CHNG II: CN BNG AXIT BAZ

I.CC AXIT- BAZ

I.1 nh ngha.
I.1.1 Theo Areniuit
- Axit l nhng cht khi ha tan vo H2O sinh ra H+
V d:

HCl

H+ + Cl-

- Baz l nhng cht khi ha tan vo H2O sinh ra OHNaOH Na+ + OH-

V d:

I.1.2 Theo Bronsted.

- Axit l nhng cht c kh nng nhng proton.
- Baz l nhng cht c kh nng nhn proton.
Ty theo bn cht ca dung mi mt cht c th lm axit hc baz.
I.1.3 u im ca thuyt Bronsted
-

C tnh khi qut hn cho php gii thch c tnh axit-baz trong cc dung
mi khc nhau mt cch nht qun
Vd: vi axit NH+4 gii thch theo Bronxtet
NH+4 + H2O NH3 + H3O+
Cn gii thch theo Areniut phi a ra khi nim thy phn
NH+4 + H2O NH4OH + H+

I.2 Cc phn ng ca axit baz trong nc.

I.2.1 Nc l cht in ly yu, lng tnh, va th hin tnh axit va th hin tnh
baz
H2 O + p = H 3 O+
H2O p = OH2H2O = H3O + OH-

( H 3O ).(OH )
( H 2O ) 2

k=

k H 2 0 = (H3O+).(OH-)

Kw

Kw c gi l tch s ion ca nc. kw c gi tr 10-14 22oC

Nu l nc nguyn cht [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7

pH = - lg [H+]

pH < 7 => mi trng axit

pH > 7 mt baz
pH =7 mt trung tnh
V d
Thm 300ml H20 vo 200ml HCl 0,1M tnh pH sau phn ng
Gii: nng ban u ca HCl CHCl =

= 0,04 (M)

[H+] = 0,04 => Ph = -lg(0,04) = 1,4

I.2.2
Khi cho mt axit vo nc th n s nhng proton cho nc v to ra ion H3O+
V d: HCl + H2O H3O+ + ClS tch ly H+ ln hn so vi OH- lm cho dung dch c phn ng axit
Khi cho mt baz vo nc th n s thu proton cho nc v to ra 1 lng OHtng ng.
V d: NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OHS tch ly OH- ln hn so vi H+ lm cho dung dch c phn ng baz.

II. NH LUTIU KIN PROTON ( NH LUT BO TON

PROTON)
II.1 Ni dung nh lut proton (KP)
-

Nu ta chn mt trng thi no ca dung dch lm chun (thng gi l

trng thi quy chiu hay l mc khng) th tng nng proton m cc cu t

 mc khng gii phng ra bng tng nng proton m cc cu t thu vo

t ti trng thi cn bng .
Hay : mc khng : [H+] =

( [H+]i) cho - ( [H+]i)nhn

Trong mc khng c th l trng thi ban u, trng thi gii hn hay trng
thi ty chn
Vd1 : Vit biu thc KP i vi nc
Chn mc khng l H2O. ta c cn bng
H+

H 2O

OH-

KP [H+] = [OH-]
Vd2 : Vit biu thc KP ca dung dch HCl
Mc khng l HCl, H2O

OH-

H+

H 2O

H+

HCl

Cl-

KP : [H+] = [OH-] + [Cl-]

Vd3: Trn 15,00 ml H2SO4 0,20 M vi 25,00 ml NaOH 0,04M. Xc nh thnh phn ca
hn hp v vit biu thc KP.
CH2SO4 = 0,075M
H2SO4

H+ + HSO40,075

Phn ng:

; CNaOH = 0,025 M

0,075 (M)

H+ + OH- H2O
0,075

0,025

0,050

NaOH

Na+ + OH0,025

Kw-1 = 1014

Vy TPGH gm: H+ 0,050M ; HSO4- 0,075 M

0,025 (M)

Chn mc 0 l: H+, HSO4- v H2O.

KP : [H+] = CH+ + [OH-] + [SO42-]

III. CN BNG TRONG DUNG DCH N AXIT V N BAZ

III.1 Axit mnh

-

khi nim: L cht phn li hon ton ra H+. K hiu l: HY

Thng gp l cc axit ca Arenius.

Cn bng:

H2O H+ + OHHY

H+ + Y-

-KP:
[H+ ] = [OH- ] + [Y- ] = [OH- ] + CHY
TH1: [HY] 10-7 th thng b cn bng H2O.
TH2: [HY] 10-7 th khng b cn bng H2O. Tnh theo KP (nh lut tc dng
khi lng).
V d 1: Tnh pH, pOH v [H+ ], [OH- ] ca dung dch HCl 1,0.10-3M
HCl H+ + Cl1,0.10-3
H2O H+ + OHCHCl>> 10-7 vy [H+ ]=CHCl= 1,0.10-3 pH=-lg(1.10-3)=3
pOH=14-3=11 [OH- ] =1,0.10-11M
III.1.2 Baz mnh
-

Khi nim: l cht phn li hon ton ra OH-

Thng gp cc baz ca Arenius.

Cn bng:

H2O H+ + OHXOH X+ OH-

KP:
[H+ ] = [OH- ] - C

TH1: [OH-] 10-7 th b cn bng H2O.

TH2: [OH-] 10-7 th khng b cn bng H2O. Tnh theo KP (nh lut tc dng
khi lng)
Vd2: Tnh H+, OH-,pH cuar dung dch NaOH 1,0.10-4M
NaOH Na+ + OH1,0.10-4
H2 O

H+

+ OH-

C NaOH 10 7 nn:

OH C

1,0.10 4

Kw
10 14

1,0.10 10

4
OH
1.10

XOH

pH=-lg(1,0.10-10)=10,0
VD2: Tnh s gam NaOH phi cho vo hn hp thu c khi thm 8,00 ml HNO3
0,0100 M vo nc ri pha long thnh 500 ml pH ca dung dch thu c bng 7,50
(coi th tch khng thay i trong qu trnh ha tan).
Gi m l s gam ca NaOH cn tm: CNaOH = 103.m / 40.500 = m/20.
C HNO = 0,0100. 8,00 = 1,60.10-4 M
3
500,00

V pH=7,5 (mi trng baz yu) d NaOH

Phn ng :
C0

HNO3
1,6.10-4

NaOH

NaCl

m/20

+ H2 O

m/20 1,6.10-4

V pH=7,5 ~ 7,00 phi k n cn bng phn li ca nc.

Cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch:
NaOHd Na+

+ OH-

H+

+ OH-

H2 O

KP: [H+] = [OH-] - CNaOHd . Hay 10-7,5 = 10-6,5 (m/20 1,6.10-4)

m = 0,0032 (gam)

III.3 Dung dch n axit yu

- Khi nim:l l nhng axit phn li khng hon ton. K hiu l: HA.
- Thng gp: H2CO3, HAc, cation nh NH4+, anion nh HSO4-, dung dch trong nc
ca cation kim loi yu nh Cu2+,....
- Cn bng:
H2O H+ + OHHA H+ + A-

ka

KP:

[H+ ] = [OH- ] + [A-]

TH1: CHA 10-7 th b cn bng H2O. Tnh theo nh lut tc dng khi lng.
TH2: CHA -] 10-7 th tnh theo KP
KP:
h

Kw Ka.[HA]

h
h

h2 = Kw + Ka . [HA]
h=

Kw C.Ka gn ng

VD1: a) Cho bit in li ca dung dch axit HA 0,1M l 1,31%. Tnh pKa.
b) in li thay i th no nu pha long dung dch HA gp 10 ln ? Kt lun.
Gii: a) Chp nhn b qua s phn li ca nc
T nh ngha: [H+] = [A-] = C.HA = 0,1.1,31.10-2 = 1,31.10-3.
Xt cn bng: HA
C

H+

A-

Ka

0,10

[]

(0,10 1,31.10-3)

1,31.10-3

1,31.10-3

p dng LTDKL cho cn bng trn :

Ka =

H+ OH-

HA

(1,31.10-3)2

= 1,739.10-5 = 10-4,76

0,1 - 1,31.10-3

Kim tra gi thit gn ng: Ka.CHA = 10-4,76 >> Kw, do vic b qua s phn li ca
nc trn l chp nhn c. Vy: pKa= 4,76.
b) Pha long dung dch HA thnh 10 ln CHA = 0,01M
HA
[]
x2
0,01 - x

0,01-x

= 10-4,76

= 4,08%

H+

+ Ax

Ka = 10-4,76
x

x2 + 1,739.10-5x - 1,739.10-7 = 0

x = 4,08.10-4

III.4 Dung dch n baz yu

- Thng gp: NH3, anion ca axit yu, cation CaOH+,
- Cn bng:
H2O H+ + OH

kw

A- + H2O HA + OH-

Kb =

Kw
Ka

- KP:
[H+ ] = [OH- ] - [HA]
TH1: Nu CA 10-7 th b cn bng H2O. Tnh theo nh lut tc dng khi lng.
TH2: CA 10-7 th tnh theo KP

h=

Kw
= Ka-1 [A-].h
h

h2 = Kw - Ka-1 [A-].h2
h

Kw
1 Ka 1.[A]

- Gn ng: [A-] = CA- Gn ng lin tc:

III..5 Hn hp n axit v n baz
III.5.1 Hn hp axit mnh v axit yu
Gi s: C dung dch gm: axit mnh HY, C1 v axit yu HA, C2
H2O H+ + OH

kw

HY H+ + Y
HA H+ + A-

ka

Hn hp axit nn phn li ca nc b qua.

HA

H+ +

C2

C1

A-

ka

[]
Ka

(C2 x)

(C1 + x) x

[H ].[A ] x.(C1 1)
=
[HA]
C2 x

TH1:
x C1
C
th x ka . 2

C1
x C 2
x C1
th gii phng trnh bc 2
x C 2

TH2:

VD1: Tnh pH v cn bng trong dung dch thu c khi trn 50,00 ml NH3 2,00.10-3M
vi 50,00 ml H2SO4 2,00.10-3M.
Gii :

CNH3 = 1,00.10-3M

Cc qu trnh : H2SO4 H+ +

HSO4-

10-3
NH3 + H+
C0

10-3

10-3

CH2SO4 = 1,00.10-3M.

10-3

NH4+

Ka-1 = 109,24.

10-3

TPGH: HSO4- 1,00.10-3M, NH4+ 1,00.10-3M

HSO4-

H+ +

SO42-

Ka = 10-2

NH4+

H+ +

NH3

Ka = 10-9,24.

H2 O

H+ +

OH-

So snh (1),(2) v (3) ta thy: Ka.CHSO4 >> Ka.CNH4+ >> Kw

Kw

 cn bng (1) l ch yu: HSO4- H+

h2

10-3

[]

10-3 h

= 10-2

-3

10 - h

-4

9,16.10 + 10

-9,24

10-9,24

NH3 = 10-3.

Ka= 10-2.

H+ = SO42- = h = 9,16.10-4 M

[OH-] = 1,09.10-11M

9,16.10-4

NH4+ = 10-3

SO42-

h = 9,16.10-4

[HSO4-] = 8,40.10-5 M

-4

9,16.10 + 10

-9,24

~ 1,00.10-3M
~ 6,28.10-10M

R rng [SO42-] >> [NH3] >> [OH-] nn vic tnh ton gn ng theo (1) l hon ton hp
l. Vy pH = 3,04.

III.5.2 Hn hp baz mnh v baz yu

Gi s: Dung dch gm: dunh dch baz mnh XOH, C1 v dung dch axit yu A-, C2.
H2O H+ + OH

kw

XOH X+ OHC1

C1

A- + H2O HA + OH-

Kb =

Kw
Ka

Hn hp baz nn b qua phn li ca nc. Tnh theo nh lut tc dng khi lng.
A- +
C

C2

H2O HA + OHC1

[]

(C2 x)

Kb =

(C1 + x)

x.(C1 1)
C2 x
x C1
C
th x= Kb. 2
C1
x C 2

TH1:

x C1
th gii phng trnh bc 2.
x C 2

TH2:

III.5.3 Phn s nng

-

ngha: nh gi quan h gia axit v baz.

nh ngha: L t s gia nng cn bng ca cu t vi tng nng cc dng

tn ti ca cu t trong dung dch.

HA

[HA]
[HA]
[A]

, A

[HA].[A ] C HA
CA

=>[HA]= HA .CHA
[A]= A .C HA
Theo nh lut bo ton nng , CHA =[HA] + [A-]
CHA =[HA] + [HA].Ka.h-1 = [HA].(1+ Ka.h-)
[HA]= CHA.

CHA =

h
h Ka

h.[A ]
-1
[A ] = [A ] .(h.Ka +1)
CA

[A-]=

Ka
C HA
= CHA.
1
h Ka
h.K a 1

III.5.4 Hn hp cc n axit
gi s trong dung dch c cc n axit : HA1, HA2, HA3. Ta c cc cn bng sau :

H 2O

H+

OH-

Kw

HA1

H+

A1

K a1

A2

K a2

A3

K a3

H+

HA2

HA3

Nu Ka1.C1 > > Ka2 >> Ka3 >> Kw th hn hp thnh n axit HA1 tnh
theo tc dng khi lng

Nu Ka1.C1 Ka2 Ka3 Kw th tnh theo KP

KP : [H+] = [OH-] + [A1-] + [A-2] + [A-3]

K a1. [H A 1 ]

Kw
h
h = Kw

K a3. [H A 3 ]
h

Ka1.[HA1]

Ka2.[HA2]

K a2. [H A 2 ]
h
Ka3.[HA3]

III.5.5 Hn hp cc n baz
-

Hn hp gm : A1-, A2-, A3
Ta c

H 2O

OH-

Kw
-1

+ H 2O

HA1

OH-

K w .K

A2

+ H 2O

HA2

OH-

K a2

K a3

a1

-1

-1

+ H 2O

A3

HA

OH

Nu C1.Kb1>> C2Kb2 >> C3.Kb3 th tnh theo nh lut tc dng khi lng

Nu C1.Kb1 C2Kb2 C3.Kb3 th tnh theo iu kin proton

KP : [H+] = [OH-] + [HA1] + [HA2] + [HA3]

Kw
=
h

-1

K a1. [A 1 -1 ].h

-1

K a2.[A 2 -1 ].h

-1

K a3. [A 3 -1 ].h

=
1

a1

-1

.[A 1

-1

a2

-1

.[A 2

-1

a3

-1

.[A 3

-1

III.6.6 Hn hp axit yu v baz lin hp

Cho hn hp gm HA v A-. ta c :
H 2O

OH-

H+

HA1

H+

A - + H 2O

HA

Kw

A-

Ka

(1 )

OH-

Kb

(2 )

[ H +] = K a [H A ] = C a
[ A -]
Cb

Nu h > 10-7 , mi trng axit th tnh theo cn bng 1 (p dng LBTKL)

Nu h < 10-7, mi trng baz th tin hs theo cn bng 2

Nu h 10-7 th p dng KP
[H+] = [OH-] CA + [A-]

IV A AXIT V A BAZ
IV.1 a axit (HnA)
- Trong dung dch, a axit c kh nng phn li theo tng nc:
H+ + Hn-1A-

Hn A
Hn-1A-

H+ + Hn-2A2-

.......

.....

(n-1)

........
+

HA

n-

H +A

K a1
K a2

......
K an

C th coi a axit nh mt hn hp gm nhiu n axit.

* Nu K a K a K a ..... K a th c th coi s phn li ca a axit xy ra ch yu
1

nc 1 v c th tnh cn bng theo LTDKL p dng cho nc phn li th nht ca axit:

[]
K a1

x2
Cx

Hn A

H+ + Hn-1A-

C-x

K a1

[H+] =x, t tnh c nng cc cu t khc

Ch :
-

Nhng axit c nhm OH nh trc tip vo nguyn t trung tm (H2CO3,

H3PO4...) th c pKa1 < pKa2.
Nhng axit c 2 proton nh trc tip vo nguyn t trung tm (H2S..) th pKa1 <<
2pKa2.

Dng 1: Dung dch cha mt a axit.

V d 1: Tnh pH v nng cn bng ca cc cu t trong dung dch H2S 0,1 M.Bit
H2S c Ka1= 10-7; Ka2=10-12,92.
Gii: i vi bi ton ny yu cu hc sinh phi bit phn tch v tm c cn bng ch
yu:
H2 S
H+ + HSKa1=10-7
(1)
+
2-12,92
HS
H + S
Ka2=10
(2)
H2 O
H+ + OHKw= 10-14
(3)
Ta c: Ka1>>Ka2>>Kw.nn b qua cn bng(2), (3), tnh ton da vo cn bng (1).
H2 S
H+ + HSKa1=10-7
C0
0,1
[]
0,1-x
x
x
10 7

x2
x 10 4 H HS pH 4 nn [OH-] = 10-10M.
0,1 x

H . S S 10
HS

Da vo cn bng (2) ta c: 10 12, 92

12 ,92

M;

[H2S]=0,1-10-4 10-1M.
V d 2: Dung dch axit H3PO4 c pH= 1,5. Xc nh nng mol/l ban u ca dung
dch H3PO4. Bit H3PO4 c Ka1=10-2,15; Ka2=10-7,26;Ka3=10-12,32.
Gii: Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
H3PO4
H+ + H2PO4-Ka1 = 10-2,23 (1)
H2PO4H+ + HPO42Ka2 = 10-7,26 (2)
HPO42H+ + PO43Ka3 = 10-12,32 (3)
H2 O
H+ + OHKw = 10-14 (4)

So snh: pH = 1,5 < pKa1 = 2,23; trong dung dch cn bng (1) xy ra l ch yu:
H3PO4
C0
x
[]
x-10-1,5
10

2 , 23

H+ + H2PO4-Ka1 = 10-2,23
10-1,5

10-1,5

(10 1,5 ) 2

x 0,2014 .
x 10 1,5

Vy nng ban u ca H3PO4 l 0,2014 M.

Dng 2: Hn hp a axit v axit mnh.
V d 3: Tnh pH v nng cn bng ca cc cu t trong h gm HCl 0,010 M v H2S
0,10 M. Bit H2S c Ka1= 10-7; Ka2=10-12,9.
Gii: V y l mi trng axit nn s phn li ca nc l khng ng k..
Cc cn bng xy ra trong h:
HCl
H+
+ Cl0,010
0,010
H2 S
H+ + HSKa1 = 10-7
(1)
+
2-12,9
HS
H + S
Ka2 = 10
(2)
V Ka1 >> Ka2 nn cn bng (1) l ch yu.
H2 S
H+
+
HSKa1 = 10-7
C0
0,10
0,010
[]
0,10-x
0,010+x
x
x(0,01 x)
10 7. Gi s x<< 0,01 x= 9,55.10-7 << 0,01(tho mn)
0,1 x

Vy [HS-]=x= 9,55.10-7 ; [H2S]= 0,10 -x 0,10 M

[H+] = 0,010+x 0,010 M pH = 2,00;
10 7

10 12 ,9.9,55.10 7
1,2.10 17 M
0,01

[S2-]<< [HS-] , vy cch gii trn hon ton tho mn.

V d 4: Tnh pH trong hn hp gm H3PO4 0,010 M v NaHSO4 0,010 M.
Bit H3PO4 c Ka1=10-2,23; Ka2=10-7,26; Ka3=10-12,32; HSO4- c Ka=10-1,99.
Gii: Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch l:
HSO4H+ + SO42Ka= 10-1,99 (1)
H3PO4
H+ + H2PO4-Ka1= 10-2,15 (2)
H2PO4H+ + HPO42-Ka2= 10-7,21 (3)
HPO42H+ + PO43Ka3= 10-12,32 (4)

Do Ka1>>Ka2>>Ka3 v Ka Ka1 v 2 axit cng nng nn phi tnh theo c cn bng (1)
v (2).
Nu chn mc khng l H3PO4 v HSO4- th KP l:

h H

PO SO

2
4

h K a1 .H 3 PO4 K a HSO4

K a1 .H 3 PO4
h

K a . HSO4

(5)

- Bc 1: v C= 0,010 Ka Ka1
Chn [H3PO4]0 = [HSO4-]0 = C/2=0,005 M v thay vo (5) tnh h1:
h1 10 2,15 .0,0050 10 1, 99 .0,0050 9,3.10 3

Thay gi tr h1 vo biu thc tnh [H3PO4] v [HSO4-] :

[H3PO4]1 = C.

h
9,3.10 3
0,01.
5,68.10 3 M
3
2 ,15
K a1 h
9,3.10 10

h
9,3.10 3
[HSO4 ]1 = C.
0,01.
4,67.10 3M
3
1,99
Ka h
9,3.10 10
-

Bc 2: Thay gi tr [H3PO4]1v [HSO4-]1 vo (5) tnh h2:

h2 10 2 ,15.5,68.10 3 10 1,99 .4,76.10 3 9,4.10 3 h1

Vy kt qu tnh lp gn ng. Vy pH = -lgh2 = 2,03.

IV.2 a baz
- Trong dung dch, a baz c kh nng thu proton tng nc ca nc. Qu trnh
proton ho ca a baz xy ra ngc vi qu trnh phn li ca a axit tng ng:
An- + H2O
HA(n-1)- + OH- K b K w .K a1
1

HAn-1 + H2O
.....

H2A(n-2)- + OH-

.....

.....

K b2 K w .K an11

.....

HnA + OH- K b K w .K a1

Hn-1A + H2O

*Nu K b K b K b ..... K b , ngha l qu trnh proton ho nc 1 chim u th,

2

khi c th nh gi thnh phn cn bng ca a baz nh mt n baz :

An- + H2O
HA(n-1)- + OHKb
1

[]
Ta c : K b
1

C-x

x2
x=[OH-], t nh gi c thnh phn cn bng ca h.
Cx

* Lu : i vi cc a axit v a baz c cc hng s phn li k tip gn nhau th phi

p dng KP tnh lp nng [H+] cho n hi t.
Dng 1: Dung dch cha mt a baz
V d 1: Tnh pH ca dung dch Na2S 0,010 M. Bit H2S c Ka1= 10-7; Ka2=10-12,92.
Cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch:
Na2S
2Na+ + S2S2- + H2O
HS- + OH- Kb1 = 10-14/10-12,92= 10-1,08 (1)
HS- + H2O
H2S + OH- Kb2 = 10-14/10-7= 10-7
(2)
H2 O
H+ + OHKw= 10-14
V Kb1>>Kb2>>Kw nn trong dung dch cn bng (1) xy ra l ch yu.
S2- + H2O
HS- + OHKb1= 10-1,08
C0
10-2
[]
10-2-x
x
x
p dng LTDKL ta c: 10 1,08

(3)

x2
x 2 10 1, 08 x 10 3, 08 0
10 2 x

x= 9.10-3 = [HS-] = [OH-]

[H+] = 1,1.10-12 pH = 11,95.
V d 2: Tnh khi lng mui Na2S phi cho vo 1 lt nc c dung dch c pH =
11,5. Bit H2S c Ka1= 10-7; Ka2=10-12,92.
Gii : Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch l:
Na2S
2Na+ + S2a
a
2S + H2 O
HS + OHKb1 = 10-14/10-12,92= 10-1,08 (1)
HS- + H2O
H2S + OH- Kb2 = 10-14/10-7= 10-7
(2)
+
-14
H2 O
H + OH
Kw= 10
(3)
V Kb1>>Kb2>>Kw nn trong dung dch cn bng (1) xy ra l ch yu.
S2- + H2O
HS- + OH- Kb1= 10-1,08
C0
a
[]
a-x
x
x
10 1, 08

x2
trong x= [OH-] =10-14/ 10-11,5 = 10-2,5
ax

a = 3,28.10-3 = C Na S m Na S 3, 28.10 3.78 0,256 g

2

Dng 2: Hn hp a baz v baz mnh

V d 3: Trn 10,00 ml dung dch NaOH 8,00.10-3 M vi 30,00 ml dung dch H2S
1,00.10-3 M. Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c.
Bit H2S c Ka1= 10-7; Ka2=10-12,92.
Gii:
y l bi ton pha trn gia a axit (H2S) vi baz mnh nn c phn ng xy ra, chng
ta cn xc nh thnh phn gii hn, t m t cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch v
tnh pH.
- Nng ban u ca cc cht trong dung dch: C NaOH
C H 2S

8.10 3.10
2.10 3 M
40

1.10 3.30

0,75.10 3 M
40

NaOH
+
H2 S
NaHS
+ H2 O
0,75.10-3
0,75.10-3
0,75.10-3
NaOH
+
NaHS
Na2S
+ H2 O
-3
-3
-3
0,75.10
0,75.10
0,75.10
TPGH gm: Na2S 0,75.10-3 M; NaOH d 0,5.10-3 M.
Vy dung dch l hn hp a baz ( S2-) v baz mnh, nn ta c cc cn bng xy ra:
S2- + H2O
HS- + OH- Kb1= 10-1,08 (1)
HS- + H2O
H2S + OHKb2= 10-7
(2)
+
-14
H2 O
H
+ OH
Kw= 10
(3)
V Kb1>>Kb2>>Kw nn trong dung dch cn bng (1) xy ra l ch yu.
S2+ H2 O
HS- +
OHKb1= 10-1,08
C0
0,75.10-3
0,5.10-3
[]
0,75.10-3-x
x
0,5.10-3+x
p dng LTDKL ta c: 10 1, 08

x (0,5.10 3 x )
0,75.10 3 x

Gii PT bc 2 ta c: x = 7,4.10-4 [OH-]=1,24.10-3 [H+]=8,06.10-12

pH= 11,09.

V.CC CHT IN LY LNG TNH

-

Cc cht va c tnh axit (cho proton) va c tnh baz (thu proton) c gi l

cc cht lng tnh.
Cc cht lng tnh gm:

+ Cc hidroxit ca 1 s kim loi (nhm, km, crom, thic, ch)

+ Cc aminoaxit l nhng cht in li lng tnh do s c mt ng thi trong
phn t cc nhm amin c tnh baz v nhm cacboxyl c tnh axit. (axit aminopropionic C3H7O2N...)
+ Cc mui axit l cc mui c to thnh do s trung ha khng hon ton cc
a axit. (NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4...)
+ Mui ca axit yu v baz yu v ion ca chng cng c kh nng cho v nhn
proton (CH3COONH4, NH4HCO3...)
Xt dung dch mui NaHA, trong dung dch c cc cn bng

NaHA Na+ + HA-.

H2O H+ + OHKw
+
2HA H + A
Ka2
+
HA + H H2A
Ka1-1
Nu chn mc khng l : HA-; H2O.
Ta c biu thc KP: h= [H+] = [OH-] + [A2-] - [H2A] (4*)
Sau khi t hp cn thit ta c:
h=

(*)
(**)
(***)

K w K a2 .[HA ]

(5*)

1 K a 1 .[ HA ]

Trong a s trung hp HA- phn li yu nn c th coi gn ng

[HA-] CNaHA = C, v vy biu thc (5*) tr thnh :
h

K w K a2 .C

(6*)

1 K a 1 .C

- Nu Kw << Ka2.C ; Ka1 C >> 1 hay Ka1 << C th biu thc (6*) tr thnh biu thc n
1

gin:

h= K a .K a
1

hay pH =

pK a1 pK a2
2

(7*)

- Nu Kw Ka2. C; Ka1 C th khi tnh ton cn bng cn p dng biu thc (5*)
V d 1: Tnh pH ca dung dch NaHCO3 1 M.
Bit H2CO3 c Ka1=10-6,35; Ka2=10-10,33.
Gii: Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3HCO3H+ + CO32HCO3- + H2O
H2CO3 + OHH2 O
H+ + OHV Kb2>Ka2 nn dung dch c phn ng baz.

Ka2= 10-10,33 (1)

Kb2= 10-7,65 (2)
Kw= 10-14
(3)

Kim tra cc iu kin gn ng ta c:

Kw << Ka2.C(10-10,33); Ka1(10-6,35) << C(1M)
V vy c th p dng cng thc: pH

pK a1 pK a2
2

6,35 10,33
8,34
2

-3

V d 2: Tnh pH ca dung dch NaHSO3 10 M .

Bit H2SO3 c Ka1=10-1,76; Ka2=10-7,21.
Gii: Cc cn bng xy ra trong dung dch:
NaHSO3 Na+ + HSO3HSO3H+ + SO32Ka2= 10-7,21 (1)
HSO3- + H2O
H2SO3 + OHKb2=10-12,24 (2)
H2 O
H+ + OHKw= 10-14
(3)
V Kb2<< Ka2 nn dung dch c phn ng axit.
V d ny khng th s dng cng thc tnh gn ng nh v d 41 tm pH v C khng
nh hn nhiu so vi Ka1. Trong trng hp ny phi s dng cng thc sau: [H+]
=

K w K a2 .C
1

1 K a 1 .C

nn [H+] =

, nhng v Kw<< Ka2.C( 10-10,21)

K a2 .C
1

1 K a 1 .C

K a1 .K a2 .C
K a1 C

7,64.10 6 pH 5,12

Nu p dng cng thc tnh gn ng th pH= 4,49 ,sai khc nhau qu nhiu

VI. DUNG DCH M

a) Thnh phn v tnh cht ca dung dch m.
- Dung dch m l nhng dung dch gi c pH ca mnh thay i khng ng k
khi ta cho vo dung dch mt lng nh axit mnh hoc baz mnh hoc khi
pha long( khng qu long) dung dch.
- Thnh phn:
+ Hn hp mt axit yu v baz lin hp (v d HCOOH v HCOO-, HCO3- v
CO32-)
+ Dung dch mui axit ca cc a axit nh NaHCO3, kali hirophtalat KHC8H4O4,
hay l mui ca axit yu hay baz yu (NH4CN, NH4CH3COO).
- Bn cht tc dng m: khi thm vo h mt lng axit mnh th baz lin hp c
mt (A-) s thu proton to ra mt lng tng i b HA so vi lng HA c
sn, do pH gim khng nhiu; cn nu thm vo h mt lng baz mnh th n

s b HA trung ho to ra mt lng tng ng baz yu A-, lng ny tng

i b so vi lng baz A- c sn, v vy pH tng ln khng ng k.
V d 1: nh gi s thay i pH ca hn hp m A gm c CH3COOH 0,1M v
CH3COONa 0,1M
a) Khi thm 0,0010 mol HCl vo 1,000 lt dung dch A
b) Khi thm 0,0010 mol NaOH vo 1,000 lt dung dch A
Bi lm:
Trong dung dch A c cc cn bng:
CH3COONa

Na+ + CH3COO-

H2 O

H+ + OH-

Kw (1)

CH3COOH

H+ + CH3COO-

Ka (2)

V Ka.Ca / Cb= 10-4,76 >>10-7 nn c th coi qu trnh (2) l ch yu v c th p dng s

Kamar tnh cn bng.
CH3COOH

H+ + CH3COO

0,1

0,1

-x

[]

0,1-x

Ka= 10-4,76

0,1+x

Vi x<<0,01 ta c x= [ H] = 10-4,76M, pH= 4,76

a) Thm 1,0.10-3mol HCl vo 1 lt hn hp A
Phn ng xy ra:
CH3COONa + HCl
Co

0,10

0,0010

(0,10-0,0010)

CH3COOH + NaCl
0,1
0,101

TPGH: CH3COOH 0,101M + CH3COO- 0,099M

Cn bng

CH3COOH

0,101

[]

0,101-x

H+ + CH3COO0,099
x

0,099+x

p dng nh lut tc dng khi lng ta tnh c :

x (0,099 x )
K a 10 4, 76
0,101 x

x= [H+] = 1,77.10-5M, pH= 4,75

b) Khi thm 1.10-3 mol NaOH
Phn ng CH3COOH + NaOH
Co

0,1

0,1- 0,001

CH3COONa + H2O

0,001

0,1

0,101

TPGH: CH3COOH 0,099M ; CH3COONa 0,101M

Cn bng:

H+ + CH3COO-

CH3COOH

0,099

0,101

[]

0,099-x

0,101+x

[x(0,101+x)]/(0,099-x)= Ka = 10-4,76
x << 0,099 x= [H+] = 1,7.10-5M,

pH= 4,77

Nh vy vic thm 0,0010 mol HCl hoc 0,00100 mol NaOH vo 1 lt dung dch
m axetat (CH3COOH+ CH3COONa) 0,1M ch lm thay i pH trong gii hn 0,01
n v pH. Trong khi nu thm 1 lng nh vy ca HCl hoc NaOH vo 1 lt nc
(pH=7)
Cng thc tnh gn ng pH ca dung dch m:
-

i vi h m gm axit yu HA(Ca) v baz lin hp A-(Cb) c cc cn bng:

HA
H+ + A Ka
+
H2 O
H + OH
Kw
+
Nu [H ], [OH ] <<Ca, Cb v Kw<<Ka.Ca th cng thc tnh gn ng ca dung
dch m l:

K .C
H K . HA
A
C

pH pK a lg

VI.2 m nng

Cb
Ca

-Khi nim: L s mol bazo mnh (hoc axit mnh) cn cho vo 1 lt dung dch
m lm tng (hoc gim) pH 1 n v.
=

db
da

dpH
dpH

l m nng, db l s mol bazo mnh, da l s mol axit mnh thm vo lm

bin i dpH n v pH, du (-) ch pH gim khi thm axit.
Nhn xt: Khi cng ln th h c kh nng m cng ln. Gi tr m nng ph
thuc vo nng cc axit v bazo lin hp dng pha ch dung dch m, v ph
thuc t l nng gia chng.
i vi dung dch m gm n axit yu v bazo lin hp c th tnh theo biu
thc tng qut:ng nhau v c gi tr bng:

CK a H
Kw

=2,3.

2
H
(K a H )

Khi [H+], [OH-] << C th c th tnh theo biu thc gn ng:

= 2,3.

C a Cb
C

m nng s cc i khi nng ca axit v bazo lin hp bng nhau v c gi tr

bng:
max= 0,576C

( C= Ca+ Cb)

VI.3 H s pha long

- Thc t khi pha long th lc ion ca dung dch thay i, h s hot ca cc cht
thay i, do pH cng thay i t nhiu.
Biu thc tnh chnh xc nh gi pH ca dung dch m (HA + A) l:

pH = pKa + lg
+ lg
S hng th ba trong phng trnh trn l t s hot dng baz v h s hot
dng axit. Cc i lng ny bin i khi pha long.
pha long pH1/2 l tng km theo s pha long dung dch u c nng
ng lng Ci bng mt th tch bng nhau ca nc nguyn cht:
pH1/2 = pHCi/2 (pH)C
Nu pha long pH tng th pH1/2 > 0, cn khi gim th pH1/2 < 0.

Bng: pha long pH1/2 (theo n v pH) i vi hai loi dung dch m pH
= 4,5 9,5 cc nng C khc nhau.
C mol/l

H m
HA + A-

HA+ + A

0,1

0,028

-0,028

0,05

0,025

-0,025

0,025

0,019

-0,019

0,02

0,017

-0,017

0,01

0,013

-0,013

0,005

0,010

-0,010

0,0025

0,007

-0,007

VI.4 ng dng ca cc dung dch m

Cc dung dch m pH c ng dng rng ri trong thc t phn tch.
- Phn ng tch: nhiu phn ng phi c thc hin pH xc nh, c thit lp
trog mi trng m thch hp.
Vd: tch Ba2+ ra khi Sr2+ di dng kt ta BaCrO4 cn duy tr pH trong khu vc
4 5 bng hn hp m axetat (CH3COOH + CH3COO-)...
Phn ng sinh ha: ph thuc rt mnh vo pH
+ Cc h m c pH xc nh ny phi tr v mt ha hc.
+ Cc cu t ca h m phi tan tt trong nc v khng c thm thu qua cc
mng t bo.
+ Cc h m c dng kim tra pH trong khu vc 6 8.
Thng dng cc axit v baz hu c phc tp. (tham kho bng 2.2 gio trnh
Ha hc phn tch 1 cn bng trong dung dch / trang 90)
- pha ch dung dch m c = max ng vi pH = pKa cn kim ha hoc axit
ha cc cht cho theo t l thch hp.
- Mt s h m c khu vc pH rng hn (t 3-8) c iu ch t cc dn xut
ca
2,6- imetylpiridin

VII.CN BNG TO PHC HIROXO TRONG DUNG DCH NC

CA CC ION KIM LOI.
VII.1 Khi nim
Trong dung dch nc cc ion kim loi tn ti di dng hidrat ha. Chng l
nhng axit c kh nng cho proton v to ra cc phc hiroxo kim loi. c tnh axit ca
cc ion kim loi ph thuc vo bn cht ca ion kim loi, vo in tch ca chng.
Cc ion kim loi kim khng th hin tnh axit v hidroxit ca chng l nhng
bazo rt mnh. Cc ion kim loi kim th l nhng axit rt yu. Cc ion trng thi oxi
ha cao thng c tnh axit hn cc ion cng loi trng thi oxi ha thp hn.
C th m t s to phc hidroxo ca ion Mn+ theo s tng qut:

[MOH.(m-2) H2O](n-1)+ + H3O+

Mn+.mH2O

*1

[M(OH)2.(m-4) H2O](n-2)+ + 2H3O+

Mn+.mH2O

*2

Hoc vit di dng n gin hn:

MOH(n-1)+ + H+
Mn+ + H2O

*1

M(OH)2(n-2)+ + 2H+
Mn+ + 2H2O

*2

y, *1 = Kw1 ; *2= Kw2:

1=
2 =

MOH

M OH
n

M (OH ) 2

M OH
n

V d:trong nc ion Cu2+ to thnh cc phc hidroxo nh sau:

CuOH+ + H+
Cu2+ + H2O

lg*1= -8,0

Cu(OH)2 + 2H+
Cu2+ + 2H2O

lg*2= -6,8

Cu(OH)3- + 3H+
Cu2+ + 3H2O

lg*3= -27,2

Cu(OH)4- + 4H+
Cu2+ + 4H2O

lg*4= -40,3

-Khi kim ha dung dch cha cc ion kim loi th xut hin cc phc hidroxo bc cao
cng vi kt ta hidroxit kim loi.
-Nhiu ion kim loi a ha tr to c cc phc hidroxo nhiu nhn:

V d:

Fe2(OH)24+ + 2H+
2Fe2+ + 2H2O

lg*22= -2,85

Al2(OH)24+ + 2H+
2Al3+ + 2H2O

lg*22= -14,56

- Vic nh gi thnh phn cn bng to phc hidroxo ni chung l kh phc tp. Trong
trng hp n gin khi dung dch c mi trng axit r v c th b qua s to thnh
ca cc phc hidroxo bc cao th c th tnh gn ng cn bng theo LTDKL nh i
vi cc h n axit thng thng
p dng:
Trong trng hp n gin, khi dung dch c mi trng axit r v c th b qua s
to thnh cc phc hidroxo bc cao th c th tnh gn ng cn bng theo nh lut
tc dng khi lng nh i vi cc h n axit thng thng.

VIII CC CHT CH TH AXIT-BAZ

-

Cc cht ch th axit - baz c s dng nh gi gn ng pH ca cc dung

dch.
- Yu cu c bn: phi thay i mu thun nghch vi pH ca dung dch.
Mun vy, cht ch th phi l mt axit hoc mt baz,m mu ca ca dng axit v
dng baz lin hp phi khc nhau.
- Cc cht ch th thng l nhng axit hoc baz hu c.
- Cht ch th axit-baz c tng hp u tin l phenolphtalein.
VIII.1 Khong pH chuyn mu ca cht ch th
- Mi cht ch th thay i mu mt khu vc pH xc nh m ta gi l khong pH
chuyn mu.
- Ta k hiu dng axit l HIn v dng baz lin hp l In-. Cn bng phn li ca cht
ch th c vit:
HIn
H+ + InTheo LTDKL, ta c hot ion hidro:
(H+) = Ka.

V
InHIn

fINf

pH= -lg(H+) = pKa +

+ lg HIN
(1)
Trong trng hp c th coi fIn- = fHIn = 1 th biu thc (1) tr thnh

In-

pH = pKa + lg

HIn

(2)

In-

HIn

Mu ca cht ch ph thuc t s
m t s ny theo (2) li ph thuc pH.
pH cao th [In ] >> [HIn], cht chi th tn ti ch yu dng baz pH thp th
[Hin] >> [In-], dng axit chim u th.
Thng thng mt ta khng th phn bit s tn ti ca c 2 dng c mu nu nng
ca mt trong hai dng vt qu 10 ln nng ca dng kia.

+ Nu [HIn] > 10[In-] th mt ta ch nhn thy mu ca dng HIn. y pH < pKa

1.
+ Nu [In-] > 10[HIn] th mt ta ch nhn thy dng In: y pH > pKa + 1
Nh vy cht ch th ch thay i mu trong khong:
pKa -1 < pH < pKa + 1
- Khong pH ny c gi l khong pH chuyn mu ca cht ch th.
V d: khong chuyn mu ca qu l 5 < pH < 8 c ngha l:
+ pH < 5 qu tn ti dng Hin (mu )
+ pH > 8 dng In- (xanh)
+ T 6 n 8 cht ch th c mu t tm sang xanh tm.
Trong bng 2.3 (gio trnh trang 96) c gii thiu cc cht ch th ph bin, khong
chuyn mu v cc dng axit, baz ca chng.
Bng 2.3. c trng mt s cht ch th axit baz
Cht ch th
Khi lng
pKa
Khong pH
Mu
mol (M)
chuyn mu
Dng axit
Dng baz
(HIn)
(In)
Thymol xanh
466,27
1,65
1,2 2,8

Vng
Metyl da cam
327,2
3,52
3,1 4,4

Vng
Bromphenol xanh
669,8
4,10
3,0 4,6
Vng
Ta
Metyl
269,14
5,0
4,2 6,3

Vng
Bromcrezol ta
540,02
5,40
5,2 6,8

Ta
Qu
215,21
6,6
5,0 8,0

Xanh
trung tnh
288,65
6,85
6,8 8,0

Da cam
Bromthymol xanh
642,09
7,3
6,0 7,6
Vng
Xanh
Phenol
322
8,08
6,4 8,2
Vng

o Crezol
386,5
8,46
7,2 8,8
Vng
Ta
422,26
8,4
7,0

9,0
Vng
Lc
- Naphtolphtalein
318,11
9,77
8,2 10,0
Khng mu

Phenolphtalein
466,27
9,20
8,0 9,6
Vng
Xanh
Thymol xanh

Thymolphtalein

741,23

9,7

9,3 10,5

Khng mu

Xanh

VIII.2 Cc cht ch th hn hp
t vn : Cc cht ch th n ch cho php nh gi gn ng pH trong mt khu
vc pH xc nh vi chnh xc 1 n v. Chng hn,dng qu tm ch c th
phn bit cc dung dch c pH t 5 - 8. Khng th phn bit cc dung dch c pH < 5
v trong cc dung dch ny qu u c mu . Cng vy cc dung dch c pH > 8
th qu u c mu xanh. Cc dung dch c pH t 5 - 8 c mu t tm sang tm
xanh. y ch c th phn bit cc dung dch c mu tm (pH ~ 5), tm (pH ~ 7)
v tm xanh (pH ~ 8).
Gii quyt vn : xc nh pH chnh xc hn v m rng khu vc xc nh pH,
ngi ta dng cc cht ch th hn hp sao cho s i mu xy ra mt khong pH
tng i hp v c s thay i mu lin tc theo s thay i pH. Ngi ta thng
trn cc cht ch th khc nhau vi t l thch hp sao cho khi pH tng th mu bin
i dn t sang tm. Trong bng 2.4 (gio trnh trang 97) c cho thnh phn ca 3
loi ch th hn hp (vi nng g/l trong dung dch ru etylic 60%).
Bng 2.4. Thnh phn ca mt s loi ch th hn hp
Cht ch th

Ch th hn hp
N0 1

Ch th hn hp
N0 2

Ch th hn hp
N0 3

0,03

0,02

0,01

Metyl

0,15

0,03

0,013

Bromthymol xanh

0,30

0,40

0,16

Naphtolphtalein

0,40

0,24

Crezolphtalein

0,20

0,16

Phenolphtalein

0,35

0,20

0,40

Alizarin vng G

0,30

thnh phn
Metyl da cam
Metyl vng

Sau y l s bin i mu sc theo pH ca cht ch th hn hp N01:

pH
Mu

4
da cam

5
Da cam

6
Vng

7
Vng luc

8
Xanh luc

9
Xanh

10
Tm

IX PHN NG AXIT- BAZ TRONG DUNG MI KHC NC

IX.1 Phn loi cc dung mi
*V nguyn tc,mi cht lng u c th dung lm dung mi.

Cc dung mi phn t trong tn ti ch yu cc phn t khng mang in

(nc, ru, ammoniac lng, cc axit cacboxylic, cc amin).
- Cc dung mi ion trong ch c cc cation v anion ( nhit cao) v loi dung
mi kim loi v kim loi nng chy.
Cc dung mi phn t ng vai tr quan trng, trong cc dung mi lng tnh l
ph bin hn c.
IX.2 Phn ng axit baz trong dung mi lng tnh
-

Trong cc dung mi lng tnh c qu trnh t phn proton ca cc phn t dung

mi. Chng hn, vi dung mi HS
HS
p+ + SHS + p+
H2S+
2HS

H2S+ + S-

Tch s ion ca dung mi

[H2S+] [S-] = Ki

V d: phn ng t nhn proton ca mt s dung mi lng tnh:

Nc:
2H2O
H3O+ + OHKi = 1,00.10-14
Ru etilic: 2C2H5OH
C2H5OH2+ + C2H5OKi = 1,00.10-19
Axit fomic: 2HCOOH
HCOOH2+ + HCOOKi = 1,00.10-6
Cng nh nc, trong dung mi HS ta c
pH = -lg[H2S+]; pS = - lg[S-]
V
pKi = pH + pS
1
Trong dung mi nguyn cht pH = pS = 2 .pKi

Dung dch s c phn ng axit khi [H2S+] > [S-] hoc pH < pS, s c phn ng baz khi
[H2S+] < [S-] hoc pH > pS.
Thang pH c xc nh trong phm vi pH = 0 cho n pH = pKiHS.
Trong bng 2.5 (gio trnh trang 99) c cho c tnh axit baz ca mt s dung mi
lng tnh.
Bng 2.5. c tnh ca axit baz ca mt s dung mi lng tnh
Dung mi
(HS)
H2SO4
HCOOH
CH3COOH
CH3OH

Ion lioni
H3SO4+
HCOOH2+
CH3COOH2+
CH3OH2+

Ion liat
HSO4HCOOCH3COOCH3O-

Ki
10-3,8
10-6,0
10-14,4
10-16,7

Thang pH
0 3,8
0 6,0
0 14,4
0 16,7

pH
trung tnh
1,9
3,0
7,2
8,35

C2H5OH
NH3 (lng)

C2H5OH2+
NH4+

C2 H 5 O NH

10-19,0
10-22,0

0 19,0
0 22,0

9,5
11,0

Khi cho axit HA vo trong dung mi HS th xy ra cc qu trnh:

HA
p+ + HS

p+ + AH2S+

KA
K

-1
H2S+

HA + HS
H2S+ + A- Ka = KA . K-1H2S+
(*)
- Tnh axit ca HA ph thuc vo:
+ Tnh axit ca cht in ly tan (KA)
+ Tnh baz ca dung mi (thu proton ca dung mi).
VD: Trong nc axit axetic l mt axit yu nhng trong dung mi NH3 lng th do tnh
baz ca dung mi tng ln nn axit axetic li l mt axit mnh:
CH3COOH + NH3
CH3COO- + NH4+
Trong nc, HCl l mt axit mnh, nhng trong dung dch axit axetic bng c tnh baz
rt yu nn HCl li l mt axit yu:
HCl + CH3COOH
CH3COOH2+ + Cl Khi ha tan baz B vo dung mi HS s c cc qu trnh:
HS
p+ + SKHS
+
+
B+p
BH
K-1BH+
B + HS
BH+ + SKbBv = KHS K-1BH+ (**)
- Tnh baz ca B ph thuc:
+ Tnh baz ca cht in ly tan (thu proton ca B)
+ Tnh axit ca dung mi HS.
-> Dung mi cng c tnh axit th tnh baz ca cht in li cng mnh.
- i vi cc dung mi c hng s in mi thp th thng xy ra s lin hp gia cc
ion tch in ngc du.
VD: Trong dung dch axit HA cn xy ra s lin hp gia cc ion H2S+ v A- to ra cp
ion H2S+A- (hay H+A-) khc vi phn t HA. Do trong cc dung mi ny, lc axit ca
nhiu cht gim i.
trong nc ( = 78,5), axit axetic c pKa = 4,76, cn trong ru etylic ( = 24,2)
th pKa ca axit axetic bng 10,3, ngha l lc axit gim i nhiu.
- Do khng phn bit c cp ion vi phn t khng phn li ca axit nn ngi ta
biu din chung hng s phn li ca axit HA di dng:
Ka =
=
Ngha l coi tng nng dng phn t v nng cp ion bng nng axit khng
phn li.

Hng s phn li ca axit Ka ph thuc vo hng s in mi ca dung mi, ph

thuc in tch v kch thc cc ion.
T (**) ta c hng s baz:
Kb = KHSKa-1
tng t nh nc.
- Trong bng 2.6 (gio trnh trang 101) cung cp ch s hng s axit v ch s hng
s baz ca mt s cp axit baz trong etanol v trong axit axetic bng.
Bng 2.6. Ch s hng s phn li axit pKa v ch s hng s phn li baz pKb ca
mt s cp axit baz trong cc dung mi etanol v CH3COOH bng.
-

Cp axit baz

pKa

pKb

C2H5OH

3,6

15,4

C2H5OH

9,2

9,8

CH3COOH/CH3COO- C2H5OH

10,3

8,7

HNO3/NO3HCOOH/HCOO

Dung mi

HClO4/ClO4

CH3COOH bng

2,9

11,5

HCl/Cl-

CH3COOH bng

5,0

9,4

HNO3/NO3

CH3COOH bng

9,4

5,0