ca ti. iu ny do it lun t dn di
tc ng ca chnh in p ngun xoay chiu gi l m t nhin. Nu thay it bng
tiristo s iu khin c im dn ca van theo mun, v m cn c ng thi hai
iu kin: Th nht, in p trn van phi dng, UAK > 0; th hai, c dng iu khin
mnh tc ng vo cc iu khin ca n. Nh vy s dng iu kin th hai ta khng
ch c im m tiristor theo mun. thc hin trong mch iu kin ny ngi ta
s dng khi nim gc iu khin (cn gi l gc m) c k hiu bng . Quy c v
gc ny nh sau:
Gc iu khin l gc tnh t thi im m t nhin n thi im tiristo c pht
xung vo cc iu khin m van. Thi im m t nhin l thi im m nu van
l it th n bt u dn.
Vic tnh ton gc m van trong mch chnh lu tiristor theo yu cu cng ngh
do khi iu khin m nhim v c cp chi tit chng 5. Ti chng ny ch
xem xt nh hng ca gc iu khin n tham s Ud ca chnh lu.
2.3.2 Chnh lu iu khin mt pha
1. Chnh lu iu khin mt pha mt na chu k ti thun tr
so snh chnh lu khng iu khin v chnh lu iu khin, trn s hnh 2.8
dng cc th ud hai trng hp ny. Hnh 2.8b l in p chnh lu nhn c khi
dng it. Hnh 2.8c l chnh lu c iu khin. Trong s ny giai on (0 ) mc
d in p trn tiristo T dng, song phi n thi im th tiristo mi nhn c tn
hiu iu khin IG t khu pht xung (FX). Do :
Trong giai on (0 ) tiristo kho: ud = 0.
Trong giai on ( ) tiristo kho: ud = u2().
Trong giai on ( 0) tiristo kho: u d = 0.
Nh vy in p ud by gi khng cn l ton b na hnh sin dng ca in p
ngun xoay chiu u2, m ch l mt phn ca n vi ln tu thuc gc . Ta c:
U d

1 2
1
2
1 cos
U
(

)
d

2 U 2 sin d
U2
2

2 0
2

Khi iu khin vi = 0 c gi tr Ud0:

26

(2.14)

Hnh 2.8

2
U 2 0,45U 2

y chnh l biu thc (2.6) tng ng vi chnh lu khng iu khin dng it. V
vy c th coi rng chnh lu it l trng hp ring ca chnh lu dng tiristo vi =
0. Biu thc (2.14) c th vit li thnh:
1 cos U f ()
U d U d 0
(2.15)
d0
2
Biu thc ny cho thy in p chnh lu Ud l mt hm ph thuc vo gc iu
khin . Nh vy mun iu chnh in p ra ti ch cn tc ng vo tham s duy nht
l . mch chnh lu ny, bng cch thay i t 0 n 1800 ta iu chnh c in
p Ud t gi tr ln nht Ud0 n gi tr nh nht (bng 0).
Cc tham s ca chnh lu dng tiristo u ly t chnh lu dng it (bng 2.1), vi
l do n gin l khi = 0 (tng ng vi chnh lu khng iu khin) th in p chnh
lu ln nht v mch cng mang ti nng nht.
2. Chnh lu mt pha mt na chu k vi ti RdLd
Tng t nh trng hp ti thun tr, tiristo T ch c kh nng dn na chu k khi
in p u2 dng. Tuy nhin van ch dn thi im pht xung tng ng gc 1 = .
iu ny v phng tin vt l, n l mt bi ton qu trnh qu (hnh 2.9b) vi
thi im ng mch , v tiristo ng vai tr kho chuyn mch T.
Khi tiristo dn, tng ng vi kho T ng, ta c phng trnh mch:
U d0

u L u R u 2 2 U 2 sin
hay:

di d
i d R d 2U 2 sin
dt
Dng in id() gm hai thnh phn: dng cng bc icb v dng t do itd:
id = icb + itd
Dng cng bc chu s tc ng ca ngun u2 theo quy lut:
Ld

i cb

2U 2
R d2 X d2
27

sin( )

(2.16)

(2.17)

 y Xd = .Ld; = arctagXd/Rd.
Ld

id
u1

ud

u2

Rd

a)

id

Ld

ud

u2

Rd

b)

Hnh 2.9

Hnh 2.10

Thnh phn t do l hm tt dn theo thi gian:

i td Ae
y

Ae

Ae

(2.18)

Ld
L d X d
v Q

Rd
Rd
Rd

Vy dng ti l:

id

2U 2
R d2 X d2

sin( ) Ae

(2.19)

H s A xc nh t iu kin ng mch c in cm id( = ) = 0. a vo (2.19)

ta rt ra:

2U 2
R d2 X 2d

sin( ).e

Cui cng ta c:

sin( ) sin( )e Q
(2.20)
id

R d2 X 2d

V bn cht, sau thi im , di tc dng ca ngun u2, dng in id s tng dn t

0, m khng tng t bin do tc ng ca in cm Ld. Sc in ng eL ca in cm
ny lun chng li s bin thin ca dng in i qua n. V vy cng id bin thin chm
pha hn so vi in p ngun u2. iu ny dn n thi im = , mc d ngun
bng 0, song dng id > 0, v vy tiristo cha kho li c. Ch n thi im 2 > , khi
dng id v n 0, tiristo mi bt u kho.

2U 2

28

 th hnh 2.10 m t dng dng id v tc ng c s.. t cm eL ln mch.

Nh vy, nu trng hp ti thun tr khi cc van lun kho thi im , v gc
dn ca van lun l = ( ), th khi c in cm Ld, dng in ko di qua im , v
gc dn ca van = 3 1 > .
Gi tr xc nh t biu thc (2.20) vi iu kin i( = + ) = 0, v ta c phng
trnh sau:
-

sin( - ) sin( - )e

(2.21)

y l phng trnh siu vit v ch c th gii gn ng. Tuy nhin s ph thuc

vo gi tr Q v nh hn 2.
Dng in p u d cng khc so vi trng hp ti thun tr. Do chng no tiristo cn
dn, th vn c ud = u2, nn in p ud bm theo u2 n ht im 3. Nh vy in p u d c
on m. y lu rng, tuy ud c th coi l xoay chiu (c hai du (+) v (-)), song
dng in id ch c mt chiu duy nht. Theo th u d ta tnh c tr s trung bnh:

U d

2U 2 cos - cos( )
1
2U 2 sin d

cos - cos( )
(2.22)
2
Gi tr trung bnh ca dng in ti Id cng c th tnh theo biu thc (2.20). Song v
Id l thnh phn khng i nn n khng gy st p trn cun cm Ld, do vn c:
U
Id d
R
U d0

Khi mch dng van it, ta c cc quy lut rt ra t cc biu thc (2.20); (2.21);
(2.22) vi = 0, c:

id
sin( ) sin()e

R d2 X 2d

2U 2

sin( ) sin .e
U d U d 0

( xc nh gc dn )

1 cos
2

(2.23)

(2.24)
(2.25)

2.3.3 Chnh lu iu khin hnh tia

1. Chnh lu hnh tia hai pha
Hnh 2.11b l th minh ho chnh lu iu khin ny. Lu rng trong mch chnh
lu nhiu pha, gc iu khin ca cc tiristo phi bng nhau: 1 = 2 = . S sai lch
gia chng c nh gi bng mt i xng. Mch iu khin c nhim v m bo
mt i xng khng vt qu 10 n 20 in.
Theo th ta nhn c:

U d

1 2
1
2 2
1 cos U 1 cos
u
(

)
d

2U 2 sin d
U2
d
d0

2 0
0

2
2
29

(2.26)

u2

u2

u1

u 2

ud

u 2
u 2

I G1

IG 2

a)
ud

Hnh 2.11

b)
vi Ud0 = 0,9U2.
Vi ti thun tr, dng dng in id tng t dng in p Ud, v ta thy dng in s
c on bng 0 (id = 0) trong ton di iu chnh . Do vy dng in ny c gi l
dng in gin on.
2. Chnh lu hnh tia ba pha dng tiristo
th in p u d ca mch chnh lu ny th hin trn hnh 2.12b vi gc iu khin
= 300. y l gc c bit.
u2

ua

ub

uc

ua

ub

ud

uc

a)

Rd

I G1

IG2

I G3

ud

Hnh 2.12

b)
a. Nu 300, in p ud s c on bng 0, v vy khi ti thun tr, dng in id s
gin on, tc l c nhng on id = 0, v dng in qua van lun kt thc khi in p
pha v 0. th ud c dng hnh 2.13a, theo c:

U d

1 2
3
3 2
u
(

)
d

2U 2 sin d
U 2 1 cos( 30 0 )
d

2 0
2 0
2

3 6
1 cos( 30 0 )
1 cos( 30 0 )
U2
U d0
2
3
3

30

(2.27)

b. Nu < 300, dng in p ud hnh 2.13b. Ta thy in p ud lun ln hn 0. Nh

vy ti thun tr, dng in id s lun tn ti v chy lin tc qua ti, v vy dng dng
in ny gi l dng in lin tc. y quy lut in p ud khc i, khng tun theo
biu thc (2.27) va c. Vi lu rng ba van s thay nhau dn trong mt chu k, nn
mi van dn mt khong 23, do :
0

U d

3 30 120

2 30

2 U 2 sin d

3 6
U 2 cos U d 0 cos
2

(2.28)

Nh vy, vi mch chnh lu ba pha hnh tia, quy lut in p Ud ph thuc vo ch

dng: nu dng gin on theo quy lut (2.27); nu dng lin tc li theo (2.28).
ud

ua

ud

ub

ua

uc

ub

uc

b) < 300

a ) > 300
Hnh 2.13

u2

2.3.4 Chnh lu iu khin s cu:

1. S cu mt pha
Vi s iu khin, khi thay cc it
cu s hnh 2.5a bng cc tiristo, ta cn
pht xung m van theo cp v phi ng
thi nh hnh 2.14.
Dng in p nhn c trn ti s
hon ton tng t cho trng hp mch
chnh lu hai pha hnh tia, v vy quy lut
iu chnh in p ud tun theo biu thc:
1 cos
U d U d 0
2
vi Ud0 = 0,9U2.
2. S cu ba pha
cp in cho ti phi m bo c hai
van dn: mt ca nhm l, mt ca nhm
chn.
Nh vy khi pht xung m van cho
mch hot ng cng phi ng thi cho hai
tiristo cn dn. Trn th hnh 2.16 th
hin iu ny ch mi tiristo c pht
hai xung: xung u tin xc nh gc ,
xung th hai m bo thng mch ti.

31

I G1

IG 2

IG3

IG 4

ud

Hnh 2.14

Hnh 2.15

 y phi m bo gc iu khin cc van phi nh nhau: 1 = 2 = = 6 = .

Theo th ud() ta thy gc gii hn gia dng lin tc v dng gin on bng 60 0.
Vy:
Nu 60 0 ta s c quy lut d nh l:
Ud = Ud0cos = 2,34U2cos
(2.29)
0
Nu > 60 th dng in s gin on. in p chnh lu nhn c l:

U d

3
3 6
1 cos( 60 0 )

2 3U 2 sin d
U2
60

2
0

U d0

1 cos( 60 0 )
2

(2.30)

I G1

IG 2

IG 3

IG 4

IG 5

IG6

ud

Hnh 2.16

2.4 QU TRNH CHUYN MCH VAN V NH HNG CA IN CM

XOAY CHIU LA
2.4.1 Cc qu trnh chuyn mch
mc trc ta xem xt nh hng ca in cm pha mt chiu (ti RL) n s
lm vic ca mch chnh lu. Mc ny ta xt n tc ng ca in cm pha xoay chiu
n chnh lu.
Khi phn tch mch chnh lu cc mc trc y, ta lun coi ngun xoay chiu cp
cho mch van l l tng, tc l c tng tr trong bng khng. Tuy nhin cc ngun thc
t u c ni tr, nht l chnh lu c dng bin p. Vi di cng sut ln thng in tr
32

ngun nh hn in khng ngun, v vy ta ch xem xt ngun vi in khng ngun c

in cm l La.
1. Khi ngun l tng (La = 0)
Ti lm vic ch dng lin tc, ta xt hai van cnh nhau hnh 2.17.
Gi s T1 ang dn dng ti Id, n thi im 1 l lc van T2 c pht xung m. Do
thi im ny u2 > u1 nn T2 dn s lm T1 kho ngay.
V vy dng ti Id cng chuyn ngay t van T1 sang van T2. Nh vy ngay 1: dng
qua T1 gim t bin t gi tr Id v 0, cn dng qua T2 tng t bin t 0 n Id. y l
hin tng chuyn mch van mt cch tc thi. Trong sut chu k lm vic, in th
im catt chung lun gn vi mt ngun no c van dn: u dN = upha.
u1

T1

i1

u2

T2

i2

id

u dN

Hnh 2.17

2. Khi ngun khng l tng (La 0)

Ta c s nh hnh 2.18:

u1

u2

(90 0 m)
T1

u1 u 2
2

i1

T2

i2

Hnh 2.18

Vn coi rng van T1 ang dn dng ti Id: i1 = Id. n thi im 1 pht xung m T2.
Lc ny mc d u2 > u1, song ant ca hai van khng mc thng vo ngun nh trng
hp trn m b cch ly bng cc in cm La. Cc in cm, vi tnh cht chng s t
bin dng in qua n, s khng cho php dng in qua cc van T1, T2 bin thin t
ngt nh trn na. Cn phi c mt khong thi gian dng i1 gim dn t Id v 0, cng
nh dng i2 tng dn t 0 n Id. Nh vy trong giai on ny c hai van cng dn
dng, v th qu trnh chuyn mch van ny gi l hin tng trng dn. Gc tng ng
giai on ny c k hiu l . Trong khong , r rng in th im catt khng gn
theo mt ngun na: udN u pha.
33

2.4.2 Quy lut ca chuyn mch trng dn

1. Quy lut in p udN
Khi hai van T1, T2 dn, ta c s thay th mch in nh trn hnh 2.19. Theo
vit c hai phng trnh cn bng in p sau:

di1
(2.31)
dt
di
(2.32)
u dN u 2 - L a 2
dt
Cng hai phng trnh trn c:
di di
2u dN u1 u 2 - L a ( 1 2 )
(2.33)
dt
dt

La

u1

u dN u1 - L a

u2

La

i1

id

i2

u dN
Hnh 2.19

Ti im nt catt chung: i1 i 2 I d , nu coi dng id bng phng hon ton trong

khong , o hm hai v biu thc ny c:
di1 di 2

0
dt
dt
T y a vo biu thc (2.33) cho php rt ra quy lut:
u u2
u dN 1
(2.34)
2
Nh vy: trong giai on chuyn mch trng dn, in p bin thin theo quy lut
bnh qun cc in p pha ngun c van tham gia chuyn mch.
2. Quy lut dng in
xc nh cc dng i1, i2 trong khong , ta xt dng i trn s mch hnh 2.19.
Ta c phng trnh:
di
2L a u 2 u 1
(2.35)
dt
Vi ngun m pha, nu ly u 2 lm gc th:

u 2 2 U 2 sin U 2m sin
v

2
)
m
Tnh hiu ca chng v sau khi bin i ta c:
u 1 U 2 m sin(

u 2 u1 2U 2 m sin

sin 900
m
m

V qu trnh bt u 1, ta dch trc to sang im ny c:

u 2 u1 2U 2 m sin sin
m
Quay li (2.35):

34

di

2 U 2m sin sin
dt
m

U 2m sin
di
m sin

dt
La

2L a

U 2 m sin
i ( ) -

Xa

m cos( ) C

= 0 (gc to mi) c i(0) = 0, tnh c hng s C:

U 2 m sin
m cos
C
Xa
Cui cng:
i ( )

U 2m

sin cos - cos( )

Xa
m

Quy lut dng i2 (van mi m) chnh l i(). Quy lut dng i1 l:

i1() = Id i().
3. Gc trng dn
Xc nh t iu kin i2( = ) = Id. Thay vo (2.36) rt ra:
X a Id
cos cos( )

U 2m sin
m

(2.36)

(2.37)

2.4.3 nh hng ca chuyn mch trng dn

So snh vi in p udN khng c trng dn ta thy, khi trng dn in p u dN b mt
mt on. Tc l in p chnh lu b nh i mt lng U:

m
u 2 - u dN d m u 2 - u1 u 2 d

2 0
2 0
2

m u 2 - u1
m

d
U 2m sin sin( )d

2 0 2
2 0
m

U 2m sin cos - cos

2
m
Thay (2.37) vo biu thc ny ta c:
X I
U a a
2 / m
Vy in p chnh lu ch cn:
U d U d 0 cos - U

35

(2.38)

(2.39)

Lu :
a. Cc phn tch trn dnh cho qu trnh chuyn mch ti mt nhm van, v vy n
hon ton chnh xc cho chnh lu hnh tia. Vi chnh lu cu, v mch c hai nhm van
nn qu trnh chuyn mch tn ti c hai nhm, do ch ng cho tng nhm mt, v
vy cc biu thc cng ch ng cho tng nhm. S khc bit th hin hai biu thc
chnh.
1. Vi u dN: Chnh lu hnh tia udN = ud.
Chnh lu cu: u dN ud v c hai nhm
u dN1 = ud catt chung
u dN2 = ud ant chung
u d = u dN1 udN2
2. Vi U:
Chnh lu hnh tia tnh theo (2.38).
Chnh lu cu phi thm h s 2 vo (2.38) do hai nhm cng gy st p U.
b. Chnh lu it vi La 0 ng nhin cng c hin tng chuyn mch vi . Cc
biu thc tnh ton s c thay bi iu kin =0.
2.4.4 Qu trnh chuyn mch mt s mch chnh lu c bn.
1. Chnh lu hnh tia hai pha
Quy lut in p theo (2.34):

u dN

u 1 u 2
0
2

(2.40)

Quy lut dng theo (2.36):

- dng qua van bt u dn:
U

im() 2 m sin cos cos( )

Xa
m
- dng qua van bt u kho:
i kho () = I d - i m ()
Gc trng dn theo (2.37):
X I
cos - cos( ) a d
U 2m
St p do chuyn mch:
X I
U a d

do :
U d U d 0 cos - U

0,9U 2 cos -

X a Id

ud

u '2

u' '2

(2.41)

iT i
T2

i T1

i T2

(2.42)
Hnh 2.20

36

2. Chnh lu cu mt pha
y l trng hp c bit v ngun xoay chiu a ti mch van ch c mt pha.
Theo nguyn l hot ng van phi dn theo cp T1T2 v T3T4. V vy thi im 1, khi
van T3T4 ang dn ta cho m T1T2 th ng thi c hai nhm van chuyn mch: T3
chuyn cho T1; T4 chuyn cho T2.
Nh vy trong giai on c bn
van u dn dng in. Theo s ta
thy mch ti b ngn mch bi hai
ng do cc van cng m to thnh l
T1T4 v T2T3, do in p trn ti cng
s bng 0:
ud() = 0.
Cc quy lut khc:
St p do trng dn gp i s tia
hai pha:
2X a I d
U
(2.43)

ud

T1T2

T3T4

i T1

iT iT3

i T3

iT iT4

i T2

iT4

Hnh 2.21

Gc trng dn:

cos - cos( )
v:

2X a I d
U 2m

(2.44)

2X a I d

(2.45)

U d 0,9U 2 cos -

2.5 CH NGHCH LU PH THUC TRONG THIT B CHNH LU

Thit b chnh lu c xem xt n mc ny lun hot ng ch m dng nng
lng chuyn t pha ngun xoay chiu sang pha mt chiu - ch chnh lu. Tuy
nhin, khi ti c cha sc in ng Ed, c th lm cho nng lng chuyn t pha mt
chiu sang pha xoay chiu - gi l ch nghch lu. Thc t iu ny thng xy ra vi
ti l ng c in mt chiu khi n lm vic ch my pht, v nng lng ny phi
chuyn tr v li in xoay chiu. Lc thit b chnh lu chuyn sang chy ch
nghch lu. V mch van hot ng phi da theo ngun xoay chiu, ph thuc ngun
ny, nn c gi l nghch lu ph thuc.
2.5.1 Bn cht nghch lu ph thuc v cc iu kin thc hin.
Hnh 2.22a th hin cu trc mch chnh lu bit. Ta c th coi Ud nh ngun
mt chiu thay th tng ng cho mch van v ngun xoay chiu pha trc, v ta c
s mch thay th nh hnh 2.22b.
Ta bit rng mt ngun c th l pht nng lng hoc tiu th nng lng, tu thuc
chiu ca dng in v chiu s..:
- Nu chiu s.. v dng in qua n trng nhau, n l ngun pht nng lng.
- Nu chiu s.. v chiu dng in tri nhau, n l ti tiu th nng lng.
T nguyn tc ny ta thy rng, mun c nghch lu cn hai iu kin:

37

1. pha mt chiu l pht nng lng, cn m bo dng id v s.. Ed cng chiu

nhau.
2. pha xoay chiu nhn nng lng, tng ng l ngun Ud phi nhn nng
lng, th chiu id phi ngc chiu vi ngun Ud.
Song do mch van ch cho php dng id i theo mt chiu xc nh:
a) Khi gi nguyn mch van chnh lu, tc l gi
chiu dng id chnh lu, ta buc phi:
- Thc hin 1 bng cch o chiu s.. Ed.
- Thc hin 2 bng cch o chiu Ud v c quy
lut Ud = Ud0cos, nn iu kin ny c ngha
cn lm cho Ud < 0, suy ra phi iu khin vi
> 900. Phng php ny th hin hnh 2.23a.
b) Khi gi nguyn chiu s.. Ed cn:
- o chiu dng id bng cch a vo mt mch
van th II ngc vi mch chnh lu I. Nh vy
khi cn chy ch nghch lu s a b II vo
hot ng l thc hin c iu kin 1.
- iu kin 2 cng ch m bo khi iu khin b
II theo > 900. Phng php ny th hin hnh
2.23b.
Trong c hai phng php lun cn iu
khin mch van vi > 900 m bo Ud
o du so vi ch chnh lu. Nh vy ch
c cc mch c quy lut Ud = Ud0cos mi
cho php chy ch nghch lu. Mch
chnh lu bn iu khin vi quy lut
1 cos
U d U d 0
, nn khng th o du
2
Ud, v vy khng thc hin c ch
nghch lu.
Xt theo kha cnh l thuyt mch, ch
nghch lu i vi mch van ch l cc van
c iu khin vi gc > 900. V th tt cc
biu thc tnh ton khng thay i so vi ch
nghch lu.

i II

II

Rd id

iI
I

Ld

= U d

U~

Ed

a)

Rd i d
Ld

U d

b)

Ed
Hnh 2.22

R d id

I
a)

U d

U~

Ld

Ed
+

R d id
II
b)

U~

U d
-

Ld

Ed

Hnh 2.23

2.5.2 Mch chnh lu mt pha ch nghch lu ph thuc

Xt trn th d s cu mt pha (hnh 2.24a).
1. Ch chnh lu: < 900, Ud > 0 ngun xoay chiu pht nng lng; Ed > 0
nhn nng lng. Dng nng lng chuyn t pha xoay chiu sang mt chiu. th
hnh 2.24b cho thy in p ud ch yu l cc on ln hn khng.
2. Ch nghch lu: > 900, Ud < 0 v nhn nng lng; Ed < 0 v c chiu trng
chiu dng id tr thnh ngun pht nng lng. th ca ch ny hnh 2.24c.
38

in p ud ch yu l giai on m. Cc biu thc tnh ton vn theo (2.43), (2.44),

U -E
(2.45). C mt lu l cc biu thc tnh dng in tuy vn l: I d d d , nhng do
Rd
Ed< 0 nn thc cht c:

Id

U d E d

(2.46)

Rd

phn bit cho d nhn bit ch nghch lu, ngi ta a vo gc b ca gc

iu khin:
-
(2.47)
Lc cc biu thc (2.44), (2.45) tr thnh:

2X a I d

X I
cos( - ) - cos a d
U 2m

(2.48)

U d -0,9 U 2 cos -

id
T1

T3

Ld

u2

iT
T4 T6

Ed

T3 T4

T1T2

ud

ud

(2.49)

i T1

a) s

iT
u T1

u T1

Hnh 2.24

3. Gc kho v ch sp nghch lu
ch nghch lu ph thuc, cn c bit lu thi gian phc hi tnh cht kho
cho tiristo, l khong thi gian in p trn tiristo m sau khi van kho. Trn th (hnh
2.24c) c c trng bi gc kho . Theo th thy rng:
= - ( + )
ch chnh lu do nh nn gc ln v lun m bo kho tt cho van.
ch nghch lu do ln nn gc nh, do vy nu iu khin van vi qu ln
c th gc khng m bo kho chc van na. Lc tiristo s dn tr li ngay im
in p va dng ln, tng ng = 0, tc l mch b mt iu khin. Dng id s tng
vt, do ud > 0 nn trong mch cng mt lc c hai ngun pht nng lng v dn c ln
in tr Rd, gy s c mch.
39

Hin tng mt iu khin do < phc hi ca van lm mch s c gi l sp nghch

lu.
Nh vy khi hot ng ch nghch lu cn lun khng ch gc trong phm vi
cho php, thng > 5 0.
2.6 B LC MT CHIU
H s p mch ca mch chnh lu ph thuc vo s p mch m m v gc iu
khin . Vi mt mch chnh lu xc nh m m = const, h s k m tt nht khi = 0 (van
it), trong qu trnh iu khin gc h s ny lun km hn. Trng hp km()
khng tho mn yu cu ca ti, cn a thm mch lc mt chiu nhm ci thin h s
p mch. Hiu qu ca khu lc c nh gi bng h s san bng:
k
k sb = mvo
(2.50)
k mra
u vo ca mch lc l mch van, do h s p
mch vo chnh l h s p mch ca chnh lu. H s
p mch nhn c sau khi lc kmra ng nhin
phi nh hn kmvo. Nh vy theo (2.50) h s san bng
phi ln hn 1, v cng ln th lc cng tt.

k mra

k mv
Hnh 2.25

Cc b lc thng dng trnh by hnh 2.26:

L

uv

u ra

a)

uv

u ra

uv

b)

u ra

uv

c)

u ra

d)

Hnh 2.26. a) Lc in cm; b) Lc in dung; c) Lc LC; d) Lc (lc CLC)

2.7 CHNH LU BN IU KHIN V CHNH LU C IT M

Chnh lu bn iu khin ch s dng khi mch van l s cu, lc mt na s
van l it, mt na s van cn li l tiristo.
2.7.1 Chnh lu cu mt pha bn iu khin tiristo mc catt chung
Nhm catt chung l cc tiristo nn chng c m cc thi im ca n. Nhm
ant chung l van it nn chng lun m t nhin theo in p ngun: D1 m khi u2 bt
u m; D2 m khi u 2 bt u dng. Do vy s dn ca cc van trong chu k li l:
Trong khong : T1D2 dn.
Trong khong ( + ): T1D1 dn do , D1 m t nhin lm D2 kho.
Trong khong ( + ) 2: T2D1 dn, T2 c pht xung m im ( + ) v
dn lm cho T1 kho.
Trong khong 2 (2 + ): T2D2 dn, D2 m t nhin im 2.
Qua y ta thy c hai on c hin tng dn thng hng ca hai van: T1D1 v T2D2,
do nhng on ny ti b ngn mch nn u d = 0 (cc on cn li u d bm theo
ngun). Nh vy dng id vn lin tc, song dng i2 li t on do dng ti id chy qun
40

qua hai van thng hng m khng v ngun. iu ny c li v kha cnh nng lng, v
nng lng khng b tr v ngun m gi li trong ti.
Dng in p ud tr li ging nh chnh lu iu khin vi ti thun tr (hnh 2.6b),
do vy quy lut ud l:

U d U d 0
Dng ti:

Id

1 cos
1 cos
0,9 U 2
2
2

(2.51)

U d
Rd

Cc van dn u nhau mt khong l , do vy tr s trung bnh ca dng qua van vn

l Id/2.

ud
id
T1

T2

Ld

u2
Rd
D1

i T1

D2

i T2

i D1
Hnh 2.27

2 2

i D2

i2

i2

2.7.2 Chnh lu cu ba pha bn iu khin

Khi lm vic, cc it chuyn mch t nhin cn cc tiristo chuyn mch ti cc gc
iu khin . Khi < 600, in p ud lun ln hn 0. Nhng khi > 600 (hnh 2.28b l
= 900) s xut hin cc giai on hai van mc thng hng dn ng thi:
1 2: T3D3 dn;
3 4: T1D1 dn;
5 6: T2D2 dn.
Do vy trong cc on ny in p ud = 0, v dng in id chy qun trong ti m
khng chy v ngun nn nng lng c gi li ti, khng b tr v ngun.
Quy lut in p Ud c th suy ra t l lun mch cu tng ng hai mch chnh
lu hnh tia ni tip:

41

 Chnh lu hnh tia ba pha iu khin gm T1, T2, T3 cho in p:

U d U d 0 tia . cos 1,17 U 2 cos
Chnh lu hnh tia ba pha khng iu khin gm D1, D2, D3 cho in p:
U d U d 0 tia 1,17 U 2
Vy tng li:

U d U d 0tia U d 0 tia . cos 1,17 U 2 (1 cos )

ud

ua
ub
uc

ua

ub

D2

iT

T1

uc
T2

T3

D3

D1

D2

4 5

a)

iT

Hnh 2.28

iT
iD
iD
i D3

b)
V chnh lu cu c U d 0 2U d 0 tia 2,34U 2 nn quy i biu thc trn sang dng
cu ta c:
1 + cos
1 + cos
U d = U d 0cu
= 2,34U 2
(2.52)
2
2
Mch cu ba pha bn iu khin c u im l iu khin n gin hn, tit kim
nng lng hn. Song cng c nhc im l s p mch trong ton di iu chnh bng
3: m m = 3; ch = 0 mi c m m = 6 nh s cu iu khin.
2.7.3 H s cng sut cos ca chnh lu iu khin v chnh lu bn iu khin
Ta bit rng h s cng sut tiu th ca mt h tiu th in l cos, trong l
gc lch pha gia in p v dng in ca ph ti . Hnh 2.29 l th ch ra quan h
gia in p ngun u2 v dng in chnh lu nhn t ngun i2 cho hai trng hp.
Theo th dng in i2 v sng hi bc 1 ca n i2(1). Vi tn s bng tn s ngun
xoay chiu, v so snh vi in p ngun u 2, rt ra:
Chnh lu iu khin c : =

Chnh lu bn iu khin c:
2
Nh vy h s cos cu chnh lu bn iu khin tt hn chnh lu iu khin.
Qua y ta cn lu rng, v kha cnh h tiu th in th chnh lu l ph ti c
tnh in cm do dng in chm pha hn in p mt gc . im c bit cn ch
gc ny t l thun vi gc iu khin , v v khi tng h s cng sut xu i r rt.
42

ud

ud

u2

u2

i2

i2

i2

a)

i2

b)

Hnh 2.29 a) Chnh lu iu khin; b) Chnh lu bn iu khin

2.7.4 Chnh lu iu khin c it m

So snh s chnh lu iu khin v chnh lu bn iu khin thy rng h s cos
ca chnh lu bn iu khin tt hn.
Mch chnh lu iu khin cng c th ci thin c cos bng cch mc u ra
ca mch van mt it m D0 (hnh 2.30). Lc ny, mi khi in p ud bt u m th
it ny lp tc dn dng ti chy vng qua n, dn ti ud on ny tr thnh bng 0.
Nh vy dng in p ud tr thnh ging nh chnh lu bn iu khin, it D0 ng vai
tr nh hai van dn thng hng. Kt qu t c l = /2 nh chnh lu bn iu
khin.
Lu : i khi trong s chnh lu bn iu
khin ngi ta vn mc thm it D0, nht l s
nhiu pha. Lc ny it m c nhim v bo m
kho tt cho cc tiristo khi ngt xung iu khin.
iu ny cho php chng hin tng mt iu khin
ca tiristo (khng c xung iu khin m van vn dn).

MV
Hnh 2.30

2.8 GHP CC B CHNH LU

Thc t c nhng ph ti i hi in p cao, hoc dng in ln m van c cng
nghip ch to cha t ti. Trong nhng trng hp ny ngi ta c th dng cc bin
php khc phc sau:
u ni tip nhiu van hoc u ni tip cc mch chnh lu vi nhau chu c
in p cao.
u song song nhiu van hoc song song nhiu mch chnh lu vi nhau chu
c dng ti ln.
y cp n phng php u ghp cc mch chnh lu vi nhau.

43

2.8.1 Ghp ni tip cc mch chnh lu

Hnh 2.31 l th d v u ni tip hai mch
chnh lu s cu ba pha. Nu mch c dng bin
p th hai cun th cp c pha lch nhau 300. iu
ny cho php u d = ud1 + u d2 c p mch gp i
s cu thng thng, c ngha y m m = 12 v
in p ra s bng phng hn.

u d1
ud

ud2

2.8.2 Ghp song song mch chnh lu vi nhau

Khi ghp song song cc mch chnh lu vi
nhau, phi m bo tng mch hot ng c lp.
t c iu ny buc phi s dng
mt in cm cch ly cc mch chnh lu,
c gi l cun khng cn bng Lcb.
Mch hay dng u song song l hnh tia
ba pha v cu ba pha. Trong cp in
p thp v dng ln rt thng dng u

Hnh 2.31
L cb

Id 2

b
c

Id 2

ud

b
c

Hnh 2.32

song song hai mch hnh tia ba pha v c tn gi ring l chnh lu 6 pha c cun khng
cn bng.
Hnh 2.32 l s u song song hai mch chnh lu.
2.8.3 Chnh lu 6 pha c cun khng cn bng
My bin p c hai b cun dy th cp to thnh h thng ngun i xng 6 pha: a,
b, c v a, b, c. Hai nhm van u theo s hnh tia ba pha, v lm vic c lp nh
in cm cn bng Lcb. Thy ngay rng, nu khng c in cm cn bng Lcb th mch tr
thnh chnh lu hnh tia 6 pha v 6 van u thnh mt nhm duy nht kiu catt chung.
Theo s mch in ta c:
u dI = u d + u1
(2.53)
u dII = ud - u 2
(2.54)
trong udI, udII l in p ca hai mch chnh lu ba pha hnh tia; u1 v u 2 l st p trn
mi na cun khng cn bng, do u1 = u2.
T hai biu thc trn ta c:
u u dII
u d dI
(2.55)
2
Bit dng u dI, u dII ta dng c th u d. Hnh 2.34 l th cc in p chnh lu vi
= 0. Ta thy in p chnh lu c s p mch gp i s tia, tc l mm = 6. Tuy
nhin gi tr trung bnh Ud vn ch bng in p chnh lu tia ba pha, v hai mch u
song song:

U d0

3 6
U 2 1,17 U 2
2

(trong khi nu l chnh lu 6 pha hnh tia th U d 0

44

3 2
U 2 1,35U 2 ).

(2.56)

a
b

b
a

Hnh 2.33

u2

u b'

ua

u c'

ua '

ub

uc

ud

u dI

u dII

ud

u Lcb

i Lcb
Hnh 2.34

Mi mch chnh lu chu mt na dng ti Id nn mi van chu mt dng trung bnh

l:

I tbv

Id 2 Id

3
6

(2.57)

Cng sut bin p ngun: Sba = 1,26Pd

(2.58)
Cun khng cn bng:
Ly hiu ca (2.53) v (2.54) ta nhn c in p trn cun khng cn bng:
u1 + u2 = u Lcb = udI u dII
(2.59)
Nh vy chnh lch in p gia hai b chnh lu ri trn Lcb, v c dng nh trn
hnh 2.34 vi tn s gp ba ln tn s ngun xoay chiu. Dng t ho cun khng Lcb c
cng tn s v chm pha hn in p 900. V dng ny l xoay chiu v chy xuyn qua
hai mch chnh lu nn n nm trong dng idI, idII. Do vy nu tr s cc dng IdI, IdII qu
nh s khng cp dng t ho cho cun khng hot ng. Lc Lcb mt tc dng
45

cch ly hai mch chnh lu, v mch tr thnh chnh lu 6 pha hnh tia, khng cn l hai
mch chnh lu ba pha hnh tia u song song.
Cng sut cun khng cn bng:
Scb = 0,071P d
(2.60)
Khi iu khin vi 0, ta c quy lut quen bit:
Ud = Ud0cos - U
(2.61)
St p do trng dn tnh theo biu thc s tia ba pha, vi lu rng dng qua mt
mch chnh lu l Id/2:
3X a I d
3
U
.
.X a I d
(2.62)
2 2 4
Gc trng dn:
cos cos( )

X a Id
3U 2 m

(2.63)

Lu : Trong thc t cun khng cn bng khng mc gia hai nhm van m mc
gia hai im trung tnh N1, N2. iu ny thun tin cho vic lp rp thit b.
2.9 C TNH NGOI CHNH LU
c tnh ngoi l quan h gia in p chnh lu v dng in ra ti:
Ud = f(Id)
(2.64)
Gi tr Ud0 m cc biu thc tnh ton ch l in p chnh lu khng ti. Khi mang
ti din p nhn c gim i so vi Ud0. Tng qut c:
Ud = Ud - U
(2.65)
trong : U l tng st p khi chnh lu mang ti, bao gm:
1. St p thc trn cc van, l gi tr ph thuc vo dng qua n:
UV = U0 + rId
(2.66)
(U0 v r l cc gi tr tra cu theo loi van c chn).
2. St p trn cc in tr pha ngun, nh in tr ca cun th cp my bin p, ca
dy dn in, ca cun khng Ld
UR = R.Id
(2.67)
3. St p do in cm pha xoay chiu La m ta gi l st p do chuyn mch trng
dn :
U = k.Xa.Id
(2.68)
Vy c tnh ngoi c dng:
Ud = Ud0cos - UV (R +k.Xa)Id
(2.69)
v l hm tuyn tnh theo Id khi gi khng i.
Hnh 2.35 l c tnh ngoi ca chnh lu mt pha hai na chu k.
Thc t, c tnh ngoi dng trong h trc n v tng i:
U
I
U *d d v I*d d
U d0
I dnm
46

 y: Idm l dng in Id nh mc;

Idnm l dng Id ngn mch, thng c tnh theo:

2U 2
Xa

I dnm

Hnh 2.36 trnh by c tnh ngoi ca chnh lu cu ba pha.

U*d = U d / U d0

Ud

= 00

=3 0
0

= 45
= 750

=6 0
0
900

120

Id

=9

I*d =

2U2
Xa

00

12 0 0
150 0

1500
Hnh 2.35

Hnh 2.36

2.10 B CHNH LU O CHIU

Khi ti i hi in p mt chiu
cp cho n c hai cc tnh, ta cn s
dng b chnh lu o chiu. Ti
thng gp ca dng ny l ng c
in mt chiu, khi hot ng cn quay
c c chiu thun v chiu ngc.

b
c

b
c
Hnh 2.37

B chnh lu o chiu thc cht l hai mch chnh lu cng loi u song song,
ngc nhau so vi ti (hnh 2.37). Mi b chnh lu m nhn mt du (mt chiu) ca
in p ti. Tuy nhin mch lm vic bnh thng, cn phi hp s hot ng ca hai
b chnh lu vi nhau. C hai phng php iu khin thc hin iu ny.
2.10.1 Phng php iu khin chung
c im ca phng php ny l hai mch chnh lu cng hot ng, tc l cng
c pht xung iu khin. Tuy nhin mt b lm vic ch chnh lu, l b xc nh
du ca in p mt chiu hoc chiu quay ca ng c, cn b kia chy ch nghch
lu v lun sn sng chuyn sang ch chnh lu.
Hnh 2.38a l th d v b chnh lu o chiu s dng s cu ba pha. Do hai b
chnh lu cng u vo mt ti nn gi tr trung bnh ca chng phi bng nhau; theo quy
c trn s hnh 2.38 ca in p udI v udII, iu ngha l:
UdI = - UdII
(2.70)
hay:
Ud0cosI = - Ud0cosII
47

suy ra:
cosI + cosII = 0
Phng trnh ny cho ta quan h, hay lut phi hp iu khin hai mch chnh lu:
I + II =
(2.71)
Hnh 2.38b l th in p udI v u dII khi b CLI ch chnh lu, b CLII ch
nghch lu.

I T1

ud

1
T4 T3

T5T4

T6 T5

II T '1

T1T6

T2 T1

T3T2

II

u Lcb

Hnh 2.38

Theo (2.71) ta c:
II = - I
V b II nghch lu nn theo (2.47):
II = - II
suy ra:
II = I.
Lu rng, im gc xc nh gc cho hai b l trng nhau i vi van c cng
s th t; th d van T1 v T1 c cng im mc tnh gc iu khin T v T .
1

48

Lut phi hp iu khin theo (2.71) mi ch m bo tr s trung bnh ca hai b

chnh lu bng nhau theo (2.70). Song gi tr tc thi ca chng l khc nhau, tc l:
udI udII
(2.72)
iu ny dn n buc phi dng cun khng cn bng chng dng ngn mch
chy xuyn qua hai b chnh lu. Th d, trong khong 1 2, b CLI c T1T6 dn, th
b CLII tng ng l:
on u T5T4 dn to thnh ng ngn mch: pha c T5 T6 pha b. in
cm Lcb2 l chng ngn mch theo ng dy pha di ni gia hai b CLI v
CLII.
on sau n lt T6T5 dn, to thnh ng ngn mch: pha a T1 T6 pha
b. in cm Lcb1 l chng ngn machcj theo ng pha trn ca mch.
Nh vy mch phi dng hai cun khng cn bng. Dng in p trn c hai cun ny
hnh 2.38b, dng theo biu thc:
udI + u dII = uLcb = u 1 + u 2
By gi ta xem xt qu trnh o chiu in p ti Ud. Do b I ang ch chnh
lu nn dng in ti l dng ca b CLI: Id = IdI, b II khng c dng, IdII = 0, v chiu
dng ny ngc chiu id nn khng th chy c (tuy nhin vn tn ti dng cn bng).
Khi o chiu, phi iu khin tng gc iu khin I, tng ng gim dn II theo
(2.71).
Do I tng nn UdI gim, trong khi sc in ng Ed khng gim nhanh bng, dn
n Ed > UdI, do :
U Ed
I d d
0
R
tc l dng ti s o chiu. Nhng b CLI khng th cho dng idI o chiu, nn dng id
s chuyn sang chy qua b CLII. Mch vng gia CLII v Ed l ng cc iu kin chy
ch nghch lu, nn lc ny CLII thc hin vic tr nng lng ca sc in ng Ed
v ngun lm Ed gim.
Khi I tng n bng 90 0, II cng gim v gi tr 90 0, in p UdI = -UdII = Ud0cos
= 0, qu trnh nghch lu ca CLII kt thc. Sau II tip tc gim nh hn 900 v
chuyn sang ch chnh lu, in p i du. B CLI chuyn sang ch nghch lu
ph thuc, qu trnh o chiu kt thc.
Phng php iu khin chung cho php tin hnh o chiu nhanh do hai b chnh
lu lun ng thi hot ng. Tuy nhin phi tun th nghim ngt (2.71) l iu kh
thc hin chnh xc. ng thi buc phi c cc cun khng cn bng, lm tng kch
thc, gi thnh v gim hiu sut ca thit b. V th phng php ny thng ch ng
dng khi cn c tc ng nhanh hoc phi o chiu thng xuyn vi tn sut ln.
2.10.2 Phng php iu khin ring
c im ca phng php ny l cc b chnh lu lm vic khng ng thi. Vi
mi chiu ca in p ra ch c mt b chnh lu c pht xung v chy ch chnh
lu; cn b kia c ngh, khng c pht xung iu khin. Nh vy khng th c dng
in chy xuyn thng gia hai mch, do hon ton khng cn cc cun cm cn bng
v hai b chnh lu c u song song ngc nhau mt cch trc tip. Tuy nhin iu
ny dn n buc phi loi tr kh nng hai b cng hot ng, v lp tc s xut hin
49

dng ngn mch xuyn thng gy s c cho thit b. Do qu trnh o chiu phi thc
hin theo trnh t cht ch. Th d, cn chuyn s hot ng t CLI dnag CLII, phi lm
nh sau:
1. Ngt xung iu khin b ang chy, y l b CLI. Do ti c tnh cht in cm
v tiristo l phn t bn iu khin nn n vn tip tc dn mc d ngt xung m van.
Lc ny khng th pht xung ngay cho CLII, v s xy ra ngn mch xuyn thng do b
CLI vn cng ang dn dng id.
2. Theo di dng in id xc nh thi im id = 0. Lc c ngha van ca CLI
kho li.
3. ch mt khong thi gian cho van ca CLI ph hi tnh cht kho, m bo
tiristo kho chc chn. Khong thi gian ny c gi l thi gian cht do mch ti
khng cn dng chy id= 0.
4. Bt u pht xung m cho CLII ch nghch lu II > 900 ri gim dn
chuyn sang ch chnh lu II < 900. S d c yu cu ny v thng thng sc in
ng Ed khng gim nhanh v vn gi chiu nh c sau khi id = 0. Nu pht xung ngay
vi II < 90 0 s lm sp nghch lu v c hai ngun Ed v li u pht nng lng.
Ch nghch lu s lm tiu tn nhanh chng nng lng ca Ed (nu l ng c in
n chnh l c nng trn trc ng c).
Tc gim gc II c khng ch bng cch o dng ti, sao cho dng ny khng
vt qu tr s cho php.
Quy trnh 4 bc m bo chiu thng do mt mch iu khin logic c tin
cy cao m nhim. Quy trnh ny cho thy phng php iu khin ring c tc o
chiu thp hn phng php iu khin chung, song b li khng cn m bo yu cu
(2.71) nn d thc hin hn. V vy khi khng c yu cu v tc ng nhanh hoc tn
sut o chiu thp, trong thc t u dng phng php iu khin ring.

50

CHNG 3:

B BIN I XUNG P
B bin i xung p (BBXA) l b bin i m in p ngun c ng, ct vo
ph ti mt cch c chu k. Do in p trn ti l nhng xung p mt chiu (BBXA
mt chiu) hoc xoay chiu (BBXA xoay chiu) tu thuc vo in p ngun l in p
mt chiu hoc in p xoay chiu.
3.1 B BIN I XUNG P MT CHIU (IU P MT CHIU)
3.1.1 Gii thiu chung
1. Khi qut
ng ct in p ngun ngi ta thng dng cc kho in t cng sut v chng
c c tnh tng ng vi kho l tng, tc l khi kho dn in (ng) in tr ca n
khng ng k; cn khi kho ngt (m ra) in tr ca n ln v cng (in p trn ti s
bng khng).
Nguyn l c bn ca b bin i xung p mt chiu c m t trn hnh 3.1.
uR

UR

uR

t1

a)

t
b)

Hnh 3.1. a) S nguyn l; v b) th ca b bin i xung p

Trong khong thi gian 0 t1, kho K ng li, in p trn ti UR s c gi tr bng

in p ngun (UR = E); cn trong khong t1 T, kho K m ra v UR = 0.
Nh vy gi tr trung bnh ca in p trn ti s l:
UR

Edt E E

T0
T

(3.1)

trong : - thi gian kho K ng.

- h s iu chnh.
T chu k ng ct ca kho K.
Biu thc (3.1) cho thy, thay i in p trn ti c hai cch:
1. Thay i thi gian ng kho K, khi gi chu k ng ct khng i (phng php
iu ch rng xung).
2. Thay i tn s ng ct (f = 1/T) v gi thi gian ng kho K khng i ( =
const).
Nh vy b bin i xung p c kh nng iu chnh v n nh in p ra trn ph
ti. N c nhng u im c bn sau:
- Hiu sut cao v tn hao cng sut trn b bin i khng ng k so vi cc b bin
i lin tc.
51

 chnh xc cao cng nh t chu nh hng ca nhit mi trng, v yu t iu

chnh l thi gian ng kho K m khng phi gi tr in tr ca cc phn t iu
chnh thng gp trong cc b iu chnh lin tc.
- Cht lng in p tt hn so vi cc b iu chnh lin tc.
- Kch thc gn nh.
Nhc im c bn ca cc b bin i xung p l:
- Cn c b lc u ra, do lm tng qun tnh ca b bin i khi lm vic trong h
thng kn.
- Tn s ng ct ln s to ra nhiu cho ngun cng nh cc thit b iu khin.
Tuy nhin b bin i xung p vn c s dng rng ri, nht l khi cc yu t v
tin cy, d iu chnh, n nh cng nh kch thc l nhng tiu ch t ln hng
u.
i vi cc b bin i cng sut trung bnh (hng trc kW) v nh (vi kW), ngi
ta dng cc kho in t l cc bng bn dn lng cc IGBT. Trong trng hp cng
sut ln (vi trm kW tr ln) ngi ta s dng GTO hoc tiristo.
2. Kho bng tiristo
Nh chng ta bit, tiristo l van dn bn iu khin. Mun kho tiristo cn gim
dng qua tiristo nh hn gi tr nht nh no bng cch t in p ngc ln tiristo.
-

TC
Rt

Tf
Rt

TC

Tf
L

a)

b)
Hnh 3.2. Mch kho tiristo

Khi s dng tiristo l kho in t trong b bin i xung p mt chiu, kho

tiristo ngi ta thng dng cc tiristo ph v ngun nng lng tch tr trong t in
kho tiristo chnh.
Mt s mch kho tiristo c gii thiu trn hnh 3.2.
Trn s hnh 3.2, tiristo TC l tiristo chnh (kho in t). Tiristo ph (Tf) cng vi
cc phn t C, R, D, L lm thnh mch chuyn mch kho tiristo chnh.
i vi s hnh 3.2a, khi TC m, t C c np in thng qua in tr R ti gi
tr in p ngun, mun kho TC ngi ta m Tf. Nh vy trn TC s c in p ngc
bng gi tr in p trn t v n lm cho dng qua TC gim v khng v kho li.
i vi s hnh 3.2b, khi m Tf, t C c np in vi du dng pha trn v
m pha di. Khi cho tiristo chnh (TC) lm vic, t C s phng in qua mch D, L v
do hin tng cng hng n s np in theo chiu ngc li (du in p trong ngoc
hnh 3.2b). Du in p ny ph hp to in p ngc cho TC. Mun kho TC ta li
m Tf v in p ngc ca t C lc ny c tc dng kho TC li.
52

Nh vy bng cc mch ph tr ta bin b TC v Tf tr thnh mt kho in t c

th ng m tu . Phng php chuyn mch nh vy gi l chuyn mch cng bc.
3.1.2 B bin i xung p ni tip
Xt trng hp ti tr cm:
S bao gm t lc u vo (C), kho in t dng van iu khin hon ton
(GTO) T, cun khng L, it m D v ph ti R (hnh3.3a).
T

i1
E

a)

i2

iD

it
B

UG
b)

t1

2T

U AB
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

i
i t tmax
i t min
i GTO

t
t

iD
t

it
t

i GTO
t

h)

iD
t

i)
Hnh 3.3. B bin i xung p

Kho in t s c ng ct vi chu k T theo lut iu khin nh hnh 3.3b, c.

Van T s dn in khi UG > 0 v van s kho khi UG < 0.
Trong khong t 0 n t1, khi T dn in, nng lng ca ngun s c cp cho ph
ti, nu coi van l l tng, thi gian ng ct ca van bng khng th UAB = E. Khi van
kho (t1 T), do nng lng tch tr trong in cm, dng in vn theo chiu c v khp
mch qua it m D, lc ny UAB = UD = 0.
Gi tr trung bnh ca in p ti hai im A, B l:
53

t1

U AB

t
1
Edt E 1 E.
T0
T

(3.2)

t1
T

l h s iu chnh in p.
tm dng ti ta dng phng php ton t Laplace: Ta tm c nh ca UAB:

E 1- e
U AB ( P)
P 1- e

Pt 1

(3.3)

PT

nh ca dng ti l:

U AB (P) E
1 e Pt
I ( P)

Z( P)
P (1 e PT )(R PL)
1

(3.4)

Dng in trong khong t t1 l:

t
E 1 a1b1
i1 1
e
R
1 a1

(3.5)

trong khong t1 T l:
1
E 1 b11
i 2 1
e ,
R 1 a1

= L/R l hng s thi gian ca mch ti.

-

a1 e

T
;b

(3.6)

T (3.5) v (3.6) ta xy dng c th dng in trong b bin i nh hnh 3.3d

v tng ng l dng qua kho in t hnh 3.3e v qua it hnh 3.3f.
Cho cc gi tr t = t0 v t = T t0 ta tm c:

I max

E 1 - b1-1

R 1 a1

(3.7)

E (b1 - 1)a1
R 1 - a1

(3.8)

E
(1 - b1-1 )(1 - a 1b1 )
( R
T
1 - a1

(3.9)

I min
Dng in trung bnh qua van T s l:

IT
Dng in trung bnh qua it:

ID

E (1 - b1-1 )(1 - a 1b1 )

RT
1 - a1
54

(3.10)

Dng in trung bnh qua ti:

(3.11)
R
Biu thc (3.11) cho thy dng ti khng ph thuc vo tn s ng ct ca van cng
nh khng ph thuc vo hng s thi gian ca mch ti.
Bin p mch ca dng ti:
I t IT ID

I max I max - I min

E (1 - b1-1 )(1 - a 1b1 )

R
1 - a1

(3.12)

Khi = 0,5 th Imax t gi tr cc i.

Vic tnh chn van nhiu khi mang tnh c l v khi chn bao gi cng c d tr
nht nh no . Do trong cc tnh ton khng nht thit phi tnh chnh xc dng ti
it xc nh gi tr ca dng qua van.
n gin php tnh ngi ta thng chn:
E
I1 .t ; 0 t t1 vi = max
(3.13)
R
v thay th biu thc (3.13) cho (3.5) tnh dng trung bnh qua cc van.
Vic tnh ny cho kt qu sai s khng qu 10% v c th chp nhn c khi chn
van vi mt h s d tr no .
T cc gi tr ca it ngi ta dng c th ca dng ti it, dng qua T v qua dit
(hnh 3.3d, e, f) cho trng hp dng ti l lin tc v khi dng gin on (hnh 3.3 g, h,
i).
H s p mch ca in p ra:
km =

U AB 1 b11 1 a 1b1

E
1 a1

(3.14)

Khi nng lng tch tr trong in cm L l hu hn, s xy ra ch d dng in gin

on (hnh 3.3 g, h, i). Dng qua it m s gim v khng trc khi kho in t T
c ng li. Ch dng in gin on s lm tng h s p mch trn ti v lm
gim cht lng c tnh ngoi ca b bin i.
3.1.3. B bin i xung p mt chiu c o chiu
B bin i xung p mt chiu dng van iu khin IGBT (hnh 3.4) c kh nng
iu chnh in p v o chiu dng in ph ti. Trong cc h truyn ng t ng
thng c yu cu o chiu ng c, do b bin i xung p loi ny thng hay
dng cp ngun cho cc ng c mt chiu kch t c lp c nhu cu o chiu quay.
Cc van IGBT t T1 dn T4 lm nhim v cc kho khng tip im. Cc it m D0
n D4 dng tr nng lng ph khng v ngun v thc hin qu trnh hm ti sinh.
C cc phng php iu khin khc nhau nh: iu khin i xng, khng i xng
v hn hp. Nhng thng dng hn c l iu khin khng i xng v cht lng in
p ra tt hn. Gi s ng c quay theo chiu thun, tng ng vi cp van T1 v T2 lm
vic; van T3 lun b kho, cn T4 c ng m ngc pha vi T1 (xem hnh 3.5 a, b, c,

55

d). Vic m T4 trong khong t t1 T nhm mc ch ngn mch ph ti, do in p

ra trong khong t1 T s thc s bng khng (UAB = 0; t1 t T).
B bin i cng c ba trng thi lm vic:
T1

it

D1

T3

D3

E
A
T4

D4

T2

D2

Hnh 3.4. B bin i o chiu

U G1
t

a)

UG4
t

b)

UG2
t

U G3

c)
d)

Ut
t

it

it

it

e)

f)

t0

g)

t1 t 2

h)

Hnh 3.5. Biu xung trong b bin i o chiu

Trng thi 1: E. > ED. ng c s lm vic gc phn t th nht. Nng lng

cp cho ng c c ly t ngun thng qua van T1 v T2 dn trong khong 0 t1.
Trong khong thi gian cn li ca chu k (t1 T), nng lng tch lu trong in cm s

56

duy tr cho dng in i theo chiu c v khp mch qua T2 v D4 (hnh 3.5f). Dng in
ti c m t trn hnh 3.4 l ng nt lin.
Trng thi 2: E. < ED. ng c lm vic gc phn t th hai (ch hm). Trong
khong thi gian 0 t1, ng c s tr nng lng v ngun thng qua it D1 v D2 (ID1
= ID2 = It. ng It l ng nt t trong s hnh 3.4). Trong khong t1 T, dng
ti khp qua mch T4 (T4 dn) v D2 (ID2 = ID4 = It). Dng ti s c dng nh hnh 3.5h.
Trng thi 3: E. = ED.
Trong khong 0 t0, do ED > E. nn ng c s hm tr nng lng v ngun qua
it D1 v D2 (iD1 = iD2 = it);
Trong khong t0 t1, E. > ED, ng c chuyn sang lm vic ch ng c.
Nng lng t ngun qua cc van T1 v T2 c cp cho ng c (iT1 = iT2 = it).
Trong khong t1 t2, lc ny T1 b kho, T4 m. Nng lng tch tr trong in cm
s cp cho ng c v duy tr dng in i qua D2 v D4 (iD2 = iD4 = it).
Trong khong t2 T, khi nng lng d tr trong in cm ht, sc in ng ca
ng s s o chiu dng in v dng ti s khp mch qua T4 v D2 (it = iD2 = iT4).
Qu trnh ny to ra tch lu nng lng trong in cm v khi T4 b kho th UAB > E v
qu trnh lp li nh ban u.
Mc d dng in ti i chiu, nhng do c s tham gia ca T4 v D4 vo qu trnh
lm vic nn trong khong t1 T in p trn ti (UAB) lun bng khng. Do dng
in p trn ti s khng b bin dng v thnh phn sng iu ho bc cao trong in p
ph ti s l nh nht.
Mun ng c lm vic theo chiu ngc li, lut iu khin cc van s c thay
i ngc li. Trong trng hp ny lut iu khin c minh ho bng th hnh
3.6.
U G3
+E

UG2

0
-E

UG 4
+E

U G1

t
-E

0
Hnh 3.6. Lut iu khin ca b o chiu

57

3.2 B BIN I XUNG P XOAY CHIU (IU P XOAY CHIU)

3.2.1 Gii thiu chung
Cc b iu p xoay chiu c dng iu chnh gi tr in p xoay chiu vi
hiu sut cao. AXC ch yu dng cc tiristo mc song song ngc hoc triac thay
i gi tr in p trong mi na chu k in p li theo gc m , t m thay i
c gi tr hiu dng ca in p ra ti.
3.2.2 iu p xoay chiu mt pha
thay i gi tr ca in p xoay chiu, ngoi phng php c in l dng my
bin p, ngi ta c th dng cc b tiristo u song song ngc. Nh bin php ny vic
iu chnh in p c linh hot hn (v cp, nhanh, d to cc mch vng t ng iu
chnh). Kch thc ca b bin i gn, nh v c gi thnh h hn nhiu so vi dng
bin p. Nhc im c bn ca phng php ny l cht lng in p khng c tt
v cn s dng thm b lc xoay chiu khc phc nhc im ny.
T1

It
T2

~ UL

Ut

Rt

Hnh 3.7. B iu chnh xung p xoay chiu

u1

u1

u t 1

2
t1

ut

t2

0
it

it

t1

t2

Hnh 3.8. th dng in v in p khi ti

thun tr

Hnh 3.9. th dng in v in p khi ti tr cm

Vic iu khin thi im ng m ca tiristo s to ra nhng xung p trn ti nn b

bin i c gi l b iu chnh xung p xoay chiu.
S b bin i mt pha gm mt b tiristo u song song ngc (T1 v T2) v
c mc ni tip vi ti (xem hnh 3.7). i vi b bin i cng sut nh v trung bnh
(khong vi kW) c th thay tiristo bng triac.
Cc tiristo T1 v T2 s c m ra trong tng na chu k khi c xung iu khin ng
vi cc thi im t1 (m T1) v t2 (m T2). th dng dng in v in p trn ti trong
trng hp ti l thun tr v tr cm tng ng vi hnh 3.8 v 3.9.
Xt trng hp hnh 3.8, ta c gi tr hiu dng ca in p trn ti bng:
58

Ut

1 2 2
u 1 d
2 0

U12

1 2
0

2 U1 sin d

sin 2
2 f ()

(1 - cos 2)d U1
0

(3.15)

Nh vy bng cch thay i gc iu khin . Gi tr hiu dng ca in p trn ti

s c thay i tng ng.
Cng sut tiu th tch cc l:
P
sin 2
P ( -
)
(3.16)

2
P l cng sut tiu th khi = 0.
Cng sut phn khng s l:

sin 2

(3.17)

U
1 Um
Iv
sin d m (1 cos )
R
R

(3.18)

Q P
Gi tr trung bnh ca dng qua van:

Gi tr hiu dng ca dng ra ti l:

Um
1 Um 2 2
sin 2
(
) sin d
-

R
2
2 R

Gi tr in p ngc ln nht t ln tiristo l

(3.19)

2U 2

Khi mang ti tr cm (hnh 3.9), dng dng in v in p trn ti s khc nhau.

Phng trnh m t qu trnh thay i dng in khi tiristo dn in trong khong (
+ ) nh sau:
di
(3.20)
U m sin L.R .L
d
- khong dn in ca tiristo.
Gii phng trnh (3.20) ta tm c:
-

U
i() m sin( - ) A.e tg
Z
.L
Z R 2 (.L) 2 ; arctg
R
A l hng s tch phn, c tnh t iu kin = th i =0.
Tnh A v thay vo biu thc (3.21) biu thc dng ti s c:
-

U
i() m [sin( - ) - sin( - ).e tg ]
Z
59

(3.21)

Khi = + ; i(t) = 0, thay vo phng trnh 3.21 ta c:

-

sin( - ) sin( - ).e

tg

(3.22)

Phng trnh (3.22) dng xc nh thi gian dn in ca tiristo ().

Khi > , dng ti mang tnh gin on; cn khi < , dng s lin tc v in p
trn ti s khng thay i. Nh vy kh nng iu chnh in p ch c th xy ra khi gc
dn ca tiristo nm trong khong .
3.2.3 B iu p xoay chiu ba pha
Thng thng trong thc t ngi ta hay s dng b iu chnh xung p ba pha (iu
khin ng c khng ng b ba pha) iu khin nhit ca cc l in tr. Nu b
bin i xung p ba pha c ghp t ba b bin i mt pha v c dy trung tnh
(hnh3.10) th dng qua mi pha s khng ph thuc vo dng ca cc pha khc.
Cc biu thc tnh , v tng t nh trong s mt pha.
Khi tng gc iu chnh s lm gim thi gian dn dng qua tiristo. ng vi mt
gi tr no , dng trong mt pha s gim v khng trc khi m tiristo ca pha sau.
Nh v s xut hin nhng khong thi gian khng c dng ti v khong dn ca
tiristo s b gim n gii hn nh hn 600.
Khi b bin i xung p ba pha c u sao, khng c dy trung tnh, qu trnh in
t trong mch hon ton khc vi s trn hnh 3.10, v qu trnh dn dng trong mt
pha ti tng thch vi qu trnh dn dng trong pha khc (hnh 3.11).
A

T1

ZA

T4

T3

ZB

T6

T5

T1

T2

ZC

ZA

Hnh 3.10 B bin i xung p c dy trung tnh

T4

T3

ZB

T6

T5

T2

ZC

Hnh 3.11. B bin i xung p khng c dy

trung tnh

m bo lng sng hi l ti thiu, cc gc m ca tiristo phi bng nhau, do

mi van ln lt c m cch nhau 600 (xem hnh 3.12 biu T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 v
c khong dn in () bng nhau).
Khi mi pha c mt tiristo dn in, lc ny ti ca ba pha (Za, Zb, Zc) u c u
vo ngun v to thnh h ba pha i xng (gi thit ti thun tr Za = Zb= Zc = R).
ng cong ca in p trn ti (UZA) c xy dng theo quy tc sau:
- Khi c ba tiristo ca ba pha u dn in th in p trn ti s trng vi in p pha
ca n (UZA = Ua, UZB = Ub, UZC = Uc).

60

- Khi ch c hai tiristo dn in th in p trn ti s bng mt na in p dy ca

U
hai pha m c hai tiristo dn in (v d U ZA AB trong khong T1 T2 v
2
U
U ZC AC trong khong T4 T5 ).
2
T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

uA

uC

uB

u ZA

T1

T2

uA

u AC
2

t1

t2

t3

t 4 t 5 t6
u AB
2

T
Hnh 3.12. Ph ti thun tr

Gi tr hiu dng ca in p trn ti c tnh theo biu thc sau:

U ZA

1 2 2
u ZA d
2 0

UZA gi tr hiu dng; u ZA gi tr tc thi.

Do gi tr trong cn l tr bnh phng nn:

61

U ZA

1 2 2
u ZA d
0

2
2
t
t
t
t
t

1 2
u AC
u AB
2
2
u A d

d u A d
d u C d
t
2
2

t
t
t
t

uA gi tr tc thi ca in p pha; uAB, uAC gi tr tc thi ca in p dy.

Thay cc gi tr uA, uAB, uAC ta tnh c gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha:
2

U hd U m

1 3
sin 2
0

, 0 60

2 4
2

U hd U m

3 3
3
cos 2 , 60 0 90 0
sin 2
4 3 4
4

U hd U m

1 5
3
3 3
cos 2 , 90 0 1500
3 sin 2
2
4
4

(3.23)

Dng th in p trn ti i vi pha a (u ZA) ng vi gc = 600 c th hin trn

hnh 3.13 (ti thun tr).
u ZA

u ab / 2

ua

u ZA uac / 2

= 600

Hnh 3.13. th in p pha A (uZA), ng vi =600

D dng nhn thy khi 600, bt k thi im no cng ch c hai van dn, nn
in p trn ti s c to bi cc ng cong uab/2, uac/2.
Khi ti mang tnh tr khng s c ba ch lm vic:
a) Nu < , dng ti v in p trn ti s l hnh sin v lc ny cc van u dn
in trong mt na chu k ( = ), v bt c thi im no cng c ba van ca ba pha
dn in (hnh 3.14a). Do :
u zA u a U m sin

i zA

Um
sin
Za

(3.24)

b) Nu < < gh, gh l gi tr m vn cn tn ti ch c ba van thuc v ba pha

vn dn in. Lc ny ng cong in p trn ti s c dng nh hnh 3.14b. Trong mi
62

na chu k s c ba on m uZA = u a, hai on cn li uZA = uac/2, hoc u ZA = uab/2 v

mt on uZA = 0.
Nh vy c ba tiristo dn in th:
di
(3.25)
u ZA U m sin L t a i a R t
d
Khi hai tiristo ca pha a v pha b dn ta c:

u ab
di
3

U m sin( 30 0 ) L t a i a R t
2
2
d
Khi hai tiristo ca pha a v pha c dn ta c:
u ZA

u ZA

u ac
di
3

U m sin( - 30 0 ) L t a i a R t
2
2
d

(3.26)

(3.27)

Khi tiristo ca pha a kho:

uZA = 0
(3.28)
Gii cc phng trnh trn ta s tm c biu thc ca dng in ng vi tng on nn
trn (trong na chu k c 6 on).
Biu thc tng qut ca dng in s l:
- n

K' U
i n m sin( - ) A.e tg
Zn

(3.29)

trong :
n - s th t ca cc on trong mi na chu k,

K ' n 2 nu in p l in p pha,
K ' n 3 / 2 nu in p l in p dy (uab/2, uac/2),
= (0, +/6, -/6) tu thuc vo s on,
n gi tr ban u ca gc ,
A - hng s tch phn.
Gc gii hn c tnh nh sau:

gh

2 - 3tg 1
arctg
(e
- )
2
3

(3.3)

c) Khi gh < < 150 0 ng cong in p s tng ng vi hnh 3.14c v mi na

chu k s c hai on m uZA = uab/2 hoc uZA = uac/2. i vi cc on cn li u ZA = 0,
ch ny tng ng vi trng thi ch c hai van ca hai pha dn in. V gc iu
khin ln nht l max = 1500.

63

u ab / 2

u ac / 2

ua

ub

uc

T4

T1

T4
T3

T6
T5

T6

T2

T5

u ZA
t

a ) <

T1

T6

u ZA

T4
T3

T6

T2

T5

T5

uac / 2

ua

uab / 2

u ZA

b) < gh

T4
T6

T5

T1
T6

T5

T4

T1
T6

T3
T6

T3

T4
T5

uac / 2

uab / 2

c) > gh
Hnh 3.14. th in p trn ti, khi ti l tr cm v vi cc gi tr khc nhau

64

CHNG 4:

NGHCH LU C LP V BIN TN
4.1 GII THIU CHUNG
Nghch lu c lp l nhng b bin i dng bin i ngun in mt chiu
thnh ngun in xoay chiu, cung cp cho ph ti xoay chiu, lm vic c lp. Khi
nim lm vic c lp ngha l ph ti khng c lin h trc tip vi li in. Nh vy
cc b nghch lu c chc nng ngc vi cc b chnh lu. Khi nim c lp y cn
phn bit nghch lu c lp vi cc b bin i ph thuc nh chnh lu hoc cc b
bin i xung p xoay chiu, trong cc van chuyn mch di tc dng ca in p
li xoay chiu.
Nghch lu c lp l thit b bin i dng in mt chiu thnh dng in xoay
chiu c tn s ra c th thay i c v lm vic vi ph ti c lp.
Ngun mt chiu thng thng l in p chnh lu, c quy v cc ngun mt chiu
c lp khc.
Nghch lu c lp v bin tn c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc nh cung
cp in (t cc ngun c lp nh c quy), h cc truyn ng xoay chiu, giao thng,
truyn ti in nng, luyn kim
Ngi ta thng phn loi nghch lu theo s , v d nh nghch lu mt pha,
nghch lu ba pha.
Ngi ta cng c th phn loi chng theo qu trnh in t xy ra trong nghch lu
nh: nghch lu p, nghch lu dng, nghch lu cng hng.
Ngoi ra cn nhiu cch phn loi nghch lu nhng hai cch trn l ph bin hn c.
4.2 NGHCH LU C LP IN P MT PHA
Nghch lu p l thit b bin i ngun p mt chiu thnh ngun p xoay chiu vi
tn s tu .
Ngun p vn l ngun c s dng ph bin trong thc t. Hn na in p ra ca
nghch lu p c th iu ch theo phng php khc nhau c th gim c sng
iu ho bc cao. Trc kia nghch lu p b hn ch trong ng dng v cng sut ca cc
van ng lc iu khin hon ton cn nh. Hn na vic s dng nghch lu p bng
tiristo khin cho hiu sut ca b bin i gim, s iu khin phc tp. Ngy nay
cng sut cc van ng lc nh: IGBT, GTO cng tr ln ln v c kch thc gn nh,
do nghch lu p tr thnh b bin i thng dng v c chun ho trong cc b
bin tn cng nghip. Do s nghch lu p c trnh by sau y s dng van iu
khin hon ton.
Trong qu trnh nghin cu ta gi thit cc van ng lc l cc kho in t l tng,
tc l thi gian ng v m bng khng, nn in tr ngun bng khng.
4.2.1 Cu to
S nghch lu p mt pha c m t trn hnh 4.1a. S gm 4 van ng lc
ch yu l: T1, T2, T3, T4 v cc it D1, D2, D3, D4 dng tr cng sut phn khng ca
ti v li v nh vy trnh c hin tng qu p u ngun.
T C c mc song song vi ngun m bo cho u vo l ngun hai chiu
(ngun mt chiu thng c cp bi chnh lu ch cho php dng i theo mt chiu).
Nh vy t C thc hin vic tip nhn cng sut phn khng ca ti, ng thi t C cn
65

m bo cho ngun u vo l ngun p (gi tr C cng ln ni tr ca ngun cng nh,

in p u vo c san phng).

it
id

T1

D1

T3
D3

Zt

a)
-

Ut
it

T4

D4

T2

D2

Ut

it

i T1,2
b)

i D1,2

i D 3,4

i D1,2

Hnh 4.1. Nghch lu p cu mt pha v th

4.2.2 Nguyn l lm vic

na chu k u tin (0 2), cp van T1, T2 dn in, ph ti c u vo ngun.
Do ngun l ngun p nn in p trn ti Ut = E (hng dng in l ng nt m).
Ti thi im = 2, T1 v T2 b kho, ng thi T3 v T4 m ra. Ti s c u vo
ngun theo chiu ngc li, tc l du in p ra trn ti s o chiu v Ut = -E ti thi
im 2. Do ti mang tnh tr cm nn dng vn gi nguyn theo hng c, T1, T2 b
kho, nn dng phi khp mch qua D3, D4. Sc in ng cm ng trn ti s tr thnh
ngun tr nng lng thng qua D3, D4 v t C (ng nt t).

66

Tng t nh vy khi kho cp T3, T4 dng ti khp mch qua D1 v D2. th in

p trn ti Ut, dng ti it, dng qua it iD v dng qua cc T c biu din trn hnh
4.1b.
tnh chn van cn tm biu thc dng in ti it, s dng phng php sng iu
ho c bn:
Phn tch dng in p trn ti Ut ra chui, ta c:

4E sin(2k 1)t
2k 1
k 1

Ut

(4.1)

Nu ch ly sng iu ho c bn th:

Ut
v

it

4E
R 2t X 2t

4E
sin t

sin(t ) I max sin(t )

(4.2)

X t .L t
arctg

Xt
Rt

Dng trung bnh qua van ng lc l:

IT

1
I m sin(t )dt
2

(4.3)

Dng trung bnh qua it l:

1

1
ID
I m sin(t )dt
2 0

(4.4)

Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng nghch lu p vi phng php iu ch rng

xung (PWM) gim bt kch thc ca b lc.
S dng phng php sng iu ho c bn s cho sai s khong 15%. Tuy nhin khi
chn van thng ngi ta chn h s d tr, nn kt qu tnh ton l hp l v gn nh.
Gi tr ca t C c tnh nh sau:
E.Tt
C
(1 2 ln 2)
(4.5)
3R t U C

U C l bin thin in p ngun mt chiu c tnh theo n v % :

Tt = Lt/Rt.
4.3 NGHCH LU C LP IN P BA PHA
S nghch lu (hnh 4.2) c ghp t ba s mt pha c im trung tnh.
n gin ho vic nghin cu ta gi thit:
Van l tng, ng m tc th.
Ngun c ni tr nh v cng v dn in theo hai chiu.
Van ng lc c bn (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6) lm vic vi dn in = 1800.
67

T1

D1

T3

D3

T5

T4

D4

T6

D6

T2

D5

E
C
-

Za

D2

Zb

Zc

Hnh 4.2 S nghch lu p ba pha

a)

b)

c)

U ZA

T1
t1

t3 t4
t2
T

T1
T4

T3

T3

T6

T6

T5

T5
T2

T2

2E/3
E/3

d)

0
-E/3
-2E/3

U ZB
2E/3
E/3

e)

0
-E/3
-2E/3

U ZB
2E/3
E/3

f)

0
-E/3
-2E/3

Hnh 4.3. Lut iu khin v in p trn ti

Za = Zb = Zc.
68

Cc it: D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6 lm chc nng tr nng lng v ngun. T C m
bo ngun l ngun p v tip nhn nng lng phn khng t ti.
m bo cho in p ra ba pha i xng lut dn in ca cc van phi tun theo
th nh hnh 4.3a, b, c.
Nh vy: T1 v T4 dn in lch nhau 1800 v to ra pha A;
T3 v T6 dn in lch nhau 1800 v to ra pha B;
T2 v T5 dn in lch nhau 1800 v to ra pha .
Cc pha lch nhau 1200.
Dng in p trn ti c xy dng nh sau:
Trong khong 0 t1: T1, T6, T5 dn, s thay th c dng nh hnh 4.4a. T s
thay th ta thy UZA = E/3.
Trong khong t1 t2: T1, T2, T6 dn, s thay th c dng nh hnh 4.4b: UZA
= 2E/3.
Trong khong t2 t3: T1, T2, T3 dn, s thay th c dng nh hnh 4.4c: UZA =
2E/3.
Suy ra dng in p rn cc pha: UZA,
UZB, UZC s c dng nh trn hnh 4.3d, e, f.
Gi tr hiu dng ca in p pha l:

U pha

1 2 2
2
U pha ()d
E

2 0
3

(4.6)

+
ZA

ZC

E
ZB

a)

Suy ra:

2
E sin t
(4.7)
3
2
U B ( t ) E sin(t - 1200 )
(4.8)
3
2
U C ( t ) E sin(t 1200 )
(4.9)
3
T cc biu thc (4.7), (4.8), (4.9) d
dng tm ra dng trn ti v xc nh dng
trung bnh qua van cng ging nh nghch
lu p mt pha.
U A (t)

ZA
E

ZB

ZC

b)

+
ZB

ZA

E
ZC

c)

Hnh 4.4. S thay th

69

4.4 NGHCH LU DNG IN MT PHA.

Nghch lu dng l thit b bin i ngun dng mt chiu thnh dng xoay chiu c
tn s tu .
c im c bn ca nghch lu dng l ngun mt chiu cp in cho b bin i
phi l ngun dng, do in cm u vo Ld thng c gi tr ln v cng, m bo
dng l lin tc.
4.4.1 Nguyn l lm vic
S nghch lu dng mt pha c trnh by trn hnh 4.5 (s cu) v hnh 4.6
(s c im trung tnh).
Ld

iN
iC

T1

id

(-)

iN

C
Z
iZ

T4

Id

T3

(+)

T2

T
t

id
t

iC
t

Hnh 4.5. S cu mt pha

ib

Zt

iZ

C0

W2
W1
Ld

W1

i1

id

i T1
iT

iC

u T1
t

T1

t1 t '
1

T2

Hnh 4.6 S cu mt pha c im trung

tnh

tk
Hnh 4.7. Biu xung ca s cu mt pha

Xt s cu: Cc tn hiu iu khin c a vo tng i tiristo T1, T2 th lch

pha vi tn hiu a vo i tiristo T3, T4 mt gc 1800.
in cm u vo ca chnh lu ln (Ld = ), do dng in u vo c san
phng (hnh 4.7), ngun cp cho nghch lu l ngun dng v dng dng in ca nghch
lu c dng xung vung.
Khi a xung vo m cp van T1, T2, dng in iN = id = Id, ng thi dng qua t C
tng ln t bin, t C bt u np in vi du + bn tri v du - bn phi. Khi
t C np y, dng qua t gim v khng. Do iN = iC + iz = Id = hng s, nn lc u dng
qua ti nh v sau dng qua ti tng ln. Sau mt na chu k (t = t1) ngi ta a
xung vo m cp van T3, T4. Cp T3, T4 m to ra qu trnh phng in ca t C t cc
70

+ v cc -. Dng phng ngc chiu vi chiu dng qua T1 v T2 s lm cho T1, T2

b kho li. Qu trnh chuyn mch xy ra gn tc thi. Sau t C s c np theo
chiu ngc li vi cc tnh + bn phi v cc tnh - bn tri. Dng nghch lu
iN = id + iz = Id nhng i du. n thi im t = t2, ngi ta a xung vo m T1, T2
th T3, T4 s b kho li v qu trnh c lp li nh trc. Nh vy chc nng c bn
ca t C l lm nhim v chuyn mch cho cc tiristo. thi im t1, khi m T3 v T4,
tiristo T1 v T2 s b kho li bi in p ngc ca t C t ln (xem hnh 4.7). Khong
thi gian duy tr in p ngc t1 t1 = tk toff; toff l thi gian kho ca tiristo hay chnh
l thi gian phc hi tnh cht iu khin.
.tk = l gc kho ca nghch lu.
4.4.2 nh hng ca in cm u vo Ld i vi ch lm vic ca nghch lu
Dng in vo ca nghch lu (id) nh hng ln i vi ch lm vic ca n.
Dng u vo ph thuc gi tr in cm Ld.
Nu in cm vo ln (Ld = ), dng in c san phng, ngun vo thc cht l
ngun dng (hnh 4.8a). Dng dng qua tiristo (iT) l dng xung ch nht, do dng
in ca nghch lu (iN) cng l dng xoay chiu dng xung ch nht (hnh 4.7) v thi
gian kho (tk) ca nghch lu l ln nht.
Khi in cm u vo chim mt gi tr trung bnh no m vn m bo dng l
lin tc, lc ny dng dng in nhp nh do vn cha cc sng iu ho bc cao. Dng
in p gn vi hnh sin hn, nhng thi gian kho ca tiristo gim xung (hnh 4.8b).
V cui cng, khi dng in vo l gin on (hnh 4.8c), gi tr in cm khng
duy tr ngun dng th thi gian tk l b nht.
i vi nghch lu dng in, quan trng nht l qu trnh chuyn mch ca tiristo.
Ph ti lun nh hng n qu trnh chuyn mch, do vy m bo nghch lu lm
vic tin cy th thi gian tk phi ln, tc l ngun u vo phi lun m bo l ngun
dng.
i T1

id

u T1

ut

T/2

a)

3T/2

T/2

b)

3T/2

T/2

3T/2

c)

Hnh 4.8 nh hng ca in cm Ld i vi ch lm vic ca nghch lu:

a) Ld = ; b) Ld hu hn nhng dng Id lin tc; c) Dng Id gin on

71

4.5 NGHCH LU DNG IN BA PHA.

Trong thc t nghch lu dng ba pha c s dng ph bin v cng sut ca n ln
v p ng c cc ng dng trong cng nghip (hnh 4.9a).
Cng ging nh nghch lu dng mt pha, nghch lu dng ba pha cng s dng
tiristo. Do c th kho c cc tiristo cn phi c t chuyn mch (C1, C3, C5). V
l nghch lu dng nn ngun u vo phi l ngun dng, v vy Ld = .
m bo kho c cc tiristo
v to ra h thng dng in ba pha
i xng th lut dn in ca cc
tiristo phi tun theo th trn hnh
4.9b. Qua th ta thy mi van
ng lc ch dn trong khong thi
gian = 1200.
Qu trnh chuyn mch bao gi
cng din ra i vi cc van trong
cng mt nhm.
Xt khong thi gian 0 t1: T1 v
T6 dn. Dng in s qua T1, ZA, ZC
v T6. ng thi s c dng np cho
t C1 qua T1 C1 - T6. Khi t C1
c np y th dng qua t bng
khng. T C1 c np vi du in
p nh hnh v chun b cho qu
trnh chuyn mch kho T1. Ti thi
im t = t2, khi m T3 in p ngc
ca t C1 t kn T1lm cho T1 b
kho li. Tng t nh vy, khi T2
v T3 dn (t2 t3) th t C3 c np
chun b kho T3,
i vi nhm van u catt
chung T2, T4, T6, qu trnh chuyn
mch cng din ra nh vy. V d t
C5 c np trong khong t1 t2 (khi
T1 v T2 dn) vi du m bo
kho T2 khi m T4 ti thi im t3.
tnh ton nghch lu dng
ngi ta s dng phung php tnh

Ld
T1

id

T3

C1

T5

C3

C5

T2

T4

ZA
ZB
ZC

T6

a)

T1
t1

t3

t2

t4

t5

t6

T4
T3

T6

T6

T5
T2

T
b)

Hnh 4.9. Nghch lu dng ba pha (a) v biu xung

(b)

vct. a vo Ut, It v dng vct Ut v It. Cn xc nh di iu chnh xc nh

max. Sau t im u ca vct It k ng AD vung gc vi Ut. on AD chnh l
vct IC. Vct IC gm hai on:
on AC tng ng vi IC1 dng b cng sut phn khng ca ti: IC1 = Itsin
on CD dng to gc tng ng vi IC2:
I C 2 I t cos .tg
72

I C I C1 I C 2 I t (sin cos .tg)

Ut
1 IC
v C
IC
Ut

XC

ID
.
2

Dng trung bnh qua tiristo c th suy ra t th: IT =

in p ngun ln nht c gii hn bi gc max:
a.E
U max
cos max
Ut

( 4.10)

Ld

IC

T1

id

It

C3

C1

C5

D1

Hnh 4.10. th vect

Nh ni mc nghch
lu ngun dng mt pha, v
ti lun mc song song vi
t chuyn mch nn gia ti
v t lun c s trao i
nng lng, nh hng ny
lm cho ng c tnh
ngoi kh dc v hn ch
vng lm vic ca nghch
lu dng. lm gim nh
hng ca ti n qu trnh

T5

T3

D3

D5
ZA
ZB

E
D6

D4
C4

D2

ZC

C6

C2
T2

T4

T6

Hnh 4.11. Nghch lu dng ba pha c it ngn cch

np ca t C, ngi ta s dng it ngn cch (D1 D6). Xem hnh 4.11. Vic s dng
cc it ny i hi phi chia t chuyn mch lm hai nhm: Nhm C1, C3, C5 dng
chuyn mch cho cc van T1, T3, T5; cn nhm C2, C4, C6 dng chuyn mch cho cc
van T2, T4, T6.
Nghch lu dng nh phn tch trn, khng ch tiu th cng sut phn khng m
cn pht ra cng sut tc dng v: dng id khng i hng, nhng du in p trn hai
u ngun c th o du. iu c ngha, khi nghch lu lm vic vi ti l ng c
in xoay chiu th ng c c th thc hin qu trnh hm ti sinh.
4.6 NGHCH LU CNG HNG SONG SONG.
c im c bn ca nghch lu cng hng l qu trnh chuyn mch ca van da
vo hin tng cng hng. Xt s hnh 4.12 gi tr in cm Ld khng ln nh
nghch lu dng (Ld = ) v khng nh nh nghch lu p (Ld = 0), m chim mt v tr
trung gian sao cho khi kt hp vi in cm ca ti (Lt) v t in C th trong mch ti s
xut hin hin tng dao ng.
73

Ld

i T1 = i T 2

i (1)
iT3 = iT 4

id

Lt
T1

T3
Rt
i

T4

UC =

T2

UC = Ut

Ut

UB
0

= 1 + 2

i T1 = i T 2

iT3 = iT4

1 =

U Ld
0

4
2

Hnh 4.12. Nghch lu cng hng song song (a) v biu xung (b), (c)

Nguyn l lm vic:
Khi t = 0, cp van T1 v T2 c m ra. T C c np qua mch (+) Ld T1- Zt
T2 (-). Dng np cho t s c dng sng hnh sin (v mch dao ng cng hng). Ti
im t = 1, dng qua ti gim v khng do T1 v T2 b kho li. Trong khong 1
2, tt c cc tiristo u b kho li v It = 0. in p trn T1 v T2 bng na in p trn
t (UC) v in p ngun E. in p trn t trong khong thi gian ny (1 2) phi ln
hn E m bo kho T1 v T2 chc chn.Ti thi im t = 2, cp van T3 v T4 c
m ra, in p trn T1 v T2 bng in p ngc ca t C t ln (= UC), t c np theo
chiu ngc li v o du. Dng np ca t C cng mang tnh dao ng v gim v
khng thi im 4. Lc ny T3, T3 kho li.
Dng qua tiristo c th coi l xung hnh sin v:
I t I m sin 0 t
0

Ld Lt
1

L d L t C 4R 2t C 2

(4.11)

l tn s dao ng ring ca mch ti.

Gc dn ca van ng lc l:

74

1 B2

F 4

(4.12)

1
l h s ph ti;
CR t

F 2

L t LdC
l h s tn s.
Ld L t

Im l gi i cc i i dng qua tiristo c tnh nh sau:

2
I m Id
2
Thc ra mun chnh xc cn tnh dng Im1 l dng cc i ca sng iu ho c bn,
y tm coi Im1 = Im v dng qua ti c dng hnh sin.
Gc kho ca nghch lu:

1 2
1
(4.13)
2
Cng thc (4.13) ng nu UC > E trong khong 1 2.
Nu UC < E trong khong 1 2 th gc kho thc t ch cn:

E

1 arcsin
2
U t max
in p ln nht trn tiristo bng in p thun: U th 2U t

Nghch lu cng hng c u im c bn l:

Dng ti (it) v in p ti (ut) c dng gn sin nn cha t sng iu ho bc cao.
Tc du/dt cng nh di/dt nh, do n thng c dng trong cc thit b tn s
cao.
Gc kha ln nghch lu song song lm vic n nh v tn s dao ng (f0)
bao gi cng ln hn tn s ca nghch lu (f): f > f0.

4.7 NGHCH LU CNG HNG NI TIP

S ca nghch lu cng hng ni tip c m t trn hnh 4.13a. S c hai
cun cm L1 v L2 c qun trn cng mt li to ra hin tng cm ng, t C c
mc ni tip vi ti.
T1

T2

L2

L1

i1

i2

Rt

C
Rt

Hnh 4.13. Mch nghch lu cng hng ni tip v s thay th

Cc gi tr ca L1, L2, C v Rt c chn sao cho dng qua tiristo l dng dao ng.
Nghch lu ni tip c ba ch lm vic:

75

1) Ch kho t nhin: f0 > f, dng qua T1 gim v khng sau mt thi gian m T2,
ch ny tng t nh ch lm vic ca nghch lu song song.
2) Ch gii hn: f0 = f, dng qua T1 gim v khng th T2 c m ra. Ch ny
m bo dng ti (it) v in p trn ti (ut) l hnh sin.
3) Ch chuyn mch cng bc: f0 < f, khi T1 cn cha kho m T2.
S d nghch lu ni tip c th lm vic ch 2 v 3 l do hin tng cm ng
ca hai cun cm L1 v L2.
Khi T1 cn ang dn m m T2, dng phng ca t C qua L2 v T2 s gy nn hin
tng cm ng trong cun L2. Sc in ng ny c du chng li s tng ca dng, tc
l (+) bn tri v (-) bn phi. Do L1 v L2 qun trn cng mt li nn sc in ng
ny cm ng ln L1. Nh vy lc ny tiristo T1 s chu mt in p UT:
UT = E (UL1 + UL2)
Cc tham s c chn sao cho UT < 0 nn T1 s b kho li.
S thay th c v cho mt na chu k dao ng (hnh 4.13b).
Nu ti thun tr th L = L1 hoc L = L2.
Nu ti tr cm th L = L1 + Lt hoc L = L2 + Lt
Gi s T1dn (0 t T/2), ta c phng trnh:
di
1
L 1 R t i1 i1dt E
(4.14)
dt
C
K hiu q1 i1dt , t=0 th i1 = 0, coi in tch trn t q = -q2.
Gii phng trnh so vi q1:

Q2

q1 C.E(1 e t ) 1
(cos 0 t
sin 0 t )
0
C.U C

(4.15)

1 4L
R 2t l tn s dao ng ring ca mch ti.
2L C

Rt
RL
Ut = UC l in p trn ti ti thi im chuyn mch.
Ti na chu k sau: (T/2 t T) T2 dn . Ta c phng trnh:
di
1
L 2 R t i 2 i 2 dt 0
dt
C

(4.16)

K hiu q 2 i 2 dt , t=0 th i2 = 0, coi in tch trn t q = -Q1

Gii phng trnh so vi q2 ta c:

q 2 Q1e

(cos 0 t

sin 0 t )
0

Dng hnh sin nn:

UC(T/2) = -u C(T)
v q1(T/2) = -q2(T)
76

(4.17)

t t = T/2 vo (4.16) v t = T vo (4.17) ta c:

CU C
q1
1 - e -
q2

(4.18)

CU C e -

1 - e -
t q 1 v q2 vo cc biu thc (4.15) v (4.17) ta tm c:

E e t
i1 i 2
sin 0 t
0 L 1 e

(4.19)

e t
0

U L1 U L 2 E

1 e

1 2 cos(0 t )

e t
2
E 1
1

cos(

1 e

(4.20)
(4.21)

U C1

e t

2
UC2 E
1

cos(

1 e

Khi f0= f, gi truyn ng hiu dng ca in p nghch lu l:

(4.22)

E 1 e

1 e
Nu f0 > f (ch chuyn mch t nhin) th:
Ut

(4.23)

(4.24)

Ut = U0t m ; m = f/f0
Nghch lu ch yu lm vic hai ch trn. Nghch lu ni tip lm vic vi di
ph ti thay i tng i rng.
gi cho in p trn ti l khng i khi ph ti thay i, cn thay i tn s ca
xung iu khin (f).
Khi ti tr cm, cng thc (4.24) s c dng:
U t ( ) U 0 t

77

m
cos

f0 = f

f0 > f

f0 < f

U T1
t
0
Ut
t

UC
t

UL
t

0
U T2

a)

c)

b)
Hnh 4.14. Cc ch lm vic ng vi f0 > f, f0 = f, f0 <f

Theo th hnh 4.14a, b, c ta thy, cng tng tn s iu khin f th gc kho

cng gim. Nghch lu ni tip khng c kh ng lm vic ch khng ti v qu
nh, d lt nghch lu.
Ch f0 < f l ch m nghch lu cng hng lm vic nh ch nghch lu
dng in.
4.8 BIN TN
Bin tn l thit b bin i dng xoay chiu vi tn s ca li in thnh dng xoay
chiu c tn s khc vi tn s ca li.
Bin tn c chia ra lm hai loi:
- Bin tn trc tip;
- Bin tn gin tip.
4.8.1 Bin tn gin tip.
B bin tn gin tip c s cu trc nh trn hnh 4.15. B bin tn gm cc khu:
chnh lu (CL), lc (L) v nghch lu (NL). Nh vy bin i tn s cn thng qua
khu trung gian mt chiu, do c tn gi l bin tn gin tip.
U1 , f 1

+
CL

U2 , f2

+
L

NL

Hnh 4.15. S cu trc ca b bin tn gin tip

Chnh lu dng bin i in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu, chnh lu c th l

khng iu khin hoc c iu khin. Ngy nay a s chnh lu thng l chnh lu
khng iu khin, v nu iu chnh in p mt chiu trong phm vi rng s lm tng
78

kch thc ca b lc v lm gim hiu sut ca b bin i. Ni chung chc nng bin
i tn s v in p mt chiu c thc hin bi nghch lu thng qua b iu khin.
Trong cc b bin tn cng sut ln, ngi ta dng chnh lu bn iu khin vi chc
nng lm nhim v bo v cho ton h thng khi b qu ti.
Ngy nay bin tn gin tip c s dng kh ph bin v c th iu chnh tn s v
in p ra trong phm vi kh rng. D dng to ra cc b ngun (dng, p) theo mong
mun. Nghch lu c dng trong bin tn thng l cc mch c bn nu phm vi
trn.
Nhc im c bn ca bin tn gin tip l hiu sut thp (v qua hai ln bin i).
Cng sut cng nh kch thc ca b bin i ln.
4.8.2 Bin tn trc tip
Bin tn trc tip l b bin i tn s trc tip t li in xoay chiu, khng thng
qua khu trung gian mt chiu.
L CB

A
B
C

T1 T3 T5

f1 , u1
T1 T2 T3

f1 , u1

T7 T9 T11

T4 T5 T6

Zt
T4 T6 T2

b)

u2

T2

T2

u2
i2

t T

T10 T12 T8

f2 , u 2
a)

/ m1

L CB

II

Zt
u2

f2 , u 2

T1 / 2
c)

d)

t T

T2
e)

Hnh 4.16. Bin tn trc tip: a) S c im trung tnh; b) S cu; c), d), e) Dng in p ra vi
cc lut iu khin khc nhau

B bin tn gm hai b chnh lu ni song song ngc (hnh 4.16). Cc b chnh lu

ny c th l s ba pha c im trung tnh (hnh 4.16a), s cu (hnh 4.16b) hoc

79

cc b chnh lu nhiu pha. S pha ca b chnh lu (m) cng ln th thnh phn sng
iu hon bc cao cng gim.
Nguyn l lm vic ca b bin tn nh sau:
n gin, gi thit ti thun tr, van l l tng in p trn ti (u2) gm hai
na sng dng v m. Na sng dng c to ra khi nhm van I lm vic (T1, T2,
T3), cn na sng m c to ra khi nhm van II (T2, T4, T6) lm vic. Ln lt ng
m cc nhm van I v II, ta s to ra trn ti mt in p xoay chiu c gi tr:

2 U pha sin
m1
(4.25)
u2
cos

m1
trong : m 1- s pha ca in p li;
- gc iu khin ca b chnh lu.
Theo hnh 4.20c ta c:

1 n
T2 T1
T

n 1 T1
2
2
m1
2 m1
n = 0, 1, 2, 3
Tn s ca in p ra (f2) bao gi cng thp hn tn s li.
T (4.26) suy ra:
fm
f2 1 1
2 n m1

(4.26)

(4.27)

Tn s f2 theo biu thc 4.27 c iu chnh c cp. iu chnh f2 v cp, cn to

ra thi gian tr gia hai b chnh lu (gc ) (hnh 4.16d) v nh vy tn s ra l:
f1 m 1
f2
(4.28)
(2 n m1 )m1
Khi b bin tn lm vic vi ti tr hoc ng c in, nng lng tch lu ti c
th c tr v li. Lc ny b chnh lu s lm vic ch nghch lu ph thuc.
Nhm I s lm vic ch nghch lu cho khi in p trn ti mang du dng (hnh
4.16e).
Nu chnh lu mc theo s cu (hnh 4.16b) th in p trn ti s ln gp hai ln
so vi s ba pha c im trung tnh:

2 2 U pha sin
m1
(4.29)
u2
cos

m1
Xung iu khin ca hai nhm van lch nhau mt gc 2/m1.
Cc b bin tn trn c hiu sut thp (v iu chnh ) v in p c cha nhiu
thnh phn sng iu ho bc cao. loi thnh phn bc cao cn dng b lc.
Nu thay i gc ca hai nhm chnh lu I v II theo quy lut no th in p ra
c th thay i theo bt c lut no.
80

 m bo in p ra gn sin th gc iu khin ( ch chnh lu) v (ch

nghch lu) cn thay i theo lut sau:
arccos(A sin 2 t )

U 2m
U 2m0

U2m gi tr bin ca in p ra trn ti,

U2m0 gi tr bin ca in p ra trn ti ng vi trng thi m cc tiristo hon
ton ( = 0); A = 1 khi lut iu chnh v l tuyn tnh (hnh 4.17).
u2

T /2

T /2

/ 2

0
/ 2

3 / 2

Hnh 4.17. Lut iu khin tuyn tnh

Vi lut iu khin trn v m 1 cng nh t s f1/f2 ln, in p ra trn ti s c

dng hnh sin:
m

U 2 (2 t ) U1m 1 sin
sin 2 t

m1
ng cong in p ra s c thnh phn sng iu ho c bn vi tn s f2. Cc b
bin tn trc tip c tn s ra nh hn tn s vo (f2 < f1) thng c s dng iu
khin cc ng c khng ng b rto lng sc. C hai phng php tng tn s ra
ca b bin tn sao cho f2 > f1:
- Dng b chuyn mch cng bc ph: Phng php ny lm gim hiu sut v cn
dng thm b bin i, nn t c dng trong thc t. Do y khng trnh by
phng php ny.
- Phng php dng van iu khin hon ton l phng php c hiu qu hn c. S
dng tranzito c dng nh hnh 4.18a.
Cc van tranzito c mc vo ng cho ca cu it lm cho n tr thnh kho
in t dn in theo hai chiu.
Xung iu khin c a vo tranzito sao cho ph ti lun c ni vo hai pha bt
k, tc l in p trn ti lun l in p dy.
81

T1

T4

T2

T5

T3

T6
Z N (u 1 , f2 )
a)

T1
T2
b)

T3
T4
T5
T6
u AB

u CA

u BC

u AB

u AC

c)

fk
d)

1 / fk

Hnh 4.18. a) S dng tranzito; b) Lut iu khin; c) Dng in p ra; d) Hm chuyn mch

Vi lut iu khin m t trn hnh 4.18b, in p ra trn ti s l ng cong xoay

chiu c dng kh phc tp (ng nt m). D dng nhn thy f2 > f1.
to ra h ba pha, cn c ba s nh hnh 4.17. Tu thuc vo th t pha m
tn s ra c xc nh nh sau:
82

f2 = fk f1
fk - tn s iu khin van in t,
f1- tn s li.
Du (-) tng ng vi th t pha thun; du (+) tng ng vi th t pha ngc.
Gi tr hiu dng ca in p ra c xc nh theo biu thc:
U
6 U md

U 2 m1 1 k 2
sin
1 k2
6
2
2
Um1 gi tr bin ca sng iu ho bc 1;
Umd gi tr bin ca in p dy;

(6S 1) 2 (6S 1) 2

S1

l h s sng iu ho.

S1

83

CHNG 5

H THNG IU KHIN B BIN I

5.1 KHI QUT
5.1.1 Chc nng v cu trc ca h thng iu khin b bin i
Chc nng ca h thng iu khin b bin i l bin i tn hiu iu khin thnh
xung iu khin tng ng vi gc m ca tiristo.
B bin i gm hai phn: mch ng lc v mch iu khin. Mch ng lc cha
cc phn t van iu khin nh tiristo, GTO, tranzito cng sut ln Cc van ng lc
ny ch c th hot ng c nu h thng iu khin to ra nhng xung iu khin
tng ng vi nhng thi im thch hp.
V c bn h thng iu khin bao gm hai phn chnh:
- Phn cha thng tin v quy lut iu khin. Phn ny thc hin cc chc nng
khc nhau tu thuc vo cu trc ca b bin i cng nh lnh vc s dng.
- Phn nng lng to ra tn hiu cng sut ng m c cc van ng lc.
Thng thng cc b bin i c th chia thnh hai nhm:
B bin i ph thuc.
B bin i c lp.
Do ngi ta cng chia h thng iu khin ra lm hai loi:
- H thng iu khin b bin i ph thuc (dng cho chnh lu v b bin i
xung p xoay chiu).
- H thng iu khin b bin i c lp (dng cho nghch lu v b bin i xung
p mt chiu).
H thng iu khin cng c th c phn loi theo tn hiu nh: h iu khin
tng t hoc h iu khin s.
5.1.2 Phng php xy dng b iu ch
B iu ch l b bin i tn hiu iu khin Uk thnh gc iu khin c tnh t
thi im chuyn mch t nhin ca van ng lc. xc nh c gc cn phi bit
thng tin v pha ca in p t ln van ng lc. Tc l b iu khin phi to ra xung
ng pha vi in p t ln van ng lc. B iu ch kiu nh vy gi l b iu ch
ng b. Thng thng trong nhng h iu khin khng c phn hi, ngi ta thng
hay dng cc b iu ch ng b. Cc b iu ch ng b s to ra cc c tnh iu
chnh khc nhau tu thuc vo nguyn l iu khin.
1) Nguyn l iu khin dc
B iu khin kiu ny c s cu trc nh hnh 5.1, gm b to xung rng ca
hoc cn gi l in p ta (RC) v b so snh (SS), tn hiu ng b (Uk) s ng b
qu trnh lm vic ca my pht xung rng ca. Xung rng ca (URC) s c so snh vi
tn hiu iu khin trong b so snh.
Ti thi im URC = Uk, b so snh s to ra mt xung m v tr ca n trn trc thi
gian s ph thuc vo gi tr ca tn hiu iu khin (hnh 5.2a).
c tnh pha ca b iu ch ph thuc vo dng in p ta. Nu in p ta c
dng hm s cosin:
URC(1) = Umcost
84

Chn t = 0 l thi im chuyn

mch t nhin, th khi t = ta c:
Umcos = Uk
U
Suy ra:
= arccos k
(5.1)
Um

U k

Mt khc i vi chnh lu iu
khin, in p ra ca chnh lu c tnh
theo cng thc sau:
Ud = Ud0cos
(5.2)
t biu thc (5.1) vo (5.2) ta c:
U
U d = d0 U k
(5.3)
Um

Hnh 5.1. B iu ch

U k

U RC
a)

t
t

Nh vy c tnh iu chnh Ud =
f(Uk) ca b chnh lu l hm tuyn tnh
(ng 1 hnh 5.2b).
2) Nguyn l iu khin dch pha
Mt dng iu khin theo nguyn tc
khc l ngi ta dng b quay pha
thay i pha ca in p hnh sin c
to ra bi my pht tn hiu sin (MF sin).
Khi thay i Uk, gc pha ca tn hiu
xoay chiu s b thay i v chm pha so
vi tn hiu ban u mt gc l v ti
thi im khi in p xoay chiu i qua
im xung, s to ra xung iu khin tu.
Do b quay pha rt nhy cm vi dng
in p v tn s nn phng php ny t
c s dng.
Trong cc phng php k trn,
nguyn l iu khin dc m bo tc
ng nhanh cao nht, nn phng php
ny c s dng kh ph bin.
3) c tnh ca b iu chnh
to ra in p ta hm s cosin,
ngi ta thng lc in p li, dch
pha mt gc 900. Tuy nhin nu in p
li c cht lng km (cha nhiu sng
iu ho bc cao) th b iu ch c th

Ud
Ud 0
b)

Uk
U k max

Hnh 5.2. c tnh iu chnh ca chnh lu

MFsin

uk

u1
QF

tu

u1

t
u'1
t

tu

Hnh 5.3. H thng iu khin dch pha

hot ng khng chnh xc. Trong nhng trng hp ny ngi ta s dng in p rng
ca tuyn tnh c ng b t li in, v thng thng thi im to in p rng ca
trng vi thi im chuyn mch t nhin.
Nu in p rng ca gim dn (hnh 5.4a).

85

U RC ( t ) U m (1
c tnh pha:

t)

U RC

U dk
Um

Thi im t0 ng vi thi im chuyn mch

t nhin v gi tr Uk(t0) s c bin i thnh
khong thi gian ng vi ng cong tch phn
i qua im 0:
= f[Uk(t0)]
c di bng 2/m.
Vi m = 2: = 0
nu m =3 th max = 2/3
Lc ny c tnh pha = f[Uk] l hm tuyn
tnh, nhng c tnh iu chnh (ng 2 hnh
5.2) Ud = f(U k) l ng phi tuyn.
Nu in p rng ca tng dn (hnh 5.4b):

U RC ( t ) U m t

U
c tnh pha: dk
Um

a)

U RC

b)
Hnh 5.4. in p rng ca

U RC

U dk ( t 0 )

du / dt const

t
t

c tnh iu chnh tng ng vi ng 3

trn hnh 5.2.

Hnh 5.5 Phng php iu khin dch pha

Nguyn l iu chnh dch pha (hnh 5.5) c m t bi phng trnh:

1 t
U dk dt U 0
T t0
t
U0
T
V vi m = 6 (hoc s cu): = 0 - 2/6. tng phm vi iu chnh ngi ta
phi dng gii php phn vng m d dng thc hin trong k thut s hn so vi k
thut tng t.
U dk

5.2 H THNG IU KHIN B BIN I PH THUC

5.2.1 Cu trc b bin i
Cu trc chung ca b bin i ph thuc c trnh by trn hnh 5.6.
Tn hiu iu khin u vo l tn hiu in p (Uk) hoc m s. Tn hiu iu
khin t vo b iu ch (C) hay cn gi l b dch pha, chc nng ca n l to ra cc
tn hiu iu khin nhng thi im nht nh cho tng van c th. Hay ni cch khc,
b C bin i tn hiu iu khin thnh cc n v bin thin theo thi gian (gc ).
Thi im m van cn phi ph hp vi pha ca in p li t ln tiristo, nn b iu
86

ch cn phi cha c thng tin v pha ca in p t ln, tc l chc nng ng b.

Chc nng ca b iu ch c th c m t bi phng trnh c tnh pha:
= f(Uk)

Uk

Hnh 5.6. S cu trc b bin i ph thuc

Phng trnh cho ta thy vic to ra gc thc t l b bin i xung: tn hiu lin
tc U k c bin i thnh xung iu khin () v hm f(U k) l hm gin on, v
trong mt chu k in p li mi van ch c m mt ln.
Khu to xung (TX) thc cht l b khuch i xung u ra (driver), c nhim v to
ra tn hiu a ln cc iu khin ca tiristo. Tn hiu ny c bin , cng sut v
rng m tiristo.
Ngoi hai khu ch yu trn b iu khin c th cha thm khu hiu chnh. Khu
ny thc hin cc chc nng bin i tn hiu p thnh dng hay ngc li, hoc bin i
tn hiu iu khin thnh m s, tng hp cc tn hiu iu khin, thc hin chc nng
bo v, dng my
H thng iu khin c th cn c khu phn hi (FH), thng tin v in p hoc
dng in u ra s c a vo u vo ca h iu khin di dng phn hi m,
to ra cc ngun dng hay ngun p theo yu cu t ra. Khu quan trng nht ca h
thng iu khin l khu iu ch (hoc b dch pha).
5.2.2 Mt s mch thng dng trong b bin i ph thuc
1. Mch to tn hiu ng b
a) Dng chnh lu mt pha hai na chu k c im trung tnh to ra in p chnh
lu U (1) (hnh 5.7).
- in p U(1) c so snh vi
U0 to cc tn hiu tng tng
vi thi im m in p ngun i
qua im khng.
- U0 cng nh th xung U(2) cng
hp v phm vi iu chnh cng ln.
Nu chn max = 1750 th:

U 0 2U 2 sin 50

D1

+E
R

U2

U1

U(1)

U0
R2

D3
-E

D2
U0

(5.4)

Phng trnh (5.4) l c s

tnh phn p R1 v R2.

R1

t
U (2 )

Hnh 5.7. Mch ng b dng khuch i thut ton

87

b) Dng ngun khng i xng

cho khuch i thut ton.
Nu trong mch iu khin cn
tit kim ngun nui c th dng
mch nh hnh 5.8. Tn hiu xoay
chiu U(1) sau khi i qua khu so
snh bng khuch i thut ton s
cho xung vung gc U(2), sau
U(2) c a vo khu cng mun
2 (=1) v mch tr R2C2 to ra
mt xung ng b ng vi im U(1)
i qua im 0.
rng xung Tx =RCln2 l c
s chn R2, C2.

+E

R1
U1

U2

R2
C2
U(1)

t
U ( 2)

U(3)
tx

Hnh 5.8. Mch ng b dng ngun khng i xng

2. Mch to in p ta (in p rng ca)

a) Mch to xung rng ca tuyn tnh dng tranzito
+E

+E
D1

R1

R0

T1
C1
uv

T2
R2

R2

uv

ur

R3

- E R4

ur
T3

R3

uv

uv

T1

T2
D2

C2

D1

R1

ur

ur
t

a)

b)
Hnh 5.9. Mch to xung rng ca tuyn tnh

Bng T1 dng lm ngun np cho t C, nh cch mc theo s baz chung nn

dng IC rt n nh. Khi T2 b kho, t C s c np in bi dng IC = const v tng
tuyn tnh. Khi a xung vo m T2, T2 m v t C s phng in qua T2 (hnh 5.9a):
I
1 t
U C I C dt C t
C0
C

88

(5.5)

Cc in tr R1, R2, RE c chn sao cho bng lm vic ch A.

Mun to in p rng ca dc xung th dng phng ca t phi c duy tr khng
i nh bng T3 lm vic ch A (hnh 5.9b). it n p D1 dng hn ch gi tr
in p trn t C (UCmax = E UD1).
b) Mch to in p rng ca dng khuch i thut ton
Mch ch dng khuch i thut ton
Mch to xung rng ca dng khuch i thut ton c xy dng trn nguyn tc
s dng mch tch phn. Qu trnh phng np ca t c thc hin nh ngun np cho
t l ngun hai cc tnh. Khi in p u vo (U1) mang du dng (+E), in p trn t
(U2) s c np theo cng thc nh sau:
-E
U2 UC
T1
(5.6)
R 2C
in p trn t theo phng trnh l ng tuyn tnh dc xung pha di.
Nu in p u vo mang du m (-E), in p ra s c tnh theo cng thc:
E
U 2 UC
T2
(5.7)
R 2C
in p trn t lc ny l ng i ln pha trn.
Bng cch thay i thi gian phng (T1) v thi gian np (T2) v cc gi tr R1, R2
mt cch tng ng, ta c th thay i c dng in p rng ca: dc ln (hnh 5.10b),
dc xung (hnh 5.10c) hoc xung tam gic (hnh 5.10d). Trong trng hp cui T1 = T2.

R1

U1

D1

T1
T2

U2

U1
R2

D2

U2

a)

U1

T1

T1

T2

U2

b)

U1

T2

U2
t

c)

d)

Hnh 5.10. Mch to xung rng ca ch dng khuch i thut ton: a) S ; b) Rng ca dc ln;
c)Rng ca dc xung; d) Rng ca l xung tam gic.

Mch dng khuch i thut ton v tranzito .

Nguyn l c bn ca n l dng mch tch phn v kho K (hnh 5.11a). Kho K
c iu khin bi tn hiu ng b.
89

Khi xung ng b kt thc, kho K m ra, t C c np in bi dng:

E
I R I C const
R

-1 t
-1 t E
-E
U R U C I C dt dt
t
C0
C0R
RC

(5.8)

Ti thi im t1 kho K ng li v UC = 0. Nu thay kho K bng bng trng cng

ngh MOS (hnh 5.11c). V in tr vo ca bng trng ln nn tn hiu ng b l tn
hiu p v ngun ng b s khng b ngn mch qua cc mch ph khc. Trong trng
hp dng bng knh cm ng n th U ng b U0 bng s m (U0 l in p ngng m
ca bng trng). Hoc c th dng kho in t mc song song vi t C (hnh 5.11d).
Da vo cng thc (5.8) vi E v t cho trc (t = 1800), ta c th la chn c R
v C tu .
U b

K
C

R
E

R
Ur

Ur

-E

IR

c)

a)
U b

U b
t

Ur

Ur

-E

b)
d)
Hnh 5.11. Mch to rng ca dng khuch i thut ton

c) Mch to in p ta l hm cos
Nu in p vo l na in p sint

th:

1
UR
U m sin t
RC 0

Ur

Uv

Um Um

cos t
RC RC

Hnh 5.11e Mch to hm cosin

Ta cn t u ra mt in p chuyn dch U cd

UR

Um
th in p ra s l
RC

Um
cos t , tc l in p ta c dng hm s cos (hin 5.11e).
RC
90

3. Mch so snh
U1

Ur

Ur

U1

U2

Ur

U2

Uv

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 5.12. Mch so snh

so snh cc tn hiu tng t, ngi ta c th dng tranzito hoc khuch i thut

ton nh hnh 5.12. Khuch i thut ton c cc u im sau:
- in tr vo v cng ln: Rv = (thc t Rv = 106 109 );
- H s khuch i K = (thc t K = 106);
- in tr ra Rr = 0 (thc t Rr = 0 200)
- Thi gian chuyn t A n B bin i bng khng, thc t v cng nh (c tnh
trn hnh 5.12).
Nn ngy nay mch so snh ch yu dng khuch i thut ton. Tn hiu so snh
c mc vo hai u vo ca khuch i thut ton (U1v U2). Khi U1 = U2, khuch i
thut ton s lt trng thi v Ur s i du (hnh 5.12). Du ca hai tn hiu ny trng
nhau.
Hoc hai tn hiu cn so snh c th c u chung vo mt u vo ca khuch i
thut ton thng qua hai in tr R1 v R2 (hnh 5.12). Trong trng hp ny du ca hai
tn hiu s ngc nhau. u cn li ca khuch i c ni t.
4. Cc mch to xung u ra
Cc b to xung c nhim v to ra xung c dng, di v cng sut m
tiristo nn ngi ta cn gi l cc driver.
Cc b to xung thng c cc dng sau:
- B to xung n l cc b khuch i xung c nhim v to ra cc xung n, c
di (Tx) n nh;
- B to xung c di tu v c trn vi xung tn s cao;
- B to xung to ra cc s lng xung khc nhau tu theo ch hoc s .
B to xung n c s n gin nht, tin cy cao v thng c dng cho
nhng mch iu khin n gin. rng ca xung m cho tiristo vi d tr
no , tc Tx = k.Tm vi Tm l thi gian dng qua tiristo t gi tr nh mc.
B to xung c trn xung tn s cao cho php s dng cc xung c di ln, nhng
vn m bo kch thc ca my bin p xung gn nh. B to xung kiu ny thch hp
cho nhng xung c di Tx > 600 (dng cho s cu chnh lu ba pha). Vic to xung
c di ln gy tn hao cng sut trn cc iu khin.
B to xung c s lng xung n tu cho php gim c nhc im ca b pht
xung rng. B ny hay dng cho b bin i ch dng gin on, v khi ta khng
mun a xung nn cc iu khin khi in p ant m hn so vi catt, do lm tng
tin cy ca s . Tuy nhin b to xung kiu ny phc tp v cn c cm bin dng,

91

cm bin in p. N ch thch hp cho cc b bin i cng sut rt ln m gi thnh

ca cc phn t iu khin khng ng k so vi mch ng lc.
Ngoi chc nng khuch i b to xung cng cn nhim v m bo cch in gia
mch iu khin v mch ng lc. thc hin nhim v ny ngi ta dng bin p
xung hoc cch ly quang hc.
a) Bin p xung
Bin p xung dng cch ly mch lc vi mch iu khin v phi hp tr khng
gia cc iu khin ca tiristo vi mch khuch i u ra v thay i cc tnh ca xung.
Yu cu ln nht i vi bin p xung l truyn xung t mch iu khin ln cc iu
khin ca tiristo vi mo t nht.
Gi s ngi ta t in p U1(t) ln s cp my bin p, theo nh lut cm ng t:
d
U1 ( t ) W1
(5.9)
dt
W1 - s vng dy s cp;
- t thng trong li my bin p

I1

W2- s vng dy th cp
y ta b qua in tr ca cc vng dy v
coi t thng tn l rt nh.
Nu gi thit t thng phn b u trong li
th = B.S (S l thit din ca li), thay vo
cng thc (5.10) ta c:
dB
U1 ( t ) W1S
(5.11)
dt
Gi thit U1(t) l xung vung gc c bin
bng Um v rng l Tx, tch phn hai v ca
phng trnh ta c:

U1

92

W2

W1

U2

a)
U1 ( t )
Um

Tx

b)

Hnh5.13. Bin p xung (a)

v dng xung (b)

Bm

Tx
dB
1 t
W1S
dt U m dt B( t )
U m dt B0
dt
W1S 0
0
0
(5.12)
Thng thng bin p xung truyn xung c
mt cc tnh nn li thp s lm vic theo ng
t ho ring (hnh 5.12).
Khi c xung, li thp s b t ho v cm
ng t s thay i t im B0 n im Bm lun
ng vi thi im m xung kt thc (OA l
ng t ho trung bnh).
Sau khi xung kt thc, cm ng t li gim
t Bm v B0 (ng m trn hnh 5.14). Do
cng thc (5.12), gii hn trn ca tch phn l
Bm v gii hn di l B0.

I2

B
B max

B0

0
C

H max H

- B max

Hnh 5.14. ng c tnh t ho ca li

thp

Ly tch phn hai v:

W1S(B m - B 0 ) U m Tx
v

U1
t

Um
, B B m - B0
(5.13)
B.S
W
U
W2 1 , ( n 1 l h s my bin p).
n
U2
W1

Nu s dng nhng bin php c bit

a im lm vic ca li thp v im C trong
thi gian khng c xung th:
B 2 B m

U2
t

Hnh 5.15. th xung vo U1(t) ca bin

p xung.

Thng thng ngi ta ch to thm mt cun dy ph v t vo n mt sc t ng

chuyn dch Hcd c gi tr m a im lm vic ban u v im C (khi khng c
xung t vo s cp). Bin php ny rt hu hiu i vi li thp c mch t tr gn hnh
vung, tc l B0 c gi tr tim cn vi Bm.
Trong thc t xung i qua bin p xung b mo v c dao ng do t k sinh trong
bin p xung gy ra. m bo dao ng v st nh xung cn tng gi tr in cm
ca bin p xung (hnh 5.15).
in cm ca xung i vi li thp trn c tnh nh sau:
L

. 0 .W 2 S
l

0 4.10 -7 Henri / m

B
ly theo ng trung bnh.
0 H

S - tit din li; l - chiu di mch t.

Nn chn li ferit c t thm ln.
Khi mc bin p xung vo mch colect ca tranzito th in cm ca n phi tho mn
iu kin:
U1Tx
L
(5.14)
I c max (1 x )
Icmax l dng cho php ca tranzito.
Th tch ca li my bin p xung c tnh nh sau:

0 x.U1I 2 w 12
B 2

x - st nh xung (%);
I2 dng th cp my bin p xung;
Dng t ho li my bin p xung bng:
U
I 1 Tx , Tx l rng xung.
L
93

(5.15)

b) Cch ly quang hc
Vic s dng my bin p xung cch ly khng nhng lm gim cht lng xung
iu khin, kh chun ho m cn lm tng kch thc ca mch iu khin ni chung.
khc phc cc nhc im trn, ngy nay ngi ta hay dng cc phn t quang in
t cch ly mch in. Vic dng cc phn t quang in t r rng nng cao cht
lng ca tn hiu khng nhng v dng m cn c v tc ng nhanh.
Cu trc ca mt phn t cch ly quang hcgm c mt phn t bn dn pht nh
sng v mt phn t thu nh sng (hnh 5.16).

b)

a)

c)

Hnh 5.16. Phn t cch ly quang hc

Phn t pht thng l cc it quang, cn phn t thu tn hiu nh sng c th l

photo - it (a), photo tranzito (b) hoc photo-tiristo (c).
Khi ni u vo vi ngun in, it pht s pht sng v lm in tr ca phn t
thu nh sng gim xung. Nu ni u ra vi ngun in, u ra s c dng n ph
thuc vo dng u vo.
Mch in u phn t quang in c th hin trn hnh 5.17.
in tr R1 dng hn ch dng ID, in tr R2 dng hn ch I0, RB dng n
nh trng thi ban u ca bng do dng r gy ra.
+
tng nhy ca phn t quang in
ID
IC
t, ngi ta c th mc chng thng qua khuch
R
i thut ton nh cc s trn hnh 5.18.
+
D
U
Trong trng hp baz t do, nhy
Ur
ca s rt co (hnh 5.18b).
R
in tr R1 dng hn ch dng vo E1/R1
< I1, I1 l dng u vo nh mc; R2 dng
hn ch dng qua bng, khi bng m hon ton
v R2 c chn theo iu kin E2/R2 < Ic; Ic l Hnh 5.17. S mc phn t quang in t
dng cho php qua mch colect ca bng thu.
vo mch in

ID

+
U

Ur

+
U

ID

D
R

a)

b)
Hnh 5.18. Mch ghp phn t cch ly quanh

94

Ur

c) Mch to xung in dng my pht blocking

My pht blocking l mch to dao ng phn hi dng c to ra bi cun phn
hi (W2) ca my bin p xung. B khuch i kiu blocking to ra xung c sn dc
cht lng cao v bo m cch ly gia mch ng lc v mch iu khin. S
mch pht xung n kiu blocking c m t trn hnh 5.19.
IC

W2

R3

Uv

W3

Uv

a)

W1
Ur

b)

R1
T

U W1
t0

t1

IC

d)

UC

Ur

R2
e)

E0

tx
Hnh 5.19 Mch to xung kiu blocking

c)

Hnh 5.20 Biu xung

Cun dy W1 ca my bin p xung c mc vo colect ca bng, cun W2 l

cun phn hi, cn tn hiu ra c ly trn cun W3.
Bnh thng bng T trng thi kho do in p chuyn dch E0 t vo baz thng
qua in tr R2.
thi im t0 khi c xung dng i vo baz ca bng, bng s m ra, dng Ic s
tng ln, trong cc cun dy ca bin p xung s xut hin mt sc in ng cm ng
e LdI c / dt . Cun W2 c u sao cho in p trn cun W2 c du dng t vo
baz ca bng (phn hi dng), kch thch bng m rt nhanh (qu trnh ny khng m
t trn th, ta gi thit qu trnh ny xy ra tc thi v coi sn xung l thng ng) v
bng s chuyn sang ch bo ho.
Khi bng bo ho, ton b in p ngun (E) s c t ln W1 v u ra s c
in p UR = E.W3/W2 = n 3.E (hnh 5.20b) (n3 l t s gia cun dy ph ti v cun dy
colect)
in p trn cun W2 to ra dng baz (IB) gi cho bng trng thi bo ho I2
IB = U2.R2/R1 = (Uk/R1)(W2/W1) mc d lc ny xung u vo kt thc.
Lc ny li thp bt u c t ho v dng Ic s tng ln (hnh 5.20c) (v dng t
ho I tng ln), trong khi dng IB vn gi khng i, bng s chuyn t trng thi
bo ho sang ch khuch i. in p trn bng UCE tng ln, dn vi Uw1 v Uw2
gim.
Qu trnh ny cng mang tnh phn hi dng nn xy ra rt nhanh v cui cng
thi im t1, bng kho hon ton v u ra, s c xung vi rng l Tx (hnh 5.20c).
Tnh chn mch to xung n:
1. CHn ngun chuyn dch E0 = 1 2V v R2 sao cho Ic0R2 E0 < 0. y Ic0 l
dng r (dng nhit) ca bng.
95

Cc mch to xung n dng cho chnh lu nn chu k to xung thng vo khong

10.10-3s, do vy ta khng cn quan tm n tn s ca tranzito.
2. Chn t l cc cun dy v thng qua dng ti tnh c dng colect:
Ic = It/n3
Chn bng tho mn: Ic< Iccp ca bng
E.k < Ucp ca bng, k 1,2 1,5
3. in cm ca mch colect phi tho mn iu
kin:
T
Lc E x
Ic
4. Cng thc tnh my bin p xung c xc nh nh sau:

L c 0 ..W12 .S / l
0 = 4.10-7H/m
S- tit din li thp, l- chiu di mch t, c xc nh theo ng trung bnh ca
mch t tr.
Mch to xung n blocking rt thch hp to xung m cho cc tiristo c dng
nh mc di 100A. m cc tiristo c cng sut ln hn, ngi ta phi dng cc b
khuch i nhiu tng hc b khuch i cng sut ln.
5.3 CU TRC CA B BIN I C LP
5.3.1 Cu trc b bin i
H thng iu khin nghch lu dng to ra cc xung iu khin ng m cc van
ng lc theo nhng lut mong mun. Cc lut iu khin ch yu tp trung vo cc vn
iu chnh in p, tn s v m bo cht lng in p ra ca nghch lu.
H iu khin c th c phn loi theo h mt pha hoc h ba pha. N cng c th
c phn theo tn hiu thnh h iu khin tng t hoc h iu khin s.
H iu khin nghch lu gm hai phn: Phn to lut iu khin v phn to tn hiu
cng sut ng m cc van ng lc.
S cu trc ca h:

Hnh 5.21. S cu trc ca h iu khin nghch lu

Thnh phn cu trc ca h iu khin nghch lu:

My pht xung (FX): to tn hiu ng b cho ton h thng v to tn s cho
mch nghch lu.
B chia tn: gim sai s v n nh tn s, thng thng ngi ta dng my
pht xung (FX) c tn s cao, sau c bin i (chia tn) cho ph hp vi tn s ra
ca b nghch lu, nht la khi my pht xung dng chung vi my pht xung nhp ca b
vi x l.
96

 B phn phi: To ra h thng tn hiu mt pha hoc ba pha v phn phi cc tn

hiu vo tng van ng lc ring bit.
B khuch i: To xung v cng sut thch hp ng m van ng lc.
5.3.2 Mt s mch thng dng trong h thng iu khin b bin i c lp
1) My pht xung dng khuch i thut ton (KTT)
B pht xung l mch dao ng to ra cc xung vung lp li theo chu k. Mch dao
ng dng khuch i thut ton c m t trn hnh 5.22.
UC

R1

U0
E

t2

UR

UC

t1

U0
UR

R2

R3

t3

tx

T
Hnh 5.22 Mch pht xung dng khuch i thut ton

T C v in tr R1 to thnh mch tch phn. Mch R2, R3 l mch phn hi. Nguyn
l lm vic ca mch nh sau: Gi s thi im 0, in p ra ca khuch i thut ton
t gi tr cc i Ur = Ur.max +E.
Thng qua mch phn hi R3, R4 u vo + ca khuch i thut ton s c tn hiu
phn hi U 0

E
R 3 duy tr cho khuch i thut ton nm ch bo ho
R2 R3

dng. Lc ny tC c np thng qua in tr R1 ti gi tr Ur.max. Khi t = t1, in p

UC t gi tr U0, khuch i thut ton lt trng thi v Ur = -Ur.max -E. in p trn t
C khng th thay i t ngt v lc ny t C li phng in qua R1. thi im t = t2,
khi U C U 0

E
R 3 , khuch i thut ton li lt trng thi v Ur = Ur.max +E
R 2 R3

v sau qu trnh lp li.

Thi gian phng t C:
t x RC. ln(

U r. max U 0
)
U r. max U 0

Thay gi tr U0 vo biu thc trn ta c:

t x RC. ln(1

2R 3
)
R2

v chu k my pht s l:
T 2 t x 2 RC. ln(1

97

2R 3
)
R2

2) B to rng xung (a hi i)
B to dao ng xung l b do ng to xung vung c rng nht nh, thng
dng to xung hoc lm cc phn t tr xung. S b to rng xung c trnh
by trn hnh 5.23.
R1

Uv

tx
t

Ur
C1

D1

Uv

C2

t1
UC

U0

t
t2

D2 U
0

Ur

R2
R4

R3

Hnh 5.23 Mch to rng xung

Nguyn l lm vic nh sau:

Mch trng thi n nh ban u nh phn hi dng thng qua in tr R2, R3.
Khuch i thut ton va l khu so snh va l ngun p np cho tu C v va l
kho chuyn mch ng ct qu trnh phng v np cho t C. it D1 gi in p cho
t C c nh (UC0) v thng qua phn hi dng nn khuch i thut ton lun nm
trng thi n nh nu khng c tn hiu u vo (UV). C th chia qu trnh lm vic ra
hai trng thi.
a) Trng thi n nh UV = 0
Lc ny ta coi khuch i thut ton ang ch bo ho m (Ur -E). it D1 s
ngn khng cho t C1 np in v in p u vo - ca khuch i thut ton xp
x bng UC0 v in p ri trn D1.
D dng nhn thy trng thi ny l trng thi n nh, v u vo + ca khuch
i thut ton c in p U0 = -

E
R3 (b qua nh hng ca R4) v |U0| > |UC0|.
R 2 R3

b) Trng thi to xung

Ti thi im t1, khi c xung iu khin c gi tr ln hn U0 tc ng vo u vo
+ ca b khuch i thut ton lm cho n lt trng thi v Ur = +E.
Mch phn hi R2, R3 s to ra in p U 0

E
R 3 duy tr cho khuch i
R2 R3

thut ton trng thi ny mc d Uv = 0. T C c np thng qua in tr R1 vi hng

s thi gian T = R1C1.
Khi in p trn t C t gi tr UC(t2) = U0 ( thi im t2), khuch i thut ton lt
trng thi v tr v trng thi n nh, kt thc qu trnh to xung.
rng xung c tnh theo cng thc:
98

t x R1 C 1 . ln(1

R3
)
R2

Thng thng thay i tx ngi ta thay i cc gi tr R1, C1 hoc t s R3/R2.

3) B chia tn
B chia tn n gin nht l dng cc trig ghp ni tip nhau. Thng thng ngi
ta dng trig m loi T v nh vy b chia tn n gin nht s c h s chia k = 2n, n l
s trig mc ni tip vi nhau (hnh 5.24).
f1

T1

T2

f2

Tn

Hnh 5.24. S cu trc ca b chia xung

k l h s chia: k = f2/f1; f2 l tn s ra, f1l tn s vo.

Nh s pht trin ca k thut vi in t, ngy nay ngi ta thng dng cc b m
chng trnh v ch cn np sn s cn chia k, b m s to ta tn s f2 ph thuc vo k.
4) B phn phi
Theo nguyn l hot ng ca nghch lu ba pha ta d dng nhn thy, to ra h
thng ba pha th cc xung a vo m cc van ng lc c thi im lch nhau l 600
trong mt chu k ca in p ra. Do b phn phi thc cht l b chia tn vi h s k
= 6, vi chc nng to ra in p ba pha.
C s b m 6 l trig ng b J K.
J

Qn

Hnh 5.25 Trig ng b J-K v bng trng thi

Trig s lt trng thi khi c xung ng b x v tn hiu u vo J-K theo bng trng
thi v biu xung (hnh 5.25).
T1

T2

Q1

Q2

T3

Q3

Hnh 5.26 B chia 6 dng trig J-K

to ra b m, mch vng vi h s k = 6 (hnh 5.26), ta cn ghp ba trig J K

theo th t u ra Q1 ca T1 ni vo u J ca T2, u ra Q1 ni vo u vo K ca T2;
99

T2ni tng t vi T3 nhng u ra Q3 li c ni vo K ca T1 v Q 3 ni vi J, do

ta kh c hai trng thi (23 = 8 trng thi) v b m ch cn li 6 trng thi. Mi khi
c tn hiu ng b (x = 1), b m li lt trng thi v nh vy ta li kh i 2 trng thi
101 v 010. Theo biu xung ta d dng nhn thy chu k T c chia lm 6 khong
u nhau (2/6), cc trng thi Q1, Q2, Q3, Q1 , Q 2 , Q 3 ln lt to ra cc xung c thi
im lch nhau 600(hnh 5.27).
t

Q1

Q2

Q3

t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

t6

t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

t6
t

Q1
Q2

Q3

Q1

Q2

Q3

t
Hnh 5.27 th xung v bng trng thi

100