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BI TP CHN LC
HA HC 10
LI NI U
Ha hc l mt khoa hc l thuyt v thc nghim. Ha hc i hi s
chnh xc ca ton hc ng thi vi s linh hot trong t duy v c tng tng
phong ph, sinh ng v s kho lo trong cc thao tc th nghim.
Chng ti gii thiu cng bn c quyn Bi tp chn lc Ha hc 10
chng trnh chun v nng cao. Sch gm cc bi tp Ha hc chn lc trong
chng trnh Ha hc 10 c m rng v nng cao, c th s dng pht trin
nng lc t duy Ha hc cho hc sinh lp 10 v phc v n tp cc k thi t ti, thi
tuyn sinh i hc, cao ng v thi hc sinh gii. Quyn sch c bin son theo
chng trnh mi ca B Gio dc v o to. Sch c chia thnh 7 chng,
tng ng vi tng chng ca sch gio khoa Ha hc 10. Mi chng bao gm
cc ni dung chnh sau:
A- Tm tt l thuyt.
B- Bi tp c hng dn.
C- Hng dn gii
D- Bi tp t luyn
E- Bi tp trc nghim
F- Thng tin b sung,
Sch c th c s dng lm ti liu tham kho cho cc thy, c gio, cho cc
em hc sinh mong c c mt nn tng vng chc cc kin thc, t duy v k
nng mn Ha hc lp 10.
Mc d chng ti c nhiu c gng, nhng do trnh v thi gian bin son
cn hn ch nn khng trnh khi cc sai st. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n
mi kin ng gp ca cc bn c, nht l cc thy, c gio v cc em hc sinh
sch c hon chnh hn trong ln ti bn sau.
Cc tc gi
Chng 1
NGUYN T
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. Thnh phn nguyn t
Nguyn t
Lp v
Gm cc electron
mang in m
Ht nhn
Proton
mang in dng
Ntron
khng mang in
Kt lun:
-
Z=P=e
- K hiu nguyn t:
A
Z
12
6
C , 136 C , 146 C
y
Obitan s
y
Obitan px
y
Obitan py
Obitan pz
V. Lp v phn lp
1. Lp
- Cc electron trong nguyn t c sp xp thnh lp v phn lp.
- Cc electron trong cng mt lp c mc nng lng gn bng nhau.
- Th t v k hiu cc lp:
n
Tn lp
2. Phn lp
- c k hiu l: s, p, d, f
- S phn lp trong mt lp chnh bng s th t ca lp.
B. BI TP C LI GII
1.1 V sao t nhng tng u tin v nguyn t, cch y 2500 nm ca
Democrit, mi n cui th k XIX ngi ta mi chng minh c nguyn t l c
tht v c cu to phc tp ? M t th nghim tm ra electron.
1.2 Nguyn t khi ca neon l 20,179. Hy tnh khi lng ca mt nguyn t
neon theo kg.
1.3 Kt qu phn tch cho thy trong phn t kh CO 2 c 27,3% C v 72,7% O theo
khi lng. Bit nguyn t khi ca C l 12,011. Hy xc nh nguyn t khi ca
oxi.
1.4 Bit rng khi lng mt nguyn t oxi nng gp 15,842 ln v khi lng ca
nguyn t cacbon nng gp 11,9059 ln khi lng ca nguyn t hiro. Hi nu
chn
1
khi lng nguyn t cacbon lm n v th H, O c nguyn t khi l
12
bao nhiu ?
1.5
35
17Cl
(75,53%),
37
17Cl
(24,47%).
63
29Cu
65
29 Cu
. Tnh t l % s nguyn t ng
63
29 Cu
tn ti
trong t nhin.
1.11 Cho hai ng v 11H (k hiu l H), 21H (k hiu l D).
a) Vit cc cng thc phn t hiro c th c.
b) Tnh phn t khi ca mi loi phn t.
c) Mt lit kh hiro giu teri ( 21H ) iu kin tiu chun nng 0,10g. Tnh
thnh phn % khi lng tng ng v ca hiro.
1.12 C th m t s chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t bng cc qu o
chuyn ng c khng ? ti sao ?
1.13 Theo l thuyt hin i, trng thi chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t
c m t bng hnh nh g ?
1.14 Trnh by hnh dng ca cc obitan nguyn t s v p v nu r s nh hng
khc nhau ca chng trong khng gian.
1.15 Bit rng nguyn t agon c ba ng v khc nhau, ng vi s khi 36, 38 v A.
Phn trm cc ng v tng ng ln lt bng : 0,34% ; 0,06% v 99,6%.
Tnh s khi ca ng v A ca nguyn t agon, bit rng nguyn t khi trung
bnh ca agon bng 39,98.
1.16 Nguyn t Mg c ba ng v ng vi thnh phn phn trm nh sau :
ng v
%
24
Mg
78,6
25
Mg
10,1
26
Mg
11,3
25
Mg , th s nguyn t
10
11
26
12
23
Mg ? 10
Ne 42 He
(b)
19
9
H 11 H ? 42 He
(c)
242
94
(d)
2
1
1
Pu 22
10 Ne ? 4 0 n
D ? 2 42 He 01 n
4
2
He 2 , 01 e v
12
C. BI TP T LUYN
1.31 Bng cch no, ngi ta c th to ra nhng chm tia electron. Cho bit in
tch v khi lng ca electron. So snh khi lng ca electron vi khi lng
ca nguyn t nh nht trong t nhin l hiro, t c th rt ra nhn xt g?
1.32 Tnh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca niken, bit rng trong t nhin, cc
ng v ca niken tn ti nh sau:
ng v
Thnh phn %
58
28
Ni
67,76
60
28
Ni
26,16
61
28
Ni
1,25
62
28
64
28
Ni
3,66
Ni
1,16
b. 1s22s22p63s23p5
c.1s22s22p2
d. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
- 23
gam.
13
b) 2s22p3
) 3s23p5
c) 2s22p6
e) 3s23p6
electron ca kh him gn nht trong bng tun hon nguyn t nhm nhng hay
nhn bao nhiu electron? Nhm th hin tnh cht kim loi hay phi kim?
b) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t clo (Z =17). t c cu hnh
electron ca kh him gn nht trong bng tun hon, nguyn t clo nhng hay
nhn bao nhiu electron? Clo th hin tnh cht kim loi hay phi kim?
14
B. 2 v 3
C. 1, 2 v 3
D. C 1, 2, 3, 4
A. 1 v 2
B.1 v 3
C. 3 v 4
D.1 v 4
15
A. a
B. b
C. a v b
D.c v d
1.49 Cu hnh ca nguyn t sau biu din bng lng t. Thng tin no khng
ng khi ni v cu hnh cho?
1s2
2s2
2p3
A.Nguyn t c 7 electron
B.Lp ngoi cng c 3 electron
C.Nguyn t c 3 electron c thn
D.Nguyn t c 2 lp electron
1.50 Khi phn tch mt mu brom lng, ngi ta tm c 3 gi tr khi lng
phn t hn km nhau 2 n v, iu chng t:
A. C hin tng ng v
B. C s tn ti ca ng phn
C. Brom c 3 ng v
D. Brom c 2 ng v
1.51 Pht biu no sau y khng ng?
A. Cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn theo nhng hnh trn.
B. Cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn khng theo qu o xc
nh no.
C. Obitan l khu vc xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt ca
electron l ln nht.
D. Obitan ca cc phn lp khc nhau c hnh dng khc nhau.
16
B. S v Cl
C. O v S
D. N v Cl
1.53 Ion A2+ c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 3p 6. Tng s electron
trong nguyn t A l:
A. 18
B. 19
C. 20
D. 21
B. Cu2+
C. Cl-
D. O2-
B. C cng s ntron
C. Cng s khi
B. 11
C. 12
D. 13
B. X2+
C. X-
D. X2-
B. 15,66.10 21
C. 15,66.1022
D. 15,66.1023
39
19 K
B.
40
18 Ar
C.
40
20 Ca
D.
37
17 Cl
1.60 Trong nguyn t cacbon, hai electron 2p c phn b trn 2 obitan p khc
nhau v c biu din bng hai mi tn cng chiu. Nguyn l hay quy tc c
p dng y l
17
A. nguyn l Pauli
B. quy tc Hund
C. quy tc Kletkopski
D. c A, B v C
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP
1.46.
1.47.
1.48.
1.49.
1.50.
1.51.
1.52.
1.53.
1.54.
1.55.
1.56.
1.57.
1.58.
1.59.
1.60.
1.1 Hng dn :
Trong mt thi k di, ngi ta khng c cc thit b khoa hc kim
chng tng v nguyn t. S pht trin ca khoa hc v k thut cui th k
XIX cho php ch to c thit b c chn khng cao (p = 0,001mmHg), c
mn hunh quang quan st ng i ca cc tia khng nhn thy bng mt
thng v ngun in c th hiu rt cao (15000V).
Th nghim pht minh electron ca Tom-xn (1897)
Tom-xn cho phng in vi th hiu 15000 vn qua hai in cc gn vo
hai u ca mt ng thy tinh kn rt gn ht khng kh, p sut 0,001mmHg,
th thy mn hunh quang le sng. Mn
hunh quang pht sng do s xut hin ca
cc tia khng nhn thy c i t cc m
sang cc dng, tia ny c gi l tia m
cc. Tia m cc b ht lch v pha cc
dng khi t ng thy tinh trong mt in
trng. Th nghim ny chng t nguyn t
c cu to phc tp. Mt trong nhng
thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t l cc electron.
1.2 Hng dn:
Ta c mNe = 1,66005.10-27. 20,179 = 33,498.10-27 kg.
1.3 Hng dn :
18
M C 11,9059
.M H
12
12
Vy MO v MH tnh theo
MO
MH
1
.M C l :
12
15,842.M H .12
15, 9672
11, 9059.M H
Mo
15,9672
1, 0079
15,842 15,842
19
7
3Li
c s khi A = 7
S p = s e = Z = 3 ; N = 4
23
11Na
c s khi A = 23
S p = s e = Z = 11 ; N = 12
39
19 K
c s khi A = 39
S p = s e = Z = 19 ; N = 20
40
20 Ca
c s khi A = 40
S p = s e = Z = 20 ; N = 20
234
90Th
c s khi A = 234
S p = s e = Z = 90 ; N = 144
b).
2
1H
c s khi A = 2
S p = s e = Z = 1 ; N = 1
4
2 He
c s khi A = 4
S p = s e = Z = 2 ; N = 2
12
6C
c s khi A = 12
S p = s e = Z = 6 ; N = 6
16
8O
c s khi A = 16
S p = s e = Z = 8 ; N = 8
20
56
26 Fe
c s khi A = 56
S p = s e = Z = 26 ; N =30
32
15 P
c s khi A = 32
S p = s e = Z = 15; N = 17
1.7 Hng dn: Cch tnh s khi ca ht nhn :
S khi ht nhn (k hiu A) bng tng s proton (p) v s ntron (n).
A=Z+N
Ni s khi bng nguyn t khi l sai, v s khi l tng s proton v
notron trong ht nhn, trong khi nguyn t khi l khi lng tng i ca
nguyn t. Nguyn t khi cho bit khi lng ca mt nguyn t nng gp bao
nhiu ln n v khi lng nguyn t.
Do khi lng ca mi ht proton v ntron ~1u, cho nn trong cc tnh
ton khng cn chnh xc cao, coi s khi bng nguyn t khi.
1.8 Hng dn:
AH=
1.99,984 2.0,016
1,00016
100
A Cl =
35.75,53 37.24,47
= 35,5
100
b). C bn loi phn t HCl khc nhau to nn t hai loi ng v ca hai nguyn
t hiro v clo.
Cng thc phn t l :
c) Phn t khi ln lt:
1.10 Hng dn:
21
37
35
37
H 35
17 Cl, H 17 Cl, D 17Cl, D 17Cl
36
38
37
39
Gi t l % s nguyn t ca ng v
Ta c
63
29 Cu
l x , % ng v
65
29 Cu
l 100 - x
63x 65(100 x)
= 63,546
100
63
29Cu
l 72,7%.
HD ;
D2
b) Phn t khi :
MH
% H = 88% ; %D = 12%
1.12 Hng dn:
Khng th m t c s chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t bng cc
qu o chuyn ng. Bi v trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh
xung quanh ht nhn khng theo mt qu o xc nh no. Ngi ta ch ni n
kh nng quan st electron ti mt thi im no trong khng gian ca nguyn
t.
1.13 Hng dn:
Theo l thuyt hin i trng thi chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t
c m t bng hnh nh c gi l obitan nguyn t.
1.14 Hng dn:
Hnh dng ca cc obitan nguyn t s v p :
+ Obitan s : C dng hnh cu, tm l ht nhn nguyn t. Obitan s khng c
s nh hng trong khng gian ca nguyn t.
22
y
Obitan s
x
y
Obitan px
x
y
Obitan py
Obitan pz
A Ar 36
XA = 40
0,34
100
38
0,06
100
XA
99,6
100
39,98
78,6
10,1
11,3
25
26
24,33
100
100
100
25
ng ca 2 ng v cn li l:
S nguyn t
S nguyn t
Mg =
50
x78,6 = 389 (nguyn t).
10,1
Mg =
50
x 11,3 = 56 (nguyn t).
10,1
24
26
23
n:
Tn lp :
Lp K c mt phn lp 1s
Lp L c hai phn lp 2s, 2p
Lp M c ba phn lp 3s, 3p, 3d
Lp N c bn phn lp 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f
1.18 Hng dn:
+) Lp N c : - 4 phn lp 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f
1 obi tan 4s
3 obi tan 4p
- 16 obitan :
5 obi tan 4d
7 obi tan 4f
5 obi tan 3d
x
y
x
y
Obitan s
x
y
Obitan px
x
y
Obitan py
Obitan pz
24
v 2 electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring
ca mi electron.
Th d : Nguyn t He c Z = 2
1s 2
Nguyn l vng bn : trng thi c bn trong nguyn t cc electron
1s 2 2s2
2p1
1s2 2s2
2p2
Nhn xt :
+ Cu hnh Z =20 khc vi cc cu hnh cn li ch khng c phn lp 3d.
25
Ca : c 2e
Li : c 1e
Mg: c 2e
Na: c 1e
C : c 4e
K : c 1e
Si : c 4e
O : c 6e
26
26
12
Mg 01n 1023 Ne 24 He
b)
19
9
F 11H 168 O 24 He
c)
242
94
Pu 1022 Ne
Unq 4 01n
260
104
d) 12 D 37 Li 2 24 He 01n
1.30 Hng dn:
a)
b)
238
92
Th
232
90
208
82
206
82
Pb 8 24 He 6 10 e
Pb 6 24 He 4 10 e
27
28
29
Chng 2
BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC
V NH LUT TUN HON
A. TM TT L THUYT
1. Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc
a) Nguyn tc sp xp:
- Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn
t.
- Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron c xp thnh mt hng.
- Cc nguyn t c s electron ha tr trong nguyn t nh nhau c xp thnh
mt ct.
b) Cu to ca bng tun hon
Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc l s th hin ni dung ca nh lut tun
hon. Trong hn 100 nm tn ti v pht trin, c khong nhiu kiu bng tun
hon khc nhau. Dng c s dng trong sch gio khoa ha hc ph thng hin
nay l bng tun hon dng di, c cu to nh sau:
: S th t ca bng s hiu nguyn t v bng s n v in tch ht nhn,
bng tng s electron ca nguyn t..
Chu k :
C 7 chu k, s th t ca chu k bng s lp electron ca nguyn t gm :
+ Chu k nh l cc chu k 1, 2, 3 ch gm cc nguyn t s v cc nguyn t p. Mi
chu k nh gm 8 nguyn t, tr chu k 1 ch c hai nguyn t.
+ Chu k ln l cc chu k 4, 5, 6 ,7 gm cc nguyn t s, p, d v f. Chu k 4 v chu
k 5 mi chu k c 18 nguyn t. Chu k 6 c 32 nguyn t. Theo quy lut, chu k 7
cng phi c 32 nguyn t, tuy nhin chu k 7 mi pht hin c 24 nguyn t
ha hc. L do l cc nguyn t c ht nhn cng nng cng km bn, chng c
i sng rt ngn ngi.
30
31
+ Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi gim dn v
tnh phi kim tng dn.
+ Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi tng dn v
tnh phi kim gim dn.
Tnh axit - baz ca oxit v hiroxit:
+ Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz gim dn v tnh
axit tng dn.
+ Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz tng dn v tnh
axit dn gim (tr nhm VII).
2. nh lut tun hon
Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht
ca cc hp cht to nn t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng
ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
3. ngha ca nh lut tun hon
- Bit v tr ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon, c th suy ra cu to
nguyn t ca nguyn t v ngc li.
V tr ca mt nguyn t
trong bng tun hon ()
S th t ca nguyn t
S th t ca chu k
S th t ca nhm A
Cu to nguyn t
S proton v s electron.
S lp electron
S electron lp ngoi cng
Tnh cht c bn
Kim loi.
Phi kim
C th l phi kim (C, Si), c th
l kim loi (Sn, Pb)
32
33
B. BI TP C LI GII
2.1 Xc nh v tr (s th t, chu k, nhm, phn nhm) cc nguyn t sau y
trong bng tun hon, cho bit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t
nh sau:
1. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p6 4s2
34
b. MXx + HNO3
M2O3 + XO2
0
2.6 M l kim loi thuc nhm IIA.Ha tan ht 10,8 gam hn hp gm kim loi M
v mui cacbonat ca n trong dung dch HCl, thu c 4,48 lit hn hp kh A
(ktc). T khi ca A so vi kh hiro l 11,5.
1. Tm kim loi M
2. Tnh % th tch cc kh trong A.
2.7 X, Y l hai kim loi c electron cui cng l 3p 1 v 3d6.
1. Da vo bng tun hon, hy xc nh tn hai kim loi X, Y.
2. Ha tan ht 8,3 gam hn hp X, Y vo dung dch HCl 0,5M (va ), ta thy
khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng thm 7,8 gam. Tnh khi lng mi kim
loi v th tch dung dch HCl dng.
2.8 Ha tan ht a gam oxit kim loi M (thuc nhm IIA) bng mt lng va
dung dch H2SO4 17,5% thu c dung dch mui c nng 20%.
Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi M.
2.9 A, B l 2 kim loi nm 2 chu k lin tip thuc nhm IIA. Cho 4,4 gam mt
hn hp gm A v B tc dng vi dung dch HCl 1M (d) thu c 3,36 lit kh
(ktc).
1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v xc nh tn 2 kim loi.
2. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl dng, bit rng HCl dng d 25% so vi
lng cn thit.
2.10 Cho 0,85 gam hai kim loi thuc hai chu k k tip trong nhm IA vo cc
cha 49,18 gam H2O thu c dung dch A v kh B. trung ha dung dch A
cn 30 ml dung dch HCl 1M.
a. Xc nh hai kim loi
b. Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong dung dch A.
35
m R 16
.
mH
1
2.12 Nguyn t R chu k 3, nhm VA trong bng tun hon. Khng s dng bng
tun hon, hy cho bit:
a. Cu hnh electron ca R.
b. Trong oxit cao nht ca R th R chim 43,66% khi lng. Tnh s lng
mi loi ht ca nguyn t R.
2.13 A v B l hai nguyn t cng mt nhm v thuc hai chu k lin tip trong
bng tun hon. Tng s proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B bng 32.
Hy vit cu hnh electron ca A , B v ca cc ion m A v B c th to thnh.
2.14 Hai nguyn t A v B hai nhm A lin tip trong bng tun hon, B thuc
nhm VA, trng thi n cht A, B khng phn ng vi nhau. Tng s proton
trong ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B l 23.
1. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca A, B.
2. T cc n cht A, B v cc ha cht cn thit, hy vit cc phng trnh ha
hc (ghi r iu kin) iu ch hai axit trong A v B c s oxi ha cao nht.
2.15 Cho bit tng s electron trong anion AB32 l 42. Trong cc ht nhn A v
B u c s proton bng s ntron.
1. Tm s khi ca A v B
2. Cho bit v tr ca A, B trong bng tun hon.
2.16 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t mt nguyn t R nhm
VIIA l 28.
1. Tnh s khi.
36
4. Tnh cht c bn
2. S khi
3. K hiu nguyn t
2.19 Khi bit cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t mt nguyn t nhm
A, ta c th bit c cc thng tin sau y khng?
1. Tnh cht ha hc c bn
2. Cu hnh electron
5. K hiu nguyn t
Li
Cu hnh electron
[Kr]5s1 [Xe]6s1
0,155
Na
Rb
Cs
0,189
0,236
0,248
0,268
I1 520
496
419
403
376
I2 7295
4565
3069
2644
2258
1. Gii thch s bin i nng lng ion ha th nht? Ti sao nng lng ion ha
th hai ln hn rt nhiu so vi nng lng ion ha th nht?
37
2. Ti sao trong cc hp cht, s oxi ha ca cc kim loi kim lun l +1, chng
c th to ra s oxi ha cao hn hay khng ?
2.21 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong hai nguyn t kim loi A v B l
142, trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42. S
ht mang in ca nguyn t B nhiu hn ca nguyn t A l 12.
a. Xc nh 2 kim loi A v B. Cho bit s hiu nguyn t ca mt s nguyn
t: Na (Z = 11), Mg (Z= 12), Al (Z =13), K (Z = 19), Ca (Z = 20), Fe (Z = 26),
Cu (Z = 29), Zn (Z = 30).
b. Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch A t mui cacbonat ca A v iu ch B t
mt oxit ca B.
(Trch thi H - C khi B, nm 2003)
2.22 Cho 10 gam kim loi M (thuc nhm IIA) tc dng vi nc, thu c 6,11
lit kh hiro (o 25oC v 1 atm).
a. Hy xc nh tn ca kim loi M dng.
b. Cho 4 gam kim loi M vo cc ng 2,5lit dung dch HCl 0,06M thu c dung
dch B.
Tnh nng mol/l cc cht trong cc sau phn ng. Coi th tch dung dch trong
cc vn l 2,5 l.
2.23 Mt hp cht c cng thc XY 2 trong X chim 50% v khi lng. Trong
ht nhn ca X v Y u c s proton bng s ntron. Tng s proton trong phn
t XY2 l 32.
a. Vit cu hnh electron ca X v Y.
b. Xc nh v tr ca X v Y trong bng tun hon.
2.24 Cho bit cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t
(thuc chu k 3) A, M, X ln lt l ns 1, ns2np1, ns2np5.
1. Xc nh v tr ca A, M, X trong bng tun hon v cho bit tn ca chng.
2. Hon thnh cc phng trnh ha hc theo s sau:
-
A(OH)m + MXy
A1 + ...
38
A1 + A(OH)m
A2 + HX + H2O
A1 + ...
A1 + HX
A3 (tan) + ...
A2 (tan) + ...
39
2. Tnh nng % ca dung dch HNO3 trong dung dch sau phn ng.
2.29 Cu to cc lp electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t A, B, C, D, E nh sau:
A: 2/2
B: 2/8/8/2
C: 2/7
D: 2/8/7
E: 2
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
40
r ()
1,86
1,60
1,43
1,17
1,10
Nguyn t
Li
Na
Rb
Cs
r ()
1,52
1,86
2,31
2,44
2,62
1,04
0,99
Nhn xt s thay i bn knh ca cc nguyn t trn c tun theo quy lut no hay
khng? Nu c, hy gii thch ti sao?
2.34 X l nguyn t thuc chu k 3, X to vi hiro mt hp cht kh c cng thc
H2X, trong X c s oxi ha thp nht.
1. Xc nh v tr ca X trong bng tun hon.
2. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi ln lt cho H 2X tc dng vi nc Cl2, dung
dch FeCl3, dung dch CuSO4.
2.35 R l mt nguyn t phi kim. Tng i s s oxi ha dng cao nht vi 2 ln s
oxi ha m thp nht ca R l +2. Tng s proton v ntron ca R nh hn 34.
1. Xc nh R
2. X l hp cht kh ca R vi hiro, Y l oxit ca R c cha 50% oxi v khi
lng. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X v Y.
2.36 Mt dung dch nc c cha 35 gam mt hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai kim
loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip. Thm t t v khuy u dung dch HCl 0,5M
vo dung dch trn. Khi phn ng xong, thu c 2,24 lit kh CO 2 ktc v mt
dung dch A. Thm mt lng nc vi trong d vo dung dch A, thu c 20
gam kt ta.
1. Xc nh cc kim loi kim.
2. Tnh khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp u.
2.37 A v B l hai kim loi thuc nhm IIA. Ha tan hon ton 15,05 gam hn hp
X gm hai mui clorua ca A v B vo nc thu c 100 gam dung dch Y.
kt ta ht ion Cl- c trong 40 gam dung dch Y bng dung dch AgNO 3 th thu
c 17,22 gam kt ta. Hy xc nh cc kim loi A v B, bit t s khi lng
nguyn t ca chng l 3:5.
41
2.38 Hn hp A gm hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi k tip nhau trong nhm
IIA. Ha tan hon ton 3,6 gam hn hp A trong dung dch HCl thu c kh B,
cho ton b lng kh B hp th ht bi 3 lit dung dch Ca(OH) 2 0,015M, thu c
4 gam kt ta.
Xc nh hai mui cacbonat v tnh khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp A.
2.39 kh hon ton 8 gam oxit ca mt kim loi thnh kim loi cn dng 3,36
lit H2. Ha tan ht lng kim loi thu c vo dung dch HCl long thy thot ra
2,24 lit kh H2.
Xc nh cng thc ca oxit. Bit cc kh o ktc.
2.40 Bng di y cho bit bn knh nguyn t, nng lng ion ha ca cc
nguyn t nguyn t chu k 3
Nguyn t
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
r (nm)
0,186
0,160
0,143
0,117
0,110
0,104
0,099
I1 (kJ/mol)
497
738
578
786
1012
1000
1251
B. C, N, O, F
D. O, S, Se, Te.
B. gim
C. Khng thay i
D. Va gim va tng
42
2.43 Tnh cht phi kim ca cc nguyn t trong dy N- P-As-Sb-Bi bin i theo
chiu :
A. Tng
B. gim
C. Khng thay i
D. Va gim va tng.
B. gim
C. Khng thay i
D. Va gim va tng.
2.45 Cho cc hnh v sau, mi hnh cu l 1 trong cc nguyn t Na, Mg, Al, K.
a, b, c, d tng ng theo th t s l:
A. Na, Mg, Al, K
B. K, Na, Mg, Al
D. K, Al, Mg, Na
43
C. s 5, chu k 2, nhm VA
D. s 5, chu k 7, nhm VIIA.
2.48 Cho ion n nguyn t X c in tch 2+ c cu to nh sau:
Cho bit v tr ca X trong bng tun hon.
A. s 10, chu k 2, nhm VIIIA.
B. s 12, chu k 3, nhm VIIIA.
C. s 12, chu k 3, nhm IIA.
D. s 10, chu k 2, nhm IIA.
2.49 Cho cu hnh ca nguyn t X sau, cho bit kt lun no ng?
1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
B. 10, 11 v 8
C. 18, 19 v 8
D. 1, 11 v 16
B. Chu k 3, 15
C. Chu k 3 16
D. Chu k 3 17
2.52 Ha tan hon ton 3,1g hn hp hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip
vo nc thu c 1,12 lt hiro (ktc). Hai kim loi kim cho l
44
A. Li v Na
B. Na v K
C. K v Rb
D. Rb v Cs
B. Ca
C. Sr
D. Ba
2.54 Hai kim loi X v Y ng k tip nhau trong mt chu k c tng s proton
trong hai ht nhn nguyn t l 25. S electron lp ngoi cng ca X v Y ln lt
l :
A. 1 v 2
B. 2 v 3
C. 1 v 3
D. 3 v 4
2.42.
2.43.
2.44.
2.45.
2.46.
2.47.
2.48.
2.49.
2.50.
2.51.
2.52.
2.53.
2.54.
2.55.
2.1 Tr li
1. S th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA.
2. S th t 25, chu k 4, nhm VIIB.
2.2 Tr li
1. Tng s electron ca nguyn t M l 26. S th t 26, chu k 4, nhm
VIIIB. M l Fe.
2. - Fe chy trong kh clo: 2Fe + 3Cl 2
45
2FeCl3
Fe(NO3)3 + 3AgCl
FeS
2.3 Tr li
1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t l: 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Tnh cht c trng ca M l tnh kim loi.
2. Nguyn t nm nhm IA nn cng thc oxit l M 2O. y l mt oxit
baz.
2.4 Gii
1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t R l: 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
2. Nguyn t A nm s 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA trong bng tun hon.
3. R ha tr II (R thuc nhm IIA).
Cc phng trnh ha hc:
R + 2H2O R(OH)2 + H2
RO + H2O R(OH)2
RCO3 + 2HCl RCl2 + CO2 + H2O
R(OH)2 + Na2CO3 RCO3 + 2NaOH
2.5 Gii
1. Trong hp cht MAx, M chim 46,67% v khi lng nn:
46
M 46,67
np
7
. Thay n - p = 4 v n = p ta c:
,
,
xA 53,33
x(n p ) 8
2p 4 7
2.6 Gii
1. Gi s mol cc cht trong hn hp u: M = a mol; MCO 3 = b mol.
M + 2HCl MCl2 + H2
(mol): a
(1)
4,48
= 0,2 nn: a + b = 0,2
22,4
MA = 11,5 2 = 23 nn
2a 44b
23 hay 2a + 44b = 4,6
ab
47
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
1s22s22p63s23p1 v 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6.
Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X v Y ln lt l:
1s22s22p63s23p1 v 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2.
Da vo bng tun hon ta tm c X l Al v Y l Fe.
2. Gi s mol cc cht trong hn hp: Al = a mol; Fe = b mol.
Ta c: 27a + 56b = 8,3
(1)
3a
(2)
1,5a
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
(mol): b
2b
(3)
Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng thm 7,8 gam nn: 8,3 - m H 2 = 7,8.
Vy: m H 2 = 0,5 gam n H 2 = 0,25 mol 1,5a + b = 0,25
(4)
3a 2b
= 1 (lit).
0,5
2.8 Gii
Gi s mol oxit MO = x mol.
MO + H2SO4 MSO4 + H2O
(mol): x
Ta c: (M + 16)x = a
Khi lng dung dch axit H2SO4 ban u =
98.x.100
= 560x (gam).
17,5
(M 96)x
20
.
(M 16)x 560x 100
48
2.9 Gii
1. Gi cng thc chung ca hai kim loi l M = a mol.
M + 2HCl MCl2 + H2
(mol): a
2a
0,3
= 0,3 (lit) = 300 (ml).
1
0,5a
49
0,02 40
.100% = 1,6%
50
C% (KOH) =
0,01 56
.100% = 1,12%.
50
2.11 Gii
a. Gi ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l m, ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro
l n. Ta c: m + n = 8.
Theo bi: m = 3n. T y tm c m =6; n = 2.
b. Cng thc hp cht R vi hiro l H2R. Theo bi:
m R 16
nn R = 32.
mH 1
32
16
R.
2.12 Gii
a. R nm chu k 3 nn lp electron ngoi cng l lp th 3. Mt khc, R
thuc phn nhm chnh nhm VA nn nguyn t R c 5 electron lp ngoi cng.
Vy cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng ca R l 3s 23p3.
Cu hnh electron ca R l 1s22s22p63s23p3.
b. R thuc nhm V nn ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l V. Cng thc oxit
l R2O5.
Theo bi: %R = 43,66% nn
2R
43,66
R = 31 (photpho).
5 16 56,34
50
A v B l hai nguyn t cng mt phn nhm v thuc hai chu k lin tip
trong bng tun hon nn s th t ca chng hn km nhau 8 hoc 18 n v
(ng bng s nguyn t trong mt chu k).
Theo bi ra, tng s proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B bng 32
nn ZA + ZB = 32.
Trng hp 1: ZB - ZA = 8. Ta tm c ZA = 12; ZB = 20.
Cu hnh electron:
A : 1s22s22p63s2 (chu k 3, nhm IIA).
v B: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 (chu k 4, nhm IIA).
Ion A2+: 1s22s22p6 v B2+: 1s22s22p63s23p6.
Trng hp 2: ZB - ZA = 18. Ta tm c ZA = 7; ZB = 25.
Cu hnh electron:
A : 1s22s22p3 (chu k 2, nhm VA).
v B: 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2 (chu k 4, nhm VIIB).
Trng hp ny A, B khng cng nhm nn khng tha mn.
2.14 Gii
1. Hai nguyn t A v B hai nhm A lin tip trong bng tun hon, B
thuc nhm VA, do A thuc nhm IVA hoc nhm VIA.
Theo bi: ZA + ZB = 23.
V: ZA + ZB = 23 v B thuc nhm V, cn A thuc nhm IV hoc nhm VI
nn A, B thuc cc chu k nh (chu k 2 v chu k 3).
Mt khc, A v B khng th cng chu k v hai nguyn t thuc hai nhm A
k tip trong mt chu k hn km nhau 1 proton, ngha l s 11 v 12 (tng s
proton bng 23), khng thuc cc nhm IV v V hay V v VI.
Trng hp 1: B thuc chu k 2. Theo bi, B nhm VA nn Z B = 7 (nit).
Vy ZA = 23 - 7 = 16 (lu hunh). Trng hp ny tha mn v trng thi n
cht nit khng phn ng vi lu hunh.
51
450oC, Fe
4NH3 + 5O2
2NH3
8500 C, Pt
4NO + 6H2O
2NO + O2 2NO2
4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3
iu ch H2SO4: S SO2 SO3 H2SO4
0
S + O2 t SO2
2SO2 + O2
450oC, V2O5
2SO3
40
= 13,3.
3
52
Vy A l lu hunh, B l oxi.
2. O (P = 8) : 1s22s22p4 ( s 8, chu k 2, nhm VIA)
S (P = 16) : 1s22s22p63s23p4 ( s 16, chu k 3, nhm VIA)
2.16 Gii
1. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t R l P, N, E. Trong
P = E.
Theo bi: P + N + E = 28 2P + N = 28 N = 28 - 2P.
Mt khc, P N 1,5P P 28 - 2P 1,5P 8 P 9,3
Vy P = 8 hoc 9. Do nguyn t R thuc nhm VIIA nn nguyn t nguyn t R
c 7 electron lp ngoi cng.
P = 8: 1s22s22p4: loi
P = 9: 1s22s22p5: tha mn. Vy P = E = 9; N = 10.
1. S khi A= N + P = 19.
2. K hiu nguyn t:
19
9
(1)
2(P + E) + P + E - 2N - N = 44 4P + 2P - 2N - N = 44
(2)
P + N - P - N = 23 P + N - P - N = 23
(3)
(P + N + E - 1) - (P + N + E + 2) = 31 2P + N - 2P - N = 34
(4)
53
Cu hnh electron:
K (P = 19): 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 (chu k 4, nhm IA).
O (P = 8): 1s22s22p4 (chu k 2, nhm VIA)
2.18 Tr li
1. Vit c cu hnh electron v s electron lp v nguyn t bng s th
t Z.
2. Khng bit s khi v ch bit s proton bng Z, nhng khng bit s
ntron.
3. Khng vit c k hiu nguyn t v khng bit s khi v k hiu
nguyn t.
4. T cu hnh electron ta bit c tnh cht c bn.
5. T cu hnh electron ta bit c s th t nhm, v chnh l ha tr
cao nht trong oxit.
6. Ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro = 8 - ha tr cao nht trong oxit.
2.19 Tr li
1. Bit c tnh cht c bn da vo s electron lp ngoi cng.
2. Bit c cu hnh electron v t cu hnh lp electron lp ngoi cng,
chng ta c th hon chnh tip cu hnh electron cc lp bn trong.
3. Da vo cu hnh electron chng ta bit c v tr trong bng tun hon.
4. Ta lp c cng thc oxit cao nht v ha tr ca cao nht ca nguyn t
bng s th t nhm v bng s electron lp ngoi cng.
5. Khng vit c k hiu nguyn t v khng bit s khi v k hiu
nguyn t.
6. Ta lp c cng thc hp cht vi hiro v ha tr ca nguyn t trong
hp cht vi hiro = 8 - ha tr cao nht trong oxit.
2.20 Gii
54
(1)
(2)
CaCl 2 dpnc
Ca Cl 2
iu ch Fe: Fe2O3 + 3CO t 2Fe + 3CO2
0
55
(3)
2.22 Gii
a. Gi s mol kim loi M l a mol.
M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2
(mol): a
S mol kh H2 =
PV
1 6,11
Ta c: Ma = 10 M = 40 (Ca).
b. S mol Ca = 0,1 mol. Cc phng trnh phn ng:
Ca
(mol): 0,075
Ca
(mol): 0,025
+ 2HCl CaCl2 + H2
0,15
0,075
+ 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
0,025
PN
MX
50
1 P = 2P.
56
2.24 Gii
1. A, M, X thuc chu k 3 nn n = 3.
Cu hnh electron, v tr v tn nguyn t:
A: 1s22s22p63s1 ( s 11, nhm IA), A l kim loi Na.
M: 1s22s22p63s23p1 ( s 13, nhm IIIA), M l kim loi Al.
X: 1s22s22p63s23p5 ( s 17, nhm VIIA), X l phi kim Cl.
2. Cc phng trnh phn ng:
3NaOH + AlCl3 Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O
NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl
2.25 Gii
Gi s mol trong mi phn: Fe = x mol; M = y mol.
Phn 1:
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
(mol): x
0,5ny
(mol): x
1,5x
(mol): y
0,5nx
57
M My
9 hay M = 9n.
n
ny
Ta lp bng sau:
n
9 (loi)
18 (loi)
27 (nhn)
Vy M l Al.
2.26 Gii:
1. Gi s mol oxit RO = a mol.
RO + H2SO4 RSO4 + H2O
(mol): a
48 6,125
- a = 0,03 - a.
98.100
a = 0,025 (mol).
Ta c: (M + 16)a = 2 M = 64 (Cu).
2. Dung dch A gm: CuSO4 = 0,025 mol; H2SO4 = 0,005 mol.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(mol): 0,005
0,01
0,05
0,06 40
.100 = 30 (gam).
8
30
= 28,57 (ml)
1,05
2.27 Gii
1. Gi s mol M = a mol.
58
M + H2SO4 RSO4 + H2
(mol):
0,025
0
R(OH)2 t RO + H2O
(mol): 0,025
0,025
0,05 98 100%
= 2,45%.
200
4a
36b
10b
(3)
30a 28 3b
28,8 30a + 84b = 7,2
a 3b
59
(2)
3b
Ta c: a + 3b = 0,25.
MA = 14,4 2 = 28,8
(1)
(4)
Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng = 6250 + 16,2 - 30a - 84b = 6259 (gam).
C% (HNO3 sau phn ng) =
0,3 63.100%
= 0,30%.
6259
2.29 Gii
1. V tr cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon:
A: s 4, chu k 2, nhm IIA.
B: s 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA.
C: s 9, chu k 2, nhm VIIA.
D: s 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA.
E: s 2, chu k 1, nhm VIIIA.
2. B l kim loi mnh nht. Hai kim loi A, B cng thuc nhm IIA, theo
chiu t trn xung, tnh kim loi tng dn.
C l phi kim mnh nht. Hai phi kim C, D cng thuc nhm VIIA, theo
chiu t trn xung, tnh phi kim gim dn.
E l nguyn t km hot ng nht v lp v bo ha electron.
2.30 Gii
Gi k hiu chung ca hai kim loi kim l M.
Gi s mol trong 46 gam hn hp u: M = a mol v Ba = b mol.
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
2M + 2H2O 2MOH + H2
(mol): a
0,5a
Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2
(mol): b
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
60
Khi thm 0,18 mol Na2SO4, trong dung dch cn d Ba(OH)2 nn b > 0,18.
Khi thm 0,21 mol Na2SO4, trong dung dch cn d Na2SO4
nn b < 0,21.
Mt khc: Ma + 137b = 46
Kt hp (3), (5) ta c: b =
(5)
46 M
137 2M
61
Trong mt nhm, theo chiu t trn xung di, bn knh nguyn t tng
dn v chim u th so vi s tng in tch ht nhn, iu lm gim lc ht
ca ht nhn i vi cc electron ha tr, do nng lng ion ha gim dn.
2.33 Hng dn:
T Na n Cl, bn knh nguyn t gim dn tun theo quy lut bin i bn
knh trong mt chu k. l, trong mt chu k, khi i t tri sang phi in tch
ht nhn tng dn trong khi s lp electron v nguyn t khng i, do bn
knh nguyn t gim dn.
T Li n Cs, bn knh nguyn t tng dn tun theo quy lut bin i bn
knh trong mt phn nhm. l, trong mt phn nhm, khi i t trn xung di
s lp electron v nguyn t tng ln v chim u th hn so vi s tng in
tch ht nhn, do bn knh nguyn t tng dn.
2.34 Hng dn:
1. Theo bi ra, ha tr ca X trong hp cht vi hiro l II nn ha tr cao nht
trong oxit l VI.
Vy X thuc chu k 3, nhm VIA trong bng tun hon. X l S.
2. Cc phng trnh phn ng:
H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 8HCl
H2S + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + S + 2HCl
H2S + CuSO4
CuS
+ H2SO4
m - 2n = 2.
62
32 50
=
16n 50
Do %S = 50% nn
MHCO3 + HCl
(mol):
0,1
MHCO3 + MCl
a
0,1
0,1
MHCO3 + Ca(OH)2
(mol): a - 0,1
Ta c: (2M + 60).0,3 = 35
a = 0,3.
lin tip nn l Na v K.
2. Gi s mol Na2CO3 = b mol v K2CO3 = c mol.
Ta c b + c = 0,3 v 106b + 138c = 35.
T y tm c b = 0,2 mol; c = 0,1 mol.
m Na 2CO 3 21,2 gam; m K 2CO 3 13,8 gam.
2.37 Hng dn:
1. Gi cng thc chung ca hai mui l MCl 2 v s mol c trong 15,05 gam
hn hp l a mol.
MCl2 + 2AgNO3
(mol):
M(NO3)2 + 2AgCl
40a
100
0,8a
63
M = 29,33.
a = 0,15 mol.
59
= 15: loi
3
Nu A l Mg th MB =
5 24
= 40: Vy B l Ca.
3
MCO3 + 2HCl
(mol):
CaCO3 + H2O
0,04
0,04
2CO2 + Ca(OH)2
(mol): 0,01
CaCO3 + H2O
Ca(HCO3)2
0,005
Ta c: (M + 60).0,05 = 3,6
64
ay
xM + yH2O
ax
2MCln + nH2
(mol): ax
0,5n.a.x
M Max
28 . Vy M = 28n.
n
nax
Ta lp bng sau:
n
28 (loi)
56 (nhn)
84 (loi)
x ax 2
.
y ay 3
MgO
Al2O3
SiO2
P2O5
SO3
Cl2O7
Oxit
Oxit baz
Oxit
Oxit axit
Oxit axit
Oxit axit
Oxit
65
baz
trung bnh
lng tnh
yu
Mg(OH)2
Al(OH)3
H2SiO3
Baz
Baz
Hiroxit
Axit yu
kim
trung
lng tnh
mnh
trung
axit
mnh
mnh
H3PO4
H2SO4
HClO4
Axit
Axit
Axit
trung bnh
mnh
rt
bnh
NaO
H
bnh
mnh
66
67
Chng 3
LIN KT HA HC
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. Lin kt lin kt ion v cng ha tr
- Lin kt ha hc l s kt hp gia cc nguyn t to thnh phn t hay
tinh th bn vng hn.
- Cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c khuynh hng lin kt vi nguyn t
khc to thnh t c cu hnh electron bn vng nh ca kh him (c 2
hoc 8 electron lp ngoi cng).
1. Lin kt ion
nh ngha: L lin kt c hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion
mang in tch tri du.
S hnh thnh lin kt ion
Nguyn t kim loi nhng electron ha tr tr thnh ion dng (cation).
Nguyn t phi kim nhn electron tr thnh ion m (anion). Cc ion tri du
ht nhau to thnh lin kt ion.
Th d: Lin kt trong phn t CaCl2
+ Nguyn t Ca nhng 2 electron to thnh ion dng.
Ca - Ca2+ + 2e
+ Nguyn t clo nhn 1 electron to thnh ion m.
Cl2 + 2e 2ClIon Ca2+ v 2 ion Cl- ht nhau to thnh phn t CaCl2.
iu kin hnh thnh lin kt ion
Cc nguyn t c tnh cht khc hn nhau (kim loi v phi kim in hnh).
Quy c hiu m in gia hai nguyn t lin kt 1,7 l lin kt ion.
68
69
1AO s + 1AO p
2 AO lai ha sp
1 AO s + 2 AO p
3 AO lai ha sp2
1 AO s + 3 AO p
4 AO lai ha sp3
70
71
B. BI TP C LI GII
3.1 Vit cu hnh electron ca Cl (Z=17) v Ca (Z=20). Cho bit v tr ca chng
(chu k, nhm) trong bng tun hon. Lin kt gia canxi v clo trong hp cht
CaCl2 thuc loi lin kt g? V sao? Vit s hnh thnh lin kt .
(Trch thi tuyn sinh H- C khi B nm 2004)
3.2 Hai nguyn t M v X to thnh hp cht c cng thc l M 2X. Cho bit:
- Tng s proton trong hp cht bng 46.
- Trong ht nhn ca M c n - p = 1, trong ht nhn ca X c n = p.
- Trong hp cht M2X, nguyn t X chim
8
khi lng.
47
19
9
B.
72
16
phn khi lng.
17
73
c. Da vo bng tun hon cho bit R l nguyn t g? Vit cng thc electron v
cng thc cu to oxit cao nht ca R.
3.11 Hp cht X to bi hai nguyn t A, B v c phn t khi l 76. A v B c s
oxi ha cao nht trong cc oxit l +n O v + mO, v s oxi ha m trong cc hp
cht vi hiro l -nH v -mH tha mn iu kin nO = nH v mO = 3mH.
1. Tm cng thc phn t ca X, bit rng A c s oxi ha cao nht trong X.
2. Bit rng X c cu trc phn t thng. Hy cho bit trng thi lai ha ca
nguyn t A v bn cht lin kt trong X.
3.12 X l nguyn t thuc chu k 3, X to vi hiro mt hp cht kh c cng thc
H2X, trong X c s oxi ha thp nht.
1. Xc nh v tr ca X trong bng tun hon.
2. Trong oxit cao nht ca R th R chim 40% khi lng. Tm khi lng nguyn t
ca R.
3. Da vo bng tun hon hy cho bit X l nguyn t no. Vit phng trnh phn
ng khi ln lt cho H2X tc dng vi nc Cl2, dung dch FeCl3, dung dch CuSO4.
3.13 R l mt nguyn t phi kim. Tng i s s oxi ha dng cao nht vi 2 ln s
oxi ha m thp nht ca R l +2. Tng s proton v ntron ca R nh hn 34.
1. Xc nh R
2. X l hp cht kh ca R vi hiro, Y l oxit ca R c cha 50% oxi v khi lng.
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X v Y.
3. Vit cng thc cu to cc phn t RO2; RO3; H2RO4.
3.14 Cation X+ do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ha hc to nn. Tng s proton
trong X+ l 11.
1. Xc nh cng thc v gi tn cation X +.
2. Vit cng thc electron ca ion X+. Cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca ion ny?
3.15 Anion Y2- do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ha hc to nn. Tng s electron
trong Y2- l 50.
74
1. Xc nh cng thc phn t v gi tn ion Y2-, bit rng 2 nguyn t trong Y2thuc cng mt phn nhm v thuc hai chu k lin tip.
2. Vit cng thc electron ca ion Y2-. Cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca ion ny?
3.16 C 5,56 gam hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ha tr n). Chia A lm hai
phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: Ha tan ht trong dung dch HCl long, c 1,568 lit kh H 2.
Phn 2: Ha tan ht trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng thu c 2,016 lit kh SO2.
Vit cc phng trnh ha hc v xc nh tn kim loi M. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
3.17 kh hon ton 8 gam oxit ca mt kim loi thnh kim loi cn dng 3,36
lit H2. Ha tan ht lng kim loi thu c vo dung dch HCl long thy thot ra
2,24 lit kh H2. Bit cc kh o ktc.
Xc nh cng thc ca oxit. Cho bit s oxi ha v ha tr ca kim loi trong oxit.
3.18 Kh hon ton 4,06 gam mt oxit kim loi bng CO nhit cao thnh
kim loi. Dn ton b kh sinh ra vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH) 2 d, thy to
thnh 7 gam kt ta. Nu ly lng kim loi sinh ra ha tan ht vo dung dch HCl
d th thu c 1,176 lit kh H2 (ktc).
1. Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi.
2. Cho 4,06 gam oxit kim loi trn tc dng hon ton vi 500ml dung dch H 2SO4
c, nng (d) c dung dch X v c kh SO 2 bay ra.
Hy xc nh nng mol/lit ca mui trong dung dch X.
Coi th tch ca dung dch khng thay i trong sut qu trnh phn ng.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh H- C khi A nm 2003)
3.19 Ha tan hon ton 7 gam kim loi M trong 200 gam dung dch HCl va
thu c 206,75 gam dung dch A.
1. Xc nh M v nng % ca dung dch HCl.
2. Ha tan 6,28 gam hn hp X gm M v mt oxit ca M trong 170 ml dung dch
HNO3 2M (long, va ) thu c 1,232 lit NO (ktc).
Tm cng thc ca oxit. Cho bit s oxi ha v ha tr ca M trong oxit.
75
C. BI TP T LUYN
3.20 Trong mng tinh th kim loi, ngi ta dng c kht l phn trm th
tch m cc nguyn t chim trong tinh th c trng cho tng kiu cu trc. Vi
kiu cu trc lp phng tm khi, = 68%; kiu cu trc lp phng tm din,
76
rNa
rCl
0,525 .
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM
3.26 Lin kt ha hc trong phn t H2 c hnh thnh nh s xen ph ca cc
orbitan no?
A.
B.
C.
D. Mt kt qu khc.
3.27 Lin kt ha hc trong phn t HCl c hnh thnh nh s xen ph ca cc
orbitan no?
A.
B.
77
C.
D. Mt kt qu khc.
3.28 Lin kt ha hc trong phn t Cl2 c hnh thnh nh s xen ph ca cc
orbitan no?
A.
B.
C.
D. Mt kt qu khc.
A.
C.
B.
D.
78
A.
B.
C.
D. Mt p n khc.
3.31 Cho hnh v m t s to thnh orbitan lai ha sp 2.
79
sp
sp 2
sp 3
C.
80
D.
3.35 Cho cc tinh th sau:
Kim cng( C )
I2
H 2O
C.Tinh th nc v It.
B. H2O
C. Cl2
D. H2
3.37 Cho cc phn t N2, HCl, NaCl, MgO. Cc phn t u c lin kt cng ha
tr l
A. N2 v HCl
B. HCl v MgO
C. N2 v NaCl
D. NaCl v MgO
3.38 Mt phn t XY3 c tng cc ht proton, electron, notron bng 196. Trong
s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60, s ht mang in ca X
t hn s ht mang in ca Y trong phn t l 76. XY 3 l cng thc no sau y ?
A. SO3
B. AlCl3
C. BF3
D. NH3
3.39 X, Y l hai nguyn t thuc cng mt nhm A, hai chu k lin tip. Cho bit
2
81
B. S, O v SO32-
C. C, O v CO323.40
D. Si, O v SiO32-
Lin kt trong phn t cht no sau y mang nhiu tnh cht ion nht?
A. LiCl
B. NaCl
C. CsCl
D. RbCl
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP
3.26.
3.27.
3.28.
3.29.
3.30.
3.31.
3.32.
3.33.
3.34.
3.35.
3.36.
3.37.
3.38.
3.39.
3.40.
Ca (Z = 20)
2Cl-
Ca2+ + 2e
Cc ion Ca2+ v Cl- to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng
lc ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht CaCl 2:
Ca2+ + 2Cl- CaCl2
3.2 Hng dn:
1. Tng s proton trong hp cht M2X bng 46 nn : 2p + p = 46.
Trong hp cht M2X, nguyn t X chim
(1)
MX
8
8
n , p,
8
2p ,
8
2(n p) 39
2(2p 1) 39
(2)
82
19
9
B nn ZB = 9
Cu hnh electron ca A, B:
A (Z = 11)
B (Z = 9)
83
Y: (Z = 19)
Z: (Z = 8)
2M Y 50
2(p , n , )
1 p = 2p.
MX
50
(p n)
Tng s proton trong phn t XY2 l 32 nn p + 2p = 32.
T y tm c: p = 16 v p = 8 .
Cu hnh electron ca X: 1s22s22p63s23p4 v ca Y: 1s22s22p4
84
O:
Lin kt
S:
Lin kt cho nhn
O:
O
O
85
.. ..F ..
..
H-F
Cng thc cu to
..
Ba obitan lai ha cha electron c thn
H
Mt obitan lai ha cha cp electron ca
H
H
H
86
87
M R 16
nn R = 32.
2M H 1
88
Mt khc, R thuc nhm VI (ha tr cao nht trong oxit bng VI) nn da
vo cu hnh electron khi P = 13, 14, 15, 16 ta thy P = 16 tha mn.
Vy k hiu ca nguyn t R l:
32
16
R.
.. ..O ..
..
.. ..O ..
S ..
.. ..O ..
..
O
O
S
O
Cng thc cu to
89
MB <
76u
= 38u.
2
2px 2py
sp3
2s
2p
3s
3p
sp
90
2. R thuc nhm VI nn ha tr cao nht trong oxit l VI, vy cng thc oxit
cao nht c dng RO3. Trong oxit ny R chim 40% khi lng nn:
MR
40
MR = 32.
3 16 60
3. X l S. Cc phng trnh phn ng:
H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 8HCl
H2S + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + S + 2HCl
H2S + CuSO4 CuS + H2SO4
3.13 Hng dn:
1. Gi s oxi ha dng cao nht v s oxi ha m thp nht ca R ln lt l
+m v -n.
S oxi ha cao nht ca R trong oxit l +m nn lp ngoi cng nguyn t
R c m electron.
S oxi ha trong hp cht ca R vi hiro l -n nn t c cu hnh 8
electron bo ha ca kh him, lp ngoi cng nguyn t R cn nhn thm n
electron.
Ta c: m + n = 8. Mt khc, theo bi ra: +m + 2(-n) = +2 m - 2n = 2.
T y tm c: m = 6 v n = 2. Vy R l phi kim thuc nhm VI.
S khi ca R < 34 nn R l O hay S. Do oxi khng to c s oxi ha cao
nht l +6 nn R l lu hunh.
2. Trong hp cht X, S c s oxi ha thp nht nn X c cng thc l H2S.
Gi cng thc oxit Y l SOn.
Do %S = 50% nn
32 50
n = 2. Cng thc ca Y l SO2.
=
16n 50
O
O
91
HO
HO
S
S
11
= 2,2. Vy
5
mt nguyn t trong X+ c in tch ht nhn nh hn 2,2, nguyn t l H (Z = 1).
1. S proton trung bnh ca mt ht nhn nguyn t trong X+ l
ZA (A)
2,5 (loi)
3 (Li)
4 (Be)
7 (N)
H
H
..
.. N ..
..
N
H
H
H
Cng thc cu to
2
3.15 Hng dn:Gi cng thc ca Y2- l [E 5 m Fm ] .
Theo bi, tng s electron trong Y2- bng 50 nn tng s proton trong Y2- bng 48.
Ta c: (5-m)ZE + mZF = 48.
(1)
Ta nhn thy:
92
48
= 9,6 nn E
5
thuc chu k 2, F chu k k tip vi E nn F thuc chu k 3. Mt khc, hai
S proton trung bnh ca mt ht nhn nguyn t trong Y 2- l
(2)
ZE (E)
8 (O)
6,4 (loi)
4,8 (loi)
3,2 (loi)
.. ..O ..
.. O
O S ..
..
.. .. .. ..
.. ..O ..
.. ..
..
2-
S
O
Cng thc cu to
0,5ny
93
O
O
(mol): x
2-
Phn 2:
2Fe + 6H2SO4 (c) t Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
0
(mol): x
1,5x
(mol): y
0,5nx
M My
9 hay M = 9n.
n
ny
Ta lp bng sau:
N
9 (loi)
18 (loi)
27 (nhn)
Vy M l Al.
3.17 Hng dn:
Gi cng thc oxit l MxOy = a mol.
0
ay
ax
0,5nax
M Max
28 . Vy M = 28n.
n
nax
Ta lp bng sau:
N
28 (loi)
56 (nhn)
84 (loi)
94
Lp t l:
x ax 2
ax
ay
ay
0,5nax
M Max
28 . Vy M = 28n.
n
nax
Ta lp bng sau:
N
28 (loi)
56 (nhn)
84 (loi)
x ax 3
0,5na
Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng 6,75 gam nn:
95
M Ma
28 . Vy M = 28n.
n
na
Lp t l:
Ta lp bng sau:
N
28 (loi)
56 (nhn)
84 (loi)
4b
(12x 2y)c
3
Ta c: 4b +
(3x 2y)c
3
(12x 2y)c
(3x 2y)c
= 0,34 v b +
= 0,055.
3
3
x xc 3
8
S oxi ha ca st trong oxit l + , ha tr ca st l II v III (FeO.Fe2O3).
3
3.20 Hng dn:
Gi a l di mi cnh ca hnh lp phng v r l bn knh ca nguyn t
kim loi.
- c kht ca mng tinh th lp phng tm khi.
Trong mng th lp phng tm khi, mi qu cu u tm ca mt hnh lp
phng v tip xc trc tip vi 8 qu cu 8 nh. Xt hnh ch nht ABCD.
Theo bi: AB = a nn ta tnh c: BC = a 2 ; AC = a 3 = 4r.
96
A
a
a 2
a 3 =4r
1
= 2.
8
64r 3
3 3
4 3
r .
3
V
3
.100% =
.100% = 68%.
,
V
8
D
D
C
C
D
a
a
a 2 = 4.r
C
1
1
+ 8 = 4.
2
8
97
V
2
.100% =
.100% = 74%.
,
V
6
64r 3
2 2
4 3
r .
3
1,55
40, 08 1, 67.1024
; N2 =
8,90
63,55 1,67.10 24
N1.
1,55
4
4
. . r13 = 0,74 cm3
. . r13 = 0,74 cm3
24 .
40,08 1,67.10
3
3
r1 = 1,97.10-8 cm = 1,97.
N2.
8,90
4
4
. . r23 = 0,74 cm3
. . r23 = 0,74 cm3
24 .
63
,
55
1
,
67
.
10
3
3
r2 = 1,28.10-8 cm = 1,28
3.22 Hng dn:
1. Trong tinh th kim loi, ion dng kim loi v nguyn t kim loi cc nt
ca mng tinh th. Cc electron ha tr lin kt yu vi ht nhn nn d tch khi
nguyn t v chuyn ng t do trong mng tinh th, lc ht gia cc electron ny v
cc ion dng to nn lin kt kim loi.
Nh vy, lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t v ion
kim loi trong mng tinh th do s tham gia ca cc electron c thn.
Lin kt kim loi v lin kt cng ha tr ging nhau l c nhng electron
chung ca cc nguyn t, nhng electron chung trong lin kt kim loi l ca tt c
nhng nguyn t kim loi c mt trong n cht.
Lin kt kim loi v lin kt ion u c hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia
98
cc phn t tch in tri du, nhng cc phn t tch in tri du trong lin kt kim
loi l ion dng kim loi v cc electron t do.
2. Tnh c nh kim: Trong tinh th kim loi c cc electron t do c kh nng
phn x hu ht cc tia sng trong vng nhn thy nn kim loi tinh khit thng c
nh kim.
Tnh do: Khi tc dng lc ln tinh th kim loi, cc nguyn t kim loi ch b
x dch v tr trong mng tinh th, lin kt kim loi vn c duy tr nn tinh th kim
loi ch b bin dng m khng b ph v.
Tnh dn in: Khi ni hai u dy dn kim loi vi mt hiu in th, di tc
dng ca t trng, cc electron t do chuyn ng c hng gy ra dng in.
Tnh dn nhit: Khi t nng mt u dy dn kim loi, cc electron s
chuyn ng nhit mnh v di chuyn n cc vng c nhit thp hn, trn ng
i chng va chm vi cc nt mng v cc electron khc, bin mt phn ng nng
thnh nhit nng v lm cho cc vng nng dn ln, gy ra tnh dn nhit ca kim
loi.
3.23 Hng dn:
1. Gi bn knh nguyn t ca Na l r.
Theo bi 15, trong mng tinh th lp phng tm khi ta c: a 3 = 4r.
Do : r =
a 3
= 0,186 (nm).
4
1
= 2.
8
99
M
7,68.10 -23 g
=
= 0,97 g/cm3. (Gi tr thc t l 0,97g/cm3).
V 7,89.10 - 23 cm 3
4r
2
= 3,51.10-8 (cm).
1
1
+ 8 = 4.
2
8
1,67.10-24 g = 392,12.10-24 g
M
392,12.10 -24 g
=
= 9,06 g/cm3. (Gi tr thc t l 8,90g/cm3).
V
43,24.10 - 24 cm 3
1 + 12 (cnh)
1
+ 8 (gc)
2
1
=4
4
1
=4
8
rNa
rCl
0,525 ta tm c:
100
101
Chng 4
PHN NG HA HC
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. Phn loi phn ng ha hc
Cc phn ng ha hc trong t nhin c chia thnh hai loi, loi c s
thay i s oxi ha v loi khng thay i s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t. Loi phn
ng ha hc th nht cn gi l phn ng oxi ha kh.
Phn ng oxi ha kh l phn ng ha hc trong c s chuyn electron
gia cc cht phn ng; hay phn ng oxi ha-kh l phn ng ha hc trong
c s thay i s oxi ha ca mt s nguyn t. Cht c s oxi ha tng sau phn
ng l cht kh, cht c s oxi ha gim l cht oxi ha.
Th d: 2Na + Cl 2 2NaCl l mt phn ng oxi ha kh. S oxi ha
ca Na tng t 0 ln +1, cn s oxi ha ca Cl gim t 0 xung -1.
Phn ng oxi ha-kh c th chia thnh ba loi l: phn ng oxi ha-kh
thng thng, phn ng oxi ha -kh ni phn t v phn ng t oxi ha, t kh.
Th d: 2KMnO4
t0
102
103
+4
H
Ca
O
O
-1
Cl
-3
-1
CH3 CH
-2
CH2
S
+1
Cl
-3
-3
CH3 CH CH3
OH
104
Cch nh: i vi cht oxi ha v cht kh: kh cho o nhn (o l cht oxi
ha). i vi qu trnh oxi ha, kh: cht oxi ha tham gia qu trnh kh, cht kh
tham gia qu trnh oxi ha .
5. Phn ng oxi ha - kh l phn ng ha hc xy ra trong c s chuyn
electron gia cc cht phn ng.
Ch : Do electron khng tn ti trng thi t do nn hai qu trnh oxi ha
v kh lun xy ra ng thi (tc l c qu trnh oxi ha th phi c qu trnh kh
v ngc li). Tng s electron do cht kh nhng bng tng s electron do cht
oxi ha nhn.
Du hiu nhn bit
1. S oxi ha: l s tng s oxi ha
2. S kh: l s gim s oxi ha
3. Cht oxi ha l cht c s oxi ha gim.
4. Cht kh l cht c s oxi ha tng.
5. Phn ng oxi ha - kh l phn ng ha hc trong c s thay i s oxi
ha ca mt hoc nhiu nguyn t.
IV. D on tnh cht oxi ha-kh ca mt hp cht da vo s oxi ha
Mt nguyn t c th tn ti nhiu trng thi oxi ha (s oxi ha) khc nhau.
Th d:
N c th c cc s oxi ha : -3, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5.
S c th c cc s oxi ha : -2, 0, +4, +6
Nhn xt:
- Nu mt nguyn t tn ti trng thi oxi ha cao nht th ch c th gim s oxi
ha nn ch c th ng vai tr l cht oxi ha .
- Nu mt nguyn t tn ti trng thi oxi ha thp nht th ch c th tng s oxi
ha nn ch c th ng vai tr l cht kh.
105
106
Fe2O3 + H2
tO
Fe + H2O
Fe2O3 + H2
Cht oxi ha : Fe+3 (trong Fe2O3)
Cht kh:
107
H02
tO
+1
Fe + H2O
H02 2H+1 +2 x 1e
Cu + H2SO4c
tO
+6
Cu + H2SO4c
tO
+2
+4
108
1 x Cu Cu+2 + 2e
1 x S+6 + 2e S+4
Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ha , cht kh vo phng trnh
Do H2SO4 va ng vai tr l cht oxi ha va ng vai tr l mi trng nn
h s ca n trong phng trnh khng phi l h s ca qu trnh kh m phi
cng thm phn tham gia lm mi trng. Nhng hp cht ng hai vai tr nh
vy thng cn bng h s cui cng.
+6
+4
+2
tO
Cu +2H2SO4c
FeS2 + O2
tO
+2 -1
Fe2O3 + SO2
( FeS2 )
tO
FeS2 + O2
+3 -2
+4 -2
Fe2O3 + SO2
2FeS2
2FeS2
O 2 + 4e 2O-2
109
2Fe+3 + 4S+4
+ 22e
11 x O 2 + 4e 2O-2
Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ha , cht kh vo phng trnh
+2 -1
4FeS2 + 11O2
+4 -2
+3 -2
tO
2Fe2O3 + 8 SO2
C3H8
+ O2
tO
CO2 + H2O
+ O2
tO
+4 -2
CO2
-2
+ H2O
Cht kh: O 2
Nhn xt: trong phn ng trn tt c cc nguyn t C u b oxi ha thnh
CO2 nn s dng s oxi ha trung bnh cn bng phng trnh ha hc.
Bc 2: Vit qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh:
3C-8/3 3C+4 + 20e (qu trnh oxi ha )
0
O 2 + 4e 2O-2
5 x O 2 + 4e 2O-2
Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ha, cht kh vo phng trnh
110
-8/3
C3H8 + 5O2
+4 -2
tO
-2
3CO2 + 4H2O
CH3 CH
OH
OH
CH3 CH
-2
+7
-1
+4
CH3 CH
OH
Mn+7
(trong KMnO4)
3 CH3 CH
-2
+7
-1
3 CH3 CH
OH
+4
(H2O v KOH khng tham gia vo qu trnh oxi ha kh nn cn bng cui cng)
VI. iu kin xy ra phn ng oxi ha kh
Khi mt cht kh gp mt cht oxi ha liu c xy ra phn ng ha hc
trong mi trng hp khng? Thc t khng phi nh vy. Phn ng oxi ha kh
111
xy ra theo chiu: cht oxi ha mnh phn ng vi cht kh mnh to ra cht oxi
ha yu hn v cht kh yu hn.
Xt hai cp oxi ha - kh: Oxh1/Kh1 v Oxh2/Kh2
Oxh1 + Kh2 Kh1 + Oxh2
Phn ng trn xy ra khi :
Tnh oxi ha : Oxh1 > Oxh2
Tnh kh
Fe
+2
+2
Cu SO 4 Fe SO 4 Cu
Nhn xt:
+ T phn ng oxi ha - kh c th so snh c kh nng oxi ha hoc kh
ca cc cht.
+ Hoc nu bit kh nng oxi ha - kh ca cc cht c th d on c mt
phn ng oxi ha - kh c xy ra hay khng.
VII. Cc cht oxi ha, cht kh thng gp
1. n cht c th l cht oxi ha, c th l cht kh
-
nhng nguyn t c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ns 2np2 (C, Si), ns2np3 (N, P),
ns2np4(O, S), ns2np5 (F, Cl, Br, I). Trong cc halogen v oxi l nhng n cht
oxi ha mnh nht.
-
Trong cc nhm IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA tnh oxi ha gim theo chiu tng
dn ca bn knh nguyn t.
-
112
ln. Th d trong nhm IA, tnh kh yu nht l liti (Li) v tnh kh mnh nht l
xesi (Cs) tr nguyn t Fr l nguyn t phng x.
-
HClO2
HClO3
HClO4
Ch :
- Vi KMnO4 ty theo mi trng xy ra phn ng m Mn +7 b kh xung cc
trng thi oxi ha khc nhau:
+ Mi trng axit (H+): Mn+7 Mn+2 (tn ti dng mui Mn2+)
+ Mi trng trung tnh (H2O): Mn+7 Mn+4 (tn ti dng MnO2)
+ Mi trng kim (OH-): Mn+7 Mn+6 (tn ti dng K2MnO4)
Th d:
(1) 2KMnO4 + 10KI + 8H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5I2 + 6K2SO4 + 8H2O
(2) 2KMnO4 + 6KI + 4H2O 2MnO2 + 3I2 + 8KOH
(3) 2KMnO4 + H2O2 + 2KOH 2K2MnO4 + O2 + 2H2O
- Vi HNO3 ty theo bn cht ca cht kh v nng ca axit m N +5 b kh
xung cc trng thi oxi ha khc nhau: N +4 (NO2), N+2 (NO), N+1 (N2O), N0
(N2), N-3 (NH4NO3).
Th d:
113
(2) Fe + 4HNO3long
N2 + 2H2O + 1/2 O2
4) 2Ag + 2H2SO4
Cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng sau theo phng php thng bng
electron:
1) Al + Fe2O3
Al2O3 + Fe
MnO2 + K2MnO4 + O2
4.4
114
Fe
Cu
Fe 2+
Bit rng, theo chiu t tri sang phi tnh oxi ha tng dn v tnh kh
gim dn. Hi:
a. Fe c th tan trong dung dch FeCl 3 v dung dch CuCl2 c khng?
b. Cu c th tan trong dung dch FeCl 2 v dung dch FeCl3 c khng?
4.5 Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t Cl, N, Mn, C trong cc cht sau:
a. HCl, Cl2, HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4
b. NH3, N2, N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2, N2O5
c. KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO2, MnSO4, Mn
d. C, CO2, Na2CO3, CO, Al4C3, CaC2, CH2O
Hy nhn xt v s oxi ha ca mt nguyn t?
4.6 Cho 19,2 g Cu tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO 3. Tt c lng kh NO sinh ra
em oxi ha thnh NO2 ri sc vo nc cng vi dng kh oxi chuyn ht
thnh HNO3. Tnh th tch oxi (ktc) tham gia vo qu trnh trn.
4.7 Cho ag hn hp A gm FeO, CuO, Fe 3O4 (c s mol bng nhau) tc dng va
vi 250ml dung dch HNO3 thu c dung dch B v 3,136 lit hn hp NO 2 v
NO c t khi so vi hiro l 20,143. Tnh a v C M ca HNO3.
4.8 m g phoi bo st (A) ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn hp (B)
c khi lng 30g gm Fe v cc oxit FeO, Fe 3O4, Fe2O3. Cho B tc dng hon ton
vi axit nitric thy gii phng ra 5,6 lit kh NO duy nht (ktc). Tnh m?
4.9 Ha tan ht 4,431g hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO 3 long thu c dung dch
A v 1,568lit (ktc) hn hp hai kh (u khng mu) c khi lng 2,59g, trong
mt kh b ha nu trong khng kh.
1.Tnh thnh phn % v th tch mi kh trong hn hp.
2. Tnh s mol HNO3 tham gia phn ng.
3. C cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
4.10 in phn dung dch cha 0,02 mol FeSO 4 v 0,06mol HCl vi dng in
1,34 A trong 2 gi(in cc tr, c mng ngn). Tnh khi lng kim loi thot ra
115
b) CH3-CH2-CH=CH2
c) C6H5-CH3
d) CH3-CH2-CH=O
116
e) CH3-COO-CH2-CH3
4.16
f) HCOOH
Na2SO3 + H2O
KNO2 + 1/2O2
SO2
Cu + H2O
Na+ + e
117
Fe3O4
6) Fe2+
Fe3+ + e
3) C + H2SO4
4) NH3 + O2
t
t o , Pt
N2O + H2O
0
5) Fe3O4 + Al
6) CuO + H2
Al2O3 + Fe
Cu + H2O
118
2) Zn + HNO3 (long)
Zn(NO3)2 + NO + H2O
3) Zn + HNO3 (c)
4) Al + H2SO4 (c)
4.22 Thit lp cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php
thng bng electron:
0
1) KClO3
2) KMnO4
KCl + O2
K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
4) KNO3
t
0
5 ) HgO
KNO2 + O2
Hg + O2
4.23 Vit cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng
bng electron:
119
1) NH4NO2
N2 + H2O
2) NH4NO3
N2O + H2O
5) Cl2 + KOH
120
4.25
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng
bng electron .
0
1) C2H6O + O2
CO2 + H2O
CH3-COOH + Ag + NH4NO3
4.27 Vit cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng
bng electron:
1) Al + HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + N2O + H2O
Vi t l th tch VNO : VN2 O = 3 : 1
2) FeO + HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + H2O
T phn ng (2) c th thit lp ngay phn ng (3) sau khng?
3)
121
to
to
122
Na, H 2S, H2SO4, HBr, O2, Fe3+, Fe2+, SO2, NH3, Al, FeO, Cl-. Vit phng
trnh ha hc minh ho?
4.34 Hy k tn cc cht cha Cl c tnh cht:
a) Kh
b) Oxi ha
c) Va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh?
4.35 Mt cht oxi ha gp mt cht kh c nht thit xy ra phn ng oxi ha kh hay khng? Cho th d minh ho?
4.36
Br2/2Br-. Theo chiu t tri qua phi tnh oxi ha ca cc ion kim loi, phi kim
tng dn; tnh kh ca kim loi v ion phi kim gim dn. Hy hon thnh cc phn
ng sau (nu c):
2) Fe + AgNO 3
3) Cu + FeCl3
4) Ag + CuSO4
5) KI + FeCl3
1) Fe + Br2
123
H1 = - 41,3 kJ
H2 = - 112,5 kJ
H3 = - 201,0 kJ
- H2 = + 112,5 kJ
- H3 = + 201,0 kJ
H1 = - 41,3 kJ
H5 = 44,01 kJ
Cng theo tng v cc qu trnh trn v loi i cc cht trung gian, ta thu c phng
trnh: CO(NH2)2 (r) + H2O (l) CO2 (k) + 2NH3 (k) c nhit ca phn ng l H = (H3) + (- H2) + H1 + H5 + 2. H4. Thay s c H = 131,61 kJ.
4.40 Nhit ta ra khi t chy hon ton 1 mol ru etylic 298K l 277,63 kJ.
Hi khi t chy hon ton 1lt ru ny iu kin th lng nhit ta ra l
bao nhiu ? Nu dng lng nhit ny un nc (nhit ban u l 200C) th
c th un si c bao nhiu lt (hiu sut ca qu trnh ny l 70%). Cho bit
khi lng ring ca ru l d = 0,78513 g/cm 3, nhit dung ring ca nc l
1cal/g.. Khi lng ring ca nc l 1g/cm 3. Mru = 46,07.
Gi Khi lng ru em t l 1000 x 0,78513 = 785,13 (g).
S mol ru l:
785,13
= 17,042(mol) nhit ta ra l 17,042 x 277,63 =
46,07
4731,37
= 1130,825 (kcal) .
4,184
124
100
= 114.285,71 cal.
70
1130,825x1000
= 9,9 (lit).
114285,71
a. Ha = - 202,4 kJ
b. Hb = - 114,4 kJ
c. Hc = - 311,5 kJ
d. Hd = - 1559,7 kJ
125
1
O2 (k) CO2 (k)
2
1
O2 (k) CO (k), bit:
2
H1 = - 393,5 kJ
H1 = - 283,0 kJ
p s: - 110,5 kJ.
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM
4.44. Ha tan hon ton 2,4g kim loi Mg vo dung dch HNO 3 long, gi s
ch thu c V lt kh N 2 duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,672 lt
B.6,72lt
C.0,448 lt
D.4,48 lt
4.45. Cho amoniac NH3 tc dng vi oxi nhit cao c xc tc thch hp sinh
ra nit oxit NO v nc. Phng trnh ho hc l
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
Trong phn ng trn, NH3 ng vai tr
A. l cht oxi ho.
B. l cht kh.
C. l mt baz.
D. l mt axit.
4.46. Cho phng trnh ha hc phn ng kh hp cht Fe(II) bng oxi khng kh
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3
Kt lun no sau y l ng?
A. Fe(OH)2 l cht kh, H2O l cht oxi ho.
B. Fe(OH)2 l cht kh, O2 l cht oxi ho.
C. O2 l cht kh, H2O l cht oxi ho.
D. Fe(OH)2 l cht kh, O2 v H2O l cht oxi ho.
4.47 Trong s cc phn ng sau, phn ng oxi ho- kh ni phn t l
A. 4FeS2 +11 O
2
B. CaCO3
CaO + CO2
t0
C. NH4NO3
8SO2 + 2Fe2O3
t0
N2O + 2H2O
126
4.48 Dn hai lung kh Cl2 i qua hai dung dch (1) KOH long v ngui; dung
dch (2) KOH c v un nng. Vit v cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxi ha
kh. Nu lng mui KCl sinh ra trong hai dung dch bng nhau th t l th tch
clo i qua hai dung dch KOH (1) v (2) bng bao nhiu?
A. 3/5
B. 5/3
C. 4/5
D. 5/4
t 0 , MnO2
2KCl + 3O2
Cc phn ng oxi ha kh l
A. 1
B. 2
C. 1 v 2
D. 1 v 3.
B. 3, 28, 9, 1, 14
C. 3, 26, 9, 2, 13
D. 2, 28, 6, 1, 14
B. CuCl2
C. ZnCl2
D. FeSO4
4.53 Phn ng no sau y thuc loi phn ng t oxi ho, t kh (hay t oxi ho
- kh)?
127
A. 2KClO3
to
2KCl + 3O2
1
1
I 2 H2
2
2
tocao
HI;
H = -26,57 kJ
Hi lng nhit to ra l bao nhiu khi cho 0,5 mol phn t iot tc dng hon ton
vi hiro?
A. 26,57 kJ
B. 27,65 kJ
C. 26,75 kJ
D. 53,14 kJ
2KNO2 + O2
3. CaO + C
CaC2 + CO
128
8. CuO + H2
CaO + CO2
0
Cu + H2O
B. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
C. 2, 3, 4, 6, 8
D. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
A. KClO3
B. KMnO4
C. KNO3
KCl + O2
to
to
K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
KNO2 + O2
to
D. NH4NO3
N2 O + H 2 O
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP
4.44.
4.45.
4.46.
4.47.
4.48.
4.49.
4.50.
4.51.
4.52.
4.53.
4.54.
4.55.
4.56.
4.57.
4.58.
+2 -2 +1
CO2 + Ca(OH)2
129
+2 +4 -2
+1
-2
CaCO3 + H2O
3.
-3
o
1 o
N2 + 2H2O + 2 O2
+5
NH4NO3
to
+1 -1
+2 -1
ZnO + 2HCl
ZnCl2
+1 -2
+ H2O
1)
+3
2Al + Fe2O3
tO
+3
Al2O3 + 2Fe
1 x 2Al0 2Al+3 + 6e
1 x 2Fe+3 + 6e 2Fe0
2)
+5
+3
-3
8NaAlO2 + 3NH3
8x Al0 Al+3 + 3e
3 x N+5 + 8e N-3
130
+2
+5
+2
11Mg +28HNO3
11 x Mg0 Mg+2 + 2e
2 x N+5 + 11e 2N+1 + N+2
-3
+7
+3
tO
4) C6H5CH3 +2KMnO4
+4
1 x C-3 C+3 + 6e
2 x Mn+7 + 3e Mn+4
+7
-2
5) 2KMnO4
tO
+4
+6
K 2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
1 x 2O-2 O20 + 4e
1 x 2Mn+7 + 4e Mn+6 + Mn+4
4.3 Hng dn:
a. Trong phn t NH3, N c s oxi ha -3 l s oxi ha thp nht nn ch c
th nhng electron tng s oxi ha tc l ch th hin tnh kh.
-3
+2
tO
2NH3 + 3CuO
N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O
S + H2
S + O2
tO
tO
+1 -2
H2S
+4 -2
SO2
131
Hng dn:
a. Fe c th tan trong c hai dung dch FeCl3 v CuCl2 theo cc phn ng sau:
o
+3
Kh
OX
+2
Fe + 2FeCl3
3FeCl2
OX (Kh)
+2
Kh1
FeCl2 + Cu
Fe + CuCl2
Oxh1
Oxh2
Kh2
V tnh kh : Fe > Cu
tnh oxi ha : Cu2+ > Fe2+
b. Tng t ta c:
Cu tan trong dung dch FeCl3 nhng khng tan c trong dung dch FeCl 2.
Cu + 2FeCl 3 CuCl2 + 2FeCl2
4.5 Hng dn:
S oxi ha ca cc nguyn t Cl, N, Mn, C ln lt l:
a) -1, 0, +1, +3, +5, +7
b) -3, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5
c) +7, +6, +4, +2, 0
d) 0, +4, +4, +2, - 4, -1, 0
Nhn xt: S oxi ha ca clo l cc s l 1, 3, 5, 7.
4.6 Hng dn:
Cch gii 1: Tnh theo phng trnh
3Cu
+ 8HNO3
(1)
132
(mol) 0,3
0,2
2NO
2 NO2
+ O2
(mol) 0,2
(2)
0,1
0,2
(3)
0,05
4x = 0,6
x = 0,15
O2 + 4e 2O- 2
x
4x
(I)
(II)
x : y = 9 : 5 ta s dng t s ny
+ 2HNO3
Cu(NO3)2
+ H2O
(1)
9 N+4
5N+5 + 15e
5 N+2 x 1
Fe+2
-1e
Fe+3
(2)
x 24
Tng t ta c:
24Fe3O4 + 230HNO3 = 72 Fe(NO3)3 + 9NO2 + 5 NO + 115H2O
(3)
133
z
z = 0,12
Vy
2z
0,14mol
n HNO3 = nNO + n NO2 +3nFe + 2nCu = 0,14 + 3(0,12x4) + 2x0,12 =1,82 (mol)
Vy C M HNO3 = 1,82 : 0,25 = 7,28M.
4.8 Hng dn:
Cch gii 1: Phng php i s
Cc phng trnh ha hc:
Fe
+ 1/2O2 FeO
3Fe
+ 2O2
Fe3O4
(2)
2Fe
+ 3/2O2 Fe2O3
(3)
(1)
Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
(4)
(5)
(6)
Fe + 4HNO3
Fe2O3 +6HNO3
2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O
(7)
(I)
134
Fe 3e Fe 3
o
O 2e O 2
N+5 + 3e N+2
Do s mol NO = 0,25 (theo gi thit), s mol Fe l x v s mol nguyn t oxi l y,
theo quy tc bo ton e ta c: 3x = 2y + 0,75 (I)
Mt khc B ch gm Fe v O nn ta cn c 56x + 16y = 30 (II) gii h ta c
x = 0,45 v m = 0,45 x 56 = 25,2 (g).
4.9 Hng dn:
1. Tnh % v th tch ca hn hp kh theo phng php ng cho:
Hai kh u khng mu l cc oxit ca nit, trong kh b ha nu trong khng
kh chnh l NO (M=30) , M trung bnh ca hn hp kh l 2,59 : 0,07= 37 Vy kh th hai c
M > 37 l N2O c M = 44.
135
Ta thit lp ng cho
N2O
M = 44
M =37
NO
VN2O : V NO = 1:1
M = 30
%N2O = 50%
% NO = 50%
+ Cl2
m H2 = 0,06g =
1,34t1
26,8
(1)
(2)
136
n Cl2 = 0,03(mol),
n O2 = 1/2 nFe = 0,01(mol)
Th t in phn katot
H+ + 1e 1/2 H2
(mol) 0,02
-
Th t in phn anot
1/2 Cl2
Cl- - 1e
(mol) 0,06 0,06
0,03
1/2O2 + 2H+
H2O - 2e
(mol)
(1)
(2)
137
64It1
AIt1
=
2 26,8
nF
(I)
(II)
108y =
Gii ra ta c x = 0,02; y =0,02
108I(4 - t1 )
26,8
(III)
C M Cu(NO3 )2 = 0,1 M
C M Ag(NO3 ) = 0,1 M
C M Cu(NO3 )2 = 0,1 M
CM Ag(NO3 ) = 0,1 M
Fe2(SO4)3
(mol)
x
CuSO4
(mol)
y
HCl
(mol)
2Fe3+ + 3SO422x
3x
Cu2+ + SO42y
H+ + Clz
- Qu trnh in phn:
Katot
2Fe3+ + 2e 2Fe2+
Anot
2Cl- - 2e Cl2
Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Cu thot ra katot, chng t Fe3+ b in phn ht. nCu= 5,12 : 64 = 0,08 (mol)
138
(mol)
(2)
(mol)
2x
(3)
2x 2x
(mol) (y - 0,08)
(4)
(y -0,08)
2x
(5)
2x
A.I.t
(m = 7,1g, n = 2)
n.F
t=
(I)
139
140
nung
St oxit + cacbon
st oxit
nung
st + cacbon oxit
141
gin, cc phi kim, cc kim loi, cc "t". ng sai lm coi nh sng v nhit l
hai nguyn t, l hai thc th vt cht.
Thuyt oxi ha v sch khi lun v ha hc dn dn c ting vang ln
Php ri lan truyn sang cc nc ngoi nh c, H Lan, Italia, Thy in, Ty
Ban Nha, Ba Lan,...ri sang n nc Nga.
B ch: Prili, cui i mnh, di c sang M sng v tip tc nghin cu khoa
hc, c ln ting phn i Lavoadi khng trung thc, khng nh ngi pht minh ra
oxi l mnh, nm 1774. ng nhc li rng thng 10 ng k cho Lavoadi nghe
l ng tch c thy ngn oxit thnh kh mi v thy ngn,
Trong sch ca mnh nm 1789, Lavoadi c vit "l lng" v kh oxi "oxi l
kh m chng ti, ng Priti, ng Sil v ti cng pht hin ra gn nh ng
thi". Chng ta ngy nay c th nh gi nh th ny? Lavoadi khng phi l
ngi pht hin ra oxi u tin, nhng l ngi c cng ln trong vic khng nh
c bn cht v ngha to ln ca oxi.
142
Chng 5
NHM HALOGEN
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. Cu to nguyn t, tnh cht ca n cht halogen
1. Cu hnh electron nguyn t
Flo, clo, brom v iot c cu hnh electron nh sau:
F:[He]2s22p5; Cl:[Ne]3s23p5; Br :[Ar]4s24p5; I:[Kr]5s25p5
Ging nhau: Lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc halogen c 7 electron
v c cu hnh ns2np5 (n l s th t ca chu k).
Khc nhau: T flo qua clo n brom v iot, bn knh nguyn t tng dn lp
electron ngoi cng cng xa ht nhn hn, lc ht ca ht nhn i vi lp
electron ngoi cng cng yu hn.
Lp electron ngoi cng : flo phn lp 3d c nng lng qu xa cc mc nng
lng 2s v sp cho nn khng th b p c bng cc phn ng ha hc, do
flo ch c mc oxi ha +1 , cc halogen khc c phn lp d cn trng, nh clo c
cc s oxi ha +1, +3, + 5, +7.
2. Cc halogen c m in ln
Cc gi tr m in theo thang Paulinh:
F: 3,98 ;
Cl: 3,16;
Br: 2,96;
I: 2,66
+ Cl2 2HCl
143
+ Cl2 CuCl2
Cl2
dp
2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
Clorua vi: CaOCl2 c cng dng tng t nc giaven. Tuy nhin, clorua vi c gi
thnh r hn v c th vn chuyn i xa, do c s dng rng ri hn.
iu ch clorua vi:
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O
144
70 1000 C
HClO2
HClO3
HClO4
Chiu tng tnh axit v bn, chiu gim ca tnh oxi ha.
B. BI TP C LI GII
5.1 Nguyn t clo c 2 ng v bn
35
17
Cl v
37
17
5.5
145
5.6
Nguyn t R l phi kim thuc phn nhm chnh trong bng tun hon. T l
gia phn trm nguyn t R trong oxit cao nht v phn trm R trong hp cht kh
vi hiro bng 0,5955. Cho 4,05 gam mt kim loi M cha r ha tr tc dng ht
vi n cht R th thu c 40,05 gam mui. Xc nh cng thc ca mui M.
5.9
I (X) thu c 0,896 lit kh nguyn cht ( ktc). Ha tan a gam mui A vo
100ml dung dch HCl 1M cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3 d thu c 25,83
gam kt ta. Dung dch AgNO3 d cho tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch HCl 1M.
Xc nh tn phi kim cng thc tng qut ca mui A.
5.10
Cho 31,84 gam hn hp NaX, NaY (X, Y l hai halogen 2 chu k lin
X, Y l hai nguyn t halogen thuc hai chu k lin tip trong h thng
146
a) kt ta hon ton 2,2 gam hn hp A, phi dng 150 ml dung dch AgNO 3
0,2M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c?
b) Xc nh hai nguyn t X, Y.
5.13
dung dch X. Nu ly 250 ml dung dch X (cha 27 gam mui) cho vo AgNO 3
d th thu c 57,4 gam kt ta. Mt khc in phn 125 ml dung dch X trn th
c 6,4 gam kim loi bm catot. Xc nh cng thc mui.
5.14
Mt hn hp ba mui NaF, NaCl, NaBr nng 4,82 gam ha tan hon ton
* 5,76 gam A tc dng vi lng d dung dch brom, c cn thu c 5,29 gam
mui khan.
* Ha tan 5,76 gam A vo nc ri cho mt lng kh clo sc qua dung dch. Sau
mt thi gian, c cn th thu c 3,955 gam mui khan, trong c 0,05 mol ion
clorua.
a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
b) Tnh thnh phm phn trm khi lng mi mui trong A.
5.16
vo hn hp trn ngi ta thu c lng kt ta bng khi lng AgNO 3 tham gia
phn ng. Tm % khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
5.17
mi bnh kh, th thy kh cha trong hai bnh tan ht. Sau trn dung dch trong
hai bnh li vi nhau. Hy xc nh nng mol/l ca cc cht trong dung dch
sau khi trn ln, bit rng bnh cha hiroclorua c th tch gp 3 ln th tch cha
amoniac, cc kh o ktc.
147
5.18
gam. Nhit phn hon ton A ta thu c cht rn B gm CaCl 2, KCl v 17,472lit
O2 . Cho cht rn B tc dng vi 360ml dung dch K 2CO3 0,5M (va ) thu c
kt ta C v dung dch D. Lng KCl trong dung dch D nhiu gp
22
ln lng
3
KCl c trong A.
a) Tnh khi lng kt ta A.
b) Tnh % khi lng ca KClO3 trong A.
5.19
lit dung dch HCl 37% (D = 1,19 g/ml) bng cch cho lng mui n trn tc dng
vi axit sunfuric m c v un nng. Tnh hiu sut ca qu trnh iu ch trn.
5.20
b)
Tnh :
Bit rng khi phn hy hon ton 73,5 gam kaliclorat th thu c 33,5 gam
kaliclorua.
5.21
Ha tan 1,74 gam MnO2 trong 200ml axit clohiric 2M. Tnh nng (mol/l)
ca HCl v MnCl2 trong dung dch sau khi phn ng kt thc. Gi thit kh clo thot
hon ton khi dung dch v th tch ca dung dch khng bin i.
5.22
ng khi lng dung dch tng thm 7,0 gam. Khi lng nhm v magie trong
hn hp u l bao nhiu gam?
148
5.24
2KCl + 3O2
K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
Trong A1 c 0,894 gam KCl chim 8,132% khi lng. Trn lng O 2 thu c
trn vi khng kh theo t l th tch VO2 : VKK 1: 3 trong mt bnh kn ta c
hn hp kh A2.
Cho vo bnh 0,528 gam cacbon ri t chy ht cacbon thu c hn hp kh A3
gm 3 kh, trong CO2 chim 22,92% th tch.
a) Tnh khi lng mA.
b) Tnh % khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp A.
Cho bit: Khng kh cha 80% N2 v 20% O2 v th tch.
5.25
Cho lng axit clohiric, thu c khi ch ha 200 gam mui n cng
Nu cch tinh ch :
Cn bao nhiu gam KMnO4 v bao nhiu ml dung dch axit clohiric 1M
149
5.29
Ha tan 1,74 gam MnO2 trong 200 ml axit clohiric 2M. Tnh nng (mol/l)
ca HCl v MnCl2 trong dung dch sau khi phn ng kt thc. Gi thit kh clo thot
hon ton khi dung dch v th tch ca dung dch khng bin i.
p s: C M HCl 1,6 M ; C M MnCl2 0,1 M
5.30
t0
AB
A MnO2 H 2SO4 C D E F
A
G C
pnc
G H 2O L M vC L
5.31
t0
KClO 3 A F
dung dch. Sau khi phn ng thc hin xong, lm bay hi dung dch, lm kh sn
phm th thy khi lng sn phm nh hn khi lng hn hp 2 mui ban u
l m gam.
150
bng than c mng ngn xp v dung dch lun lun c khuy u. Sau mt
thi gian catot thot ra 22,4 lit kh o iu kin 20 0C, 1atm. Hp cht cha
trong dung dch sau khi kt thc in phn l cht g? Xc nh C% ca n.
p s: C%NaOH = 8,32%
5.35
thu c 0,96 gam kim loi M catt v 0,896 lit kh ( ktc) ant. Mt khc
ha tan a gam mui A vo nc, sau cho tc dng vi AgNO 3 d th thu c
11,48 gam kt ta.
Hi X l halogen no ?
p s: X l clo
5.36
151
Dung dch X c to thnh bng cch ha tan 3 mui KCl, FeCl 3, BaCl2.
Cho A phn ng vi brom d sau c cn dung dch thu c duy nht mt mui
khan B c khi lng (m - 47) gam. Ha tan B vo nc v cho tc dng vi clo
d sau c cn dung dch thu c duy nht mt mui khan C c khi lng
(m-89) gam. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ha hc v tnh % khi lng ca
mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
p s: 40,71% NaBr v 59,29%NaI
5.40
27,75 gam khong vt trn n khi lng khng i thy khi lng cht rn
gim 10,8 gam. Ha tan cht rn vo trong nc ri cho tc dng vi AgNO 3
d th thu c 43,05 gam kt ta. Lp cng thc ca khong vt trn.
p s: KCl.MgCl2.6H2O.
5.41
20ml dung dch ny thu c 1,732 gam cht rn. Ly 20ml dung dch mui phn
ng vi brom ri lm bay hi thu c 1,685 gam cht rn kh. Sau cho clo tc
dng vi 120ml dung dch trn, sau khi bay hi thu c 1,4625 gam kt ta kh.
a) Tnh nng CM ca tng mui trong dung dch.
152
Chia 8,84 gam hn hp MCl v BaCl 2 thnh hai phn bng nhau. Ha tan
Kim loi l Na
%m NaCl 52,94%
%m BaCl 2 47,06%
V = 0,84lit
5.43
dung dch HCl 37% (d = 1,19 g/ml) bng cch cho lng mui n trn tc dng
vi axit sunfuric m c v un nng. Tnh hiu sut ca qu trnh iu ch trn.
p s:
H% = 92,85%
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM
5.44 Phn ng no sau y c dng iu ch clo trong phng th nghim ?
A. 2NaCl
pnc
B. 2NaCl + 2H2O
2Na + Cl2
pdd
m.n
C. MnO2 + 4HClc
to
H2 + 2NaOH + Cl2
MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
153
A. Mui trung ho
B. Mui kp
C. Mui ca 2 axit
D. Mui hn tp
B. Dd AgNO3
C. Dd NaCl
D. Dd KMnO4
B. Cl2
C. Br2
D. I2
D. Dung dch I2
5.50 dung dch cha 1g HBr vo dd cha 1g NaOH. Dung dch thu c lm
cho qu tm chuyn sang mu no sau y?
A. Mu
B. Mu xanh
C. Khng i mu
D. Khng xc nh c
to
2HCl
to
(
c)
NaHSO4 + HCl
C. Nhng i 1 electron
D. Nhng i 7 electron
154
B. NaCl
C. Ca(OH)2
D. NaBr
D. HF, HCl .
B. N2 v O2
C. Cl2 v O2
D. SO2 v O2
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP
5.44.
5.45.
5.46.
5.47.
5.48.
5.49.
5.50.
5.51.
5.52.
5.53.
5.54.
5.55.
5.56.
5.57.
5.58.
155
aA bB
100
a.35 b.37
100
100 a b
35,45
Cu hnh electron
2s22p5
Cl
3s23p5
Br
4s24p5
5s25p5
Flo lun c s oxi ha m bi v: Lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t flo khng
156
+3
+5
+7
5.3
nX
1,3962 n X 74
pX
(s ntron)
AX = pX + nX = 53 + 74 = 127
mt khc :
nX
3,7 n Y 20
nY
phn ng ca X v Y:
Y + X YX
AY
4,29
M YX 18,26
4,29
18,26
AY
MYX
AY
4,29
A Y 127 18,26
A Y 39
A Y p Y n Y 39 p Y 20 p Y 19 Z Y
157
158
159
R 8 x
2. R 8 x
2R 16x
0,5955
11,528.x - 16
0,809
160
-5,53
8,72
22,97
37,22
51,47
65,72
79,97
nghim
loi
loi
loi
loi
loi
loi
nhn
M +
theo ptp:
M gam
theo u bi:
4,05 gam
(M + y.80) gam
40,05 gam
M = 9y
18
27
nghim
loi
loi
nhn
Vy M l nhm
Cng thc ca mui l AlBr3
Hng dn:
K hiu M, X ln lt l khi lng nguyn t ca kim loi M v phi kim X, n
l ha tr ca kim loi.
MX n
(mol) x
PNC
n
2
X2
(1)
xn
2
161
nx mol
AgCl +
HNO3
(2)
0,1
nX 2 c trong mui A :
0,896
0,04 (mol)
22,4
11,48
143,5
0,08
X 83,13
X X Y X 83,13 Y
162
Fe
M + FeX2
0,16.M X 178
2,87
Br
MX :
35,5
80
127
MM :
64
66,5
69,1
Chn
loi
loi
Chn MX = 35,5 X l Cl v MM = 64 M l Cu
Cng thc phn t mui l CuCl2.
b) S mol ca 1/2 lng mui ban u l:
0,16
0,02 (mol)
64 - 56
163
0,03
a) nAgNO3 0,2.0,15
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
NaX + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgX
NaY + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgY
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
mA + mAgNO3 = mNaNO3 + mkt ta
t X > M > Y
Na M + nAgNO3 NaNO3 + Ag M
4,75
158,3
0,03
27g
57,4g
13,5g
28,7
BXn
13,5g
dpdd
B
6,4g
+ nX
7,1g
164
Trong 13,5 (g) BXn c 7,1 (g) X, vy trong 28,7 (g) AgX cng ch c 7,1 (g) X
mAg = 28,7 - 7,1 = 21,6 (g) nAg = 0,2 (mol).
Trong AgX t l kt hp theo s mol nAg : nX = 1 : 1 nX = 0,2 (mol).
MX
7,1
35,5
0,2
Suy ra X l clo
BCln + nAgNO3 nAgCl + B(NO3)n
(mol)
0,2
n
0,2
M BCln
13,5
67,5n
0,2
n
* Nu n = 1
MB = 32
(loi)
* Nu n = 2
MB = 64
B l Cu.
0,03
2
143,5
165
0,01 42
0,087hay 8,7%
4,82
b 0,04 %mNaCl
0,04 58,5
0,485hay 48,5%
4,82
c 0,02 %mNaBr
0,02 103
0,427hay 42,8%
4,82
c mol
58,5a + 103b + 150c = 5,76
0,01
166
0,89
0,02
44,5
0,02
58,5
58,5
b 26,5
1053
100% 27,84%
3782,5
167
HCl
2V
mol
22,4
2V
0,0223M
22,4. 4V
NH4Cl
V
0,01116M
22,4. 4V
(1)
Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 CaCl 2 3O 2
(2)
Ca(ClO) 2 CaCl 2 O 2
(3)
(CaCl2 t CaCl2 )
0
(KCl t KCl)
Tnh:
n O2
n CaCl2
17,472
0,78 (mol)
22,4
n K 2CO3 n CaCO3 0,36 . 0,5 0,18 (mol)
83,68
0,78. 32 0,18. 111
0,52
74,5
22
y
3
168
Vy% KClO 3
0,4.122,5
.100
58,55%
83,68
36,5g
895kg
x = 558,42kg
550,375
100% 98,55%
558
,42
2KCl + 3O2
a
4KClO3
(mol)
(a)
a
o
3KClO4 + KCl
(b)
b
4
73,5
a
0,6
122,5
a b 33,5 0,45
4 74,5
3b
0,15 b 0,2 v a = 0,4
4
169
122
,5 0,4
66,67%
73,5
MnO2
1mol
4HCl
4 mol
0,02mol
0,08mol
MnCl2
Cl 2
2H2O
1mol
0,02mol
2 200
0,4(mol)
1000
Nhn vo phng trnh phn ng, ta thy 1mol MnO 2 tc dng vi 4 mol HCl to
nn 1mol MnCl2. Vy 0,02mol MnO2 tc dng vi 0,08mol HCl to nn
0,02mol MnCl2.
S mol HCl cn li trong dung dch l : 0,4 - 0,08 = 0,32 (mol)
Nng ca HCl cn li trong dung dch l :
0,32 1000
1,6(mol/l)
200
CM HCl =
C MnCl2 =
5.22
0,02 1000
0,1 (mol/l)
200
Hng dn:
(1)
(2)
Theo (1)
1
1
nHCl . 2 0,5mol
4
4
28
C: nFe
0,5mol
56
nCl2
170
nCl2
3
3
nFe . 0,5 0,75mol
2
2
Lng Cl2 thu c sau phn ng (1) khng ha tan 28 (g) Fe.
5.23
Hng dn:
Cc phng trnh ha hc
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2
(mol) x
(1)
1,5x
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2
+ H2
(mol) y
(2)
Hng dn:
2KmnO4
2KCl + 3O2
(1)
Gi n l tng s mol O 2 thot ra t (1) v (2). Sau khi trn n mol O 2 vi 3n mol
khng kh (trong c
3n
4
0,6nmolO2 v .3n 2,4nmolN 2 ) ta thy tng s
5
5
0,528
0,044,v theo iu kin
12
171
(3)
lc nytng
s molkhsauphn ngbng
0,044. 100
0,192
22,92
0,192
0,048 (mol)
4
Khi lng mA = khi lng cht rn cn li + khi lng oxi thot ra.
mA
0,894. 100
32. 0,048 12,53(g)
8,132
Trng hp 2: Nu oxi thiu, tc 1,6n < 0,044, th cacbon chy theo 2 phn ng:
C + O2 CO2
(3)
2C + O2 2CO
(4)
n O2 = 1,6n n'
n' 3,2n 0,044
(0,044
n')
2
22,92
(2,4n 0,044)
100
Gii ra c n = 0,0204
Vym'A
0,894. 100
0,0204
. 32 11,647(g)
8,132
%KClO3
i vi trng hp 2:
172
1,47.100
12,6%
11,647
%KMnO4 100 12,6 87,4%
%KClO
5.25
H 2SO4
NaHSO
4
1mol
x 2,4mol
4HCl
2,4mol
MnO
2
MnCl2
2H2O Cl2
4 mol
2,4mol
3Cl2
3 mol
0,6mol
HCl
1mol
1mol
0,6mol
2Fe
2FeCl3
2 mol
0,4mol
22,4
0,4mol
56
173
174
175
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
u chin tranh th gii ln th nht, kh clo b gii qun s c s dng
lm cht c ha hc. Hng nghn binh lnh Php cht v ht phi kh clo.
Tn gi clo l l ly t ting Hi Lp "Cloros" c ngha l "vng _ lc".
Nm 1811, nh ha hc c I. Shweiger ngh gi l "Halogen", theo ting
Hi Lp c ngha "to mui". Tht vy, clo (cng nh nhng nguyn t cng nhm)
rt d dng ha hp vi kim loi to thnh mui.
Clo dng lng c nh vt l kim ha hc Anh Faraday tm ra nm 1823
176
Chng 6
NHM OXI - LU HUNH
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. Tnh cht ca oxi v lu hunh
Cu hnh electron
Nguyn t oxi c cu hnh electron 1s22s22p4, c 2 electron c thn.
Nguyn t S c cu hnh electron: 1s 22s22p63s23p4, c hai electron c thn.
Nguyn t S c phn lp 3d trng, khi b kch thch c th 1 electron t phn lp
3p sang 3d khi c 4 electron c thn:
1s2
2s2
2p6
3s2
3p3
3d1
1s2
2s2
2p6
3s1
3p3
3d2
2.Tnh cht vt l
Oxi l mt cht kh khng mu, khng mi, hi nng hn khng kh. Oxi t
tan trong nc, oxi ha lng khi b nn p sut cao v nhit thp. Oxi lng l
mt cht lng mu xanh nht, si -183oC.
Oxi c dng th hnh l ozon (O 3). Tng kh ozon l tm o gip che ch
Tri t khi cc tia cc tm, bo v s sng trn hnh tinh xanh.
Lu hunh l cht rn mu vng, nhit nng chy tng i thp
(113oC). Lu hunh khng tan trong nc, nhng tan c trong cc dung mi
hu c. Khi b un nng lu hunh thnh do, mu hi nu, sau nu tip tc
un nng mnh s to ra hi lu hunh c mu nu sm.
3. Tnh cht ha hc
177
H2SO4 +
CuO
H2SO4 long + Fe
H2SO4 +
CuSO4
+ H 2O
FeSO4
+ H 2
178
2H2SO4 c + Cu
4H2SO4 c + 3Mg
t 3MgSO4 + S + 4H2O
16
8
O;
17
8
O v
18
8
O . Nguyn t khi
179
6.5
Dung dch A cha cc ion : SO42-, SO32-, CO32-. Bng nhng phn ng ha
Cho mt lng Cu2S tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO 3 un nng.
Cho bit tng s electron trong anion AB 32- l 42. Trong cc ht nhn A
180
a) Xc nh cc ch s n, m, i v t s x/y.
b) Xc nh cc nguyn t A, B v cc oxit ca chng.
c) Cho bit tnh tan ca cc cht trn trong nc v tnh cht ha hc c bn
ca cc dung dch ca chng.
6.13
bt xc tc V2O5; p sut v nhit trong bnh l P atm v t 0C. Nung nng bnh
mt thi gian, sau a nhit bnh v t 0C, p sut trong bnh lc ny l P.
Lp biu thc P theo P v h (hiu sut phn ng). Hi P c gi tr trong khong
no, bit rng t0C cc cht u th kh.
6.16
bnh kn cha lng d oxi. p sut trong bnh l p 1 atm. un nng bnh phn
ng xy ra hon ton ri a bnh v nhit ban u, p sut kh trong bnh lc
181
ny l p2 atm, khi lng cht rn thu c l b gam. Bit rng th tch cht rn
trong bnh trc v sau phn ng l khng ng k. Hy xc nh cc t s p 1/p2 v
a/b.
6.18
xut c bao nhiu m3 dung dch H2SO4 93% (D = 1,83 g/ml) ? Gi thit t l hao
ht l 5%.
6.20
Ha tan 0,4 gam SO3 vo a gam dung dch H2SO4 10% thu c dung dch
H2SO4 12,25%.
a) Tnh a.
b) Thm 10 ml dung dch Ba(OH) 2 0,5 M vo dung dch thu c trn lc kt
ta thm tip 50 ml dung dch NaOH 0,8 M vo nc lc ri cho bay hi thu c
6,44 gam cht rn X. Xc nh cng thc ca X.
c) Ly 48,3 gam X ha tan trong V ml H 2O thu c dung dch 8%. Tnh V. (
D H2O = 1g/ml).
C. BI TP T LUYN
6.21
cng ca X l 2p4.
a) Vit cu hnh e v xc nh v tr X, Y trong bng tun hon.
b) Vit cng thc e v cng thc cu to ca phn t to nn t X v Y
6.22
Tnh th tch kh oxi thu c (ktc) khi cho 100ml hiropeoxit trn phn hy.
182
p s: 14,92 lt oxi
6.23
thnh phn phn trm theo th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp. Dn 2,24 lit hn
hp kh trn i qua dung dch KI d. Tnh khi lng iot to thnh.
p s:
6.24
Na2SO4, NaOH, (NH4)2SO4, nc clo. Khng dng thm cht khc, hy trnh by
cch nhn bit mi cht trn.
6.27
gam H2 SO4 91% thnh oleum cha 12,5% SO 3 . Gi thit cc phn ng c thc
hin hon ton.
p s: mFeS2 = 45gam
6.29
dung dch A cn 40ml dung dch NaOH 0,4M. C cn dung dch sau khi trung ha
c 1,036 gam mui khan.
Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HCl, H 2SO4 v ca cc mui trong dung
dch sau trung ha.
183
(1)
(2)
mFeCO3 4,64(g)
p s:
mFeS2 0,96(g)
VHNO3 23,89(ml)
6.31
VH 2S 75%;VH 2 25%;
H 75%;mC 0,8gam
184
6.32
xut c bao nhiu m3 dung dch H2SO4 98% (d = 1,84) ? Gi thit t l hao ht l
10%.
p s:
6.33
H 2SO 4 98%
69,3m3
dch H2SO4 long d, thu c 1,008 lit kh A (ktc). Mt khc 9,52 gam hn hp
trn phn ng va vi 72 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M.
1- Tnh khi lng mi cht trong 9,52 gam hn hp trn.
2- Kh A lm mt mu va 200 ml dung dch nc brom. Tnh nng mol/l
ca dung dch nc Br2 dng?
p s:
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM
6.34. Khi cho 20 lt kh oxi i qua my to ozon, c 9% th tch oxi chuyn
thnh ozon. Hi th tch kh b gim bao nhiu lt? (cc iu kin khc khng thay
i)
A. 2 lt
B. 0,9 lt
C. 0,18 lt
D. 0,6 lt
2H2O2 2H2O O2
Pht biu no sau y ng khi ni v phn t H 2O2?
A. L cht oxi ho
B. L cht kh
C. Va l cht oxi ho, va l cht kh.
D. Khng l cht oxi ho, khng l cht kh
6.36. phn ng no sau y H2O2 va ng vai tr cht oxi ho, va ng vai
tr cht kh?
A. H2O2 + 2KI I2 + 2KOH
185
B. 2ml O2
C. 1ml H2
D. 5ml O2
6.38. Nu 1gam oxi c th tch 1 lt p sut 1atm th nhit bng bao nhiu?
A. 35oC
B. 48oC
C. 117oC
D. 120oC
B. CuS v CuO
C. Cu2S v CuO
D. Khng c cp no.
6.40. Dng 300 tn qung pirit (FeS2) c ln 20% tp cht sn xut axit H 2SO4
c nng 98%. Bit rng hiu sut phn ng l 90%. Khi lng axit H 2SO4
98% thu c l
A. 320 tn
B. 335 tn
C. 350 tn
D. 360 tn
6.41. t chy hon ton 8,96 lt H2S (ktc) trong oxi d, ri dn tt c sn phm
vo 50 ml dung dch NaOH 25% (D= 1,28). Nng % mui trong dung dch l
A. 47, 92%
B. 42, 96%
C. 42,69%
D. 24,97%
B. 5, 2, 3
C. 2, 2, 5
D. 5, 2, 4
6.43. Cho cc cht v ion sau Cl, Na2S, NO2, Fe2+, SO2, Fe3+, NO3 , SO24 , SO32 ,
Na, Cu. Dy cht v ion no sau y va c tnh kh, va c tnh oxi ho?
A. Cl, Na2S, NO2, Fe2+
186
B. NH3 v I-
C. Na v S2-
D. Fe2+ v Cl-
C. Fe, Al, Ni
B. 62%
C. 69%
D. 73%
6.47. Hai bnh cu c th tch bng nhau. Np oxi vo bnh th nht. Np oxi
c ozon ha vo bnh th hai. Nhit v p sut hai bnh nh nhau. t hai
bnh trn hai a cn thy khi lng ca hai bnh khc nhau 0,21 gam. S gam
ozon c trong bnh oxi c ozon ha l
A. 0,63
B. 0,65
C. 0,67
D. 0,69
6.48 tr nm thc vt, ngi ta dng dung dch CuSO 4 0,8%. Lng dung dch
CuSO4 0,8% pha ch c t 60 gam CuSO4.5H2O l:
A. 4800 gam
B. 4700 gam
C. 4600 gam
D. 4500 gam
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP
7.34.
7.35.
7.36.
7.37.
7.38.
7.39.
7.40.
7.41.
7.42.
7.43.
7.44.
7.45.
7.46.
7.47.
7.48.
16
8
O,
17
8
O v
18
8
187
khi. Khi hnh thnh ht nhn nguyn t, mt phn khi lng ca cc ht proton
v ntron chuyn thnh nng lng. Theo cng thc ca Anhxtanh:
E = mc2, trong E l nng lng, m l khi lng v c l tc ca nh sng.
6.2 Hng dn:
Kh Cl2 c mu vng lc nht.
Dng giy tm h tinh bt v dung dch KI nhn bit c O 3:
O3 + 2KI + H2O O2 + I2 + 2KOH
I2 lm h tinh bt chuyn mu xanh.
Dng qu tm m nhn bit c HCl v SO2. Cn li l kh O2.
- Phn bit l kh HCl v SO2 bng dung dch nc brom. SO2 lm mt mu dung
dch brom.
SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O 2HBr + H2SO4
6.3
Hng dn:
(1)
(2)
(z + n) - (z + n) = 23
(3)
(2z + n - 1) - 2(2z + n) + 2 = 7
(4)
1s2
2s2
2p4
188
Phn ng :
(1)
100
20 (lit) > 12 (lit) O2 phn ng,
5
VO2 d = 8(lit)
vy sau 2 ln phn ng VH2 : 24 + 24 = 48 (lit)
Kt lun : hh A c : 48 (lit) H2 ; 12 (lit) O2; 40 (lit) N2
hh B c : 24 (lit) H2 ; 40 (lit) N2
hh C c : 8 (lit) O2 d; 120 (lit) N2
6.5 Hng dn:
Ln lt cho mu th tc dng vi ba mu th cn li ta c kt qu :
HCl
1
HCl
H2SO4
BaCl2
189
H2SO4
BaCl2
Na2CO3
CO2
BaSO4
BaSO4
CO2
BaCO3
CO2
Na2CO3
CO2
BaCO3
Hng dn:
190
NaHCO3 + NaOH
Hng dn:
Ly t mi dung dch mt t lm th nghim.
- Nh dung dch NaOH vo tng dung dch:
+ Dung dch no khng c hin tng g l K 2CO3.
+ Dung dch no thy phn ng xy ra c kh mi khai bay ra. l
(NH4)2SO4
(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH 2NH3 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O
+ Dung dch no thy c kt ta xut hin, lu ngoi khng kh kt ta
khng i mu. l MgSO4:
MgSO4 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + Na2SO4
+ Dung dch no thy c kt ta keo trng xut hin, nh tip NaOH n d,
kt ta tan . l Al2(SO4)3.
Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH 2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4
Al(OH)3 + NaOH d NaAlO2 + 2H2O
191
Nhn bit tng loi anion trong dung dch A: Ta c th tin hnh theo
192
Cch 2:
- Dung dch A + BaCl2 hn hp kt ta C:
SO42 + Ba2+ BaSO4
SO32- + Ba2+ BaSO3
CO32- + Ba2+ BaCO3
- Cho kt ta C tc dng vi axit HCl:
+ Cht khng tan l BaSO4, suy ra dung dch A c ion SO42-.
+ Cht tan l BaSO3 v BaCO3:
BaSO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + SO2 + H2O
BaCO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Nhn bit kh SO2, CO2 suy ra c ion SO32- v CO32- nh cch 1.
6. 10
Hng dn :
a) Ch ra cc cht
A1 l dung dch gm Cu(NO3)2, H2SO4 v HNO3 d.
A2 l kh NO
A3 l kt ta BaSO4
A4 l dung dch cha ion phc [Cu(NH3)4]2+
b) Cc phng trnh phn ng:
3Cu2S + 22HNO3 6Cu(NO3)2 + 3H2SO4 + 10NO + 8H2O
2NO + O2 2NO2
H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl
NH3 + H+ NH4+
Cu2+ + 4NH3 Cu(NH3)4)2+
6.11
Hng dn :
a) Gi x, y: s proton trong cc ht nhn ca A, B ta c:
193
x + 3y = 42 - 2 = 40
Do y <
40
13,33 B phi thuc chu k 2. V l phi kim (to anion)
3
nn B ch c th l F, O hoc N.
+ Nu l F: (y = 9) th x = 40 - (3 9) = 13 Al (loi)
+ Nu l O:(y = 8) th x = 40 - (3 8) = 16 l S (ng)
+ Nu l N: (y = 7) th x = 40 - (3 7) = 19 ng vi K (loi)
Vy:
A l S c s khi: 16 + 16 = 32
B l O c s khi : 8 + 8 = 16
O
6.12
1s2
2s2
2p6
1s2
2s2
3s2
3p4
2p4
Hng dn :
a) Xc nh cc ch s n, m, i v t s x/y.
t khi lng mol nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t A, B ln lt l A, B.
* Hn hp : x mol AOn v y mol AOm c khi lng mol phn t trung bnh
M1 .
M1
16(nx my)
37,6
(x y)
(1)
194
M2
16(mx ny)
34,4
(x y)
(2)
(1) - (2)
16(nx my mx ny)
3,2
(x y)
(m n)(y x)
0,2
x y
(3)
(4)
B 16m
0,8
B 16i
B 16m
1 m i
B 16i
1 n < m < i 3 n = 1; m = 2 v i = 3
(2) T s x/y
Thay n = 1; m = 2 vo (2) ta c :
y x
x 2
0,2 0,8y 1,2x
x y
y 3
b) Xc nh A, B v cc oxit ca chng.
* Thay n = 1; m = 2 v x
2
y vo (1) th c:
3
A = 12. Vy A l cacbon
195
(5)
(6)
* Thay m = 2 v i = 3 vo (5) th c :
B = 32. Vy B l lu hunh.
Vy cc oxit tng ng ca A l: CO v CO2.
Cc oxit tng ng ca B l : SO2 v SO3.
c) Tnh tan ca cc oxit v tnh cht ha hc c bn ca cc dung dch.
CO :
CO2 :
t 2Fe
o
+ 3CO2
SO2 :
H2CO3
H2SO3
6.13
Hng dn:
M hn hp kh CO2 v SO2 : 28,667 2 = 57,334
196
44x 64y
x 1
57,334
x y
y 2
nCO2
nSO2
1
.
2
MX
3 . Tri vi gi thit
28
n = 1 v z = 1 th MX = 92 so vi khng kh
MX
3 cng tri vi gi thit.
28
Hng dn:
MD
2 2,286 M M 2,286 64
a) Theo gi thit :
D
N2
M N2
2
A l mt trong cc cht K2CO3, K2SO3, KHCO3, KHSO3. Vy khi tc dng
H2SO4 kh c gii phng s l CO 2 hoc SO2 vi M = 64 th D l SO 2 vy A l
mt trong hai cht K2SO3 hoc KHSO3.
b) Tnh khi lng cc cht A, B, C v H2SO4 nguyn cht.
* A l K2SO3
P0V0 PV
PVT0
V0
T0
T
P0T
S mol kh D : nD
V0
0,3mol
22,4
197
+ SO2
0,3 mol
0,3 mol
0,3 mol
0,3 mol
0,3 mol
0,3 mol
0,3 mol
0,3 mol
+ SO2
0,3 mol
O2
2SO3
Ban u :
a mol
a mol
Phn ng vi:
ah mol
ah/2 mol
ah mol
ah
mol
Cn bng (a - ah) mol a
2
ah mol
Hiu sut h%
n S 2a
ah
ah
2
ah a(4 h)
2
2
198
Ta c :
Ps ns
P' a(4 h) 4 h
4 h
P'
P
Pt nt
P
2 2a
4
4
* Nu h = 0 (khng phn ng): P = P
* Nu h = 1 (hiu sut 100%):
P'
4 1
3P
P
4
4
6.16 Hng dn :
a) Gi x l s mol S c trong m gam hn hp. Suy ra s mol Fe s l 2x.
Gi x1 l s mol S tham gia phn ng khi nung:
Ta c :
Fe
(mol) x1
FeS
x1
(1)
x1
(2)
(3)
0,4
0,0125 (mol)
32
(I)
199
(4)
Kt ta en to thnh l CuS.
Theo (1), (2), (4):
nCuS = x1 =
4,8
0,05mol
96
(II)
0,05
100% 80%
0,0625
1mol
0,125
0,125.1
0,0625
2
22,4 1,4l
VSO2 0,0625.
6.17
1
x
4
4FeS2 + 11O2
x
2Fe2O3 + 4CO2
1
x
2
11
x
4
(1)
2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
1
x
2
(2)
2x
200
1
11
x
x 3x mol O2,
4
4
p1
1.
p2
a 236x
1,475
b 160x
6.18
Hng dn :
Trong hn hp SO2, O2 c M 1 = 24 2 = 48
gi nSO2 l x
v nO2 l y
64x 32y
x 1
48
x y
y 1
10
mol.
22,4
Gi th tch O2 thm vo l a
hn hp sau khi thm O2 c dH2 22,4 M 2 = 22,4 2 = 44,8
(
10
10
a
.64) (
.32) (
.32)
22,4
22,4
22,4
M 2 44,8
10
10
a
a = 5 lit
Phng trnh phn ng:
201
2SO2
(mol)
O2
10
22,4
2SO3
V2O5
5
22,4
10
22,4
5
mol th tch b gim 5 lit.
22,4
2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
4 mol
8 mol
Lng FeS2 c trong 800 tn qung: 800 - (800. 0,25) = 600 tn = 600000000g
S mol FeS2 =
600000000
5000000
mol
120
931000
547m3
1,83 0,93
6.20 Hng dn :
a. Khi ha tan SO3 vo dung dch xy ra phn ng:
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
202
m mm i mc
0,4.98 a.10%
0,49 0,1a(g)
80
100%
0,49 0,1a
.100% 12,25% a = 19,6 gam
0,4 a
b. S mol H2SO4 l
y
0,4 19,6.10%
0,025 mol
80 100%.98
(1)
(2)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (1) v (2) x + z/2 = 0,025 = y do H 2SO4 phn ng
hon ton, lc b kt ta BaSO 4 th trong dung dch ch cn Na 2SO4 vi s mol l:
0,02 mol. Khi cho bay hi dung dch thu c Na 2SO4.nH2O (X). Vy MX =
6,44/0,02 = 322 (g).
MX = (2.23 + 96 + 18n) = 322
n = 10
Vy X l Na2SO4 .10H2O
c. Khi ha tan 48,3 gam X (Na2SO4 .10H2O) nX = 48,3/322 = 0,15 mol
mct = 0,15.142 = 21,3 gam.
Ta c:
m dd
m ct .100% 21,3.100%
266,25 gam
C%
8%
203
204
l khc nhau th to thnh cc kim loi khc nhau v c bit l to thnh kim
loi vng th phi pha trn thy ngn v lu hunh theo mt t l "hon ho nht".
Hn 1000 nm, cc nh gi kim thut tm kim trong v vng cc t l hon
ho nhm iu ch c Vng.
205
Chng 7
TC PHN NG V CN BNG HA HC
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. Tc phn ng ha hc
1. Khi nim v tc phn ng ha hc
- Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc
sn phm trong mt n v thi gian.
Th d: Nng ban u ca N2O5 l 2,33M, sau 184 giy nng l 2,08M.
Tc trung bnh ca phn ng trong khong thi gian 184 giy tnh theo N2O5 l:
N2O5
N2O4 +
1
O2
2
2,33 2, 08
1,36.103 mol / l.s
184
C2 C1
C
hay V
t2 t1
t
V : tc trung bnh
Trong :
- Tng qut:
+ Nu: A + B
+ Nu : nA + mB
C +D
pC + qD
V = K. A. B
V = K. An. Bm
206
a. nh hng ca nng
Khi tng nng cht phn ng, tc phn ng tng.
b. nh hng ca p sut
i vi phn ng c cht kh tham gia, khi tng p sut, tc phn ng tng.
c. nh hng ca nhit
Khi tng nhit , tc phn ng tng.
d. nh hng ca din tch b mt
i vi phn ng c cht rn tham gia, khi tng din tch b mt, tc phn
ng tng.
e. nh hng ca cht xc tc
Cht xc tc l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng khng b tiu hao trong
phn ng.
3. ngha thc tin ca tc phn ng:
Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng c vn dng nhiu trong i sng
sn xut nh:
+ Nhit ngn la axetilen chy trong oxi cao hn rt nhiu so vi chy
trong khng kh, nn to nhit hn cao hn.
+ Nu thc phm trong ni p sut nhanh chn hn so vi nu p sut thng.
+ Than, ci c kch thc nh s chy nhanh hn than, ci c kch thc ln.
+ Dng cht xc tc, chn nhit thch hp, tng p sut chung ca h khi
tng hp NH3 t N2 v H2.
II. Cn bng ha hc
1. Phn ng mt chiu, phn ng thun nghch v cn bng ha hc
a. Phn ng mt chiu
- Th d: Phn hy KClO3 c xc tc MnO2, phn ng xy ra nh sau:
2KClO3
207
MnO2
t0
2KCl + 3O2
HCl + HClO
- Nhn xt: Cl2 phn ng vi H2O to HCl va HClO, ng thi HCl v HClO sinh
ra cng tc dng li vi nhau to li Cl 2 v H2O.
c. Cn bng ha hc
- Cn bng ha hc l trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch khi tc phn ng
thun bng tc phn ng nghch (Vthun =Vnghch).
Th d:
H2(k) + I2(k)
2HI(k)
A + B
C +D
Tng qut: nA + mB
C . D
A . B
pC + qD
C D
n
m
A B
p
3. Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ha hc
a. nh hng ca nng
208
- Khi tng hoc gim nng mt cht trong cn bng, th cn bng bao gi cng
dch chuyn theo chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng hoc gim nng cht
.
b. nh hng ca p sut
- Khi tng hoc gim p sut chung ca h cn bng, th cn bng bao gi cng
dch chuyn theo chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng hoc gim p sut .
c. nh hng ca nhit
- Phn ng ta nhit ( H < 0 ): l phn ng xy ra c ta nng lng di dng
nh sng hoc sc nng.
- Phn ng thu nhit ( H > 0 ): l phn ng xy ra c hp th nng lng.
- Phng trnh nhit ha hc: l phng trnh ha hc c ghi c hiu ng nhit.
- Khi tng nhit , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng thu nhit, ngha l
chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng nhit v khi gim nhit , cn bng
chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng ta nhit, chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic gim
nhit .
Kt lun (nguyn l L-Sa-t-li):
Mt phn ng thun nghch ang trng thi cn bng khi chu mt tc ng
t bn ngoi nh bin i nng , p sut, nhit , s chuyn dch cn bng
theo chiu lm gim tc ng bn ngoi .
d. Vai tr ca cht xc tc
- Cht xc tc lm tng tc phn ng thun v nghch vi s ln nh nhau, cho
nn khng lm nh hng n cn bng ha hc.
4. ngha ca tc phn ng v cn bng ha hc trong sn xut ha hc.
- Qu trnh sn xut axit H2SO4, dng lng d khng kh (tng nng oxi)
phn ng: 2SO2 + O2
209
2NH3(k), H < 0
Ngi ta phi thc hin phn ng ny nhit thch hp, p sut cao v dng
cht xc tc.
B. BI TP C LI GII
7.1 Trong qu trnh t chy cc nhin liu nh than , du m v kh thin
nhin, lm th no nng cao hiu sut cung cp nhit ?
7.2 Cc yu t nh nhit , p sut cht kh, cht xc tc v din tch b mt cht
rn c nh hng ln n tc phn ng ha hc. Ty theo phn ng ha hc c
th m vn dng mt, mt s hay tt c cc yu t trn tng hay gim tc
phn ng. Trong nhng trng hp di y, yu t no trong s cc yu t trn
nh hng n tc phn ng?
a. S chy din ra nhanh v mnh hn khi cc vin than t ong c p
vi cc hng l rng .
b. Khi cn bp than, ngi ta y np bp l lm cho phn ng chy ca
than chm li.
c. Phn ng oxi ha lu hunh ioxit to thnh lu hunh trioxit din ra
nhanh hn khi c mt vanai (V) oxit (V 2O5).
d. vi c p nh, chn nhanh v u hn khi nung vi dng cc
ln.
e. Thc n s nhanh chn hn nu c nu trong ni p sut.
7.3 Nghin cu s ph thuc ca tc phn ng tng hp hiro iotua vo nhit
, trong mt khong nhit xc nh, ngi ta bit rng khi nhit tng
ln 250C th tc ca phn ng ha hc ny tng ln 3 ln. Hi:
a. Tc phn ng ha hc trn tng ln bao nhiu ln khi nhit tng t
250C ln 750C ?
b. Tc phn ng ha hc trn gim bao nhiu ln khi nhit gim t
1700C xung 950C ?
210
7.4 Bng s liu sau y cho bit th tch kh hiro thu c theo thi gian phn
ng gia km d vi axit clohiric. Hy v th biu din s ph thuc th tch
kh hiro theo thi gian.
a. T th hy cho bit khong thi gian no phn ng xy ra nhanh nht?
thi im phn ng kt thc, hnh dng th nh th no?
Thi gian (s)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Th tch H2(ml)
20
30
35
38
40
40
40
2HI(k)
211
2AB
2NO(k);
H > 0
V2O5,to
2SO3 (k);
H = -192kJ
212
p, xt
2N2(k) + 3H2(k)
2NH3(k) ;
H = -92kJ
2NO2
2O3(k)
b) H2(k) + Br2(k)
2HBr(k)
c) N2O4(k)
2NO2(k)
7.16 Phn ng ha hc sau, din ra trong t nhin ang trng thi cn bng:
CO2 + H2O + CaCO3
Ca(HCO3)2
Khi tng lng CO2 cn bng ha hc s chuyn dch sang chiu no?
7.17 Trong cng nghip, iu ch kh than t, ngi ta thi hi nc qua
than ang nng . Phn ng ha hc xy ra nh sau :
C (r) + H2O (k)
213
CO(k) + H2(k);
H = 131kJ
HClO + HCl
CaCO3(r)
to
CaO(r) + CO2(k),
H = 178kJ
Mt phn ng ha hc c dng:
A(k) + B(k)
2C(k);
H > 0
Hy cho bit cc bin php cn tin hnh chuyn dch cn bng ha hc sang
chiu thun?
7.21
Cho cc phn ng ha hc
CO(k) + H2(k); H = 131kJ (1)
V2O5
2SO3(k);
H = -192kJ (2)
214
+ O2 (k)
CaCO3(r)
to
CO2(k);
H = - 393,5kJ (1)
a.
b.
t (thi gian)
215
t (thi gian)
c.
t (thi gian)
B.
C.
D.
216
(1)
khi lng
nng
th tch
phn t khi
(2)
cc cht phn ng
cc cht to
cc cht bay
cc cht kt
thnh
hi
ta
mt n v
mt
mi khong
(3)
mt khong
B.
C.
D.
(1)
s thay i
bin thin
tng
gim
(2)
trong cc cht
giai on
s cht
loi hp cht
(3)
cht xc tc
cht ban u
sn phm phn ng
(4)
chu k
khong
n v
bin thin
(5)
cht lng
cht rn
cht kh
cht tan
Th t in t: 1...
2....
3...
4..... 5.....
B.
C.
D.
(1)
gim
khng i
bin i
tng
(2)
khi lng
tc
hiu sut
th tch
(3)
din tch
kch thc
hnh dng
dy
(4)
bin i
tng
gim
khng i
(5)
Lng
kh
Rn
tan
217
2....
3...
4.....
5......
Ct 2
a
tc phn ng gim.
cn bng ha hc chuyn
tc phn ng tng.
cn bng ha hc chuyn
nhit
4
cn bng ha hc khng b
chuyn dch.
218
7.36 Nn 2,0 mol N2 v 8,0 mol H2 vo mt bnh kn c th tch 2,0 lt (ch cha
sn cht xc tc vi th tch khng ng k) c gi nhit khng i. Khi
phn ng t ti cn bng, p sut cc kh trong bnh bng 0,8 ln p sut ban u
(khi mi cho cc cht vo bnh cha xy ra phn ng). Tnh nng cc cht
trng thi cn bng.
p s:
N2
1
(mol/l);
2
H2
5
(mol/l);
2
NH 3 1 (mol/l).
chiu no khi gim dung tch ca bnh phn ng xung nhit khng i.
a) CH4(k) + H2O(k)
CO(k) + 3H2(k)
b) CO2(k) + H2(k)
CO(k) + H2O(k)
c) SO2(k) + O2(k)
2SO3(k)
d) N2O4(k)
2NO2(k)
2SO3 tng ng
219
N2O4. Trong :
ban u ca HI l 0,5 mol, khi trng thi cn bng nng mol/l ca cc cht
trong phn ng HI, H2 v I2 ln lt l bao nhiu?
7.44 Cho nng lng lin kt ca H2O l 971 kJ/mol; ca H2 l 435,9 kJ/ mol. ca O2 l
498,7 kJ/mol. Nhit ca phn ng: 2H2O
7.45 Khi t chy 2,0 mol hiro photphua (PH 3) th to thnh iphotphopentoxit (P2O5),
nc v gii phng 2440 kJ. Hy tnh nhit to thnh PH 3, bit nhit to thnh P2O5 l
1548 kJ/mol v nhit to thnh H2O l 286 kJ/mol.
7.46 Trong mt bnh kn cha kh propan c ng kn bng pittong. t nng bnh
ln ti 5270C , phn ng xy ra trong bnh: C3H8
C3H6 + H2
Vi hng s cn bng l 1,3 . 10-3. Ti thi im cn bng C3H8 chim 80% th tch.
a) Tnh thnh phn % th tch ca C3H6 v H2.
b) Tnh nng cc cht lc cn bng v p sut ca h ti nhit cho.
c) Nu s dng pittong nn th tch bnh cn mt na th tch ban u ti
nhit khng i. Tnh p sut cn bng trong bnh.
220
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM
7.47 Cho phn ng ha hc:
Fe, P
N2 + 3H2
2NH3 ; H < 0.
2HBr
Cho phn ng :
C2 C1
t2 t1
A. v
C1 C2
t1 t2
7.50
Khi cho cng mt lng dung dch axit sunfuric vo hai cc ng cng
B. v
C. v
C1 C2
t2 t1
D. v
C1 C2
t2 t1
221
ng tng l do
A. Nng ca cc cht kh tng ln.
B. Nng ca cc cht kh gim xung.
C. Chuyn ng ca cc cht kh tng ln.
D. Nng ca cc cht kh khng thay i.
Hy chn p n ng.
7.52 th di y biu din s ph thuc ca tc phn ng vo nhit .
Tc
phn ng
Nhit
222
Tc
phn ng
Nng
cht phn ng
2SO2 (k)
b) H2 (k) + I2(k)
c) CaCO3 (r)
2HI(k)
CaO (r) + CO2 (k)
FeO (r)
2NH3 (k)
+ H2 (k)
C. a, c, d, e, f, g.
B. a, g.
D. a, b, g.
C. b, e, h.
B. a, b, c, d, e.
D. c, d.
223
A. a, b, e, f.
C. b, e, g, h.
B. a, b, c, d, e.
D. d, e, f, g.
Hy chn p n ng.
7.57
nh ngha no sau y l ng ?
A. Cht xc tc l cht lm thay i tc phn ng, nhng khng b tiu
hao trong phn ng.
B. Cht xc tc l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng khng b tiu hao
trong phn ng.
C. Cht xc tc l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng khng b thay i
trong phn ng.
D. Cht xc tc l cht lm thay i tc phn ng, nhng b tiu hao
khng nhiu trong phn ng.
7.58
Khi cho cng mt lng nhm vo cc ng dung dch axit HCl 0,1M, tc
224
A. 10 atm
B. 8 atm
C. 9 atm
D. 8,5 atm
B. 265 ln
C. 275 ln
D. 257 ln
B. p sut
C. Nhit
D. Cht xc tc.
B.-64,82kJ
C.- 64,28 kJ
D.- 46,82 kJ
H2 (k) + I2 (k)
2HI (k)
225
B. 5 giy
C. 10 giy
D. 15 giy
7.66 Cho hnh v v cch thu kh trong phng th nghim bng cch di nc.
Hnh v bn c th p dng thu c nhng kh no trong cc kh sau y?
A)H2, N2, O2, CO2, HCl, H2S
B)O2, N2, H2, CO2, SO2,
C)NH3, HCl, CO2, SO2, Cl2
D)NH3, O2, N2, HCl, CO2
7.67 Nhn nh no sau y ng?
A. Hng s cn bng KC ca mi phn ng u tng khi tng nhit
B. Phn ng mt chiu khng c hng s cn bng K C.
C. Hng s cn bng KC cng ln, hiu sut phn ng cng nh.
D. Khi mt phn ng thun nghch trng thi cn bng c chuyn sang mt
trng thi cn bng mi nhit khng i, hng s cn bng K C bin i.
7.68 Cho phn ng nung vi CaCO3 CaO + CO2
tng hiu sut ca phn ng th bin php no sau y khng ph hp?
A. Tng nhit trong l
C. p nh vi
2SO3
B. 30
C. 20
D. 10
7.70 Phn ng gia hai cht A v B c biu th bng phng trnh ha hc sau
A + B 2C
Tc phn ng ny l V = K.A.B. Thc hin phn ng ny vi s khc nhau
v nng ban u ca cc cht:
Trng hp 1 Nng ca mi cht l 0,01 mol/l.
226
B. 13 v 7
C. 16 v 4
D 15 v 5
7.71 Bit nhit to thnh CH4 l -75kJ/ mol; ca CO2 l -393 kJ/mol v ca H2O l
-286 kJ/ mol. Nhit ca phn ng CH4 + O2
A. -900 kJ
B. -890 kJ.
CO2 + 2H2O l
C. -880 kJ
D. -870 kJ
tia lua in
2NO(k);
H > 0
B. p sut v nng
C. Nng v cht xc tc
D. Cht xc tc v nhit
dd NaCl
dd H2SO4 c
B.Gi li kh hiroclorua.
C.Gi li hi nc
7.74 Kh hiroclorua l cht kh tan rt nhiu trong nc to thnh dung dch axit
clohdric.Trong th nghim th tnh tan ca kh hidroclorua trong nc, c hin
tng nc phun mnh vo bnh cha kh nh hnh v m t di y.
Nguyn nhn gy nn hin tng l do:
227
c lp nh hnh v bn.
dd HCl
c
Mn
O2
Zn +
HCl
B.H2 + S H2S
dd
Pb(NO3)2
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP
7.47. C
7.48. C
7.49. C
7.50. B
7.51. A
7.52. C
7.53. C
7.54. A
7.55. D
7.56. C
7.57. B
7.58. B
7.59. A
7.60. B
7.61. A
7.62. C
7.63. C
7.64. C
7.65. C
7.66. B
7.67. A
7.68. B
7.69. A
7.70. C
7.71. B
228
7.72. A
7.73. B
7.74. B
7.75. D
7.76. B
7.1 nng cao hiu sut cung cp nng lng cn t cc nhin liu vi cc
bin php k thut sau:
- Dng d khng kh cung cp oxi cho phn ng chy hon ton.
- p nh than n kch thc thch hp tng din tch tip xc gia
than v kh oxi.
- S dng cc ng c ieden v cc ng c t trong nng cao hiu
sut s dng du m v kh thin nhin.
7.2 Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng trong mi trng hp cho l:
a. Tng din tch b mt ca cht rn tham gia phn ng (than ) lm tng
tc phn ng.
b. Gim nng cht tham gia phn ng (kh oxi) lm gim tc phn ng.
c. V2O5 l cht xc tc, lm tng tc phn ng.
d. Gim kch thc ht tng tc phn ng.
e. Thc n s nhanh chn hn nu c nu trong ni p sut, ngi ta
s dng yu t nhit v p sut cao tng tc ca phn ng ha
hc.
7.3
229
a.
VH2 (ml)
CM HCl
0
thi gian t (s)
Dng th biu din s ph thuc ca nng axit HCl theo thi gian.
7.5 Tc phn ng trung bnh:
v =
C1 - C2 0, 024 0, 020
= 0,0002 (mol/L.s)
t
20
230
10 ln, do v2 = k[10A2][10B]2
V2
= 10 x 102 = 1000 (ln).
V
V2
= 32 = 9 (ln).
V
N2 (k) + O2(k)
231
2NO (k);
H > 0
V3 1
=
tc phn ng
V 4
2SO3 (k)
H = -192kJ
7.13 thu c nhiu amoniac, hiu qu kinh t cao c th dng cc bin php
k thut sau y:
-
232
O3(k)
Phn ng (a) c s gim th tch, cn bng chuyn theo chiu thun khi p sut tng.
b) H2(k) + Br2(k)
2HBr(k)
2NO2(k)
Phn ng (c) c s tng th tch, cn bng chuyn theo chiu nghch khi p sut tng.
7.16 Cc hot ng ca con ngi ang lm tng hm lng CO 2 trong kh
quyn. Nh cn bng ny trong t nhin iu tit, chuyn sang chiu thun cho
nn lm chm qu trnh nng ln ton cu.
7.17 p n B.
Tng nhit ca h lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun.
7.18 Nc clo dn dn b mt mu theo thi gian, khng bo qun c lu l do
qu trnh phn hy HClO
Cl2(k) + H2O(l)
233
HOCl + HCl
(1)
2HClO
2HCl + O2
(2)
CaCO3(r)
b. Nhng bin php k thut nng cao hiu sut nung vi:
-
7.20
A(x) + B(x)
-
2C(x)
H > 0
7.21
a. So snh cc c im ca hai phn ng ha hc:
234
Phng trnh ha hc
Ging nhau
Khc nhau
C(r)+H2O (k)
CO(k)+ H2(k);
Phn ng thun
H = 131kJ (1)
nghch
nhit.
- Sau phn ng thun
tng th tch kh.
2SO2(k)+O2(k)
V2 O5
2SO3(k);
H = -192kJ(2)
Phn ng thun
- Phn ng thun ta
nghch
nhit.
- Sau phn ng thun
gim th tch.
- Cn cht xc tc.
v2
= 64 = x3 x = 4.
v1
7.23 Chn p n C.
7.24 th a biu din s bin i tc phn ng thun theo thi gian.
th b biu din s bin i tc phn ng nghch theo thi gian.
a.
b.
t(thi gian)
235
t(thi gian)
c,
t(thi gian)
7.25 loi b Fe2+, trong mt phng php n gin, r tin, ngui ta dng oxi
khng kh oxi ha Fe2+ thnh hp cht Fe3+ (c tan trong nc nh) ri lc
thu nc sch. tng tc ca phn ng oxi ha Fe 2+ ngi ta s dng gin
ma. Nc ngm sau khi ht ln b cha c qua gin ma vi mc ch tng
din tch tip xc ca nc vi oxi khng kh.
7.26 Nam cc l ni lnh nht Tri t. Nhit vng ny c th xung hng
chc di khng. nhit , cc phn ng ha hc phn hy thc n hu
nh khng xy ra. iu ny gii thch v sao qua hng trm nm, nhng cc
thc n trong nhng hp vn trong tnh trng tt, c th n c. gim
tc phn ng phn hy thc n, ngi ta bo qun thc phm bng cch p
hay dng t lnh.
7.27 Trong phng th nghim, tng tc ca mt s phn ng ha hc, ngoi
cc bin php nh tng nng , nhit , s dng cht xc tc..., ngi ta cn
dng my khuy. My khuy l mt thit b cho php tng tc khuch tn ca
cc cht tham gia phn ng, do tng kh nng tip xc ca cc cht v tng tc
phn ng ha hc. Ngi ta thng dng my khuy trong trng hp cc cht
phn ng cn c trn l cc cht lng khc nhau, hay cht lng v cht rn.
7.28 Dy thp c qun thnh hnh l xo tng b mt tip xc ca dy thp
vi oxi. Mu than nng c tc dng khi mo phn ng. Than chy cung cp
nhit, nng nhit ca dy thp n nhit chy. Dy thp chy trong oxi km
theo hin tng ta nhit mnh, cc ht st t oxit (Fe 3O4) nng bn tung te.
236
237
mt pha: tiu hao oxi v sn sinh CO 2, nhng cn pha khc l tiu hao CO 2 v sinh
ra O2.
Nh khoa hc Thy S Cheniba lm th nghim sau: Cho l cy xanh
vo nc ri di nh mt tri. Khng lu sau, t cc l cy thot ra nhiu
bng kh nh. Khi Cheniba dng ng nghim nh thu kh thot ra ri cho mt que
dim tt vo, que dim bng chy mnh lit. Cn c vo ng cho rng
chnh l oxi v ch c oxi mi duy tr s chy.
Sau Cheniba lin thi kh CO2 vo nc. ng nhn thy, khi lng CO2
thi qua cng nhiu th cc bng kh t l cy xanh thot ra cng mnh. T ,
Cheniba kt lun: "Di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri, l cy xanh hp th CO 2
v thi ra kh oxi".
Nh vy, ng c, rng bin mnh mng c n du mt b mt sau y:
"Di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri, cht dip lc ca cy c hp th CO 2 trong
khng khi, CO2 s cng vi nc do r cy ht ln ha hp thnh tinh bt, ng,
ng thi thot ra O2, ngi ta gi qu trnh ny l quang hp". Theo tnh
ton, c 3 cy ln mi ngy hp th va ht kh CO 2 do ngi ln th ra. Mi
nm, cc loi cy xanh trn ton th gii hp th n hng vn tn CO 2.
Cn c mt tc nhn khc kh thy hn, l t . Ch n cn bng ha
hc:
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
Ca(HCO3)2
238
239
2NH3; H = - 92kJ
240
+ O2 2SO3
241
Mc lc
LI NI U........................................................................................................
Chng 1.................................................................................................................
NGUYN T..........................................................................................................
A. TM TT L THUYT...................................................................................
B. BI TP C LI GII....................................................................................
C. BI TP T LUYN.....................................................................................
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM.............................................................................
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP................................................
F. MT S THNG TIN B SUNG.................................................................
Chng 2...............................................................................................................
BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC....................................
V NH LUT TUN HON........................................................................
A. TM TT L THUYT.................................................................................
B. BI TP C LI GII..................................................................................
C. BI TP T LUYN.....................................................................................
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM.............................................................................
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP................................................
F. THNG TIN B SUNG....................................................................................
Chng 3...............................................................................................................
LIN KT HA HC........................................................................................
A. TM TT L THUYT.................................................................................
B. BI TP C LI GII..................................................................................
C. BI TP T LUYN.....................................................................................
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM.............................................................................
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP................................................
F. THNG TIN B SUNG..................................................................................
Chng 4...............................................................................................................
PHN NG HA HC......................................................................................
A. TM TT L THUYT.................................................................................
B. BI TP C LI GII................................................................................109
C. BI TP T LUYN...................................................................................111
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM...........................................................................120
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP..............................................123
F. THNG TIN B SUNG................................................................................133
Chng 5.............................................................................................................137
242
NHM HALOGEN...........................................................................................137
A. TM TT L THUYT...............................................................................137
B. BI TP C LI GII................................................................................139
C. BI TP T LUYN...................................................................................143
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM...........................................................................147
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP..............................................149
F. THNG TIN B SUNG................................................................................167
Chng 6.............................................................................................................170
NHM OXI - LU HUNH............................................................................170
A. TM TT L THUYT...............................................................................170
B. BI TP C LI GII................................................................................172
C. BI TP T LUYN...................................................................................175
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM...........................................................................178
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP..............................................180
F. THNG TIN B SUNG................................................................................196
Chng 7.............................................................................................................198
TC PHN NG V CN BNG HA HC.......................................198
A. TM TT L THUYT...............................................................................198
B. BI TP C LI GII................................................................................201
C. BI TP T LUYN...................................................................................208
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM...........................................................................212
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP..............................................220
F. THNG TIN B SUNG................................................................................228
Mc lc................................................................................................................232
243