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Li ni u ........................................................................................................................................... 2
Phn 1: CC BI VIT TRAO I KINH NGHIM DY VT L ................. 3
A.1. GII THIU MT S BI TP PHN TNH IN C TH GII BNG PHNG
PHP DNG CC NH LUT BO TON .............................................................................. 3
A.2. MT S KIN THC NNG CAO V C HC VT RN ......................................... 7
Phn 2: BI TP C HC THEO CH ........................................................................... 56
Ch 1: Cng Cng sut Nng lng .......................................................................... 56
Ch 2: Lc hp dn. V tinh .................................................................................................. 65
Ch 3: Cc nh lut bo ton ................................................................................................ 71
Ch 4: Tnh hc ............................................................................................................................... 78
Phn 3: THI DO CC TRNG NGH ............................................................... 94
1: Trng THPT chuyn tnh H Giang .......................................................................... 94
2: Trng THPT chuyn tnh Lng Sn .......................................................................... 97
3: Trng THPT chuyn tnh Sn La ............................................................................. 101
4: Trng THPT chuyn tnh Vnh Phc ..................................................................... 107
5: Trng THPT chuyn tnh Cao Bng ....................................................................... 111
Phn 4: OLYMPIC TRI H HNG VNG LN TH NM ............. 115
Li ni u
Khoa hc mun mu, tr tu bao gi cng c nh gi tm cao nht. Bi tr tu
chnh l cm hng ca lng am m, nhit huyt v s s chia. Trong Vt l hn l lnh
vc m s thch thc vi tr tu nhn loi ni chung v nhng nh Vt l n ring cha ng
nhiu chng gai nht. im li nhng nh khoa hc cho ng gp nhiu nht, nh hng
nhiu nht, ni ting nht khng th thiu nhng nh vt l thin ti t c ch kim. Cho d l
thin ti hay v i, hoc mt nh vt l vi mt ci o s mi bnh thng i trn ph, hay
thm ch l mt gio vin vt l ng vai tr nh mt thy tu ging vt l cho cc hc sinh
ca mnh th h u c chung mt c im - nim vui khi c lm vt l, s s chia cc
thng m h gp phi; v hn th l tt c h u tri qua mt thi hc sinh nh chnh cc
hc sinh ca chng ta vy. Tt c h t hay nhiu tng trn tr v mt vn no , cho
d ngy th n v i, in r n lm ngi khc phi pht cu, hay n gin ch l nhng
vn , bi ton mc ph thng m khng phi lc no cu tr li cng l tho ng.
Khoa hc ni chung hnh thnh trn c s ca s s chia cc tng, nim vui ca
mt tng mi, mt kha cnh mi c pht hin. Vt l cng vy, mi cp tt c
chng ta u to ra nhng sn chi cho ring mnh. Gii hn trong cc hot ng ca vt l
ph thng, chng ta c cc cuc thi cp trng, cp tnh (thnh ph), cp quc gia, khu
vc v quc t. Chng ta c nhng n lc rt ln trn con ng tm n nim am m, v
kh phch ca mt ngi yu vt l ca chnh chng ta bng cch to ra cc cuc giao lu
bng hu. Giao lu cc trng ph thng trong tnh; giao lu ca cc hc sinh chuyn cc
tnh vi nhau; hay giao lu ca cc trng ph thng trong v ngoi nc di nhiu tn gi
khc nhau v nhiu hnh thc giao lu na. Tt c u hot ng trn c s sit cht tnh on
kt, ni rng vng tay, v chia s cc tng, kinh nghim trong hc tp v li sng. Trong
khun kh ca Tri h Hng Vng chng ta c gng rt nhiu trong duy tr v pht huy
tnh tch cc mang trn mnh cc ngha .
Gp phn lm cho cc hot ng giao lu cc trng THPT chuyn trung du, min ni
pha Bc ngha, a dng, v phong ph hn. Tri H xin bin tp mt s cc bi vit, thi
ca cc tc gi, cc trng chuyn ca cc tnh thnh mt tp K yu Tri h Hng Vng ln
th su - 2010. thc s l nhng ng gp tm huyt, s s chia mang tnh cng ng m
bt k ngi yu Vt l ni ring, khoa hc ni chung no cng ng l cn thit. N thc
s cng l ti liu tham kho thit thc cho hc sinh ni chung, nhng ngi yu v mun tm
hiu su hn v vt l ph thng ni ring. K yu s cn hu ch hn nu c thm nhng bi
vit ng gp v cc hot ng bn l v nhng kinh nghim chia s trong ging dy. Mong
mun ny xin dnh li cho tp san cc ln sau.
H Ni thng 7/2010
BAN BIN TP
Q2
Q2
Q 2R
8 0 R 8 0 ( R R ) 8 0 R ( R R )
Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng, bin thin nng lng ny bng cng
ton phn A do lc y tnh in gia cc yu t ring r ca mt cu thc hin. Gi F
l lc tc dng ln mt n v din tch, ta c: A = F.4R2.R. Do :
F.4R2.R =
Q 2R
. T y lu rng R.<< R, ta tnh c:
8 0 R ( R R )
F=
Q2
32 2 0 R 4
Bi 2:
Hai vt c kch thc nh, khi lng m 1 v m2 , mang cc in tch cng du
q1 v q2 nm cch nhau mt khong a trong chn khng. Hy tnh cng ca lc in
trng khi th ng thi c hai in tch cho chng t do chuyn ng. Xt trng hp
cc khi lng bng nhau v trng hp cc khi lng khng bng nhau.
Gii:
a) Trng hp khi lng cc ht bng nhau:
Do lc tng tc nh nhau, gia tc cc ht nh nhau. Chng ng thi c th
ra, nn cc in tch lun i xng qua khi tm chung, nm chnh gia on a ban
u.
Gi x l cc khong cch tc thi t mi in tch n khi tm. Cng dch
chuyn mi in tch i ra n v cng bng:
qq
dx
q q 1
A1 Fdx 1 2
1 2
2
4 0 a /2 (2 x) 16 0 x
a /2
a /2
q1q2
8 0 a
Suy ra cng ton phn ca lc in trng khi cho c hai in tch ng thi chuyn
ng ra xa v cng bng:
A A1 A2 2 A1
q1q2
4 0 a
m1 x1
m2
m2
x1 ( x1 x2 )
l
m2
m1 m2 m1 m2
v x2
m1
l.
m1 m2
A1 F1dx1
a1
q1q2 m2
dl q1q2 m2 1
4 0 m1 m2 a l 2 4 0 m1 m2 a
q1q2
m1 1
4 0 m1 m2 a
Th nng tng tc ban u gia hai in tch c chuyn hon ton thnh
cng ca hai in tch ra xa v cng:
4
Wt A1 A2
q1q2 1
4 0 a
( C0U ) 2 2C0U 2
2C0
2
p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng ta thu c nhit lng to ra trn mch sau
khi y tm in mi ra ngoi:
( 2 1)C0U 2
( 1) 2 C0U 2
2
Q W1 W2 A
( 1)C0U
2J
2
2
Mt s bi tp khc:
Bi 4:
Mt t in phng c hai bn t bng kim loi din tch S, in mi khng kh.
Tch in cho t bi hiu in th U. Tnh lc ht gia hai bn t?
Gi gii:
Bi ton ny chng ta p dng nh bi ton 1.
- Tnh nng lng ban u ca t (W).
5
Bi 5:
r r
- Chiu tun theo quy tc inh c: quay ci inh c theo chiu t a n b th chiu
r
tin ca ci inh c l chiu ca c .
r
- Nu a // b th c = 0
2. Mmen ca 1 vc t.
r
Mmen ca V i vi im O l tch c hng
r
r
ca bn knh r vi vc t V :
r r
r r
k hiu : M O (V) r V
r
r
- C phng mt phng cha r v V
cnh tay n ca V )
Tnh cht:
r
+ Nu V // r th M O (V) = 0
r r r
r r
r r
+ M O (V1 V2 ) M O (V1 ) M O (V2 )
r
+ M O (V) M O (V2 )
r
+ Nu V1 V2 = 0
l hng s
r r r
r
M O (V1 V2 ) = 0
uu
r
M
r
r
P
O
H
r
V
r
c
r
b
r
B
D
II. C S L THUYT V VT RN
1. KHI NIM VT RN
- Vt rn tuyt i l vt m khong cch gia hai im bt k ca n khng i. - Vt
rn c th xem nh mt h cht im. Vt rn tuyt i thng c xem l h cht
im lin kt cht ch vi nhau.
- Khi nim vt rn ch l tng i.
2. LI CH CA KHI NIM VT RN
- nghin cu mt h cht no y, ta phi c trng chuyn ng ca tng im
ca h, iu ny khin ta phi ng chm n mt s rt nhiu thng s dn n nhng
php tnh rc ri kh g.
7
nh l phn b vn tc:
Xt vt rn P dch chuyn trong h quy chiu (HQC) O.
Xt hai im bt k trn vt rn l A v B. Gi l vn tc gc quay ca vt rn trong
h quy chiu O. H thc quan trng gia cc vn tc ca A v B ca vt rn ti mt
thi im cho trc l:
v B v A AB
(1)
4.2. c im ca lc tc dng ln vt rn
v F 3 .
Phng php i s: Chn mt h trc to -cc (Ox, Oy) nm trong mt
, F 2 v F 3 ln cc trc :
Fx = F1x + F2x + F3x = Fix.
Fy = F1y + F2y + F3y = Fiy.
Tm li, tng cc lc l mt lc ch tng ng vi h lc v tc dng gy ra
chuyn ng tnh tin cho vt rn m thi.
Hnh 4.3
F = ma ,
(1)
hay:
Fx = max v Fy = may
(1.b)
M = IG ,
hay:
(2)
M = IG (dng i s).
10
4.5.2. iu kin cn bng tng qut ch l trng hp ring ca hai phng trnh (1) v
im AS ca t c nh trong HQC O.
11
tip xc vi t na.
v AR vC CA
12
Q P sin
Chiu (1) theo
v theo
mv02
P cos N
R
+Thnh phn lc F tc dng vo m theo phng thng ng: F y = Qsin - N cos (3) .
T (2) v (3) ta c:
mv02
mv 2
P cos cos P 0 cos .
R
R
Fy P sin 2
mv 02
.
R
mv 02
-P . Vnh khng ny ln khi:
R
mv 02
m
P Mg v0 1
gR
R
M
(1)
(2)
13
sin
1 cos
Rt gn biu thc ta thu c:
N1 Mg N 2
F N2
(3)
sin
2 N 2
1 cos
sin
> 2 => N2 = 0, F = 0 vi iu kin 1N1 > 2N2 vi mi gi tr ca
1 cos
1.a/
1, 2.
sin
< 2 , khi hnh tr b kt, iu kin 1N1 > 2N2 xy ra vi 1 > 2.
1 cos
1.b/
Trng hp 2.
sin
1 N1
1 cos
sin
1(Mg + N2 ) = N2
. Tm ra N2 =
1 cos
1Mg
sin
1
1 cos
2.a/ 1
sin
, khi tr b kt, iu kin 1N1 > 2N2 khi 1 < 2.
1 cos
2.b/ 1
1
sin
1 cos
, khi F = 1N1 = 1 ( N2 + Mg). Hay: F =
1 1
1 cos
Mg
sin
sin
1 cos
* =
sin
1 cos
14
Bi 3. Vt rn c lin kt rng rc
C hai rng rc l hai a trn gn ng trc . Rng rc ln c khi lng m =
200g, bn knh R1 = 10cm. Rng rc nh c khi lng m = 100g, bn knh R2 = 5cm.
Trn rnh hai rng rc c hai dy ch qun ngc chiu nhau khi m 1 i xung m2 i
ln hoc ngc li. u dy ca rng rc ln mang khi lng m 1 = 300g, u dy
ca rng rc nh mang khi lng m 2 = 250g. Th cho h chuyn ng t trng thi
ng yn Ly g = 10m/s2.
a. Tnh gia tc ca cc vt m1 v m2.
b. Tnh lc cng ca mi dy treo.
Li gii
P1 = m1g > P2 = m2g, nn m1 i xung, m2 i
ln. Phng trnh chuyn ng ca m1 v m2:
P1 T1 m1 a1 ; P2 T2 m 2 a 2
(1)
m1 g T1 m1a1
ca m v m :
(2)
T2 m2 g m2 a2
1
(3).
a
a
1
1
mR12 mR22 ; 1 2 ; a1 2a 2 .
2
2
R1 R2
2m1 R1 m2 R2
I
R2
a 2
(m1 R1 m2 R2 ) g
I
2m1 R1 m2 R2
R2 thay s ta c: a
2
= 1,842 (m/s2);
a1 = 2a2 = 3,68 (m/s2)
+ Thay a1, a2 vo (2) ta c
T1 = 1,986 (N); T2 = 2,961 (N)
Bi 4. ng lc hc vt rn c lin kt rng rc gii bng
phng php s dng LBT Moment xung lng
Hai vt nng P1 v P2 c buc vo hai dy qun vo
hai tang ca mt ti bn knh r v R (hnh v). nng vt
nng P1 ln ngi ta cn tc dng vo ti mt mmen quay M.
R0
R
B
A
2
1
15
trng lc P1 , P2 , Q .
r
d
dt
L z P1r P2 R M
(1)
P1
g
vA
P2
g
P1
g
vB
Q
g
P2
g
d
dt
Vy
(2)
M P2 R P1r
2
P1r P2 R Q
M P2 R P1r
2
Lz = (P1r2 + P2R2 + Q 2 )
Thay ( 2 ) vo ( 1 ) ta c:
P1r P2 R Q
H 2H
.
R
D
d
d
H so vi khi tm ca cun ch. Vy khi m
2
D
i xung mt on: h H H
d
Dd
H
t . Gi a l gia tc ca khi tm ng
D
D
ch, th gia tc ca vt m l:
a0 = a
Dd
t 2
D d t 2
; H a
; h a
.
D
2
D
2
Vn tc ca ng ch v ca vt m: v = at, v0 = a0t = a
ch =
D-d
t . Vn tc gc ca trc
D
2v 2at
.
D
D
MgH + mgh =
. Mga
2
2
2
t 2
D - d t 2 M (at ) 2
mga
2
D 2
2
m( a
D-d
t ) 2
I 2at
D
2
2 D
Dd
m
D
2
.
Dd
4I
m
D
D2
suy ra a = g
17
Vi qu cu:
mgh =
Vi hnh tr:
mgh =
mvc
cc
Trong :
mv
2
2mR
5
mR
(2)
2
vc
; c
(1)
R
v
R
2
Thay vo ( 1 ) v ( 2 ) ta c:
mgh =
2
vc
2
7 mvc
10
15
14
;
vc
v
mgh =
3mv
4
15
14
y
N
C
Fms
x
18
Li gii
1) Xc nh gia tc hnh tr
Gi s tr ln khng trt:
Psin -Fms=ma
1
2
2
Fms.R = I mR
a
R
1
ma
2
2
g sin
3
iu kin
2
3
Tc l 0 vi tg 0 = 3f th tr
a2 =
mg sin Fms
= g(sin - fcos ).
m
Fms.R 2 fg
cos
I
R
v = at =
.t
ng nng: E =
mv2 I 2
2
2
2
g sin .t
3
2
g sin .t
3R
E 0
- Trng hp > 0
thi im t:
v = g(sin - fcos ).t
2 fg cos
t
R
a2t 2
1
Fms
S q fmg cos . g sin 3 f cos t 2
2
2
Vi S q =
1
.t R
2
1
mg 2 f cos sin 3 cos 2 t 2
2
19
S S 2 S1
7r
5
2) h =
7r
5
3) r < h <
7r
5
Li gii
uu
r
hay
suy ra
v0 =
X
m
(2)
2mR 2
X =
thay vo (2) ta c:
5( h R)
v0 =
2 R 2
5( h R)
(3)
7
R : v0 < R
5
uur
uuuuu
r uuuuuuur
uur
uur
Ta c vI vI /0 v0/ dat vq v0
(vq R )
uur
7
R : v0 = vq = R , vI = 0.
5
+) R < h <
7
R : v0 > v q = R .
5
vx
I( - ) = mR(vx- vx)
Ta c vy= - vy
*) Theo nh lut bo ton ng nng ta c:
mv 2 I 2 mv '2 I '2
2
2
2
2
(1)
(2)
v
1
= 3 10 x
7
R
v x =
3v x 4 R
7
*) Bin lun:
+) < 0 siu bng quay ngc li vi chiu quay
ban u sau va chm.
21
+) vx > 0
vx >
+) vx = 0
vx =
+) vx < 0
4
3
4
3
vx <
R
R
4
3
5
ma2 cc mt ca lng tr hi lm khi ln trn mt phng
12
5 2 r
ma 1;v0 OB do trc va chm,
2
2
bit ma
1
D
E
C
a
B
u
r
Ou
v0 F
A
mav0
5
ma2.1
12
2
5
1
11
ma21 ma21 ma21
12
2
12
(1)
5
17
L'A I A. ( ma2 ma2 ).2 ma22
12
12
(2)
Mmen ng lng bo ton v coi nh c phn lc N (va chm) v F ms qua trc quay,
ur
2
11
1
17
phn lc R 0 v cc ni lc.
A
P
(1)
TA =
1P
2g
vA
(4)
2
Vt B quay quanh trc c nh nn TB O
1 1 Q 2
1 Q 2 vA
1Q 2
2
B
R
R
vA
2 2 g
4 g R
4 g
(5)
23
Thay ( 4 ) , ( 5 ) vo ( 3 ) ta c:
r
2 P Q
vA
2g
(6)
Ta c: A P A M = M - P.h = M - P.R. vi h = R.
r
r
M
A P A M =
P h
R
(7)
Thay ( 2 ), ( 6 ), ( 7 ) vo ( 1 ) ta c:
vA 4g
2 P Q
vA
2g
P h
R
M Ph
h
R 2 P Q
dA k
Vy vA 4g
e
dA k
2 P Q
2g
vA .aA =
M Ph
h
R 2 P Q
P vA
aA = 2g
aA = 2g
M PR
R 2 P Q
M PR
R 2 P Q
Bi 12
Mt bnh c dng l mt hnh tr ng nht khi lng M, bn knh R
quay quanh trc c nh nm ngang. Mt si dy qun quanh bnh , u kia ca si
dy buc mt vt nng c khi lng m. Qu nng c nng ln ri bung ra cho ri
xung. Sau khi ri c cao h, qu nng bt u lm cng si dy v quay bnh
. Tm vn tc gc ca bnh ti thi im ( hnh v ) .
Li gii
Vn tc ca vt nng m ti cui cao h tnh c nh p dng
nh lut bo ton c nng :
v1 =
2gh
( 1)
(2)
Trong v2 l vn tc ca vt m ngay sau tng tc, I l mmen
qun tnh ca bnh i vi trc quay, l vn tc gc ca
bnh ngay sau tong tc.
m
h
24
Ta c: I =
1
2
.M.R2
(3)
v2 = .R
T ( 1), ( 2 ), ( 3 ), ( 4 ) ta tnh c :
(4)
2m 2gh
m 2M .R
Bi 13
Mt si dy vt qua rng rc, hai u si dy c hai ngi u vo. Bit khi
lng ca mi ngi ln gp 4 ln khi lng rng rc. Ngi A bt u leo theo dy
vi vn tc tng i vi dy l u. Tnh vn tc ca ngi B so vi mt t? coi nh
khi lng rng rc phn b u trn vnh .
Li gii
r
Gi v B l vn tc ca dy i vi t, (v cng l vn tc ca
ngi B i vi t ). Theo cng thc cng vn tc ta c vn tc
ca ngi A i vi t l:
r
u
B
A
r
r r
vA u vB
(1)
Chiu ( 1 ) xung phng chuyn ng ca A ta c : vA u vB
(2)
( 3 ).
'
L R.m.vA R.m.vB I.
vB
R
Ta tm c: vB
m 2 vB
.R . 0 .
4
R
4u
9
Vy vn tc ca ngi B i vi t bng : vB
4u
9
vng B, C (hnh v). Khong cch gi hai tm ca cc vng B, C trc khi va chm
bng N ln ung knh mi vng. Gi s cc va chm l hon ton n hi. Xc nh
vn tc ca vng A sau va chm. Tnh gi tr ca N vng A: bt ngc li, dng li,
tip tc tin ln?.
Li gii
V h c tnh i xng nn A chuyn ng
trn ng thng c nh B v C c qu o
i xng nhau qua qu o ca A.
V cc vng m trn nn va chm l xuyn
tm do cc vng B v C s chuyn ng
theo cc phng 12 v 13. Gi
v '; v B ;vC
sau va chm.
Theo nh lut bo ton ng lng:
mv mv ' v B mv C
(1)
4 R 2 ( NR) 2
2R
4 N
2
(2)
4 N2
V v chm l n hi nn:
mvC2
mv B2
mv 2
mv 2
=
+
+
2
2
2
2
v 2 = v2 + v B2 vC2
(4)
T (3) v (4) tm c v = v
(5)
N2 2
v
6 N2
(6)
hoc v =
N2 2
v
6 N2
2
* A bt ngc tr li th v < 0 hay N 22 0 v A va vo c B v C th N 2.
6 N
.
2
V A ;V B
l vn tc ca mi qu
P 3
2m
(1)
P
2m
(2)
P 3
2m
-v
(3);
P
2m
(4)
(5)
3
mv 3 (6).
2
v
3v 3
5v
3v 3
; v1 y
; v2 x
; v2 y
4
4
4
4
+ T hnh v:
* Gc gia
tg
vB
v1y
v1 x
3 3 790 ; tg
(7)
v2 y 3 3
460
5
v2x
vB
Bi 16
Mt si dy qun trn ng dy l hnh tr ng cht kim loi m, bn knh R, J =
1
2
C
I
Li gii
1, Khi ng ng yn
ur uuuur
+) iu kin cn bng:
ur uu
r ur uuuur
P N T Fms 0
Fms f.N
+) Chiu ln trc 0x, 0y ta c:
N = mgcos
(1)
C N
(2)
Fm
O
mg
1
mg sin
2
Th vo (2) rt ra: tg 2f
Vy vi tho mn : tg 2f th ng dy cn ng yn.
2, Khi ng chuyn ng ( tg > 2f) : tr trt trn mt phng nghing v ln khng
Fms = T =
1
a
mR2
2
R
(3)
(4)
2
g sin 2 f cos
3
mv2 J 2
Trong :
v = a.t
v a.t
R R
3
4
2
Ta tm c: E d mg 2 sin 2 f cos .t 2
28
Fms
(5)
N
P sin
tg
2 P cos
2
NB
nh hnh v:
3
50 10. 3 67,3 N
2
3
2
- 10.2.0,5 = 50
- 10 = 76,6 N
c. Khi m ln qua A
m ln qua A th phi c: Fqt. R. sin > P. Rcos
a0
g cos
10 3 17,3m / s 2
sin
Bi 19
Mt thanh ng cht c chiu di l ang v tr thng ng th b xung.
Hy xc nh :
a, Vn tc di ca nh thanh khi n chm t?
b, V tr ca im M trn thanh sao cho khi M chm t th vn tc ca n ng
bng vn tc chm t ca mt vt ri t do t v tr M?
Li gii
a, Khi thanh xung c th xem thanh quay quanh im O vi vn tc gc w .
Khi thanh v tr thng ng th thanh c th nng (thay thanh
bng cht im nm ti khi tm G cch O mt on l/2)
U=
mgl
2
T :
w =
3g
l
3gl
2 gxM = xMw = xM
xM =
vM =
2gh
2 gxM
3g
l
2
l
3
30
1
1 1
1
1
mv02
ml 2 2 mv 2 v02 l 2 2 v 2
2
2 12
2
12
(1)
(2)
(3).
1
2
p dng nh l ng nng: IG 2 A ms
1 1
l
3v0
3 v02
ml2
mg
. Vy:
2 12
4
2 gl
l
mv0 v0
.
2m
2
31
Khi tm C h 3 qu cu c vn tc: vc =
v0
.
3
v0
3
so vi sn th C ng yn, cn
v 0 v0 v 0
.
2 3
6
v0
l
3
v02
12l
v0
. Theo LBTCN:
3
mgl v22d 0 2 gl
2
2
2
2
3
Vi =
(v 2 , v 0 )
th tg =
v2 d
v2n
2v02
2 gl
3
3
v0
v0
3
7 2
v0 2 gl
9
2v02
2 gl
3
32
Bi 22. Dng nh lut bo ton momet xung lng kho st chuyn ng quay ca
thanh ng cht
Mt thanh khi lng M chiu di
l c th quay t do quanh trc c nh O
nm ngang i qua mt u thanh. T khi
v tr nm ngang u thanh kia c th
ra. Khi ri n v tr thng ng th n va
chm hon ton n hi vi mt vt nh
khi lng m nm trn mt bn. B qua
sc cn ca khng kh v ma st trc
quay ca thanh.
a. xc nh vn tc ca vt m ngay sau va
chm.
b. Xc nh khong cch s m vt m i c sau va chm nu h s ma st gia vt v
mt bn l khng ph thuc vo vn tc ca vt. Bit rng ngay sau va chm thanh
ng li v vt chuyn ng tnh tin trn bn.
Li gii
a. Vn tc ca vt m ngay sau va chm.
Khi thanh ri xung c nng ca n c bo ton. Chn gc tnh th nng ti mt bn
ta c: W = W0
l
2
l
2
3g
l
M 3m
M 3m
3g
2M
;v
l
M 3m
3 gl
b. Qung ng m vt m i c trn bn
Gia tc ca m trn bn l a = - g.
Qung ng vt i thm c cho n khi dng li l:
4M 2
.3 gl
6M 2l
s = v M 3m
2a
2 g
( M 3m) 2
2
Bi 23
33
m
, khi no th Qmax?
M
Li gii
a) Trong sut qu trnh va cham, monme ca ngoi lc tc dng ln h cht im +
uuuuur
Bo ton ng nng:
= m v ' + I
2
(1)
(2)
2
I = Ml
(3)
m(v2 - v2) = I 2
= v v'
l
2
ml(v - v) = Ml
Suy ra v =
3m M
.v
3m M
(4)
6m v
.
(5)
3m M l
ur
r
Sau va chm v ' cng phng chiu vi v nn ta c v 0 3m M
ta tm c:
2 gl
mv
3
m
M
6
gl
sin m =
v
6
.
M gl
3
m
Q =
mv 2
mv 2
2
I
12 Mm
12
Q = (3m M )2 9m M
6
m m
9m M
m 1
M 3
M
m
34
Nn Qmax=
12
m 1
1
66
M 3
vi
phng ngang mt gc . Vn tc ca A v B l
vA
vB
lc A i xung mt on x - l(1-
sin)
b. nh lut bo ton c nng: mgx =
1
1
m(v A2 v B2 ) mgl (1 sin ) m(v A2 v B2 ) (1)
2
2
cos
vB
sin
1
2
1
v B2 2 gl (1 sin ). sin 2
2
sin
sin sin
.
2
2
sin sin
1
sin sin
.
(1 sin )
2
2
27
2
2
Nn vB t cc i khi (1 sin )
const
sin
2
sin ; 42 0
2
3
35
8
gl
27
Bi 25
Thanh ABC khi lng M, chiu di 2L, gp li ti trung im B t trn mt
uu
r
3l
3l
mv1 . I
4
4
(2)
p dng nh lut bo ton c nng:
M
G
N
2
2
2
2
u
u
r
v0
(3)
M 2
( 2 )L
M
IG 2
( ) NG 2
2
12
Vi :
L
5
NG 2
IG
ML2
4
24
5
18
L L v2
18
5
5
v0 v1
v2
24
m(vo v1 ) Mv2
v2
M
5
.
m 29
Bi 26
Thanh AB vi chiu di l c treo bng khp vo im
A ( hnh v ). Cho rng b qua c ma st khp, hy xc nh
vn tc gc 0 b nht cn phi truyn cho thanh thanh c t
B1
ti v tr nm ngang.
36
B0
Li gii
Cc i lng bit l : 1 0 v di ca h xc nh bi gc B0AB1. Do
gii bi ton ny tin hn c l s dng nh l bin thin ng nng.
V y l h khng bin hnh, ta c phng trnh bin thin ng nng l:
ng
1 0 A 01
(1 )
1
2
A 0
1
6
ml 0
(2)
(3)
(4)
Thay ( 2 ), ( 3 ) v ( 4 ) vo ( 1 ) ta c : -
1
6
ml 0 = - mg
3g
l
3g
l
thanh c th t n v
tr nm ngang.
Cu 27. Vt rn chuyn ng trn mt mt
cu
Mt khi tr c c khi lng m v
bn knh r bt u ln khng trt bn trong
mt mt tr c ma st bn knh R t mt v tr
xc nh bi gc 0. Hy xc nh lc ca
khi tr ti mt v tr tu xc nh bi gc
.
Li gii
p lc ca khi tr ti mt v tr tu xc
nh bi gc .
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca khi tr: P N F ma (1).
Hp lc tc dng vo vt hng tm qu o l lc hng tm.
Chiu (1) ln phng php tuyn ta c:
mv 2
N P cos
(R r)
(2)
1
1
mv 2 I 2
2
2
v
l vn tc gc ca khi
r
1
1 1 2 v2
3
mv 2
mr 2 ; W2 mg ( R r )(1 cos ) mv 2 (4)
2
22
4
r
mv 2
4
mg (cos cos 0 )
(R r) 3
(5)
1
2
4g
( R r )(1 cos )
3
(5)
2. T v tr hnh tr r ri mt tr R:
p dng nh lut II Niu tn cho hnh tr:
m ac P N
vC2
v2
mg cos N n mg cos m C (6)
Rr
Rr
4
4
arccos
7
7
Z
RB
B
0
O
r
P
RA
A
Li gii
Kho st c h gm a v cht im M. a c th quay quanh trc c nh z thng
ng, cn cht im M chuyn ng trn mt a theo ng trn tm O, bn knh
OM (chuyn ng tng i ) vi vn tc u v cng quay vi a quanh trc z (chuyn
ng theo)
r
re
M (F ) 0
z
Lz = const
Lz = Lz( 0 )
(1)
Trong : Lz l Mmen ng lng ca h theo trc z ti thi im bt k. L z( 0 ) l
Mmen ng lng ca h theo trc z ti thi im ban u.
39
Q
2g
im ban u.
P
L2( 0 ) = R. .v = R 0 R =
Lz( 0 ) =
Q 2P
2g
0 R
(2)
Q
2g
im bt k.
P
,
L z2 = R. .v = R (R u) l mmen ng lng ca cht im theo trc
z ti thi im bt k.
Lz =
R Q 2 P 2 PRu
2g
Thay ( 2 ) v ( 3 ) vo ( 1 ) ta c: 0
(3)
2 Pu
Q 2 P R
2 Pu
Q 2 P R
dng hay m.
Bi 30
Hai a cng c gn vo trc quay (hnh v). Ngi ta cho trc hi xon ri
th ra. Hy xc nh h thc gia cc vn tc gc v cc gc quay ca cc a khi
chng dao ng xon. Cho rng khi lng ca trc b khng ng k, cn mmen
qun tnh ca cc a i vi trc x l I1 v I2 l cc i lng bit.
Li gii
I1
I2
x
40
(Fk ) 0 Lx = const.
i vi cng trc ).
I2
I1
1dt
I2
I1
(3)
2 dt 1
I2
I1
r
g
r
0
r
0
r
v
I g = m.R2.
v
R
L gg 0 m R 2
v
R
- 0 m Rv 0
(1)
41
L g mR
(2)
mRv 0
mR
(3)
1 2
2
mv 0
2
2
(4)
2
g
mRv 0
2
mR
mR
(5)
(6)
Thay ( 4 ) , ( 5 ) vo ( 6 ) v bin i ta c:
2 1 = -
m v R0
2 mR
< 0
Bi 32
Mt ci ti trng quay xem nh hnh tr tm O cng l khi tm c bn knh R,
momen qun tnh I i vi trc ca n. Mt dy cp khi lng khng ng k, hon
ton mm c qun quanh trng u di ca dy cp ni vi ti khi lng m. Trng
c th quay khng ma st quanh trc c nh
nh ng c tc ng mt ngu lc c momen
Trong
M = const. Xc nh gia tc thng ng ca ti
M R
M to
O
trng.
Li gii
Cch 1: S dng phng php ng lc hc
Gi T l lc cng dy, l gia tc gc ca
trng. ay l gia tc ca ti m
M - TR = I
Ta c:
T - mg = may
ay = R
m
mg
42
tm c
T =
mRM mgI
mR2 I
ay =
T mg
MR mR 2 g
m
mR 2 I
Cch 2: S dng
dL
M
dt
ngoi
Lz = I mRv (I mR2 )
ngoai
Suy ra (I + mR2)
v
R
M mgR
(M mgR)R
a
= M mgR ta tm c a
R
I mR2
Bi 33 Dao ng ca vt rn
o gia tc trng trng g, ngi ta c th dng con lc rung, gm mt l
thp phng chiu di l, khi lng m, mt u ca l thp gn cht vo im O ca
gi, cn u kia gn mt cht im khi lng M. v tr cn bng l thp thng ng.
Khi lm l thp lch khi v tr cn bng mt gc nh (radian) th sinh ra momen
lc c. (c l mt h s khng i) ko l thp tr v v tr y (xem hnh v). Trng tm
ca l thp nm ti trung im ca n v momen qun tnh ca ring l thp i vi
trc quay qua O l ml 2 / 3 .
a, Tnh chu k T cc dao ng nh ca con lc.
b, Cho l = 0,20m, m = 0,01kg, M = 0,10kg. con lc c th dao ng, h s c phi
ln hn gi tr no? Bit g khng vt qu 9,9m / s 2 .
c, Cho l, m, M c cc gi tr nh mc b, c = 0,208. Nu o c T = 10s th g c gi
tr bng bao nhiu?
d, Cho l, m, M, c c cc gi tr cho mc c. Tnh nhy ca con lc, xc nh bi
dT
, dT l bin thin nh ca T ng vi bin thin nh dg ca g quanh gi tr trung
dg
2
bnh g 0 9,8m / s . Nu gn g 0 , gia tc g tng 0,01m / s 2 th T tng hay gim bao
nhiu?
e, Xt mt con lc n c chiu di L = 1m cng dng o g. Tnh nhy ca con
lc n gn gi tr trung bnh g 0 ; g tng 0,01m / s 2 th chu k T ca con lc n tng
hay gim bao nhiu? So snh nhy ca hai con lc. (Trch thi chn hc sinh vo
i tuyn d olympic vt l chu nm 2004)
43
Li gii
m
ml 2
a) Momen qun tnh ca con lc I =
+ Ml 2 = l 2 ( M + )
3
3
Momen lc
M=
gl ( M ) c
2
..
Phng trnh J
m
m ..
l 2 ( M ) = gl ( M ) c
2
3
Gi thit c gl ( M
m
)
2
hay
= 0
m
l 2 (M )
3
..
c gl ( M
m
) , con lc dao ng nh vi chu k:
2
m
)
3
T = 2
(1)
m
c gl ( M )
2
l 2 (M
b) iu kin c gl ( M
c) t a l 2 ( M
(1) T 2
m
) , vi g max 9,9m / s 2 cho c 9,9.0,2.0,105 hay c 0,2079 .
2
m
) 0,004132,
3
a
c bg
b l (M
m
) 0,021 (n v SI).
2
T2
a
(2), hay
, vi T = 10 s tnh c g 9,83m / s 2
2
c bg
4
.
1
1
ln T ln 2 ln a ln(c bg )
2
2
Ly o hm i vi g , vi T l hm ca g :
d) Ly ln hai v ca (2)
1 dT
b
T dg 2(c bg )
nhy
dT
bT
dg 2(c bg )
(3)
dT
48 .
dg
dT
dg
44
e) Vi con lc n T 2
hm i vi g
L
,
g
1
2
1
2
lm tng t: ln T ln 2 ln L ln g . Ly o
1 dT
1
T dg
2g
dT
T
.
dg
2g
Con lc n c L 1m th T 2s . Vi g 9,8m / s 2 th
dT
0,1 ; g tng 0,01m / s 2
dg
3mv0
sin(t ) vi
M 3m l
v gc lch cc i
max 0
3 g ( M 2 m)
2
, tn s T
2 l ( M 3m)
3mv 0
( M 3m)l
Bi 34
Tnh chu k dao ng thng ng ca tm C ca hnh tr ng nht khi lng
m, bn knh R, c momen qun tnh i vi trc l
1
mR 2 . Si dy khng dn, khng
2
mg
T02 = k. l =
2
T 01
=> mg - 2 k. l = 0
+) Ti li x (ca C ) l xo dn ( l +2x).
Ta c phng trnh ng lc hc:
T 02
C
R
x"
(T1- T2)R = I = I
R
=> T1 =
1
mx"T2
2
T 01
M T2 = F = k( l +2x)
+) Phng trnh ng lc II Newton:
- (T2+T1) + mg = mx
rt ra x+
8k
8k
x 0 vi
3m
3m
T 02
mg
3m
8k
2
2
k 2x
E = I mv const
2
2
2
2
v x'
R R
I
) 4kx 0
R2
8k
8k
x 0 vi
3m
3m
2
3m
2
8k
Bi 35
Mt hnh tr c ng cht, trng lng P, bn knh r t trong mt mt lm
bn knh cong R (hnh v). im trn ca hnh tr ngi ta gn 2 l xo vi cng k
nh nhau. Tm chu k dao ng nh ca hnh tr vi
gi
thit hnh tr ln khng trt.
R
Li gii
k
nh lut II Newton:
2kx + Mg - Fms = Ma
(1)
r
(2)
(2) =>
(1) =>
=>
Ch l:
B1
=0
=0
=>
46
47
Bi 12
Mt vnh xe bn knh R ln khng trt trn mt bn nm ngang, vn tc ca
khi tm G l V0. Gi I l mt im trn vnh, ban u I tip xc vi bn. Xc nh
phng trnh chuyn ng, vn tc v gia tc ca I.
Bi 13
Mt qu cu bn knh R ln khng trt trn mt mt phng nghing vi gia tc
khng i l a. mt thi im t v tr ca cc im nh hnh
A
v. Hy xc nh vn tc v gia tc ca A, B v O.
Bi 14
B
O
50
Bi 25
Mt hnh lp phng khi lng M v mt hnh tr c m bn knh R. Si dy
khng dn khng khi lng mt u buc vo M,
mt u cun vo hnh tr. Hnh lp phng
chuyn ng khng ma st trn mt phng nghing
nghing gc . Rng rc khng khi lng v
quay khng ma st quanh trc. H c th t do
Xc nh thi im t: vn tc ca G v vn tc gc .
2.
i c.
3. Tnh cng ca lc tip xc.
4. Sau hnh tr chuyn ng nh th no? Bin lun v v ng cong biu din
bin thin ca v v theo thi gian.
Bi 29
Mt vnh ai mng rn c bn knh R c t thng
ng trn sn v gn im tip xc vi sn ngi ta gn
vo vnh ai mt vt nh A c khi lng bng khi lng
52
3m
r
(1+ ) ; m l mt hng s dng.
3
R
7 R
Tm g c ko trn mt bn nm
ngang theo chiu CD vi gia tc khng
i a (hnh v). Kt qu l vt ln khng
trt v pha D c mt on l v ri
xung bn. H s ma st trt gia vt v mt bn l k.
1. Tnh khi lng v mmen qun tnh ca vt i vi trc quay qua tm ca n.
2. Hy xc nh thi gian vt ln trn tm g v gia tc tm O ca vt i vi mt bn.
3. Ti thi im vt ri khi tm g vn tc gc ca vt bng bao nhiu?
4. CMR trong sut qu trnh chuyn ng trn mt bn vt lun ln c trt.
5. Vt chuyn ng c mt qung ng s bng bao nhiu trn bn?
Bi 36
Mt thanh AB ng cht khi tm G, khi lng m,
chiu di l. Thanh c treo vo im O bng hai dy khng
dn, khng khi lng cng chiu di l.
1. H cn bng tnh lc cng T0 ca cc dy.
Bi 38
Mt dy xch AB ng nht c chiu di l v khi lng m, t mp ca mt
A
ci bn nm ngang, u B ca xch cch mp bn khong h.
O
y
Dy c th t do khng vn tc ban u. B qua mi ma
B
st.
x
1. Xc nh phng trnh vi phn to x ca B theo thi gian.
2. Xc nh thi im t phn lc R m bn tc dng ln dy xch.
Bi 39
Mt si dy xch ng cht, khng n hi, khi lng m, chiu di l vt qua
rng rc khi lng M, bn knh R. Rng rc c th quay khng ma st quanh trc.
thi im ban u, h ng yn, hai u mt ca dy chnh lch nhau mt on h. Xc
nh chuyn ng ca h sau . (gi thit dy khng trt trn rng rc).
Bi 40
Mt a nng quay quanh trc thng ng vi vn tc gc . ng xu khi
lng m, bn knh r c th xung a v trc ca n thng ng (hnh v). Khong
cch gia hai trc l d (d > r). H s ma st gia a v ng xu l k. Tm
vn tc gc n nh ca ng xu? Gi tr mmen lc t vo trc a ln
gi cho vn tc ca n khng i? Khng c ma st trc.
Bi 41
Mt cun dy khng n hi, khi lng khng ng k qun qua
mt thanh hnh tr bn knh R nm ngang ng yn (vt qua ng na
vng hnh tr). Tnh gi tr cc tiu F 0 ca F cn phi tc dng u mt
A ca dy ngn khng cho ti trng ri xung. Gi thit rng h s ma
st trt gia dy i vi thanh l f v trng lng ca dy khng ng
k.
Bi 42
Mt xe t ban u ng yn, khi khi ng c c gia tc a trn ng nm
ngang. Mt cnh ca ca xe vn m v to nn gc 0 = 900.
56
Phn 2: BI TP C HC THEO CH
Ch 1: CNG - CNG SUT - NNG LNG
Trng THPT Chuyn Hong Vn Th, tnh Ha Bnh.
1.83. Nghin cu mt tai nn trn ng, cnh st giao thng o c chiu di vt
bnh xe trn mt ng do phanh gp xe c chiu di L = 60m. Tm vn tc ban
u ca xe, nu h s ma st gia bnh xe v mt ng l k = 0,5?
Hng dn gii
Gi vn tc ban u ca xe l v.
Vt bnh xe trn mt ng l L = 60m nn qung ng xe trt l 60m.
p dng nh l ng nng cho qu trnh phanh ta c:
1
0 mv 2 kmgL
2
v 2kgL 24,5(m / s )
A
+
Fms
VB
mv B
H
mgH kmg cos .
2
sin
v B 2 2 gH (1 k cot ) )
S bin thin c nng ca 2 im B v C:
WC WB Ams
2
mv B
kmgL
2
57
1
k
vB
2kg
L H ( cot ) 49( m)
Hnh 1.48.
Hng dn gii
Tng chiu di trn ng ngang ca y h m vt i c l S:
kmgS = mgH
S
H
5
I
x
l
67 33cm .
2
Fms
P
k1 k 2
2
H
sin
k1 k 2
cot 4,5.10 3 ( J )
2
v1 sin 1 v 2 sin 2
0,01 .
v 2 cos 2 v1 cos 1
1 ; 2 l nhng gc nh nn
1 v1 2 v 2
0,01
v 2 v1
Fms
H
0,01 rt nh cos 1
L
A1 kmgL mgH
Ta c:
A1
mgkL mgH
Q1
m1 q
m 1
mgkL mgH
q
Ta c:
A2
mgkL
Q2
m2 q
m2
m m1 m2
mgkL2
q
2,2(kg )
q
q
0,1.4,6.10 7
60
M: Q=Mq
Ta c:
Ai FC S
Q Mq
FC
Mq
3.104 ( N )
S
Ai1
A
i2
Atp1 Atp 2
nMv 2
2 Fc.L
m1 q
m2 q
Fc.L
50
100.1500.
2
m
2 Fc.L nMv
3 1,7
1
1
m2
2Fc.L
2.300.100000
61
=>
v2
g 2,5.10 6 N
2l
F m
2
ng nng ban u: W= mv =18m
0 xL:
x
Fms kmg
L
Fms
kmg
L
62
6mv 2
Ftb .L
2
Ta c: Ftb
Ftb
3mv 2
L
Fmax
(v lc rt inh gim tuyn tnh t Fmax n 0)
2
6mv 2
L
6mv 2
L
L
G
L
2
kMgL
2
Hng dn gii
V qu trnh ko thng nc ln u n nn
lc cn ko thng nc bng trng lng ca thng
cng trng lng ca nc.
V lng nc trong thng gim u t th tch V
xung 2/3V nn lc ko thng nc cng gim t
F0 mg gV n F mg
2
gV
3
F
gV mg
2/3+mg
mg
O
1 2
H ( gV mg ) ( gV mg )
2 3
A(
5 V
gH
2m )
3
2
Thay s A = 2,9kJ
1.98. Mt xylanh t thng ng, u di chm trong nc.
Trong xylanh c mt pittng t nm trn mt nc.
Ko chm pittng ln cao H = 15m (Hnh 1.49). Tm
H
cng ko pittng? Din tch tit din ca pittng l S =
1dm2, p sut kh quyn P0=105 Pa. B qua khi lng
pittng.
Hng dn gii
+ Khi ko pittng ln, nc trong pittng dng ln theo. n
Hnh 1. 49.
khi p sut ct nc bng p sut kh quyn th ct nc khng
dng ln na. Khi trong xi lanh tn ti mi trng chn khng.
+ Nu tip tc ko pittng ln th cn phi tc dng vo pittng 1 lc thng c p
lc ca kh quyn tc dng ln pittng.
+ Chiu cao ti a ca ct nc c th dng ln trong xilanh:
gh p0
=>
p0
10 5
3
10m H
g 10 .10
gSh 2
p 0 S ( H h)
2
Thay s ta c: A = 104 J
64
mv 2
mgl
2
=>
v 2 gl
mv m 2 gl
Ft
Ft
n m 2 gl
2
2 Ft
K
Mvv
v
Mv 2
2
2
=> K Mvv =>
2
K
v
Mv
2
K
0,04
K
=>
v
0,02
v
m
u
M
=>
0,02
v
M v
+ i vi tn la ang ng yn:
p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng ta c:
Mv 2 M m 2 2 1 m 2 2
u
u
Ta c: K 2
2
2 M2
2M
mu Mv2 => v 2
K 2 m 2 u 2 v
2 2
=>
K
M v
v
m
u
M
4.10 4
=> K 2 4.10 4 K
65
Ch 2: LC HP DN. V TINH
Trng THPT Chuyn tnh Lo Cai
1.101. Mt v tinh nhn to dng trong h thng vin thng, phng ln t xch o ca
Tri t, v trong sut thi gian chuyn ng sau lun nm pha trn mt
im c nh trn mt t (v tinh a tnh). Hi bn knh qu o ca v tinh
ln hn bn knh Tri t RE = 6400 km bao nhiu ln? Bit gia tc ri t do
trn b mt t l g = 9,8 m/s2.
1.102. V tinh nhn to ca Tri t c phng ln t xch o v chuyn ng trn
qu o trn trong mt phng xch o theo chiu quay ca Tri t. Tm t s
gia bn knh qu o ca v tinh v bn knh Tri t nu thi gian gia hai
ln lin tip n i qua pha trn ca im phng l hai ngy?
1.103. V tinh nhn to ca Tri t c phng ln t xch o v chuyn ng trn
qu o trn trong mt phng xch o theo chiu quay ca Tri t. Bn knh
qu o ca v tinh R = 3RE vi RE = 6400 km l bn knh Tri t. Thi gian
gia hai ln lin tip v tinh i qua nh u ti im phng bng bao nhiu?
1.104. Coi qu o ca Tri t v Mt Trng l trn, tm t s khi lng Tri t v
Mt Tri. Bit Mt Trng i c 13 vng quanh Tri t trong mt nm v
khong cch t Tri t n Mt Tri ln hn 390 ln khong cch t Tri t
n Mt Trng.
1.105. Xc nh t s khi lng Tri t v Sao Ha theo cc tham s qu o ca
trm t ng Sao Ha 2: khong cch ln nht n mt t (vin im) a =
25000 km, nh nht (cn im) l p = 1380 km, chu k quay T = 18 h. Bn knh
Sao Ha RM = 3400 km, bn knh Tri t RE = 6400 km.
1.106. Mt trong cc v tinh Sao Mc chuyn ng trn qu o trn bn knh R 1 =
4,22.105 km v chu k quay T1 = 1,77 ngy. Khi lng Sao Mc ln hn khi
lng Tri t bao nhiu ln? Bit rng Mt Trng chuyn ng trn qu o
bn knh R2 = 3,8.105 km vi chu k T2 = 27,3 ngy.
1.107. Tnh vn tc v tr cp I khi phng t b mt Sao Mc, s dng cc thng s
qu o v tinh Hanimet ca Sao Mc: qu o trn bn knh R = 1.10 6 km v
chu k T = 7,15 ngy. Bn knh Sao Mc RJ = 70000 km.
1.108. Tm khong cch xa nht t tm Mt Tri n sao chi Harley, bit chu k quay
quanh Mt Tri ca n l T = 76 nm, khong cch nh nht t sao chi n
Mt Tri l Rmin = 1,8.108 km. Bn knh qu o Tri t R0 = 1,5.108 km.
66
1.117. V tinh c khi lng M = 200 kg chuyn ng trn qu o trn quanh Tri
t. Khong cch t mt t n v tinh l nh so vi bn knh Tri t. C th
thay i bn knh qu o bao nhiu nu bn mt pht n t v tinh? Khi
lng vin n m = 5g, vn tc n l u = 1 km/s theo phng ngc chiu vn
tc v tinh.
1.118. Tng th ba ca tn la bao gm phn khoang mang nhin liu c khi lng
M = 50 kg v phn u bo v hnh nn c khi lng m =10 kg. Phn u c
th bt v pha trc nh mt l xo nn. Khi th trn Tri t, khi tn la c
gi c nh th l xo y phn u khi tn la vi vn tc v 0 = 5,1 m/s. Tm
vn tc tng i ca phn u so vi tn la khi n ri ra trong khi bay trn
qu o?
1.119. V tinh c phng ln qu o trn ti cao H = 500 km so vi b mt Tri
t b cn bi cc lp kh quyn Tri t trn cao. Gia tc gc ca v tinh =
3.10-13 rad/s2. Tm cao ca v tinh sau mt thng? Bn knh Tri t R E =
6400 km.
1.120. Bit rng ti thi im hin ti, Mt Trng ri xa khi Tri t vi tc v =
3,3 cm/nm. Tm gia tc gc ca Mt Trng. Khong cch trung bnh t Tri
t n Mt Trng R = 3,84.105 km, vn tc gc ca Mt Trng quanh Tri t
= 2,56.10-6 rad/s.
1.121. Tn la phng ln t b mt Tri t theo phng thng ng vi vn tc v
tr cp I v ri tr li Tri t cch khng xa im bn. Tm thi gian bay ca
tn la? Bn knh Tri t l RE = 6400 km.
1.122. Cc nh du hnh v tr h cnh xung b mt Mt Trng, cn quay tr v
trm v tr ang chuyn ng trn qu o trn ti cao bng bn knh Mt
Trng RM = 1700 km. Tm vn tc u v ca cabin ti b mt Mt Trng, cho
khi tip ni vi trm khng cn iu chnh vn tc ca cabin? Gia tc ri t do
ti b mt Mt Trng l gM = 1,7 m/s2.
1.123. Tu v tr khi lng M = 12 tn chuyn ng quanh Mt Trng trn qu o
trn ti cao h = 100 km. chuyn sang qu o h cnh xung Mt Trng,
ngi ta cho ng c phn lc hot ng trong thi gian ngn. Vn tc kh pht
ra khi ng l u = 104 m/s. Bn knh Mt Trng RM = 1700 km, gia tc ri t do
trn b mt Mt Trng l gM = 1,7 m/s2.
a) Tm khi lng nhin liu cn dng ng c hot ng ti im A lm
tu p xung Mt Trng ti im B (Hnh 1.80 a)?
b) Tm khi lng nhin liu cn dng truyn cho tu mt xung lng theo
phng ni tm Mt Trng tu chuyn sang qu o elip tip xc vi b mt
Mt Trng ti im C (Hnh 1.80 b)?
68
C
B
900
a)
b)
Hnh 1. 80.
LI GII
Bi 1.180 .
Theo nh lut Kepler ta c
(1 )
T, T1: Chu k quay ca v tinh trn qu o trn v Elip
a: Bn knh quay trn qu o trn a = 3RE
a1: Bn knh ln trn qu o Elip a1 = 2RE
Xt c ca v tinh trn qu o trn
=>
(2)
=>
(3)
m
Vi tri t
R0
R02
(1)
69
Gm1m2
R1 R2 2
m1
v12
v2
m2 2
R1
R2
(2)
2R
GM
2
T (1) v (2) ta c: R v T
0
0
G 2M
R2
(3)
v12
2
R1 R2 2 R1 R2 2 R1 R2
R1
T
(4)
R1 R2 3 R 2 T 2 R
2
0
2R
R2 2 R 3,0.108 Km
Bi 1.182.
T = 2T = 4
l
g
T 2
=>
l
l
2
BG
L
2
2
3
3
l
L
3
l
1
3
1
2
L
2
T
2
L
g
3g
Bi 1.183
V trng lng bng tng hp ca lc hp dn v lc qun tnh li tm nn theo u bi
th lc hp dn ca tri t tc dng ln vt cao h trn a cc bng tng hp ca
lc hp dn ca lc hp dn v lc qun tnh li tm tc dng ln vt ti xch o
GMm
GMm
GMm
2
ma ht
mR
2
2
2
R
R
R h
T
G
h R T
1
2
GT 3
Bi 1.184.
Gia tc ri t do trn tiu hnh tinh : g = GM/R2
M: kh lng hnh tinh; R: Bn knh hnh tinh.
M = 0.V = 0..R3.
vy g = G.0..R 7,68.10-3m/s2.
Khi cng mt ngi nhy th bin thin th nng l nh nhau nn ta c:
70
GM 4
R
3
R2
.108 g MT 265 m / s 2
g TD
TD RTD 4
Bi 1.186.
Lc hp dn ca Tri t v Mt Tri ng vai tr l lc hng tm. Coi khi tm h
Tri t v Mt Tri trng Mt Tri.
M .M S
4 2 3
2
2 3
G
M R0 GM S R0 2 R0
R02
T
Mt khc:
GM S 4 2 R03
gS
2 2
RS2
T RS
Bi 1.187
Trong vic quay ca v tinh quanh hnh tinh th lc hp dn ng vai tr l lc
hng tm nn xy dng c biu thc tnh chu k nh sau
GMm
2
mR 2 mR
2
R
T
GM 2
R3
T
3
R
T
Tmin
3
1,2.10 3 ( s )
G
Bi 1.189
- Xt trong h quy chiu khi tm ca h gm khoang mang nhin liu v u bo v
p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng: mdvd = mtvt
- Khi th trn tri t ta tnh c th nng n hi ca l xo
md v02
p dng nh lut bo ton c nng: W
2
md v d2 mt vt2
v2
m
mt
vt
md v d md
mt
v0
mt
mt
mt md
- Vn tc tng i ca u bo v v tn la
71
v d vt v 0
mt
m
mt
m
d v0
v0 1 d 5,6(m / s)
mt md mt
mt md
mt
72
Ch 3: CC NH LUT BO TON
Trng THPT chuyn tnh Tuyn Quang
1.124. Mt thng xe c khi lng m2 = 160 kg, chiu di L = 3 m nm trn mt
ng ray nhn. Mt ngi c khi lng m 1 = 60 kg i t u ny n u kia
ca thng xe. Tm dch chuyn ca thng xe?
1.125. Tm vn khi lng m trt t do trn mt bng nm ngang vi vn tc v 1. Mt
ngi khi lng m2 nhy ln tm vn vi vn tc v 2 theo phng vung gc
vi vn tc tm vn. Tm vn tc v ca h vn v ngi. B qua lc ma st gia
vn v mt bng.
1.126. Mt toa ch tc nc c th chuyn ng khng ma st dc theo ng ray.
Khi lng tc l M, khi lng nc trong b l m. Mt vt khi lng m 0
c th ri thng ng vo b ti v tr cch tm b mt on l. Tm phng
v dch chuyn ca b nc khi chuyn ng ca nc tt hn v vt ni?
Gii thch c ch hin tng.
1.127. Vin n c bn ra t khu sng t trn mt t, n thnh hai mnh ging
nhau khi ln n im cao nht ca qu o cch sng theo phng ngang mt
on l a. Mt trong hai mnh bay theo phng ngc li vi vn tc bng vn
tc ca vin n ngay trc khi n. Tm khong cch t sng n im ri ca
mnh n th hai? B qua sc cn ca khng kh.
1.128. Mt vin n khi lng m bay theo phng ngang vi vn tc v gm vo khi
g khi lng M ang ng yn treo vo si dy c chiu di l. Tm gc lch
ca dy khi phng thng ng.
1.129. Dng sng hi bn vo mt hp dim t trn bn, cch mp bn mt khong l
= 30cm. Vin n c khi lng m = 1g, bay theo phng ngang vi vn tc v 0
= 150 m/s, xuyn qua hp dim v bay tip vi vn tc v 0/2. Khi lng hp
dim l M = 50 g. H s ma st k gia hp dim v mt bn phi nh th no
n ri khi bn?
1.130. Hai ht c khi lng m v 2m, c ng lng p v p/2, chuyn ng theo cc
phng vung gc vi nhau n va chm vi nhau. Sau va chm, hai ht trao
i ng lng cho nhau. Tm c nng mt i do va chm.
1.131. Vt khi lng m1 chuyn ng vi vn
tc v n va chm n hi vi mt vt m
m
v
73
m1
Thay s: l = 0,82(m)
Bi 1.117
nh lut bo ton ng lng cho h ngi vn:
m1v1
m 1 v1 m 2 v 2 mv vi m = m1+m2
mv
m2v2
m 1 v1 2 m 2 v 2 2
m1 m 2
Bi 1.118
Gi x l khong cch t trng tm mi ca h n trng tm G ca tc nc.
Theo quy tc hp lc song song ta c:
P'
mo
M m g
mo g
x
l x mM g
P ' mo M m g
mol
x mM m
o
mol
m M mo
o
mo mt khong ng bng x m M m
75
m
m
v v' v=3v.
2
2
O '
H
h
O
Bi 1.120
nh lut bo ton ng lng cho h n + khi g theo phng ngang ti
im O: mv = (m+M)v
v'
m
v
mM
(1)
cos 1
(2)
m2v2
M m 2 .2gl
Bi 1.121
mv0=mv+MV V=mv0/(2M)
mv 02
MV 2
MV /2 kMgl k
2Mgl 8M 2 gl
2
Bi 1.222
Gi v l vn tc vt m trc va chm p=mv.
p2=2mv2 = p/2 = mv/2 v2=v/4
Sau khi va chm:
o p1 = p2 mv=2mv/4 v1=v/2
o p2 = p1 2mv2 = mv v2 = v/2
ng nng trc v sau va chm:
o Wt= mv2/2 + mv2/16 = 9mv2/16
o Ws= mv2/2 + mv2/4 = 3mv2/8
C nng mt: W = 3mv2/16
Bi 1.123:
76
p12
5
m 2 K 2 m1 K 1 (1)
4
4
Bo ton c nng:
mv
mv
ur
mr
u
2
mu/2
mv
mv '
mu
2m v v ' cos30
u2
v 2 v '2 2v v ' cos30o v 2 v '2 3 v v ' 1
4
Bo ton c nng:
1 2 1
1m 2
u2
2
mv mv '
u
v 2 v '2
2
2
22
2
u2
2
2
v ' 3
4 v v ' 3 v v '
2
u v 2 v '2
u 2v
2
3
Bi 1.125:
Vn tc ca vt m1 ngay trc va chm:
m1 g l1 1 cos
m1v12
v12 2 g l1 1 cos
2
v1 g l1
m1 m2 v1 2m2v2
m1 m2
m2 m1 v2 2m1v1
m1 m2
m1 m2 g l1
m1 m2
2m1 g l1
m1 m2
77
1
m1v1' 2 m1 g l1 1 cos1
2
2 m1 m2 m1 m2
2
cos1
2 m1 m2
m1 m2 g l1
2
2. m1 m2
2
g l1 1 cos1
1
2m1m2
89
0,91
2
2 m1 m2
98
1
1 4m12 g l1
m2 v2' 2 m2 g l2 1 cos 2
g l2 1 cos 2
2
2 m1 m2 2
cos 2 1
2 m12 l1
l2 m1 m2
107
0, 727
147
Bi 1.126:
(3)
(2)
Bi 1.127:
hH
+h)/16
1
mg 3H 5h 2 Hh
16
Bi 1.128:
Gi qu cu m2:
m1 v 02 kx 2
(1)
2
2
Th ng thi 2 qu:
m1 v12 m 2 v 22 kx 2
(2)
2
2
2
78
m2
m12
; v2 v0
m1 m 2
m 2 m1 m 2
Bi 1.129:
Mv 02 kA 02
Mv 02
2
A0
Cha ri vt xung: W
(1).
2
2
k
Vt ri xung: W '
(M m) v 2
2
kA 2
2
A2
(M m) v 2
k
(2).
M
v 0 (3).
Mm
M
Mm
Bi 1.130:
Xt va chm gia m3 v m2:
m 3 v 0 m 2 v m 3 v'
(1)
1
1
1
m 3 v 02 m 2 v 2 m 3 v '2 (2)
2
2
2
2 2
1
m
( 2k ) A 2 A v 0
2
8k
l max l 2A l v 0
m
2k
m
2k
79
Chuyn 4: TNH HC
Trng THPT Chuyn tnh Bc Giang
1.139. Mt hnh cu c buc vo mt si
O
dy v ta vo tng nh hnh v 1.9.
Tm hnh cu C nm trn cng ng
ca h s ma st gia qu cu v tng
h c th cn bng? Bit: + =
/2.
Hnh 1.9.
Hnh 1.10.
b)
a)
nng chuyn ng khng gia tc
Hnh 1.11.
trn mt phng nm ngang (Hnh
1.12, a)? Bit rng vt bt u t trt khi t trn mt phng nghing c gc
80
a)
b)
Hnh 1.13.
Hnh 1.12.
a/2
Hnh 1.14.
Hnh 1.15.
Hnh 1.16.
1.147. Vt khi lng m c kch thc ab (Hnh 1.15) nm trn mt phng nghing
c gc nghing . Bt u tc dng lc F song song vi mt phng nghing.
Vi lc F nh th no th vt b lt ? Bit rng khi vt khng b trt
xung mt phng nghing.
1.148. Mt khi lp phng nh khi lng m = 100g t trn mt phng nhm
nghing vi phng nm ngang mt gc = 300 (Hnh 1.16). H s ma st gia
khi lp phng v mt nhm l k = 0,8. Tm lc nh nht F tc dng vo khi
81
G
L
Hnh 1.17.
Hnh 1.18.
r
R
Hnh 1.19.
Hnh 1.20.
Hnh 1.21.
82
83
Trc 1
Trc 2
1
2
Hnh 1.24.
84
LI GII
Bi 1.18
- Chn h trc ta Oxy nh hnh v.
ur uu
r ur uuuu
r
ur uu
r ur uuuu
r r
* iu kin cn bng : P N T Fms 0
- Chiu ln 0xy :
N = Tsin
(1)
(2)
u
r
P
Hnh 1.9.
Bi 1.19
- Cc lc tc dng vo thang c phn tch
nh hnh v.
* iu kin cn bng mmen vi trc quay A :
l
N2.lsin = P1. cos P2 (l a) cos
2
trong a = l/3; P1 = mg; P2 = Mg.
m 2M
) g . c tan
2
3
* iu kin cn bng lc :
N1 = (M + m)g
N2 = Fms
u
u
r
N
u
r
T
(3)
1
sin
suy ra : N 2 (
uuu
r
Fms
(1)
uur
N2
uu
r
uu
r
P2
N1
ur
P1
uuu
r
Fms A
(2)
(3)
m 2M
) g. c tan
2
3
Vy lc m sn tc dng ln thang l :
T (1), (3) : Fms = (
(4)
2 g m 2M ctg 2 M m 2 800 N
F N 2 Fms
1
3
2
Fms 3m 4 M
ur
. c tan
Gc hp bi F so vi phng thng ng : tan =
N1 6( M m)
3m 4 M
ctg 200
6 M 6m
arctg
85
Bi 1.20.
Chn mc th nng ti bn l.
l
2
a1 =
a1
a2
l
m
Gi a = a1 + a2 l chiu di dy th
U
1
mgl sin Mg ( H a H 2 l 2 2 Hl sin )
2
Hnh 1.10.
dU
mgl
Hl
Mg .
0
2
2
d(sin )
2
H l 2 Hl sin
2
sin
M
2MH
m 1
2 HL
H 2 l2
H l
.m
2H
Bi 1.21
+ Xt hnh 1.11 a: lc tc dng ln vt M gm hai lc
r
r
- Trng lc P , lc n hi Fdh
r
r r
r
r
- M trng thi cn bng: P Fdh 0 P Fdh
Fdh
- Trng lc p , lc n hi f dh
r
r r
r r
- m trng thi cn bng: p f dh 0 p f dh
fdh
m
P
p f dh mg k (l0 l2 ) (2)
Mg k (l1 l0 )
ml Ml2
l0 1
mg k (l0 l2 )
M m
Bi 1.22:
+ Xt hnh 1.12 a lc tc dng ln vt
nng gm
86
- Trng lc P , lc ko F , phn lc N
r
v lc ma st Fms .
- V vt chuyn ng khng gia tc
nn ta c phng trnh sau:
r
r r r r
P F N Fms 0 (1)
N
F
Fms
a)
b)
Hnh
1.12.
mg
(4)
cos + sin
N
Fms
r
r r r r
Ta c phng trnh: P N F Fms 0
Hnh
1.13. y
( 1)
chiu ln cc trc to ox v oy ta c:
+ Trc ox: P sin Fcos Fms 0
(2)
+ Trc oy: N Pcos Fsin = 0
=> N Pcos + Fsin
st y l lc ma st ngh.
+ Xt trng hp th nht: vt c xu hng i xung
Phng chiu cc lc tc dng ln m nh hnh v:
o
N
(3)
Hnh
1.13.
Fms
87
=3,3 (N).
cos +ksin
1 k .tan
+ Xt trng hp th nht: vt c xu hng i ln
Phng chiu cc lc tc dng ln m nh hnh v:
r
= 8.8 >3,3
cos ksin
1 k .tan
Vy lc nh nht tc dng vo vt m n ng yn l: F
mg (tan k )
= 3,3 (N).
1 k .tan
Bi 1.24.
+ Cc lc tc dng ln vt gm c: P, N, F v Fms.
+ S dng nh lut II Newton ta c:
ma P N Fms F
( V chuyn ng thng u)
+ 0 = - Pcos - Fsin + N suy ra N = Pcos + Fsin :
tg k
mg 21,4 N
1 k .tg
Bi 1.25.
+ D dng c c iu kin vt chuyn ng
kP
(1)
cos k sin
Fms
+ iu kin vt b nng ln: Momen
ca F i
vi trc quay qua J phi ln hn hoc bng
momen ca P
b
2
N
a
a/2
a
2
Bin i ta thu c kt qu : tg
1
(3)
k
a b
. tan ) hay
2 2
mg a
( . cos sin )
2 b
Bi 1.27
- Chon h trc ta Oxyz nh hnh v.
ur uu
r ur uuuu
r
(2)
(3)
(4)
2
2
+ Trn Oz: Fmin Fmsz Fms
Fmsx
(5)
k .cos 2 sin 2
(6)
uu
r
N
Px
uuuuu
r x
Fmsx
O
ur
P
Py
uuuu
r
Fms
uuuuu
r
Fmsz
Px
uuuuu
r
O uuuuur Fmsx
Fmin
z
Hnh chiu trn (Oxz)
89
Bi 1.28
ur uu
r ur uuuu
r
uu
r
uu
r
- Khi chic bt ch bt u b quay th phn lc N
gi
qua
im
ta
B,
khi
uu
r
N
ur
F
uuuu
r
Fms
uuu
r
M uNur / B 0; M u
0 , ta c:
Fms / B
r
r
Mu
Mu
F/B
P/B
F.
ur B
P
a 3
a
mg
mg . F
2
2
3
mg
3
(1)
- T (1, 2) ta c: k .mg
Bi 1.29
(2)
mg
1
k
0,58
3
3
ur uur uuu
r uuuuuu
r uuuuuur
uuu
r
N2
uur
N1
G
B
uuuuu
r
Fms 2
uuuur
A Fms1 ur
P
uuuuu
r
uuuuur
M uNur / A 0; M u
0; M u
0 , ta c:
F
/A
F
/A
1
msn1
msn 2
r
uu
r
Mu
Mu
P/ A
N /A
2
L
Mg .cos. Mg .sin .H N 2 .L
2
N2
1
H
Mg.cos Mg . .sin
2
L
(1)
uuu
r
uuuuuur
uuuuuu
r
+ i vi trc quay qua B: M N 2 / B 0; M Fmsn 2 / B 0; M Fmsn1 / B 0 , ta c:
90
r
ur
Mu
Mu
P/B
N /B
1
L
Mg .cos. Mg .sin .H N1.L
2
N1
1
H
Mg .cos Mg. .sin
2
L
(2)
- T (1, 2) ta c: N N1 N 2 2Mg .
H
.sin
L
uu
r
N
ur
uu
r T
T'
h
Px
H
G
uuuuu
r
Fmsn
L
Py
ur
P
uu
r
(1)
(2)
L
Mg.sin .H
4
(3)
91
tan
ML/4
m.h+M.H
(4)
mg
2
Khi phanh bnh sau, bnh sau chu tc dng lc ma st Fms kN1 , ta c phng
trnh cn bng momen quanh khi tm ca xe:
N2
d
d
N1 Fms h
2
2
(1)
Ta c: N1 + N2 mg = 0
T (1) v (2), suy ra: N 2
(2)
N2
N1
mg d 2kh
2 d kh
Fms
mg kh
480 (N)
2 d kh
Bi 1.32.
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt m:
P N Fms ma
N
a
Suy ra:
Fms
Bit: Fms kN
Nn:
a g.
k tg
1 ktg
Bi 1.33.
Chn tm O lm gc to , ta c:
92
x0 = 0, x1 = -
R
2
mx 0 m1x1
m1 R
.
m m1
m m1 2
Mt khc
m1 S1 r12 1
m S R2 4
O1
(1)
O G
(2)
R
6
R
.
6
Fms .R F .r
(1)
F Fms ma
r
Fms
r
F
Hnh 1.21G
(2)
ra
(R r)g
Bi 1.35.
(Hnh 1.22G)
Phng trnh chuyn ng tnh tin:
F cos Fmsn ma
Ta c:
(2)
a
; I 0 mR 2
R
r
a
(1)
Fmsn .R F .r I 0
r
Fmsn
r
F
R
K
Hnh 1.22G.
vi 0 l h s
T phng trnh (1) v (2), suy ra:
F ( R cos r )
mR(1 )
(3)
93
Fmsn
F ( R cos r )
0
R(1 )
(4)
r
r
a 0 Lc F c gi i qua im tip xc K. Do khng gy
R
ra momen i vi K, 0 . Cun ch ng cn bng.
a, Khi cos
r
a 0 cun ch chuyn ng sang phi
R
r
c, Khi cos a 0 cun ch chuyn ng sang tri.
R
b, Khi cos
Bi 1.36.
(Hnh 1.23G)
* Gi: m l khi lng ca hnh tr ng cht
khng b khot, m1 l khi lng d ca vt
em t vo l trng.
2
R
.h
Ta c:
5m
4
m1 2
.10m
R .h
8
* Khi gc tng th hnh tr c th trt hoc
r
Fms
r
N
01
0
r
m1 g
r
mg
ln.
- Gi 1 l gc m k t hnh tr bt u
Hnh 1.23G.
m m1 g sin 1 k m m1 g cos 1
tan 1 k 0,3
- Gi 2 l gc m k t hnh tr bt u ln khng trt:
Mun vy:
+ V hnh tr khng trt do m lc ma st phi nh hn gi tr ln nht ca n
v bng (m m1 ) g sin 2 .
+ hnh tr khng quay th momen ca lc ma st i vi trc quay i qua 0
khng vt qu gi tr ln nht c th ca momen trng lc m1 g , tng ng vi
trng hp ng thng 001 song song vi phng ngang.
V vy vi 2 ta c phng trnh cn bng momen i vi trc quay i qua 0:
R (m m1 ) g sin 2
2R
m1 g
3
94
5m
10
vo phng trnh trn ta tm c sin 2
8
39
* Ta thy tan 2 0,26 tan 1 v vy khi ta tng gc th s cn bng momen
Thay m1
10
.
39
Bi 1.37.
Truc 1
Truc 2
1
2
Hnh 1.24.
(Hnh 1.24G)
Cc hnh nn chuyn ng tng i vi nhau km theo s trt tr mt im ti
cc vn tc di ca hai hnh nn bng nhau. K hiu to ca im tnh t nh
ca nn th 2 l x0 . Ti im lc ma st trt tc ng ln nn th 2 i du ( hnh
1.24a). Bi v trc im th nn th nht c vn tc ln hn nn th 2, cn sau
r
im th nh hn.
Fms
Hnh nn th 2 s quay vi vn tc gc khng i
nu tng momen ca cc lc ma st tc ng ln n +F
bng khng. V lc ma st tc dng ln n v di
x
0
x
ca nn l khng i nn momen ca n tng theo hm
0
bc nht tnh t nh nn n y nn (V cnh tay n
tng). Ti im x0 momen cng nh lc ma st s i
-F
a)
du (hnh 1.24b).
Gi H l chiu cao, R l bn knh y ca nn, r0 l
bn knh ti im x0 . Tng momen ca lc ma st
bng khng c ngha l din tch ca tam gic v din
tch hnh thang c gch cho trn hnh 1.24b bng
nhau.
Ta c:
x0 r0 HR
2
4
(1)
Ax10
b)
x0
B1
B
Hnh 1.24
95
x0 H
r0 R
T (1) v (2) suy ra r0
(2)
R
2
Cc vn tc di ca 2 nn bng nhau ti im x0 nn ta c: 1 ( R r0 ) 2 r0 vi
r0
R
ta c:
2
2 ( 2 1)1 0,411
96
(1)
T1
(4)
T2
97
P N
Cu 1
Chn h trc ta : gc O trng vi ni t pho, Oy theo phng thng ng hng
ln, Ox theo phng nm ngang. Gc thi gian l t = = l lc vin n c bn ra vi
vn tc v.
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca n theo cc trc ta l:
x1 = (vcos600).t = 0,5vt
(1)
3
.v.t- 5t2
2
(2)
(3)
4m2 2m1
4m2 m1
3m2 m1
V T = m2( g a2) = g
4m2 m1
9m2 m1
Q = 3T = g
; Q = ( m1 +m2)g
4m2 m1
Q Q =g
m1 2m2
4m2 m1
B
m2
m1
> 0 . Vy Q > Q
1
2
1
mra2
2
4m2 2m1
1
4m2 m1 2m
T = m2( g a2 )
T =
1
1
m1 ( g + a2 )
2
2
Theo u bi a2 = g/n , ta tm c:
m = 2m2(n 1) m1(n +
1
)
2
p dng s:
a) m = 2,9kg ; I = 0,0145 kgm2;
Q = 35,2 N; Q = 36 N.
b) a2 = - 2m/s2 ; m2 = 0,133 kg ; T = 1,6N, T = 4,5N;
Q = mg + T + 2T = 39,6N < Q = (m1 +m2 + m)g = 40,3N
Cu 3
- B qua mi ma st, theo phng ngang ng lng ca h ch v vn c bo ton.
m1v0cos + m2vv = 0. ( vi vv l vn tc ca tm vn.), suy ra ln vn tc ca vn:
vv =
m1
v cos .
m2 0
ch nhy trng vn th ta c: s1 + s2 =
Vi s1 = v0cos .t v s2 = vv.t
m1
2v sin
2v0 sin
v0cos . 0
+
v0cos .
=
g
v0
m2
l .g
m1
1 sin 2
m2
Cu 4
V p1 = p3 nn ta c:
99
V3 T3
T3 100V3
V1 T1
(2)
(3)
(1)
T1
(4)
T2
Vy V3 = 2,2m3
100
101
P N
Cu 1.
Khi K m, ton b lng kh chuyn qua xi lanh 2.
K hiu: H0 cao ct kh trong bnh 1 khi K cha m;
H v T cao v nhit ct kh trong xi lanh 2 khi K m v kh
cn bng.
p dng nguyn l th nht nhit ng lc hc c:
3
g
R (T T0 ) MgH 0 mgH
(H 0 H )
2
Mg
RT
m
( RT0 RT )
2 M
m
M 0,98T
Hay: T T0 52
0
1
5M
1
Cu 2.
trng thi u, lc n hi ca l so cn bng vi lc tc ng ln pit-tng
gy ra bi chnh lch v p sut hai bn ca pit-tng.
RT
RT
kx
3l
l
( x) ( x)
2
2
RT 1
1
k
x l x 3l x
2
2
Vy:
kx 2 3
2vRT
2
2
kx 2 x 1
1
2x
l 2x
T
T
T
6 R 6 l x 3l x
3 (l 2 x)(3l 2 x)
2
2
Cu 3.
Gi vx v vy l thnh phn nm ngang v thnh phn thng ng ca vn tc
ca bi sau va chm. Xt h bi nm, do ngoi lc trit tiu theo phng ngang nn
ng lng ca h bo ton theo phng ny. Mt khc, v sau va chm, bi ri tr li
v tr n va chm vi nm trc nn:
102
m v0 = (m + M) vx
p dng nh lut bo ton c nng c:
(1)
mv02 m M 2 m 2
vx v y
2
2
2
(2)
mv y
Mvx
cos
sin
(3)
T (2) v (3) c:
m 2 v02
T (1) v (4) c
(4)
m cos sin
cot 2 1
2
M
sin
2
r
P2
Cu 4.
Gi s tm c gi tri m0, vi m > m0 th ng ch
bt u quay. Khi m = m0, h cn bng:
Fms1 = 1N1; Fms2 = 2N2
(1)
p dng nh lut 2 Niu tn cho cc trc 0x, 0y c:
Fms2 N1 = 0
(2)
Fms1 + N2 P2 T = 0
(3)
T = T = m0g; P2 = Mg
(4)
Xt trc quay tm thi qua O, c:
T.r Fms1.r Fms2.R = 0
(5)
Gii h 5 phng trnh trn ta c nghim: m0 M
- Vi 2
N1
r
Fms1
r
r T'r
N2
r
T
y
x
Fms 2
r
P1
0
Hnh 5
2 (1
r
1 )
R
r
2
R
r
, h cn bng vi m < m0. Khi m > m0 ng ch quay.
R
r
th cn bng khng th b ph v vi mi gi tr ca m.
R
103
0,6
a) Thang ng yn cn bng, tm cc lc tc
dng ln thanh khi 45
b) Tm cc gi tr thang ng yn khng
trt trn sn
A
A
c) Mt ngi c khi lng m = 40kg leo ln
thang khi 45 . Hi ngi ny ln ti v tr M no
trn thang th thang s b trt. Bit rng thang di l = 2m. Ly g = 10m/s2.
Cu 4:
Mt bnh hnh tr kn t thng ng, c mt pittng nng cch nhit chia bnh
thnh hai phn. Phn trn cha 1mol v phn di cha 2mol ca cng mt cht kh.
Khi nhit hai phn l T0 = 300K th p sut ca kh phn di bng ba ln p sut
kh phn trn. Tm nhit T ca kh phn
T
di pitng nm ngay chnh gia bnh khi
2
2T1
nhit phn trn khng i
Cu 5:
T1
Cho n mol kh l tng bin i trng thi c
3
1
biu din nh hnh v. Cc qu trnh 1 2 v
V
104
T1
3 bV bV .
2
Trong T1 = 77C, b l hng s cha bit.
Tm cng ca khi kh thc hin trong mt chu trnh.
T
P N:
Cu 1:
git nc ri chm t ti B th n phi bn ra t im A thuc na di v bn tri
ca bnh xe
Gi AOB , chn h trc to Oxy nh hnh v, ta c phng trnh to ca git
nc:
x v.cos .t
v R
y v.sin .t
1 2
gt
2
O
A
x R sin ; y h R cos
R sin
tan
(1) t
(3)
R cos
B
y
2
tan 1 tan
(2), (3) R sin
g
h R cos
2
g 2 2 h cos 2 2 2 R cos g 0
' 4 R 2 2 2 gh g 2 0
2 R 4 R 2 2 2 gh g 2
cos
g 2 2 h
2 R 4 R 2 2 2 gh g 2
2
sin 1 cos 1
2
2 2 2 h 2 gh 2 R 2 R 4 R 2 2 2 gh g 2
g 2 2 h
tan
t
2 2 2 h 2 gh 2 R 2 R 4 R 2 2 2 gh g 2
2 R 4 R 2 2 2 gh g 2
105
Cu 2:
a) Chn h trc to nh hnh v, gc to ti v tr ban u ca ngi nhy
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca ngi theo cc trc ta l:
1
x v0 cos .t ; y v0 sin .t gt 2
2
2v0 sin
Khi y = 0 t1 = 0; t 2 =
g
ngi nhy n cui xe trt th:
x v0 cos .t2 L v0
gL
sin 2
gL v vi gc nhy hp vi xe
trt gc 45
v0 x vmin cos 45
gL
2
v0 y vmin sin 45
gL
2
(1)
mv1 Mv2 0 v2
m
v1
M
vx v1 v2 hay vx
mM
v1 (2)
M
Trong h quy chiu ny, cc hnh chiu vn tc ca ngi tho mn iu kin (1) nh
cu a.
Thay (1) vo (2): v1
M
gL
M m 2
vmin v12 v 2y
gL
2
M2
M m
vy
v1
mM
M
106
Cu 3:
ur uur uur ur
Fmsn N 2
N1 P 200 N
uu
r
N2
OuNur
M uPr / A M uNuur / A
2
AB
.cos N 2 . AB.sin
2
N 2 100 N Fmsn
mg.
x
A
ur
F msn
u
r
P
AB
P
.cos N 2 . AB.sin N 2
2
2 tan
P
V N 2 Fmsn Fmsn
2 tan
Mt khc: Fmsn N1 P
Ta c: P.
P
P 2 tan
1
1
tan
2 1,2
40
c) t AM = x
ur ur uur uur ur
uu
r
N2
y
r
Ta c: P P1 N1 N 2 F msn 0
Fmsn N 2
Chiu ln Ox, Oy (hnh v):
N1 P P1
Mt khc: M uPr / A M Puur1 / A M uNuu2r / A
AB
mg .
.cos P1 x cos N 2 . AB.sin
2
P Px
N 2 1 Fmsn (1)
2 AB
O
uu
r
N1
M
ur
A P
ur
P1
ur
F msn
107
Cu 4:
Gi p1, V1 v p2, V2 ; p1, V1 v p2, V2 tng ng l th tch v p sut ca phn trn
v phn di trc v sau khi thay i nhit
Khi cha thay i nhit :
p1V1 p2V2
RT0
2
5
1
2
V2 V1 V V2 V1 V1
3
3
p2 3 p1; 2 2 1
Mt khc: p1
P
P
p2 3 p1 2 p1 (P,S : trng lng v tit din ca pittng)
S
S
V1' V2'
V 5
V1
2 6
p1V 6
p1
V1'
5
p2' 2 ' 2 p2 . p1
T0
T
V2 T0 15 T0 5 T0
P
p2'
S
6
12 T
p1 2 p1 p1
5
5 T0
'
Ta vn c: p1
16
T0 400 K
12
Cu 5:
T phng trnh :
T1
3 bV bV P T1 3 bV b R
pV RT
T
3
Hay p T1b R 1 b 2 RV
2
2
p1
p3
108
trnh ta xc nh c:
T2 = 2T1 , V2 = 2V1 , p1 = p 2
T3 = T1 , V3 = V2 = 2V1 , p 2 = 3p 3
Chuyn sang h to (P,V) nh hnh v
A23 0
A31
1
3
p1 p3 V2 V1 RT1 0 : Kh nhn cng
2
4
3
1
A A12 A23 A31 RT1 RT1 RT1
4
4
109
ly g = 10m/s2.
a) Xc nh khi lng mB?
b) Tm p lc m cc vt A v B tc dng ln mng khi thanh
cn bng.
Cu 4: Cho hai ming g khi lng m1 v m2 t chng ln
nhau trt trn mt phng nghing gc . H s ma st gia
B
A
Hnh 3
P N
Cu 1
- Trc khi ri khi qu cu th chuyn ng ca vt l chuyn ng trn khng u,
trc ht ta tm gc v vn tc v ca vt thi im
n ri qu cu.
- Phng trnh ng lc hc cho phng xuyn tm:
mg
mgcos - N = man = mv /R
thi im vt ri qu cu th N = 0 nn:
v1
v2 = gRcos (1)
2gR
.
3
- Sau khi ri qu cu, vt tham gia chuyn ng nm xin xung nn thnh phn vn
tc theo phng ngang l khng i. Do : vcos=v1cos cos
6
74o .
9
Cu 2
- V h c tnh i xng nn A ch chuyn ng trn ng thng c nh, B v C c
qu o i xng nhau qua qu o ca A. Gi v v vo l vn tc ca A v B (C) sau
va chm (B v C c cng ln vn tc l vo)
- p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng ta c: mv=mv+2mvocos (1)
(Vi l gc gia phng chuyn ng ca A vi phng chuyn ng ca B (C))
- Do h c tnh i xng nn ta c: cos
(2 R ) 2 ( NR ) 2
2R
4 N2
(2)
2
2
- Thay (2) vo (1) ta c: v = v+vo 4 N (3)
mv 2 mv'2
mvo2
2
- Do va chm l hon ton n hi nn ta c:
(4)
2
2
2
N2 2
v
6 N2
* A ng yn th v=0 N 2 .
* A tip tc tin ln th v>0 2 N 2 .
Cu 3
a) Gi G l khi tm ca h hai vt, theo iu kin cn bng th cc lc N A, NB, P phi
ng quy ti O nn G nm trn ng thng ng OH
- Tam gic AOB vung cn nn gc OAB = gc OBA=45o, gc AOH=90(45+15)=30o.
AH=R/2, AG=AH/cos15o=0,52R
BG=(1,41-0,52)R=0,89R.
NA
mA
M P / A M NB / A
NB
K
G
H
mB
/B
Cu 4
- Gi a1, a2 l gia tc ca cc vt 1 v 2
* Gi s vt 1 trt nhanh hn vt 2, cc lc
tc dng ln cc vt c chiu nh hnh v.
- Phng trnh chuyn ng ca hai vt l:
N2
m2
N1
Fms
Fms1
Fms
P2
- Vt 1: P1 N N1 F 'ms Fms1 m1 a1
N
P1
- Vt 2: P2 N 2 Fms m2 a2
- Chiu hai phng trnh trn xung mt phng nghing ta c:
P1 sin F 'ms Fms1 m1a1 a1 g sin
P2 sin Fms m2 a2 a2 g sin
Fms1 F 'ms
m1
Fms
m2
Fms1 F 'ms
F
, a2 g sin ms
m1
m2
2
- ng nng ca h lc to l: W2= (2 M m)v .
Mvo2 (2 M 5m)
bin thin ng nng: W=W2-W1=
.
2M m
i
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2 Mvo2 (2 M 5m)
(do n=1)
3R
2M m
Cu 6
- Mc lc k vo mu g v ko n trt u i ln mt phng nghing, khi ta c:
F1 = kPcos + Psin (1),
(F1 l s ch ca lc k khi ).
F F
F1 F2
(3).
2P
F1 F2
(4).
2P
F F
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
2
- Do sin2+cos2 = 1 nn ta c: 1 ( 2 P ) ( 2kP ) k
2
4 P ( F1 F2 ) 2
113
114
115
P N
Cu 1
* V hnh, y cc lc tc dng vo thang
* Nu iu kin cn bng ca thang l tng cc lc bng khng
P N A N B Fms1 Fms 2 0
* NB = 1 K K
1
2
*Xt trc quay i qua u A ca thang: Mp + Fms2 = M N
* Xc nh ln mmen ca cc lc kt qu: tg =
1 K1 K 2
2K 2
F T1 T2 F T1 cos T2 cos
vi T1 = T2
2 gl (1 cos )
2h
g
S
S
v0 x
,
2
t
2h
g
g
2h
s 2 16h 2
g
8h
mv02 s 2 16h 2
mg
* Cng ca lc nm: A
2
16h
Cu 4
* p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng : mv0 mv MV
* Sau tng tc qu cu v n l chuyn ng nm ngang. Thi gian ri l :
2h
1,01s
g
mv 0 MV
m
s
19,8m / s
t
104,3m / s
S vt 104,3.1,01 105m
1
2
1
mv 2 .
2
1
2
K
93%
K0
Cu 5
* Gi m l khi lng bnh rng th khi lng khng kh trong bnh trc v sau l :
m1 M 1 m; m2 M 2 m
P1
P2
R
m
PV
= R . Ta c :
T1 m1 T2 m2
V
T
P2T1 ( M 1 M 2 )
thay s m2 0,585kg
P1T2 P2T1
* Th tch ca bnh : V
RT1 m1 RT2 m2
P1
P2
3
* Thay s : V 1,5 10 7 0,032 0,0085m
118
kin v ln ca lc F vt 1 di chuyn
c?
Hnh 2a
2) Khng tc dng lc nh trn m truyn
cho vt 2 vn tc v0 hng v pha tng (hnh 2b).
v0
k
cng ca l xo l k.
1
2
a) Tm nn cc i x1 ca l xo.
b) Sau khi t nn cc i, vt 2 chuyn ng
Hnh 2b
ngc li lm l xo b gin ra. Bit rng vt 1
khng chuyn ng. Tnh gin cc i x 2 ca
l xo.
c) Hi phi truyn cho vt 2 vn tc v 0 ti thiu l bao nhiu vt 1 b l xo ko
ra khi tng?
Cu 3:
Mt thanh ng cht c khi lng m c th quay t do xung quanh mt trc
nm ngang i qua mt u ca thanh. Nng thanh n c phng thng ng ri th
119
nh th thanh xung v quay quanh trc. Cho momen qun tnh ca thanh ng cht
c khi lng m, chiu di L i vi mt trc i qua mt u ca thanh v vung gc
vi thanh l I = mL2/3. Ti thi im khi thanh c phng ngang, hy tm:
1) Tc gc v gia tc gc ca thanh.
2) Cc thnh phn lc theo phng ngang v theo phng thng ng m trc
quay tc dng ln thanh.
Cu 4:
Mt xylanh t thng ng, bt kn hai u, c chia lm hai phn bi mt
pittng nng cch nhit. C hai bn pittng u cha cng mt lng kh l tng.
Ban u khi nhit kh ca hai phn nh nhau th th tch phn kh trn pittng gp
n = 2 ln th tch kh phn di pittng. Hi nu nhit ca kh phn trn pittng
c gi khng i th cn phi tng nhit kh phn di pittng ln bao nhiu
ln th tch kh phn di pittng s gp n = 2 ln th tch kh phn trn
pittng ? B qua ma st gia pittng v xylanh.
HT
120
P N
Cu 1:
a) Qu trnh 1 4 c P t l thun vi T nn l qu trnh ng tch, vy th tch
trng thi 1 v 4 l bng nhau: V1 = V4. S dng phng trnh C-M trng thi
1 ta c:
P1V1
m RT1
m
RT1 , suy ra: V1
P1
V(l)
P(105Pa)
1
6,24
3,12
0
3,12
6,24
12,48
12,48
V(l)
Hnh a
2
4
150
1
300
600
T(K)
Hnh b
V3
2.105.6,24.103 ln2 8,65.102 J
V2
A41 0 v y l qu trnh ng p.
Cu 2:
mg
.
k
Lc F nh nht cn tm ng vi trng hp khi l xo gin ra mt on l x th
vn tc vt 2 gim v 0. Cng ca lc F trong qu trnh ny c th vit bng tng cng
1. vt 1 dch chuyn th l xo cn gin ra mt on l: x
kx2
mg.x
mt i do ma st v th nng ca l xo: F .x
2
3
Vy: F mg.
2
2. Truyn cho vt 2 vn tc v0 v pha tng.
a, Bo ton c nng:
2
2
mv 0
kx
1 mgx 1
2
2
2
x1
2mg
m 2
x1 v 0 0
k
k
2
mv02
mg
mg
Nghim dng ca phng trnh ny l: x1
k
k
k
b, Gi x2 l gin cc i ca l xo:
2
kx 1
kx
mg( x 1 x 2 ) 2
2
2
mv02 3mg
2mg
mg
x2 x1
k
k
k
k
c, vt 1 b ko khi tng th l xo phi gin ra 1 on x3 sao cho:
kx 3 mg
(1)
Vn tc v0 nh nht l ng vi trng hp khi l xo b gin x3 nh trn th vt 2 dng
li. Phng trnh bo ton nng lng:
- Cho qu trnh l xo b nn x1:
2
2
mv 0
kx 1
(2)
mgx 1
2
2
Cho qu trnh l xo chuyn t nn x1 sang gin x3:
2
kx
kx 1
mg( x 1 x 3 ) 3
2
2
T (3)
x1 x 3
(3)
2mg
k
122
3mg
15m
. Thay vo (2), ta c: v0 g
.
k
k
x1
Kt hp vi (1), ta c:
Cu 3:
1) Theo nh lut bo ton c nng:
mg
L 1 2
1
3g
I . Thay I mL2 ta thu c tc gc ca thanh:
.
2 2
3
L
tc gc ca thanh:
3g
.
2L
P N ma
Ny
Nx
(1)
L
2
L
2
'
'
PV P V
P V
P V
m
.R 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
T1
T1
T1
T2
V V1 nV2 nn P2 nP1
V1, P1
V1, P1
'
V2, P2
V2, P2
T2
P'
n 2'
T1
P1
tnh
P2
P1
'
(1)
'
ta da vo cc nhn xt sau:
'
(P2 P1 )S Mg (P2 P1 )S
P2' P1' P2 P1 (n 1)P1
P2' P1' (n 1)P1
(2)
P1V1 = P V1
'
V
P1 P1 . 1
V1
'
(3)
'
V
3. tm 1 ta ch l tng th tch 2 phn kh l khng i:
V1
V1+V2 = V1+V2
V1
V1
V1' nV1'
n
V1' 1
V1 n
P2'
1 2n 1
Thay vo (3) ta c: ' 1 (n 1)
P1
n
n
T2
P2'
n ' 2n 1 3 .
Thay vo (1) ta c kt qu:
T1
P1
HT
124