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Mc lc

MC LC

LI GII THIU
MC LC
DANH MC CC K HIU, CC CH VIT TT
M U
Chng 1: LCH S NGHIN CU, U KIN T NHIN V PHNG PHP
NGHIN CU
1.1. LCH S NGHIN CU
1.2. IU KIN T NHIN V A HNH, A MO BIN NG V KHU VC
K CN
1.2.1. V tr a l
1.2.2. Kh hu
1.2.3. c im thu vn
1.2.4. c im hi vn
1.2.5. c im a mo
1.3. CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU CHNH
1.3.1 Nhm cc phng php nh v ton cu GPS
1.3.2. Nhm cc phng php a cht - a mo
1.3.3. Nhm cc phng php a Vt l
1.3.4. Nhm cc phng php nghin cu ng t
1.3.5.Nhm phng php m hnh ho bin i trng ng sut Coulomb v sng thn
Chng 2: CU TRC A CHT BIN NG V KHU VC K CN
2.1. T TRNG VIT NAM V KHU VC K CN
2.2. TRNG TRNG LC V CU TRC SU
2.3. CC YU T KIN TRC CHNH BIN NG VIT NAM V KHU VC K
CN
Chng 3: KIN TO KAINOZOI BIN NG VIT NAM V KHU VC K
CN
3.1. KIN TO T GY KAINOZOI
3.1.1. t gy Sng Hng trn t lin
3.1.2. Vng cc thm lc a Bin ng
3.1.3. Vng trng nc su i dng Bin ng
3.1.4. Vng cc khi vi lc a

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Phan Tr ng Trnh

3.2. S PHT TRIN KIN TO KANOZOI BIN NG VIT NAM V KHU


VC K CN
3.2.1. Cc a khu ban u v qu trnh m Bin ng

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93

3.2.2. Giai on Paleogengia Oligocen (65,5 28,4 tr.n)

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3.2.3. Giai on Oligocen munu Miocen (28,4- 23 tr,n)


3.2.4. Giai on Neogen sm (23 -11,6 tr.n)
3.2.5. Neogen mun - Hin ti (11,6- 5,33 tr.n ngy nay)

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100
102

Chng 4: HOT NG KIN TO TR TRONG GIAI ON PLIOCEN -


T
4.1. HOT NG KIN TO TR TRN T LIN VIT NAM V KHU VC K
CN
4.2. HOT NG KIN TO TR TRN KHU VC BIN NG VIT NAM V
K CN
4.2.1. C s ti liu
4.2.2. Phng php phn tch, nhn dng v biu din t gy
3.2.3. Hot ng kin to tr Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn
4.3. HOT NG NI LA TR TRN KHU VC BIN NG V LN CN
Chng 5: CHUYN NG HIN I V TRNG NG SUT KIN TO
HIN I TRN BIN NG V KHU VC K CN
5.1. CHUYN NG HIN I TRN BIN NG V KHU VC K CN
5.1.1. Chuyn ng kin to hin i xung quanh khu vc nghin cu
5.1.2. o c chuyn ng hin i vng Bin ng bng GPS
5.2. TRNG NG SUT KIN TO HIN I KHU VC BIN NG VIT
NAM V K CN
5.2.1. Ph hu nn p v khe nt cng gin
5.2.2. C cu chn tiu ng t
5.2.3. nh hng ca ng sut kin to hin i khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn
Chng 6: NH GI NGUY HIM NG T V SNG THN
6.1. NH GI NGUY HIM NG T T TI LIU NG T
6.1.1. nh gi nguy him ng t t ti liu ng t
6.1.2. nh gi a chn kin to
6.1.3. Bin i ng sut Coulomb
6.2. NH GI NGUY HIM SNG THN
6.2.1. M hnh lan truyn sng thn trn bin
6.2.2. La chn kch bn v xc nh cc thng s ng t gy sng thn trn khu vc
Bin ng
6.2.3. nh gi bin sng cc i, thi gian lan truyn v din ngp lt c nguy c
cao
6.3. NH GI NGUY HIM NI LA HIN I
6.4. MT S GII PHP PHNG TRNH TAI BIN LIN QUAN TI KIN TO,
A NG LC HIN I
6.4.1. C s khoa hc cho vic d bo, phn vng ng t, sng thn v ni la
6.4.2. Cc gii php phng trnh tai bin lin quan

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253
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283
294
295
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298

Mc lc
KT LUN
TI LIU THAM KHO
PH LC

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301
303
321

Phan Tr ng Trnh

DANH MC CC K HIU, CC CH VIT TT

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Vit tt
AKT
AVT
B
BCH
B
BLV1
BO

8
9
10
11

CDA1

BSCL
DIF

12
13

DOHO
FMI

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15
16
17
18

GK
GNS
HOCM
HUES
IGS

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20
21

ITRF
KZ
LANG

22
23
24
25

N
NIEC
s TWT
STT1

26

c l
kinh tuyn
v tuyn
Bc
Bt chnh hp
Bin ng
Tn im o GPS trn o Bch Long V
Ph hu nn p trong l khoan (xy ra do sp l thnh l
khoan) (Borehole Breakout)
Tn im o ti Cn o
ng
ng bng sng Cu Long
Khe nt cng gin sinh ra trong qu trnh khoan (drillinginduced fractures)
Tn im o GPS ti thnh ph ng Hi
Thit b ghi in tr trong l khoan
(Formation Micro Imager)
Ging khoan
Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand
Tn im o GPS ti Thnh ph HCM
Tn im o GPS ti thnh ph Hu
Intemational GPS Service - T chc dch v GPS Quc t
phc v a ng lc
Khung quy chiu Tri t quc t
Kainozoi
Tn im o GPS ti Vin a cht,
ph Cha Lng, H Ni
Nam
National earthquake information centrer (Hoa K)
Thi gian hai ln truyn sng tnh theo giy
Tn im o GPS trn o Song T Ty - qun o
Trng Sa
Ty

Phan Tr ng Trnh

10
27
28

VC
VKHKTTVMT

29

WSM

Vin a Cht
Vin Khoa hc Kh tng Thy vn v
Mi trng
World Stress Map

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M U
Bin ng c v tr kinh t, chnh tr c bit quan trng i vi nc ta. khai thc
v s dng hp l cc ngun li t Bin ng, m bo an ninh quc phng, th vic xy
dng c s khoa hc d bo cc dng tai bin ng t v sng thn, xut cc bin php
phng trnh l nhim v ht sc cp thit. Mc d c mt s cc nghin cu v ng t v
sng thn trn Bin ng, nhng hin ang tn ti rt nhiu cc kch bn cnh bo sng thn
khc nhau v thiu c s v kin to tr, a ng lc hin i. Nghin cu cnh bo ng
t v sng thn th vn quan trng bc nht l xc nh c cc ngun pht sinh ng t
gy sng thn cng nh ln ca chng, t mi c quyt nh v phng trnh gim nh
thit hi do ng t v sng thn gy ra. Ngun pht sinh ng t, sng thn v mc ca
chng c xc nh vi tin cy cao nh cc nghin cu v kin to tr v kin to hin
i. Mt s tc gi cp ti kin to tr trn Bin ng nhng cc kin rt phn tn,
thm ch mu thun nhau v s dng phng php nghin cu ring bit, trn vng nghin
cu khc nhau. Trong cun sch ny, chng ti tp trung lm sng t v tr li cc cu hi:
Nhng t gy no trn Bin ng cn du hiu hot ng trong giai on hin i? Nu cn
hot ng th quy m, cng v din phn b ca chng ra sao? ng t cc i nu c l
bao nhiu? Chng c kh nng gy sng thn hay khng? Cc hot ng ni la tr lin quan
vi hot ng kin to tch gin no, phng tch gin ra sao hay hot ng ni la tr c
ngun gc su, c lp vi bin dng ca thch quyn hay v Tri t? Ti sao phn cung o
Philipin li chuyn dch v pha ty vi bin ln nh vy? Trng ng sut kin to hin
i phn b ra sao? Mi quan h gia kin trc su v biu hin hot ng kin to tr trn
mt nh th no? T xut cc gii php gim thiu v phng trnh cc dng tai bin lin
quan, c bit l ng t v sng thn.
mc khi qut, trn bn t l 1:4.000.000, khu vc nghin cu l phn bin,
cc o v di ven b Bin ng v vng ln cn, nm trong khong t 100o n 129o kinh
ng, -4o n 26o v bc. mc chi tit hn, khu vc nghin cu trn bn t l
1:1.000.000, nm trong khong t 102o n 107o kinh ng, 6o n 23o30 v bc.
Nghin cu kin to tr v kin to hin i Bin ng c ngha khoa hc v thc
tin to ln.
ngha khoa hc: Nhng kt qu thu nhn c t nghin cu kin to tr v a
ng lc hin i s ng gp ln cho vic hiu r c ch bin dng thch quyn trong khu
vc m d lun quc t ht sc quan tm. Nhng nghin cu chi tit v c im bin dng
tr s cung cp nhng chng c kim nghim cc m hnh xut hoc cho php
xut nhng m hnh bin dng mi. Nhng kt qu v c im chuyn ng kin to tr v
a ng lc hin i s l c s khoa hc cho vic nh gi nguy c ng t trn bin v
sng thn ven b v hi o Vit Nam. Cun sch ny cn l mt khung c bn tip tc
pht trin mt lot cc nghin cu tip theo chi tit hn v kin to tr v kin to hin i
cc khu vc c th trn Bin ng v khu vc i b.
ngha thc tin: V tr, cng ngun gy ra ng t hay sng thn, s gip gim
thiu cc m hnh cnh bo sng thn, c c s khoa hc trong vic phng trnh v gim
thiu thit hi ca ng t v sng thn. Mt khc, gip cho cc c quan hoch nh chnh
sch, iu chnh k hoch chin lc kinh t, qui hoch cc khu th, khu cng nghip, khu
du lch vng ven bin; quy hoch cc cng trnh bin nh cu cng, khai thc du kh, vin
thng, bin phng, c bit l nhng cng trnh cn an ton cao nh xy dng nh my
in nguyn t.

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Phan Tr ng Trnh

Cun sch ny c kt nhng kt qu chnh ca ti trng im cp Nh nc


KC09.11/06-10 do PGS.TS. Phan Trng Trnh lm ch nhim cng cc thnh vin tham gia:
PGS.TS. Trn nh T, GS.TS. Trn Nghi, TSKH. L Duy Bch, PGS.TS. V Thanh Ca,
PGS.TS. Nguyn Hng Phng, TS. L T Sn, TS. Vy Quc Hi, TS. Ng Vn Lim, TS.
Nguyn Vn Hng, TS. Nguyn Nh Trung, TS. L Huy Minh, TSKH. Nguyn Biu, TS.
Bi Vn Thm, TS. Nguyn ng Tc, TS. inh Vn Thun, TS. Nguyn Hong, ThS.
Hong Quang Vinh, c GS.TSKH. Phm Nng V, TS. Nguyn Vn Lng, TS. Nguyn
Quc Hng, PGS.TS. c Thanh, TS. Nguyn Th Hng, TS. Nguyn Trng Tn, TS.
John Beavan, TS. C Minh Hong, TS. Hong Ngc ang, TS. Phan Lu Anh, TS. Nguyn
Trung Minh, KTV. Nguyn Quang Xuyn, ThS. Nguyn Trng Tn, CN. Nguyn Vit
Thun, KS. Bi Th Tho, KS. Nguyn Huy Thnh, KS. inh Vn Th, ThS. L Minh Tng,
KS. Trn Quc Hng, ThS. Nguyn Vit Tin.
Trong qu trnh thc hin ti KC.09.11/06-10, tc gi cng nhn c s gp
ca GS.TS. Trn Vn Tr, PGS.TS. Phm Huy Tin, TSKH. Phan Trung in, PGS. TSKH.
Nguyn ch D, GS.TSKH. ng Vn Bt, PGS.TS. ng Vn Bo, PGS.TS. Li Huy Anh,
GS.TSKH. Nguyn Cn, PGS.TS. T Trng Thng, TS. Trn Thng, GS.TS. Bi Cng Qu.
Tc gi xin by t lng cm n su sc ti cc ng nghip trn.
Tc gi cng gi li cm n c bit ti PGS.TS. Phm Huy Tin, TS. Ng Vn Lim
v TS. Nguyn Vn Hng bin tp cng phu chuyn kho ny.
Cc tc gi

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Chng 1

LCH S NGHIN CU, IU KIN T NHIN


V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
1.1. LCH S NGHIN CU
T nm 1923-1927, tu De Lanesssan (Php) kho st su y Bin ng. Nm
1930 ngi Php kho st a hnh cc khu vc bin nng ven b nh vnh Bc B, vnh
Thi Lan, cc o Hong Sa, Trng Sa.
Giai on 1954 - 1975, trong khi min Bc Vit Nam hot ng a cht c y
mnh th min Nam Vit Nam chnh quyn Si Gn ch tin hnh ch yu trn bin nhm
mc tiu tm kim, thm d du kh. Nm 1967, S Hi dng Hoa K o t hng khng
min Nam Vit Nam t l 1:250.000; Cng nm, Alpine Geophysical Corporation o 19500
km tuyn a chn Bin ng. Nm 1969-1970, Ray Geophysical Mandrel o 12121 km
tuyn a chn, t v trng lc thm lc a Nam Vit Nam. Nm 1972, GSI (Geological
Service Inc.) o 5000 km a chn khu vc min Trung v Hong Sa. Tng chiu di o a
chn trong thi gian ny ln ti 87.908 km.
Sau 1975, min Bc, Tng cc Du kh tip tc trin khai kho st trng lc chi tit
(t l 1:50.000; 1:25.000) vng nc nng ven bin Thi Bnh- Nam nh. Nm 1981, tin
hnh 2555 km tuyn a chn mt quan st 5x5 km trn din tch 6500 km2 vnh Bc B.
min Nam, tin hnh kho st trng lc t l 1:200.000 vng Cu Long. Thu CGG
(Php, 1975) kho st 12.109 km tuyn a chn theo cc sng ng bng sng Cu Long
v vng ven bin Vng Tu - Cn o. Thu GECO (Na Uy, 1978) kho st a chn gn 12
nghn km tuyn trn cc l 09, 16, 19, 20, 21.
Nm 1980, kho st a vt l c tin hnh trn thm lc a Vit Nam do Lin
on a vt l Vin ng Lin X thc hin vi cc tu POISK, ISKATEL, Gambuaxev,
Malgin. Cho ti nm 1970, ngoi cc hot ng kho st vi mc tiu tm kim v thm d
du kh, cn c cc d n kho st cho nghin cu khoa hc Trong giai on 1980 1990
mt s chuyn kho st ca cc tu Vulcanolog, Nexmeianov, Gagarinski cng c tin
hnh. vng bin Ph Khnh - Thun Hi, o 30 tuyn a vt l, cho nhng thng tin
ban u v cu trc a cht ca vng thm v sn lc a, pht hin cc cu to dng diapia
v hng ni la ngm.
Mt vi chuyn kho st Bin ng c tin hnh bi cc nh khoa hc phng
Ty nh chuyn kho st ca cc nh a vt l bin M (Ludwig v nnk 1979) [132], R/V
Jean-Charcot ca Php nm 1984 (Pautot v Rangin 1989) [177]; (Pautrot v nnk 1990) [178]
v R/V Sonne ca c nm 1987, 1988. T nhng nm 1990, cng ng quc t tr nn quan
tm ti vic nghin cu Bin ng. Nm 1993, trong d n hp tc vi Php, tu Altalante
thc hin chuyn kho st Ponaga o trng lc, t, a chn nng kt hp ly mu tng mt
vng bin min Trung v ng Nam. Tu Sonne-95 thu thp 48 mu ng phng trng lc
ti 46 v tr trn Bin ng. Trong cc nm 1996-1999, tu Sonne ca c cng kho st
thm lc a Vit Nam, o a hnh, a chn nng v ly mu trm tch nhm nghin cu mi
trng trm tch y bin.
Trong cc nm 1998-2000, n iu tra a cht v tm kim khong sn rn bin
nng ven b (0-30m nc) Vit Nam kho st a chn phn x phn gii cao, t v o su
hi m cng c tin hnh khu vc Hm Tn-Thun Hi, C Mau-Bc Liu, Bc LiuVng Tu. y l ln u tin vng bin nghin cu c o v chi tit t l 1: 500.000
lot bn y bin nh: a cht trc t, a cht t, cu trc kin to

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Phan Tr ng Trnh

Cc ti liu t cc chuyn kho st ny l cn c quan trng trong hu kt cc cng b


trong v ngoi nc c lin quan v Bin ng. Nh chng ta dn c nhng hiu bit c
bn v bi cnh a cht - a ng lc ca khu vc Bin ng
V nghin cu kin to Kanozoi khu vc Bin ng v k cn
C ch bin dng trong cc i ng lun l i tng ca cc tranh lun quc t.
Mt trng phi cho rng qu trnh ng gy nn p ngang v qu trnh lm dy v
(Houseman v England, 1993) [91]. Mt trng phi khc cho rng x hc c th to nn s
thc trt ngang ca cc khi v quy m ln, kt qu ca vn ng dc theo cc t gy trt
bng quy m thch quyn, t i hi qu trnh lm dy v ln (Tapponnier & nnk., 1986)
[228]. Trong qu trnh gii quyt cc tranh ci ny, s x hc ca n - Chu tr
thnh v d in hnh v l i tng kim chng bi v quy m v hot ng ca h thng
ny, cng nh s c mt r rng ca cc t gy trt bng ln ng Chu . Tapponnier
& nnk. (1986) [228] lp lun s x hc ca n gy ra s thc trt quy m ln ca
cc khi v theo hng ny t Eocen (~45 Tr.n), ng ch nht l Indochina v Burma.
Mc d khng nghi ng rng ng Nam b nh hng mnh m bi t gy trt
bng ln (Leloup & nnk., 2001) [128], nhng tranh ci tip din v thi gian, chiu vn ng
v bin dch chuyn trn cc cu trc ny. Cc lp lun ny c bit lin quan ti vic tm
hiu ngun gc ca Bin ng. S cng gin trong b ny c cho l bt u t Creta
mun-Paleocen sm (Clift v Lin, 2002) [51] v dng nh chim v tr ca mt cung kiu
Andean c t trc, nm pha trn mt i ht chm nghing v pha bc dc theo b bin
pha nam Trung Quc. Tuy nhin, trong khi mt vi tc gi lp lun v tm quan trng ca
cc lc ht chm trong vic vn hnh qu trnh rift (Taylor v Hayes, 1983) [233], mt s tc
gi khc li cho rng Bin ng nhiu kh nng m ra do kt qu ca s tri trt ca
Indochina v pha N tng i so vi Trung Quc ng yn (Tapponnier & nnk., 1986)
[228]; (Briais & nnk., 1993) [26].
Mt lot cc nghin cu tui ng v v c t c gng kim chng ngun gc lin
quan ti tri trt cho Bin ng thng qua vic kim tra thi gian v bin vn ng ca
i t gy Sng Hng (Cung Thng Ch & nnk., 2004) [54] ; (Wang v Burchfiel, 1997)
[257]. nh tui ca vn ng trt tri chnh trn t gy ny, l cu trc chnh dc theo
Indochina dch chuyn tng i so vi Trung Quc, ch ra rng vn ng mnh m nht xy
ra trong khong 35 v 17 tr.n (Gilley & nnk., 2003) [71], ph hp vi tui ca qu trnh tch
gin y Bin ng, ni qu trnh tch gin y bin bt u bng ng d thng t 11
(~30 Tr.n) phn trung tm ca Bin ng (Barckhausen v Roeser, 2004) [12]; (Briais &
nnk., 1993) [26]. Tuy nhin gn y, vic lp bn t gn i Loan cho thy rng qu trnh
tch gin y bin c th c tui tng ng vi d thng t 16 (37 Tr.n) t nht l phn
pha B (Hsu & nnk., 2004) [93].
Nh vy, ng ca n v Chu sinh ra cc t gy trt bng ln pha
ng Chu , to nn s thc trt ca cc khi v v pha ng nam t Eocen. Mt s tc
gi cho rng Bin ng c m ra l kt qu ca s vn ng tng i gia khi Indochina
cng v Trung Quc. Cc m hnh khc cho rng qu trnh rift v m rng y bin c vn
hnh bi cc lc mng ht chm v pha nam. Ngoi ra cn mt lot cc m hnh khc th
hin s trung dung hoc pht trin c th ca hai m hnh trn.
Do vai tr kin sinh quan trng ca Bin ng, kin to Kanozoi khu vc Bin ng
lun l trung tm ca cc nghin cu v tranh lun ca cc nh khoa hc trong v ngoi nc
trong vi ba thp k tr li y. Trn c s cc kt qu kho st bin v tng hp ti liu
nghin cu cc vng k cn, nhiu cng trnh nghin cu kin to Bin ng, cc ch a
ng lc v tai bin a cht c nhiu tc gi quan tm (L Duy Bch, 1985, 1990, 1991,
2007) [111, 112, 113, 114]; (Hayes, 1982, 2005) [79,80]; (H c Hoi, 1986, 1990) [83, 84];
(L Nh Lai, 2000, 2003) [116,117]; (Bi Cng Qu, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005) [28, 29, 30,
31]; (Phan Vn Qunh, 1996) [203]; (Rangin, 1990, 1995) [208]; (Ng Thng San 1995)

Chng 1. Lch s nghin cu, iu kin t nhin v phng php nghin cu

15

[]... Bc tranh chung v kin to cng c tm thy trn cc s cu trc kin to ca cc


tc gi khc nh H c Hoi (1990) [84], Ng Thng San (1995) [147], Phan Vn Qunh
(1996) [203], L Nh Lai (2000, 2003) [116, 117], Hall (2002) [75], Briais v nnk.,(1993)
[26], Phng Vn Phch (2008) [204], Trn Vn Tr v nnk. (1986, 2005) [244, 245]. c
im cu trc ca cc ranh gii c bn trong v Tri t trn thm lc a Vit Nam v mt
phn ca Bin ng c cp trong mt s cng trnh (H c Hoi, 1986) [83]; (Bi
Cng Qu, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005) [28, 29, 30, 31].
Vi chng c ca cc trn ng t, t ti liu nghin cu v trc a v a chn phn
gii cao, chuyn dch kin to tr v kin to hin i trn Bin ng l c thc. Tuy nhin,
qui m, din phn b cn phi c lm sng t. Mc d c mt s tc gi cp ti kin
to tr trn Bin ng nhng cc kin rt phn tn, thm ch mu thun nhau v s dng
phng php nghin cu ring bit, trn vng nghin cu khc nhau. Sau y l mt s cng
trnh nghin cu tiu biu c lin quan:
Cc nghin cu h hot ng kin to tr, kin to hin i v a ng lc cc
khu vc ven bin Vit Nam:
Chng trnh nghin cu nt t v phng trnh thin tai lnh th Vit Nam (Nguyn
Trng Ym, 1991) [168] thnh lp Bn phn vng nt t ton lnh th Vit Nam.
Sng Hng l t gy ln nht, ko di v ct ngang Bin ng, v chy v pha o Hi
Nam, Trung Quc. Bn t gy ny hi t v to nn vt t gy ln kinh tuyn 110, qua v
tnh Ninh Thun, chy xung pha Ty Nam v ko dc b bin Vit Nam. Nguyn Trng
Ym (1996) [169] khi qut v c im trng ng sut khu vc lnh th Vit Nam, theo
phng nn p ngang ch o trong giai on trc Pliocen l ng-ty v trong giai on
Pliocen - Hin ti l bc - nam, mi vng c th u c nhng bin i nht nh v trng
ng sut vi cc ch ng sut khc nhau. Quan im ny c chia s v th hin chi tit
hn na trong cc cng trnh nghin cu cc vng c th: Nguyn ng Tc (2004) [151]
nghin cu chuyn ng kin to hin i i t gy Ch Linh-ng Triu, Bi Vn Thm
(2004) [35] nghin cu i t gy Ro Ny, Phm Vn Hng (2004) [182] nghin cu t
gy Sng Bung-Tr Bng, Bi Vn Thm v Nguyn Huy Thnh (2008) [33] nghin cu c
im hot ng Tn kin to vng ven bin H Tin v ln cn.
Replumaz v nnk (2001) [211] s dng nh v tinh v ti liu a hnh lp bn
chi tit i t gy Sng Hng. Kt qu cho thy cng xut hin thnh phn tch gin dc
theo i t gy ny. Cc tc gi tnh ton tc dch trt phi trong Pliocen- t trn i
t gy Sng Hng bng cch phc hi dch chuyn ngang ln ca sng sui nhm tm ra gi
tr ln nht, tin cy nht. Gi tr trung bnh nhn ph hp v nh nht thu c cho ta dch
chuyn ngang 25 0.5 km. Do dch chuyn phi bt u t cch nay khong 5 triu nm, tc
dch trt trung bnh trong Pliocen- t c 5 mm/nm.
Rangin v nnk (1995) [208] cho rng min Trung v Nam Vit Nam c s tn ti
ca hai h thng t gy chng ln ln nhau, cc h ny c th hot ng trong sut giai
on Paleogen v sau l Neogen sm. H t gy tr hn bao gm cc t gy trt bng
phi phng TB-N (N 160E) ti gn bc nam, tng ng vi trc co ngn cc i phng
gn bc nam n B-TN (N10-30E). Mt s t gy phng bc nam v B-TN (N50E)
b ti hot ng cc b l cc t gy thun, c bit trong sut qu trnh nng nn ca
min Trung v Nam Vit Nam, chng lin quan vi hot ng ni la bazan Neogen mun t quy m ln.
Cc nghin cu a cht du kh c cp n cc yu t cu trc - kin to v a ng
lc trn Bin ng:
H c Hoi v Trn L ng (Ch bin, 1986) [83] nghin cu cu trc a cht,
a tng, phn vng kin to, c tnh cc cu to nng a phng... cho 2 b Cu Long v
Nam Cn Sn.

16

Phan Tr ng Trnh

L Trng Cn v nnk (1986) [118] nghin cu s pht trin a cht b Kainozoi


thm lc a Vit Nam c phn chia ra ba giai on: Palcogen, Mioxen v Plioxen - t.
Cc b c phn chia thnh cc n v kin to bc II, III v n tng cu to c th vi chi
tit kch thc, bin , lch s pht trin.
H c Hoi (1990) [84] xc lp m hnh phn vng kin to trn c s nghin cu
chi tit cc c im v kin trc ni ti v kin trc hnh thi t l 1:1.000.000, phc ha
lch s hnh thnh v tin ho cc kin trc thm lc a Vit Nam trong mi quan h ngun
gc vi Bin ng v cc min lc a k cn. L Vn Trng (1995) [123] xc nh cc
c trng cu trc - kin to ca b Sng Hng v cc yu t kin to chnh lin quan n qu
trnh thnh to, bo tn, ph hy du kh. Xy dng m hnh pht trin ca b Sng Hng
trong mi tng quan vi cc vng k cn.
V Nng Lc v nnk (1996) [252] thit lp v chnh xc ha c bn kin to
cho ton thm t l 1:1000000 v cho tng b trm tch t l 1:500000. Cc tc gi thit lp
c bn phn b ni la v bn dn nhit, gradient a nhit v dng nhit cho ton
thm t l 1:1000000 v cho tng b trm tch t l 1:500000, h thng ha c hu ht s
liu v a nhit trong 144 ging khoan, ng dng phng php nghin cu c a nhit v
nghin cu cc yu t kin to, magma ni la v a nhit nh hng tch cc v tiu cc ti
s sinh thnh du kh thm lc a Vit Nam.
Gwang H. Lee v Joel S. Watkins (1998) [124] nghin cu b Ph Khnh, thm
Nng, thm Phan Rang v mt phn ca i trt ct Tuy Ho. Cc tc gi ch ra rng b Ph
Khnh tun theo s pht trin ca mt ra rift c trng: mng b t gy ph hu, trm tch
ng rift, mt bt chnh hp b ph hu v trm tch hu rift. Qu trnh rift u tin c th bt
u trong Kreta mun hoc Paleogen. Qu trnh rift v nng tri cho thy b ngng li hoc
tip din cc b trong Oligocen mun v Miocene sm. Cc hot ng mun trong qu trnh
pht trin ca b chim u th bi s ln chm.
Cc nghin cu v kin to Pliocen - t Bin ng khu vc vnh Bc B v
ngoi khi Bc Trung B
Rangin & nnk (1995) [210] cho thy vn ng ca cc nhnh ng bc ca t gy
Vnh Ninh b tiu tn trong qu trnh m rift Bc vnh Bc B v dng li bt chnh hp 30
triu nm. Vn ng ca cc nhnh ng nam ca t gy Vnh Ninh b truyn i xa hn v
pha ng nam v hot ng cho ti bt chnh hp 5,5 triu nm. Cc tc gi cho rng dch
trt trong khong 30 v 5,5 triu nm c th khng vt qu vi chc kilomet. S vng mt
ca mi du hiu khp ni cho thy rng vn ng ny b tiu tn u , chng hn pha
ty nam ca vnh Bc B, hoc c th khng pht hin c bng cc mt ct a chn. Nh
vy cc tc gi cho rng trt bng tri c trng xut hin lin tc trong mt i hp 30 km
ca t gy Vnh Ninh gia khong 30 v 5,5 triu nm. Tuy nhin khng c du hiu dch
chuyn phi sau 5,5 triu nm no c pht hin.
Tuy nhin, Phm Nng V v Don Th Hng (2004) [180] nhn nh hot ng kin
to tr ct qua lp ph Pliocen - t khng quan st thy khu vc ng Bc vnh Bc B,
chng ch tn ti khu vc pha Ty Nam. phn din tch ng bc, t Mng Ci n
Thanh Ho, ni cc hot ng t gy kin to dc cc t gy Sng L, Vnh Ninh, Thi
Bnh v Sng Chy th hin rt r trong phn mt ct a chn ng vi cc tp trm tch c,
c tui Eocen, Oligocen, Miocen, th phn mt ct a chn nm st y bin hin ti ng vi
tp trm tch Pliocen - t hu nh khng quan st thy biu hin hot ng tip tc ca cc
t gy trn.
Zhan v nnk (2006) [275] nghin cu cc rn san h trong khu vc nam v ng nam
Hi Nam v bn o Li Chu, ghi nhn c cc thng tin v cc hot ng ca v Tri
t trong sut qu trnh pht trin ca san h. Cc tc gi cho rng hot ng chnh ca v c
lin quan ti s pht trin ca san h bao gm cc hot ng t gy, ng t v ni la

Chng 1. Lch s nghin cu, iu kin t nhin v phng php nghin cu

17

Phng Vn Phch v V Vn Chinh (2008) [204] cho rng pha kin to tr nht ghi
nhn c trong khu vc b trm tch Sng Hng v i ven bin ph cn ty vnh Bc B
c phn nh qua cc hot ng thun tch, vi phng tch dn cc i ng Bc - Ty
Nam, thc y st ln mnh m trong b Sng Hng, vi chiu dy Pliocen - t trung
tm t ti 4km. c bit trong giai on ny c s ti hot ng mnh ca cc t gy cnh
ng Bc ca b Sng Hng. Phng trc ca Trung tm st ln l Ty Bc - ng Nam v
c xu hng bm st t gy Sng L.
Gn y, Zhu v nnk (2009) [280] chng minh t gy Sng Hng ti hot ng vi
chiu dch chuyn phi dc theo phng hin nay ca i t gy Sng Hng trong b Sng
Hng. Vn ng ny cao tro khong 5,5-3,6 triu nm v vn cn duy tr cho n ngy
nay. Cc cu trc Pliocen - Holocen ph hp vi bin dng trt phi da trn cc bng
chng nh: 1) Cu trc hoa dng dc theo mt s t gy cho thy rng bin dng chuyn t
cng ngang sang p ngang cc b v thay i chiu chuyn dch trong khu vc ny. 2) Trng
ng sut cng gin ng - ty v p ngang bc-nam xy ra trong b Sng Hng. 3) Cc t
gy st bc (en echlon) phng bc ty bc - nam ng nam vi cc cu trc ging diapir
trung tm ca b 4) Cc cu trc Pliocen ph hp vi chiu dch trt phi ty bc b Sng
Hng.
Cc nghin cu v kin to Pliocen - t Bin ng khu vc ven bin ng
Nam Vit Nam
V Nng Lc v nnk (1997) [253] phn tch trng ng sut kin to m Bch H,
cho thy giai on Pliocen - t, hot ng tch gin theo phng ng-ty. mng ca
m Bch H chu trng ng sut cng gin ng - ty. Kt qu to nn cc t gy v khe
nt kinh tuyn mang tnh cht thun ngang. Cc t gy TB - N v B - TN hot ng tr
li vi s dch chuyn ln lt l thun-ngang phi v thun ngang tri.
L Duy Bch v nnk (2007) [113] khi qut cc c trng c bn ca hot tnh kin
to - a ng lc Pliocen - t vng ng nam thm lc a Vit Nam, cho rng trong cc
din phn b trm tch Pliocen - t, c xut hin cc t gy hot ng vo Pliocen -
t. Chng c phng ch yu l kinh tuyn, ngoi ra cn c phng B - TN v v tuyn.
St ln kin to khng km mnh m trong Pliocen - t cc b trm tch thuc khu vc
ny khng n gin ch l st ln do ngui i hoc cn bng ng tnh, hot tnh Kin to
Kainozoi mun pht trin c xu th tng ln dc theo cc h thng t gy su ln.
Mai Thanh Tn v nnk (2004) [133] phn tch c im cu trc, kin to v a
ng lc Pliocen - t vng ng Nam thm lc a Vit Nam v c th hin trn bn
l hot ng magma, cc t gy kin to theo ti liu a chn, t gy theo minh gii ti liu
t v trng lc, c phn bit cc t gy hot ng trong Pliocen - t vi t gy hot
ng trong Pliocen v phn chia cc kin trc kin to Pliocen - t vi c trng st ln
phn d. Nh vy cc tc gi khng nh c hot ng t gy Pliocen - t.
Phm Nng V v nnk (2008) [181] thnh lp bn Hot ng kin to v ni la
tr thm lc a Nam Vit Nam t l 1: 500 000. Trn bn ny, ngoi cc t gy kin to
v cc phun tro ni la tr, cn th hin cu to lp ph Pliocen - t bng ng ng
su y Pliocen. Tc gi cho rng, trong khu vc ny, ch yu pht trin hai h thng t gy
kin to trong Pliocen - t: h thng kinh tuyn v h thng ng bc - ty nam.
Trn Nghi v nnk (2008) [240] cho rng ng kin to giai on Pliocen - t hu
nh khng cn cc chuyn ng mnh, qu trnh tch gin kt thc, ch cn mt s t gy
hng kinh tuyn l tip tc ti hot ng cho n Holocen.
L Vn Dung v nnk (2008) [121] cp n mt s c im v cu trc, kin to
khu vc T Chnh - Vng My v vng ph cn. Bn cu trc mng cho php phn chia
khu vc thnh cc n v cu trc ch yu. Cc h thng t gy chnh l: Ty Bc - ng
Nam v kinh tuyn, cn mt s rt t theo hng Bc - Nam. Cc tc gi tm lc hot
ng kin to chnh bao gm: Pha ng to rift c pha rift sm (Eocen (?) - Oligocen -

18

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Miocen sm), pha rift mun (Miocen gia); Pha nghch o kin to Miocen gia - mun;
Pha san bng kin to (Pliocen - t).
Ti khu vc Manila, Nguyn Vn Dng v Nguyn Vn Lng (2007) [170] trn c
s cc m hnh trng thi ng sut trung bnh xc nh theo s liu c cu chn tiu ng t
cng vi 25 c cu chn tiu ng t mnh v phn tch tng quan khng gian gia cc trc
ng sut c bn v cc vector chuyn dch ti chn tiu, tc gi xut s dng mt s ch
tiu phn hng c cu chn tiu v trng thi ng sut trung bnh nghin cu nh gi cc
c im a ng lc hin i trong v Tri t trong i ht chm Manila v ln cn.
Ngoi cc nghin cu trong cc vng c th, cc nghin cu c im cc trng a
vt l nh t, trng lc, a chn v a nhit, c im kin to - a ng lc hin i trn
ton Bin ng ni chung c nhng kt qu ng k.
Bi Cng Qu v nnk (1990, 1995) [28, 29] thu thp cc s liu iu tra a vt l
trn thm lc a Vit Nam v Bin ng, x l tng hp v ton din cc s liu thu thp
c, nu ra cc c im d thng t trng v trng lc, c im trng a t bin i
vng bin pha Nam, c im a chn-a ng lc v c im cu trc v Tri t vng
Bin ng. Cc tc gi xy dng c mt lot bn trng lc, bn d thng t, bn
phn b chn tm ng t cho vng thm lc a v vng bin k cn, ng thi lm sng
t cu trc, v tr v vai tr ca cc h t gy trong ton b bi cnh kin to v a ng lc
ca khu vc thm lc a Vit Nam v Bin ng. Cc vng Bin ng Vit Nam c trng
bi v trm tch mng v bazan c dy 4-5km, khng c granit.
Bi Cng Qu (2005) [31] trong ti KC-09-02 Xy dng bn t nhin mi
trng vng bin Vit Nam v k cn thu thp b sung v x l cc kt qu iu tra kho
st mi v cc lnh vc tip tc m rng phm vi th hin v nng cao cht lng cc bn
, s a v mt bn nn v phm vi th hin thng nht, xc nh v th hin t
l chung v ng nht cho cc bn trong tng lnh vc. thnh lp 70 bn c chia
lm bn nhm, trong c nhm bn a cht-a vt l, t l 1:1.000.000 gm bn .
Nhiu c trng v iu kin t nhin v mi trng ln u tin c tnh ton v th hin
ng nht trn phm vi m rng vng bin v thm lc a Vit Nam nh cc h thng a
ng lc hin i, cc vng pht sinh ng t. Trong ng lu l cc ni dung v c
im cu trc khu vc ca cc trng a vt l, cc ranh gii su, cc thnh to trm tch
tam v t, cc h thng a ng lc hin i v tnh a chn trong v Tri t. Cc thnh
tu ny c cng b chnh thc qua Atlas cc iu kin t nhin v mi trng vng bin
VN v vng k cn . Tp bn gm 60 bn kh 53,3 x 63,3 cm in 6 mu km theo 120
trang ch thch ting Vit v ting Anh.
Cao nh Triu v nnk (2004) [41] khi qut cc c im phn i cu trc thch
quyn lnh th Vit Nam c xem xt trn c s: 1) Xy dng m hnh vn tc v d thng
vn tc truyn sng dc P ca thch quyn v manti; 2) Pht hin cc i t gy su l ranh
gii vi mng thch quyn theo ti liu trng lc, t v phn tch ct lp. Kt qu xc nh
c vn tc truyn sng P trung bnh ca thch quyn lnh th Vit Nam v k cn; nhn
dng 3 dng v Tri t tn ti trn phm vi lnh th Vit Nam v k cn l: v lc a, v i
dng v v chuyn tip.
Nguyn Nh Trung v Nguyn Th Thu Hng (2003, 2008) [163] cho thy phn
thm lc a v sn lc a Bin ng, su mt Moho thay i t 31 km n 16 km, cng
v pha trng su Bin ng a hnh mt Moho cng nng cao. Mt Moho nng cao nht
phn b Trung tm vi chiu su thay i trung bnh t 10 n 12 km. Cc tc gi lun gii
a hnh mt Moho c mi tng quan cht ch vi cc n v kin to trong khu vc nh b
Trung tm, i ht chm, i t gy trt bng, cc b tam... S un ln, bin i ca
a hnh mt Moho hnh thnh ch yu trong thi k hot ng ca h thng t gy Sng
Hng, t gy kinh tuyn 1100. xy dng bn cu trc mng b Ph Khnh cho php
xc nh c phm vi phn b b Ph Khnh trn din tch rng t v tuyn 11o-15oN v

Chng 1. Lch s nghin cu, iu kin t nhin v phng php nghin cu

19

kinh tuyn 109o20-112oE. B bao gm 9 n v cu trc chnh l thm Nng, thm Phan
Rang, trng Bc, trng Nam, i nng Trung tm, i nng pha Bc, i nng ng Bc, i
nng ra ng v i ct trt Tuy Ha. su ln nht ca mt mng xc nh c l
9,5km trng Bc v 8,5km trng Nam. H thng t gy bao gm cc t gy phng BN, B-TN v TB-N. Trong , t gy phng B-N v B-TN l hai h thng t gy
chnh pht trin trong b.
Chun-Feng Li v nnk (2008) [47] cho rng Bin ng c th c chia thnh 5 i t
chnh, mi n v c c tnh t ng nht. S phc tp v tnh cht t ca mng cho thy
rng Bin ng tin ha a giai on trong cc iu kin kin to khc nhau. Kt hp vi cc
minh gii a chn phn x 2D cho php v mt cch chnh xc cu trc ca b. Kt qu cho
thy s chuyn tip t ph b ty nam sang ph b ng c trng bi cc sng ni ln c
hnh thnh dc theo mt i ph hu c t trc, v bi mt nhm cc t gy ln v pha
ty to nn cc ranh gii t chnh xc gia cc i.
inh Vn Ton v Trnh Vit Bc (2006) [56] cho thy gi tr su n y thch
quyn trong vng Bin ng thay i trong khong kh rng t khong <60 n >110 km.
Dc trng nc su trung tm Bin ng quyn mm nng ln rt cao n 58km phn ng
bc. ng lu cc di nng cao ca quyn mm c cng phng vi trc tch gin nhng
phn b li lch sang sn ty bc ca trng.
Phm Vn Thc v Nguyn Th Kim Thanh (2004) [184] tng hp ti liu ng t
khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam thu thp c t nm 1524 n 2002 gm 231 trn ng t
c coi l danh mc ng t y nht cho n nay nc ta. S phn b cc tm ng
t cho thy t gy chc ba kinh tuyn ty Bin ng chia khu vc Bin ng thnh 3
phn c nhng c im kin to, km theo l 3 vng ng t, vi cc c trng kin to v
a chn khc nhau. Vn ng trt bng ti cc chn tiu ng t vng pha bc Bin ng
th hin cc qu trnh bin dng v dch chuyn ti mi trng a cht y theo phng
nm ngang, cn ti pha nam Bin ng xut hin dng nghch chm chng t nn p xy
ra l ch yu.
Cao nh Triu (2006) [40] nhn nh vng bin Nam Trung B v Nam B chu nh
hng trc tip ca hai i ng t: Thun Hi - Minh Hi v Nam Cn Sn. Chu k hot
ng ng t vng bin Nam Trung B v Nam B l 40-50 nm i vi ng t c chn
cp 5,0-5,9 Richter. Thi k hot ng tch cc ca ng t c chn cp ny l 25-35 nm
v thi k yn tnh l 20-30 nm. Cc i ng t vng bin Nam Trung B v Nam B c
chn cp t gi tr ti a khng vt qu 7,0 Richter vi chu k xut hin c th l 100150 nm. Hin ti, vng bin Nam Trung B v Nam B ang nm trong thi k hot ng
ng t c th cn ko di n nm 2020.
Cao nh Triu v nnk (2007) [39] cho rng trng ng sut v Tri t lnh th Vit
Nam bin i kh phc tp v phng tc ng. C biu hin thay i phng tc ng - lc
nn p t min cu trc ny sang min cu trc khc v thm ch ngay trong mt n v cu
trc cng c s thay i. Thch quyn Vit Nam ang nm trong trng thi nn p mnh, ch
yu l phng v tuyn t trung tm Bin ng vo bc - ty bc t pha lc a Trung Hoa.
Trng thi ng sut ca manti Vit Nam c biu hin thay i phc tp theo chiu thng
ng. C th t nn p lp trn chuyn sang tch gin lp di v ngc li.
Trn Nghi & nnk (2005, 2008) [239, 241] a ra nguyn tc thnh lp bn v h
thng ch gii da trn nguyn tc t hp tui v cu trc a cht, chu vi mi n v a cht
c v theo giao tuyn thng ng ca cc chu vi phn v a tng. Ni dung c bn ca bn
a cht Kainozoi bao gm: 3 n v a cht a tng Eocen (E2) - Oligocen (E3); Miocen
(N1) v Pliocen - t (N2-Q); tui v ranh gii ca cc t hp phn v a tng; cc yu t
a cht c bn nh v i dng, v lc a thc th, v lc a b vt mng v i ht chm
Palawan; cc h thng t gy chnh v tui khng ch cc kiu cu trc a cht cng nh s
hnh thnh cc b. Cc tc gi biu din t gy v cc yu t a cht c phn loi theo

20

Phan Tr ng Trnh

tnh cht hot ng v tui: theo tnh cht hot ng v theo tui ca t gy. Theo phn loi
mi mt ct a chn ca 1 b trm tch Kainozoi thm lc a Vit Nam c th nhn thy
cc tui ca t gy sau: t gy ng rift (E) tui Eocen - Oligocen; t gy Miocen (N) ph
hy trm tch Oligocen, to b trm tch Miocen ; t gy Pliocen - Pleistocen (N2-Q1) ph
hy trm tch Oligocen - Miocen v to b Pliocen - t; t gy Holocen (hin i), ph
hy trm tch E-N-Q1 v to b trm tch Holocen (Q2).
Ng Gia Thng v L Duy Bch (2008) [144] ch n hot ng sinh rift khu vc
thm lc a Vit Nam v khu vc Bin ng c tnh nhp lp li. Trong khu vc Bin ng
c 4 pha rifting l Creta mun - Paleocen, Eocen - Oligocen sm km theo spreading trong
Oligocen mun; Miocen sm - gia km theo trong Miocen trung v nghch o vo cui
Miocen mun; thi k Pliocen - t l chu k cui ang cn tip tc. Cc qu trnh trn k
tc nhau lm gia tng quy m st ln c theo chiu ngang v chiu ng. Pha rifting th 4
chu tc ng tch dn mi bi lc ko tm ca i ht chm dc mng Manila ra ng
Bin ng c trc dn ng Ty v hot ng trt bng phi dc cc t gy Ty Bc ng Nam c trc nn cc i gn Bc - Nam gy pha tch dn st ln mi trn ton b vng
thm lc a v cc ng bng ven bin hin i, km theo hot ng ng t v ni la
mnh.
Ng Th L v Rogozhin v nnk (2008) [146] lm sng t mi quan h tng h
khng gian v s chuyn tip gia tt c cc giai on biu hin ca ch ln chm cng
nh gia ch ln chm v ch thm mt cch r rng v n tr. Ngoi ra, lm sng
t mi lin quan gia cc qu trnh a ng lc hin i v a ng lc c, cc c im ca
tnh a chn di nc i vi khu vc Bin ng. Cc kt qu nhn c cho thy trong
phm vi khu vc nghin cu din ra tt c cc chu k biu hin ca ch ln chm.
Nghin cu v tai bin ni la, ng t - sng thn
Hot ng ni la c cc nh a cht Php nghin cu t nhng nm 20 - 30
ca th k XX. Saurin (1967) cho rng ni la ang c xu hng chuyn dn hng t lc
a ra Bin ng. Nguyn Xun Hn (1991,1996) [172,173] cp n hot ng ni la
tr khu vc Bin ng, c bit l hot ng ni la Kainozoi mun. Flower (1992) [66]
khi qut hot ng magma trong Kainozi Nam Trung Hoa. Minh Tip (1995, 1996)
[57, 58] cng cp n phun tro bazan Kainozi y vng bin Vit Nam v xem xt s
phn b theo thi gian v khng gian ca chng. C th ni vic nghin cu c im thch
ho ca bazan mi ch l bc u, trong tng lai vn ny cn c nghin cu k hn,
gp phn lm sng t c ch a ng hc Bin ng.
Cc hot ng ni la tr trn Bin ng ngy cng c sng t nh cc mt ct a
chn phn gii cao. Nhng du hiu ca ni la tr cng quan st c trn o Hi Nam,
Cn C, C Lao R v ven b nh Qung Tr, Xun Lc, c Trng (Nguyn Hong, 1998)
[86]. Cc hot ng ni la tr phn ln kt thc vo na u Pleistocen gia ngoi tr phun
tro o Tro nm 1923.
Nguyn Vn Lng v nnk (2003) [171] da trn nguyn tc a chn kin to
thnh lp nn bn phn vng ng t. Trong cc t gy sinh chn c xc nh da
trn cc tiu ch: cc t gy ko di theo trc di chn tm ng t c lin quan n mt
hay nhiu chn tm ng t; l phn ko di ca cc t gy sinh chn trn t lin; cc t
gy cha pht sinh ng t nhng c c im cu trc kin to tng t cc t gy c tim
nng sinh chn; cc t gy c v tr khng gian trng hoc gn trng vi b mt khng gian
ca cc mt bin dng ca trng ng sut kin to khu vc. Cc tc gi xc nh c 35 h
t gy sinh chn trong khu vc Bin ng. Cc h t gy ng bc - ty nam v kinh
tuyn chim u th v s lng cng nh din tch phn b, pht trin rng ri pha bc,
trung tm v cc ra Bin ng.
Nguyn Hng Phng (2004) [159] nh gi nguy him ng t cho lnh th
Vit Nam v ton b Bin ng t cch tip cn xc sut. Cc kt qu nh gi nguy him

Chng 1. Lch s nghin cu, iu kin t nhin v phng php nghin cu

21

ng t c trnh by di dng tp bn biu th phn b khng gian ca gi tr gia tc


cc i nn ng vi cc khong thi gian 25, 50 v 100 nm. Tp bn gia tc cc i nn
c th coi l kt qu d bo ngn hn, trung bnh v di hn trn ton lnh th Vit Nam v
Bin ng.
Nguyn nh Xuyn & nnk 2007 [152] da trn phng php gii bi ton ngc
v moment tensor a chn v thng k ra trng ng sut trong khu vc Bin ng. C th
l: Vng Bc Bin ng thuc loi trt bng vi trc ng sut nn thay i t phng v
tuyn trong cc din tch pha ng v trung tm, chuyn dn TB-N ti cc din tch pha
Bc vnh Bc B. Trong vnh Bc B, trng ng sut u th vi trc ng sut nn TB-N
v cc mt trt kinh tuyn v v tuyn. Trng Trung tm Bin ng: C cu chn tiu
ng t thuc dng trt bng - thun vi ng sut nn TB-N v cc mt trt kinh tuyn
v v tuyn. Trng ng sut ny xc lp c ch hot ng trt bng tri trn cc t gy
kinh tuyn v trt bng phi trn cc t gy v tuyn. H t gy Ty Bin ng: Trng
ng sut nn gn nm ngang theo phng TB-N v mt trt hng kinh tuyn v v tuyn,
trong b mt hng kinh tuyn c bin dng trt bng phi trng vi c ch hot ng
ca h t gy Ty Bin ng.
Cc kt qu nghin cu v nguy c sng thn v c sng thn Bin ng ln u
c tin hnh bi Phm Vn Thc (1985; 2004) [183,184]. Trong cc cng trnh ny v c
bn cc tc gi ch ra nhng khu vc c ng t mnh nht trong khu vc Bin ng v
nh gi kh nng pht sinh sng thn ca chng. Sau khi c ng t sinh sng thn mnh
Sumatra nm 2004, c nhiu hn cc cng trnh nghin cu v vn ng t-sng thn nh
Phan Trng Trnh (2005) [191], Nguyn Ngc Thu (2005) [162]; Cao nh Triu v nnk
(2007) [39], Nguyn nh Xuyn v nnk (2007) [152].
V Thanh Ca & nnk (2008) [254] da trn cc thnh tu nghin cu v sng thn va
nu v cc phn tch mi v cu trc cc t gy c th xy ra ng t km theo sng thn
trn ton khu vc Bin ng, cc tc gi ch ra 5 khu vc c kh nng l ngun ng t
gy sng thn, l: i ht chm Manila, khu vc bc o Luzon - nam i Loan, i t
gy Ryukyu, khu vc nam o Hi Nam v khu vc ngoi khi Nam Trung B ti i t gy
kinh tuyn 110oE. Trn c s xc nh c cc thng s ng t ti cc khu vc c
nguy c xy ra ng t km sng thn ni trn. Vi cc kt qu trn, cc m hnh s tr
c kim chng v qu trnh thnh to v lan truyn sng thn c s dng tnh ton,
nh gi nguy c sng thn ven b bin Vit Nam. Cc kt qu tnh ton gip khng nh
rng ng t ln hn 8 Richter ti i t gy Manila l ngun ng t gy sng thn
nguy him nht cho vng bin nc ta. ng t ln hn 8 Richter ti khu vc bc o
Luzon-nam i Loan cng gy sng thn c ln tng t b bin nc ta, nhng yu
hn. ng t ln hn 8,8 Richter cng ti i t gy Ryukyu cng gy sng thn mnh
min Trung Vit Nam. ng t ln hn 7,5 Richter ti khu vc pha nam o Hi Nam
gy sng thn kh mnh t Qung Bnh n Hu. Trong khi ng t c ln hn 7
Richter ngoi khi Nam Trung B khng gy sng thn ng k b bin nc ta. Cc tc
gi kt lun rng nguy c sng thn cng bin nc ta l khng ln.
Lnh vc s dng trc a v tinh (GPS) nghin cu chuyn ng kin to hin i:
Cc kt qu GPS u tin ng Nam (Tregoning & nnk, 1994) [246] kt lun
rng khu vc ny dng nh l mt phn ca mng u - . Tuy nhin, iu ny da trn cc
o c GPS t cc mng li a phng, tng i nh m ch yu nm cc i bin dng
mng (Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Banda arc) bao quanh khi Sundaland. Ngc li, mng li
Geodynamics of South v Southeast Asia (GEODYSSEA) bao gm khong 40 im GPS
phn b mt cch c h thng trong khu vc ng Nam v xc nhn r rng rng
Sundaland l mt khi c kt dch chuyn so vi u - v c ngn cch khi nn Siberia
qua mt lot cc khi ang bin dng v dch chuyn (Chamote-Rooke v Pichon, 1999 [44];
Simons & nnk, 1999 [220]; Michel & nnk, 2001 [140]). Cc nghin cu GPS mi cng b

22

Phan Tr ng Trnh

gn y cng xc nh mt khi Sunda ang dch chuyn mt cch c lp (Bock & nnk,
2003 [25]; Kreemer & nnk, 2003 [105]).
Mc d tt cc cc kt qu GPS mc xp x th nht ch ra rng ng Nam dch
chuyn v pha ng vi tc ~1 cm/nm tng i so vi Siberia, vn c nhng s khc
nhau ng k trong vic xc nh cc ranh gii ca Sundaland v vn ng tng i (bt k)
so vi u - v Nam Trung Hoa. Mc chnh xc cao hn l cn thit gii quyt vn
ng nh vy c th ch t c vi chui thi gian di ca cc s liu GPS t mt h thng
dy c. Bi vy t nm 1998, h thng GPS ng Nam c m rng ng k vi c
cc im o theo chu k v cc trm o lp lin tc. iu ny c hon thnh nh vic trin
khai cc o c GPS mi vi cc c quan a phng v nh vic chia s d liu (trong khu
vc EU-ASEAN) vi cc nh nghin cu khc Chu u, Indonesia, Nht Bn, Malaysia, v
Thi Lan. Vic ny to nn mt tp hp s liu thng nht ko di trong mt thp k v bao
gm cc s liu t hn 100 im. Tt c cc s liu ny c x l li, s dng cc k
thut x l ti tn nht, thu c tc GPS trong khung quy chiu ITRF 2000 (Altamimi
& nnk, 2002 [5]).
Simons v nnk (2007) [219] gii thiu mt trng tc GPS thng nht ph ton
b khu vc ng Nam . Kt qu ny da trn s liu o GPS trong vng 10 nm (19942004) hn 100 im Indonesia, Malaysia, Thi Lan, Myanmar, Philippine, v Vit Nam.
Phn ch yu ca cc vector vn tc ngang c chnh xc ton cu c chng minh c
xp x 1mm/nm ( tin cy 95%). Cc kt qu ny c s dng khi qut ho (tt
hn) cc ranh gii ca khi Sundaland v ra mt m hnh ng hc mi ca khu vc ny.
Trc quay ca nhn ca khi Sundaland khng bin dng nm 49.0oN94.2oE, vi mt tc
quay theo chiu kim ng h c 0.34o/triu nm. So vi cc m hnh mng u c xc
nh v mt trc a v a vt l, Sundaland dch chuyn v pha ng vi tc 6 1 pha
nam ti 10 1 mm/nm pha bc. Tri vi cc nghin cu trc y, Sundaland cho thy
dch chuyn c lp so vi Nam Trung Hoa, phn pha ng ca Java, o Sulawesi, v u
mt pha bc ca Borneo. t gy Sng Hng Nam Trung Hoa v Vit Nam th vn ang
hot ng v tiu tn vn ng trt bng 2 mm/nm. Mc d bin dng bn trong ca
Sundaland thng rt nh (nh hn 7 nanostrain/nm), vic tch t quan trng bin dng n
hi xy ra dc theo cc ranh gii ca chng vi cc mng lin k ang dch chuyn nhanh.
c bit pha bc Sumatra v Malaysia, tc d vung gc vi mng bin su ch v pha
t lin c pht hin trc trn ng t ln ngy 26 thng 12 nm 2004. Cc nghin
cu trc y Sumatra ch ra iu ny nhng quy m ca i bin dng c nh gi
nh hn, i ny t ti hn 600 km xa so vi mng bin su. Nghin cu ny cng ch ra
rng ch mt h thng mang tnh khu vc ng Nam tri di hng ngn kilomet c th
cung cp mt khung quy chiu tin cy phn tch bin dng ni mng v ra mng mt
cch chi tit.
So snh vi cc vector xoay (tuyt i) c cng b trong cc nghin cu trc y
bc l nhng thiu st ng k trong cc kt qu ny. Mc d chng pht hin ra vn ng
ca Sundaland so vi u , hai kt qu u tin ca GEODYSSEA (Simons & nnk, 1999)
[220] l khng chnh xc bi v khung quy chiu c xc nh km. Ngay c vi chnh
xc ca qu trnh lp bn c ci tin, Michel & nnk (2000) [139] khng c phn gii
cn thit phn bit gia vn ng ca Nam Trung Hoa v Sundaland. Li gii thng nht
cui cng (Michel & nnk, 2001) [140] loi b tng khi ring l v s dng 10 im trn
Sundaland. Hn na, trong cng trnh ca Michel & nnk (2001) [140], vn ng tng i
(ln hn) ca Sundaland c tham chiu s dng cc Nuvel-1A NNR cho u (DeMets &
nnk, 1994) [55], thay v dng ITRF (Altamimi & nnk, 2002) [5].
M hnh mng REVEL coi mt mng Sundaland s dng cc tc ca ITRF97
ca 3 trm IGS (BAKO, NTUS, KUNM), nhng trm Kunming Trung Quc nm trong khu
vc ang bin dng hin i quanh EHS. Bi vy v tr cc v tc ca Sundaland c

Chng 1. Lch s nghin cu, iu kin t nhin v phng php nghin cu

23

cng b l km cht ch bng ch 2 tnh ton tc . Nghin cu ca Kreemer & nnk (2003)
[105] v mt m hnh xoay khng mng li mng ton cu (NNR model) s dng cc tc
GPS ca Michel & nnk (2001) [140] v c thm vo trm IGS NTUS. Vector xoay ca
Sundaland d on vn ng tng t nh Michel & nnk (2001) [140] ngang qua Sundaland,
ch ra khung quy chiu c iu kin NNR ca ring chng c sp xp trong ITRF2000
khu vc ng Nam .
Bi bo gn y nht ca Bock & nnk (2003) [25] tho lun su v vn ng v
Indonesia. Mt khi Sunda Shelf c nh ra vi mt ranh gii dc theo t gy Palu-Koro
v bi vy bao gm South Sulawesi, i Loan, v c l cha ng Nam Trung Hoa t nht
bn di im IGS SHAO, WUHN, v XIAN tng t nh Michel & nnk (2000) [139]. Li
gii c trnh by trong bi bo ca Bock & nnk (2003) [25] l mt iu b n. Xem xt n
chnh xc gii hn ca hu ht cc vector vn tc, chng ban u th hin bin dng cc b
Indonesia, ging nh c trnh by trong v d ca Tregoning & nnk (1994) [246]. Ch vn
ng ca trm DEMU Sumatra l ph hp vi cc kt qu tch lu bin dng trong khu vc
ny. Vi cc im cn li, chnh xc biu kin ca vector xoay ca Bock & nnk (2003)
[25] cho Sundaland dng nh l mt s trng hp.
Mc d vector xoay tuyt i ca Sundaland trong ITRF97 trong cng b ca Michel
& nnk (2001) [140] khng c ci tin mt cch ng k v tin cy cho n nay, nhng s
tn ti ca mt khi Sundaland ang vn ng mt cch c lp th c chp nhn kh rng
ri. Tuy nhin, vn ng tng i so vi u vn cha c xc nh tt; cc v tr cc
tuyt i ca Sundaland v u l gn nhau v cc kt qu v vn ng tuyt i ca u
trong ITRF2000 vn ang phn tn.
n GEODYSSEA bo co hai kh nng minh gii cho vn ng quan st c
ca Sundaland so vi u (ging nh c nh ra trong NNR-NUVEL-1A bi DeMets &
nnk (1994) [55]): Vn ng v pha ng vi tc trung bnh 12 3 mm/nm hoc khi
ny cng quay theo chiu kim ng h so vi u vi tc tng t 10 mm/nm pha nam
ti 14 mm/nm pha bc. Vic s dng tc ca ITRF97 xc nh u , mt khung
quy chiu h thp tc thot trt ti 8 mm/nm. Li gii c trnh by y xc nhn
m t th hai v Sundaland ang quay theo chiu kim ng h so vi (NNR-NUVEL-1A) u
vi tc 7 ti 11 mm/nm ln lt pha nam v bc. S gim ~3 mm/nm so vi Michel
& nnk (2001) [140] ch yu xut pht t s khc nhau gia ITRF2000 v ITRF97.
Cc vector xoay tuyt i ca NNR-NUVEL-1A khng ging vi cc vector tnh ton
c trong ITRF2000. Trong thc t, nhiu m hnh vn ng mng u khc nhau c
a ra. Tht khng may, chng li tri ngc vi pha Ty u ni ~90% cc trm GPS c th
c ph ch mt phn nh ca mng. y cc m hnh ph hp trong khong 1 mm/nm,
nhng xa hn v pha ty, s khc nhau tr nn ln hn. Chng hn, ng nhng s on
v vn ng tng i Thng Hi c th bin i ln ti 4 mm/nm theo phng TN-B.
Bi vy hin ti s tho hip tt nht l m hnh u ca Calais & nnk (2003) [36] bi v n
bao gm nhiu s liu GPS hn t Siberia. Vn ng ca Sundaland (SU) so vi u (EU),
c miu t bi vector SU-EU tng i trong Bng 2, l 6 mm/nm nh hng (phng v
t hng bc) N85o pha bc ca Java, tng ln 9 mm/nm nh hng N80o Indochina.
Kt qu ny ph hp hn v mc d nh hn so vi NNR-NUVEL-1A, n vn ch ra s quay
ca khi Sundaland so vi nhn European-Siberian ca mng u . Tht th v, cc vector
u trong ITRF2000 th hin hi t theo m hnh NNR-NUVEL-1A model.
Cc nghin cu GPS khu vc trc y coi vn ng tng i gia Nam Trung Hoa
(SC) v Sundaland l bng khng (Michel & nnk, 2000 [139]; Bock & nnk, 2003 [25];
Iwakuni & nnk, 2004 [99]) hoc nh (<5 mm/nm) (Michel & nnk 2001 [140]). Cc nghin
cu GPS Trung Quc v Vit Nam ngang qua cc on phn trung tm v ng nam ca
t gy Sng Hng (RRF) (pha ng ca kinh tuyn 101oE) (King & nnk, 1997 [104]; Chen
& nnk, 2000 [47]; Feigl & nnk, 2003 [63]; Shen & nnk, 2005[216]) tnh ton tc trt

24

Phan Tr ng Trnh

bng phi c 0 - 3 mm/nm, ph hp vi kt qu ca cc nghin cu trong ho o ca


Weldon & nnk (1994) [264]. Nn mi vn ng tng i qu tht l nh, nhng khng hon
ton l bng khng nu (mt phn) c tiu tn bi vn ng ca t gy Sng Hng. So vi
vn ng ca Sundaland c chnh bin, cc trm ph IGS Nam Trung Hoa (WUHN,
SHAO, XIAN) r rng dch chuyn 2 - 4 mm/nm theo phng T - TN. Cc vn ng ca
chng ~8 mm/nm N so vi u khp hn vi khi Nam Trung Hoa ang quay ngc
chiu kim ng h vi tc 7 - 8 mm/nm theo phng - N, hoc mt n th ang
quay ngc chiu kim ng h.
Khi Nam Trung Hoa c xc nh mt cch r rng (86 im) bi Shen & nnk
(2005) [216] v c s dng mt tham chiu n nh nghin cu bin dng v TN
Trung Quc. Vector tng i SC-EU ca Shen & nnk (2005) [216] c ti hin li t
trng vn tc c th v c chnh bin mc khng ng k vi 2.5 mm/nm outlier
criterion. Cc vector SC v EU khp nhau trong ITRF2000 c cung cp bi cc tc gi
trong cng b ca Shen & nnk (2005) [216]. Vi li gii ca Shen & nnk (2005) [216] vector
SU-SC tng i c th c tnh ton. Ch nhng s khc nhau phn tn nh (<0.6
mm/nm) tn ti gia cc thnh phn tc ca cc im c th c cc li gii GPS
(WUHN, SHAO, KUNM).
Bi vy bt k bin dng no dc theo phn ny ca t gy Sng Hng nh hn tnh
ton dch trt ln ti 5 mm/nm d on c t cc nghin cu tn kin to (Allen & nnk,
1984 [4]; Leloup & nnk, 1995 [127]; Replumaz & nnk, 2001 [211]). Cc kt qu mi nht ny
ph hp vi cc bng chng a cht a phng (King & nnk, 1997 [104]; Chen & nnk, 2000
[47]; Feigl & nnk, 2003 [63]; Shen & nnk, 2005 [214]) trn t gy Sng Hng, nhng tri
ngc vi Michel & nnk (2000) [139], Bock & nnk (2003) [25], v Iwakuni & nnk (2004)
[99], r rng cho thy s tn ti ca vn ng tng i gia SU v SC l cn c tiu tn
dc theo cc ranh gii chung ca chng. iu ny m ch tc bin dng thp (<1 mm/nm)
ty Hi Nam - (19oN 110oE) do khong cch ngn ti cc xoay SC-SU nm pha ty
Luzon. y t gy Sng Hng kt thc b Bin ng, c c trng bi tc bin
dng rt thp v gim nhiu hn Bin ng. Bi vy Bin ng c th c coi l mt i
ranh gii phn tn (gia SU, SC, v PH) ni t gy Sng Hng khng cn biu hin trn b
mt r rng.
Ti Vit Nam, Trn nh T v Nguyn Trng Ym (2004) [238] trn c s nhng kt
qu nghin cu ca n GEODYSSEA rt ra nhng nt khi qut v chuyn ng lnh
th Vit Nam trong bi cnh ton cu cng nh khu vc, kt hp s liu o trn t gy Sng
Hng, a ra nhng nhn nh v mc chuyn ng tng i trong ni b lnh th nc
ta. Theo , lnh th Vit Nam nm trong khi Sunda, theo m hnh kin to Nuvel-1A, ang
chuyn dch v pha ng vi vn tc 44-47mm/nm, v pha nam vi vn tc 3-7mm/nm, so
vi mng u , chuyn ng v pha ng vi vn tc 20-30mm/nm ng thi quay thun
theo chiu kim ng h vi tc quay khong - 0,28o/triu nm quanh cc nm b bin
pha nam Australia, v so vi mng n , ang chuyn ng v pha nam vi tc
35mm/nm. Trn c s phn tch chnh xc ca s liu o li GEODYSSEA, tc gi suy
din vn tc chuyn ng ngang tng i 7mm/nm (tng ng vn tc bin dng 1,5 x 108
/nm) c th xem l gi tr gii hn v chuyn ng trn lnh th ng Dng. iu ny ph
hp vi cc o c GPS trn cc t gy ln ti Vit Nam.

Chng 1. Lch s nghin cu, iu kin t nhin v phng php nghin cu

25

1.2. IU KIN T NHIN V A HNH, A MO BIN NG V KHU VC


K CN
1.2.1. V tr a l
Khu vc nghin cu bao gm di ven bin, Bin ng Vit Nam v cc vng k cn.
y l mt bin ra ca Thi Bnh Dng v l mt bin na kn c bao bc xung quanh
bi cc ra lc a, o v qun o (Hnh 1.1).
1.2.2. Kh hu
Vng nghin cu nm theo mt di ko di theo phng kinh tuyn nn kh hu chu
nh hng ca kh nhiu vng khc nhau: Cn xch o v nhit i, hn na a hnh ven
bin cng nh khu vc Bin ng kh phc tp nn kh hu cng phc tp hn v c th chia
lm ba khu vc chnh sau:
Khu vc min Bc
a) Ch gi: Gi ma ng Bc hot ng ch yu trong thi k t thng XI n
thng IV nm sau, vi cng mnh vo cc thng gia ma (XII, I, II). Trung bnh mt
nm c khong 20 - 22 t gi trn v. T thng IV - VII l thi k thng tr ca gi c
hng t N n N, thi t bin vo t lin. vng st b bin vn tc gi trung bnh
thng xuyn t trn 3 m/s. Vn tc gi cc i trong bo c th t ti 30 40 m/s hoc ln
hn, thm ch ln ti 51 m/s.
b) Ch ma: Lng ma nm dao ng trong khong t 1500 - 2000 mm, thuc
ch ma va. Ma ma di ven bin t Qung Ninh n Ninh Bnh trng vi ma hot
ng ca gi ma ma h m y chnh l gi ng Nam. Trn ton di lng ma ma
ma chim khong t 84 - 92% tng lng ma c nm. S ngy ma nm y dao ng
trong khong 117 - 153 ngy.
c) Cc hin tng thi tit c bit: y l khu vc chu nh hng nng n ca bo.
Theo thng k mi nm y c khong 2,1 cn bo b vo. Tnh trung bnh lng ma
bo chim khong 30% tng lng ma ton ma ma.
Khu vc min Trung
a) Ch gi
w Trong thi k hon lu ng Bc (XI - III): Trn vng bin khi thnh hnh gi
ng Bc, cn di b bin hng gi bin ng mnh theo iu kin a hnh a phng.
Thng IV - V l thi k chuyn tip gia hai ma gi chnh. Gi ng v ng Nam chim
u th.
w Trong thi k hon lu Ty Nam (VI -VIII): Hng gi cng bin i phc tp
theo iu kin a phng. Gi Ty v Ty Nam chim u th tuyt i. Thng IX, X l thi
k chuyn tip t hon lu ma h sang hon lu ma ng, tn sut cc hng Ty, Ty
Nam gim dn, ng thi tn sut cc hng gi c thnh phn Bc tng ln.
b) Ch ma: Ch ma min duyn hi Trung B lin quan cht ch vi s
tng tc gia cc hon lu gi ma v a hnh ca dy ni Trng Sn. khu vc Thanh
Ho v Bc Ngh An lng ma 1500 1800 mm/nm. Lng ma ln nht, trn 2000
mm/nm, phn b khu vc t Nam Ngh An, qua H Tnh, Bnh Tr Thin vo n Qung
Nam, Qung Ngi.
c) Bo: Ma bo min Trung t thng VII - XII, cng i v pha Nam bo cng xut
hin mun dn. Khu vc t Thanh Ho n H Tnh, ma bo thng thng t thng VII IX, thng VIII l thng c nhiu bo nht. Khu vc t Qung Bnh n Tha Thin - Hu ma
bo t thng VIII - X. Khu vc t Nng n Bnh nh l thng X - XI. Khu vc t Ph
Yn n Bnh Thun phn ln vo thng X - XII.

26

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 1.1: S v tr a l vng Bin Vit Nam v k cn


Khu vc min Nam
a) Ch gi: Do a hnh kh bng phng nn ch gi tng i ng nht.
Gi ma ng Bc (t thng XI - IV): Ma ng hng thnh hnh l hng ven
b v B ngoi khi. Tc gi trung bnh 2 - 3 m/s.
Gi ma Ty Nam (t thng V- X) : Hng gi thnh hnh l TN v T vi tn sut
xut hin khong 30 - 40%. Tc gi mnh nht hay gp trong ma h, ch yu l gi Ty
v Ty Nam, t gi tr 25 - 30 m/s.
b) Ch ma: Lng ma trung bnh nm dao ng trong khong kh rng, t 1200
- 3000 mm, mt nm c khong 134 - 177 ngy ma. Ven bin Nam B cng c hai ma r
rt l ma ma v ma kh. Ma ma ko di 6 - 8 thng, thng l 7 thng, t thng V - XI,
c ni ma sm vo thng IV. Ma kh ko di 4 - 6 thng, nhng phn ln ko di 5 thng.
c) Cc hin tng thi tit c bit: Vng ven bin Nam B tng i nhiu dng,
hng nm c khong 50 - 137 ngy c dng. Vng ven bin Nam B rt t bo. Thi k bo
hot ng b bin Nam b mun, thng vo thng XI, thng XII.
1.2.3. c im thu vn
Khu vc min Bc
Ton vng c 17 sng chnh c chiu di ln hn 10 km, trong di ven bin Qung
Ninh c 15 sng cn di ven bin ng bng sng Hng - Thi Bnh c 2 sng ln v mt lot
cc phn lu.

Chng 1. Lch s nghin cu, iu kin t nhin v phng php nghin cu

27

v Vng ven bin tnh Qung Ninh: Tng lng nc nm trong ton vng kh ln
khong gn 7 t m3. C hng phn b nh dn t ng sang Ty. Ma l xut hin t thng
V - IX pha Bc v t thng VI - X cc lu vc pha Nam vng ven bin Qung Ninh vi
lng nc chim 75 - 85% tng lng nc nm. Modul dng chy ma l dao ng t 80 150 l/s.km2, ln gp 2 - 3 ln vng ng bng v gp t 6 - 10 ln so vi modul dng chy
trong ma kit. Ma kit ko di 7 thng (X - IV) nhng lng dng chy ch chim 15 - 25%
lng dng chy nm.
v Vng ven bin ng bng sng Hng - Thi Bnh
w Ma l: bt u t thng VI kt thc vo thng X. Lng nc trong ma l chim
khong 75 - 80% lng nc nm. Ba thng c dng chy ln nht xut hin ng u h
du t thng VII - IX vi lng nc chim 50 - 60% lng nc nm. y cng l thi k
bo hot ng mnh nht.
w Ma kit: ma kit ko di t thng XI n thng V chim khong 20 - 25% tng
lng dng chy nm. Modul dng chy kit u nh hn 20 l/s.km2. Ba thng lin tc c
dng chy nh nht thng bt u t thng II n thng IV vi lng nc cha ti 10%
lng nc nm. Thi k kit nht t thng III n 10/IV.
Khu vc min Trung
Trong ton di Trung B c ti 67 lu vc c ca sng ring bit, nhng trong tng s
ny ch c 4 lu vc c din tch F > 10000 km2, 19 lu vc c F > 1000 km2, cn ch yu l
cc lu vc nh c din tch di 500 km2. Vi a hnh ni cao chy st ra ti bin nn mt
c im ni bt ca cc lu vc ny l c cao bnh qun lu vc ln, ln hn hn so vi
cc sng thuc di ven bin nc ta.
Ma l:
w Di ven bin Thanh Ho - Ngh An: Ma l ca khu vc ny xut hin trong 5
thng t thng (VII XI) bt u v kt thc, vi lng dng chy ma l chim ti 70
80% lng dng chy c nm v Ml = 30 - 40 l/s.km2. Ba thng c lng dng chy ln nht
tp trung t thng (VIII - X) vi lng dng chy chim 50 - 55% lng dng chy nm,
Mbathngmax = 40-50 l/s.km2.
w Di ven bin t H Tnh n Qung Tr: Ma l ko di ba thng nhng lng
dng chy ma l chim ti 60 - 70% lng dng chy c nm vi Ml = 100 130 l/s.km2.
Thng c dng chy ln nht thng xut hin vo thng X - thi k di hi t nhit i i
qua khu vc ny, chim 20 25% lng dng chy nm v Mthngmax = 150 180 l/s.km2.
w Di ven bin t Tha Thin - Hu n Khnh Ho: Dng chy l y cng din
ra c lit nht khng ch i vi vng nghin cu m l trn ton lnh th Vit Nam. Ma l
y ch ko di trong ba thng X XII nhng lng dng chy chim ti 60 - 75% lng
dng chy nm v y cng l khu vc c modun dng chy l ln nht nc ta vi Ml =
150 - 200 l/s.km2.
w Di ven bin cc Nam Trung B (Ninh Thun - Bnh Thun):
C ma ma rt tp trung t thng V - X nhng ma l trn sng sui khu vc ny
xut hin vo thng VII -X vi lng dng chy ma l chim ti 70 - 80% lng dng chy
nm. Ba thng dng chy ln nht tp trung vo thng VIII-X vi t trng dng chy cao
chim 60 - 70%. Thng c lng dng chy ln nht ri vo thng X chim 20 - 25% lng
dng chy nm, modun dng chy Mthnglnnht = 60 - 80 l/s.km2, y cng l thi k hot
ng mnh nht ca gi ma Ty Nam.
Ma kit:
Ma kit ca cc sng sui trong di duyn hi Trung B kh hn, do cc sng u
dc, thng ra bin, kh nng gi nc trong lp th nhng cng nh trong lng sng u

28

Phan Tr ng Trnh

rt nh, mc chnh cao gia mc nc ma kit v b mt cao rt kh khn cho vic s


dng nc cho cc mc ch kinh t.
w Di ven bin Thanh Ho - Ngh An: Ma kit y ko di t thng XII - VI vi
lng dng chy chim t 20 - 35% lng dng chy nm. Ba thng c lng dng chy nh
nht xut hin ng thi t thng II - IV, ch chim t 5 10% lng dng chy nm. Dng
chy thng kit nht xut hin vo thng III, chim 13% lng dng chy nm.
w Di ven bin t H Tnh n Qung Tr: Ma kit ko di trong 9 thng (XII
VIII) nhng lng dng chy trong ma kit tng i cao vi Mkit = 25 - 50 l/s.km2. Ba
thng c lng dng chy nh nht xut hin vo thng II - IV. Lng dng chy ba thng
nh nht thng chim 5 - 15% lng dng chy nm.
w Di ven bin t Tha Thin - Hu n Khnh Ho: Cc sng sui y c ti 9
thng ma kit t thng I - IX nhng lng dng chy ma kit chim t trng kh ln t 30 40% lng dng chy nm vi Mkit = 15 - 35 l/s.km2.
w Di ven bin cc Nam Trung B (Ninh Thun - Bnh Thun): Ma kit ko di 8
thng t thng XI - VI nhng ch chim 31,5% lng dng chy nm vi Mmakit = 5 -10
l/s.km2 v c xu hng gim dn t pha Ty sang pha ng khu vc nghin cu ti vng
cn ct ven bin.
Khu vc min Nam
Mng li sng ngi:
a) Vng ng bng ng Nam B: Li sng sui trong vng hnh thnh 2 khu vc
mang nhng nt c trng khc nhau. Phn pha Bc c cao bnh qun lu vc cao hn v
cng l khu vc tn ti cc lu vc nh nh sng Ray, sng Sai, sng Th Vi. Cn phn pha
Nam l h lu ca h thng sng ng Nai mt sng sui khu vc pha Nam cng ln hn
D = 1,5 - 2 km/km 2 cn pha Bc ch t xp x 0,5 km/km2.
b) Vng ng bng sng Cu Long: M Kng l mt trong cc sng ln trn th gii,
bt ngun t cao nguyn Ty Tng, lu vc ca n c din tch tng cng l 795.000 km2 bao
gm mt phn lnh th Trung Quc, Mianma, Thi Lan, Lo, Campuchia v Vit Nam. Dng
chnh ca MKng di 4.220 km, lu lng bnh qun Q0 15000 20000m3/s. Tng lng
ph sa bnh qun khong 300 triu tn/nm. Phn cui ca M Kng nm trn lnh th Vit
Nam, sng c 2 nhnh chnh l M Kng (sng Tin) di 248,5 km v Bassac (sng Hu) di
203 km.
Ch dng chy
a) Ch dng chy h thng sng ng Nai: Modul dng chy trung ton lu vc
ng Nai v vng ph cn khong 25 l/s.km2, tng ng lp dng chy 805 mm, trn tng
lp nc ma trung bnh 1.950 mm, t h s dng chy 0.40, thuc loi c dng chy trung
bnh ca nc ta.
S bin ng dng chy hng nm lu vc ng Nai v vng ph cn l kh ln,
thng t 1,5 - 2,0 ln bin ng lng ma nm.
Trong ma l, i b phn cc khu vc c l cao nht vo thng VIII, IX. Lu vc
sng Si Gn, Vm C, l ln nht ri vo cc thng IX, X. Khu vc Phan Rang - Phan Thit
v thng ng Nai thng l cao nht vo thng X, XI.
Ma kit bt u vo khong thng XII v ko di n thng V, VI nm sau, khong 6
thng. Vng thng a Nhim, Phan Rang - Phan R, ma kit ko di 8 - 9 thng kit. lu
vc ng Nai v vng ph cn ma kit kh khc nghit do c mt ma kh khng ma
hoc ma rt t ko di. Modul bnh qun thng kit nht trn lu vc vo khong 2 - 3
l/s.km2.
b) Ch dng chy ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL): Ch dng chy
BSCL chu nh hng mnh ca nhiu yu t tc ng: dng chy sng M Kng, thu
triu Bin ng, thu triu bin Ty - vnh Thi Lan v ch ma ng bng. Hng nm

Chng 1. Lch s nghin cu, iu kin t nhin v phng php nghin cu

29

tng lng nc ng bng sng Cu Long khong 500t m3 nc (khong 422 t m3 nc


t thng ngun, 67 t m3 nc do ma ti ch) nhng phn b khng u vo cc sng.. T
l trung bnh phn b lu lng cho c nm qua sng Tin (Tn Chu) l 79% v qua sng
Hu (Chu c) l 21%. Theo th t trn, trong ma l t l l 80% v 20%; trong ma cn
l 84 - 87% v 13 -16%.
Ma l: Nu nh bin l Kratie c th t trn 10 m th bin l Tn Chu v
Chu c ch t 3,5 - 4 m. L ln v xung vi cng sut nh, trung bnh ch 5 - 7
cm/ngy. Nhng trn l ln v sm cng ch t 10 - 12 cm/ngy. Cng sut l ln nht
trong thi on ngn cng ch t 20 - 30 cm/ngy. Tc truyn l chm 1,5 2 km/ h, nu
gp k triu cng tc truyn l gim i r rt, v vy kh nng thot l km. L BSCL
thng l l mt nh. y l mt trong nhng c im ni bt ca l ng bng sng Cu
Long. nh l xut hin vo cui thng IX n na u thng X.
Ma cn: Tuy dng chy gim dn t thng X nm trc n thng IV nm sau nhng
ma cn bt u t thng XII ko di n thng VI. Lu lng bnh qun ma cn sng M
Kng khong 6.000 m3/s, c bit l cc thng III, IV lu lng bnh qun ch t trn di
2.000 m3/s. Ngun nc duy nht vo BSCL l lng nc ca sng M Kng.
1.2.4. c im hi vn
Cc yu t hi vn bao gm thu triu, sng, dng chy bin i theo cc chu k khc
nhau, kt hp vi iu kin a hnh khu vc to nn ch ng lc c th cc vng
khc nhau.
Khu vc min Bc
a) Ch thu triu:Vng ven bin ca sng (VBCS) Qung Ninh l mt trong nhng
vng bin c ch nht triu thun khit. Vng ven bin Qung Ninh cng l vng c bin
triu ln nht nc ta, ti Mi Ngc ln ca thu triu c th t ti 5,58 m v ti Hn
Gai c th t ti 4,7 m. Triu mnh trong nm thng xut hin vo cc thng I, VI, VII,
XII, cn triu yu xy ra vo cc thng III, IV, VIII v IX.
Vng ven bin ca sng BSH c ch nht triu kh thun nht. Bin dao ng
ti a 3,0 3,5 m, trung bnh 1,7 1,9 m v ti thiu 0,3 0,5 m. Mc nc triu ln nht
nhiu nm c th t 4,0 m v thp nht khong 0,08 m. Mc nc triu v bin ln nht
l khu vc ven bin ca sng Hi Phng, cng dn v pha Nam tr s mc nc triu v
bin dao ng nh dn.
b) Ch sng gi: Vng VBCS t Thi Bnh n Ninh Bnh chu tc ng mnh m
nht ca cc hng sng do h thng gi ma B gy ra v vng VBCS Hi Phng chu tc
ng t nht. Vng chu tc ng mnh nht l di ven bin ca sng Nam nh - Ninh Bnh,
y l on b li, c dc ln nn ng lc sng tc ng vo on b ny kh mnh.
Nht l on b t Qut Lm n Lch Giang, vi chiu di khong 30 km, ng b bin
thng, cc ng ng su phn b u v song song vi ng b, hn na cch xa cc ca
sng ln nn thiu ngun bi tch, li n hu ht cc hng sng tc ng mnh nn on b
ny ang trong tnh trng xi l nghim trng, gy nh hng ln n i sng v sn xut
ca nhn dn.
w Ma h (t thng VI n thng IX), tr s cao sng ln hn nhiu trong ma ng
do thng xuyn chu nh hng ca bo, ATN v ging, lc. y l yu t bt li rt ln
i vi s n nh cc bi bi cng nh vn khai thc v s dng chng. Di tc ng
ca sng c cao ln, to nn p lc sng c tr s cao gy xi l b, ph v cc tuyn
xung yu nht l cc tuyn quai cc bi bi.
c) Nc dng: Nc dng vng ven bin Qung Ninh xy ra ch yu di tc ng
ca gi trong cc cn bo, cn trong ma gi ng Bc hu nh khng xy ra. B bin
Qung Ninh c dng b lm nn c kh nng gy nc dng c tr s cao, nc dng trong
cc cn bo ln c th t 2,5 m. Phn tch cc kt qu quan trc mc nc cho thy, tr s

30

Phan Tr ng Trnh

nc dng do gi ma B ven bin ca sng BSH khng cao, trung bnh khong 25 - 30
cm.
Khu vc min Trung
a) Thu triu: Vng bin t Thanh Ho n Qung Bnh c ch nht triu khng
u l ch yu, cao mc nc triu trung bnh k nc cng bin i trong khong 1,2
2,5 m v gim dn t Bc vo Nam.
- Vng bin Qung Tr (Ca Tng) - Thun An - Nng - Qung Nam c ch
thu triu c xem l phc tp nht v thin v bn nht triu khng u. Ring vng ven
bin ca Thun An v ln cn thu triu mang tnh cht bn nht triu u. ln thu triu
trung bnh trong k nc cng khu vc t Ca Tng n Thun An t khong 0,6 1,1 m,
khu vc ca Thun An v ln cn xp x 0,4 0,5 m v vng Nng - Qung Nam ln
thu triu trung bnh trong k nc cng l ln nht, t khong 1,0 1,2 m.
- Vng bin t Quy Nhn n Nha Trang, thu triu lp li tnh cht nht triu khng
u, mc nc trung bnh trong k nc cng tng ln 1,2 2,0 m.
- Vng bin Phan Rang - Phan Thit c ch triu phc tp nht v l ni chuyn
tip gia ch nht triu ch yu min Trung v bn nht triu pha Nam. Bin triu
tng dn t 1,5 - 2,0 m vng Phan Rang n 2,0 - 2,5 m vng Phan Thit. Bin triu
thi k triu km ch vo khong 0,5 - 0,7 m.
b) Ch sng: Vng ven bin Trung B, sng b nh hng trc tip ca hai h
thng gi ma: gi ma ng Bc vo ma ng v gi ma Ty Nam vo ma h. ngoi
khi sng c hng gn trng vi hng gi ca hai h thng gi ma ni trn, nhng vo
gn b do nh hng ca a hnh y bin v hnh thi ng b m hng sng cng nh
cao c nhiu thay i theo v .
c) Dng chy ven b: Dng chy vng nghin cu chu s chi phi mnh m ca hai
ma gi (ng Bc v Ty Nam) ng thi cng chu nh hng khng nh ca yu t hnh
thi y bin. Xu hng chung ca dng chy ven bin l t Bc xung Nam vo ma ng
v ngc li vo ma h. T Bc xung Nam hng dng chy thay i theo a th ng
b v c hng thay i t TN n N v NN, n khu vc bc o L Sn chng i thnh
hng ng v i ra ngoi vng nghin cu tip tc chy ln pha Bc (Ty o Hi Nam)
to thnh hon lu kn.
Khu vc min Nam
a) Ch thu triu: Vng bin t Bnh Thun n Cn Gi, triu chuyn dn sang
ch bn nht triu khng u. Bin triu ln nht Vng Tu c th t 3,5 - 4,0 m,
thuc loi cao nht trong c nc. Vng ven bin Nam B ch bn nht triu khng u li
tr nn r rt. Hu ht cc ngy trong thng c 2 ln triu ln v 2 ln triu xung vi chnh
lch r rt gia cc cao nc rng. ln triu trong vng khong 3 - 4 m trong k nc
cng v 1,5 - 2 m vo k nc km.
b) Ch sng:
Ma gi ng Bc: Vng bin Nam B hng sng thnh hnh trong ma l B vi
tn sut cao t trn 70%, cc hng Bc v ng t 10 - 15%. ven b do a hnh y
kh thoi nn hng sng thng l vung gc vi b bin, thi gian lng sng khong 9%
trong ma.
Ma gi Ty Nam: Vng bin Nam B sng c hng thnh hnh l Ty Nam vi tn
sut xut hin cao dn v pha Nam (t 60 - 75%), cao sng trung bnh khong 1 - 1,5 m,
cc i ln n 4 m. Sng hng Nam v Ty cng c tn sut khong 10 - 15%.
v Dng chy ven b: Dng chy c hng thay i bm theo s un ln ca ng
b v vy d dng nhn thy hng dng chy tng ng l B - TN v TN - B. Khu vc
trc ca h thng sng Cu Long v ng Nai, dng chy ph thuc mnh m vo ng lc

Chng 1. Lch s nghin cu, iu kin t nhin v phng php nghin cu

31

sng, dng chy ven b khu vc ny cng thng ln hn ngoi khi, ti cc ca sng tc
dng chy o c c th t ti 120 - 150 cm/s.
1.2.5. c im a mo
Khu vc Bin ng v k cn c a hnh da dng v phc tp, v vy m c im
a mo khu vc cng rt da dng vi nhiu kiu, dng a hnh, ngun gc thnh to v cc
qu trnh a mo khc nhau. c im a mo khu vc Bin ng c Nguyn Th
Tip v nnk, (2003) nghin cu chi tit v chia cc dng a hnh Bin ng theo cc bc
su: thm lc a (0-150m), sn lc a (150-2500m), chn lc a (2500-4000m) v y
bin thm (>4000m). Sau y l mt s kiu a hnh chnh trong khu vc Bin ng v k
cn.
Thm lc a c 18 kiu a hnh tch t v 9 kiu tch t mi mn.
Nhm tch t gm: 1-ng bng nghing trong i tch t ca sng (0-20m nc) cu
to ch yu l ct, bn v st pht trin ven ra delta ngm ca cc sng ln. 2- ng bng
phn ct tch t dng vng vnh chu tc ng ca thy triu, ch yu l ct nh, bn, st, pht
trin trn vng st ven b. 3-ng bng nghing thoi, tch t trong i tc ng ca sng v
dng chy y, ch yu-ct bn, st, pht trin ven ra cc khi nng ( su 20-40m). 4ng bng tch t dng delta thy triu. 5- ng bng nghing tch t trong i tc ng ca
sng v dng chy y, ch yu-ct, bn, st, pht trin trn cc cu trc phc tp ( su 1550m). 6- ng bng nghing thoi , tch t trong i tc ng ca sng v dng chy y, ct,
bn, st, pht trin trn cc khi nh. 7-ng bng tch t dng vng vnh trong i tc ng
ca dng chy y, ct nh, bn, st, pht trin trn cc b (30-50m). 8-ng bng nghing
phn ct trong i tc ng dng chy y, bn, st, trn cu trc chuyn tip ca rift ( su
20-40m). 9- ng bng nghing tch t dng vng vnh trong i tc ng ca dng chy y,
bn, st, trn cc i nng ca rift (20-50m). 10- ng bng nghing phn ct tch t dng
delta, bn-st, trn trng rift. 11-ng bng vng lng mng, tch t trong i di chuyn bi
tch, bn-st, trung tm cc rift. 12- ng bng tch t lp y trong i tc ng ca dng
chy y, bn-st , trn cc b trng su (60-80m). 13- ng bng li, gn sng, tch t trong
i tc ng ca dng chy y, bn-st, trn cc g nng gia cc b (ni cao hn xung
quanh 25-30m). 14- ng bng nghing thoi, gn sng vi nhiu g i tch t trong i di
chuyn bi tch, trn cc cu trc phc tp. 15-ng bng nghing thoi tch t dng di hp
trong i tc ng dng chy y trn i cu trc st bc ca thm lc a (25-100m). 16ng bng dng bc vi nhiu g i st trong i di chuyn bi tch, ct-bn-st, trn cc
cu trc khc nhau. 17-ng bng phng trong i di chuyn bi tch, ct-bn, trn mng su
cc b(50-100m). 18-ng bng phng trong i di chuyn bi tch, bn-st, trn mng nng
ca i chuyn tip ra thm lc a.
Nhm a hnh mi mn-tch t: c 9 kiu: 1-Trng dng thung lng ngm trong i
di chuyn bi tch, bn-st, ra thm lc a(100-240m). 2- ng bng nghing trong i tc
ng ca sng, ct th-bn, ra cc khi nng (0-20m). 3- ng bng nghing thoi trong i
tc ng ca sng, sn-ct-bn, trn cc vm nng (18-20m). 4-ng bng karst trong i tc
ng ca sng, sn-ct-bn, trn cc cu trc phc tp. 5- Mng trng trong i tc ng ca
sng-thy triu, ct-sn - si, nm gia cc khi nng. 6- ng bng phn ct trong i tc
ng ca sng, ct - bn, trn cc khi nng a ly. 7- ng bng nghing thoi trong i tc
ng ca sng v dng chy, ct-bn, trn cc n nghing (20-50m). 8- ng bng nghing
trong i tc ng ca sng v dng chy, ct-bn-st, nm gia cc khi nng v trng 9050m. 9- i ni la mi mn trong i tc ng ca sng, trn cc vm nng v khi nh.
a hnh sn lc a c 4 kiu: 1- ng bng nghing tch t ven ra i tch gin.
2- ng bng lng mng trn cc cu trc on vng (2500-3000m). 3- ng bng tch t trn
cu trc st (3000-4000m). 4- ng bng nghing thoi phn ct, tch t, di chn cc khi
nng (2000-3500m).

32

Phan Tr ng Trnh

a hnh y bin thm bao gm 5 kiu: 1- ng bng phng, tch t, st bin su,
trm tch ni la trong i tch gin tr. 2- ng bng phng, tch t trong i tch gin c
(3000-4000m). 3- Cc vc thm v h su, tch t, nm ri rc trn ng bng bin thm (
su 5000-5500m). 4-G, i bazan trn bin thm. 5- Khi v dy ni ngm bazan trn bin
thm c cao 200-3800m.
1.3. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU CHNH
Trong qu trnh nghin cu, chng ti s dng tng hp nhiu phng php hin
i, c th nu vn tt nh sau:
1.3.1 Nhm cc phng php nh v ton cu GPS.
Cng ngh nh v ton cu hin nay c coi l cng c nghin cu nh lng chnh
xc v tin cy trong nghin cu a ng m cc i tng chnh bao gm:
(1) Nghin cu chuyn ng ca cc mng kin to trn quy m ton cu v khu vc,
(2) Nghin cu chuyn dch v bin dng ti cc ranh gii cc mng kin to quy m
ton cu v khu vc,
(3) Nghin cu chuyn dch v bin dng dc cc i t gy a phng,
(4) o c bin dng do ng t,
(5) Quan trc bin dng do hot ng ni la,
(6) Quan trc trt t, v.v
Kt qu nghin cu hai loi i tng u gp phn to nn cc m hnh ng hc
ton cu, m hnh ng hc khu vc, m hnh quay cc khi cu trc kin to v cung cp cc
thng tin mang tnh ton cu v khu vc cho cc lnh vc khc. Vic nghin cu cc i
tng sau cung cp cc cn c phn vng ng t, quy hoch s dng hp l lnh th
trn quy m vng lnh th hay trong tng quc gia. Ni dung ca phng php nghin cu
ny gm ba phn: (1) thit lp li quan trc a ng trn khu vc nghin cu, (2) tin hnh
o c trn cc im li v (3) tin hnh x l s liu o trn li quan trc v (4) phn tch
minh gii cc kt qu tnh c a ra m hnh khi qut chuyn ng hin i khu vc
nghin cu.
Xt theo gc quy m v mc tiu nghin cu, li quan trc a ng c th chia ra
(1) li ton cu, (2) li khu vc v (3) li a phng vi chiu di cnh trung bnh tng
ng l 103 104, 102 103 v di 102 km.
Xt theo phng thc o c, li a ng c th phn ra li cc trm o thng
trc (o lin tc sut thi gian) v li cc im o chu k (o ngt qung theo tng khong
thi gian c th). Hin nay, loi li a ng kt hp gia mt s trm thng trc v cc
im o chu k cng c p dng. Ni dung chnh ca bc thit lp li a ng trn khu
vc nghin cu bao gm:
Vic xc nh s lng v phn b cc im quan trc, nhm m bo rng chuyn
ng hin i o c ti cc im li i din cho i tng v mc ch nghin cu.
B tr cc mc nh du bn vng cc im o ra thc a. Mc u tin b tr trong
gc loi b nh hng cc yu t ngoi kin to vo chuyn ng ca im o.
im o phi c thng thong ti a v trnh xa cc ngun nhiu tn hiu sng v
tuyn nh i pht sng, trm ra a, ...
Cng tc thu thp s liu GPS ti cc im phi bo m s liu o s lng v
cht lng. S lng tr o ph thuc vo di ca o v s lng ca o ng thi trn cc
im. Vi mc tiu quan trc chuyn ng hin i, di ca o nn l 24 gi - hai chu k
quay ca v tinh GPS quanh Tri t, to c s loi b hoc gim thiu nh hng ca cc
ngun sai s. S lng ca o cng nhiu th s lng li gii to ca o cng ln, nn
chnh xc v tin cy ca li gii kt hp cc ca o tng chu k cng cao, nht l i vi
trng hp khong cch gia cc im di trn 100 km. Chng trnh o ny to iu kin tt
cho vic kt ni vi nhiu im IGS.

Chng 1. Lch s nghin cu, iu kin t nhin v phng php nghin cu

33

- Phng php kim tra cht lng s liu: Phn tch, vi phn tuyn tnh theo tham s
nhm kim tra, nh gi cht lng s liu thu thp ngoi thc a, trn c s quyt nh
hng x l.
- X l s liu o GPS cho mc tiu nghin cu a ng lc c xp vo loi x l
cht lng cao. N i hi s dng phn mm cao cp nh BERNESE, GAMIT/GLOBK,
GIPSY. N ng thi i hi mt chin lc x l chun, bao gm vic s dng cc sn
phm chnh xc ca IGS, tnh cc tr hiu chnh theo cc m hnh tn tin tng thch vi thi
gian o li a phng, s dng cc im o IGS lm quy chiu.
Sn phm cui cng qu trnh x l kt hp s liu o GPS l ba thnh phn vn tc
chuyn ng ca im o cng ma trn phng sai thnh phn to . Thng thng, im o
c nhn dng l chuyn ng c ngha khi vc t vn tc vt ra ngoi elip sai s vn tc
ng vi mc xc sut 95%. Trn c s phn tch kt qu nhn dng chuyn ng v i snh
vi cc kt qu lin quan khc, s xut m hnh chuyn ng ca khu vc nghin cu.
- Phng php phn tch, so snh, tng hp c p dng ng thi cc phng php
hoc ring r tng phng php nhm la chn phng n ti u cho nghin cu; tch hp, so
snh kt qu x l (c th bng cc phn mm khc nhau) cc chu k o; tng hp cc s liu,
d liu nh gi chuyn dch v bn lun.
Cc phn mm ch o trong x l GPS l GAMMIT, BERNESE 4.2 v BERNESE
5.0. Di y chng ti im qua cc sai s c th gp trong phn tch GPS v qui trnh tnh
ton trn phn mm 5.0
Cc ngun sai s trong o GPS
+ Cc yu t ch quan: sai s gy nn do s ch quan ca con ngi. Cc sai s ny c th
khc phc hoc lm gim thiu c.
- Chn v thit k im mc GPS
L bc khi im ht sc quan trng trong vic ng dng cng ngh GPS vo nghin
cu chuyn ng kin to hin i. N quan trng bi cc l do chnh sau y:
Th nht: Phi chn v tr t im mc GPS sao cho tc dch chuyn ca im
phi mang c cc c trng chuyn ng ca mng hay t gy .
Th hai: Sau khi xc nh c khong v tr nh bc th nht, tt hn ht l ta tm
v gn mc GPS vo gc. Nu ti v tr ta khng thy gc xut l, ta phi thit k v
xy dng im mc sao cho cc nh hng ca cc hot ng ngoi sinh nh: s thay i ca
nhit , ca m, ca nc ngm, s st ln ca cc lp trm tch... l nh nht c th.
Th ba: V tr t im mc GPS phi thng thong ln bu tri, bi tn hiu GPS
thuc di sng radio cc ngn, d b che chn do vy bo m s thng thong gia v tinh v
my thu. Khng nn t my thu GPS qu gn cc b mt phn x nh cc cu kin kim loi,
cc hng ro, mt nc..., v chng c th gy hin tng a ng dn. Theo Alfred Leick.,
(1995), khng nh rng, a ng dn l ngun sai s ch yu ng quan tm i vi kt
qu o GPS. Cc tn hiu i t v tinh n my thu c th qua nhiu ng dn do hin tng
phn x tn hiu. Hin tng a ng dn gy bin dng tn hiu iu bin C/A code, P code
v nh hng n cc tr s o pha sng ti. Cc tn hiu a ng dn c thi gian pht i
cng nhau t v tinh, song khi n my thu s b thay i code v pha do hin tng phn x
khc nhau v ph thuc vo chiu di ng truyn tn hiu. Cc tn hiu a ng dn bao
gi cng n my thu chm hn so vi tn hiu i theo ng thng do phi tri qua mt on
ng di hn, chnh l ng i ca tn hiu phn x. Tng th tn hiu n ng ten s c
my thu x l. Mi quan h hnh hc gia cc v tinh v my thu v vt phn x sau mi
ngy, do hin tng a ng dn cng xut hin lp li vo cc ngy lin tip nhau. S
tc ng ca tn hiu a ng dn n tr o khong cch gi v tr o pha sng ti tu thuc
vo cc yu t khc nhau nh cng v chm tr ca tn hiu phn x khi so snh vi
tn hiu truyn thng, ph thuc vo c tnh lm suy gim tn hiu phn x ca ng ten v
ph thuc vo tinh xo ca my thu cng k thut x l s liu. Thng thng, vt phn x

34

Phan Tr ng Trnh

cc b s th hin r tn hiu a ng dn. Ni chung, hin tng a ng dn tc ng


mt cch ngu nhin i vi tn hiu tn s thp v cao. Cc tn hiu c th b phn x bi v
tinh (a ng dn v tinh) v bi cc vt xung quanh my thu (a ng dn my thu). nh
hng a ng dn v tinh c th c loi b trong hiu pha bc nht ca cc tr o i vi
cnh ngn. Tn hiu phn x thng b suy yu do vt phn x. Mc suy yu ny ph thuc
vo cht liu ca vt phn x, ph thuc vo gc ti v gc tn x. Ni chung, cc tn hiu
phn x thng c gc ti rt thp, trn thc t hu nh khng b suy yu. iu ny gii
thch ti sao cc v tinh c gc cao thp thng gy ra nhiu a ng dn c cng
mnh. Cc nh to nh xung quanh im t my thu cng l mt mi trng gy nn hin
tng a ng dn ng k.
Cng khng nn t my thu GPS qu gn cc i, cc trm pht sng nh i pht
thanh, truyn hnh, rada..., do kt qu o cng chu nh hng ca cc ngun tn hiu . Cc
ng dy in cao p cng gy nh hng n tn hiu v tinh trc khi vo my thu nu
my thu t ngay di cc ng cao p. Theo quy trnh k thut o GPS ca Trung Quc,
my thu nn t cch xa cc i pht sng trn 200m v xa ng ti in cao p trn 50m.
Cng lu nn t cc my thu GPS xa cc rng cy hoc cc tn cy v tn hiu v tinh s b
gin on do hin tng trt chu k, ng nhin s nh hng n chnh xc ca kt
qu o GPS. Ngoi ra, chng ta cng nn b tr cc im t my thu GPS sao cho vic i li
c thun li, tin cho vic trng coi, n ung v thng chng ta phi o 24/24h.
- Sai s do ngi o
Ngi o c th phm cc sai lm nh trong o chiu cao ng ten, di im nh tm
khng tt, i khi ghi nhm ch o cao ng ten, hay t chn ng ten khng chc chn, sau
mt thi gian c th b gi lm nghing ng ten, thay i im nh tm hoc b ln nghing
trn nn t yu, hoc nu cng tc trng coi khng tt c th b ngi l, gia cm, gia sc
ng chm ti my thu, ng ten,... Nhiu khi ngi o cng c th qun hoc nh hng bc
ng ten khng chun dn n c s sai lch v tm phase trong kt qu o GPS. trnh cc
sai st ny th ngi o GPS phi tht cn thn, chnh xc trong cc cng vic trn.
+ Cc yu t khch quan: nhng sai s tn ti ngoi thc ca con ngi, bao gm cc
ngun chnh sau:
- Sai s ng h v tinh v ng h my thu
Sai s gy ra do bn thn ng h v tinh v ng h my thu c sai s, cng vi n l
s khng ng b gia chng. ng h v tinh c trm iu khin trn mt t theo di v
do nu pht hin c sai lch, trm ny s pht tn hiu ch th thng bo s ci chnh cho
my thu GPS bit x l. trnh s khng ng b gia ng h my thu v ng h v
tinh, chng ta c th lp t trn my thu ng h nguyn t nh v tinh, nhng nh vy gi
thnh my thu s rt t, kh m ph bin rng ri c. V vy, lm gim sai s trn
ngi ta thng ci tin ng h thch anh trong my thu sao cho chng n nh hn trong
giai on ng b vi ng h my thu. Ngoi ra, lm gim nh hng sai s , ngi
ta s dng hiu tr o gia cc v tinh cng nh gia cc trm quan st.
- Sai s qu o v tinh
V tinh bay trn qu o ca chng cng b nh hng bi nhiu yu t gy nhiu
nh: tnh khng ng nht ca trng trng Tri t, nh hng ca sc ht mt trng, mt
tri v cc thin th khc cng nh sc cn ca kh quyn, p lc ca bc x mt tri..., v
vy chng lun c sai s. khc phc nhng sai s ny, ngi ta c th s dng lch v tinh
chnh xc do c quan NGS hay IGS cung cp v quan trc lin tc 24 gi.
- Sai s do mi trng truyn sng
Mi trng truyn sng gy ln cc loi sai s chnh sau:
Sai s do tng in ly gy ra: y l sai s do hin tng khc x tia sng i t
khong khng v tr vo tng u tin ca kh quyn (tng in ly- tng c cao khong t
500km v 50km). Khi tn hiu i qua tng ny, chng c th b thay i do hin tng tn x

Chng 1. Lch s nghin cu, iu kin t nhin v phng php nghin cu

35

ph thuc vo mt in t trong tng in ly. Sai s ny khng gy nh hng ln ti kt


qu o trong khong cch ngn m ch c ngha trn khong cch di. nh hng ca tng
in ly t l vi bnh phng tn s, v th khi s dng my thu 2 tn s khc phc c nh
hng ny.
Sai s do tng i lu gy ra: y l hin tng khc x tia sng i trong lp kh
quyn gn mt t (t cao khong 50km tr xung). Khi tn hiu i qua tng ny, chng c
th b thay i ph thuc vo tnh trng hi nc, nhit v cc bi kh quyn trong tng i
lu. Sai s ny tc ng ch yu vo cc tr o trn khong cch ngn m khng nh hng
ng k trn khong cch di. Trc y ngi ta yu cu o nhit , p sut v m
tnh s hiu chnh do nh hng ca tng i lu. Nhng hin nay, hu ht cc phn mm x
l s liu GPS hiu chnh theo m hnh tng i lu to chnh xc cao hn l vic s
dng cc s hiu chnh khi o nhit , p sut v m.
Sai s do qu trnh x l, tnh ton s liu GPS
Nh trnh by trn, chng ta thy c rt nhiu ngun sai s trong vic o GPS.
Tuy nhin nu khi chng ta coi vic o thu tn hiu GPS l t tiu chun nh nhau th
chnh xc ca kt qu li ph thuc vo vic x l tnh ton s liu GPS. Cng nh o GPS,
vic x l, tnh ton s liu GPS cng c th b nh hng bi nhiu ngun gy ra cc sai lch
trong kt qu tnh ton.
La chn s dng cc ngun thng s u vo
tnh ton kt qu GPS, ngoi s liu o GPS c c t vic trc tip o c ca
chng ta t cc trm, chng ta cn phi s dng nhiu ngun d liu trung gian khc nhau,
tu thuc vo tng phn mm x l c th, nhng ni chung, hu ht cc phn mm u phi
s dng cc ngun s liu trung gian nh: lch v tinh chnh xc; to v vn tc cc trm
IGS trong h to ton cu; tp to v tinh GPS/GLONASS; cc thng s cn chnh tm
phase; m hnh dch chuyn chng ng; m hnh chuyn ng cc; m hnh ho s bin
thin thu triu; qu o mt trng, mt tri v Tri t; bn in ly ton cu; thng tin cc
v tinh; tham s chuyn dch cc tri t;... Khi chng ta la chn, s dng cc ngun s liu
ny, chng ta cn lu n tnh thi im ca tng ngun s liu. V d nh v lch v tinh
chnh xc chng ta c th ti v t trung tm IGS qua internet nhng ch nu ta ti v sau 3
gi th sai s khi l khong 0,20m, nu sau 19 gi th sai s l 0,10m v cn nu sau 13
ngy th sai s ch cn 0,05m; hay l v h to ton cu ITRF/IGS, chng ta cng phi ch
n vic nng cp dn chnh xc qua cc thi im khc nhau chng ta c: ITRF_88,
_89, _90, _91, _92, _93, _94, _96, _97, _2000 v hin nay l ITRF_2005/IGS_05.
Kinh nghim ca chuyn gia
Trong qu trnh x l, tnh ton s liu GPS th kinh nghim ca chuyn gia ng mt
vai tr rt quan trng. V chng ta bit, hu ht cc phn mm x l s liu o GPS u l
phn mm khoa hc - cc phn mm ny i hi ngi s dng phi c nhng kinh nghim
nht nh trong vic la chn cch tnh ton, la chn thng s u vo ph hp cng nh
vic tm v khc phc cc nhiu gy ra do nguyn nhn ch quan hay khch quan t vic o
thu tn hiu GPS. Cng mt ngun s liu u vo, cng mt phn mm c s dng, nhng
kt qu x l, tnh ton ca nhng chuyn gia khc nhau thng khng hon ton chnh xc
ging nhau m thng vn c nhng sai khc nht nh, hoc nhiu khi c chuyn gia chy
c ra kt qu cui cng, nhng cng c ngi khng th chy c ra kt qu cui cng v
khng khc phc c cc nhiu t s liu o u vo hay l vic la chn cc trm tham
chiu khng ph hp,...
Kim nghim phng php
kim nghim kh nng lm ch cng ngh tnh ton GPS vi chnh xc cao,
chng ti s dng s liu o ti mt s trm GPS khu vc Chu u tnh trn phn mm
BERNESE 5.0. y l phin bn mi nht c kh nng x l cc tr o GPS vi chnh xc
cao c xy dng bi Vin Thin vn thuc Trng i hc Tng hp Bern, Thu S.

36

Phan Tr ng Trnh

D liu c x l, tnh ton trong v d i snh ny bao gm s liu thu ca mng


li 8 trm IGS khu vc Chu u, trong 3 trm MATE, ONSA v VILL c s dng
lm trm tham chiu trong h to ton cu (International Terestial Reference Frame
ITRF2000/IGS00). Trong 5 trm cn li c 2 trm FFMJ v ZIMJ c trang b my thu c
tch hp c cc v tinh GPS v GLONASS, 2 trm BRUS v PTBB c s dng loi my
thu ASHTECH Z-XII3T. Khong cch gia cc trm thu lin k nm trong khong t 3001200km ngoi tr 2 trm thu (ZIMM v ZIMJ) Zimmerwald - Thu S c khong cch l
14m. ph hp vi tnh ton ca Vin Thin vn thuc trng i hc Tng hp Bern,
chng ti x l s liu cho 4 ngy o, trong c 2 ngy ca nm 2002 (ngy GPS 143 v
144) v 2 ngy ca nm 2003 (ngy GPS 138 v 139). x l c d liu trong tnh ton
ny, chng ti c s dng cc sn phm cui cng ca trung tm IGS cung cp trn internet
nh: lch v tinh chnh xc, m hnh tng in ly, files hiu chnh gia P1-C1, P1-P2 i vi
v tinh v my thu, to v vn tc chuyn dch ca cc trm IGS trong h to ton cu
IGS00,... Cn lu trong khong thi gian t 2000 n nay, h to ton cu thay i t h
to ton cu IGS97 sang h to ton cu IGS00 vo ngy 2 thng 12 nm 2001, chuyn
t h to ton cu IGS00 sang h to ton cu IGb00 t ngy 11 thng 1 nm 2004 v
chuyn IGb00 sang IGS05 t ngy 21 thng 12 nm 2006. T trc ngy 4 thng 11 nm
2000, thi gian chnh ng h v tinh trong khong 15 pht, cn t sau ngy n nay thi
gian chnh ng h v tinh trong khong 5 pht.
Sau ln bnh sai th nht, chng ti c tnh c gi tr to ca cc trm o v
cc tham s tng i lu. Tip n chng ti thc hin cc bc trung gian nh: x l cc
phn sai bc hai, gii quyt cc s nguyn n tr, hon thin vic bnh sai li cho mt ngy
o, to ra files h phng trnh chun NQ0 phc v cho vic x l kt hp c t o, kim tra
tnh nht qun ca to cc im IGS chun, kim tra s lin tc ca to cng mt im
qua cc ngy o. Kt thc cng vic tnh ton ca mt t o, chng ti tnh c to
chnh xc ca cc trm o v xc nh c tc chuyn dch ca cc trm o . Kt qu
tnh cui cng chng ti thc hin i snh vi kt qu tnh ca Vin Thin vn - i hoc
Bern th hin qua cc bng 1a-b v bng 2a-b di y. i snh cc bng 1a v 1b, 2a v 2b,
ta thy c s trng kht v cc kt qu tnh ton ca chng ti v Vin Thin vn - i hc
Bern c v v tr cc im cng nh tc chuyn dch. Sai s trong cc tnh ton ny m
phn mm thng bo l rt nh ch 0,3-0,4mm i vi thnh phn nm ngang v 1,2mm i
vi thnh phn thng ng. iu th hin tnh tnh chnh xc cng nh vic lm ch qui
trnh x l, tnh ton ca phn mm BERNESE phin bn 5.0 c s dng trong tnh ton
ny.
Bng 1.1a: Kt qu tnh tc chuyn dch chu k 2002-2003 dng y
(X l ti Vin a cht)

Chng 1. Lch s nghin cu, iu kin t nhin v phng php nghin cu

37

V d tnh tc chuyn dch kin to hin i trn Bin ng


Sau y l v d x l s liu 2 t ti cc trm Lng, Bch Long V, Song T Ty,
Cn o trong 2 nm 2007 v 2008. Ti mi t o, chng ti tin hnh o lin tc 7 ca,
mi ca 23 gi 40 pht. C s d liu c s dng trong tnh ton ny, ngoi d liu ca trm
GPS Lng (LANG), Bch Long V (BLV1), Song T Ty (STT1), Cn o (CDA1) chng
ti s dng d liu o lin tc ca cc trm IGS nh PIMO, BACO, WUHN v trm TCMS,
Cc d liu ca t chc GPS quc t phc v a ng lc (IGS) nh lch v tinh chnh xc,
m hnh tng in ly, tp d liu hiu chnh gia P1-C1, P1-P2 i vi v tinh v my thu, to
cng nh vn tc chuyn dch ca cc trm IGS trong h quy chiu ton cu IGS05
c s dng trong tnh ton.
S dng h to ton cu ITRF2005/IGS05, vi tc bit ca cc trm IGS
PIMO, BACO, WUHN, chng ta c th tnh c chuyn dch tuyt i ca cc trm o. Sau
y l v d bng kt qu tnh ton tc chuyn dch ca 2 chu k o nm 2007 2008
(Bng 1.3).
Bng 1.1b: Kt qu tnh tc chuyn dch chu k 2002-2003 dng y
(X l ti Vin Thin vn-i hc Bern)

Bng 1.2a: Kt qu tnh vn tc dng rt gn (x l ti Vin a cht)

Bng 1.2b: Kt qu tnh vn tc dng rt gn (x l ti Vin Thin vn-i hc Bern)

38

Phan Tr ng Trnh

1.3.2. Nhm cc phng php a cht - a mo


+ Phng php phn tch cu trc kin to : Cc phng php truyn thng nh
chiu dy trm tch, bt chnh hp gc, chuyn dch mt nh du dc i t gy, cc
phng php hnh hi kin trc.
+ Cc phng php kin to vt l:
- Phng php phn tch khe nt tch
- Phng php phn tch h khe nt ct cng ng
- Phng php Nhicolaiev
- Cc phng php biu xc nh trc ng sut da trn chuyn dch trn mt t
gy nh phng php ca Perogaro, Gusenko, Parphenov, Angelier.
- Cc phng php gii bi ton ngc, da trn chuyn dch ca h thng t gy ca
Carey, Angelier, Armijo, Etchecopar, Phan Trng Trnh, Gusenko.
Bng 1.3: Kt qu tnh tc chuyn dch tuyt i trong h ton cu IGS05

- Cc phng php gii bi ton ngc, da trn s liu ca c cu chn tiu ng t


ca Etchecopar, Phan Trng Trnh.
- Cc phng php ph v mu (breakout), ph hu cng (tensile fracture) ca mu
khoan dng xc nh hng ng sut kin to hin i.
- Cc phng php In-situ o ng sut trc tip 3 chiu nh b cm bin in tr
- Cc phng php xc nh ln ng sut trong li khoan.
+ Cc phng php a mo
- M hnh s a hnh, xy dng m hnh 3 chiu, to bng di cc gc nhn khc
nhau.
- Xc lp cc vch kin to
- Kt hp vi ti liu a chn, trng lc xc nh kch thc t gy.
+ Cc phng php phn tch nh v tinh, nh my bay v H thng Thng tin
a l GIS
- Cc phng php nhn dng cu trc, t gy bng mt thng
- Cc phng php nn chnh hnh hc ghp ni cc thng tin c t l khc nhau t
bn v nh v tinh, nh my bay.
- Xy dng m hnh s cao y bin, bin i 3 chiu theo cc gc khc nhau.

Chng 1. Lch s nghin cu, iu kin t nhin v phng php nghin cu

39

- Cc phng php lc nh hng, lc gradient trn nh v tinh nhm pht hin cc


i t gy dp v.
- Cc phng php phn tch nh a ph, phn tch nh RADAR.
- Cc phng php phi trn nh (fusion) cc nh a ph v nh radar, nh v tinh v
nh my bay nhm tng cng phn gii khng gian v a ph. Trong c cc phng
php bin i ph, phng php thnh phn chnh, nhm cc phng php s dng thut ton
wavelet.
- Phng php giao thoa nh RADAR trong s dng giao thoa nh RADAR to
DEM vng ven b v hi o, s dng nh cohenren to thng tin mi khc bit vi nh v
tinh h quang hc thng thng.
+ Cc phng php nghin cu magma tr
- Nghin cu thnh phn khong vt bng microsond v LA-ICP-MS
- Nghin cu a ho basalts bng phn tch XRF ( cc hp phn chnh) v ICP-MS (
nguyn t him vt)
- Nghin cu ng v Pb, Rb/Sr
- Xc nh tui basalts bng cc phng php khc nhau.
- xc nh phn b ca cc thn magma di bin s dng trit cc phng
php a vt l
1.3.3. Nhm cc phng php a Vt l
+ Cc phng php phn tch mt ct a chn
y l phng php quan trng c s dng nghin cu cc t gy tr trong
Pliocen - t. Khc vi trn t lin, nh cng tc thm d du kh, chng ti c th s
dng mt khi lng s cc mt ct a chn trn Bin ng t Tp on Du kh. Tuy
nhin do mc ch tm kim cc by cha du trong cc tng trm tch v mng su nn
cc nh du kh hu nh khng quan tm x l cc mt ct a chn trong tng Pliocen -
T. c th lm sng t cc t gy trong tng Pliocen - t cn s dng cc cng c lc
khc i cht so vi vic s l lc nhiu tng su bng vic thay i mt s h s trong qu
trnh lc tn s cao ng thi gin t l khng gian v thi gian truyn sng thch hp c
th quan st thy chuyn dch a tng gy ra do nhng t gy nh.
- p dng cc chng trnh x l hin i x l a chn nhm tng tin cy v
phn gii ca cc t gy kin to v cc khi magma. Trong ch lc cc tn s khc
nhau.
- p dng phng php m hnh trng sng a chn lin quan n cc hot ng
kin to v magma.
- p dng phng php a chn a tng phn tch cc hot ng kin to v
magma tr, hin i v cc biu hin tai bin a cht.
Ngoi nhng phng php nu trn, kinh nghim ca on gii a cht cc k quan
trng. Cc t gy tr thng c bin chuyn dch rt nh nn phn gn b mt y bin
rt kh pht hin chuyn dch. Tuy nhin, mt t gy bao gi cng c lch s hot ng ca
n. N c th hnh thnh trong t mun hoc c th pht trin trong c thi gian Pliocen
t nn chuyn dch cng su cng ln.
+ Cc phng php phn tch trng lc:
- Phng php m hnh ng tnh: Xc nh mt b ng tnh trong vng nghin cu.
- Phng php bi ton thun ca Parker: tnh cc d thng hiu trng lc d.
- Phng php phn tch ngc 3D ca Parker v m hnh thng k: xc nh su
mt Moho.
- Phng php phn tch bi ton ngc 2D: Kt hp vi cc s liu a chn du kh
xy dng cc mt ct cu trc chi tit qua mt s vng nhy cm.
- Phng php lc di, nng trng, h trng v phng php gradien ngang cc i
nhm xc nh h thng t gy tr, phn b cc ni la tr,

40

Phan Tr ng Trnh

+ Cc phng php phn tch t trng


Cc phng php chuyn trng v cc, nng h trng, gradient nh hng.
1.3.4. Nhm cc phng php nghin cu ng t
+ Cc phng php nghin cu chn tiu ng t
- Phng php gii bi ton ngc xc nh chn tiu ng t
- Phng php xc nh c cu chn tiu ng t
- Phng php tnh moment ng t t s o cc trm ghi
- Xc lp ng t lch s
+ Cc phng php nh gi a chn kin to:
- Phng php xc nh ng t cc i ca Slemmons
- Phng php xc nh ng t cc i ca theo Well-coppersmith cho chiu di t
gy
- Phng php xc nh ng t cc i ca Well-coppersmith cho mt t gy
- Phng php xc nh ng t cc i ca Wyss cho mt t gy
- Phng php xc nh ng t cc i ca Woodward-clyde cho mt t gy
- Phng php xc nh ng t cc i theo momen ng t ca Hanks Kanamori.
- Phng php tnh chuyn dch trung bnh, cc i ca Well-coppersmith
- Phng php tnh tc chuyn dch ca Woodward-clyde
- Phng php tng hp cc kt qu khc nhau theo trung bnh trng s
+ Cc phng php nh gi mc nguy him ng t
- Cc phng php nh gi ng t theo Phn b cc tr loi I v III ca Gumbel.
- Cc phng php hp l cc i trong vic nh gi magnitude cc i.
- Phng php nh gi gia tc rung ng PGA theo Campbell.
- Phng php nh gi gia tc rung ng PGA theo Idriss.
- Phng php nh gi gia tc rung ng PGA theo Xiang Jianguang va Gao Dong.
- Phng php nh gi gia tc rung ng PGA theo Woodward clyde.
- Phng php nh gi gia tc rung ng PGA theo Ambraseys.
- Phng php nh gi gia tc rung ng PGA theo PGA theo Cornell.
- Phng php nh gi gia tc rung ng PGA theo McGuire.
1.3.5. Nhm phng php m hnh ho bin i trng ng sut Coulomb v sng thn
- Phng php m hnh bin v 3 chiu, pht trin trn phn mm ngun ca OKADA.
- Phng php m hnh sng thn da trn l thuyt bin v Okada. Phng php m
hnh lan truyn sng thn vi mc ch ch yu l xc nh bin sng thn cc i ti cc
im khc nhau Vit Nam v thi gian ti.
- Phng php m phng ngp lt gy ra do sng thn.
Trn y l s lc cc phng php nghin cu chnh c s dng. Chng ti s
chi tit ho cc phng php quan trng cc chng sau, gn lin vi cc hnh nh v cng
thc minh ho.

41

Chng 2

CU TRC A CHT BIN NG V KHU VC K CN


nh gi chuyn ng kin to tr v hot ng ni la trong giai on Pliocen t, chng ta cn thit phi c d liu v cu trc a cht v trng a vt l c th
vch nh cc di ni la tr, cc i t gy cng nh tnh cht cn bng ng tnh ca thch
quyn trong khu vc nghin cu. Trong chng ny s trnh by nhng kt qu nghin cu
mi v chuyn trng v cc ca t trng v nghin cu cu trc su dc i t gy ra ty
Bin ng, vng qun o Trng Sa, trng Manila v bc Borneo.
2.1. T TRNG VIT NAM V K CN

Hnh 2.1: Bn d thng t (T khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn). su y bin


c biu th bng cc ng ng tr vi tit din l 500 m. Theo L Huy Minh, Kt qu ca
ti KC.09.11/06

42

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Bn d thng t khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn c trch t bn d


thng t thnh lp nm 1994 trn c s nhiu ngun s liu khc nhau ca cc nc trong
khu vc: Vit Nam, Trung Quc, Lin X (c), Innexia, Phillipine, Malaysia, Triu Tin,
Nht Bn, Thi Lan... y l mt c s s liu rt qu bu cho cc nghin cu v a cht ca
nhiu nc trong khu vc cng nh vic tm kim khong sn. Bn d thng t ny c
cng b t l 1:4.000.000. S liu xy dng bn cng c di dng tp s liu
s di dng ASCII nn c th c c ra mt cch d dng.
S liu thu c t nhiu ngun khc nhau v khng bao ph c tt c din tch khu
vc ng , nn chng ti ly ra s liu trong khong v tuyn t 6oN n 24oN v khong
kinh tuyn kinh tuyn 104oE n 120oE.
T ngun s liu ban u chng ti li ha li vi khong cch mt li khong 2km
trong h ta XY, sau chuyn li ta a l l xy dng bn nh trnh by trn
Hnh 2.1.
Trn Hnh 2.1 tin theo di trng t vng Bin ng, chng ti chng cht ln
bn trng d thng t bn su y bin c biu th bng cc ng ng tr v
tt din ca cc ng ng tr l 500 m. Trn bn hnh 1 chng ta lu rng khu vc
Lo v Campuchia khng c s liu, gi tr d thng t khu vc hai nc ny c hin th
ch do kt qu ca qu trnh ni suy khi v bn , do vy khng c ngha a cht, tuy
nhin chng ta cng khng quan tm ti iu , m ch quan tm ti s liu khu vc Bin
ng Vit Nam v k cn. Trong khu vc Bin ng c mt vng gia kinh gn 114o116o v v gn10o-12o vng khng c s liu, v do hiu ng ni suy nn trn bn vng
ny c biu th l vng d thng m. Cc vng cn li trn bn u c s liu v c th
c s dng trong minh gii a cht.
Kt qu chuyn trng v cc bn d thng t khu vc Bin ng v khu vc k
cn
chuyn trng v cc nh nu trn chng ti gi thit rng trng d thng
t ch gy bi s t ha cm ng, tc l vect t ha l cng phng vi vect trng t khu
vc. Trng khu vc c a vo tnh ton l m hnh trng chun quc t IGRF1980,
mt m hnh trng chun c tin cy rt cao c xy dng trn c s s liu ca h thng
i trm a t trn ton th gii, cng nh s liu 3 thnh phn ca v tinh MAGSAT. Theo
m hnh ny xch o t chy ngang qua vng cht mi C Mau ca lnh th nc ta. ng
ng t khuynh I c phng v tuyn. Trong vng ang xem xt I bin i trong khong t 6,5o ranh gii pha Nam ti khong 34o ranh gii pha Bc, nh vy di bin i ca I kh
ln. t thin D theo m hnh IGRF1980 bin i t 2,4o phn pha Bc ti khong 0,6o
phn pha Nam, di bin i ca D l nh, cc ng sc ca trng t khu vc trong vng
ang xem xt hu nh c phng kinh tuyn. Chng ti a gi tr trng bnh thng vo
tng im quan st, do nh hng ca s bin i ca trng khu vc c ch mt
cch y . Sau khi chuyn trng v cc chng ti kt hp php nng trng ln cc cao
2,5 km, 5 km v 10 km loi i nhng nh hng ca nhiu v cc ngun gn b mt v
thy c mt cch r rt cc cu trc a cht cn quan tm. Hnh 2.2, Hnh 2.3 v Hnh 2.4
tng ng biu din bn d thng t khu vc ng Nam (Hnh 2.1) p dng thut
ton chuyn v cc v nng ln 2,5 km, 5km v 10km nh nu.

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

43

Hnh 2.2: Bn d thng t khu vc Bin ng v k cn chuyn v c. Theo L


Huy Minh, Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.

Hnh 2.3: Bn d thng t khu vc Bin ng v k cn chuyn v cc (Tr, nng


ln 2,5km. Theo L Huy Minh, Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.

44

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 2.4. Bn d thng t khu vc Bin ng v k cn chuyn v cc


(Tr, nng ln 5 km). Theo L Huy Minh, Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.

Hnh 2.5: Bn d thng t khu vc Bin ng chuyn v cc


(Tr, nng ln 10 km). Theo L Huy Minh, Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

45

Hnh 2.6: S vect gradient ngang cc i bn d thng t vng Bin ng v k cn


chuyn v cc, nng ln 10km. Theo L Huy Minh, Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.
tin phn tch chng ti a ln cc bn ny su y bin ly t m hnh
etopo2 ca Trung tm s liu quc t vi khong cch li im l 2 pht, khong cch gia
cc ng ng su l 500m.Tc dng chnh ca php chuyn trng v cc l a cc d
thng v ngay trn v tr ngun gy d thng, v trong trng hp cc bin ca vt th d
t trng vi v tr cc i ca gradient ngang. So snh Hnh 2.1 vi cc Hnh 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 v
2.5 chng ta thy rng bin d thng ca trng chuyn v cc ln hn nhiu ln bin
ca trng d thng quan st, bin ca trng d thng chuyn v cc c nng ln
cng cao th bin cng gim. Hnh thi ca trng cc bn Hnh 2.1 v Hnh 2.2 l
nh nhau, ch c ngc nhau v du. iu ny l d hiu v trong vng v thp v vng
xch o, vect t ha l nghing ch khng phi l t ha thng ng nh vng v cao.
Vng phun tro bazan Ty nguyn th hin l vng d thng m trn Hnh 2.1, tr thnh
vng d thng dng Hnh 2.2. Hoc vng ni ngm gia bin ng dng nh th hin
bng di d thng m bn (T, th tr thnh di d thng dng bn ).
xc nh cc bin ca cc vt th d t chng ti p dng phng php xy dng
trng vect gradient ngang cc i nh nu. Do cc cao thp trng vect gradient
ngang qu chi tit nn chng ti ch a ta s vect gradient ngang cc i ca trng d
thng t c chuyn v cc v nng ln cao 10 km (Hnh 2.6). Chng ti cng nhn
mnh rng trn s cc i gradient ngang cc vng khng c s liu c loi i. T
Hnh 2.6 chng ta c th phn ra mt s vng c bn vi cc c trng ca trng d thng
t khc bit nhau kh r rt. Cc vng ng Bc, vnh Bc B, pha ty trng Chu Giang,
min Bc Trung b, dc trng Palawan bin v gradient ngang ca trng d thng nh.
Vng Ty Bc, pha ng trng Chu Giang, khu vc Bin ng, cao nguyn min Trung
Vit Nam kch thc d thng ln, bin v gradient ngang ca trng d thng cng ln.

46

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Phn cn li d thng c kch thc nh hn v c dng ng thc. Phn b cc


bin d thng trn Hnh 2.6 kh phc tp song cng c th nhn thy mt s qui lut nht
nh. Vng Ty Bc Vit Nam c mt s bin c xu hng Ty - Bc ng Nam ko di ra
st bin. Xu th ny khng th hin r vng vnh Bc B, nhng phn ngoi bin t
khong v tuyn 18oN ti v tuyn 16oN mt s bin theo hng ny li xut hin. T trng
Chu Giang mt s bin rt r rt chy theo hng ng Bc-Ty Nam ko di t Nam i
Loan ti nam o Hi Nam. Hai xu th ny dng nh hi t khong v tuyn 16oN kinh
110oE. t gy dc theo kinh tuyn 110oE th hin rt r rt t khong v tuyn 14oN xung
khong v tuyn 12oN. Cc quan st ny kh ph hp vi cc m hnh kin to a cht khu
vc (Briais v nnk, 1993 [26]; Le Van De, 1997 [120]; Gatinskiy v nnk, 1984 [69]; L Vn
Mnh, 1998 [122] ; Peltzer v Tapponier, 1988 [179]; Roques v nnk, 1997 [212]; Taylor v
Hayes, 1980, 1983 [232, 233]; Tran Van Tri v nnk, 1986 [245]).
Trong khu vc Bin ng gn nh gii hn bi ng ng su 3000m, d thng t
c bin ln, c cu trc dng di rt r rt gm cc di m v dng xen k nhau, gradient
ca trng bin i mnh. Cu trc d thng ny lin quan cht ch vi qu trnh tch gin
y Bin ng. Cc d thng t ny c tui c nht l khong 32 triu nm v tr nht l
khong 15,5 triu nm (Briais v nnk, 1993 [26]; Taylor v Hayes, 1980, 1983 [232, 233]).
Theo cu trc ca trng d thng t c th phn chia cu trc Bin ng thnh ph b
trung tm pha ng nm pha ng kinh tuyn 116oE, ph b trung tm Ty Nam nm
pha Ty kinh tuyn 116oE v ph b trung tm Ty Bc pha bc v tuyn 17oN. S phn
chia ny ph hp vi vic phn chia theo su v cu trc a cht ca Bin ng.
Ph b Ty Bc c hnh thnh sm nht vi trc tch gin khong v tuyn 18oN
vi phng trc v tuyn. Trc ca ph b ng l dy ni ngm Scarborough, c phng
ng-Ty. Cc di d thng trong ph b ng cng c phng ngTy v gn nh i
xng nhau qua trc ca ph b, phn b ny ngm ch rng s hnh thnh ca ph b ng
ch yu lin quan ti s tch gin theo phng Bc Nam. Ph b Ty Nam c trc theo
phng ng Bc - Ty Nam, ko di t khong v tr (13o30N,115o30E) ti khong
(12oN,112o30E). H thng cc bin d thng trong cc ph b u b phn chia thnh cc
on c di khc nhau. S phn on ny gy bi h thng cc t gy chuyn dng, ph
b ng v Ty bc c hng kinh tuyn, cn ph b Ty Nam c phng Ty Bc ng Nam. t gy chuyn dng quan st c d dng nht trn Hnh 2.4 l t gy gn
kinh tuyn 116oE ngn cch hai ph b ng v Ty Nam. phn ui ca ph b Ty-Nam
c mt s bin vung gc vi phng ca trc ph b, mt s bin khc gn nh ln theo
cc ng ng su. Phn gia trng Palawan v Bin ng, cc bin d thng phn b
phc tp hn. Vng Ty Nam, pha di mi C Mau c mt lot bin d thng ko di theo
hng Ty Bc - ng Nam cng theo phng ca ra khi Malay. Mt s bin khc vng b
Nam Cn Sn c hng ng Bc Ty Nam ko di t phn ui ca Bin ng xung
pha di ct ngang phng cu trc phn ra khi Malay nh nu. Vng b Ph Khnh
tn ti mt s bin v tuyn ko di t t gy theo phng kinh tuyn 110o ti cc bin
phng Ty Bc - ng Nam ra trng bin ng. Vng min Trung gia khi nng Kon
Tum v khi nng Lt c mt s bin v tuyn kh r rt ko di t gn bin gii Vit
Nam Campuchia ra pha bin, tt c cc bin ny u c gii hn l t gy kinh tuyn
110o. Phn Nam B, gn Ty Ninh c mt d thng dng ng thc c bin ln, y l
du hiu t ca khi granit khu vc ny. Vng trng Sng Hng, lp ph trm tch kh dy,
hiu ng t ca h thng t gy sng Hng quan st c rt km, khng r nh cc ti
liu trng lc (L Huy Minh v nnk, 2002) [115]. Tng t vng Nam B, cc d thng t
cng c bin nh, du hiu ca t gy sng Hu cng km r rt.
Nh nu xc nh cc bin ca cc vt th d t chng ti da vo vic xy dng
trng vect gradient ngang cc i. Cc bin ny khng ch l cc cu trc t gy m cn
l bin ca ca cc khi c t tnh cao trong v Tri t, l nhng khi phun tro bazan

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

47

hoc cc khi xm nhp. Do vic phn tch ngha a cht ca cc bin tm c trn
Hnh 2.5 phi c kt hp vi nhiu ti liu a cht, a vt l khc nh ti liu trng lc v
ti liu a chn thm d su.
2.2. TRNG TRNG LC V CU TRC SU
Trng trng lc c ngha c bit quan trng trong vic xc nh cu trc su, ranh
gii mng, cc i t gy tr v cc th magma. Ti cc i cun chm hin nay d thng
m th hin rt r rt. D thng trng lc phn nh ng thi mt t v b mt y a
hnh. V vy phn tch trng trng lc s cho ta nhng thng tin quan trng v c im a
ng lc hin i.

Hnh 2.7: Bn d thng trng lc FAI khu vc Bin ng v k cn. Theo


Nguyn Nh Trung, Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.

Hnh 2.8: Bn su y bin khu vc Bin ng v k cn. Vng (I), (II) v (III) l v tr
cc khu vc kho st. Theo Nguyn Nh Trung, Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.

48

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 2.7 l bn d thng trng lc Fai khu vc Bin ng v k cn c xy


dng t ngun s liu ny trn li chiu Mercator, WGS-84.
T kt qu tnh cho php chng ta xy dng c bn trng trng lc Bughe nh
trn Hnh 2.9.

Hnh 2.9: Bn d thng Bughe khu vc Bin ng v k cn. Theo Nguyn Nh


Trung, Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.
Kt qu phn tch
Khu vc t gy kinh tuyn 110 v k cn
D thng trng lc v trng thi ng tnh v
c im ni bt ca trng d thng trng lc dc theo t gy kinh tuyn 1100 (t
v 170 n 60N) l xut hin di d thng dng cao c chiu rng khong 50-60 km, gi
tr t 15-45 mGal nm trn mt phng d thng thp t -30 0 mGal (Hnh 2.10). Di d
thng trng lc ny c gi l di d thng hiu ng bin (Watts, A.B. v Fraihead, J.D.
1999) [262]. D thng hiu ng bin c trng cho kiu cu trc v ra lc a th ng ni
mt Moho nng ln cao t ngt v v b gy ra ko theo l s nng tri ca cc dng
magma ln v (Watts, A.B. v Fraihead, J.D. 1999) [262]. Cu trc ny c th hin kh r
khi ta p dng b lc tn s thp, loi b i cc d thng bc sng ngn gi li cc d
thng khu vc c bc sng di > 160 km vn thy di d thng ny tn ti (Hnh 2.11).
Kt qu phn tch mt ct 2D ct qua khu vc ny cng phn nh rt r iu ny. Pha
ng ca di d thng dng kinh tuyn 1100E, d thng trng lc Fai c gi tr m. c
bit ti khu vc b Hong Sa, b Ph Khnh v pha ng b Nam Cn Sn xut hin nhng
di d thng trng lc m rt ln (-30 n -45 mGal). c im d thng trng lc Fai dc
khu vc t gy 1100 c th cho thy vng ny c s mt cn bng ng tnh ln, th hin
ch d thng trng lc Fai xut hin nhng di d thng qu dng v qu m c bc sng

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

49

ln. Khu vc pha ng bc b Ph Khnh, i ct ct Tuy Ha, b TC-VM v pha ng ca


b Nam Cn Sn xut hin nhiu khi d thng dng cao c bc sng ngn phn nh c
trng bin i mt t khu vc ny l rt ln.
D thng trng lc Bughe c bc tranh khc hn so vi d thng Fai, bc tranh d
thng ny c mi tng quan m vi su mt Moho (Hnh 2.10b). Dc theo i t gy
1100E d thng Bughe c gi tr t 30-60 mGal, phn nh khng r nt di t gy kinh
tuyn ny. Cc ng ng mc ch yu phn nh hnh dng ca a hnh y bin (hay mt
Moho). Phn pha ngoi ra lc a ni a hnh y bin h thp d thng Bughe c gi tr
dng cao t 100-300 mGal.

Hnh 2.10: Bn d thng trng lc Fai v Bughe khu vc t gy kinh tuyn 1100
v k cn. Theo Nguyn Nh Trung, Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.
Bn gradien ngang trng lc
Bn gradien ngang cc i c xy dng t vic tnh gi tr bin gradien
ngang, xc nh v tr v hng ca vect gradien ngang cc i d thng trng lc cc
mc nng trng khc nhau. Trn Hnh 2.12 l bn gradien ngang v vect gradien ngang
cc i d thng trng lc mc nng trng 0 v 5 km. Kt qu cho thy mc trng
bnh thng (Z=0 km), gradien tnh c c gi tr ln (n 6 mGal/km) v xut hin rt
nhiu im gradien ngang cc i. Cc vect gradien ngang cc i phn b theo nhng
ng tuyn di c phng kinh tuyn, B-TN, TB-N v theo nhng vng trn khp kn
dc theo i kinh tuyn 110E. Khi nng trng ln cao dn, gi tr gradien ngang gim dn v
s vect gradien ngang cc i cng t i. Ti mc nng trng ln 20 Km, gi tr gradien
ngang rt thp ch yu t 0- 0.2 mGal/km, cc gi tr cc i ch ln n 0.2-0.6 mGal/km.
Ti mc nng trng > 60 km, cc gi tr gradien ngang rt nh gn nh bng khng (< 0.2
mGal/km).

50

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Kt qu phn tch mt ct cu trc 2D


Mt ct cu trc c trng cho khu vc t gy kinh tuyn 110 c th hin trn
Hnh 2.13. y l kt phn tch 2D s liu trng lc ca tuyn ct qua pha bc ca b Ph
Khnh c ta im u (10901348 v 13035) v im cui (1120 v 130 35). Kt qu
phn tch nh lng 2D cho thy, thm lc a rt hp, mt Moho vng xung su (28-31
km) v mt Moho nng ln cao rt nhanh phn sn lc a (18-20 km) to thnh mt nt
tht c chai khu vc ny vi chiu dy v khong 8-9 km. ng thi vi vic ko mng v
Tri t khu vc ny l s ko theo cc hot ng xm nhp v phun tro to ra cc khi
mt cao trong v. Phn sn ngoi a hnh mt Moho tri rng kh bng phng su
khong 19-20 km.

Hnh 2.11: D thng trng lc FAI sau khi lc gi li tn s c bc > 160 km. Theo
Nguyn Nh Trung, Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

51

Hnh 2.12: Bn gradien ngang cc i d thng trng lc Fai mc 0 v nng


trng ln 5 km.

Hnh 2.13: Cu trc v tri t b Ph Khnh theo phn tch 2D s liu trng lc

52

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Cu trc mt Moho (Hnh 2.14)


Bn su mt Moho khu vc t gy 110 c xy dng nh trn hnh 16 cho
thy a hnh mt Moho c s bin i rt mnh t vng thm lc a ra n trng su Bin
ng. C th chia a hnh mt Moho khu vc nghin cu thnh ba vng chnh sau:
Khu vc t v tuyn 14 n 18N: ti y a hnh mt Moho c su thay i trong
khong t 24-30 km v a hnh c hai phng ch o l kinh tuyn v B-TN. Dc theo
i t gy kinh tuyn 110 a hnh mt Moho c phng BTB-NN v a hnh nng ln
phn trung tm ca i. Khu vc qun o Hong Sa a hnh mt Moho c phng B-TN
l ch o.
- Khu vc b Ph Khnh v b Trung Tm: ti y a hnh mt Moho nng ln rt cao.
Khu vc b Ph Khnh mt Moho nng ln n 17 -18 km to ra di a hnh c gradien cao
nh hng theo phng B-N. Khu vc trng su Bin ng mt Moho nng ln cao nht
(10-12 km), a hnh mt Moho c phng ch o l B-TN.
- Khu vc bin ng Nam: su mt Moho thay i trong khong t 30 -26 km khu
vc b Cu Long v ty Nam Cn Sn n 18-22 khu vc pha ng ca b Nam Cn Sn.
T v tuyn 80 tr ln pha bc a hnh mt Moho c phng chnh l B-TN , t v tuyn
80 xung pha nam a hnh mt Moho c phng chnh l TB-N.
Phn b h thng t gy v ni la/magma (Hnh 2.15)
- H thng t gy kinh tuyn 1100E: H thng t gy kinh tuyn 110 ko di t v tuyn
180N n 60N, gm hai t gy chnh v chia thnh nhiu on. T pha bc ca i trt
Tuy Ha (t v tuyn 140N -180N), hai t gy chnh cch nhau khong t 30-50 km, chy
dc trong khong kinh tuyn 1090-1100E v b ct bi h thng t gy B-TN.
Ngoi ra, cn xut hin mt s t gy c phng song song vi hai t gy chnh
ny ti khu vc ngoi khi qun o Hong Sa. Pha nam ca i trt Tuy Ha, h thng t
gy 1100E chy dch v pha ty v chy dc theo kinh tuyn 1090E n v tuyn khong 70N
h thng t gy ny c xu hng b b qut dn sang hng bc ty bc. Khng ch h
thng t gy kinh tuyn 1100E on ny l hai t gy ln chy gn song song nhau v
cch nhau t 35 -60 km. H thng t gy B-N xung quanh on ny pht trin kh mnh nh
khu vc pha ng bc b Cu Long, pha nam v ng nam b Nam Cn Sn.
- H thng t gy su B-TN: H thng t gy B-TN gm cc t gy pht trin dc theo
hai bn sn ca i nng Cn Sn, dc theo u mt ca trng su Trung Tm v pha bc
v nam ca khu vc qun o Hong Sa.
- H thng t gy TB-N: H thng t gy ny pht trin ph bin khu vc i trt Tuy
Ha, pha trung tm v ty nam qun o Hong Sa v pha ng nam ca b Nam Cn Sn.
H thng t gy ny ct ph mnh h thng t gy kinh tuyn 110 khu vc i trt Tuy
Ha.
- Phn b ni la/magma: cc khi magma/ni la d bo c phn b hu khp khu vc
nghin cu nh dc theo h thng t gy kinh tuyn 1100, pha bc b Cu Long, pha
ng b Nam Cn Sn, pha ng bc v ty nam ca khi nng Cn Sn, khu vc b TCVM v qun o Hong Sa. Mt s v tr cc khi ny c pht hin qua kt qu o a
chn du kh, v cc tu nghin cu khoa hc nh Gagarinxky, Attalan.
Khu vc qun o Trng Sa
D thng trng lc v trng thi v
Khu vc qun o Trng Sa nm trn vng v chuyn tip hay v lc a b hu hoi
v b phn ct mnh trong qu trnh tch gin hnh thnh Bin ng vo cui Oliocene. a
hnh y i dng g gh, lm chm hnh thnh nhiu di o ngm, c ch su n 2500m.
D thng trng lc Fai khu vc qun o Trng Sa xut hin nhiu khi d thng a
phng dng cao nm trn mt phng chung c gi tr trung bnh xp x 0 (xem Hnh 2.16).
Gi tr d thng trng lc Fai bin i trong khong t 40 n +100 mGal. Hu ht cc di

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

53

v cc khi d thng dng cao u tp trung vo khu vc c cc o ni, o ngm v vng


nng kin to nh khu vc Reed Bank, bi Kiu Nga, Phan Vinh, Sn Ca... Cc vng d
thng thp tp trung ch yu vo cc trng kin to v a hnh y bin thp nh khu vc
trng Palawan, b Trung Tm.
D thng trng lc phn nh hai hng cu trc chnh l B-TN v TB-N. D
thng trng lc Bughe c gi tr cao (120-180 mGal), trn phng khu vc cao ny cng xut
hin cc d thng bc sng ngn phn nh mnh cc bt ng nht trn mt (Hnh 2.17).
Khu vc trng Palawan d thng Bughe dng cao. C th d nhn thy l d thng Bughe
bc sng ln phn nh kh r nt s nng ln mnh ca mt Moho ti khu vc ny.
Trn bn d thng bc sng ln (Hnh 2.18), d thng c gi tr xp x khng
tp trung ch yu vng trung tm. Ti khu vc trng Palawan d thng c gi tr m rt
thp (-60 mGal) kp bi hai di d thng dng cao. Khu vc Reek Bank c c trng bi
khi d thng c gi tr dng cao (+60 mGal). D thng bc sng di c hng phn b
chnh l B-TN. T cc c im d thng trng lc Fai trong vng c th cho thy vng
trung tm qun o Trng Sa c trng thi cn bng ng tnh kh tt, khu vc trng
Palawan c s thiu ht mt ln to ra s mt cn bng ng tnh m, khu vc o ngm
Reek Bank th hin d tha mt to ra trng thi mt cn bng ng tnh dng (xem Hnh
2.18).

Hnh 2.14: Bn su mt Moho


khu vc t gy 110. Theo Nguyn
Nh Trung, Kt qu ca ti
KC.09.11/06-1.

Hnh 2.15: Bn phn b t gy


chnh v ni la/magma. Theo
Nguyn Nh Trung, Kt qu ca
ti KC.09.11/06-1.

Phan Tr ng Trnh

54
Bn gradien ngang cc i

Hnh 2.16: D thng trng lc Fai khu vc


qun o Trng Sa

Hnh 2.17: Bn d thng trng lc Bughe


khu vc qun o Trng Sa

Hnh 2.18: D thng trng lc FAI


sau khi lc b cc tn s c bc < Hnh 2.19a: Bn gradien ngang cc i d
160 km. Theo Nguyn Nh Trung, thng trng lc Fai mc nng trng ln 2
km.
Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

55

Hnh 2.19a v 2.19b l bn gradien ngang v vect gradien ngang cc i d


thng trng lc cc mc nng trng 0, v 5. Trn hnh v cho thy bn phn b
gradien ngang cc i rt phc tp. Ti khu vc trung tm qun o Trng Sa, khu vc bi
C Rong, o Sn Ca, cc gi tr gradien ngang cc i tp trung vi mt rt cao v ch
yu phn b tp trung thnh cc vng trn hoc cc on thng ngn. Khu vc trng
Panawan, gi tr gradien tp trung thnh nhng di di chy dc theo hai pha ca trng. Phn
pha bc ca qun o Trng Sa, ni tip gip gia ranh gii v i dng v v lc a
c c trng bi nhng di gradien cc i. Ti mc trng bnh thng (Z=0 km), gradien
tnh c c gi tr ln (c ch > 6 mGal/km) v xut hin rt nhiu im gradien ngang cc
i. Khi nng trng mc cao dn ln, gi tr gradien ngang gim dn v s vect gradien
ngang cc i cng t i v cc cu trc a phng mt dn i v cu trc khu vc c lm
r hn. Ti mc nng trng ln 20 km, gi tr gradien ngang rt thp ch yu t 0- 0.2
mGal/km, cc gi tr cc i ch ln n 0.6 1.5 mGal/km v phn nh cu trc chnh trong
khu vc c phng B-TN v TB-N. Ti mc nng trng > 60 km, cc gi tr gradien
ngang rt nh gn nh bng khng (< 0.2 mGal/km).
Kt qu phn tch mt ct cu trc 2D
Mt ct cu trc c trng cho khu vc qun o Trng Sa c th hin trn Hnh
2.20 c ta im u (1110 v 120) v im cui (1160 v 60). Kt qu phn tch nh lng
2D cho thy, v Tri t y b on vng mnh m, chiu dy trm tch khong t 2-6 km.
su mt Moho thay i mnh t 12 km on u ca mt ct n 25 km khu vc trung
tm v on cui ca mt ct. Ti khu vc v i dng (on u tuyn), a hnh mt Moho
kh bng phng v nng ln rt cao so vi xung quanh to ra bc a hnh khong 6 km. Khu
vc qun o Trng Sa, a hnh mt Moho h thp (trung bnh khong 22 km), thay i g
gh. Ti khu vc trng Palawan, a hnh mt Moho nng cao n 19 km. ng thi vi vic
on vng ca v tri t khu vc ny, xut hin nhiu khi mt cao c kh nng lin
quan n cc hot ng xm nhp v phun tro to y.
Cu trc mt Moho
Mt Moho khu vc qun o Trng Sa c a hnh thay i tng i phc tp (Hnh
2.21). su trung bnh ca mt Moho khong 20 km, trong xut hin nhiu khi a hnh
m c chiu su t 24-26 km hoc a hnh dng c chiu su ln n 17-18 km. Phn ra
TB v N cu trc nh hng theo phng B-TN phn trung tm cu trc a hnh c
phng TB-N. Phn ra ty bc, mt Moho c chiu su thay i t 18-23 km, a hnh mt
Moho ko di theo phng B-TN. Ti cc khu o Ty, Ch Thp, Song T Ty, a
hnh mt Moho h thp. Phn ra Ty Nam, a hnh mt Moho nh hng theo phng BTN, chiu su mt Moho thay i trong khong t 17-20 km. Dc theo trng Palawan, a
hnh mt Moho nng cao nht t 17 km vng trung tm ca trng. Ti trung tm qun o
Trng Sa, xut hin cc khi cu trc m, nh hng theo phng TB-N thuc khu vc
o Tin N v bi Kiu Nga. Mt Moho ti y h thp n 25-26 km. Khu vc bi C
Rong a hnh mt Moho h thp n 24 km.

Phan Tr ng Trnh

56

Hnh 2.19b: Bn gradien ngang cc i d


thng trng lc Fai mc nng trng ln 5
km.

Hnh 2.21: Bn su mt Moho


khu vc qun o Trng Sa. Theo
Nguyn Nh Trung, Kt qu ca
ti KC.09.11/06-1.

Phn b h thng t gy v ni la/magma


Kt qu phn tch gradien ngang cc i cho php ta xc nh c phn b h thng
t gy v ni la/magma nh trn Hnh 2.22. Trn hnh v cho thy h thng t gy y
gm bn h thng t gy chnh l B-TN, TB-N, kinh tuyn v v tuyn.
- H thng t gy B-TN: y l h thng t gy chnh trong khu vc, n c mt hu
khp din tch vng nghin cu. H thng t gy ln nht nm khu vc trng Palawan ko
di vi trm kilomet, khng ch cu trc ca trng ny (t gy F1 v F2). Phn trung tm
ca qun o Trng Sa, xut hin nhiu t gy c chiu di nh c vi chc km.
- H thng t gy kinh tuyn: H thng t gy ny pht trin kh ph bin trong vng.
Phn ln tp trung na trn v pha ty ca khu vc qun o Trng sa: nh dc theo kinh
tuyn 1160 (t gy F4), kinh tuyn 1110-1130 (F5 v F5). Cc t gy ny c chiu di
khng ln c vi chc kilomet n 100 km.

Hnh 2.20: Mt ct cu trc khu vc Trng Sa theo phn tch 2D

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

57

- H thng t gy v tuyn: h thng t gy ny khng ph bin trong vng, n pht trin


ch yu vng trung tm ca qun o dc theo h thng o Ty, Chu Vin, Phan
Vinh, Tc Tan Ni Le v Tin N. Chiu di ca cc t gy khng ln ch c vi chc km.
- H thng t gy TB-N: h thng t gy ny ch yu l cc t gy nh, nng v pht
trin phn trung tm ca qun o Trng Sa v phn pha ty nam ca vng nghin cu.
- H thng ni la/magma: cc khi ni la/magma d bo pht trin kh mnh m khu vc
ny bao gm khong 23 im. Vng c kh nng pht trin mnh m nht tp trung ti cc
khu vc o Ln, Cha Thp, Ty, Tc Tan Ni Le, o Trng Sa, An Bang, Ba
K v phn ng bc ca trng Palawan.

Hnh 2.22: Bn phn b t gy, ni


la/magma khu vc Trng Sa

Hnh 2.23: Bn d thng trng


lc Fai khu vc Manila Philippine.
Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.

Khu vc i ht chm Manila-Philippin


D thng trng lc v trng thi cn bng ng tnh
D thng trng lc i ht chm Manila v Philippine c c trng bi di d
thng m ln v hp chy dc theo i ht chm (Hnh 2.23). Ti i ht chm Manila di d
thng m ny c ch nh nht xung n 150 mGal th hin s mt cn bng ng tnh rt
ln. Ti khu vc ra o Luzon ni a hnh y bin t trng su thm nng ln rt cao
nhng d thng Fai li khng ph thuc vo s nng ln ca bc a hnh ny, m gi tr ca
n vn gim xung. D thng Fai c gi tr nh nht khng phi ch c a hnh thp nht (4.8 km) m v tr su a hnh nng cao (-2.5 km). Ti y d thng Fai bng -113 mGal
cho thy khu vc ny b mt cn bng ng tnh rt ln do thiu ht mt gy ra bi s h
qu thp ca mt b ng tnh. Pha bn phi ca trng su, gi tr d thng Fai > 0 v d
thng Bughe rt ln cho thy mt b (mt Moho) nng ln qu cao mi to ra s d tha
mt khu vc ny.
Nh vy ti i ht chm ny phn trng su c hin tng mt cn bng thiu ht mt
ln, cn phn forebulge xy ra hin tng mt cn bng d tha mt . Khu vc i ht
chm Philippine d thng Fai cn h thp hn (-200 mGal) cho thy s mt cn bng pha
ng ca Luzon cn ln hn nhiu khu vc pha ty Luzon. Mt s khc bit na ca d
thng trng lc ti khu vc i ht chm ny l d thng trng lc Bughe nhng khu vc
ny nh hn nhiu so vi cc khu vc xung quanh (Hnh 2.25), mc d ti y su y
bin nhng khu vc ny l su nht (nh ra d thng Bughe phi l ln nht).

58

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 2.24: D thng trng lc v a hnh


y bin ct i ht chm Manila. (a) d Hnh 2.25: Bn d thng Bughe khu vc
thng Fai, (b) d thng Bughe; (d) su
ht chm Manila Philippine
y bin.
Ti cc khu vc v i dng (xung quanh i ht chm), d thng trng lc t bin
i hnh thnh ln mt phng d thng tng i n nh, ni trn n l nhng khi d
thng nh, dng cao phn nh cc ni la tr hot ng trong khu vc. Gi tr d thng
Fai thay i trong khong t 0-25 mGal, d thng Bughe thay i t 200-500 mGal. Cc
vng ranh gii v i dng v v lc a cng c phn nh bng cc gi tr d thng Fai
thp.

Hnh 2.27: Bn gradien ngang cc i d


Hnh 2.26: D thng trng lc FAI sau khi thng trng lc Fai mc nng trng ln 2
lc b cc tn s c bc < 160 km. Theo km.
Nguyn Nh Trung, Kt qu ca ti
KC.09.11/06-1.

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

59

Kt qu p dng b lc ct tn s thp (gi li d thng bc sng > 160 km) cho


thy ton b phn khu vc trng bin thm Manila v Philippine, d thng trng lc c gi
tr m ln v hu ht din tch o ca Philipine d thng c gi tr dng rt cao. iu ny
chng t c s mt cn bng ng tnh thiu ht mt hai i ht chm v s d tha mt
khu vc gia hai i ht chm ny (o Luzon).
Bn gradien ngang cc i khu vc i ht chm Manila Philippine
Bn gradien ngang cc i thnh lp cho khu vc i ht chm Manila - Philippin
nh trn Hnh 2.27. Kt qu cho thy dc theo i ht chm Manila v Philippine, gi tr
gradien ngang cc i t gi tr ln v phn b thnh nhng di di chy dc theo hng BN. Dc khu vc i ht chm Manila, xut hin 3 di gradeint ngang cc i chy gn nh
song song nhau. V pha ty ca i ht chm ny (khu vc b Trung tm) ti cc khi ni la
ngm xut hin nhiu im gradien ngang cc i tp trung thnh nhng ng trn. Phn
khu vc i ht chm Philippine xut hin hai di gradien ngang cc i cao chy song song
nhau. Khu vc gia o Luzon v o i Loan, d thng gradien ngang cc i kh phc
tp, ti y xut hin nhiu di gradien ngang cc i chy song song nhau theo phng B-N
v ti y cng xut hin nhiu khi gradien ngang cc i phn nh s xut hin ca cc
khi ni la khu vc ny.
Khi nng trng ln mc cao dn ln, bn gradien ngang cc i t phc tp hn,
nhiu cu trc nh a phng b mt dn i, li cc cu trc ln mang tnh khu vc. Ti
mc nng trng ln 20 km, trng d thng gradien ngang c gi tr rt nh (< 0.5
mGal/Km), cc di gradien ngang cc i c gi tr t 1-2 mGal/km chy dc theo khu vc
i ht chm Manila v Philippine. Trn khu vc b i dng, cc khi d thng gradien
cc i vn xut hin nhng gi tr ch khong t 0.4-0.8 mGal/km. Ti cc mc nng trng
> 60 Km, trng d thng gradien c gi tr rt nh (<0.5 mGal/km), hu nh cc di gradien
ngang cc i bin mt, ch cn li mt di xut hin dc theo i ht chm Manila v
Philippin.
Kt qu phn tch mt ct cu trc 2D
Mt ct cu trc c trng cho khu vc i ht chm Manila Philippine c th
hin trn Hnh 2.28 c ta im u (1160 v 160) v im cui (1250 v 160). Kt qu
phn tch nh lng 2D cho thy, phn v tri t khu vc v i dng (hai u ca
tuyn) ht sc mng ch khong t 7-10 km. Kt qu m hnh ha cho thy phn v i
dng ny hc xung di o Luzon v cm rt su xung Manty. Bn i Manila phn v
i dng cm su xung n 200 km, cn bn i Philippin xung n 100 km. Phn v lc
a thuc o Luzon, v tri t c chiu dy trung bnh khong 25 km. Phn ra ty ca o
Luzon mt Moho nng cao n 18 km, phn ra ng, mt Moho h thp hn, khong 24 km
v phn trung tm ca o mt Moho vng xung c ch n 31-32 km.
Cu trc mt Moho
Bn su mt Moho khu vc i ht chm Manila Philippine v k cn c
thnh lp nh trn Hnh 2.29. a hnh mt Moho lp li kh r rng a hnh y bin. Ti
cc khu vc trng su Bin ng v bin Philippine, a hnh mt Moho kh bng phng v
nng cao n su t 9-14 km. Khu vc bin Philippine mt Moho nng cao hn so vi khu
vc Bin ng. Dc theo i ht chm Manila, mt Moho h thp t ngt n su trung
bnh 20-23 km hnh thnh ln mt di a hnh h thp c phng kinh tuyn bao ly pha
ty ca qun o Philippine. Dc theo i ht chm Philippin, a hnh mt Moho cng h
thp t ngt t 8-10 km n su trung bnh 20-22 km, hnh thnh ln di a hnh h thp
c phng kinh tuyn bao ly pha ng ca qun o Philippine.
Phn b h thng t gy v ni la/magma
Kt qu phn tch gradien ngang cc i cho php ta xy dng c bn phn b
h thng t gy v ni la/magma nh trn Hnh 2.30. Trn hnh v cho thy trong vng tn
ti hai h thng t gy chnh l kinh tuyn, TB-N v B-TN.

Phan Tr ng Trnh

60

- H thng t gy kinh tuyn: y l h thng t gy chnh trong khu vc. Phn


ln cc t gy ny tp trung dc theo hai i ht chm Manila v Philippine. Dc theo i
ht chm Philippine, hnh thnh hai t gy ln (F1, F2 v F3) chy dc kinh tuyn t 1190 1200 v t v tuyn 130 -210. t gy F1 nm phn v i dng, t gy F2 v F3 nm
trn phn v lc a thuc o Luzon-i Loan. Gia hai t gy ln ny xut hin nhiu t
gy nng chy dc trong i v ch yu pht trin trn vng v lc a thuc o Luzon -i
Loan. Dc theo i ht chm Philippine cng hnh thnh ln hai i t gy ln chy dc theo
i ht chm (F4, F5 v F6). H thng t gy F6 nm trn phn v i dng v t gy F4
v F5 nm trn phn v lc a thuc o Luzon- i Loan. c bit t gy F5 c mt phn
ct c v lc a v v i dng on v tuyn 200 v pht trin ko di ln pha bc ca
vng.

Hnh 2.28: mt ct cu trc Manila Philippine theo phn tch 2D

Hnh 2.29: Bn su mt Moho khu vc


i ht chm Manila-Philippine

Hnh 2.30: Bn phn b h thng t gy


v ni la/magma khu vc i ht chm
Manial - Philippine

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

61

- H thng t gy TB-N: H thng t gy TB-N ch yu pht trin khu vc


pha nam ca o Luzon v khu vc b Trung Tm Bin ng. Hu ht cc t gy ny u
l cc t gy nh, qui m hot ng khng su.
-H thng t gy B-TN: H thng t gy B-TN pht trin hu ht cc vng
ngoi ra ca h thng ht chm Manila Philippine gm khu vc pha ty bc ca vng
nghin cu, dc theo ranh gii COB, pha ng bc ca bin Philippine v dc theo trc tch
gin Bin ng. Hu ht cc t gy ny u nh, quy m pht trin khng su.
- H thng ni la/magma: H thng ni la y pht trin kh mnh tp trung
cc vng chnh sau:
+ Khu vc b Trung tm Bin ng xc nh c 15 ni la, trong dc theo i tch gin
Bin ng 6 ni la v cc khu vc k cn l 9. Cc ni la phn b kh gn nhau, c ch
pht trin tp trung thnh nhng di di (dc trc tch gin)
+ Phn ty bc vng nghin cu (Nam Trung Quc) xc nh c 6 ni la tp trung kh gn
nhau.
+ Phn gia o Luzon v i Loan xc nh c 8 ni la phn b gn nhau.
+ Khu vc bin Philippine xc nh c 5 ni la phn b kh xa nhau
T cc kt qu tnh ton v phn tch trn bo co i n mt s nhn xt sau:
- Ngun s liu trng lc v tinh v a hnh y bin thu thp c c phn gii 1x1 c
tin cy cao, p ng tt c yu cu gii quyt cc nhim v nghin cu kin to, a
ng lc trn bin.
- H thng t gy 110 gm hai t gy ln khng ch ton b h thng t v tuyn 180 N
n 60N v b xuyn ct bi h thng t gy thuc i trt Tuy Ha. Dc theo h thng t
gy ny cc hot ng ni la/magma xy ra mnh m. y l ni a hnh mt Moho nng
ln cao t ngt. Cc hot ng nng tri, st ln tr to ra trng thi mt cn bng ng
tnh ti khu vc ny.
- Khu vc qun o Trng Sa l vng c c trng cu trc rt phc tp. Phng cu trc
chnh ca khu vc l B-TN. H thng t gy pht trin theo nhiu phng khc nhau BTN, TB- N, B-N v -T chia ct vng ny thnh nhiu cu trc nh. Mt Moho khu
vc ny nng ln cao, a hnh g gh un ln. Cc hot ng ni la/ magma pht trin
rng khp khu vc qun o Trng Sa. Trng thi cn bng ng tnh khu vc qun o
Trng Sa tng i tt. Khu vc trng Palawan ang c s thiu ht mt trong v gy ra
trng thi mt cn bng ng tnh ti khu vc ny.
- i ht chm Manila Philippine c phng cu trc chnh l B-N v c khng ch bi
hai t gy ln pht trin theo dc theo hai i ny. Trong , c mt t gy pht trin trong
vng v i ng v mt t gy pht trin trong vng v lc a thuc khi lc a
Philippine. Mng v i dng t hai pha ng ty hc chm xung di khi lc a
Philippine lm cho khi lc a Philippine ni tri ln to ra s mt cn bng ng tnh dng
rt ln. Trong khi ti hai vng trng su thm xy ra hin tng mt cn bng ng tnh
m rt ln. S hc chm ca mng v i dng c ch xung su n 200 km.
2.3. CC YU T KIN TRC CHNH BIN NG VIT NAM V KHU VC K
CN
Thng qua vic phn tch nhiu ngun ti liu khc nhau trong c ti liu t, trng
lc v a chn, thnh lp nn S cu trc Bin ng (Hnh 3.2). Trn s ny, Bin
ng bao gm cc yu t kin trc sau: trng nc su (ng bng bin thm) c v kiu i
dng phn trung tm; cc vi lc a c v lc a b hu hoi: Hong Sa - Maclessfield
Bank (HS-MB) phn Bc v Trng Sa- Reed Bank (TS - RB) phn Nam ca trng nc
su; v h thng cc ra lc a bao quanh pha Bc, pha Ty v pha Nam.

62

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Trng nc su
Trng nc su chia thnh 3 b: Ty Bc, ng v Ty Nam (K.Ru & Pigott, 1986)
[213] khc nhau bi quy m, phng v tui dn y. c bit phn Trung tm Bin ng
tn ti mt dy ni ngm c phng ng Ty, c coi l tm dn y ngng hot ng,
trn c cc phun tro bazan sau dn y. V kiu i dng y c xc nh ch
yu theo cc ti liu a vt l (t, trng lc v a chn), tui ca v c xc nh bng gii
on d thng t dng di l 32 23 tr.n. ph b pha Ty Bc; 32 15,5 tr.n. ph b
pha ng (Hayes v Taylor, 1980) [80]; 20 - 16 tr.n. ph b pha Ty Nam (Briais v nnk,
1993) [26]. Trong cc b ny pht trin cc t gy trt bng, ng vai tr l cc t gy
chuyn dng c phng BN (ng vi phng dn y BN) v TB - N (cng phng dn
y v c tui tr hn). B Ty Nam c dng nm m rng v ng Bc, tht li v Ty
Nam, ct vo phn thm lc a Nam Vit Nam.
Cc vi lc a
Cc vi lc a th hin trn mt l cc qun o xa b tp trung cc ra Bc (Hong
Sa, Maclessfied Bank) v Nam (Trng Sa, Luconia, Reed Bank) ca trng nc su. Cc
phn l trn thng b ph bi cc lp vn san h v mn cha guano tng i mng, c ni
c phun tro bazan tui Pliocen - t (q.. Hong Sa, Reed Bank, Penghu). Lt di cc
thnh to ny l cc trm tch v phun tro b bin dng, un np tui trc tam ( qun
o Hong Sa c mng un np Tin Cambri - Hutchison, 1989 [97]), vng Reed Bank lt
di cc trm tch Kainozoi l cc thnh to molas ngun lc a - bin nng mu tui Jura
- Creta. Cu trc ni ti ca cc mnh lc a ny bao gm cc b dng a ho v cc nng
dng a ly thng ko di theo phng B -TN, t hn c phng BN. Trm tch Kainozoi
lp y cc a ho c chiu dy i khi kh ln (2000m). Ranh gii cc kin trc ny thng
l cc t gy thun. Ring khi Luconia nm k pha Bc Borneo c cu trc tng i n
nh vi cc thnh to nc nng ven b v thm (ch yu l cacbonat), ch ra mng kiu lc
a lt di khi ny. Cu to mng kiu ra lc a th ng ca khi tng t ra lc a
Nam Trung Quc.
Cc ra lc a
Cc ra lc a k cn th hin trn bnh kin trc hin i bao gm: pha Bc l
min un np Caledoni Vit - Trung (Caledonit Cathaysia) b bin ci bi sinh ni hi t kiu
And (ai ni la - pluton ra) trong Mezozoi; pha Ty l min un np kt dng a k
Paleozoi - Mezozoi a khi Indosinia v ai ni la - pluton ra tui Mezozoi mun Lt.
Ranh gii gia chng l i t gy Sng Hng vi hot ng tch dn (rift) v tch dn trt bng trong Kainozoi. Phn ko di ca cc kin trc ny v pha Bin ng b ph
chng bi h thng cc b a sinh Kainozoi thm lc a c chiu dy trm tch ln. Ranh
gii pha ng l cung o ni la Philippin ang hot ng. Cung o ni la ny ngn cch
vi Bin ng bi hm vc su Manila, c xem l i ht chm cm v ng. Ct qua
trung tm qun o (t Luzon n Mindanao) theo phng BTB - NN l h thng t gy
trt bng tri (Philippin Fault Zone). Ophiolit Zambales phn ven b Ty Luzon c coi
l di ch v i dng ca Bin ng tui c th l Eocen mun. Phn ni cung o ni la
c nh du bi cc nn phun tro t - Hin i ko thnh mt di t cc o Mindoro
v Marinduque qua trung tm Luzon n o Babuan. Cung Luzon c hot ng tch cc t
nht l t Miocen mun. Phn cc ng Bc (khu vc o i Loan) c cu trc phc tp
nm trn i va chm cha kt thc gia h thng cung o - mng Ryukyus - Manila v
thm lc a Nam Trung Quc cng vi nng to ni hin i (5 mm/n), ct qua phn trung
tm o theo phng kinh tuyn l mt lot cc nghch chm - trt bng ln cm v ng
Nam th hin hot ng ca kin to nn p trt dc theo chng. Tc hi t hin i gia
mng Philippin pha ng v ra lc a Nam Trung Quc pha Ty t khang 70 km/
tr.n. Cung ni la Luzon c xu hng ko di v pha Bc qua cc o gia Luzon v i
Loan cho n cc dy ni ra ng o i Loan. St cnh pha ng cc o l ho Bc

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

63

Luzon (Luzon Trough), ni c dng nhit d thng cao v cu trc kiu tch dn Philippin,
do , mi c di chuyn n pha ng Bin ng v tr gn hin nay vo Miocen.
Pha Nam - Ty Nam trng Bin ng c bao bc bi cc t phn khc nhau ca
thm lc a Sunda, cc o Borneo, Calamian, Palawan v Mindoro. Trong cu trc o
Borneo ng vai tr quan trng l cc ai ophiolit-melange (hn tp v kiu i dng v
cung o ni la), c bit l ng Lupar (Lupar Line) ct qua trung tm o v phn chia
mng Ty Borneo cng cc trm tch thm lc a ca i Kuchin ph trn Ty v Nam
vi cc trm tch nc su b bin v un np mnh ca ci gi l a mng Ty Bc
Borneo. Qu trnh ht chm cc phc h i dng ca Paleozoi Bin ng xung gm
thch quyn Sundaland lm sn sinh cc lng tr bi kt (lot Rajang - Crocker) cn c
bo tn trong kin trc cc b tin duyn vo u Miocen sm. K tip l s va chm ca cc
tiu lc a Trng Sa, Luconia vi Borneo - Palawan to nn i un np chm ph vo cui
Miocen - u Pliocen. Ti y cn mt s khi c mng lc a nh hn nh Kelabit
Hinglands v Long Bawan, Segama, Mangkalibat b phn chia bi cc i khu. o Palawan
gm 2 phn khc bit b chia bi t gy vnh Ulugan: phn Bc gn vi Calamian v
Mindoro, phn Nam l t phn ca cung o Sabah-Palawan gm cc thnh to ophiolit, cung
o v cc trm tch kiu lng knh tng trng tui KZ. Ngoi khi pha TB o pht trin
cc b quy m khc nhau kiu b trc cung b p gia cc khi Reed Bank v Bc Palawan.
Phn N o ny l b bin ven Sulu.
Cc ra lc a ca Bin ng th hin ch yu l cc thm lc a qui m khc nhau
v cc kin trc t hp ca chng. Bao quanh Bin ng pht trin min thm lc a rng
ln v tng i lin tc, bao gm phn pha Bc l thm lc a Bc Bin ng (Nam Trung
Quc), pha Ty l thm lc a Vit Nam, thm ny m rng v ni vi thm Sunda Vnh
Thi Lan, Nam Vit Nam ko di sang cc o Borneo v Palawan.
H thng thm lc a Bin ng l i gip ni gia mt bn l tp on cc kin
trc kiu lc a gm nhiu th h un np c hnh thnh t Tin Cambri n Mezozoi
mun Kainozoi sm ang tri qua qu trnh hu hoi khc nhau trong bi cnh a ng lc
ni mng v ra mng, v mt bn l tp on cc kin trc kiu chuyn tip bao gm cc kin
trc kiu i dng mi to trong Kainozoi v cc th h kin trc kiu lc a b hu hoi,
bin ci v li cun vo qu trnh pht trin kiu bin ra ni chuyn tip gia i lc v i
dng.
c im chung nht ca thm lc a ang xt l lp v lc a a sinh ca n b
cng dn v thoi ho cc mc khc nhau v hnh thnh mt chui cc trng st ln dng
a ho b tr ngun rift pht trin theo thi on v t cc kin trc a ho - bn a ho ni
lc tch bit tng i vi nhau vo cc giai on u n tr thnh cc kin trc st ln trn
thm v ra thm lc a trong cc giai on sau. Cc trng st ln c lp y n b bi
cc thnh to trm tch - phun tro c tui t Eocen (v c hn) n Hin ti to nn mt
b mt bng phng, kiu ng bng tch t rng ln, hi nghing hay st bc v pha trung
tm trn ton b thm lc a tri di bao bc vng Bin ng. Ngc li, a hnh ca b
mt mng un np a sinh lt di cc thnh to trm tch KZ c chiu dy thay i khc
nhau trn thm lc a li th hin mt bc tranh ht sc phn d v rt phc tp.
Thm lc a
Thm lc a c xc nh l phn b ngp nc ca v Tri t ra lc a c gii
hn bi ng mp nc cho n sn lc a. Cu trc thm lc a c 2 lp l lp bazan
nm di v lp granit bin cht nm trn, trn cng c hay vng mt lp trm tch, chiu dy
ca v Tri t t gi tr trung bnh 30-35km, b vt mng t ngt sn lc a v rt
mng n mt hn chn lc a chuyn sang v i dng trn ng bng bin thm.
Thm lc a c ranh gii vi sn lc a r rt, c nhn bit bng s tng su
mt cch t ngt (thng th hin l mt vch dc trn b mt a hnh y bin) v c s
vt mng nhanh chng ca chiu dy v Tri t kiu lc a (lp granit - bin cht c trng

64

Phan Tr ng Trnh

cho v lc a b thoi ho hoc mng i ng k). Sn lc a l mt vch dc xung chn


lc a, c s vt mng t ngt v ng k ca lp granit bin cht; mt khc, c s chuyn
tip c v a hnh xung ng bng bin thm (thng qua chn lc a) v s chuyn tip t
v kiu lc a sang v kiu i dng thc th. S bin i r rt ca cc bt thng a vt
l (trng lc, a chn, t...) cng l cc du hiu nhn bit cc ranh gii ny.
Nh vy, bao quanh trng nc su ca Bin ng pht trin min thm lc a rng
ln v tng i lin tc, bao gm phn pha Bc thuc thm lc a Bc Bin ng (Nam
Trung Quc), pha Ty l thm lc a Vit Nam, thm ny m rng v ni vo thm Sunda
pha Ty Nam vi thm Bc Borneo - Palawan pha Nam v vi thm lc a kiu tch cc
rt hp ca qun o Philippin pha ng.
Thm lc a Bc Bin ng.
Thm lc a pha Bc Bin ng (Nam Trung Quc) c gii hn bi ng ng
su 200-300m v c th chia thnh phn pha ng v pha Ty. Phn pha ng c quan h
chuyn tip r rt v cu trc y t v kiu lc a n v kiu i dng ca b su
ng Bin ng c su t 2500 n trn 4000m. Phn pha Ty chuyn sang cc kin trc
v kiu lc a ca a khi qun o Hong Sa thng qua mt h thng cc trng kiu a
ho xen vi cc i nh cao kiu a lu pha Bc Qun o Hong Sa.
Thm Bc Bin ng (Nam Trung Quc) l phn tip tc ca cc kin trc ra lc a
ng Nam Trung Quc, ai un np Caledonit Cathaysia v ai ni la pluton ra lc a kiu
And hot ng t gia Jura n Creta. Trn thm ny pht trin cc b trm tch phn b theo
phng ng Bc-Ty Nam nh cc b Ty Nam i Loan, Ca sng Chu Giang,
Qiongdongnan hay Nam Hi Nam, trong b Ca sng Chu Giang c quy m ln hn c.
Mng trc Tam ca cc trng ny l cc bin cht tui Paleozoi v cc trm tch v
macma tui Mezozoi. Tui tuyt i xc nh bng phng php K/ar (Kali/Argon) ca mt s
macma pht hin trong cc l khoan vng ny nm trong khong Creta 130 -70,5 tr.n (Li,
1994) [129].
Mt ct trm tch trong cc b ny thng bt u bng cc thnh to vn th tng
sng h lc a c tui Paleocen- Eocen n Oligocen trung (cc h tng Shenhu, Wenchang,
Enping, Baoan b ca sng Chu Giang), b ca sng Chu Giang v b Qiongdongnan
trong mt s mt ct c mt c cc thnh to Creta mun ph trn mng kt tinh (c th gm
c granitoit Mezozoi v trm tch Jura mun).
Trn lc a, pha Ty Hongkong v gn ca sng Chu Giang c b Sanshui, mt ct
b ny gm khong 500m cui kt v ct kt phn lp xin cho ngun lc a tui Creta
mun- Paleogen b xuyn bi granit i km vi phun tro riolit, chng b ph bi cc thnh
to h v bin nng (cui kt, bt kt, ct kt) tui Paleocen -Eocen trung v vng mt cc
thnh to tr hn). Trong hu ht cc mt ct a chn ca cc b bao quanh trung tm Bin
ng quan st thy mt bt chnh hp a tng khu vc ranh gii Oligocen mun vi cc
thnh to trc . Thnh phn cc thnh to v mi trng trm tch cng c s thay i t
lc a sang tng bin ngy mt xa b v su hn. H thng t gy pht trin, ch yu l
cc t gy thun c phng ng Bc - Ty Nam ct qua cc thnh to mng. Trm tch
Kainozoi ph trn, nhiu ni n Pliocen, to nn cc a ho v bn a ho (thng c
trng cho chu k trm tch lc a) b tch bit bi cc i nng dng a lu, b phn cch vi
phn ra lc a bi i nng ra Hainan v gia chng vi nhau bi i nng trung tm ko
theo phng ng Bc- Ty Nam c chia thnh cc nng nh hn l Dongsha, Panyu v
Shenghu. Ke Ru (1986) [213] cho rng c 3 thi k hot ng kin to lin quan n s hnh
thnh cc th h t gy ca phn thm lc a ny l Creta mun - Paleocen; Eocen mun Oligocen v Miocen gia n mun.
Thm lc a Ty Bin ng (Vit Nam):
Thm lc a Ty Bin ng (Vit Nam) tri trn mng un np a sinh, c cu trc
phc tp : phn pha Bc rng ln bao gm vnh Bc B ni lin vi thm lc a Bc Bin

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

65

ng v chuyn tip vi khi lc a qun o Hong Sa thng qua lot cc kin trc a ho
v a lu hp c phng kinh tuyn v ng Bc - Ty Nam. Thm ny tht li khu vc t
Nng n Phan Rang, ni mt vch sn dc hnh thnh dc theo i t gy kinh tuyn
Hi Nam - eo bin Sunda. Khng quan st thy s chuyn tip ca "sn lc a" ny n
chn lc a v sau n ng bng bin thm, ni v lc a mt hn v chuyn sang v
kiu i dng, ngc li n chuyn sang a hnh v cu trc ca mt vng ni, cao nguyn
dng khi tng c lt di bi v kiu lc a b thoi ho, mng i v phn d mnh ca
khi qun o Hong Sa- Macclessfield Bank. Tip tc v pha Nam, thm m rng ng k
v ni vi thm Sunda (bao gm thm Nam Vit Nam, khu vc vnh Thi Lan v k cn pha
Ty Kalimantan). Cn lu rng vic phn nh ranh gii trong ni vi thm lc a bao quanh
Bin ng nh nu trn ch l tng i v mang tnh cht phn chia a l.
C th phn nh ranh gii ca thm lc a Vit Nam vi sn lc a dc theo h
thng t gy phng kinh tuyn Hi Nam - Eo bin Sunda (t gy kinh tuyn 1090, hay
theo mt s tc gi l kinh tuyn 1100). H thng t gy ny biu hin rt r c trn a hnh
y bin vng bin min Trung nh mt vch kin to rt dc t su 200m ( phn
pha Bc) n cc su 300- 500m. Mt khc, t ngoi khi Nng n ngoi khi Khnh
Ho n th hin l mt vch cm dc su t cc su 300- 400m xung su 800900m, c ni n 1200m. Trn b mt b ca vch ny rt pht trin h thng cc canhion
ngm ct su t trn 10m v ln hn. Dc theo tuyn t gy ny c s bin i r rt ca cc
bt thng a vt l, c bit l trng lc (Bi Cng Qu, 1990) [29] v phn no c hot
ng ng t, ni la. Bc tranh cu trc cc lp ca thch quyn cng c s bin i rt
ng k dc theo i nh s vt mng ca v lc a rt nhanh chng t 30km dc theo
ng b n ch cn 27- 28km trn mp thm lc a v gim t ngt xung di 24- 22
km sau khi i qua i t gy nu trn.
c im chung ca thm lc a l lp v lc a a sinh b cng gin v thoi ho
cc mc khc nhau v hnh thnh mt chui cc trng st ln dng a ho b tr, pht
trin t cc kin trc a ho, bn a ho ni lc tch bit nhau vo cc giai on u n cc
kin trc st ln trn thm v ra thm lc a trong cc giai on sau. Cc trng st ln c
lp y b tr bi cc trm tch phun tro c tui t Eocen (v c hn) n hin ti, to nn
mt b mt bng phng, kiu ng bng tch t rng ln, hi nghing hay st bc v pha
trung tm trn ton b thm lc a bao bc vng Bin ng. Ngc li, a hnh ca b mt
mng un np a sinh lt di cc thnh to trm tch Kainozoi c chiu dy thay i khc
nhau trn thm lc a li th hin mt bc tranh ht sc phn d v rt phc tp.
Pha Bc thm lc a Vit Nam c din phn b rng ln dc theo vnh Bc b, ni
lin vi thm lc a Nam Trung Quc pha ng. Thm lc a Ty Nam Vit Nam m
rng v pha vnh Thi Lan v ni v pha Nam v ng Nam vi cc phn thm ca cc
nc k cn bao quanh Bin ng thuc thm Sunda. Ton b thm lc a vnh Bc B c
dng mt trng lng cho, t nhiu khng i xng, hi ko di theo phng Ty Bc- ng
Nam trn a hnh y bin hin ti. Trng a hnh ny phn nh mt trng ngun rift c
lp y bi mt phc h trm tch tui Kainozoi dy ti xp x 15km phn trung tm.
Phn trung tm dc ven bin min Trung t Nng n Khnh Ho, din tch thm
lc a thu hp t ngt ch cn khong 50-70km v chuyn nhanh xung sn lc a thng
qua mt s bc v vch dc ca a hnh ngm. B mt a hnh ca thm nghing v pha
ng. phn ven b n su 200m, nghing b gn nh nm ngang, sau chuyn
qua mt vch kh dc xung mt b mt hi nghing su 300- 400m. T su ny a
hnh y gn nh dng ng xung cc su 800- 900m, 1000- 1200m v hn. Vch dc
va nu ko di gn nh thng theo phng kinh tuyn v pha Nam i vo phm vi vng
bin thm Sunda.
Phn thm lc a vng ng Nam Vit Nam chia thnh hai phn r rt bi i nng
Cn Sn nh ln di dng cc o phn trung tm. Thm trong l trng Cu Long c a

66

Phan Tr ng Trnh

hnh y nghing u vo trung tm di dng mt lng cho i xng hi c dng bu dc


vi trc di c phng ng Bc- Ty Nam, a hnh y bin su nht khng qu 70m.
Thm ngoi trng vo din phn b ca trng Nam Cn Sn c a hnh nghing dc v pha
ng, ng Nam (trn 5- 100) t cc su khong t 0- 20m n su 1000m v hn. Ti
y cng quan st thy mt s vch t 200m n 300 - 400m v t khong 700- 800m n
1000m v hn, tuy khng r rt v dc ng nh phn thm v sn min Trung m t trn.
V Tri t kiu lc a phn nh kin trc un np a sinh c mc bin v phc
tp v lu di. V c bn b dy v y c su thay i t khong 30km dc ng b
n 24- 26km phn ra thm ngoi, cng nh trong phn trung tm cc trng Sng Hng,
Vnh Thi Lan v Nam Cn Sn.
Thm lc a Nam Bin ng (Sunda):
Thm lc a Nam Bin ng bao gm cc phn b ngp nc ca cc o v qun
o pha Nam Bin ng t khu vc o Natuna pha Ty Nam, qua pha Bc o
Kalimantan v Palawan n cc o pha TN ca qun o Philippin. Thm ny c dng m
rng pha Ty Nam v thu hp dn v pha B vi cu trc phn d phc tp. ng Lupa
c dng un cong nhp vo i t gy Hi Nam - Eo bin Sunda pha ng Bc ca o
Natuna, phn chia mng un np tr tui Alpi vi ai ni la -pluton trn mng bin cht
Paleozoi ca khi Borneo. Qun o Trng Sa -Reed Bank, cc khi ny c dch chuyn
n trong qu trnh khp kn b i dng c Paleo- Bin ng tui Mezozoi dc theo hm
vc Palawan. Bi cnh kin trc- kin to phc tp y to nn cc b trm tch va gi ln
thm lc a, va chng trn cc i hm vc tn d ca i ht chm v gi ln "thm lc
a c" ca cc khi lc a b hu hoi mnh. Mt ng Bc ca b b chn bi i ht chm
Manila ang hot ng cm v pha cung ni la Philippin.
Cc b trm tch trn thm lc a
Nu xt thm lc a trn gc nh mt thc th ca v Tri t kiu lc a th c
th nhn thy rng v lc a di lp trm tch Kainozoi c chiu dy khc nhau b lm
mng do ko gin, st ln cc mc khc nhau v do c th phn nh cc n v (i
kin trc) to nn cc b trm tch khc nhau trn thm lc a Vit Nam nh sau (Hnh 2.31):
B Bc vnh Bc B (Beibuwan, b Ty Li Chu):
B Bc Vnh Bc B l mt trng dng a ho ko di theo phng ng Bc- Ty
Nam t bn o Li Chu -Trung Quc n khu vc o Bch Long V - Vit Nam. i tch
gin st ln a ho Li Chu- Bch Long V trn mng un np Caledoni chim phn bin
ng Bc Vit Nam ti pha Bc o Hi Nam. Trng c kin trc ni ti phn d v c dng
st a ho bc thang vo trung tm, ni c chiu dy trm tch Kainozoi t trn 5.000m. c
im ng ch l phn mt pha Ty cc thnh to thuc phn di mt ct Kainozoi
(Oligocen) l trn b mt di dng mt np li nghch o (o Bch Long V), cn ra Bc
o Hi Nam ghi nhn hot ng ni la bazan kh mnh trong T.
Khng ch hnh thi v cu trc ca b l h thng cc t gy kiu thun theo
phng ng Bc- Ty Nam, to nn s st bc phn d vi s tn ti mt i nng trung tm
phn chia b thnh cc b Ty Bc v ng Nam. Mt ct trm tch bt u t cc thnh to
lc a vn th (aluvi) tui Paleocen-Eocen sm (H tng Changliu) chuyn sang cc thnh
to h ch yu l phin st en Eocen gia- mun, phn di c t phun tro bazan, h tng
Liushagang v cc trm tch sng h h tng Weizhu tui Oligocen sm. Cc thnh to ny
lp y cc a ho v bn a ho hp b tch bit nhau bi cc i nng. Chiu dy trm tch
cc h tng ni trn t ti 1800- 2000m. Sau mt bt chnh hp v gin on a tng mt ct
trm tch chuyn sang cc tng chuyn tip bin ven b v bin nng. Trong h tng cui
pht trin phun tro bazan kh rm r. Tng chiu dy cc trng st ln mnh (v d trng
Weishi ra Bc o Hi Nam) t trn 5000m.

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

67

Hnh 2.31: V tr cc b trm tch ln trn thm lc a Bin ng Vit Nam, phng theo
Phan Trung in v Trn Vn Tr (theo Nguyn Hip v nnk,. 2005) [155]
Mng ca b l ra cnh Bc (khu vc cc qun o t Ct B n C T) l cc
thnh to lc nguyn phun tro un np tui Caledoni, b ph bi cc cacbonat kiu
thm bin nng tui Cacbon - Pecmi, cc phc h lc nguyn phun tro kiu trng, a
ho t ni lc n ra tui Mezozoi (Trias mun - h tng Hn Gai, Jura h tng H Ci)
b xuyn ct bi cc granit tui Creta c l tng t nh thy phn ra ng Nam
Trung Quc. Mt khc hot ng ni la bazan tui Pliocen mun n t kh rm r
ngay phn ra Nam ca trng ny, dc theo i t gy ra phng v tuyn. V Tri t
kiu lc a di trng ny b mng i, mt Moho nng ln n su khong 26 km (so
vi 30km ven cc b pha Bc v Hi Nam. Gi tr gradien a nhit kh cao, t
3.00C/100m. Phn tch ng cong st ln cc l khoan Bei A, Bei B (Ru and
Pigott,1986) [213] cho thy qu trnh st ln c tnh chu k kh r vi cc nh cao ca
tc st ln trong khong t Eocen sm n cui Eocen gia v trong Miocen gia.
B Li Chu Bch Long V tip gip b Sng Hng di gc gn 900 thng qua
mt khi nng nghch o c dng vm l o Bch Long V. Ti y l ra cc thnh to
Oligocen v Miocen thuc phn di (ng rift) ca mt ct trm tch cc b.
B Sng Hng
B Sng Hng l mt i tch gin- st ln ngun rift c mng un np a sinh,
ch yu l phc h un np Tin Cambri, nm trng vo din ko di ra bin ca i khu
xuyn lc a Sng Hng c phng TB-N.

68

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Phn mng l ra trn lc a gm cc thnh to siu bin cht ca phc h Sng


Hng. Hot ng kin to xit trt - dch tri (Tapponnier, 1986; Leloup, 1995...) [228]
[127] mnh m trong na u Kainozoi dc theo i t gy Sng Hng, Sng Chy
gy bin i, bin cht mnh n xo nho cc hot ng bin cht c hn ca thc th
a cht ny.
Phn st ln trn thm lc a c lp y b tr bi cc thnh to trm tchphun tro tui Kainozoi khng lin quan n bin cht nhit ng ca phn t lin nh
dy ni Con Voi, m lin quan trc tip n qu trnh chn vi trm tch v ch nhit
ca qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca ring b. Tp trm tch- phun tro ny c chiu
dy hin thy theo cc ti liu khoan v a vt l t khong 15 km phn trung tm
trng. Trong khi cc ti liu trng lc cho thy c s nng cao ca b mt Moho bn
di trng c th su 22 - 24 km, hay 28 - 26 km (Bi Cng Qu, 1990) [29] cho
thy lp granit-bin cht y b mng i ng k, ch cn li trn di 10km phn
trung tm trng, c ngha mc ko gin ca v lc a t ti 2-3 trc rift vi gi
tr dng nhit t t 65 n trn 100mw/m2. Gradient a nhit t ti 4.50C/100m. Nhng
dn liu trn cho thy thch quyn lc a bn di trng b gin mng ng k v
quyn mm c th nh ln n su khng ln (di 100km), thm ch di 80km.

Hnh 2.32: Mt ct tng hp pha nam b Sng Hng (theo Nguyn Hip v nnk,. 2005) [155]
B Sng Hng b khng ch r rt bi cc h thng t gy thun ko di theo
phng Ty Bc- ng Nam (h thng t gy Sng Hng, Sng Chy, Sng L), to cho
b mt y ca cc trng c dng a ho hp, ko di st bc phn d v pha trung tm
vnh Bc B v tip tc ko di v thu hp li v pha Nam n ngoi khi Quy Nhn.
ng ch l trong h thng ny theo ti liu a vt l, t gy Sng Hng ch quan st
c r phn trn lc a v khng r phn ngoi khi vnh Bc B. H thng t gy
ng Bc- Ty Nam pht trin ch yu vng ven bin chu th ng bng Bc B v v
c bn cng l cc t gy thun cm v ng Nam. Phn mt pha ng- ng Nam b
pht trin cc h thng t gy phng kinh tuyn- kinh tuyn to nn ranh gii vi cc
b thm lc a Bc Bin ng. H thng t gy Ty Bc- ng Nam phn chia b thnh
3 kin trc chnh l trng trung tm vnh Bc B v cc cnh Ty Nam, ng Bc, trong
cnh Ty Nam l mt kin trc kiu n nghing (n nghing Thanh Ngh), ranh gii
ca n vi trng trung tm th hin di dng mt np on su, thng l i vt nhn v
mt hn ca cc h lp trm tch thi k u ca st vng. Kin trc ny v pha Nam (
ngoi khi Bnh Tr Thin) b phc tp ho mnh bi cc h thng t gy phng Ty

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

69

Bc- ng Nam v v tuyn to nn mt trng ra phn d mnh l b Hu. Cnh ng


Bc ca trng trung tm nm vo vng st ca phn thm bao quanh ra Ty o Hi Nam
v c gi l b Yenggehai (theo cch gi Trung Quc).
H thng t gy ng Bc - Ty Nam phn pha Bc b phn cch trng trung
tm vnh Bc B vi phn on vng st ln ca ng bng chu th Sng Hng nm trn
lc a v c gi l vng hay trng H Ni. Phn ng Nam ca trng trung tm vnh
Bc B c khng ch bi cc h t gy phng kinh tuyn, kinh tuyn. Chng to
nn cc kin trc a lu c quy m khc nhau (Hnh 3.31) v c th phn nh c kin
trc a ho hp Qung Ngi (trc y gi l Qung ) v nng a lu Tri Tn (trc
y c gi l nng Quy Nhn). i nng a lu ny c dng thu hp v chm dn v
pha Bc, nh cao v m rng v pha Nam, to nn ranh gii pha ng- ng Nam ca
b Sng Hng.
S phn d ca cc thnh to trm tch lp y trng phn nh mi trng trm
ng khc nhau gia phn pha Bc v phn pha Nam, nht l c s khc nhau gia
cc phn di (Eocen- Oligocen) ch yu gm cc thnh to ngun lc a v phn
trn ca mt ct (Neogen- t) ch yu c ngun gc bin. c im ca qu trnh
trm tch l c tnh chu k vi nhiu gin on, bt chnh hp v bin ng ca mi
trng trm tch trong mi chu k.
Cc thnh to Pliocen- t phn pha Bc b c ghp vo cc h tng Vnh
Bo (Pliocen) v Hi Dng, Kin Xng (Pleistocen v Holocen) gm ch yu l ct kt
xen cc lp bt kt phn ra chuyn sang ch yu l bt kt xen ct kt, st kt trung
tm, chng nm bt chnh hp trn cc thnh to c hn. Chiu dy tng nhanh t khong
300- 400m ra n 4000m trung tm b, ng thi din phn b m rng ng k.
Phn pha Nam b ngoi cc trm tch nh trn cn thy cc phun tro bazan phn
di, l ra nhiu ni cc ra nh trn o Cn C, o C Lao R (o L Sn) v vng
ven bin Qung Ngi- Bnh nh.
V c bn cc t gy l t gy thun to nn cc trng dng a ho st su dng
bc thang vo trung tm i khi b ngn cch bi cc nng ko di dng a lu. Phn
trung tm cc trng ny chiu dy trm tch- phun tro Kainozoi t n 7- 8 km (trng
bc 3 ng Quan thuc trng H Ni), 8- 10 km (a ho Qung Ngi), 13- 15 km (trng
trung tm).
B Ph Khnh
B Ph Khnh c phng kinh tuyn tri di dc ra thm lc a min Trung t
Quy Nhn n mi C N. K gip pha Bc l trng Qung Ngi v a lu Tri Tn
thuc b Sng Hng v i nng a lu Hong Sa ngoi thm lc a. Ranh gii pha
Nam gip vi nng Phan Rang, l kin trc phn chia hai b Ph Khnh v Cu Long.
B Ph Khnh c dng tuyn bao gm mt s trng bc cao nm ni k nhau dc i t
gy Hi Nam - Eo bin Sunda (hay i t gy kinh tuyn 109 o). Phn ln din tch ca
b nm di mc nc bin trn 200m n su trn 2500m. Nh vy, b Ph Khnh
nm i chuyn tip gia thm lc a v i b ca trng nc su Bin ng.
Cn c theo b dy trm tch Kainozoi thy r b ny c xu hng chm dn t
pha Bc (6- 7km) v pha Nam (trn 10km). Cc ti liu l khoan pht hin mng
ca b c cc c xp tui trc tam b bin cht v t gy chia ct thnh cc
khi kin trc phc tp.
Nc ca mng m hc l mt phn x dng mnh v l tng a chn su nht c th
nh du mang tnh khu vc ngoi khi min Nam v min Trung Vit Nam, su ca
chng phc tho ra cc b v cc im cao ln trong khu vc. Tng ny m tng ng vi nc
trc tam l bt chnh hp do rift v b dch chuyn bi nhiu t gy cng gin. t gy
ny vch ra ba b rift: b Ph Khnh, b Nam Cn Sn, v b Cu Long, v khi nng Cn

70

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Sn, khi nh cu trc ngn cch cc b Cu Long v b Nam Cn Sn vi cc b Ph


Khnh v Cu Long. Cc b Nam Cn Sn v Ph Khnh ni vi nhau pha ng.
Trong b Ph Khnh, cc t gy ch yu c phng B-N ti TBN. Phng ca
t gy thay i ti gn ng - ty phn pha ng ca b, nhng thng kh th hin
chi tit cc t gy ny trn bn bi v phng ca chng song song vi hu ht cc tuyn
a chn. Thm vo cc t gy ny c tm thy su ng k v nhng ni bn
di lp ph ni la dy lm phc tp vic nhn dng cc t gy ny.
Phn tn cng pha nam of rift Sng Hng tip ni vo b Ph Khnh v c vch ra
bi cc a ho hp phn pha bc ca b. a ho hp ny nm trn v dy ch 25 km v
to nn hnh thi nng ca moho ngay di trng su c ch ra nh m hnh trng lc
(Fyhn v nnk., 2009) [67]. iu ny ch ra rng cc t gy khng ch a ho ct qua ton b
v theo mt ng dc dc theo trng. t gy pha ng ca a ho hp tip tc pht trin
v pha nam v to nn cu trc chnh trong b Ph Khnh, to nn on ko di c v trn
bn ca b bin song song vi t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam pha nam ca b Sng
Hng. Dng tuyn thng ca t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam tip tc ko di hn 150 km v
pha nam v phn thnh cc on t gy cng gin ring r m m rng vo i t gy Tuy
Ho phng TBN, n gii hn b Ph Khnh pha ty.
V pha t lin ca t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam v i t gy Tuy Ho, mng
m hc c trng bi kiu phn x nhiu lon, nhiu ni chim u th bi nhiu mt phn
x. Phn ny ca mng m hc c th tng ng vi mng kt tinh Trias ti u Paleocen
tng t nh phn l ra trn t lin min Trung v Nam Vit Nam di vi kilomet v pha
t lin trong cc mt ct a chn. Ngc li, nc ca mng m hc pha ng ca t gy
ranh gii ng Vit Nam c trng bi bt chnh hp gc, chng ph ln tp trm tch tin rift
dy. Chui trm tch tin rift c th nh du trong mt i di khong 100 km dc theo t
gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam, nhng ko di v pha bc ca khu vc nghin cu v b ko
xung theo t gy bn di su a chn cc i v pha nam. Bn cht thay i ca
mng m hc trc tam ngang qua t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam c th l kt qu ca
s tip gip nhau ca cc phn v trc tam khc nhau. Cng vi chiu di lin tc v
dng tuyn thng ca t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam, cng ca bin dng ng rift dc
theo t gy ny v s ko di v pha nam ti h t gy trt bng trong b Sng Hng v
i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng, iu ny c minh gii l dch chuyn ngang bin
ln trn t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam trong b Ph Khnh.
Chiu dch chuyn tri c xut nh s lin kt vi h t gy trt bng tri
trong b Sng Hng v i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng pha bc. S m rng ca cc
t gy cng gin phng ty bc phn pha nam ca b Ph Khnh v trong i t gy
Tuy Ho cho thy mt trc Paleogen ko di ph hp vi trt bng tri ca t gy ranh gii
ng Vit Nam. Trt bng tri trn t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam cng c xut nh
s m rng ca cc t gy dng ui nga v pha TB t t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam
phn pha ng bc ca b v c ng h bi cc t gy cng gin st bc phi c minh
gii nh cc c im tng hp tng ng vi ridel shear, n to nn cc h tng ng
ngoi khi vi cc h t gy trt tri ph bin trn b c miu t bi Rangin v nnk.,
(1995) [208, 210].
V tr k nhau trong giai on tin c v trn bn pha bc khong 100 km
ca khu vc nghin cu, nhng dng nh tip tc ko di v pha bc ca khu vc nghin
cu c ti liu, v xa hn v pha nam b ko xung theo t gy v b che i bi tng nc
su v cc trm tch Kainozoi nm pha di su ghi nhn ca ti liu a chn (hu ht l
78 s TWT). Gi s rng s lin k nhau ny l nh dch chuyn ngang do trt bng tri dc
theo t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam, ti thiu bin dch chuyn ngang tri 100 km phi
xy ra trn t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam khu vc Ph Khnh. Vn ng trt bng
nhiu kh nng b gii hn ti Eocen v Oligocen nh c ch ra bi tui ca tp ng rift

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

71

dc theo t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam, n c ng h bi tui ca mng pha ty ca


t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam ch ra s lin k nhau sau Creta.
Mt ct chnh ca b l cc thnh to trm tch Kainozoi, c chia thnh 3 phc
h l cc trm tch Eocen - Oligocen kiu sng h v tam gic chu, chng nm ph bt
chnh hp trn mng un np Paleozoi; cc trm tch thuc lot bin tin tui Miocen,
gm cc lc nguyn ht mn, chng nm ph bt chnh hp ln mng un np v cc
trm tch lc nguyn kiu nc nng ven bin tui Pliocen- t, nm ph bt chnh
hp trn hai phc h va m t.
Cc tch t Kainozoi ph khng chnh hp ln mng m hc trong khu vc v cc
trm tch Oligocen di c chng minh trong cc ging khoan ngoi cc trung tm st
ln. Cc trm tch Eocen tn ti trong Cu Long v cc b rift lin k nhiu kh nng cng c
trong cc b Ph Khnh v Nam Cn Sn (Lee v nnk., 2001) [125], (Clift v nnk., 2008)
[50] v (Fyhn v nnk., 2009a) [67]. Trong b Cu Long, tp trm tch Eocen ti gia
Oligocen lp y cc a ho v cc bn a ho phng BTN. Trm tch Kainozoi c nht
trong b Ph Khnh l cc trm tch ng rift ch yu nm tin v pha bin ca t gy ranh
gii ng Vit Nam v trong cc trng bao quanh bi t gy m ni b Ph Khnh vi b
Sng Hng pha bc. Nhng dch chuyn ngang c tht ngang qua cc t gy chnh lm
dch chuyn y ca cc tch t ng rift Paleogen bn di su ghi nhn ca ti liu a
chn phn ny ca b. Dc theo t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam, tp Paleogen b bin
dng v ph v tng i so vi cc tng ng rift cng thi xa hn xo vi t gy ranh gii
ng Vit Nam, n c minh gii l cc bin dng gy ra bi dch chuyn ngang ng k
dc theo t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam. V pha nam, i t gy Tuy Ho bao quanh cc
trm tch Paleogen ca b Ph Khnh. Tch t ng rift trong cc a ho v bn a ho ch ra
hot ng trong Paleogen dc theo i t gy ny. S phn b ca cc trm tch Paleogen
trong cc di hp gia cc b Cu Long v Ph Khnh cho thy mt mi lin kt trong
Paleogen gia cc b ny. Cu ni c th rng hn xut bi cc trm tch Paleogen c
bo tn khi qu trnh bo mn sau ny lm hp nm tng trng trm tch ny.
Pha bc ca i t gy Tuy Ho bt chnh hp a chn ny nht mu ch ra s c
mt ca cc trm tch Oligocen trn trong b Ph Khnh. S thay i v kin to dng nh
xy ra trong sut Oligocen mun trong b Ph Khnh bi v mt bt chnh hp ln bt chnh
hp phn chia phn di khi tp ng rift Paleogen trn phn trung tm ca b. Bt
chnh hp ny c th tng ng vi cc bt chnh hp gia Oligocen trong b Cu Long v
trong b Sng Hng. S ct ct tng ln v pha t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam cho thy
mt s thay i gia Oligocen v kiu kin to dc theo t gy ny. S ln chm ng rift
ti hot ng c minh chng nh s c mt ca mt nm ng rift Oligocen di dy dc
theo i t gy ny. Kiu ln chm thay i sau pha nng tri gia Oligocen. S ln chm
do cng gin xy ra trn quy m khu vc pha ng ca t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam
trc thi gian gia Oligocen, tri li ln chm Oligocen mun c tp trung trong mt i
hp dc theo t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam do s gim hot ng t gy trong khu vc
ny.
Cc cu trc c hn ti hot ng v cc t gy ln phng ty bc c hnh
thnh dc theo i t gy Tuy Ho u Neogen. Trong b Ph Khnh, hot ng t gy
phn ln b gii hn cc ra b pha ty ni cc rift phng TB-N ti B-N hnh thnh mt
di cu trc ni vi i t gy Tuy Ho. trung tm rift Paleogen ngang qua phn pha
bin ca b ny, ch hot ng t gy nh xy ra bao gm pha nn p gn nht trn mt vi
t gy dc ng vo cui Miocen.
phn pha nam ca b Ph Khnh, cc phn x tng i lin tc vi bin trung
bnh c trng cho phn Miocen di v c minh gii l phn nh ch yu cc trm tch
silicic t aluvi n bin nng. Dc theo ra ty ca b v ti tn cng pha bc, cc mt phn
x mnh Miocen di vch ra cc thm carbonate nm trn mng m hc v cc trm tch

72

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Paleogen trn cc khu vc nng cao v mt cu trc. phn pha nam ca khu vc ny, cc
ra thm b bin ci bi s bo mn su nh thy nh hin tng ct ct phn x, n
che m cc ra thm dng vch quan st c pha bc. Thm ny pht trin v pha ng
bc to nn phn ko di ca phn c nht ca thm carbonat Tri Tn gp trong ging khoan
bc ca b Ph Khnh (Roques v nnk., 1997a; 1997b) [212] . khu vc gia v lin k hai
thm carbonate ny, cc tp phn x a chn mnh nm ni nhiu kh nng lin quan n
st vi nm ngoi thm, mt phn trong s chng c th to nn cht lng ca m
ging nh du l ra t cc m st vi tam c tm thy dc theo b bin Vit Nam
(Fyhn v nnk., 2009a) [67]. S gim v bin phn x ca chui carbonate Miocen di
trong b Ph Khnh ch ra xu th tng ln pha trn thnh phn silicic. Thm carbonate pha
ty bc c duy tr trong sut Miocen gia trong khi thm pha b khng chng chu ni do
vic l ra gn mt t nh c xut bi b mt pha trn b ct ct ca n v nhng gin
on nhiu ni to nn nc ca thm. Qu trnh nng tri v rift ng thi nhiu kh nng b
khng ch bi hot ng ni la cc b nh thy qua cc khong nng cao v bin cao
phn tn ngang qua khu vc bng v cc thnh to bazan gp trong ging khoan 121-CM-1X.
phn gn b ca b Ph Khnh, thm ang m rng ln pha trn pht trin trong
sut Neogen mun bao gm cc tch t chu th ti bin nng. Mt khong bin cao phn
tn vi b mt pha trn g gh, phn x manhi v nhiu khi nh cao khong 100300 ms to
nn tp trm tch pha b. Khong ny c minh gii l s ko di v pha bin ca bazan
a phng trn b nm trong khong 7.5 v 10.5 triu nm, (Lee v nnk., 1998) [124] v
(Rangin v nnk., 1995b) [210]. Cc n nghing m vi cc lp phn lp xin (foreset) dc
ng phn v pha bin ca khong bazan nhiu kh nng lin quan vi delta ni la dc
theo ng b c. Xa hn v pha bin, nhiu khi nh cao ti vi trm mt nhiu kh nng
phn nh cc ni la, nhiu ni nh du bi cc dng chy ni la nm ngang v cc tch
t phi ni la lin quan. Cc cu trc bin cao dng a trong Neogen trn to nn y ca
mt vm thoi . Cc cu trc ny c minh gii l cc th va nng tng t nh cc phc h
xm nhp c m t dc theo ra Atlantic. Cc np un nm trn ch ra tui tng i v
su thnh to.
Sn thm song song vi b c hnh thnh trong b Ph Khnh trong sut Neogen
mun v tch lu thnh thm pht trin phn su hn ca b. Xa hn v pha nam, tng
sn thm c xp vo tng b dc v sn dc so vi nhng g quan st c trn phn
pha bin ca khi nng Cn Sn. pha bc v trung tm b Ph Khnh, tng Neogen trn
v pha b k gi vo a hnh c hn trong khu vc v c xp v pha b thnh cc trm
tch sn bao gm cc thu knh a hnh thp. Tng ny thng c trng bi tnh phn x
yu n trung bnh vi tnh lin tc bin i b ngt qung bi nhiu c im chanel trn ra
ca phn gii a chn v c minh gii l chui hn hp ca turbidites v cc trm tch
i dng.
B Cu Long
B Cu Long c dng bu dc vi trc di phng ng Bc- Ty Nam. B ny nm
v tr ca thm trong c ngn cch vi thm ngoi bng nng Cn Sn, chiu dy trm
tch Kainozoi trung tm t trn 8km, ph trn mng un np tui Kimmeri (Creta mun) l
ra trn i nng Cn Sn pha ng, ra pha Ty v gp trong cc i nng dng a lu
phn trung tm b (Bch H, Rng...). Trng b khng ch bi cc t gy thun hoc i np
on ra phng ng Bc- Ty Nam, to nn st ln dng a ho bc thang b phc tp ho
bi cc nng a lu c quy m khng ln. Ton b i trng a ho c phng trc ko di
ng Bc- Ty Nam, trng vi phng kin trc ca mng un np.
nhiu ni khc nhau trong b Cu Long, nc ca mng m hc ph ln trn mt
khong phn x nhiu lon, tri li khong ny c th nhn r mt phn cc ni khc. Mng
m hc c khoan qua bao gm xm nhp granit Mesozoi mun, cc phun tro lin quan
cng nh cc trm tch bin cht trnh thp (Lee v nnk., 2001) [125]. Cc t gy ph

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

73

bin phng BTN ti B-N ct ngang qua mng ca b v vch ra mt tm st ln su ln


ti khong 4 s TWT nm tn cng pha ty nam ca khu vc nghin cu. C hin tng
nng dn ca b v pha t lin, tin ti i t gy Tuy Ho, v v pha bin dc theo khi
nng Cn Sn.
Mt ct cc thnh to Kainozoi c bt u bng cc trm tch lc a th gp trong
GK Cu Long 1 (ven b Ty Nam b) gm cui kt, sn kt, ct kt xen cc lp mng st kt
mu nu , tm sc s cha cc bo t phn c xc nh tui Eocen c xp vo h tng
C Ci. Trong mt s GK cu to Wolf gp tng y gm cc tng v cui granitoit tng
sng min ni v v phong ho granitoit ti trm ng, him hn l cc silic v phun tro
axit. Cc ny c gn kt bi ct kt a khong ht khc nhau, i khi c xut hin cc
lp tuf trung tnh, st, bt kt tuf v porfirit bazan. Mt s bo t phn y tp c nh
tui Eocen. Trong cc l khoan ngoi khi cc thnh to Oligocen ph trc tip trn b mt bo
mn; phong ho nt n cc xm nhp granodiorit- granit, diorit thch anh tui 98-178 tr.n.
Trm tch Oligocen h h tng Tr C bao gm ch yu l st bt kt xen ct kt c
cui, sn kt phn di v c xen cc phun tro thnh phn baz, i khi c t than
chuyn ln trn qua mt bt chnh hp l cc ca h tng Tr Tn gm ch yu l phin
st lp dy mu en, nu thm xen vi cc lp ct kt, bt kt v cc phun tro bazan,
andezit, bazan kim (c ni chim ti trn 50% mt ct h tng, dy ti trn 100m nh
Rng-6. Cc trm tch Oligocen c trm ng trong mi trng lc a kiu sng, h, m
ly v chiu dy dao ng ln t 400-800m (hoc vng mt) trn cc i nng trung tm
Bch H, Rng... v cc ra, n trn 5.000m trong cc trng a ho c kim sot bi cc
t gy thun c phng ch yu B-TN.
Mt bt chnh hp gia Oligocen thng phn tch cc khong trm tch ng rift
EocenOligocen di b bin dng khi cc trm tch b bin dng yu hn trong b Cu
Long, v nh du mt s m rng tch t t tch t trong cc a ho tch t trong cc trng
st lin tc. Qu trnh rift cng gin tip tc xuyn sut giai on ny, nhng bin dng nn
p lm nghch o cc cu trc c hn nhiu ni v cc khi nh cu trc mng nt l pht
trin. Mt s trong s chng sau c np du kh vi ngun t tp Paleogen. Hot
ng kin to Oligocen mun cng gy ra s thay i tm st ln thng xuyn v to nn s
thay i ca cc bt chnh hp k gi v ct ct.
Oligocen trn b ph bi mt bt chnh hp ct ct ln ngn cch cc trm tch
Paleogen khi Neogen v bt kn hu ht cc t gy. Bt chnh hp ny nh du s kt thc
ca qu trnh rift trong b Cu Long, v ni vi bt chnh hp gia Oligocen v pha ra b
Cu Long nh l cc tp ng rift Paleogen to nm.
Dc theo i t gy Tuy Ho, bt chnh hp khp ni ny pht trin u v c
nh du bi mt phn x mnh cho thy mt hin tng nng tri m rng c th so snh
vi nng tri trong b Cu Long pha nam. Bt chnh hp ny bt kn mt phn nh cc t
gy dc theo i t gy ny; nhng hu ht cc t gy hi phc li qu trnh rift trong sut
Neogen sm.
Cc Miocen h (h tng Bch H) ph trn b mt bo mn ca h tng Tr Tn
bao gm phn di l cc lp ct kt a khong ht trung dy xen vi cc lp bt kt v st
kt, ln trn l tp "st Rotalia" dy khong 150m ch yu c thnh phn montnorilonit. Cc
ca h tng c trm ng trong mi trng ven bin cha bo t phn v trng l. Chiu
dy h tng 600- 700m
Trong b Cu Long, cc tp phn x chim u th bi tnh phn x tng i lin tc,
song song vi bin trung bnh c trng cho phn Miocen di, mc d c tn ti cc c
im ca channel. Cc tng a chn c minh gii l cc trm tch m h ti bin nng
chim u th cng vi cc yu t aluvi, l ph hp vi cc ti liu khoan. Cc tp ny mng
dn v pha b v v pha khi nng Cn Sn, v cc on phn x km lin tc, yu hn tr
nn chim u th. iu ny nhiu kh nng tng ng vi s tng ln ca cc trm tch aluvi

74

Phan Tr ng Trnh

trong cc iu kin nm trn cao gn cc khu vc ngun, cho thy s ging nhau v mi
trng bin v m h gim i v pha khi nng Cn Sn v t lin Vit Nam. Cc khi
nh phn x mnh vi kilomet chiu ngang v vi trm mili giy (ms) chiu cao c minh
gii l cc ni la nm trn y ca Miocen. iu ny ph hp vi cc tp bazan Miocen di
cng bt gp trong ging khoan Ruby.
Cc trm tch Miocen gia gm ch yu l ct kt a khong lp dy xen vi cc lp
mng st kt, bt kt i khi c st vi v marn c xp vo h tng Cn Sn dy 800900m. Phn trn cng ca Miocen l h tng ng Nai tui Miocen mun nm chnh hp trn
h tng Cn Sn. l cc trm tch lc nguyn phn b rng khp ton b v c ng
bng sng Cu Long, gm ch yu l cc lp ct kt, bt kt, st kt xen nhp c cha t lp
than mng dy t 200 n trn 600m c cha phong ph bo t phn, trng l v to c
trng cho mi trng ng bng chu th ven b.
Trong b Cu Long v pha ty nam ca khi nng Cn Sn, tp Neogen trn c
trng bi cc phn x tng i lin tc bin trung bnh b ngt qung bi cc c im
chanel ri rc cho thy tch t aluvi ti bin nng c tip tc trong khu vc ny ph hp
vi ti liu ging khoan. Ngang qua pha ty nam ca khi nng Cn Sn, cc im nh cao
Pliocenhin ti phn x mnh tn ti v nhiu ni chui qua y bin hin ti. o Ph Qu
nm trong khu vc ny th hin mt phn ca ni la Pleistocen ti Holocen l ra trn mt
cho thy ngun gc ni la sau Miocen ca cc khi nh ny. Hot ng magma trn o ny
tip tc cho n giai on hin i vi minh chng r rng l phun tro nm 1923 (Hong.,
1996) [87], (Hong v Flower, 1998) [86] v (Lee v nnk., 1998) [124].
Cc thnh to Pliocen- t gm xen k ca st, bn, ct kt, i khi c st than,
cui, si v v s c lng ng trong mi trng bin nng. Chng c ghp vo h tng
Bin ng vi chiu dy phn trung tm t ti 600m.
Cu trc b Cu Long bao gm cc trng dng a ho v bn a ho, cc nng dng
a lu hoc khi - vm- a lu b chia ct bi cc h thng t gy thun c phng ch yu
l ng Bc - Ty Nam, sau l h t gy phng ng Ty ct ngang phn trung tm v
pha Nam b, t hn l h t gy kinh tuyn- kinh tuyn. C th phn nh c 3 kin trc
chnh l: b Ty Bc, b ng Nam c phn cch bi i nng phn d dng a lu
trung tm (Rng- Bch H) b khng ch bi h thng t gy phng ng Bc- Ty Nam
v t nhiu phn d bi h ng Ty; v b Ty Nam nm phn ra pha Ty Nam ca b
chu s chi phi ch yu ca h thng t gy ng Ty. V pha cc phn ra Ty Bc ng Nam trm tch Kainozoi c dng chng ln v m rng t di ln (t c n tr hn),
h thng t gy tt dn t di mng n phn di ca Miocen, ch mt s t t gy ct
n cc thnh to Miocen gia. Mng trc Kainozoi c xu hng nghing u vo trung tm
cc cnh (TB-N) thng to nn kin trc n nghing v cm dc t pha cc i nng
dng a lu trung tm. Cc i nng ny cn bo tn c dng "vm" th hin trong cc
mt ct a chn.
B Nam Cn Sn
Trong khi cc i st ln trn thm lc a ch yu nm phn thm trong th trng
Nam Cn Sn li c v tr nm phn ra ca thm v k p pha Ty i t gy ng
khu Hi Nam - Eo bin Sunda. Dng nh trng ny b ct mt phn pha ng ca n
bi h thng t gy phn min va nu. Cc cu trc st bc kiu a ho v xu th tng
chiu dy trm tch cng nh nghing ca cc trm tch tr nht v pha ng cha quan
st thy s kt thc cn c ca mt kin trc cng kiu. Tng t nh th l kin trc lt di
ca mng un np, ca hng vt mng kh u n ca v lc a (gim dn chiu su ca
mt Mo t 28km n 24- 22km t Ty sang ng, tuy v bazan c xu th dy ln t di 10
km trung tm v pha Ty n 13- 14km phn Nam v ng). Trng Nam Cn Sn c
phn pha Ty ( b Ty) nm ph trn cc kin trc un np Kimmeri thuc phn ko di ca
i nng Cn Sn. Ti y pht trin h thng t gy phng kinh tuyn cm thun v pha

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

75

Ty, to nn cc b bc cao kiu bn a ho, trm tch Kainozoi c b dy 2000- 3000 m k


cn cc t gy ny. Thng qua mt i nng tng i rt phn d, b kim sot bi h thng
t gy kinh tuyn l din phn b ca b ng ni chiu dy trm tch Kainozoi tng ln n
trn 10km trong cc kin trc st su b kim sot bi h thng t gy ch yu ng Bc Ty Nam, trng vi phng ca b i dng TN Bin ng.
B Nam Cn Sn to nn mt trng phng TB-N su ti khong 6 s TWT trong
mng m hc. Trng ny c nh ra bi cc t gy thun phng BTN ti B-N, a s
trong s l cc t gy ko (listric) vi bin ko ln ti vi chc km. Nc ca mng m
hc c trng bi mt phn x mnh, n ph ln mt khong phn x nhiu lon hay subtransparent nh trong cc b Cu Long v pha ty ca b Ph Khnh. Dng ny nhiu kh
nng lin quan vi mng kt tinh m c th bao gm cc trm tch bin cht thp c kim
tra pha ty nam ca b (Matthews v nnk., 1997) [136]. Trc ca b phng hng v pha
ng bc v to nn s ko di v pha ty nam ca trung tm tch gin pha nam ca Bin
ng. V pha t lin, b ny bao quanh bi khi nng Cn Sn.
Ngang qua khi nng Cn Sn, mt phn x mnh nh du nc ca hu ht mng m
hc phn x t do m tng ng vi mng granit Mesozoi mun gp trong cc l khoan. V
pha nam, khi nng Cn Sn to nn mt khi nh mng lin quan n rift b vi lp nng,
tri li pha bc, n tin vo Bin ng. y n b ct ngang bi cc t gy cng gin
hu ht phng B-N to BTN m nhiu ni ko mng xung theo t gy di 3s.
ng ch l cu trc ca i nng phn d trung tm nh hng theo phng kinh
tuyn dng nh l phn ko di tip tc v pha Bc ca cung Natuna, tui cc granitoit
l ra o ny l 73-116 tr.n. H t gy kinh tuyn ct qua cc cu trc nng tng i c
trc nh hng phng ng Ty v B-TN, b dy trm tch Kainozoi ti y mng i ch
cn khong 1000m n di 500m. H thng t gy ng ty t pht trin v phn b ch
yu phn pha bc, phn ct i nng tng i trung tm phn ny thnh b Bc, chiu
dy trm tch Kainozoi t 5000m, vi i nng i Hng nm cnh Nam. Dng nhit hin
ti t kh cao ti 3,95 HFU (165 mW/m2) vi gradient a nhit dao ng trong khong t
29,3oC n 41,5oC/km.
Khi nng Cn Sn dng nh thng tri qua qu trnh nng v bo mn trong sut
Paleogen v cc trm tch c tui m ch c xc nh cha chc chn trong mt bn a ho
nh cnh b Cu Long. Mt phn v a chn hn ch, tng i mng phn pha bc ca
khi nng ny c th c gn mt cch cha chc chn cho tui Paleogen bi v tp ny
c c trng bi cc phn x mnh, lin tc v b ph bi mt bt chnh hp bo mn
tng t nh cc trm tch Paleogen trong khu vc b. Tuy nhin khng th lin h phn v
ny vi cc tng Paleogen lin k trong cc b vi tin cy nht nh bi v chng khng
ni ci nhau v v tn hiu a chn su hn tr nn xu i bn di b mt karst tr hn trong
khu vc ny.
Trong b Nam Cn Sn khng th lin h cc tng Paleogen vi tin cy cao v
phn b ca cc trm tch Paleogen ch mang tnh thm d. Ging nh ty nam ca b Nam
Cn Sn, tp trm tch ng rift Paleogen dng nh phn b khng u, chp v. Tp c
nht nm trn mng m hc c tch t trong cc a ho hn ch phng B ti BB. Cc
thnh to lp y a ho thng c tnh phn x mnh lin tc v b ph bi mt bt chnh
hp ct ct c trng. Cc tp ny trc y tng ng vi cc bn sao tng t Paleogen
trong cc b Cu Long, Ph Khnh v Nam Cn Sn. Da trn s phn b ri rc ca cc
trm tch Paleogen, cc khu vc rng khp qua b Nam Cn Sn c th tri qua s nng
tri trong sut Paleogen.
Bt chnh hp ln ph ln cc trm tch Kainozoi c nht v c minh gii tm thi
l bt chnh hp Oligocen/Miocen quan st c trong cc b Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn bi
(Lee v nnk., 2001) [125]. Ph bt chnh hp trn h tng Cau l cc trm tch h tng Da
tui Miocen h dy t 100- 900m, gim dn t Ty sang ng v trung tm cc trng su.

76

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Mt ct trm tch c trng cho mi trng ng bng chu th ven b ( pha Ty) n bin
nng pha ng v gm 3 phn, di l cc lp st bt kt phn lp song song t thu knh
than, phn gia ch yu l cc lp ct kt xen cc lp st, bt kt, cn trn cng l cc lp st,
bt kt xen cc lp st kt ht mn.
Cc thnh to Oligocen (h tng Cau) trm ng ch yu trong cc kin trc kiu bn
a ho, a ho, dy t 100 n trn 1000m, b vt mng trn cc i nng cao, nht l k
cn i nng Cn Sn. Mt ct gm ch yu l cc trm tch sng h pha Ty, chuyn
sang mi trng vng vnh ven b pha ng. Phn di l cc lp ct kt dy, la
chn, mi trn km chuyn ln trn thnh phn st chim u th xen vi cc lp mng ct
kt, bt kt v i khi c than lignit v vn phun tro baz.
Hot ng t gy mnh m c ti hot ng trong Neogen sm. Hot ng t gy
phng B-TN ti B-N trong sut giai on ny to nn s thnh to ca trng su ln
trong mng phng ty nam, n to nn on ko di ca trc tch gin Bin ng.
Cc thnh to Miocen di v gia k gi vo khi nng Cn Sn cho thy rng hnh
thi mng-sng ni c m rng trong sut Neogen sm bi v qu trnh rift khin b
Nam Cn Sn b ln chm. Hot ng t gy Neogen sm pha bc khi nng Cn Sn
xy ra dc theo cc t gy thin v phng BBNTN hn so vi b Nam Cn Sn. Mt s
t gy phng -T- ti BTTN vch ra cc trng cu trc ln ngang qua khi nng Cn
Sn khc bit vi phng chung ca t gy.
Trong b Nam Cn Sn v trn khi nng Cn Sn, cc tng a chn c th so snh
vi Miocen di tn ti cho thy rng tch t aluvi n bin nng chim u th trong khu vc
ny cng nh vi s u th ca trm tch bin tng dn trong cc b ln chm nhanh. Phn ln
b Nam Cn Sn v phn hng v pha bin ca khi nng Cn Sn, cc tng Neogen di
c xp vo chui Miocen di - gia c tnh phn x mnh hn v tng i lin tc.
Chui Miocen di-gia ny thng pht trin u trn cc khi nng cu trc v gn cc
vch v c minh gii l cc thm carbonate cc ra thm nm dc theo cc vch t gy
ln. Cc tng Neogen di tng t trong phn lin k ca b Nam Cn Sn, ni cc trm
tch t aluvi ti bin nng Miocen di cng c xp vo carbonate v silicic bin Miocen
di - gia (Matthews v nnk., 1997) [136].
Chuyn ln trn h tng Da l cc trm tch giu cacbonat ca h tng Thng tui
Miocen trung, dy 300 - 500m. Mt ct h tng gm cc lp ct kt ht th, mn (cng trn
cng mn) mi trn, la chn trung bnh, xen k cc lp st, bt kt v st vi cha giu
glauconit. Trm tch c trm ng trong mi trng bin ven b. Chuyn lin tc ln trn
l tp trm tch gm ct kt xen k vi vi v cc lp st kt ca h tng Mng Cu dy t
500- 1000m. Mt ct Miocen trung c trng cho thi k bin tin rng ri.
phn pha bc ca khi nng Cn Sn, mt phn v thm vi ra dc nghing v
pha bin r rng to nn mt tp Miocen trn trong khu vc cu thnh nn thm carbonat
Phan Rang. Sau pha nng tri gia Miocen mun m to nn qu trnh karst ph bin v mnh
m, thm ny b chia tch v nhn chm trong ti ngp lt v sau cui Miocen v Pliocen
ca khu vc. Tp nm trn chim u th pha b bi cc g ng v cc n nghing
phn x bin yu ti trung bnh, ch th ca tch t chu th ti tin chu th. Tng tin
chu th c xp vo tp dng b dc (ramp-like succession) nm trn thm carbonate ny.
Tng ny bao gm s phn x b vng (draping reflection) gm cc khong bin thp
c minh gii l hemipelagic drapes tch t vi trm mt ti khong 1 km. Nhiu c im
ca channel khc vo cc lp lp trn ny (drape) v c minh gii l s o khot chanel
ngm. V pha bin, cc tch t b dc (ramp deposit) c xp vp cc tch t sn dc hn
vi cc canyon cung cp turbidite rng 5 km su vi trm mt ct vung gc vi sn. Pha
bc ca khi nng Cn Sn v tn cng pha nam, b dc v sn c xp vo cc sn
thm cao v dc.

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

77

b Nam Cn Sn v pha nam b Ph Khnh, tng a chn v pha b ca b dc


v sn thm c trng bi cc phn x lin tc, yu v trung bnh, n lp y cc trng cu
trc v k gi vo cc ra b, c trng ca cc trm tch hn hp turbidite bin su v i
dng. cc khi nng cu trc ni b, cc phn v thm Neogen trn phn x mnh c
xp vo cc tp Miocen trn ti Pliocen phn x yu hn c minh gii l cc thm
carbonate b nhn chm ph ln trn bi cc trm tch i dng.
Ph bt chnh hp trn b mt bo mn cc h tng Thng v Mng Cu l cc trm
tch Miocen thng ca h tng Nam Cn Sn, gm cc lp st kt, st vi xen ct kt phn
di v vi phn trn, dy t 200- 650m v hn, n rt mng trn cc i nng (Ma,
i Hng, i nng ra ng). Mi trng trm ng t bin ven b pha Ty n bin su
pha ng.
Cc thnh to Pliocen - t c phn thnh h tng Bin ng c chiu dy nh
ln cn i nng Cn Sn v tng dn v pha ng n 2000m, su y bin cng tng
theo chiu tng ng t vi chc mt n trn 1000m, phn trung tm b n trn 2000m.
c trng ca trm tch ny l cu trc nm ln hng pht trin v pha trng nc su Bin
ng.
B Malay - Th Chu (vnh Thi Lan)
B Malay - Th Chu nm trn v lc a c mng un np a sinh (mng un np
Tin Cambri ca khi Cardamon phn pha Ty v Trung tm, mng un np Kimmeri
chim phn ng Bc). Cc thnh to ca mng l ra ven ra bao quanh phn pha Bc b
Nam Campuchia, Thi Lan, Vit Nam v bn o Malacca gii hn pha Nam b. V pha
ng Nam b tip gip vi cc b ca thm Sunda l Penyu v Ty Natuna v ni vi b
Nam Cn Sn thng qua mt b hp dng a ho phng kinh tuyn. B c dng mt a
ho, cu trc st bc b khng ch bi cc h thng t gy thun ra ch yu c phng Ty
Bc- ng Nam tng t trng Sng Hng vnh Bc B. B chuyn t trng a ho Patani
c phng Bc Nam pha ng sang Ty Bc- ng Nam phn trung tm (trng Malaya
v trng Ty Natuna mt ng Nam), i thm vi cc bc nghing vo trung tm ca i
nng Khorat. Mng un np nh ln cc phn ra, b st ln trong thi k hu rift (trn cc
o ven b thuc Ty Nam B). Nh vy, b ny nm hon ton trn v lc a v b bao quanh
bi cc kin trc lc a.
V lc a lt di b Malay - Th Chu b vt mng ng k tng t trng vnh Bc
b (chiu dy trm tch Kainozoi t trn 10km, chiu dy lp v lc a t khong 1415km, chiu dy lp bazan dao ng ln t 12km phn ng Nam n 8km phn trung
tm). Mc cng gin bta ca v lc a t ti 2. Gradient a nhit kh cao khong 3,8 4,60C/100m, trung bnh 4,30C/100m. Trm tch trc Kainozoi gm cc bin cht, vi
Permi, phin st Trias, ct bt kt v evaporit Jura - Kreta tng ng vi cc tp trc
Khorat, Khorat A v Khorat B/C Thi Lan.
Trm tch Kainozoi bt u bng cc tp st m h ch yu mi trng lc a tui
Oligocen, dy t 500 n 2000m ( trung tm b). Trong trm tch Miocen, phn di ch
yu l ct kt xen vi cc lp st, ln trn l st, st vi xen cc l p ct kt v t lp mng
than lignit. Cc thnh to ny trm tch trong iu kin m h ven bin, ca sng, chu th
v bin ven b dy t 450 - 1500m. Cc trm tch Pliocen - T gm ch yu l st xen cc
lp ct kt c ht t th n mn, t lp than pht trin trong mi trng bin ven b trng
Malay -Th Chu.
B T Chnh - Vng My
B T Chnh Vng My nm k pha ng ca b Nam Cn Sn. B tri di theo
phng ng Bc- Ty Nam trn vng nc su ca sn lc a ng Nam Vit Nam. V
pha Ty bc b tip gip vi i nng ra ca thm lc a, pha ng b c ngn cch bi
i nng Lt- Ch Thp, pha Bc tip gip vi trng nc su Bin ng cn pha Nam
tip gip vi khi kin trc Luconia trn c b Sarawak.

78

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Cc ti liu a vt l cho thy b Vng My c cu trc ni ti rt phc tp. M hnh


mt ct cc thnh to a cht y bao gm cc phc h: 1. Mng trc Kainozoi gm cc
thnh to granitoit Mezozoi mun v cc bin cht. 2. Cc trm tch vn tng chu th
(ct, st xen ln than), i ni c sn, cui kt v trm tch ngun ni la c to thnh trong
thi on Eocen mun-Oligocen mun; 3. Cc trm tch ct, bt, st xen k cc tng ven
b hay ng bng h delta, c hnh thnh vo na cui Miocen sm; 4. Cc trm tch
Miocen gia bao gm cc thnh to lc nguyn xen vi dng thm v vi m tiu cc
i nh cao (kiu build-up); 5. Cc trm tch Miocen mun nm bt chnh hp trn phc h
Miocen gia, thnh phn thch hc bao gm cc st, bt xen t tp st tng bin, cc
vi dng thm v vi m tiu pht trin mnh; 6. Thnh to tui Pliocen- t bao gm
cc tp st bt dy xen k cc tp ct tng bin su, cc vi kiu thm v vi m tiu
pht trin mnh cc i nng cao i ni nh ln trn mt nc bin. Tng b dy cc trm
tch Kainozoi ca trng Vng My t n 6000-7000m. Cu trc ni ti ca trng bao gm
nhiu kin trc nng v st bc cao c gii hn ch yu bi h thng t gy c phng
ng Bc-Ty Nam. Trn cc i nng c lp ph trm tch tng i mng (thng di
2,5 km, i khi ti 3 km) trong khi cc trng a ho v bn a ho n t ti 6-7 km
(Nguyn Quang B va nnk.,1997) [164].
Ngoi din phn b ca cc trng st ln bn a ho v a ho b khng ch bi cc
h thng t gy thun ra hoc cc i np on, ng vi cc ranh gii c s vt mng t
ngt ca cc thnh to trm tch Tam l cc i thm lc a c mng un np a sinh
nm nng khng qu 50m b li ko vo qu trnh st ln ch yu trong thi k hu rift ca
cc trng m t trn. Din ny bao gm ch yu l cc phn ra lc a, i khi cn tn ti l
cc khi nh st ca mng. Vng ny c din phn b ln hn c phn thm lc a Nam
Vit Nam.
V c bn cc kin trc st a ho trn thm lc a c lp y b tr bi cc thnh
to trm tch phun tro c nh tui t Eocen n t. Tnh cht b tr c phn nh
trong s tng phn gt gao ca cu trc mng v ca a hnh y bin hin ti (nc ct trm
tch Kainozoi) m trn thm lc a th hin l min ng bng rng ln, t phn d, trong
cc "ng bng'' ph trn trng vnh Bc B, vnh Thi Lan v Cu Long cn phn nh c
hnh thi cc vng trng vi su b mt y tng dn vo trung tm v c dng lng cho.
Phn Trung B v trng Nam Cn Sn c b mt a hnh y nghing dc dng bc hoc
nm ln v pha ng, ni v kiu lc a b vt mng nhanh chng bi cc vch sn dc
n rt dc trn b mt a hnh v s nng ln nhanh chng ca b mt Moho bn di.
Cc b Kainozoi thm lc a Vit Nam c hnh thnh t cc b ni lc ngun rift
trn c s ca qu trnh nng vm tin rift mnh m km theo hot ng macma v tng cao
dng nhit. Cc trng a ho v bn a ho tch bit thng to thnh cc i pht trin theo
nhiu phng khc nhau do hot ng ca cc t gy thng c sn trong mng (phng
Ty Bc - ng Nam khng ch cc trng a ho Sng Hng, Cu Long, Malay - Th Chu;
phng ng Bc - Ty Nam khng ch cc trng Li Chu - Bch Long V; phng kinh
tuyn khng ch cc trng ca thm lc a min Trung... Tnh a phng hay phn tn ca
cc trng rift vo thi k trc va chm (n - u - ) dng nh khng nh v qu trnh
nng vm v ko theo hot ng tch cc ca cc h thng t gy ca mng un np hn l
cc qu trnh dch chuyn ngang (din ra theo tng thi on vo cc thi k mun hn) trn
b mt thch quyn kiu lc a. Cc b ni lc ngun rift c lp y trong giai on pht
trin ban u bng cc vt liu bo mn t cc vng ni cao k cn, khng xa ngun vn
chuyn trm tch trong thi k ng rift. Tnh nhp ca cc thnh to trm tch trong thi k
ny cho thy tnh dao ng theo chu k ca cc hot ng ni sinh v ngoi sinh kim sot v
chi phi qu trnh trm ng cng vi s bin i ca hnh th b trm tch. Tnh nhp v tnh
chu k cn tip tc trong thi k hu rift cho thy mt qu trnh ngui i v st ln nhit- cn
bng ng tnh l khng tuyn tnh v khng "bnh n" v mt kin to.

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

79

i b ca lng cho nc su i dng


Lng cho nc su trung tm Bin ng v cc a khi qun o c v lc a b
hu hoi v ln chm Hong Sa- Macclessfield v Trng Sa- Reed Bank c phn cch vi
thm lc a k cn bi kin trc i b hay h thng b ca lng cho nc su. i chuyn
tip ny bao gm cc phn ca sn lc a, l cc vch dc pha ngoi thm lc a, c
ni chuyn qua chn lc a c a hnh thoi (Khu vc ng Bc Bin ng) hoc qua hm
vc bin (Ty Philippin) xung ng bng bin thm, nhiu ni khc chuyn qua cc trng a
ho phn d xung kiu lc a b hu hoi cc a khi cc qun o ln chm. Nh vy, h
thng b ca trng nc su c cu trc phc tp gm cc yu t nh vch kin to v cc
on vng su dng a ho c nhiu ngun gc.
Vch kin to trong phm vi sn lc a l mt kiu kin trc ranh gii mang c
tnh tng hp. Mng ca kin trc ny vn l kin trc lc a k cn, nhng cc hot ng
tch ng y kh mnh v nhiu ni t chiu dy ln. Ranh gii trn ca kin trc ny
khong su y bin 200 - 500m, ranh gii di kh phc tp v c th trong khong
su 1000 - 2000m. Nhiu on ca vch l cc i t gy (nh vng ra ngoi thm lc a
Qung Ngi - Bnh Thun), i t gy Hi Nam- Eo bin Sunda. nhiu ni khc kin trc
ny th hin l s n ng nhng nn phng vt quy m ln (b Ph Khnh).
Vch kin to c nhn bit nh vo s tng dy cc ng ng su trong a hnh
y bin ra thm lc a, trng vi i tng cao gradient b dy trm tch Kainozoi v s
gim nhanh chng b dy v Tri t do s vt nhn ca lp granit bin cht tng ng.
V bn cht v hnh thi th vch kin to phn nh cu trc ca sn lc a. Tuy
nhin s chuyn tip ca n sang cc kin trc Trung tm Bin ng li khng bnh thng,
c ngha khng chuyn trc tip sang cc kin trc ca chn lc a v ng bng bin thm
vi v kiu i dng ca trng nc su trung tm Bin ng m chuyn sang cc kin trc
kiu lc a b hu hoi v ln chm ca cc khi lc a qun o Hong Sa- Macclessfield
v Trng Sa - Reed Bank thng qua i on vng dng rift trc thm lc a ng Vit
Nam c phng ko di kinh tuyn. Trn bnh kin trc n c dng vt nhn pha Bc
v m rng pha Nam.
Cc on vng su dng a ho. Kiu ny pht trin phn pha Bc Bin ng ni
tip gip vi thm lc a Nam Trung Quc k c Nam Hi Nam. Ti y mt vch kin to
hp t su khong 200m xung su xp x 1000m, c km theo v pha bin su mt
on vng kh rng dng a ho ko di theo phng ng- ng Bc b Bc Hong Sa,
c lp y bi cc trm tch Kainozoi (Paleogen- T) dy n 6000m, v chuyn sang
b Ty Bc b Trung tm ng Bin ng. B ny tip gip vi cc trng trn thm lc a
thng qua i nng dng a lu Tri Tn phng kinh tuyn v b chn pha Ty Nam bi
i nng dng a lu Hong Sa. Trng bao gm cc trng hp dng a ho v bn a ho c
th nhm thnh hai b Ty Bc v ng Nam, phn cch nhau bi mt i nng tng i
c phng ng Bc- Ty Nam trung tm, ni c s vt mng hoc vng mt cc trm tch
Paleogen. Trong cc trng a ho cn thy biu hin ca macma mafic. Trn a hnh y
bin on vng ny th hin nh mt "eo bin" phng v tuyn vi su n 2000m,
nghing dn xung di 3000m v pha ng v chuyn sang ng bng bin thm ca b
i dng ng Bin ng pha ng Bc khi qun o Hong Sa.
Mt kin trc kiu tng t i km vi vch kin to c phn nh phn pha
Nam Bin ng, ni thm lc a Kalimantan chuyn sang khi lc a Trng Sa-Reed
Bank thng c gi l hm vc Palawan. Hm vc ny c coi l hnh thnh trn
mt i ht chm c tui Mezozoi mun chm dt hot ng vo Miocen mun. Bn
thn kin trc Palawan trn bnh c dng mt on vng ra c lp y bi cc trm
tch Kainozoi dy n 6000m c sp xp kiu lng knh tng trng vt nhn v ng
Bc chuyn thnh mt i t gy cm nghing xung di o Palawan. Vch kin to
ny v pha ng c th hin l i sn lc a nm trn mt i ht chm cn ang

80

Phan Tr ng Trnh

hot ng gi l hm vc Ty Philippin. Vch ny xung mt chn lc a kiu ng v


chuyn trc tip sang ng bng bin thm Trung tm Bin ng c v kiu i dng.
Mt yu t kin trc na ca h thng b ca lng cho nc su Bin ng l on
vng dng rift trc thm lc a ng Vit Nam c phng kinh tuyn. Trn bnh
kin trc c dng vt nhn pha Bc v m rng v pha Nam. Trn a hnh y bin,
kin trc ny th hin l mt bc thang chuyn tip nh cao pha Bc (ln cn nng Tri
Tn) v nghing nh dng bc v pha Nam, tc v pha lng cho nc su Trung tm. Bc
thang ny ct qua cc kin trc Kainozoi khc, phn nh trong s phn b chiu dy trm
tch Kainozoi, t cc i ti 6000m ln cn vch kin to v dy hn trong trng Ph
Khnh.
c trng ca on vng ny l cu trc kiu bn a ho hay trng bp bnh, pht
hin trong cc ti liu a chn. Cc tm ny nghing v pha Bc dc theo cc t gy
un cong, ph hp vi dch chuyn phi dc theo t gy Hi Nam- Eo bin Sunda. Cc
trng ny c th c lp y bi cc vt liu ca nn phng tch c a ra t sn lc
a thng qua cc canhion ngm pht trin kh mnh khu vc ny. V pha Nam, kin trc
on vng khp ni vi on cui pha Ty Nam ca lng cho nc su Bin ng v vi
h thng cc b a ho khc ca thm lc a Sunda pht trin ln pha Bc, to thnh i
khp ni chm ba ca cc rift. Hot ng ca i kin trc ny th hin s xut hin cc
hot ng ni la ngm 170.000 nm, trong s c c hot ng ni la o Tro cch
y khng lu (1939). Mt khc i ny c coi l i c hot tnh ng t tng cao r
rt vi cc chn tiu ng t nm su 10 - 20 km.
Tm li: H thng b ca lng cho nc su l mt t hp kin trc phc tp. Pha
Bc l h thng cc b Kainozoi chng trn ra lc a th ng kiu A (Ludwig, 1979)
[132]. Pha ng l mt i ht chm ang hot ng c phng cm v ng xung di
cung o Philippin. Pha Ty b gii hn bi h thng t gy kinh tuyn Hi Nam- Eo bin
Sunda, c coi l mt i tch gin- trt bng. Pha Nam bao gm cc b Kainozoi chng
trn i ht chm ngng hot ng Palawan do va chm cc mnh lc a. Pha Nam Ty Nam trng Bin ng c bao bc bi cc t phn khc nhau ca lc a Sunda. Cc
t phn lc a c gn ni bng cc phc h un np ca cc i ng khc nhau, cc
phc h ophiolit- melange ca cc i khu. Chng c hnh thnh trong na cui
Mezozoi- u Kainozoi. a s cc nh nghin cu cho rng khi lc a Borneo nguyn l
thnh vin ca kin trc lc a ng Dng. V tr hin ti ch c nh hnh khi kt thc
qu trnh hnh thnh Bin ng Kainozoi.
Cc a khi qun o
a khi qun o Hong Sa- Macclessfield.
a khi qun o Hong Sa- Macclessfield l khu vc y bin rng ln pha BcTy Bc Bin ng thuc vng qun o Hong Sa, ni vi cn ni Macclessfield pha
ng thng qua mt "rnh" a hnh su trn 2000m. Phn pha Nam khi ny chm xung
su trn 1000m c a hnh tng i bng phng, t phn d, nghing thoi v pha ng bng
bin thm (pha ng Nam) sau khi chuyn qua dy ni ngm phn d ko theo phng ng
Bc-Ty Nam. Khi ny c phn cch vi thm lc a Nam Trung Quc v khu vc o
Hi Nam bi mt vch kin to km theo mt on vng b tr (trng Bc Hong Sa) th hin
trn a hnh l mt lng su ti trn 2000m c y kh bng phng v ko theo phng v
tuyn (ng ng Bc- Ty Ty Nam). Trng a ho ny dng nh ni vi v i dng
ca b i dng Bc Bin ng v pha ng v do gi ra mt kin trc "rift cht".
Pha Ty Nam khi ny ghp ni vi thm lc a Ty Vit Nam dc theo i t gy kinh
tuyn Hi Nam- Eo bin Sunda v th hin l mt khi cao nguyn ngm (Plato Nai). Pha
ng Nam khi ny chuyn sang ng bng bin thm thng qua mt vch kin to c dng
mt np on khng su. Tng t nh vy l ranh gii pha ng Bc ca khi, nhng vch

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

81

kin to th hin y sc nt v su vi a hnh y tng rt nhanh bao quanh cn ni


Macclessfield.
Cc nghin cu a cht- a vt l v khi ny cho bit mng trc Kainozoi ca a
khi l cc thnh to trm tch phun tro b bin cht c tui Paleozoi - Mezozoi. Hutchison
(1989) [97] cho rng mng ca khi ny l cc thnh to tin Cambri, tng t nh thy l ra
Nam o Hi Nam. Trong mt ging khoan qun o Hong Sa xc nh c tui tui tuyt
i 627 tr.n. Cc kt qu khoan cc ging 115A-IX, 121 CM IX to c s d on
mng ca b Hong Sa gm cc trm tch bin cht, xm nhp v phun tro tui trc
Kainozoi, c cu trc tng t cc phc h un np Paleozoi - Mezozoi hin c bo tn
Bc ng Dng v Nam Trung Hoa. Cng vi mt s dn liu v cc thnh to siu maficmafic thy c o Hi Nam ra thm lc a Nam Tung Quc c th gi ra s c mt ca
mt i khu phn chia o Hi Nam vi qun o Hong Sa.
Cc kt qu nghin cu ca ti KC - 09 - 06 (Nguyn Huy Qu v nnk, 2004) [160]
lm sng t cc c im kin trc ca cc b Kainozoi Hong Sa. Ranh gii pha Bc ca
b ny l i nng Tri Tn. Trn c s cc ti liu hin c b Hong Sa c th chia thnh cc
kin trc ch yu l Ty Hong Sa, trng trung tm v ng Hong Sa. Mt ct trm tch
Kainozoi ca b Hong Sa bao gm cc h tng tui Eocen gia, Oligocen, Miocen, Pliocen v
t. B dy mt ct Kainozoi dao ng trong khong 3500 4100m.
ng ch l vng khi qun o ny c xut hin hot ng phun tro thnh phn
mafic (c km theo cc siu mafic) vo Pleistocen lm cho n gn gi vi bi cnh ca ai
ni la pluton ra lc a Cathaysia Nam Trung Quc. Vic xut hin cc phc h trm tchphun tro b bin cht tui Paleozoi Mezozoi ni trn phn trn ca mng un np lt di
cc thnh to Kainozoi cho thy s gn gi ca mng qun o ny vi cc phn ra kin trc
lc a Nam Trung Hoa v ng Dng.
Trn c s cc ti liu a vt l v a hnh y c th thy khi qun o ang xt l
mt khi c v kiu lc a b hu hoi v b li ko vo st ln mnh trong Kainozoi do qu
trnh hnh thnh Bin ng, c bit l qu trnh gin y v thnh to v kiu i dng
trng nc su Bin ng.
Kin trc ca khi qun o Hong Sa mang tnh cht khi tng rt r nt, sp xp c
dng bc thang thp dn v pha ng Nam (pha trng nc su Bin ng). Trn bnh
v trn cc ti liu a vt l, cc h thng t gy c phng B-TN v mt phn phng
TB-N v kinh tuyn ng vai tr quan trng, chia ct khu vc thnh cc khi, cc trng
dng a ho v phn cch chng l cc kin trc dng a lu c phng ch yu l N-TN,
ng ch l nhiu t gy ct qua ton b lp ph trm tch k c Neogen- t. Cc trng
a ho chnh l a ho Hong Sa ct qua phn trung tm qun o Hong Sa v a ho
ng Nam Hong Sa phn chia qun o Hong Sa vi cn ni Macclesfield, c hai u c
phng B-TN.
Cc trng ny c lp khng b tr bi cc trm tch Kainozoi khng phn chia c
chiu dy khong 1500-2000m, trng vi cc thung lng kh su (2000m) trong a hnh y
bin c phng tng ng. Trong cc trng ny cn thy c biu hin ca cc macma c
thnh phn mafic. Phn ra Ty ca khi, ni tip gip vi thm lc a thng qua h t gy
kinh tuyn cn quan st thy cc kin trc kiu tm bp bnh (h thng cc bn a ho b
khng ch bi cc t gy un cong) ca on vng thuc i b ca lng cho nc su, trn
c th c cc kin trc ni la tr. Vi nhng c trng nh th c th phn nh c mt
s kin trc tch gin ngun rift trong phm vi khi Hong Sa. Nhng dch chuyn phn d
ca cc khi dc theo cc h thng t gy ny to nn b khung cho s hnh thnh cc
kin trc dp khun phn nh c trong v ph v c trong a hnh y bin hin i.
Phn pha Ty Nam ca khi ny trong khu vc ngoi khi Ph Khnh, ni a hnh
y t phn d, tng i bng phng l khu vc ca khi st b ng ca trng Ph Khnh
c ph bi mt tp trm tch Kainozoi dy ti trn 6 km, c dng ca mt nn phng vt

82

Phan Tr ng Trnh

ln (fan) ti phn chuyn tip ca sn- chn lc a. Trng c dng kh ng thc, hi ko


di theo phng ng Bc - Ty Nam v b chia ct bi cc h thng t gy cng phng v
phng Ty Bc - ng Nam thnh cc kin trc bc cao hn. B mt Moho ti y nng cao
n su khong 16- 20km, cao hn so vi cc khi khc ca a khi Hong Sa (22- 24 km) v
nng dn u n v pha trng nc su Bin ng n su 10-12 km v pha ng Nam.
iu ny c l cng phn nh trong bc tranh phn b dng nhit tng cao bt thng ti trn 2,5,
i ch trn 3 HFU (K.Ru, Pigott, 1986) [213].
a khi qun o Trng Sa - Reed Bank
Khi qun o Trng Sa gm ton b y bin v lng t rng ln ca phn ng
Nam v Nam Bin ng m cc o, cn ni v bi ngm ca qun o Trng Sa l trung
tm. a khi qun o Trng Sa bao gm cc kin trc a cht thng c nhc n
trong vn liu Quc t di cc tn gi: cc o Spratly (Qun o Trng Sa), Dangerous
Grounds, Reed Bank (Bi C Rong), Luconia Shoals (cm bi ngm Luconia) v Calamian
Block. Cc kt qu iu tra a cht- a vt l hin c tng bc pht hin c nhng
c im c bn, lm c s cho vic nhn thc nhng quy lut tin ho kin to ca a khi
qun o Trng Sa.
Trn c s cc ti liu kho st a chn, khoan v cc mu a cht thu thp c t
cc nh nh ngm c th phn nh c 6 thnh to t c n tr nh sau:
Thnh to trc Kainozoi: Cc ti liu ging khoan du kh vng thm lc a Ty
Bc Palawan cho thy y l tp hp vi vi tinh n n tinh, phin silic xen vi ct kt
tuf v bt kt tuf, phin st tui Jura mun- Creta sm. Cc ging khoan Reed Bank
gp cc trm tch tui Creta sm gm phin, ct bt kt, than v cui ct kt su
4201m. Chng b ph bi tp vi kiu thm lc a tui Paleocen. C s liu nh gi rng
b dy ca phc h trm tch lc a-bin nng tui Jura- Creta ng Nam Reed Bank t
n 5km. iu rt ng ch l trong cc mu co y gm cc loi ct kt v ct bt kt
kiu tam gic chu b bin cht pht hin cc ho thch thc vt, cn trong cc st xanh
c cha v s tui Trias mun- Jura sm.
Thnh to Paleocen mun: thnh to ny nm ph bt chnh hp trn phc h mng.
y l tp hp cc ct kt v bt kt c b dy kh ln, c bo tn trong cc kin trc
kiu bn a ho. i ni, trn cc tp trm tch vn pht trin cc thnh to cacbonat kiu m
tiu t xy trn cc nh nh cao ngm. Tui Paleocen mun c xc nh bng ti liu c
sinh.
Thnh to Oligocen mun - Miocen sm: Cc trm tch thuc thnh to ny nm bt
chnh hp trn cc thnh to Paleocen mun. Thnh phn thch hc ch yu l cc
cacbonat bin nng. Chng c i snh vi Nido Formation thm lc a Ty Bc
Palawan.
Thnh to Miocen gia: y l tp hp mang tnh chuyn tip gia hai tng nc
su v nc nng, nm ph bt chnh hp trn thnh to Oligocen mun- Miocen sm. Chng
c i snh vi cc trm tch ch yu c thnh phn lc nguyn cha vi ca Pagasa
Formation thm lc a Ty Bc Palawan, c nh tui Miocen gia.
Thnh to Miocen mun - Pliocen sm: Theo cc ti liu a vt l th thnh to ny
c din phn b hn ch trong mt s kin trc nht nh. Chng l cc trm tch bn bin
khi bao gm cc turbidit. Trong kin trc hin ti, chng nm ph bt chnh hp trn
thnh to Miocen gia.
Thnh to Pliocen- t: bao gm cc trm tch cacbonat v st bin su nm
chuyn tip trn cc Miocen mun- Pliocen sm. Chng c din phn b rt rng ri trn
phm vi a khi Qun o Trng Sa.
Cc yu t kin trc kin to
Trn bnh kin trc hin i ca bin ra ng Vit Nam, a khi qun o
Trng Sa l hp phn kin trc kiu lc a c mng un np trc Kainozoi. Kin sinh

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

83

Kainozoi lm thoi ho mng a khi qun o Trng Sa, to ra th h kin trc mi


kiu ni mng c quy m khc nhau. Cc ti liu hin c cho php phn nh cc kin trc
thnh vin c bn ca a khi l cc khi kin trc Trng Sa (Spratly- Dangerous Grounds),
Reed Bank (Bi C Rong), Calamian (Bc Palawan-Mindoro) v Luconia.
+ Khi kin trc Trng Sa. Khi kin trc Trng Sa c gii hn v pha Bc bi
trng nc su Bin ng. V pha ng Bc kin trc ny khp ni vi kin trc Reed Bank
thng qua mt i dng a ho phng kinh tuyn, c t tn l Bnh Nguyn- Sui Ngc.
V pha Ty Nam, khi kin trc Trng Sa tip gip vi khi Luconia thng qua h thng
t gy phng Ty Bc- ng Nam, cn v pha ng Nam n khp ni vi trng bin su
Palawan thng qua kin trc nng ra c phng ng Bc- Ty Nam c t tn l Hoa
Lau - Thm Him.
Cn c vo quy lut phn b cc phc h a cht - a chn, b dy cc thnh to
Kainozoi v kin trc hnh thi ca y bin c th xy dng m hnh cu trc ni ti ca
khi kin trc Trng Sa bao gm cc trng Kainozoi quy m khc nhau c ngn cch bi
cc i nng tng i, cc i nng ra v trng a ho v tp hp thnh mt trng kin
trc st ln Trng Sa.
- Trng Sn Ca: Nm tri theo phng kinh tuyn t cc o Song t ng, Song
T Ty pha Bc qua cc o Sn Ca, Ba Bnh trung tm n khu vc cc o Nam Yt,
Sinh Tn pha Nam. Nhn chung phng kin trc ch o ca trng Sn Ca c khng
ch bi i t gy kinh tuyn 1140 pha Ty v i t gy kinh tuyn 1160 pha
ng. B dy trm tch Kainozoi t hn 3000m. Cu trc ni ti ca trng kh phc tp v
b chia ct bi nhiu h thng t gy c phng kinh tuyn v Ty Bc- ng Nam. Theo
hnh dng cc ng ng dy trm tch Kainozoi c th hnh dung trng ny gm cc kin
trc bc cao c phng ng Bc-Ty Nam to thnh dng cnh g so vi phng kinh
tuyn ca trng.
- Trng Tin N: Trng c phng thin v ng Bc- Ty Nam v nm v pha
Nam trng Sn Ca. Ranh gii gia hai trng ny l g nng tng i Phan Vinh c cng
phng. Cu trc ni ti bao gm cc kin trc bc cao c gii hn bi cc t gy
phng B-TN v TB- N.
- Trng Chu Vin: C phng ng Bc- Ty Nam v nm k st pha ng Bc
ca o Trng Sa. Gii hn pha Ty Bc ca trng l i nng ra Lt- Ch Thp.
Trm tch Kainozoi trong trng c b dy ln (3000- 6000m). Cu trc ni ti ca trng
mang nhiu nt tng ng vi trng Vng My.
- Trng a ho Bnh Nguyn- Sui Ngc: Trng a ho ny l kin trc ranh gii
pha ng ca khi kin trc Trng Sa. Trng c phng kinh tuyn, pha Bc khp ni vi
trng nc su Bin ng, cn pha Nam b gii hn bi kin trc nng ra Hoa Lau - Thm
Him phng ng Bc- Ty Nam. B dy trm tch Kainozoi trong trng t khong 2000m
v gim dn t Nam ln Bc. C th d on kin trc ang m t l tn d ca mt nhnh
tch gin theo t gy chuyn dng cm su vo khi lc a Trng Sa.
- i nng ra Lt- Ch Thp: i nm tri theo phng ng Bc- Ty Nam v
c gii hn hai cnh bi cc tuyn t gy cng phng. Trn phm vi ca i ghi nhn
c nhiu ni cc thnh to ca mng m hc l ngay trn mt y bin. C l y l i
nng phn d ca mng trc Kainozoi v c tp trung nhiu hot ng magma tr.
- i chuyn tip Bc Trng Sa: Nm k st pha Bc i trn v gia khi qun o
Trng Sa v trng nc su Bin ng. c trng ca i l s st ln dng bc b tr yu
v khng b tr. B dy trm tch Kainozoi ch t xp x 1000m v gim nhanh v pha trng
nc su Bin ng.
- i nng ra Hoa Lau- Thm Him: i nng ra ny l kin trc ranh gii pha
ng Nam ca khi kin trc Trng Sa. i nm tri theo phng ng Bc- Ty Nam v
b gii hn bi hai tuyn t gy cng phng. Trong phm vi ca i cng ghi nhn c

84

Phan Tr ng Trnh

cc din l ca mng m hc. Ngun gc ca i cng tng t nh i nng ra Lt- Ch


Thp m t trn.
+ Khi kin trc Reed Bank: Khi kin trc Reed Bank l mt phn v kin to
quan trng v l khu vc c nghin cu tng i chi tit so vi cc khu vc cn li
ca vng qun o Trng Sa. Cc ti liu a vt l v khoan cho thy y l mt kin
trc lc a b ln chm in hnh. Minh chng c sc thuyt phc cho nhn nh va nu
chnh l vic pht hin c cc thnh to trm tch mu cha than kiu lc a tui
Creta sm vi b dy ln (6000m). Cc trm tch tam c b dy t 1000m n hn
4200m. Cc thnh to Kainozoi ca khi kin trc Reed Bank gm 3 phn, phn di l
tp hp ct kt, st kt, cui sn kt v vi c tui Paleocen mun- Eocen; phn gia l
cc thnh to st, bt kt tui Miocen sm nm ph bt chnh hp trn phn di; phn
trn l tp hp cacbonat dy kiu bin khi c thnh to lin tc t Miocen mun
n hin i. Cu trc ni ti ca khi kin trc ny bao gm nhiu kin trc bc cao kiu
cc trng quy m khc nhau v cc kin trc nng tng i phn cch chng. Trong cc
trng Kainozoi pht hin ra cc ngun du kh ng ch .
Khi kin trc Reed Bank c xem nh l mt khu ni kin trc kiu lc a,
mt pha l khi Calamian (hay l Bc Palawan- Mindoro), ni c mng un np trc
Cacbon trung v b bin ci vo Mezozoi sm, v pha khc l khi Trng Sa, ni d
on c mng un np Paleozoi b ln chm su v cng b bin ci vo Mezozoi. Vi
khung cnh kin trc hin i ca y Bin ng cho thy khi kin trc Reed Bank gn
gi hn vi khi kin trc Trng Sa.
+ Khi kin trc Calamian (Bc Palawan- Mindoro):Trn bnh kin trc hin
i, khi Calamian nm u mt ng Bc ca a khi qun o Trng Sa. Bn cht
lc a ca khi ny c chng minh bng vic pht hin cc thnh to mng un np
gm cc trm tch, phun tro bin cht tui Cacbon trung, b ph trn bi cc thnh to
cacbonat tui Paleozoi mun. Cc thnh to Paleozoi mun li b ph bi cc tp hp
kiu miogeosynclinal tui Mezozoi vi phn trn cng l cc thnh to molas mu tui
Jura. Trong cc b vng bin v thm lc a Bc Palawan pht hin c cc thnh
to trm tch Kainozoi dy c khong tui t cui Paleocen n t. S tng ng ca
cc thnh to Mezozoi mun ca khi kin trc Reed Bank vi Calamian cho php nhn
xt v mi quan h h hng ngun gc ca chng vo trc Kainozoi. Hin ti, khi
Calamian l mt kin trc lc a kiu du c trong h cung o Phillipin- Palawan.
+ Khi kin trc Luconia: Bn cht lc a ca khi kin trc ny c lun gii
trn c s cc c im ca thnh to trm tch Kainozoi v i snh vi vng Balingian
k cn pha Nam tc ra Bc ca a khi Kalimantan (Borneo) v khi kin trc Trng
Sa va nu trn. Mt ct Kainozoi y kh dy, phn ln l cc thnh to cacbonat xen
trm tch vn tui Miocen gia n t.
Khi ny tng i n nh k t phn sm ca Miocen trung. V ng Bc n c
dng bc thang h t ngt bi t gy xung vng ng bng chu th Baram. Tnh n
nh ca khi do mng kiu lc a ca n. Mng lc a nh th c l cng lt bn di
vng Balingian. Ranh gii ng Bc ca khi l ng Baram, t gy ny cng l ranh
gii ca hm vc Palawan pha Ty Nam.
Trm tch cacbonat hnh thnh trong bin tin rng ri vo Miocen trung gn ging
hnh nh ca Reed Bank hin ti. Trm tch cn ni dy 200-300m trn cc kin trc nng
a lu. Bin tin cc i trong Miocen trung-thng to iu kin thch hp hnh thnh
vi v vi m tiu. Nhiu vi t xy c chiu dy ti 1.500m ko di trn 20km.
Cc vng Baram v chu th Rajang- Lupar tr thnh vng ngoi khi xa b cho n chu
k V v m rng ra phn ln vng Balingian cng nh v pha Nam Luconia vi s pht
trin cc vi m tiu v t xy quy m nh hn.

Chng 2. Cu trc a cht Bin ng v khu vc k cn

85

Phn trn vi l cc thnh to ven b bin m bao gm cc trm tch ct, st, vi
m tiu, c chiu dy trn 1000m. ng ch l phn trn vi c cha kh v gradient a
nhit thay i ln khi qua ng Baram, t kh cao (43,6oC/km) pha ng n trung bnh
25,8oC/km pha Ty.
c im kin trc ni ti ca khi Luconia l h thng cc a ho v a lu b
khng ch bi h thng t gy B- TN, tng t nh a khi qun o Hong Sa v phn
ra lc a pha Bc Bin ng. H thng t gy ny lin quan c phn mng v lp ph
trm tch Kainozoi. Trong qu trnh hnh thnh b TN Bin ng vo Miocen, t ra lc a
ng Dng- Trung Quc khi ny b trt v pha Nam. Phn pha Ty Luconia cn t c
bit n. N c biu hin ca b tch t trm tch Neogen rt dy vi s pht trin mnh cc
h thng t gy cng vi cc np li ln.
Trn bnh kin trc hin i ca bin ra ng Vit Nam, a khi qun o
Trng Sa l mt t hp cc khi kin trc lc a c tui c kt trc Mezozoi mun, c
tch ri bng sinh rift t ra lc a ng Dng- TQ v trt trong qu trnh gin y
hnh thnh Bin ng Kainozoi.
Kin trc Kainozoi ca a khi qun o Trng Sa l sn phm ca qu trnh bin
i cc kin trc lc a v hnh thnh cc kin trc kiu hu hoi mi, xy ra trong bi cnh
a ng lc ca mt i ng kiu bin ra chuyn tip gia lc a u- v Thi Bnh
Dng.
Cc nhp hot ng ca v Tri t a khi qun o Trng Sa gn b cht ch vi
cc giai on pht trin ca trng kiu i dng Bin ng v cc kin trc lc a k cn.
Nh vy c th i snh c cc c im cu trc a cht v a ng lc gia cc khu vc
va nu.
Trng lng cho nc su i dng Bin ng
Trng ny c ranh gii t su y bin trn di 3000m. B mt a hnh y c
dng mt ng bng bin thm bng phng su trung bnh 4000m, phn trung tm ni
cao trn b mt y l cc ni, dy ni ngm cao n trn 2000m (dy Scarborough ko
phng v tuyn trung tm b ng Bin ng b ct pha ng bi trng hm vc
Manila). Cc dy ni ngm ny, theo cc ti liu a vt l (t, trng lc, a chn) ghi nhn l
tn d ca trc gin y ca Bin ng.
Trn bnh , trng lng cho nc su Bin ng c dng mt a ho m rng
pha ng v ngy cng thu hp n vt nhn v pha Ty Nam gia hai khi lc a b hu
hoi v ln chm v c ngn cch bi vch kin to phn nh trn a hnh y cao n hn
1000m. cc Ty Nam, k cn vi sn lc a Nam Vit Nam, kin trc ny b ct ngang
bi i t gy kinh tuyn Hi Nam - Eo bin Sunda. Lng cho nc su Bin ng ngn
cch vi bin Sulu bi khi lc a Palawan - Mindoro.
V Tri t ca lng cho nc su Bin ng thuc kiu v i dng vi cu trc 3
lp. Lp trm tch nc su trn cng c chiu dy mng, tng dn t i trc khong 200 400m n cc phn ra hn 2000m, tip di l lp bazan dy khong 4 - 8km, b mt Moho
nm su 8 - 12 km. Cc bazan l ra do gin y c coi l cc thnh to ca bazan
i dng (Flower, 1992, Hoang, 1996) [66] [87].
Trng lng cho nc su c th c chia thnh 2 b B v Ty Nam. T cc bt
thng t c th xc nh c thi gian gin y b ng Bc trong khong 32-17 triu
nm vi trc gin y ng- Ty trung tm dy ni ngm, b Ty Nam c thi gian gin
y mun v ngn hn.
Cn ch rng s phn b v nh hng ca cc d thng t khng ng u cng
nh s bin i ni trn cho thy c s "nhy cc" v pha Nam ca trc gin y trong
cc khong thi gian tng ng. Tr s dng nhit khng ln (90- 110mw/m2) v su y
bin thuc loi trung bnh (trn di 4000m) c xem l bng chng cho tui tng i tr
ca s hnh thnh y bin ca kin trc i dng.

86

Phan Tr ng Trnh

c im ca i chuyn tip t v kiu i dng ca trng nc su vi cc ra c


v lc a b hu hoi v st ln do cng gin v vng mt cc kin trc kiu ra ng (hm
vc trn i ht chm, cung o ni la, trng sau cung) tng ng vi trc gin y trung
tm c th so snh vi kiu gin y hnh thnh cc kin trc kiu i Ty Dng. Tuy nhin
cn lu rng hot ng kin to cc ra ny phn nh trong qu trnh trm tch c tnh chu
k, cc h thng t gy phng khc nhau khng ch v phn chia cc b trm tch, hot
ng macma, c bit l phun tro mnh v c tnh chu k v dng nhit cn cao cc b l
chng c cho tnh khng th ng khc vi cc ra kiu i Ty Dng in hnh.
Nh vy, trong khung kin trc va nu th kin trc Bin ng bao gm 2 a khi
Hong Sa v a khi Trng Sa c ranh gii l trc gin y. Mi a khi u gm c phn
v kiu i dng v phn v kiu lc a b hu hoi v ln chm. Bao quanh cc kin trc
ny chnh l h thng b ca lng cho nc su Bin ng.
Bnh kin trc hin i ca Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn c trng bi ph kin
trc phi khm v a ngun to bi cc khi kin trc c mng c kt c (Tin Cambri) c
tng trng bng s gn ni cc phc h thch ng lc bi kt ca cc ai ng Phanerozoi
Ty Pacific v Tethys, bao gm cc kin trc kiu i dng, kiu bin ven, kiu cung o,
kiu ra lc a tch cc v th ng. Lch s pht trin ca v lc a Vit Nam v k cn l
qu trnh ph hu v lc a c hnh thnh lot cc kin trc kiu khc nhau (i dng,
bin ven, cung o v cc vi lc a) ri sau li din ra qu trnh ghp ni, bi kt lm
tng trng v lc a trong cc chu k un np to ni, hnh thnh cc ai ni-un np bao
quanh cc mnh lc a c hn.

87

Chng 3

KIN TO KAINOZOI BIN NG VIT NAM


V KHU VC K CN
3.1. KIN TO T GY KAINOZOI
3.1.1. t gy Sng Hng trn t lin
i trt ct Sng Hng hay cn gi l i trt ct Ailao Shan Sng Hng ko di
hn 1000 km t pha ng Ty Tng ti vnh Bc B, Vit Nam (Hnh 3.1). N l ranh gii
phn chia khi lc a Nam Trung Hoa v khi ng Dng. i trt ct Sng Hng gm 4
di bin cht nhit cao l dy ni Con Voi Vit Nam v Ailao Shan, Diancang Shan v
Xuelong Shan thuc Vn Nam, Trung Quc. Di bin cht dy ni Con Voi ko di t bin
gii Vit- Trung ti Vit Tr. i t gy Sng Chy v i t gy dc thung lng Sng
Hng l nhng t gy ang hot ng, gii hn hai ra ca di bin cht ny.
Ti liu a mo v trc a cho thy cc i t gy ny ang chuyn dch trong
t mun v hin ti. Thnh phn bin cht gm phin mica milonit v gneis, micmatit.
Hng chung ca mt phn phin l Ty Bc - ng Nam. Hng cm ca ra ng bc v
pha ng bc v ca ra ty nam nghing v pha ty nam. Gc cm ca mt phin phn
nhn ca i bin cht thay i theo cc mt ct. Theo mt ct Sa Pa th x Lo Cai v Bo
Yn Bo H, Bi Bng, gc cm mt phin kh dc (> 60) nhng mt ct qua th x Yn
Bi, gc cm rt thoi (<30). Nhn chung dy ni Con Voi c dng vm ging nh Diancang
Shan. Hng cm ca lineation trn mt phin thng nghing v ng nam. mt s ni
nh th x Yn Bi, mt phin b un np. Trc np un song song vi lineation. Quan st trn
thc a v di lt mng, c th thy nhiu tiu chun xc nh hng chuyn dch tri
nh cu to C v C/S, cu to xon, khc di bt i xng trong cc mt ct vung gc vi
mt phin v song song vi lineation.
nhng ni mt phin cm dc ng, cc tiu chun trn cho thy chuyn dch trt
bng tri. nhng ni mt phin nghing thoi v pha ty nam th chuyn dch tri quan st
c mt trn nghing v ng bc, cn ni mt nghing thoi v ng bc th mt trn
nghing v pha ty nam. Quan st t nh v tinh, dng khc di t l ln phn nh rt r. Cu
trc ny phn nh chuyn dch tri ca cnh ng bc so vi dy ni Con Voi. im khc bit
l gc gia C v S ln hn phn nh bin dng yu hn. Tt c u minh chng cho chuyn
dch trt bng tri. iu ny c gii thch do phng ca mt phin ph thuc vo cng
bin dng.
nhng ni bin dng yu, mt phin b un to thnh dng khc di hoc dng con
c t l ln. Tnh bt i xng ca chng s phn nh hng chuyn dch. iu ny rt hay
xy ra vi khc di l hoa, amphibolit, cc khi granit nh v siu mafic vi chiu rng
vi trm mt. ng ch mt ct th x Yn Bi, mt phin nm rt thoi. ra pha ng
bc ca dy ni Con Voi l cc phin xerixit v hoa. Phng ca mt phin thay i t
bc nam ti ty bc ng nam. nhng ni bin dng yu, phng mt phin ko di theo
phng bc nam phn nh phng nn p ng ty. ni bin dng mnh, mt phin chuyn
theo phng ty bc ng nam.

88

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Bt u t Vit Tr, bin cht b ph bi trm tch t. Chng c l cn ko di


ti thm lc a Bin ng. Cc bin cht milonit nhit cao cha pegmatit l ra Ninh
Bnh. Mt phin rt thoi nghing v ty hoc nam. mt s ni, cu to lineation th hin
rt r, phng thay i t bc nam sang ty bc - ng nam. Cu trc xon fenpat c kch
thc ti vi centimet. Cc di bin cht nhit cao thng b phn ct bi cc mt trt c
hng cm thoi v pha bc.

Hnh 3.1: Cu trc kin to ng Nam . Mi tn en ch hng chuyn dch trong Miocen
cho ti 16 triu nm, mi tn trng ch hng tch dn Bin ng (hiu chnh theo Leloup v
nnk., 1995) [127].
Nhng nghin cu kho st c h thng t nhng nm 90 dc theo i t gy Ailao
ShanSng Hng thu c nhng kt qu chnh sau: 1) Bin dng do xy ra dc i trt
ct hp c kh nng chuyn dch trt bng hng trm kilomet. 2) Chuyn dch trt bng xy
ra trong hng chc triu nm. 3) i trt bng ct qua thch quyn dn ti lm m bin ra.
T hu ht cc s liu cng b cho thy dy ni Con Voi ngui t 350 150oC
trong khong 25 ti 22 tr.n Do thiu s liu U-Pb, lch s ngui trn 350oC c da trn
phn tch fenpat kali (450-300oC) v amphibol (500-520oC). Hu ht amphibol c tui 25.8
tr.n cho thy nhit cao cn ko di ti 26 tr.n
Gii thch n gin cho ton b dy ni Con Voi l nhit trn 450oC ko di ti 27
tr.n ri sau ngui rt nhanh. Hu ht ng P-T xc lp bi nhit p k s c tnh t 27
tr.n Mt s ti liu cho tui gi hn 27 tr.n Nhng s liu ny cho thy nhit khng cao
hn 450oC ko di vi triu nm trc ln ngui cui cng.
Bin dng trong dy ni Con Voi tng t nh bin dng ca cc i bin cht khc
thuc i trt ct Sng Hng v th hin l dch trt bng tri. Tuy nhin c im khc bit

Chng 3. Kin to Kainozoi Bin ng Vit Nam v khu vc k cn

89

l mt phin dy ni Con Voi nghing kh thoi do lin quan vi thnh phn tch dn ln
trong qu trnh trt bng. Dc theo i trt ct Sng Hng, trt bng tri xy ra trong iu
kin nhit cao, tng ng vi iu kin nng chy v, gradient a nhit y t ti 65o
C/km, cao nht so vi ton i trt ct Ailao Shan - Sng Hng. iu ny cng ph hp vi
thnh phn tch dn tng dn v pha ng nam. Nhn chung ton i trt ct Sng Hng,
pha ngui t nhit cao xy ra sau 34 tr.n cho thy ton i c cng mt ch nhit ng.
Tuy nhin, quan st chi tit cho thy mi di bin cht c mt ch ring ca mnh. iu
khc bit quan trng l th nm ca mt phin ca di dy ni Con Voi c th nm thoi hn
ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu trng thi ng sut kin to. Dc theo i trt ct Sng
Hng, dch trt tri xy ra trong iu kin nhit cao. y cng l minh chng quan trng
cho thnh phn tch dn thuc dy ni Con Voi. Nhng nghin cu v phn b ng sut cng
cho thy thnh phn tch dn tng dn v hng ng nam. iu ny l gii cho vic nng
cao ca khi Sng Chy. l gii cho c im bin dng dc i trt ct Ailao Shan Sng Hng, c th s dng m hnh kin to, theo khi ng Dng xoay quanh mt
vng trn nh theo chiu kim ng h. Theo m hnh ny, s tn ti 3 vng c ch ng
lc khc nhau: vng xit p, vng trt bng v vng tch dn. i dy ni Con Voi thuc
vng tch dn. M hnh ny cng gii thch c v sao qu trnh tch dn tng cao v pha
ng nam cng nh hnh thnh cc khi granit kim v nng ln ca khi Sng Chy v B
Khng. M hnh ny c chng ti a ra ln u tin khi nghin cu trng thi ng sut
kin to sau ny c gi l m hnh kho ko (xanh tuya).
Tui 39Ar/40Ar, xc nh dc dy ni Con Voi thay i t 37 ti 22 trn nhng hu ht
tr hn 28 tr.n iu ph hp vi giai on ngui Paleogen-Miocen. Ch s dng tui
39
Ar/40Ar, khng xt ti c im thch hc v cu trc, Wang v nnk. i n kt lun rng
i trt ct Sng Hng khng hot ng trc 27 tr.n. Tuy nhin, phn ln chuyn dch
trt bng tri ca i t gy Ailao Shan Sng Hng xy ra trong iu kin nhit trn
500oC , vt xa nhit ng ca Ar, v vy tui Ar kh c th phn nh tui ca giai on
bin cht kch pht m ch c th phn nh tui ngui ca i m thi.
Ngc li, vic nh tui cc th granitoit hnh thnh ng kin to vi dch trt
bng phng php U-Pb li c th nh tui ti thiu ca giai on bin cht kch pht v cc
khi granit hnh thnh ng thi hoc mun hn. Phn tch cc mch granit ng kin to
trong orthogneis thuc Ailao Shan cho tui 31.9 0.3 trn (mu YS13) v 33.1 0.2 tr.n ca
Ti-U t cc lp leucocrat Xuelong Shan. Nu ch ti cc xm nhp granit kim phn b
xung quanh i t gy Ailao Shan Sng Hng, ta nhn thy tui ca chng nm trong
khong 40 30 tr.n. Khi Yansun l khi ln nht c tui 35 tr.n. C th gii thch rng s
xut hin ca cc khi granit kim hoc lin quan thun tu ti trt tri ca i t gy
Ailao Shan Sng Hng, lm nng chy cc b thch quyn hoc c b sung bi ngun
nhit bn ngoi do Hot Spot. Chng ta c th phn bit hai giai on ngui nhanh ca i
trt ct Ailao Shan Sng Hng. Giai on mt t iu kin bin cht cao nht ti tng
phin lc. Giai on hai t tng phin lc ti b mt a hnh hin ti. Thi gian ca giai
on ngui nhanh bt u t 28 tr.n v kt thc vo 23 tr.n Trong khong thi gian nhit
h t 450oC ti 150oC. Trong phm vi i dy ni Con Voi, duy nht ch c mt s liu
cho tui fenpat kali nhit thp (5.5 tr.n). Tui ny gp rt ph bin Diancang Shan.
T ng P-T-t, c th nh gi tc nng ca i trt ct Ailao Shan Sng
Hng. pha u, tc nng t 0.4 mm/nm Diancang Shan ti 1.6-1.7 mm/nm Ailao
Shan v dy ni Con Voi. Dc theo Ailao Shan, dc theo chiu di 400 km thy c qui lut
nng sm pha ng nam v chuyn dn ln pha ty bc vi tc lan truyn 4.8 cm/nm.
Nh vy nguyn nhn nng ln y phi mang tnh khu vc. M hnh kin to kiu kho
ko (xanh tuya) c s dng gii thch hin tng ny. Nu ton b i trt ct Ailao
Shan Sng Hng tun theo ng trn nh, th chuyn dch s l trt bng thun tu, nu
khng tun theo ng trn nh, s c hai min c tnh ng lc khc nhau l min trt

90

Phan Tr ng Trnh

bng nn p v min trt bng tch dn. im trung tnh s l tip xc gia i t gy vi
ng trn nh v l ni c trt bng thun tu. Nh vy trong qu trnh chuyn dch,
nm pha ty bc ca im trung tnh trc tin s b trt bng xit p sau chuyn sang
trt bng thun tu khi trt qua im trung tnh ri chuyn sang ch trt bng tch dn.
Nh vy tc chuyn dch ca t gy trt ct Ailao Shan Sng Hng s tng ng vi
tc ca chuyn qua im trung tnh t xit p sang tch dn. Trong min tch dn cc
t gy thun s hot ng lm nng tri. iu gii thch v sao cc im ng nam nng
tri sm hn v chuyn dn v pha ty bc. Nh vy, s dng m hnh kho ko (xanh tuya),
ta cn c th c lng bin ti thiu ca chuyn dch ngang cng nh tc chuyn dch
trt bng. Nu gi nh im trung tnh l c nh, vi tuyn t gy di 400 km ca di
bin cht Ailao Shan tun theo qui lut nng tri mun dn v pha ty bc, c th hiu rng
c 400 km chuyn t vng xit p sang vng tch dn qua trung im vi tc lan truyn
4.8 cm/nm. Ni cch khc, bin chuyn dch ngang ti thiu l 400 km v tc chuyn
dch ngang ti thiu l 4.8 cm/nm. Cn lu , nu trung im chuyn dch theo thi gian s
lm thay i c lng v bin cng nh tc chuyn dch ca t gy. Nu trung im
khng c nh m chuyn dch v pha ty bc, khi bin v tc chuyn dch s b c
lng qu cao, cn trung im chuyn dch v pha ng nam, cc gi tr c lng trn s
qu thp. Chng ta nhn thy dy ni Con Voi khng tun theo qui lut thi im ngui khc
nhau. iu c gii thch l trong qu trnh trt bng ca i t gy Ailao Shan Sng
Hng, dy ni Con Voi lun nm pha ng nam ca trung im tc l lun lun l min
trt bng tch dn.
Theo kt qu phn tch mu Yn20k, nhit 150 oC thi im cch y 5.5 trn
(u Pliocen). Kt qu ny kh ph hp vi mt lot cc mu Diancang Shan. T 23 ti 5.5
tr.n nhit khng i, ni cch khc, trong khong thi gian ny c mt giai on bnh n
kin to, to mt b mt san bng Miocen. Thc ra, t 23 tr.n ti 17 tr.n hoc mun
hn, i trt ct Sng Hng vn tip tc dch trt tri, c phn nh trong cc vi t gy
v khe nt trong tng cui kt Neogen. Tnh cht trt bng tri tch dn u Miocen phn
nh trong trng ng sut kin to. T sau 5 tr.n, c s nng ln nhanh chng ti b mt a
hnh hin ti. Vi gradient nhit thng ng 40 65 oC/km, c th xc nh c bin
nng 2.3 -3.8 km. Nh vy tc nng trung bnh trong Pliocen hin i ca i t gy Sng
Hng l 0.5 - 0.8 mm/nm.
3.1.2. Vng cc thm lc a Bin ng
Vi ngun ti liu phong ph do c nghin cu iu tra chi tit, bc tranh t gy
ca thm lc a bao quanh Bin ng rt sc s (Hnh 3.2). thm lc a Bc Bin ng
pht trin h thng t gy ch yu c phng B TN v v tuyn. Mt s t gy ln d
on ko di t trong lc a ra c phng TB N v kinh tuyn. Ranh gii gia thm lc
a Bc Bin ng v thm lc a Ty Bin ng l i t gy qui m hnh tinh Sng
Hng (Ailaoshan Sng Hng ) phng Ty Bc ng Nam.
Bnh kin trc ca thm lc a Ty Bin ng c quy nh bi h thng t
gy phng kinh tuyn quy m thch quyn. i t gy Hi Nam eo bin Sunda tri di
theo di kinh tuyn 1100 bt u t vng bin pha nam Hi Nam qua sut sn lc a min
Trung Vit Nam, ri tip tc pht trin xung pha nam trong cu trc ca thm lc a Sunda
(eo bin Sunda).
Cc ti liu a vt l (trng lc, t, a chn tomography) cho thy y l i t gy
su qui m thch quyn. Cc ti liu a cht (ng t, ni la) v a chn a ng lc
cho thy i t gy c hnh thnh t cui Mezozoi v hot ng mnh trong Kainozoi
(Gatinski v nnk., 1984; L Duy Bch, 1985) [69] [112].
Cu trc ni ti ca i t gy ny bao gm ba phn on :
Phn on pha bc (khong t v tuyn 170 Bc n vng bin Bnh Thun) i t
gy biu hin c sc trong a hnh y bin ty Bin ng, th hin l mt sn dc su,

Chng 3. Kin to Kainozoi Bin ng Vit Nam v khu vc k cn

91

nghing dng bc ngn v pha ng. i t gy c su xuyn v, ng vai tr ranh gii


gia: pha ty l a khi Indosinia v ai un np Trng Sn (Vit Lo) v pha ng l
bin ra Kainozoi ng Vit Nam. Phn on ny ng vai tr quan trng trong tc ng hnh
thnh cc b Kainozoi trn thm lc a (Nam Sng Hng, Ph Khnh) v i b ca trng
nc su i dng Bin ng.

Hnh 3.2: Bn phn b t gy Kainozoi Bin ng (Theo L Duy Bch)


Phn on gia ko di t vng bin Bnh Thun n vng bin o Natuna. Cng i
v pha nam hot ng ca i t gy c trng bi cc biu hin ni ng lc c chiu su
ln dn (ng t, ni la), vi s tng tc mnh m vi cc qu trnh a ng lc dc
trc gin y ca trng nc su i dng Bin ng. S tng tc ny nh hng mnh
n qu trnh tin ha ca cc kin trc Kainozoi (cc b Ph Khnh, Cu Long, Nam Cn
Sn, Vng My T Chnh) v trng nc su i dng Bin ng k cn.
Phn on pha nam c d kin da theo cc kt qu phn tch trng vn tc (P, t)
ca a chn tomography (Cao nh Triu, 2007) [39], kt hp vi ti liu v cc i chn
tiu ng t khu vc ng Nam chu. Biu hin ca s tn ti i t gy ny l cc
tuyn d thng sng tri theo phng kinh tuyn, bt gp su t 75 km n 350 km. Hai
bn tuyn d thng ny l hai min thch quyn khc nhau v c im ch a ng lc
su, phn nh c th bt ng nht su ca.
Trn phm vi thm lc a Nam Bin ng phn nh c h thng t gy ng cp
khc nhau c phng ch yu l TB N, B TN v kinh tuyn. Cc t gy qui m ln
c phng TB N nh Ba cha, Mae Ping (Sng Hu) ng vai tr quan trng trong s
hnh thnh cc b Kainozoi vng vnh Thi Lan. Cu trc ni ti ca cc b Pattani, Malay

92

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Th Chu, Cu Long, Nam Cn Sn, T Chnh - Vng My, ng Natuna, Ty Natuna u


c gii hn bi h thng t gy khu vc v t gy ni b.
H thng t gy c nghin cu xc nh kh chi tit khu vc ng nam thm lc
a Vit Nam, ni hin din cc b cha du kh quan trng Cu Long, Nam Cn Sn. H
thng t gy ch yu c phng kinh tuyn v mt s t gy c phng B TN v v
tuyn. Cc t gy thng c qui m nh n trung bnh, ch yu thuc kiu t gy thun
vi bin dch chuyn nh.
phn ng Nam Bin ng cn bo tn i t gy chm nghch qui m ln, l di
tch ca i ht chm v va chm ca Paleo Bin ng v h vi lc a cung o Borneo
Palawan. Cng pht trin vi t gy ny l cc hm vc v lng ho Palawan. Chng l ranh
gii gia vi lc a Trng Sa Reed Bank vi h vi lc a cung o Borneo Palawan.
H thng t gy Pliocen t biu hin trong kin trc hin i ca cc b cha du kh
Sarawak, Balingian, Baram, Sabah, Ty Palawan.
3.1.3 Vng trng nc su i dng Bin ng
Trn phm vi ca trng nc su i dng Bin ng h thng t gy bao gm: cc
t gy gii hn i trc gin y ca Bin ng. Chng c phng ch yu l v tuyn
phn pha ng v B TN phn pha ty nam. T hp vi chng l cc t gy chuyn
dng c phng ch yu l kinh tuyn v TB N. H thng t gy ang m t c sinh
thnh trong qu trnh gin y ca thch quyn Bin ng.
Mt s nghin cu v cu trc v v cc c im kin trc cc vng v i dng
mi to trung tm Bin ng v lng ho Xisha cung cp thm cc s liu v t gy kin
to ca cc cu trc v i dng tr Bin ng.
3.1.4 Vng cc khi vi lc a
Cc vi lc a Hong Sa Macclesfield v Trng Sa Reed bank c c trng bi
h thng t gy qui m trung bnh, c cc phng ch yu l B TN, kinh tuyn. H
thng t gy ny c sinh thnh vo cc thi k hnh thnh ca mng un np trc
Kainozoi ca cc vi lc a.Trong Kainozoi chng c li cun vo ti hot ng v khng
ch s hnh thnh cc b Kainozoi v cc khi kin trc bc cao.
Thuc phm vi a khi Hong Sa Macclesfield quan st thy h thng cc t gy
tri theo phng ch yu l B TN . Kt qu nghin cu a chn kin to cho php xc
nh mt s t gy sinh chn. Chng u c phng B TN.
H thng t gy Kainozoi ng vai tr rt quan trng trong bnh kin trc hin i
ca a khi Trng Sa Reed bank. Quy lut phn b t gy Kainozoi trong khng gian
ch yu k tha cc phng kin trc c. Ngoi phng ch o l B TN y cn ghi
nhn cc t gy theo cc phng v kinh tuyn, v tuyn v TB N.
3.2. S PHT TRIN KIN TO KANOZOI BIN NG VIT NAM V KHU
VC K CN
Lch s kin to ca Bin ng, v mt ngun gc, c lin quan ti bin dng ca lc
a Chu . Sau s kin x hc n - u trong Eocen, Chu c m rng ng
k v din tch. a hnh nghing v pha ty ca khu vc ng l ngc li so vi xu th
nng ln ca cao nguyn Ty Tng v qu trnh m ra ca cc bin ra, trong c Bin
ng. Ngn cch bi cc khi lc a, cc b bin ra ny c hnh thnh l kt qu ca s
cng gin din ra trong thi gian di, dc theo ra nam ca i lc Chu (Taylor v Hayes
1980) [232] (Hnh 3.4).
V mt kin to, Bin ng c bao quanh bi khi Indochina pha ty, khi Nam
Trung Hoa pha bc, mng Philippine pha ng, v o Borneo v qun o Indonesia
pha nam. Bi cnh ng nht ny khng ch khng ch trc tip s pht trin chung ca Bin

Chng 3. Kin to Kainozoi Bin ng Vit Nam v khu vc k cn

93

ng v cc b trm tch ca n m cn khin n tr nn c o vi vic s hu trc tch


gin ca chnh n so vi cc bin ra ty Thi Bnh Dng.
Tuy nhin, cho ti nay, cha c s thng nht v c ch thnh to Bin ng. Cc gi
thuyt hin nay c tha nhn rng ri bao gm (1) S x hc n - u v qu trnh
thc trt kin to do x hc, ch yu dc theo i t gy Sng Hng, hay i trt ct
Ailao Shan-Sng Hng (Taylor v Hayes 1980, 1983 [232, 233]; Tapponnier v nnk, 1982,
1986 [228, 229]; Briais v nnk, 1993) [26], (2) Lc cng gin t qu trnh ht chm ca mng
Thi Bnh Dng dc theo ra ty Thi Bnh Dng (Hall 2002) [75], v (3) Lc cng gin t
chm manti i ln hay vn ng ca quyn mm pha trn. Tuy nhin cng khng th loi tr
rng c mt qu trnh kt hp ca cc lc vn ng nu trn vn hnh cc hot ng kin
to, c bit l khi ch kin to khu vc thay i t ngt sau s x hc gia cc mng
n-c vo mng u tr nn d di t Eocen. Trong phn ny, chng ti trnh by nhng
c im ni bt v lch s kin to trong Kainozoi ca Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn.
3.2.1. Cc a khu ban u v qu trnh m Bin ng
Kho st a chn su ch qua qu trnh lm mng v lc a t 30 ti 35 km dc
theo ra lc a bc ti ~14 km nm di sn di ca Bin ng, trong khi su mt
Moho b trung tm thng l <12 km (Nissen v nnk, 1995) [175]. Ging nh mt cu trc
rift ph hu, chng hn, trng Hong Sa nm gia Hi Nam v Hong Sa c v lc a rt
mng ch khong 8 km khng c lp magma v di. V lc a tng i mng 812 km
cng tn ti ra ng bc, gia i Loan v khi nng Dongsha.
Cc loi trc Kainozoi xut hin trong Bin ng bao gm cc phin st bin
v ct kt tui Jura n Creta v xm nhp granit tui Creta hoc c hn cng nh cc
bin cht. Nhn chung cc magma c th chim ti hn 50% trong thnh phn ca cc a
khu c trc y, mt s trong s vn ng vai tr l cc im cao cu trc trong cc
thnh to b trm tch sau ny. Quanh trng nc su trung tm, nhiu rn san h pht trin
trn cc h thng a khu bao gm Tiu lc a Trng Sa (gm Reed Bank v Dangerous
Grounds) v Tiu lc a Hong Sa (gm Hong Sa v Macclesfield Bank). Hin nay, nm
pha nam, Dangerous Grounds, Reed Bank, trng Trng Sa (hay trng Borneo-Palawan) v
o Palawan l cc a khu nguyn thu ngun gc lc a. Chng tri qua hot ng rift
tin v pha nam trong Creta mun Paleogen sm v mun hn na, trong sut qu trnh m
rng y bin, ra ca chng x hc vi a khu pha bc ca bin Sulu nguyn thu. pha
nam, ngoi granit v dorite, cc trm tch ni la v bin nng cng kh ph bin, cho thy
mt n v thch hc tin rift phc tp hn na.
S phn b rng ri ca phin st bin v ct kt tui Jura v Creta cho thy mt
Bin ng nguyn thu nng v rng trong Mesozoi mun ti Kainozoi sm c th c mt
vi trng nc su lin thng vi pha ng n Dng (Hall 2002) [75]. Bin ng
nguyn thu ny t phn ln b ht chm di cc cung o pha nam hoc nng ln, to
thnh mt phn ca cc cung o ny. Tng b dy ca tp trm tch Mesozoi c th t ti
khong 2,0004,000m thng vi t tnh cao trn cc im cao b nng ln v t tnh thp
trong cc b trm tch.
3.2.2. Giai on Paleogengia Oligocen (65,5 28,4 tr.n)
Qu trnh rift ban u v qu trnh thnh to a ho trong khu vc Bin ng trng
vi giai on sm ca x hc n - u trong Paleocen- Eocen sm, qu trnh x hc ny
tr nn mnh m t khong 50 triu nm. Cc nghin cu a chn v ti liu gn y ca khu
vc Indus Fan cho thy mt giai on tng cng hot ng sm hn t khong 55 triu
nm. Tuy nhin, mi ti cui Eocen u Oligocen khi qu trnh nng do x hc-ht chm
tr nn tr nn mnh to nn s thot trt ng k m v c bn ng gp vo qu
trnh rift v qu trnh m rng ca Bin ng. Trong tng s ~550 km dch chuyn ca khi
Indochina do cc hot ng t gy trt bng mnh m dc theo t gy Sng Hng
(Tapponnier v nnk, 1986; Briais v nnk, 1993; Leloup v nnk, 2001) [228] [26] [128] trong

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Phan Tr ng Trnh

sut giai on Oligocen-Miocen c th gii thch mt phn cho qu trnh tch gin y ca
Bin ng.
Qu trnh to rift Paleogen dc theo ra lc a Vit Nam c minh gii lin quan vi
c s s x hc ca n v u- v lc ko mng t qu trnh ht chm ca Bin ng
nguyn thu bn di Borneo (Marquis v nnk., 1997) [134], (Matthews v nnk., 1997) [136],
(Lee v Watkins, 1998; 2001) [124], (Clift v Sun, 2006; 2008) [49, 50]. C bt ng ln cn
tn ti lin quan n ch ny. Sau y, chng ti trnh by khi qut v hai c ch vn
ng c xut: quan im kin to thc trt v quan im kin to ko mng.
Theo quan im kin to thc trt, ng gia mng n v mng u- bt u
vo khong 5534 triu nm trong Eocen. Kt qu ca qu trnh ng ny, khi Indochina
v khu vc pha nam ca n b thc trt vi trm kilomet v pha ng nam dc theo mt
lot cc i t gy trt bng tri ln (Tapponnier v nnk., 1982; 1986; 1990) [228, 229,
230], (Lacassin v nnk., 1997) [108], (Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128], (Phan Trng
Trnh v nnk., 1995, 1996, 2004) [187, 194, 195], (Replumaz v Tapponnier, 2003) [211], v
(Akciz v nnk., 2008) [3] (Hnh 3.3).

Hnh 3.3: V tr ca cc b Kainozoi chnh v cc khu vc thuc v i dng cng nh cu


trc s lc ca khu vc nghin cu. (Bin chnh theo Fyhn v nnk,. 2009) [67].
Dch chuyn v pha nam v s xoay ca khi Indochina pht hin nh cc ti liu c
t c xem l kt qu ca s thc trt ngang qua cc i t gy trt tri ny (Ch v
Dorobek, 2004) [54]. S xoay ca cc thnh to tui Jura, Creta v u Paleogen bn trong
a khi Shan Thai dng nh c bit mnh nhng mang tnh cc b, cho thy s xoay ni
mng cng kh r trong khu vc ny. Tng t, s bin i v s xoay pha nam ca a
khi Shan Thai cho thy khi Indochina th hin khng phi l mt khi cng n gin

Chng 3. Kin to Kainozoi Bin ng Vit Nam v khu vc k cn

95

gia cc i t gy trt bng tri ln ct ngang qua khu vc ny, v ch duy s dch chuyn
v pha nam xy ra Nam Vit Nam.

Hnh 3.4a: M hnh v qu trnh m Bin ng ca Taylor v Hayes (1980; 1983) [232, 233]
(trong giai on u Miocen): hot ng t gy trt bng phi dc theo t gy ranh gii
ng Vit Nam
Ln nht trong s cc i t gy trt bng tri tnh t pha ng chc ba Himalaya
ti ra ng Vit Nam l i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng v n tip tc pht trin v pha
bin to thnh t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam (Hnh 3.3) (Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a)
[127, 128], (Phan Trng Trnh v nnk., 1995, 1996, 2004) [187, 194, 195]. Trn lc a,
chuyn ng trt tri thng c cho bt u trong sut Eocen/Oligocen sm thng qua
cc bng chng bin cht ng kin to c nh tui tng i dc theo i trt ct ny,
(Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128], (Phan Trng Trnh v nnk., 1995, 1996, 2004)
[187, 194, 195], (Gilley v nnk., 2003) [71], (Viola v Anczkiewicz, 2008) [251]. Cc tc gi
khc li nh tui Oligocen mun hay Miocen cho s khi u vn ng trt tri, (Wang v
nnk., 2001) [259] v (Searle, 2006) [215], mc d cc tui ny r rng tri ngc vi tui
khi u trc- Oligocen gia ca qu trnh rift ko tch trt tri trong b Sng Hng m to
ra s tip ni v pha bin ca i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng (Rangin v nnk., 1995a;
1995b) [208,210], (Nielsen v nnk., 1999) [174], v (Clift v Sun, 2006) [49].
Qu trnh trt ct tri dc theo phn pha nam ca i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng
Hng ch yu c coi l xy ra theo c ch cng - trt bng (transtensive regime) dc theo
cc phc h nhn bin cht trn t lin (Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128], (Phan
Trng Trnh v nnk., 1995, 1996, 2004) [187, 194, 195], (Anczkiewicz v nnk., 2007) [7] v
(Viola v Anczkiewicz, 2008) [251]. Qu trnh t gy cng ngang gii thch cho s tri l
ca cc phc h phn di ti gia v dc theo i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng. Ch ri

96

Phan Tr ng Trnh

rc cc trm tch Paleogen tn ti dc theo i trt ct ny phn nh vic khng tch t trm
tch trong sut Paleogen cng nh khng c s bo mn sau ny.

Hnh 3.4b: M hnh v qu trnh m Bin ng ca Tapponnier v nnk (1982; 1986; 1990)
[228, 229, 230] hot ng t gy trt tri gia Nam Trung Quc v Indochina vi Borneo
dch chuyn so vi Indochina.
B Sng Hng trn Bin ng Vit Nam l mt trong nhng b ko tch ln nht trn
th gii nm c trn t lin v ngoi khi Vit Nam. B ny nm trc tip trn on tip ni
ca phc h bin cht nhit cao Dy Ni Con Voi thuc i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng
Hng, cng nh phc h bin cht pha nam bao quanh bi t gy Sng Hng trt bng tri
pha ty v t gy Sng L pha ng. Vn ng trt bng tri qui m ln Paleogen
gia - Oligocen ngang qua pha bc t gy, ranh gii ng Vit Nam lin quan vi vn ng
ngang qua i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng c chng minh bi Rangin v nnk.,
(1995a) [208], v Clift & Sun (2006) [40]. Cc vn ng tri v qu trnh rift ko tch
Paleogen c minh gii thng qua qua t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam trong b Sng
Hng da trn: 1) s c mt khp ni ca cc t gy phng TTB ti TB m vch nn
nhng c im cng gin dc theo cc t gy phng BTB ti TB vch nn t gy ranh
gii ng Vit Nam trong b ny, 2) hnh thi lan rng theo t gy st bc phi, phng
ng bc ty nam, chim u th v pha cc b Bc vnh Bc B v ng Nam Hi Nam, 3)
cc kt qu m hnh tng t, v 4) s kt ni vi i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng trt
bng tri ng thi.
Cc nhnh m rng ca t gy v pha ng c vch ra t t gy ranh gii ng
Vit Nam v pha cc b Bc vnh Bc B v Qiongdognan lm tiu th ng k vn ng

Chng 3. Kin to Kainozoi Bin ng Vit Nam v khu vc k cn

97

trt tri ny (Rangin v nnk., 1995a) [208], (Nielsen v nnk., 1999) [174], (Andersen v
nnk., 2005) [8]v (Clift v Sun, 2006) [49].
Theo Roques v nnk., (1997) [212] t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam (t gy kinh
tuyn 110o) trt tri ko di v pha nam ti b Ph Khnh ni n nhp vi mt i t gy
trt phi. Dch chuyn ngang phi c vin dn ngang qua t gy ranh gii ng Vit
Nam ngoi khi min Trung v Nam Vit Nam pha nam ca im kt nhp (Marquis v
nnk., 1997) [134], (Roques v nnk., 1997a) [212] v (Clift v nnk., 2008) [50]. Tuy nhin s
kt nhp ca t gy ny vn cha c chng minh trong b Ph Khnh v Fyhn v nnk.,
(2009a) [67] minh gii dch chuyn ngang tri ng k trong Paleogen ngang qua t gy
ranh gii ng Vit Nam pha bc b Ph Khnh.
S ko di ca t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam pha nam ca min Trung Vit
Nam t lu vn ch c tch cht suy on. t gy ny c cho l phn nhnh (splay) v
pha bin v bi vy khng ch qu trnh rift lc a v qu trnh tch gin y bin ca
Bin ng theo c ch ko tch (Tapponnier v nnk., 1982; 1986) [228, 229], (Briais v nnk.,
1993) [26], (Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128] v (Replumaz v Tapponnier, 2003)
[211]. ng h m hnh ny, Matthews v nnk., (1997) [136] cho rng h rift phng xp x
ng-ty trong b Nam Cn Sn c th lin quan vi cc i trt ct tri phng TBN
cha c vch ra nm lin k.
phn pha nam ca khi ng Dng (Indochina), kin to thc trt to nn hot
ng trt tri EocenOligocen sm dc theo cc i trt ct Three Pagodas v Mae Ping
phng TB-N (Wang Chao) (Lacassin v nnk.1997) [108]. Da trn cc du n a cht
dch chuyn ngang tri, Tapponnier v nnk., (1986) [228] v Peltzer & Tapponnier (1988)
[179] suy ra tng bin dch chuyn ngang tri khong 300 km ngang qua hai i trt
ct ny. Vn ng trt tri v ko tch dc theo i trt ct Three Pagodas c cho l m
ra cc b Pattani, Khmer, Malay -Th Chu v Ty Natuna pha nam ca Indochina mc d
iu ny vn cha c chng minh (Tapponnier v nnk., 1982; 1986) [228, 229], (Leloup v
nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128], (Lacassin v nnk., 1997) [108] v (Replumaz v Tapponnier,
2003) [211]. Xa hn v pha ng, cc b Cu Long v Sarawak cng c minh gii tng
t l cc b ko tch Paleogen lin quan vi i trt ct Mae Ping. Tuy nhin mt i t
gy trt tri ln phng ct ngang thm lc a ng nam Vit Nam khng c nhc
n v ti liu khu vc b Sarawak khng ng h m hnh ny bi v qu trnh rift Eocen v
tr hn dng nh lin quan vi cc i trt ct phi phng TBN- thay v trt tri.
Trong b Cu Long, qu trnh rift Paleogen xy ra trn cc t gy thun phng BTN v
-T, cc t gy m phn nhnh v pha ty v TTB bn di chu th Mekong hin i, iu
ny c th phn nh im cc ca i trt ct Mae Ping hoc mt trong s cc nhnh ca t
gy trong b (Lee v nnk., 2001) [124]. Vic phc hi c a l khu vc tch hp khong
150 km dch chuyn ngang tri phn tn cng pha ng nam ca i trt ct Mae Ping
trong khong gia Eocen mun n gia Oligocen (Hall, 2002) [75]. Kh c th lm cho
tng thch dch chuyn ngang ln nh vy vi s lin tc biu kin ca di t tnh Jura mun
u Paleogen b bin Nam Vit Nam ni n b ct ngang bi du vt c cho l ca i
trt ct Mae Ping (Hnh 3.3). Cc nghin cu v hnh thi trng lc ch ra rng b Cu Long
khng th tip nhn khong hn 30 km dch chuyn tri (Huchon v nnk., 1998) [94], v vic
phc hi cc cu trc khc di c th ch ra vn ng trt tri nh c vi chc km dc theo
i trt ct Mae Ping mc d dch chuyn ngang ln c Lacassin v nnk., (1997) [108]
xut. S thnh to ca b Cu Long c minh gii c ch ko tch (Tapponnier v nnk.,
1982) [229], (Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128], (Huchon v nnk., 1998) [94], mc d,
Lee v nnk., (2001) [124] xut mt lch s rift n gin ca b ny l c lp vi hot
ng kin to thot trt lin quan vi s ph v ban u ca Bin ng.
Nhiu m hnh kin to xut cc i trt ct Three Pagodas v Mae Ping l cc
cu trc dng tuyn t gy lin tc ko di hn 1000 km (Tapponnier v nnk., 1982) [229],

98

Phan Tr ng Trnh

(Briais v nnk., 1993) [26], (Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128], (Lacassin v nnk.,
1997) [108] v (Replumaz v Tapponnier, 2003) [211]. Tuy nhin nhng phn c nghin
cu k ca cc i trt ct ny bao gm cc h thng t gy nhnh vi chiu rng ln ti
250 km phng ch yu B-N v TBN to nn cc cu trc trt bng kp dng t chim, v
hu ht cc i t gy ny thng c xc nh khng r khin vic minh gii cc phn ca
cc t gy ny ch c tnh cht suy on, chng hn nh on thuc i trt ct Mae Ping
ng nam ca Thi Lan.
Theo quan im kin to ko mng, ht chm Bin ng nguyn thu v s ng
gia hai mng lc a sau dc theo bc Borneo c minh chng bi s c mt ca cc
phc h tng trng rng khp, s xut hin ca ophiolit, hot ng ni la, bin dng nn p
mnh m, s nng tri v qu trnh lm dy v bc Borneo v phn v ca Bin ng
nguyn thu b ht chm c pht hin qua cc mt ct a chn TB Borneo v Palawan
(Hnh 3.4). (Taylor v Hayes, 1980; 1983) [232, 233], Hall 2002; 2008) [75, 76], v (Clift v
nnk., 2008) [50]. Trong sut giai on cui Creta v Paleogen, Bin ng nguyn thu v
tiu lc a Dangerous Ground dch chuyn v pha mt i ht chm nm dc theo b bin
Borneo. Trong sut Eocen, sau s x hc ca tiu lc a Luconia v Borneo, ht chm tip
tc m rng hn v pha ng v s tri dt v pha nam lin quan ca Bin ng nguyn
thu v Dangerous Grounds xy ra dc theo mt i rng vi trm kilomet ct ngang qua
mt lot cc t gy chuyn dng trt phi Luconia v pha ng ca tiu lc a ny
(Clift v nnk., 2008) [50] v (Hall v nnk., 2008) [76]. Lc ko mng kt hp vi cc nhnh
ca t gy t qu trnh rift b khng ch bi t gy chuyn dng trc khi xy ra s ph v
ca Bin ng cng nh qu trnh tch gin y bin sau ny. Mt t gy chuyn dng trt
phi c cho l tip tc v pha bc dc theo b bin Min Trung Vit Nam, nhng vn
cha c chng minh (Taylor v Hayes, 1980; 1983) [232, 233], (Clift v nnk., 2008) [50]
v (Hall v nnk., 2008) [76], tri li, mt nghin cu a chn v ra lc a min Trung Vit
Nam chng minh rng s tip ni ca i trt ct tri Ailao Shan-Sng Hng tin xa v pha
nam ti pha bc b Ph Khnh (Fyhn v nnk., 2009a) [67].
Qu trnh to rift cui Creta v Paleocen xa hn v pha ng dc theo ra nam Trung
Quc l c trc tui ca s x hc n v u- v c coi l hoc l cng gin sau
cung hoc l hiu ng ko mng lin quan vi s ht chm v pha nam ca Bin ng
nguyn thu (Ru v Pigott, 1986) [213] v (Clift v nnk., 2008) [50].
3.2.3. Giai on Oligocen munu Miocen (28,4- 23 tr,n)
S nng ln v tri l nhanh chng trong khong gia Oligocen ti cui Miocen c
chng minh bi cc nghin cu nhit p v nh tui ng v trn cc phc h bin cht dc
theo i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng (Tapponnier v nnk., 1990) [229], (Leloup v nnk.,
1995; 2001) [127, 128], (Phan Trng Trnh v nnk., 1995, 1996, 2004) [187, 194, 195],
(Gilley v nnk., 2003) [71] v (Viola v Anczkiewicz, 2008) [251]. S tri l ca cc nhn
bin cht hu ht phng ty bc c minh gii l kt qu ca s p ngang tri ln ti
hng trm kilomet trong Oligocen mun ti Miocen sm, tri li cc phc h nhn Ailao Shan
v dy ni Con Voi c cho l b tri l thng qua s cng ngang (Leloup v nnk., 2001)
[127, 128]. S nng tri p ngang tin xa v pha nam ca phc h nhn bin chn Ailao Shan
c chng minh bi Shoenbohm v nnk., (2005), [218] v c ch nng tri tng t cho
phc h nhn dy ni Con Voi Vit Nam c Searle (2006) [215] xut. S p ngang
quy m ln l ph hp vi nhiu t gy p ngang v t gy nghch theo c ch bin dng
dn bn trong phc h nhn Ailao Shan v a khu Shan-Thai lin k (Tapponnier v nnk.,
1990) [230], (Leloup v nnk., 1995) [127] cng c ch ra trong i trt ct lin k xa
hn v pha ng nam dc theo phc h bin cht dy n i Con Voi vi s c mt ca mt vi
t gy nghch song song vi i trt ct ny (Leloup v nnk., 2001) [128].
Dch chuyn ngang tri ln sau gia Oligocen mu thun vi cc nghin cu a chn
b Sng Hng m chng minh pha sm ca hot ng t gy trt bng ko theo sau bi

Chng 3. Kin to Kainozoi Bin ng Vit Nam v khu vc k cn

99

qu trnh rift yu Oligocen munMiocen sm ti qu trnh st ln hu rift (Rangin v nnk.,


1995a) [208], (Nielsen v nnk., 1999) [174],. Trong sut gia Oligocen s nghch o kin
to ln nh du bi bt chnh hp gc xut hin trong b Sng Hng, s kin cho thy mnh
m nht phn ty bc ca b gn cc phc h bin cht gn b. Hot ng t gy trt tri
b gii hn tip tc pht trin trong mt di hp gia t gy Sng L v t gy ranh gii
ng Vit Nam sau gia Oligocen; mc d tng bin dch chuyn tri hu nh khng vt
qu vi chc kilomet (Rangin v nnk., 1995a) [208], (Nielsen v nnk., 1999) [174] v
(Andersen v nnk., 2005) [8]. iu c ngha l chuyn dch trt bng tri ln dc theo
i trt ct Ailao Shan Sng Hng vo gia Oligocen l khng ng hoc bin dng trt
bng tri dng phn t lin hoc phn bc ca b Sng Hng. Khng c bng chng
chuyn dch trt bng tri hng trm kilmt gia phc h bin cht day ni Con Voi v
ng b hin i ko di 150 km v pha nam. iu gi nh l t gia Paleogen, bin
trt bng tri dc i trt ct Sng Hng l kh nh, iu mu thun vi nhng ti lp
kin to khu vc ca mt s tc gi. (Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a v 2001b) [127, 128],
(Hall, 2002) [75], Replumaz & Tapponnier (2003) [211], Searle (2006) [215]. Xa hn v pha
ty bc, phn ln bin dng ca qu trnh ng b hp th bi qu trnh nn p, tng chiu
dy thch quyn, xoay khi a phng, trt bng trong khi Shan Thai (Wang v Burchfiel,
1997) [257], (Hall, 2002) [75]. Hu ht qu trnh trt ct tri dc theo i trt ct Ailao
Shan-Sng Hng xy ra vo gia Oligocen c l ch xy ra gii hn trong khi ShanThai.
pha nam Indochina dch chuyn tri bn trong i trt ct Mae Ping dng li
khong gia Oligocen. Nghch o trt phi na cui Oligocen ti Miocen sm c ch
ra bi cc b ko tch cc b c thnh to cc di un cong phi (releasing bends) dc
theo i trt ct Mae Ping v i trt song song vi n cng vi s nng tri nhanh chng
dc theo ng phng (Lacassin v nnk., 1997) [108]. Mi lin h gia nghch o v qu
trnh to rift lin quan Thi Lan ti qu trnh kt cp gia Oligocen ca khi Ty Burma v
n v s tri trt v pha bc sau ca Ty Burma dc theo t gy trt bng
Sagaing, ging nh c ch ra bi qu trnh to rift ca b Mergui v qu trnh tch gin y
bin sau ca bin Andaman. S kt cp khi v s hot ng ca t gy Sagaing to nn
s un cong phi dc theo cc h thng t gy phng B-N v TBN ngay pha ng ca
n. Huchon v nnk., (1994) [95] xut rng s nghch o ca i trt ct Mae Ping l
kt qu ca s thc ln pha bc ca n , iu m theo m hnh ca h to nn mt lot cc
s kin nghch o theo thi gian m bt u phn pha nam ca khu vc ny.
Cc nghin cu trc y v cc d thng t r rng cho thy ba giai on quan trng
trong lch s pht trin ca Bin ng. Qu trnh tch gin y bin bt u t nht t
ng Chron 11 v kt thc ph ng Subchron 5C (Briais v nnk, 1993) [26], tng ng
vi khong thi gian 3016.7 triu nm s dng cc thang thi c t mi, hay 3216 triu
nm theo thang c. Vic nhn dng d thng t c nht s 12 hay 11 cho thy rng s ph v
ban u ca Bin ng xy ra trong khong 2931 triu nm theo thang thi gian ci tin
(Taylor v Hayes, 1980; 1983) [232, 233], (Briais v nnk., 1993) [26] v (Barckhausen v
Roeser, 2004) [12]. Qu trnh tch gin y bin ban u xy ra trc tch gin phng
xp x ng ty nm na pha bc ca Bin ng.
S nhy ca sng ni v pha nam trong giai on tch gin xy ra gn ranh gii d
thng 7/6b vi tui 2325 triu nm (tui c 2426 triu nm), to nn s ngn cch ca tiu
lc a Trng Sa khi tiu lc a Hong Sa. Tuy nhin do v i dng magma vn cha
c khoan nghin cu, nn khng c s nht tr hon ton v tui chnh xc ca qu trnh
tch gin Bin ng. Chng hn Barckhausen v Roeser (2004) [12] cho rng qu trnh tch
gin y Bin ng bt u ~31 triu nm (d thng 12) v kt thc ~20.5 triu nm (d
thng 6A1), vi bc nhy sng ni 25 triu nm khi trung tm tch gin th hai cng
pht trin pha ty nam.

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Phan Tr ng Trnh

Ti thi gian ca d thng 10 (khong 2829 triu nm) qu trnh tch gin m rng
dng li phn tn cng pha ty ca b nhng vn tip tc phn pha ng xa hn (Briais
v nnk., 1993) [26]. Theo d thng s 7 (khong 24 triu nm) ti ranh gii Paleogen
Neogen, qu trnh tch gin nhy v pha nam v bt u pht trin v pha ty nam. S nh
hng ny theo lm bi s thay i v hng m rng t phng gn bc-nam sang phng
TBN pha TN ca Bin ng.
Mt nghin cu gn y v cc tuyn d thng t pht hin ra rng qu trnh tch
gin y bin gc ng bc ca Bin ng xy ra sm hn nhiu khong ~37 triu nm,
trong sut d thng C17 (Hsu v nnk, 2004) [93]. Ranh gii lc a - i dng mi c
nhn dng (COB) c nh du bi s c mt ca mt i t tnh tng i thp chn
thm lc a tng ng vi phn b lm mng ca v lc a. Hsu v nnk, (2004) [93] xut
rng s m rng v pha bc ca v i dng Bin ng b chn li bi mt t gy chuyn
dng trt tri khng hot ng, ni t mng bin su ti mng bin su phng TB-N
c gi l ranh gii mng chuyn dng Luzon-Ryukyu (LRTPB). Ranh gii chuyn dng
Luzon-Ryukyu c ni vi mng Manila nghing v pha ng nam trc y pha nam
v mng Ryukyu nghing v pha ty bc pha bc, v c th tr nn khng hot ng
khong 20 triu nm. Cc kt qu ny ch ra tc tch gin khong 4044mm/yr trong
khong 37 ti 31 triu nm trc khi n nh ~28mm/yr trong lch s tch gin sm ca
Bin ng.
Trong b Cu Long, s nn p ri rc trong Oligocen mun to nn s nng tri mng
v nghch o ca cc t gy thun Paleogen. S lin kt c th c gia i trt ct Mae
Ping v b Cu Long dn chng ta ti nhn nh rng nghch o b l kt qu ca s nghch
o nht thi ca i trt ct ny. Qu trnh rift trong b Cu Long tip tc cho n cui
Oligocen ni mt bt chnh hp ln nh du ranh gii Oligocen/Miocen v im bt u ca
qu trnh st ln hu rift, c minh gii l bt chnh hp ph v lin quan n vic nhy v
pha nam v ti nh hng ca trc tch gin Bin ng (Lee v nnk., 2001) [125]. Bt
chnh hp ny c nh du v pha bin trong b Nam Cn Sn v y ch ra im
khi u ca pha rift th hai trong b ny (Matthews v nnk., 1997) [136] v (Lee v nnk.,
2001) [125].
pha bc b Ph Khnh, Fyhn v nnk., (2009a) [67] ch ra mt bt chnh hp ln
gia Oligocen gy ra bi s nng tri dc theo t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam v xut c
s lin quan gia s thnh to ca bt chnh hp ny v nghch o cng thi trong b Sng
Hng. Qu trnh rift v s cng ngang tri dc theo t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam tip tc
trong sut Oligocen mun trong b Ph Khnh, v bt chnh hp ln nh du ranh gii
PaleogenNeogen ti ni qu trnh rift gim v thay i ng k. iu ny c lin h
vi s kt thc ca cc vn ng trt tri ti t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam v mt nghch
o trt phi quy m trung bnh. Lee v Watkins (1998) [124] cng lu ti bt chnh
hp ny nhng gn n tui gia Oligocen v minh gii n l bt chnh hp ph v gy ra
bi giai on khi u u tin ca qu trnh tch gin y bin pha ng bc.
3.2.4. Giai on Neogen sm (23 -11,6 tr.n)
Dc theo ra lc a Vit Nam, nhng s thay i ln v kin to v trm tch xy
ra t khong ranh gii PaleogenNeogen. Trn t lin, s tri l nhanh chng ca cc phc
h nhn bin cht Ailao Shan Sng Hng c tip tc trong sut Miocen sm, n c
minh gii l kt qu ca hot ng t gy trt tri ln dc theo i trt ct ny (Leloup v
nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128], (Nam v nnk., 1998) [242] v (Searle, 2006) [215]. Qu trnh
trt ct tri dc theo i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng c minh gii l dng li
khong ranh gii Miocen sm- gia da trn s suy gim cng thi ca hot ng nng tri
ca cc phc h bin cht v s hon thnh ca qu trnh tch gin y bin c cho l b
khng ch bi ng hc ca i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng (Leloup v nnk., 1995)
[127, 128] v (Leloup v nnk., 2001a) [128].

Chng 3. Kin to Kainozoi Bin ng Vit Nam v khu vc k cn

101

Trong b Sng Hng, mt s thay i t cng ngang va phi ti p ngang xy ra


khong ranh gii Miocen sm-gia (Rangin v nnk., 1995b), [210] (Nielsen v nnk., 1999)
[174] v (Clift v Sun, 2006), [49] coi l s khi u ca qu trnh trt ct phi (Nielsen v
nnk., 1999) [174] v (Andersen v nnk., 2005) [8]. Tuy nhin (Rangin v nnk., 1995a; 1995b)
[208, 210] ch ra s khi pht sau ca nghch o trt phi l khong cui Miocen.
Phan Trng Trnh v nnk (2004) [195] cho rng qu trnh ny xy ra vo u Pliocen.
Ht chm dc theo b bin ty bc ca Borneo v Palawan dn dn khp li phn cn
li ca Bin ng nguyn thu trong sut Miocen sm (Hall, 2002) [75]. Trong sut Miocen
sm, tiu lc a Dangerous Ground x hc vi TB Borneo v Palawan nhm phn ng li
s khp li ca Bin ng nguyn thu. S x hc ny to nn hin tng nng tri khu vc
v c nh du bi qu trnh co ngn ni mng. S tiu bin ca Bin ng nguyn thu
lin quan vi s thnh to ca bt chnh hp Top Crocker tui Miocen sm (Hall v nnk.,
2008) [76] hoc bt chnh hp Deep tr hn - Miocen gia nh du s thay i ng k trong
Miocen sm - u Miocen gia v kiu tch t trm tch trn b v ngoi khi ca bc Borneo
(Hutchison, 2004) [97]. Qu trnh co ngn v tip tc nhiu ni ko di ti Neogen mun,
iu ny c l gii cho c s x hc mng cng nh s nn p chn sn do trng lc
(Hutchison, 2004) [97].
Trong sut Neogen sm, s ph v lc a phn pha nam ca Bin ng lan truyn
v pha ty nam v bi vy kch thch qu trnh tch gin y bin trong khu vc gia Vit
Nam v Borneo ngy nay (Pautot v nnk., 1990) [178], (Briais v nnk., 1993) [26]v
(Barckhausen v Roeser, 2004) [12]. Briais v nnk., (1993) [26] minh gii s lan truyn v
pha ty nam dng li d thng s 6 tng ng vi khong 1920 Ma, vi triu nm
trc s ngng ngh cui cng ca qu trnh tch gin y bin. Sau ny, Huchon v nnk.,
(2001) [94] chng minh qu trnh tch gin pha ty nam l rift i dng dng kho ko
ch V lan truyn, s lan truyn ny tip tc cho ti tn cui ca qu trnh tch gin y bin.
Kiu d thng t ca y i dng tr nht c xc nh cha tt (Taylor v
Hayes, 1983) [233] v (Briais v nnk., 1993) [26]. Da trn tc tch gin khng thay i
sau s thnh to ca d thng tr nht c th nhn dng (5D) Briais v nnk., (1993) [26]
cho rng qu trnh tch gin y bin kt thc khong d thng 5C tng ng vi khong
1617 triu nm, tri li, nghin cu li kiu d thng t cho thy rng qu trnh tch gin
y bin kt thc sm hn c khong 20.5 triu nm ti d thng 6A1 (Barckhausen v
Roeser, 2004) [12].
Mt s thay i cu trc quan trng trong Miocen sm, i km l bin tin rng khp
xy ra trong cc b ngoi khi min Nam v min Trung Vit Nam, (Matthews v nnk.,
1997) [136], (Roques v nnk., 1997) [212], (Lee v nnk., 2001) [125]. Trong b Cu Long,
qu trnh st ln hu rift Neogen dn ti bin tin quy m ton b c minh gii l s thay
i ln pha trn t cc trm tch silicic lc a sang i dng chim u th trong sut
Miocen sm (Lee v nnk., 2001) [125].
Trong b Nam Cn Sn, qu trnh rift mnh ti hot ho dc theo cc t gy phng
TB-N- ti B-N sau Paleogen nhm phn ng li s lan truyn v pha ty nam ca s ph v
lc a (Matthews v nnk., 1997) [136], (Huchon v nnk., 1998) [94] v (Lee v nnk., 2001)
[125]. Phn ng li cnh tch gin m rng ca ty nam Bin ng ang tin li gn, c hin
tng bin tin dn dn trong b ny, n to nn s chim u th ca cc trm tch silicic bin
Miocen di vi cc i tng b khng ch v mt cu trc (Matthews v nnk., 1997) [136]
v (Lee v nnk., 2001) [125]. Khi bin tin tip tc, qu trnh ngp su dn dn xy ra cc
trung tm st ln ca b v tch t carbonat khp ni bt u xy ra. Trong sut Miocen giamun, mc nc bin thp tng i tm thi lm gin on tch t carbonate. Bt chnh hp
ny d thy ct ct cc thnh to nm di v nh du hin tng gim r rt ca qu trnh
rift.

102

Phan Tr ng Trnh

pha bc b Ph Khnh, cc rift phng B-N ti TBN b nh hng bi s ln


chm dc theo ra b (Lee v Watkins, 1998) [124], (Clift v nnk., 2008) [50]. Huchon v
nnk., (1994) [95] v Rangin v nnk., (1995a) [208] trnh by bng chng v cc t gy
trt phi phng tng t ngay trn b v cho rng s khi pht ca vn ng trt phi
l trong Neogen sm.
pha bc b Ph Khnh, s pht trin rng khp ca carbonate bt u do s ln
chm ti xy ra sau khi s tm ngng ca vn ng trt tri ca t gy ranh gii ng Vit
Nam ch ra rng bin tin Miocen sm cng nh hng n khu vc ny (Lee v Watkins,
1998) [124] v (Fyhn v nnk., 2009a) [67]. Cc thnh to carbonate kt ni vi nhau to thm
carbonat Tri Tn, to nn mt thm carbonate ln ko di ti pha bc ca b (Roques v
nnk., 1997a; 1997b) [212] v (Fyhn v nnk., 2009a) [67]. Hot ng ni la Neogen sm
trong b Ph Khnh c trnh by trong Fyhn v nnk., (2009a) [67], c ng h bi ni
la bazan kim Miocen sm-gia gp trong l khoan pha bc ca b. Hot ng ni la rng
khp trn t lin min Nam v min Trung Indochina c tui sau Neogen sm, mc d, ch
c mt s lng nh bazan min Trung Vit Nam c tui Miocen sm v gia cho thy s
khi u sm hn ca hot ng ni la (Rangin v nnk., 1995a) [208], (Nguyn Hong.,
1996) [87], (Nguyn Hong v Flower, 1998) [86].
3.2.5. Neogen mun - Hin ti (11,6- 5,33 tr.n ngy nay)
Cc khu vc rng ln ca N Indochina c ph bi cc cao nguyn bazan ln ch
yu c tui Neogen mun, n c gn vi cc im dng ln ca vm manti, qu trnh lm
mng v hay manti trn nng mang tnh khu vc bn di khu vc tng ng ca Indochina
(Chung v nnk., 1998) [48], (Nguyn Hong v Flower, 1998) [86], (Lee v nnk., 1998)
[124]. nhiu ni, hot ng t gy cng gin i km hot ng ni la ny c xut
qua bng chng l s tim nhp ca bazan dc theo cc mt t gy thun v cc t gy dch
chuyn ngang bazan Miocen mun ti gn hin ti (Rangin v nnk., 1995a) [208]. Cc t
gy ny th hin nh hng B-N v BTN, hu ht l k tha cc cu trc c trc.
Hot ng ni la ny dn ti hot ng nng mnh v gia tng hin tng bo mn
phn ng nam ca Indochina. Mc d im khi pht ca hot ng magma xy ra trong
sut Neogen sm, hin tng nng nhanh chng lin quan ny ch c bt u khong
Miocen gia - mun khi hot ng ni la trn t lin c tng cng. Hin tng nng
ny nh hng n kh hu v hi dng cc b, n cng vi s tng cng lin quan ca
vic cung cp trm tch trn b nh hng ti s pht trin ca b bn trong v xung quanh
cc b Sng Hng, Cu Long, Nam Cn Sn v b Ph Khnh (Clift v nnk., 2008) [50] v
(Fyhn v nnk., 2009b) [67].
Qu trnh rift gim sau nng tri Miocen gia - mun v qu trnh ko do nhit tr nn
chim u th cc khu vc xa b, mc d hot ng t gy Neogen mun c chng minh
(Fyhn v nnk., 2009) [67]. Trong sut u Neogen mun, tch t carbonate trong khu vc b
Nam Cn Sn ch yu xy ra trn cc im cao cu trc. Theo cng s h xung tng i
ca mc nc bin Miocen gia-mun lin quan vi s khi pht ca nng tri trn t lin,
cc thm carbonate dc theo ra lc a ny rt lui xa hn v cui cng bin mt (Matthews v
nnk., 1997) [136] v (Fyhn v nnk., 2009b) [67]. Kt qu l tch t silicic tr nn chim u
th cui Neogen v s m rng sau ca thm lc a min Trung v Nam Vit Nam xy
ra phn ng li ngun cung cp trm tch lc nguyn tng ln.
Hnh thi hin ti v bn cht na kn ca Bin ng khng phi to nn t qu trnh
tch gin y bin, m t s pht trin kin to hu tch gin. pha nam, s x hc ca
Australia-Chu bt u Sulawesi vo khong 25Ma, dn ti s quay ngc chiu kim
ng h ca Borneo v s khp kn ng lu thng nc ca Bin ng v pha nam. S
xoay ca mng Phillippine v s x hc ca cung Luzon vi ra ca Chu ca mng u-

Chng 3. Kin to Kainozoi Bin ng Vit Nam v khu vc k cn

103

to ra s nng cao ca i Loan, khp li b Bin ng ra ng. Ht chm dc theo ra


ng dn ti s x hc cung - lc a xin bc i Loan bt u t khong 6,5 triu nm,
trong Miocen mun.
S ni ln ca Taiwan v eo bin Luzon hin ti l do s x hc ca cung Luzon vi
mng u bt u cch nay ~6.5 triu nm. Mt lot cc s kin tham gia vo qu trnh dch
chuyn v pha ty ca x hc. Luzon nghing v (onramped) v Bin ng trong giai on
xoay v thc s chuyn i i trt ct v vy chng vo trong mt i ht chm. Lng tr
bi kt (prism) i Loan bao gm lng tr x hc pha ty v mt nm ht chm (wedge)
pha ng, do s thay i ch kin to t ht chm ni i dng sang x hc cung-lc a
v tng trng cung. Vo khong ~5Ma, tn cng ng bc ca v i dng Bin ng v
tr hin ti ngoi khi pha nam i Loan v c th cng bao gm mt vi khu vc eo bin
Luzon v xa hn v pha nam dc mng Manila hon ton b ht chm.
Theo cng s nng ln ca i Loan l mt lot cc hot ng Tn kin to lin quan
ti x hc v ht chm trong khu vc Bin ng. Ludmann v Wong (1999) [130] nhn dng
hai pha x hc chnh khu vc pha bc: 53 triu nm v 30 triu nm. Cc t gy
Pliocen ch yu phng B TTN ti B-TN v c bn cht trt bng, trong khi cc t
gy hin i thng c nh hng phng B-TN song song vi cc t gy ng rift.
S x hc cung-lc a trong khu vc ny t gia Miocen gp phn vo vic tng
cng hot ng ni la dc theo ra ng, mc d hot ng ni la trong thi gian to rift
cng ph bin khu vc cung ty Thi Bnh Dng. Trong s chui ni la bn o Bicol
nam Philippine, nh ca ni la Mayon ln ti cao 2,525m. Cc ni la pha bc v
ty l tng i him v hu ht gii hn ti Pliocen - T. Nh pht hin bi qu trnh
khoan ca ODP Leg 184, cc lp tro ni la th hin tp trung trong 3 giai on: ~10Ma,
~6Ma, v t ~2 triu nm. Cc giai on ny cng cho thy s x hc v nng ln ng k ca
cc cung o v s m rng ca cc b trc lc a (foreland) dc theo pha ng.

104

Phan Tr ng Trnh

105

Chng 4

HOT NG KIN TO TR GIAI ON PLIOCEN - T


4.1. HOT NG KIN TO TR TRN T LIN VIT NAM V KHU VC K
CN
4.1.1. Khi qut chung
Qu trnh ng gia mng n-c v mng u - xy ra cch y 50 triu nm
lm bin i su sc bnh kin to Chu . S tri trt (extrusion) ca khi ng Dng
- Sundaland dc theo i t gy Sng Hng, trong thi gian ny i km vi tch gin Bin
ng, c l l c ch quan trng nht ca tin ha kin to ng Nam . M hnh bin dng
hai pha trong Kainozoi v tri trt ca khi ng Dng - Sundaland v sau l tri trt
ca khi Nam Trung Hoa (Tapponnier v nnk, 1982, Pelzer v nnk, 1988) [229] [179] bt
u c kim chng nh quan st bin dng trn thc a vng Vn Nam, Trung Quc
(Tapponnier v nnk, 1990) [230]. Mt khc, c ch tch gin Bin ng xy ra trong khong
thi gian t 32 ti 17,5 triu nm, hin nay l i tng ca nhiu cuc tranh lun quc t.
Mc d c nhiu m hnh khc nhau nhng c th thy ni ln hai quan im chnh. Quan
im th nht cho rng qu trnh tch gin Bin ng ging qu trnh thnh to mt bin ra
thng thng: v i dng mi c hnh thnh ng thi vi mt phn v c b mt i
trong i cun chm Panawan. Quan im th hai cho rng hot ng ng gia mng nc v Chu lm khi ng Dng- Sundaland tri v pha ng nam dc theo i t
gy Sng Hng. Khi ng Dng b tri ng thi b trt xoay theo chiu kim ng h
dn ti m Bin ng theo kiu pull-apart.
Trong khung cnh kin to nh vy, vai tr ca i t gy Sng Hng l rt quan
trng. y c coi l vng cha kho hiu r c ch bin dng tn kin to khng ch ca
Vit Nam m c khu vc ng Nam . i t gy Sng Hng ng vai tr kin to to ln
i vi s hnh thnh v pht trin mt lot cc cu trc Kainozoi mi t l vng Ty Bc
v mt phn vng ng Bc Vit Nam (Phan Trong Trnh v nnk., 1996, 1997, 2000, 2004)
[194, 201, 196, 195]. Rt nhiu c im bin dng Tn kin to v pht trin a hnh ca
phn pha bc Vit Nam c lm sng t nh phn tch lch s bin dng ca i t gy
Sng Hng. V vy khi ni v khung cnh kin to ca Vit Nam ni ring v khu vc ng
Nam ni chung, ngi ta thng tp trung i snh vi lch s pht trin kin to ca i
t gy Sng Hng. M hnh bin dng hai pha trong Kainozoi v s tri ra ca khi ng
Dng - Sundaland v sau l tri ra ca khi Nam Trung Hoa c kim chng nh
quan st bin dng trn thc a vng Vn Nam, Trung Quc. Nhng quan st bin dng
dc i t gy Sng Hng trong phm vi lnh th Vit Nam cng chng minh cho iu
(Phan Trng Trnh v nnk., 1996, 1997, 2000, 2004) [194, 201, 196, 195].

106

Phan Tr ng Trnh

4.1.2. c im hot ng kin to tr i t gy Sng Hng


Phn thuc lnh th Trung Quc
t gy trt phi Sng Hng (Hnh 4.1A) gn nh trng kht vi ra ng bc ca
i trt ct Ailao Shan. Pha bc ca khc un, t gy phn thnh hai nhnh cho n Ejia,
chng kt hp vi nhau, hnh thnh mt vch n l vi cc du hiu chuyn dch phi. Cc
t gy tip tc phn thnh hai nhnh, nhnh ng chim u th trong khu vc b Mindu,
nhnh pha ng b ct ct v on chi ngang ~7km trt tri bi t gy Chenghai. Trn
c s phn tch nh v tinh, Replumaz v nnk,. (2001) [211b] xut s tn ti ca t
gy Yuanjiang, nm gia Gasa v Yuangjiang. Theo Schoenbohm v nnk, (2006) [214] th
t gy c th l t gy c, khng hot ng trong hin ti. Thay vo , Schoenbohm v
nnk, (2006) [214] xc nh mt lot cc t gy trt tri theo hng bc-nam i km cc
thnh to t.
Phn thuc lnh th Vit Nam
Ti gn Lo Cai, i t gy Sng Hng tch thnh hai t gy chnh bao hai ra i
bin cht dy ni Con Voi v c gi l t gy Sng Chy v t gy Sng Hng (Hnh
4.2).
t gy Sng Chy chy ra pha ng bc i bin cht, ko di thnh mt ng
thng t Lo Cai ti Vit Tr (Hnh 4.2). Trn nh v tinh Landsat v Spot, t gy th hin rt
r nt, ph mu xanh th hin m tng cao so vi ln cn. Quan st a mo trn thc a
cho thy t gy chy dc theo mt thung lng hp, nhiu ni thy thung lng c dng hnh
ch V. Khng quan st thy chnh lch cao a hnh hai bn cnh t gy cng nh du
hiu chuyn dch thng ng dc theo t gy ny. Da vo dng tuyn ca t gy c th
cho rng y l mt t gy trt bng. t gy Sng Chy th hin r nt vng Lc Yn. \
khu vc h thu in Thc B, t gy c th hin rt r nt trn a hnh v chy
dc theo b ty nam h. Dng tuyn ca t gy ny c th vch d dng t nh v tinh cng
nh quan st trn thc a. Ti ng ba r i h Thc B ca tuyn ng H Ni - Yn Bi,
ni t gy Sng Chy ct qua c th quan st thy cc t gy nh trong phin gneis. Cc
t gy ct v lm x dch tng phong ho ca gneis. t gy phn b dng chm hoa c
hnh thnh trong iu kin xit p.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

Hnh 4.1: S a cht i t gy Sng Hng phn Trung Quc


(Theo Schoenbohm v nnk, 2004) [214].

107

108

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 4.2: S kin to a ng lc i t gy Sng Hng on Lo Cai-Vit Tr, th hin


cc chn on t gy hot ng ca hai nhnh Sng Hng v Sng Chy, gii hn hai pha
ca dy ni Con Voi (N.V. Lim, P.T. Trnh v nnk, 2005) [147b].
t gy Sng Hng chy dc ra ty nam ca i bin cht dy ni Con Voi, trng vi
t gy Sng Hng c trong m t ca cc vn liu a cht trc y (Hnh 4.2). Tu tng v
tr, t gy b tri sng Hng th hin r nt hn t gy b phi hoc ngc li. Ti Lo Cai,
t gy b tri th hin r trn nh my bay l t gy trt bng, t gy bn b phi phn
thnh nhiu bc gm cc t gy nh, c biu hin ca t gy trt bng thun. Ti vng
Bo H c th xc nh c bin dch phi ca sui dao ng t 150 ti 250m dc theo
t gy b tri Sng Hng trong khi t gy b phi phn thnh nhiu on ngn. B tri
Sng Hng quan st thy du hiu ca chuyn dch thng ng. Ti khu vc Ngi Ht v Ngi
Thia, bn b phi c th quan st thy nhiu nhnh t gy khc nhau, c du hiu ca chuyn
dch thng ng v t gy trt bng. Nhnh t gy bn b tri sng Hng li th hin
tng i m nht. Ti vng Yn Bi, hai nhnh t gy chnh phn thnh nhiu t gy
nh hn. Cc t gy chy theo ra phi Sng Hng th hin kh r nt. Bin chuyn dch
kh xc nh.
Cc nhnh ca t gy Sng Hng cn quan st thy Ph Th v phn thnh cc
nhnh t gy nh hn, c th cn tip tc ko di ti Delta Sng Hng. ng ch l nhnh
t gy un cong, chuyn dn sang phng bc nam, ko di ti th x Ho Bnh. Mt s
nhnh khc tip tc chy theo phng TB-N. Ti vng m M - Ngi Sn, vn c th quan
st thy du vt ca t gy tr. Cc t gy hot ng ca i t gy Sng Hng trn vnh
Bc B s c chng ti m t chi tit cc phn tip theo.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

109

Bin v tc chuyn dch phi dc i t gy


Bin dch chuyn
Cc on dch chuyn ca sng sui dc t gy Sng Hng, chy t mt vi mt n
25km, v c xc nh bi sng nhnh lin quan hoc cc on dng chnh m b chuyn
dch dc t gy. S phn tch ny b lm phc tp khi cc on chuyn dch ln hn cc c
trng cch dng ca sng sui, bi v cc dng sng c th b cp dng do t gy lm
chuyn dch cc lng sng sui ban u qua sng sui khc. V l do ny, chiu di ca khc
un (dog-leg) cc lng sng hoc cc di nhnh ghi li c cc chuyn dch d l nh nht trn
t gy, trong trng hp ca t gy Sng Hng xut hin ~25km pha ng nam ca Ejia.
Replumaz v nnk, (2001) [211b] lm thay i iu ny bng vic thng k cc on
dng chy trn hai pha ca t gy trong cc khu vc Ejia v Wudingshan. Chng c c
s ph hp nht trong sut s phc hi ca khong ~25km ca s chuyn dch. y l mt
gi tr chuyn dch thc t, khng phi l gi tr nh nht. Replumaz v nnk, (2001) [211b]
cng ngh mt s chuyn dch ~20km da trn s ti thit li dng sng trong khu vc
gia Ejia v Mindu. Chuyn dch nh nht gn Ejia (~25km), Honghe (~22km) v Nansa
(~16km) l trong mt phm vi tng t. Nhng d liu cho thy s dch chuyn l khng
ging nhau dc t gy Sng Hng, ln nht l gn Ejia (~25km), gim dn v pha ty bc
ti 20km gia Ejia v Mindu v ti pha ng nam ~22km Honghe v ~16km Nansa.
Mng li dng chy ca sng Hng c th bt u ghi nhn s chuyn dch trn t gy
Sng Hng ch sau khi sng Hng bt u qu trnh xm thc su (Allen v nnk., 1984;
Replumaz v nnk, 2001) [4] [211b].
Tc chuyn dch phi ca t gy
Mt vn quan trng l nh gi tc chuyn dch ca cc t gy chnh ca i
t gy Sng Hng. Kh khn ln nht y l chng ta khng bit c tui a hnh cng
nh tui ca mng li sng sui. Trong nghin cu trc y, da trn gi nh v tui ca
sng sui, mt s tc gi xc nh c tc chuyn dch ca t gy Sng Hng trong
phn lnh th Trung Quc l 3-8 mm/nm (Allen v nnk., 1984) [4], hoc vi mm/nm
(Lacasin v nnk, 1997) [108]. P.H Leloup v nnk, (1995) [127] xc nh bin bin v ca
cc khe sui Shitian - Danuo t 20 - 50 km trong N2 - Q khong ~ 5 tr.n., v tnh tc
trt bng phi trung bnh ca i t gy Sng Hng l 7 3 mm / nm. E. Wang v nnk,
(1998) [238] xc nh on un khc i hng dng chy Sng Hng Majie (pha nam )
vi bin 6 km trong khong ~ 4 tr. n., tc trt bng phi ca i t gy Sng Hng l
1 - 3 mm / nm. Nhng Wang v nnk, (1998) [158] cho rng giai on pht trin trt bng
phi ca i t gy Sng Hng xy ra trc Pliocen (> 5,3 tr. n.), bin t 14 - 48 km, vi
tc trt bng phi trung bnh ~ 6 mm / nm. Replumaz v nnk, (2001) [211b] da trn c
s tnh ton theo cc chuyn dch a cht-a mo cho rng trong Holocene v Pliocene dc
cc chn on trung tm v chn on pha nam ca t gy cho kt qu trt bng phi 15
mm/nm.
Vit Nam trong hn mt thp k gn y cng c nhiu tc gi nghin cu v vn
ny: Nguyn Quc Cng v nnk (1999) [165], khi nghin cu chuyn dch ngang dc t
gy chn sn ty nam ca khi Tam o, xc nh bin dch chuyn dc t gy ny
l 1500-2000m v bc u tnh tc trt bng phi l 800m/triu nm, tc
0,8mm/nm. L c An, Li Huy Anh v nnk (2004) [114b], cn c vo bin dch chuyn
c h thng ca cc dng sui chy ct qua t gy ty bc Lo Cai, s b tnh c bin
trt bng phi ca i t gy Sng Hng - Sng Chy l gn 2000 m, bt u t u QIII
hoc cui QII khong 250.000 nm, ng vi tc l 7 - 8 mm / nm. Nguyn ng Tc
(2002) [150], cn c vo cc du hiu a mo xc nh bin v tc dch trt phi
ca i t gy Sng Hng - Sng Chy on Lo Cai - Vit Tr cho kt qu l 6 - 9 mm /
nm. Phan Trng Trnh v nnk (2000) [196], cng tin hnh nh gi tc trung bnh ca
i t gy ny trong giai on t mun vi 2 phng n khc nhau: Phng n da vo

110

Phan Tr ng Trnh

cc bin v a mo ca cc sng sui nhnh cho kt qu gi tr chuyn dch ngang trung bnh
ca nhnh t gy Sng Chy l 2.51.5mm/nm, t gy b tri Sng Hng l
4.01.8mm/nm v b phi Sng Hng l 1.71.5mm/nm. Phng n da theo chu k bng
h Wum v Riss cho kt qu ngang trung bnh ca nhnh t gy Sng Chy l
2.71.6mm/nm, t gy b tri Sng Hng l 3.21.7mm/nm v b phi Sng Hng l
1.91.5mm/nm.
4.1.3. c im hot ng kin to tr cc t gy khu vc ng Bc
c im t gy Sng L
t gy Sng L c phng TB - N, song song vi h thng t gy Sng HngSng Chy v cch chng khng xa, c ch ch trn 10 km mt cht. t gy ny th hin r
trn nh v tinh, trn s a hnh v c bit r trn cc s mt lineament, bt u t
khu vc th trn Bc Quang v kt thc ngoi khi Bin ng khi gp i t gy kinh
tuyn 110, vi tng chiu di trn 650 km. Phn lc a pha bc ca t gy Sng L c
th hin bi mt di trng, cao di 200 m, phng TB -N, chy dc thung lng sng
L, sng y, chiu rng trung bnh trong khong 5 - 7 km; hp nht l 2 km; rng nht khu
vc th x Tuyn Quang, ti 10 - 11 km. Pha hu di trng l cc dy ni c cao trung
bnh 200 - 500 m, cn pha t l cc dy ni Khao Nhi v Tam o c cao trn 1000 m.
t gy Sng L th hin ch yu l t gy trt bng phi vng Tuyn Quang.
Bin chuyn dch phn nh qua lch ca Sng L ti 1 km. Nhng dc theo sn ty
nam dy Tam o, t gy th hin ch yu l mt t gy thun. Cc mt pha-st tam gic
th hin rt r nt c trn nh v tinh v quan st thc a. Da vo hin din ca cc mt phast tam gic, chng ta c th xc nh hng cm ca t gy Sng L nghing v hng ty
nam (Phan Trng Trnh v nnk, 1994) [186]. V tc chuyn dch tr dc t gy Sng L,
vi gi thit cc sng ln c hnh thnh trong giai on Pliocene- t v tui Sng L t
1- 4 triu nm khi c th c tnh c tc trung bnh trong giai on ny l 1.5 1.0
mm/nm.
c im t gy Cao Bng-Tin Yn
t gy Cao Bng - Tin Yn c phng TB - N, xut pht t a phn Trung Quc
(cch bin gii Vit - Trung khong 150 - 200 km). t gy ny th hin rt r nt trn nh v
tinh. t gy ny trt bng phi vi bin tnh theo chiu rng trng t kiu Pull-apart
Lng Sn l 3,5 - 4 km, vi tc 2,5 mm/nm v Tin Yn l 10 km, vi tc 6,25
mm/nm. Tnh theo on dch chuyn ca sng sui th khu vc ng ng c bin 0,5
km, ng vi tc khong trn 4 mm/nm. mt ty bc, thnh phn ng l khong 200 m
vi b mt Miocen mun cao 700 - 800 m ( cnh ng bc) nng ti mc cao 900 - 1000 m
( cnh ty nam), vi tc 0,04 mm/nm ; on Lng Sn - Lc Bnh, b mt Miocen
mun cao 700 - 800 m cnh ty nam c nng cc b ln ti mc cao 1500 m cnh
ng bc, vi bin khong 700 - 800 m v tc 0,14 - 0,16 mm/nm; cn mt ng
nam, b mt Miocen mun cao 500 - 600 m cnh ty nam c nng ln ti mc cao 900
- 1000 m cnh ng bc, vi bin khong 400 m v tc 0,08 mm/nm.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

Hnh 4.3: S cc i t gy tr chnh Min Bc Vit Nam (Phan Trng Trinh v


nnk)[199]

111

112

Phan Tr ng Trnh

4.1.4. c im hot ng kin to tr cc t gy khu vc Ty Bc


Lnh th Ty Bc, ch yu, gm i t gy bc II: Lai Chu - in Bin phng
AKT cng vi hai i t gy bc cao hn phng TB-N: Pc Ma - Mng T, Sn Thu Mng Nh thuc vnh kin trc tn kin to pha ty v cc i t gy chnh phng TBN thuc vnh kin trc pha ng nh: Phong Th - Than Uyn-Mng La - Ch B (t
gy Phong Th-Nm Pia), Sng , Sn La v Sng M. Cc i t gy ny quyt nh
nhng c im c bn v h thng t gy tn kin to Ty Bc. Ngoi ra mt s i t gy
bc cao phng TB-N nh Sa Pa - Vn Bn, Ngha L - Ninh Bnh, Tun Gio - Nm Ty,
Sp Cp - Lang Chnh thuc vnh kin trc pha ng tuy khng gi vai tr quan trng nh
cc i t gy trn nhng cng chim nhng v tr c ngha nht nh ca h thng kin
trc ny. Cc i t gy bc cao khc (phng TB-N, B -TN, AKT, AVT) tuy c tn ti
trn thc t nhng l nhng i t gy rt nh.
4.1.5. c im t gy kin to tr vng Bc Trung B
Khng k phn t gy Sn La v t gy Sng M nh trnh by phn trn,
trong phn ny chng ti trnh by 5 i t gy chnh: Sng C, Ro Ny, Khe Gia-Vnh
Linh v krng-Hu (Hnh 4.4).

Hnh 4.4: S phn b cc t gy Tn kin to vng Bc Trung B. Theo Bi Vn Thm,


2002. [34]

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

113

i t gy hot ng Sng C
H thng t gy trt bng phi Sng C ko di hn 400km t Lo theo hng Ty,
Ty Bc v b bin Vit Nam. Trong lnh th Vit Nam t gy Sng C phn thnh 2
nhnh, mt nhnh gi l t gy Nm Chn v nhnh kia l t gy Sng C (Hnh 4.4).
Nhnh t gy Sng C: Dc theo h thng Sng C, cc trm tch Neogen phn thnh di
hp to thnh mt trng pull - apart v c vi ng hc trt bng tri. iu ny trng hp
vi chuyn dch ca t gy Sng Hng chuyn t trt bng tri sang trt bng phi c l
t 17 triu nm trc. Thung lng Sng C r rng b khng ch v pha Ty Nam bi mt
t gy ln ang hot ng. N th hin bi cc on t gy biu hin ca chuyn dch hin
i. (Cc ng nh v thung lng b chuyn dch, xo trn mng sui nhnh, vng lng
ng hoc nng ln thu i snh vi tc dch trt ca i t gy Sng Hng (8mm/nm)
c tnh ti iu kin kh hu v xi mn mnh lit, nhng c trng a mo ca h thng t
gy tr chng t tc chuyn dch kh ln (t mm/nm ti 3mm/nm) v mc hot ng
cng cao tng ng.
i t gy hot ng Ro Ny
i t gy hot ng Ro Ny (RN) th hin r nt trn nh v tinh cng nh trn
a hnh hin i, gm c mt i chnh v mt i nhnh (Hnh 4.4). Chiu di i t gy
khong 230 km, trn lnh th Vit Nam di khong 150 km. ng ch l trong cc i t
gy pht trin hai loi trng vi hai tui khc nhau, ng vi hai trng ng sut kin to v c
thc dch chuyn ngc hn nhau. l trng kiu ko tch c lp y bi trm tch
Neogen (Ch Trc), ko di n 1,5 km theo phng v tuyn, rng 0,8 - 1 km. Kiu trng
tch gin pht trin nhiu ni (Hm Hm, Cao Thn, ...) vi chiu rng mi trng l 0,3 0,5 km, ko di n 1 - 2 km theo phng kinh tuyn. Nhng kiu trng th hai ny r rng
c thnh to di nh hng trt bng phi ca cc t gy phng ty bc - ng nam
sinh ra trong iu kin trng ng sut kin to c trc nn p theo phng kinh tuyn (Bi
Vn Thm, 2004).
4.1.6. c im t gy kin to tr vng Nam Trung B
Khu vc Nam Trung B, chng ti trnh by c im hot ng tr ca 4 i t gy
chnh: sng Tr Bng, sng P C, Sng Ba v Thun Hi-Ninh Hi.
i t gy Ia sir - Sng Ba
i t gy Ia Sir - Sng Ba (IS-SB) chy theo phng TB-N , bt u t pha
ng nam th trn huyn Ngc Hi chy dc theo thung lng Ia Sir, ct qua thnh ph Pleiku,
ri theo thung lng Sng Ba i thng ra n b bin th x Tuy Ho. IS-SB th hin rt r
trn a hnh, c th nhn bit d dng trn nh v tinh, vi chiu di khong 240km. Cc
dng a hnh tch t thm v bi bi phn b theo cc phng v tuyn phn ng bc v
TB-N phn ty nam. Chiu dy trm tch thm v bi bi khong 10-15, c nhiu ni n
20 m. Cn c vo chiu rng ca cu trc ko tch c lp y cc thnh to Neogen cho
php xc nh bin dch chuyn ngang ca G t khong 12-14 km vi tc 0,5-0,6
mm/nm. Theo cc du hiu a mo, bin dch chuyn ngang dc t gy chnh khong
300 - 500 m trong t mun vi tc khong 3 - 5 mm/nm.

114

Phan Tr ng Trnh

t gy Thun Hi-Minh Hi
t gy Thun Hi-Minh Hi l mt t gy ln chy dc theo ven bin Vit Nam
theo phng chnh B-TN. i t gy Thun Hi-Minh Hi, c nhiu nh a cht
nghin cu v xc nh chng da trn c s cc ti liu a vt l v a hnh thm lc a
ven bin. Thc t i t gy Thun Hi - Minh Hi l mt trong nhng i sinh chn v dc
theo t gy ny c nhng trn ng t xy ra y. Phn tch mt ct a hnh y bin
(phng TB - N) cho thy c s chuyn bc a hnh kh r. Trn nh v tinh v trn bn
DEM cng thy r t gy ny gn nh khng ch ton b cc di ni phn t lin nh ra
bin u b chn li bi chng. Tng hp cc ti liu c cho thy t gy Thun Hi- Minh
Hi l t gy hot ng mang tnh cht trt bng thun, yu t trt thun chim u th v
c hng nghing v pha ng nam
4.1.7. c im t gy kin to tr vng Nam B
H thng cc t gy khu vc ng v ng Nam B, pht trin ch yu theo
phng B-TN, chng chia ct ng bng ng Nam B thnh nhng di nh chy song
song vi nhau. Hot ng ca cc t gy trong tn kin to v kin to hin i ch yu l
hot ng trt thun hoc trt bng - thun. Chng kt hp vi nhau to nn cc trng a
ho cng phng, c lp y bi cc trm tch b ri tui t c ngun gc hn hp
sng bin. Trong s cc t gy khu vc ng v Nam B th t gy Sng Hu l t gy
ln, phn chia ranh gii cc kin trc tn kin to ln trong ton b khu vc ln thuc lnh
th Vit Nam.
i t gy Sng Hu: Ko di t pha nam PhnomPnh (Campuchia) sau chy
dc theo Sng Hu ra n bin khu vc Long Ph v tip tc ko di theo phng ty bc ng nam ra ti thm lc a v b chn li bi mt t gy khc phng ng bc - ty nam
(t gy Thun Hi-Minh Hi). Trong vng nghin cu t gy di khong 127km. t gy
Sng Hu c nghin cu t lu v phn ln cc tc gi cho rng t gy Sng Hu c
lch s hot ng lu di c l t Paleozoi sm, khi mt phn khi Indosini b tch mt phn
to nn mt vi mng mi (vi mng Cardamon). Mt trt ca t gy c hng v pha
ng bc, su t ti 60km v hot ng mang tnh cht trt thun (cnh ng bc h
thp, cnh ty nam ni cao). Mt ct a cht ti khu vc Tri Tn cho thy r: cnh ty nam
tri l c mng trc kainozoi, trong khi cnh ng bc mng trc Kainozoi chm
xung kh su khong 136,5m. Phn tch cc mt ct a cht - t ti khu vc Cao Lnh v
Cn Th cho thy bc tranh kh r v s hot ng mang tnh cht trt thun trong
Kainozoi: cnh ng bc h thp hn so vi cnh ty nam.
4.2. HOT NG KIN TO TR TRN KHU VC BIN NG VIT NAM V
KHU VC K CN
Cc hot ng kin to tr v kin to hin i thng li nhiu dng vt tch a
cht trong cc thnh to a cht, c bit trong cc lp trm tch c tui khc nhau trong
c cc khe nt, t gy. Cc di tch a cht ny quan st trn lc a kh, cn y bin
b ph lp nc kh m quan st c trc tip phi nh vo cc liu a vt l trong c ti
liu a chn su, a chn nng phn gii cao, nh v tinh y bin kt hp vi ti liu o
su, ti liu d thng t v trng lc.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

115

4.2.1. C s ti liu
phc v cho cc nghin cu hot ng kin to tr vng bin Vit Nam, chng
ti thu thp mt khi lng ln cc s liu a chn du kh do cc cng ty thm d, tm
kim du kh trong v ngoi nc tin hnh vng bin Vit Nam (Hnh 4.5). C th, thu
thp v phn tch cc s liu a chn sau:
- Gn 10.000 km tuyn a vt l do cc tu Iskatel v Malgin o trong cc nm 1983
1984. Cc tuyn o ny ph phn ln din tch vng bin Vit Nam, t Mng Ci n
pha nam o Ph Qu t l 1:500.000.
- Trn 3.000 km tuyn do cc cng ty Shell, BP, IPL v BHP tin hnh vng bin t
o Ngang n Nng.
- Trn 5.000 km tuyn a chn do Total, Geco - Prakla v OMV vnh Bc B.
- Trn 3.000 km tuyn a vt l do cng ty Ray - Mandrell ca M - Canada thc
hin thm lc a Nam B.
- Ngoi ra cn tham kho cc ti liu do Nopec tin hnh nm 1993 vng bin Trung
B v nhiu mt ct a chn 2D, 3D khu vc trng Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn thuc vng
thm lc a Nam B.
C s d liu cn bao gm cc mt ct a chn nng phn gii cao 2D do nhiu c
quan thc hin c cht lng khc nhau: ven b 0-30m nc kh tt, cc vng khc mc
trung bnh, ch dng mt s tuyn a chn su c biu hin t gy tr. Cc tuyn a chn
nng phn gii cao thu tht lu tr a cht v lu tr vin a cht v a vt l bin thu
n trong nhiu nm qua. y l ti liu thu thp trong qu trnh tham gia cc ti: Kho st
nh k 1998-1999 (NCB98), 1999-2000 (NCB 99), Bin ng 2001, KC09-09, KC09-17,
KC09.01/10-6, n hp tc Vit - c (VG5-2004) v nhiu ti khc cng nh t n
iu tra a cht khong sn bin nng ven b 0-30m nc Vit Nam, t l 1:500 000
(Nguyn Biu, Cb, nnk, 1991-2000). [148] V tr cc tuyn th hin trn hnh 4.6 v 4.7.
4.2.2. Phng php phn tch, nhn dng v biu din t gy
Phn tch ti liu a chn su ( su thu n >1000 ms - a chn du kh)
Vi mc ch xc nh cc t gy kin to tr ct qua lp ph Pliocen t, qu
trnh phn tch ti liu c tin hnh theo cc bc ch yu sau:
Xc nh y Pliocen v t
y lp ph Pliocen v t c xc nh ch yu bng phng php a chn a tng, da vo cc du hiu ch yu sau:
- S khc bit v th nm ca cc ranh gii phn x sng nm trong lp ph Pliocen t v trc Pliocen - t.
- Da vo cc dng th nm c trng y lp ph t nh k p (onlap), chng
y (downlap), hay nc cc thnh to c nm y lp ph Pliocen - t, nh: chng nc
(toplap), bo mn ct xn (erosion truncation), cng nh cc o khot knh rch.
vng bin Vit Nam, c bit khu vc pha bc b Sng Hng, cc thnh to
Pliocen - t c c trng bi cc b mt phn lp nm ngang n nh so vi cc ranh
gii c hn. nhiu khu vc, trng sng biu hin bng cc nm ln dng sigma. y ca
lp ph Pliocen - t khu vc ny c th xc nh da vo cc du hiu chng y
(dowlap) hoc k p (onlap). Ngoi ra, cc ranh gii Pliocen - t cn c xc nh da
vo cc du hiu chng nc (toplap), bo mn ct xn (erosion truncation) v o khot lng
sng.

116

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 4.5 : S phn b cc tuyn kho st a chn du kh trn vng bin Vit Nam c
s dng trong ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199]

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

117

Hnh 4.6: S tuyn a chn nng do vin a cht-a vt l bin thc hin t 1998 n
2007 c s dng trong ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].

118

Phan Trng Trnh

Hnh 4.7: S tuyn a chn nng PGC thc hin trong n a cht v khong sn bin nng ven b 0-30 m nc (Nguyn Biu,
cb, nnk, 1991-2001) [148] c s dng trong ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

119

Pleistocen
Pliocen

Miocen thng

Hnh 4.8: Tuyn a chn GTGP93-217 (trn) ct qua phn trung tm b Sng Hng v nhn dng ranh gii a tng Pliocen v
Pleistocen (di). Ngun: PetroVietnam.

120

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Bn cnh cc c trng ca trng sng, xc nh tin cy y ca lp ph Pliocen t, chng ti s dng cc s liu khoan du kh v khoan a cht cng trnh trn bin.
V d v vic xc nh y ca lp ph Pliocen- t trn cc mt ct a chn c
th hin trn hnh 4.8. Hnh v ny th hin ranh gii y ca lp ph Pliocen- t bin i
t khong 0,7s (tng ng 550m) khu vc thm Thanh Ngh ln ti 2,5s TWT (tng
ng 3100m) pha bc ca trung tm b Sng Hng. Cc kt qu ny xc nh y ca lp
ph Pliocen - t cng c i snh vi cc cng b trc y ca Rangin v nnk (1995)
[210] (hnh 4.9) v Clift v Sun (2006) [49] (hnh 4.10) trong cng khu vc. Kt qu tng hp
v vic xc nh y ca ranh gii ny trong khu vc b Sng Hng c th hin theo ng
ng thi trn hnh 4.11 v theo ng ng su trn hnh 4.12. Theo ti phn trung tm
ca b Sng Hng, y ca ranh gii ny c th ln ti 3,5s TWT tng ng vi su
khong 4800 m. y l su y Pliocen ln nht ghi nhn c trong qu trnh phn tch
ranh gii ny trong cc b trm tch khc nhau trn thm lc a Vit Nam qua ti liu a
chn v ti liu khoan.

Hnh 4.9: y Pliocen (5,5 triu nm) trn mt ct a chn ct qua phn trung tm ca t
gy Sng Hngtrong vnh Bc B. Cc bt chnh hp c nh tui trong hai ging khoan,
v li theo Rangin (1995)[210]. Theo y Pliocen trn mt ct ny nm su khong
0,8s TWT.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

121

Hnh 4.10: Tuyn a chn a knh gc (trn) v minh gii (di). Mt ct theo phng TB-N th hin phn
su nht ca b Sng Hng v cho thy y Pliocen (5,5 tr.n) nm su khong 3s TWT. V li theo Clift v
Sun (2006)[49].

Hnh 4.11: Bn cu trc nc Miocen (y Pliocen) theo ng ng thi (TWT) b Sng Hng. Trn bn
cng th hin v tr ca mt s tuyn a chn khu vc v mt s t gy ct qua y Pliocen. Ngun:
PetroVietnam.

122

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 4.12: Bn cu trc nc Miocen (y Pliocen) theo su ca b Sng Hng. Trn


bn cng th hin v tr ca mt s tuyn a chn khu vc v mt s t gy ct qua y
Pliocen. Ngun: PetroVietnam.
Pht hin cc t gy tr
Cc t gy ct qua lp ph Plioen - t c xp vo loi t gy tr, cn cc t
gy hin i l cc t gy ct qua cc thnh to Holocen, hoc ct qua y bin hin ti.
pht hin cc t gy chng ti s dng cc du hiu sau:
- Tn ti s dch chuyn theo phng thng ng mt cch h thng ca cc b mt
phn lp nm v hai pha t gy.
- Tn ti i mt sng nm gia cc thnh to trm tch phn lp.
- Tn ti cc i st hoc i nng dng a ho, a ly pht hin dc t gy.
- Cc du hiu tn ti t gy phi pht hin trn mt s tuyn st nhau v v tr ca
t gy pht hin c phi phn b dc nhng ng phng nht nh.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

123

Phn tch ti liu a chn nng phn gii cao


Cc tuyn a chn nng thu n t cc ngun khc nhau theo cm my GEONSELF ca
Nga, OUTOPOUST ca Anh,... c cht lng khng ng u cho nn s dng phn mm
RadExpro 1.0 x l lm sao t kt qu tt nht. Hng vn kilomet tuyn ca hn 400
tuyn a chn nng PGC bin nng ven b, thm lc a v qun o Trng Sa c
x l. Trn cc tuyn a chn nng PGC ny biu hin cc t gy, khe nt nh sau:
a. Lm mt trt t cc lp trm tch (Hnh 4.14)
b. Lm x dch cc lp hai pha t gy (Hnh 4.15a).
Trnh t phn tch cc ti liu a chn nng phn gii cao cng tng t nh trong
qu trnh phn tch ti liu a chn du kh. Tuy nhin cc ti liu a chn nng khng cho
php thnh lp cc bn mt y ca ranh gii Pliocen - t, nn chng ti la chn cc
ti liu ny l ngun b tr thng tin cho cc ti liu a chn du kh phn tch v cc ti
liu ny ng vai tr chnh trong vic vch t gy ti nhng vng khng c ti liu a chn
du kh. Qu trnh ln im t gy trn bn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic theo di s
phn b ca cc t gy.
4.2.3. Hot ng kin to tr Bin ng Vit Nam v khu vc k cn
Vng nghin cu rng ln bao gm thm, sn lc a v bin su (>3000m) song ti
liu a chn su vng thm, mt t sn v y Bin ng, a chn nng ch c phn
trong ca thm v mt s o qun o Trng Sa, cho nn mc tin cy v cc t gy
khng ng u theo cc vng. V tr cc t gy tt nht l vng bin 0-30m nc v c cc
tuyn a chn nng theo mng li 1:500 000, cc ni khc ca thm lc a nh c t tuyn
a chn nng cng vi cc mng li a chn su nn cc t gy tuy tha song cng c th
p ng cho bn t l 1:1000 000 cn cc vng bin ngoi khi theo a hnh hin ti ca
y bin. Cc t gy trn cc tuyn c vch theo nguyn tc nu phn phng php.
mt s khu vc gn b bin hin ti, ni khng tn ti cc s liu a chn du kh
v nu cc s liu a chn nng phn gii cao khng t c cht lng tha ng do
y bin qu nng, chng ti s dng s liu o t chi tit. Cc s liu o t t l
1:100.000 mt s khu vc cho php pht hin cc d thng t lin quan n cc i phun
tro tr cng nh cc i nhit dch nm nng. Da vo cc d thng t dng men rn
phn b dc theo cc ng phng c nh, chng ti vch cc t gy tr d kin. t
gy cng c xc nh trn c s phn tch tham kho c im a hnh hay dng ng
ng su y bin t l 1:200 000, theo xu th hng cc t gy t lin hay theo dng a
hnh ca nh v tinh 3D, GTOPO30 v cu trc cc mt ct k v vung gc nhau.
Cc vng bin thuc hi phn cc nc ln cn trong khu vc ch xut hin hn ch
cc ti liu a chn trong cc cng b quc t. Chng ti khai thc cc thng tin v t gy
tr trong cc khu vc ny ch yu qua ti liu ng t v mt s lng khng nhiu cc mt
ct a chn trong khu vc.
Kt hp kt nhiu ngun ti liu khc nhau cho php thnh lp bn phn b cc t
gy tr (t gy c tui Pliocen - t) trn vng Bin ng Vit Nam nh hnh 4.16.
Theo dng phn b cc h thng t gy Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn c th chia
lm cc vng sau y c ngn cch bi cc t gy chnh t t lin ko di ra bin: (I)
vng vnh Bc B v ngoi khi Bc Trung B, (II) vng ngoi khi Trung Trung B, (III)
vng ngoi khi Nam Trung B v Nam B, (IV)vng pha bc Bin ng, (V) vng trung
tm Bin ng, (VI) vng pha nam Bin ng v (VII) vng pha ng Bin ng.

124

Phan Tr ng Trnh

L3

L5

L18

L9

L13
Hnh 4.13 a: Mt s tuyn a chn c s dng theo di hot ng ca cc t gy tr
thuc ra ty nam phn bc v trung tm b Sng Hng trn vnh Bc B. V tr cc tuyn xem
hnh 4.13b. Minh gii chi tit xem hnh 4.13 c.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

125

L10
L17

L19

L21

Hnh 4.13 a: (tip) Mt s tuyn a chn c s dng theo di hot ng ca cc t gy tr


thuc ra ty nam phn bc v trung tm b Sng Hng trn vnh Bc B. V tr cc tuyn xem
hnh 4.13b. Minh gii chi tit xem hnh 4.13 c.

Phan Tr ng Trnh

126

Hnh 4.13b: S v tr cc tuyn a chn 2D du kh trn hnh 4.13 a v minh gii tng
ng trn hnh 4.13c. Trn s cng th hin v tr ca cc l du kh thuc phn bc v trung
tm b Sng Hng

L3

L5

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

127
y Pliocen

L18

L9

L13
Hnh 4.13c: Minh gii cc tuyn a chn trn hnh 4.13 a. Ch ti cc t gy ct qua ranh
gii Pliocen - t (5,5 triu nm theo thang thi a tng c)
y Pliocen

L10

y Pliocen

L17

128

Phan Tr ng Trnh

y Pliocen

L19

L21
Hnh 4.13c: (tip) Minh gii cc tuyn a chn trn hnh 4.13 a. Ch ti cc t gy ct
qua ranh gii Pliocen - t (5,5 triu nm theo thang thi a tng c). Minh gii cc tuyn
L3,L5,L9,L13 v L21 sa li theo Zhu v nnk (2009) [280]. Ngun cc mt ct a chn gc:
PetroVietnam.

Hnh 4.14: t gy tr lm cho cc lp trm tch Plesitocen, phn di Holocen (phn gia
hnh) b xo trn. on mt ct tuyn T2 2008 bin Chn My ng, Tha Thin Hu. Ngun
Nguyn Biu v nnk.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

129

Hnh 4.15a: t gy lm x dch cc lp trm tch Pleistocen trn tuyn T96-101 trc ca
Ba Lt, Sng Hng. Chiu ng- 2t- ms, chiu ngang khong cch cc im 500m. Kt qu
ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].

Hnh 4.15c: Cc t gy nm di thung lng tch t vng bin Nha Trang. Ngun Nguyn
Biu v nnk, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].

130

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 4.15d: t gy trt thun vng bin ng o Ph Qu. Ngun Nguyn Biu v
nnk, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].

Hnh 4.15e: t gy gn vng pht trin ni la Vnh Linh. Ngun Nguyn Biu v nnk, kt
qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

131

Hnh 4.16: Bn t gy tr Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn. Trn bn th hin cc t


gy hot ng trong giai on Pliocen- t trong khu vc. Hot ng ng t theo NEIC
catalog 1976-2008. Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].
Hot ng kin to tr trong khu vc vnh Bc B v ngoi khi Bc Trung B
Cc t gy tr trong khu vc ty bc Bin ng - thuc vnh Bc B v khu vc
ngoi khi Bc Trung B c mi lin h ch yu ti hot ng ca cc t gy c cho l
phn ko di ca t gy Sng Hng ngoi khi.
t gy Sng Hng, mt t gy trt bng ln trn t lin ng Nam , c cho
l c lin quan mt thit vi qu trnh hnh thnh Bin ng v s nng ln ca cao nguyn
Ty Tng. Tuy nhin hot ng ca n ngoi khi cn cha c r rng, nht l hot ng
trong giai on Pliocen - Hin ti, do c rt t cc nghin cu c cng b.
Vn ng trt bng phi trong Pliocen t ca t gy Sng Hng trn t lin
c chng minh qua ti liu a mo v du vt sc nt ca t gy, dch chuyn ngang ln
ca cc sng sui v cc vch kin to dc ng bo tn tt. Vn ng trt phi trn t gy
Sng Hng c th bt u vo khong 85 triu nm, v tng bin dch trt c tnh
khong 9 m54 km ((Allen v nnk., 1984)[4], (Replumaz v nnk., 2001) [211b] v
(Schoenbohm v nnk., 2006))[218].

132

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Kt qu minh gii cc mt ct a chn cho thy trong khu vc vnh Bc B, cc tp


hu rift Neogen t bao gm hai phn: hu rift sm v hu rift mun. Trong giai on hu
rift sm Miocen, s ln chm phn d cc b trn cc t gy gim ng k v ln chm
khu vc ch yu do qu trnh ngui lnh ca thch quyn. Phn ny c trng bi cc phn x
a chn song song lin tc v a hnh nghing cc b, cho thy tch t siliciclastic trong mi
trng bin nng cng vi s pht trin ca cc nn qut chu th ra b. Sau 10,5 tr.n, b
Sng Hng tri qua qu trnh st ln. Trong giai on hu rift mun trong Pliocen t, hot
ng t gy ti hot ng nhng tc trm tch nhanh chng vt qua c tc t ln chm.
Cc thnh to PliocenHolocen gn nh khng b bin dng trong b Sng Hng. Cc phn
x a chn song song v a hnh nghing khu vc vi lin tc cao phn nh mi trng
bin nng v s pht trin ca chu th.
Chng ti pht hin hai i t gy tr ra b, mt t i gy trung tm, v
mt i pha nam b Sng Hng c th l cc phn ko di chnh ngoi khi ca i t
gy Sng Hng. Hai i t gy ra b nh hng theo cc ra ng bc v ty nam ca b
Sng Hng th hin l cc ranh gii b.

Hnh 4.17 Bn t gy tr Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn - phn vnh Bc B ti vng


bin Bc Trung B. Trn bn th hin cc t gy hot ng trong giai on Pliocen-
t trong khu vc. Hot ng ng t theo NEIC catalog 1976-2008. Nn a hnh theo s
liu SRTM30 PLUS. Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].
Cc t gy ra ng bc b Sng Hng ty nam o Hi Nam
Cc t gy tr ra ng bc b Sng Hng nh hng theo phng ty bc- ng
nam ti bc ty bc nam ng nam. y l tp hp ca nhiu chn on t gy khc nhau
vi chiu di bin i t 30 n 50 km. Trn cc mt ct a chn t gy ny v bn cht l
tp hp ca nhiu ph hu nh, ct ln tn phn trn cng ca cc mt ct (hnh 4.18)

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

133

V pha ng nam, n pht trin p st vo sn pha ty nam ca o Hi Nam. Cc


t gy ra ng bc b Sng Hng ti hot ng sau 5.5 tr.n. S ti hot ng ca n gin
tip c h tr bi hin tng thot cht lng hin ti quan st thy gn t gy. Hn 100
im thot kh hin i xut hin gn cc t gy ny, pht hin bi ti liu sonar qut sn.
S ti hot ng ca t gy ny i km bi s ti hot ng ca hot ng t gy trong
mng v s o khot ca channel ngm.

Hnh 4.18. Biu hin ca t gy tr ra ng bc ca b Sng Hng trn tuyn a chn


GTGP93-203. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10
[199], v KC09.11BS/06-10.
Cc t gy trung tm b Sng Hng trung tm vnh Bc B
Cc t gy trung tm b Sng Hng vi chiu di mi t gy thng khng qu
35 km nh hng ch yu theo phng bc ty bc- nam ng nam vi dch chuyn thun
gn thng ng, phn k v ko di ln pha trn i vo cc tng Pliocen v Holocen, v ct
ln tn trn cng mt s v tr (hnh 4.19 v 4.20). t gy ny i km cc t gy dng en
echelon phng bc nam, n lin quan n cc cu trc diapir.
Cc t gy ny ti hot ng cc b sau 5.5 tr.n vi dch chuyn thng ng nh. Cc
tng PliocenHolocen lin quan gn nh khng b bin dng.
Cc t gy ra ty nam b Sng Hng - thm Thanh Ngh
Cc t gy ra ty nam b Sng Hng pht trin ch yu theo phng bc nam
pha bc n ty bc ng nam pha nam trn khu vc thm Thanh Ngh (hnh 4.17) ni
chiu dy ca cc thnh to Kainozoi khng vt qu 1 - 2 km. khu vc ny, cc i st
ln dng a ho c bin vi chc mt, tng t nh cc h st t hng kinh tuyn,
pht trin Bt Sn, Gia Vin (Ninh Bnh), hay i st ln Trung H (Ha Bnh), in Bin,
Lai Chu, v.v. Mi t gy c di khong 20 n 30 km vi dch chuyn thun l ch
yu, nghing v pha trung tm b v ct qua cc thnh to trm tch Pliocen- t vi cc
biu hin sc nt trn cc mt ct a chn (hnh 4.21). Cc t gy ny biu hin hot ng
cc b sau 5.5 tr.n ca t gy ra ty nam b Sng Hng vi dch chuyn thng ng nh.
Cc t gy khu vc ngoi khi Bc Trung B - pha nam b Sng Hng
Cc t gy pha nam b Sng Hng thuc vng bin bc Trung B bao gm nhiu
t gy nm gn nh song song nhau, ko di t vng ven bin Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Qung

134

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Bnh - Vnh Linh xung pha nam. Cc t gy ny c c im pht trin thnh nhng on
ngn, song song vi nhau, chiu di khong 20-40 km, thng v pha ng vi dch
chuyn thng ng nh (Hnh 4.22).

Hnh 4.19 Biu hin ca t gy tr phn trung tm b Sng Hng trn tuyn a chn
GPGT93-213. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10
[199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.

Hnh 4.20: Biu hin ca t gy tr phn trung tm b Sng Hng trn tuyn a chn
T03-009. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10
[199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

135

Hnh 4.21 a Biu hin ca t gy tr ra ty nam b Sng Hng trn tuyn a chn
GPGT93-211. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10
[199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.

Hnh 4.21b: Biu hin ca t gy tr ra ty nam b Sng Hng trn tuyn a chn
GPGT93-221. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10
[199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.

136

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 4.22: Biu hin ca t gy tr khu vc ngoi khi bc Trung B - pha nam b Sng
Hng trn tuyn a chn T03-017. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca
ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.
vng bin t o Ngang n Qung Ngi, cc hot ng kin to tr mnh ln ng
k v s lng t gy, cng nh din phn b. khu vc ny, cc hot ng kin to tr
khng ch tn ti i bin ven b m cn pht trin ra c phn trung tm b trm tch Sng
Hng. Ngoi ra, cc hot ng kin to cn i km vi qu trnh phun tro ni la kh mnh
trong t.
Ngoi cc t gy m t trn, khu vc pha ty bc Bin ng cn mt s i t gy
c biu hin hot ng mnh trong giai on hin ti nh cc t gy lin quan vi hot ng
ng t ng bc vnh Bc B v pha nam o Hi Nam (hnh 4.17). Cc t gy tr
ng bc vnh Bc B ch yu pht trin theo phng ng - ty trong khu vc pht trin
dy c nht l cch bn o Li Chu khong 70 km v pha ty. Cc t gy ny lin quan
n cc trn ng t nh hn 6 vi c cu chn tiu trt bng.
Hot ng kin to tr trong khu vc ngoi khi Trung Trung B
Cc t gy tr pht hin c trn khu vc ngoi khi Trung Trung B c th hin
chi tit trn hnh 4.23. Trn th hin cc t gy tr pht trin theo hai phng ch yu l
bc nam v ty bc ng nam trong h t gy bc nam ng vai tr ch o. Cc t
gy c v lin tc theo h kinh tuyn 109 hay 110 trong cc vn liu trc y, theo chng
ti thc cht nu xt theo tiu ch t gy tr th ch l cc t gy ngn th hin trong bn
ny. Mi t gy pht trin vi chiu di khng qu 35 km, trong ph bin nht l trong
khong 20km.
H t gy phng bc nam v bn cht l cc t gy st trng lc li du vt sc
nt trn a hnh v nhiu mt ct a chn, chng pht trin dc thm v ra thm lc a
Trung Trung B (hnh 4.24, 4.25, 4.26 v 4.27). Hot ng ca chng pht trin ko di trong
sut Kainozoi n Pliocen - t v lm mng granit trc Kainozoi st dn ra pha trng
nc su Bin ng.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

137

Hnh 4.23: Bn t gy tr Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn - phn vng bin Trung Trung
B. Trn bn th hin cc t gy hot ng trong giai on Pliocen- t trong khu vc.
Hot ng ng t theo NEIC catalog 1976-2008. Nn a hnh theo s liu SRTM30 PLUS.

Phan Tr ng Trnh

138

VOR93-101

Hnh 4.24: Tuyn VOR-93-101 ct ngang qua thm lc a Trung Trung B cho thy hot
ng t khng ct qua tng Pliocen- T. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam.

AW-

Hnh 4.25: Tuyn AW-8 ct ngang qua thm lc a Trung Trung B cho thy hot ng t
gy tr lin quan ch yu ti qu trnh trng lc. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

139

Hnh 4.26: Tuyn PK03-004-027 ct ngang qua thm lc a Trung Trung B cho thy hot
ng t gy tr lin quan ch yu ti qu trnh trng lc (mi tn ). Hot ng t gy tr
biu hin yu (mi tn en), phn sn, khng thy t gy ct qua trm tch Pliocen -
T. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam.
Ngoi cc biu hin trn a hnh y bin, hot ng ca cc t gy trong khu vc
ny cn to ra qu trnh phun tro ni la pht trin dc di bin Min Trung t o Cn C,
L Sn. Ngoi cc hot ng phun tro ni la, hot ng ca h t gy ny cn gy ra trt
l kin to di bin.

Hnh 4.27: Tuyn PK03-044-055 ct ngang qua thm lc a Trung Trung B cho thy hot
ng t gy tr lin quan ch yu ti qu trnh trng lc (mi tn ). Ngun mt ct a
chn gc: PetroVietnam. Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].

140

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hot ng kin to tr khu vc ngoi khi Nam Trung B v Nam B


vng bin Nam Trung B t Nha Trang, Ninh Thun n pha ng nam o Ph
Qu l khu vc c hot ng kin to tr hot ng mnh trong vng bin Vit Nam. Cc
hot ng kin to tr khu vc ny c cc c im l cc t gy tr xut hin vi s lng
ln v tuy nhin tnh lin tc cha cao. Cc t gy ch yu theo phng bc nam n ty bc
ng nam vi chiu di khong 15 n 30 km (hnh 4.28).

Hnh 4.28: Bn t gy tr Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn - phn vng bin Nam Trung
B v Nam B. Trn bn th hin cc t gy hot ng trong giai on Pliocen- t
trong khu vc. Hot ng ng t theo NEIC catalog 1976-2008. Nn a hnh theo s liu
SRTM30 PLUS. Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].
Cc t gy tr thuc i trt ct Tuy Ho c xu hng pht trin v pha ng nam
theo nh hng c t trc ca i trt ny. Trong khi tin dn v pha nam n o
Ph Qu, cc t gy chuyn sang phng gn bc nam, ph hp hn vi nh hng ca
ng sut khu vc.
Trn cc mt ct a chn, cc t gy tr thng bt ngun t di su vi dch
chuyn thng ng nh (hnh 4.29, 4.30, 4.31, 4.32, 4.33 v 4.34). Cc ho t ng kin to
hin i i km vi qu trnh phun tro ni la quan st thy khu vc quanh cc o Ph
Qu v Hn Tro. Cc mt ct a chn o khu vc ny pht hin thy cc t gy tr ct qua
y bin, ng thi cng ghi nhn cc biu hin phun tro ni la nm ph trn y bin lin
quan n hot ng ni la Hn Tro nm 1923. Cn lu rng, cc s liu ng t ghi
nhn nhiu trn ng t xy ra khu vc ny.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

141

Gn y nht, trn ng t Phan Thit - Vng Tu 5,3 Richter, ngy 8 thng 11


nm 2005 cng c xc nhn l lin quan n hot ng ca cc t gy kinh tuyn 108 109 v cch ni la Hn Tro 40 - 80 km v pha Ty. Nh vy, cc s liu o a chn v
cc s liu ng t u khng nh rng, cc t gy kinh tuyn nm dc ra thm pha
ng ca thm lc a Nam Vit Nam l cc t gy ang hot ng, lin quan vi chng l
chui ni la v ng t ko di t nhng nm 1882 n nay.

Hnh 4.29: Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn PK03-045-153 ct ngang qua thm
lc a Nam Trung B. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti
KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.
T cc mt ct a chn c th thy cc hot ng kin to lm mng Kainozoi
nng ln r rt khu vc gia kinh tuyn 108030 v 1090. khu vc ny cc hot ng nng
tri to ra cc t gy tr ct qua ton b cc thnh to Kainozoi. Cc hot ng t gy
ph hy ct qua ton b lp ph t v l ra trn y bin hin ti. khu vc i nng Cn
Sn pht trin v pha thm Phan Rang, i km vi cc hot ng kin to l qu trnh phun
tro ni la mnh lit xy ra trong th k 19 v 20 khu vc cc o Hn Tro, Hn Hi v
vng bin Tuy Phong.
vng bin Nam B h thng t gy phng bc ty bc- nam ng nam n gn
bc -nam rt pht trin trong Pliocen t. H thng t gy ny bao gm nhiu t gy
nh, th hin tnh lin tc cha cao, vi chiu di mi on khong 20 n 50 km. Cc t
gy ny pht trin mnh v pha nam v ng nam, c bin dch chuyn thng ng trong
Pliocen t t ti 30-40m ct qua ton b lt ct Kainozoi v c kh nng xuyn vo
phn su ca v tri t v ng vai tr chi phi bnh cu to a cht ca 20 lt ct
Pliocen t (hnh 4.35, 4.36 v 4.37).

142

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 4.30: Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn PK03-086-115 ct ngang qua thm
lc a Nam Trung B. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti
KC.09.11/06-10[199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.

Hnh 4.31 Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn a chn CV91-005-5a ct ngang
qua thm lc a ngoi khi Nam Trung B (trong khu vc pha bc b Cu Long). Ngun
mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v
KC09.11BS/06-10.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

143

Hnh 4.32: Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn a chn CV91-44-44a ct ngang
qua thm lc a ngoi khi Nam Trung B ( khu vc pha bc b Cu Long). Ngun mt ct
a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.

Hnh 4.33: Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn a chn CV93-217a-217 ct


ngang qua thm lc a ngoi khi Nam Trung B (t khu vc pha bc b Cu Long). Ngun
mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v
KC09.11BS/06-10.

144

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 4.34: Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn a chn CV93-206-206a ct


ngang qua thm lc a ngoi khi Nam Trung B (khu vc pha bc b Cu Long). Ngun
mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v
KC09.11BS/06-10.

Hnh 4.35: Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn a chn E89-vb-19 ct ngang qua
thm lc a ngoi khi ng Nam B (trong khu vc pha ty nam b Nam Cn Sn). Ngun
mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v
KC09.11BS/06-10.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

145

Hnh 4.36: Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn a chn IPV22-16 ct ngang qua
thm lc a ngoi khi ng Nam B (khu vc pha ty nam b Nam Cn Sn). Ngun mt
ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v KC09.11BS/0610.

Hnh 4.37: Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn a chn IPV22-28 ct ngang qua
thm lc a ngoi khi ng Nam B (khu vc pha ty nam b Nam Cn Sn). Ngun mt
ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v KC09.11BS/0610.

146

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hot ng kin to tr trong khu vc pha bc Bin ng


Cc t gy tr xut hin trong khu vc pha bc Bin ng - thm v sn lc a
Trung Quc, vi mt tha. Biu hin r rt nht trn mt ct a chn v hot ng ca cc
t gy tr, theo Ludman (2001) [131] l khu vc khi nng Dongsha. Hu ht trong s
chng pht trin xung di su v c kh nng th hin cc i ti hot ng ca cc pha
kin to trc . Cc t gy tr c phng ch yu l ng B- ty TN. Mt s t gy
gn khu vc i Loan v ven b bin pha Bc Bin ng c phng B-TN v thng c
biu hin trt bng. Cc t gy tr, mt s trong chng lm mng nng tri, c phng
B-TN, theo s nh hng ca cc t gy ng rift. Cc t gy hin a khc l cc b
mt bc tch ca cc khi dch chuyn sn lc a, ni cc khi trm tch khng l b trt
xung t v tr tch t ban u ca n (Hnh 4.38). ra lc a quanh qun o Dongsha, c
mt khu vc c quy m ln ti 100 km b bin dng mnh v mt cu trc. Chng c nh
du bi mt lot lin tip cc t gy cch nhau ch vi kilomet, v c th l nguyn nhn lm
mng nng tri (hnh 4.39).

Hnh 4.38: Mt ct a chn chng minh cho hot ng trt l lin quan ti kin to tr ra
lc a N Trung Quc (theo Ludman v nnk, 2001)[131]
S phn b ca cc t gy tr c th hin trn hnh 4.16 trong khu vc ra Bc
Bin ng thuc N Trung Quc. Trn bn ny chng ti ch th hin cc t gy tr vi
biu hin hot ng r rt lin quan n cc trn ng t hoc lin quan n s tng phn
a hnh thm lc a bc Bin ng. Cc t gy hot ng ch yu nm bn khu vc l

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

147

ng nam o Hi Nam, khu vc khi nng Dongsha, khu vc ven b v khu vc gn o i


Loan.

Hnh 4.39 : Mt ct a chn th hin cu trc ca ra bc Bin ng. Tg l mt mng trc


KZ, ranh gii mu xanh (Tom) th hin BCH Oligocen Miocen. Ch ti s xut hin ca
cc ph hu tr gn khi nng (hnh trn). Cc t gy ch chm ct qua ranh gii trn mt
mng (hnh di) (theo Chun-Feng Li v nnk 2008 [47])
Hot ng kin to tr trong khu vc trung tm Bin ng
Khu vc trung tm Bin ng vi cc qun o trng vi v tr ca cc khi nh
mng trc Kainozoi. Cc t gy xut hin trong khu vc ny c c im chung l tuy ct
ln trn cng nhng i khi do khng c trm tch tr nn d gy nhm tng l cc t gy
rt tr. Theo chng ti, t gy tr trong khu vc ch xut hin cc b vi dch chuyn nh,
m a s l cc ph hu khng km dch chuyn tr (hnh 4.39). Hu nh khng thy biu
hin ca cc t gy hot ng quy m ln trong khu vc ny ngoi tr vng ng Bc ca
qun o Trng Sa, ni xy ra trn ng t vi c cu chn tiu nghch nm 1969 (Hnh
4.16 v 4.40).

Hnh 4.39: Mt ct a chn th hin cu trc ca ca ph b ng bc Hong Sa. t gy l


khi nh mng trn khu vc qun o Hong Sa, tuy nhin bn cht ca n l t gy c,
khng phi t gy tr. Tg l mt mng trc KZ. Ranh gii mu xanh (Tom) th hin BCH
Oligocen Miocen (theo Chun-Feng Li v nnk 2008 [47])

148

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 4.40: Mt ct a chn th hin mt trong s t cc t gy hot ng khu vc pha


ng bc qun o Trng Sa, gn v tr ca trn ng t nm 1969. Tg l mt mng trc
KZ. Ranh gii mu xanh (Tom) th hin BCH Oligocen Miocen (theo Chun-Feng Li v nnk
2008 [47])
Tin v pha ng bc ca qun o Trng Sa, hay ng nam ca khi nng
Dongsha, xut hin mt s t gy lin quan n cc trn ng t nh trong khu vc ny.
Cc t gy ny thng c phng ng bc - ty nam trung vi phng ca h thng sng
ni c. Tuy nhin khi tim cn khu vc ranh gii hi t mng i Manila, cc t gy ny
chuyn thnh phng ty bc- ng nam vi chiu di cc t gy tng ln.
Hot ng kin to tr trong khu vc pha nam Bin ng
Khu vc nam Bin ng nm trong vng nh hng ca i ht chm c PalawanBorneo. Cc mt ct a chn trong khu vc cho thy hot ng nghch chm trn khu vc
ny ngng hot ng (hnh 4.41). Trong khu vc ny hot ng kin to tr ch yu xut
hin pha ng bc Borneo do nh hng ca hot ng kin to ranh gii mng pha
ng nam trong vng bin Sulu v Celeb. Ngoi khi ty bc Borneo thuc hi phn Nam
Bin ng, ch xut hin tha thi cc t gy tr vi cng hot ng khng ln v
thng vi tnh cht cc b (Hnh 4.42).

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

149

Hnh 4.41(a) : Tuyn a chn phn x BGR 8618 v (b) v minh gii cu trc cho khu vc
ra bc Borneo. Bt chnh hp khu vc su th hin s x hc (collisional deep regional
unconformity-DRU) c nh tui ~16 tr.n c th thy r rng dc theo qu trnh chm chi
ca Dangerous Grounds bn di Borneo (Sundaland). Ch s un np v a hnh tng
ng trn y bin ch ra vn ng nghch. Sa li theo Clift v nnk (2008) [50].

Hnh 4.42 : Tuyn a chn 2D ct qua ra TB Borneo Sabah th hin cc cu trc un np


hnh thnh trong qu trnh x hc ca Dangerous ground bn di Borneo. Mt s t gy ct
n gn b mt hin ti. Ch ti mt vi c im cho thy hot ng trt trng lc (theo
Gee v nnk, 2007[70])

150

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hot ng kin to tr trong khu vc pha ng Bin ng


Hot ng kin to tr trong khu vc pha ng Bin ng biu hin vi cng
mnh m nht trong khu vc Bin ng, lin quan ti qu trnh hi t ranh gii mng, vi
qu trnh ht chm ti mng bin su Manila ang xy ra. Do cc t gy trong khu vc
ny c m t l cc t gy tr vi mi lin quan mt thit ti hot ng a chn dy c
trong khu vc ny.
V mt cu trc, qun o Philippine l mt phn ca mt i hi t rng ln gia
khi Sundaland, mt phn c lp ca mng u v mng Philippine. Bc Philippine c
trng bi hai i ht chm cm ngc hng cc ra pha ng v pha ty, cc t gy
trt bng ni cung ln, hot ng ni la hin i v hot ng a chn cao bn trong phc
h cung. Hot ng ht chm ca mng Philippine xy ra dc theo ra ng ca qun o ny,
c nh du bi mng bin su Philippine v s cng gin pha bc ca n, trng ng
Luzon. Mng Philippine l mt trng st phng bc-nam hot ng v mt a chn, c
c trng bi i ng t WadatiBenioff cha c xc nh r, ko ti su khong
100 km. Mng ny, nh du ranh gii ca mng Philippine ang ht chm v pha ty di
ai ng Philippine, ko di t o Mindanao pha nam ti u mt pha bc ca n pha
ng ca trung Luzon. Mng ny c trng bi cc d thng trng lc m ln v lin quan
vi cc trn ng t ln c ch nghch ra mng. V pha bc ca n, trng ng Luzon th
hin mt i ht chm phi thai phng ng bc; n cng c c trng bi su y
bin ln, d thng trng lc m kh r v hot ng a chn cao, nhng khng c hot ng
ni la lin quan vi ht chm.
ra ty ca Luzon, b Bin ng ht chm v pha ng dc theo mng Manila, i
hi t chnh gia u v Luzon. Mng ny lin quan vi mt h trc cung pht trin mnh
v ko di v pha nam t i Loan pha bc ti o Mindoro pha nam dc theo ra ty
ca Luzon. cc u mt pha bc v pha nam, hot ng ht chm mng Manila b ngt
qung bi qu trnh x hc cung - lc a, ngha l gia cung bc Philippine v ra lc a u
Taiwan v gia khi PalawanBorneo v Luzon o Mindoro.
Gia i Loan v qun o Luzon, thch quyn Bin ng ang b ht chm v pha
ng xung di mng Philippin dc theo mng Manila. Pha bc ca mng Manila c
nh du bi mt trng su a hnh v d thng trng lc free-air thp. Tuy nhin, d thng
trng lc thp nhp phn b dc theo trng Bc Luzon, phn nh cc n v nng cao ca
lng tr bi kt Manila. pha ty ca o Luzon, mng Manila li v pha bin; tuy nhin
mng khu vc gia i Loan v qun o Luzon li un cong ngc li. Hnh thi nh vy
l khc bit so vi nhiu mng su i dng trn th gii - thng c trc ca mng li v
pha bin. Mt cch ngu nhin, lng tr bi kt Manila m rng t nam ti bc. Du vt ca
mng Manila tr nn khng r rng v tuyn 21N. H ht chm Manila pht trin t s ht
chm vung gc ti s x hc khi u ca to ni i Loan. V pha bc ca v tuyn
21.5N, di ni i Loan c hnh thnh do s hi t v pha ty bc ca cung Luzon vi
ra u .
Trn cc mt ct a chn trong khu vc gia i Loan v Luzon theo phng gn
ng ty t b Bin ng qua lng tr bi kt ti trng bc Luzon nhn thy mng ni la
trong khu vc ny l v i dng v mng thng nghing v pha nam v v pha ng
(hnh 4.44 v 4.45). Hin tng ny lm l ra s chuyn tip ca hi t mng t ht chm
vung gc gn o Luzon ti s x hc trong to ni i Loan
b bc Bin ng, c th quan st ni la ngm ni cao trn y bin. Mt mng
th hin nghing thoi v b t gy ph v. su khong 7 s twt t khong cch 43 km
ti 116 km trong mt ct MCS693-6 (Hnh 4.44), c mt s trm tch vn ni la nm trn
mng ni la. Mng vn ni la tng i phng v b t gy ph v cho thy rng ni la
c th xy ra sau s thnh to y Bin ng. Mng vn ni la c th b t gy hoc bi
qu trnh un cong lin quan n ht chm ca v hoc bi s hi t v pha ty ca cung
Luzon.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

151

Hnh 4.43: Bn t gy tr khu vc Philipin. Trn bn th hin cc t gy hot ng


trong giai on Pliocen- t trong khu vc. Nn a hnh theo s liu SRTM30 PLUS.
(Phan Trng Trnh KC.09.11/06-10)
Gia hai i ht chm l t gy Philippine trt bng tri, phng TB-N, hot ng
v mt a chn. t gy Philippine ct ngang qua ton b qun o Philippine t pha ng
bc ca o Mindanao qua Philippines v tin xa ln pha bc ti TB Luzon. Hot ng t
gy c nh gi l bt u t 15 triu nm trc v ko di qua Holocene. t gy ny
chia thnh mt lot cc nhnh ngang qua pha nam ca Cordillera Central, ni m mt vi t
gy nh hn ko di ti khu vc trc cung ca mng Manila. t gy Philippine l t gy
hot ng v mt a chn vi tc dch trt khong 917 mm yr 1 theo s liu a mo,
2025 mm yr 1 t s liu ng hc mng, 35 mm yr 1 t o c GPS, v 68.6 mm yr 1 t
hot ng a chn lch s. t gy ny ct qua vng ni pha bc ca Cordillera Central, i
vo dy nam Sierra Madre ng trung tm Luzon, v gn bn o Bondoc nam Luzon.
t gy ny lin quan ti cc trn ng t ln trong lch s, trong c trn ng t Luzon
M7.6 nm 1990.

152

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 4.44: Cc cu trc chi tit trong khu vc mng su v biu hin ca hot ng kin to
tr trn mt ct MCS693-6 . ng mu xanh nh du ranh gii t0 gia cc trm tch i
dng v cc trm tch lp y mng. Nhiu t gy thun xut hin trong i t gy thun.
cc khong cch 94 km, 97 km v 100 km, mng ni la cng b t gy. Mt vi t gy
nghch n v np un c tm thy trong i tin t gy nghch (theo Chia-Yen Ku v nnk,
2008) [ 281].
t gy eo bin Verde Passage l t gy trt bng tri phng ng-ty ct ngang
qua trung Philippines t u mt pha nam ca mng Manila. t gy ny ngn cch a khu
Mindoro (terrane) pha nam khi TN Luzon v cho php chuyn dch v pha ng ca
Mindoro v khi Palawan so vi Luzon. S lan truyn cui cng ca bin dng lin quan vi
s x hc ca Mindoro c th to nn qu trnh rift TN Luzon, dc theo Macolod
Corridor, mt khu vc TN ca Luzon c phn b rng khp hot ng ni la, t gy v
lm mng v Tri t. Cc nghin cu gn y s dng cc phn tch cu trc v a mo v
cc phng php trc a ch ra rng Macolod Corridor hin nay ang tri qua bin dng,
thng qua s kt hp ca bin dng trt ct v cng gin.
Cc t gy hot ng khu vc ng Bin ng v trn qun o Philippin c th
hin trn hnh 4.43. Trn ngoi cc t gy trn qun o Philippin, chng ti vch ra
cc chn on t gy nghch trn khu vc pha ng Bin ng, c k hiu t F1 n F5
vi chiu di tng ng da trn c im hot ng a chn v cu trc ca i ht chm
ny.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

153

Hnh 4.45: Cc cu trc chi tit trong khu vc mng su v biu hin ca hot ng kin to
tr trn mt ct MCS689-4 (theo Chia-Yen Ku v nnk, 2008) [ 281].
Tm li: Qua qu trnh nghin cu thnh lp bn kin to tr Bin ng Vit Nam
v k cn, c th rt ra mt s nhn xt sau y v hot ng kin to tr trong khu vc:
- Trn khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn, cc hot ng kin to tr tn ti c
vng bin Bc B, Trung B v Nam B v cc khu vc khc bc, trung tm, nam v ng
Bin ng vi cng hot ng khc nhau.
- Cc t gy c lin tc khng cao cng nh dch chuyn thng ng nh trn cc
mt ct a chn phn nh hot ng kin to tr ch xy ra vi quy m cc b. t gy tr
hot ng mnh m vo cui Pliocen, t hn vo cui Pleistocen, him gp trong trm tch
Holocen, ven ra cc b Kainozi trn thm lc a v ch lm xo trn mt t s sp xp cc
lp trm tch, t khi lm x dch ln.
- Cc t gy tr xut hin trong vng ca h t gy kinh tuyn 109 hay 110 trong
cc vn liu trc y thm lc a Trung Trung B cng khng mang tnh lin tc. Trn
cc mt ct a chn ngang qua thm Trung Trung B, biu hin ca hot ng kin to tng
i yu. Cc du vt tng phn v a hnh thm v sn lc a y thc cht khng
phn nh qu trnh kin to tr m l du vt a hnh do hot ng kin to c li du n
m nt trn sn v chnh dng a hnh ny kch thch hot ng t gy ph hu do trt
trng lc.
- vng bin Trung B v c bit l Nam Trung B v Nam B cc hot ng kin
to tr mnh ln ng k vi cc t gy tr chim u th c phng bc- nam. cc khu vc

154

Phan Tr ng Trnh

ny cc hot ng kin to hin i l nguyn nhn gy ra ng t v phun tro ni la trong


nhiu th k qua.
- Hot ng kin to tr th hin cng yu pha nam Bin ng. Cc mt ct a
chn ngoi khi Palawan TB Borneo cho thy i nghch chm ny hin nay ngng hot
ng.
- pha bc Bin ng, cc t gy tr ch yu nh hng theo phng ng ng
bc- ty ty nam vi hot ng kin to yu t. Vng ven bin trn i lc Trung Quc pha
bc Bin ng th hin hot ng kin to mnh m hn vi s xut hin ca mt s trn
ng t mnh trong lch s.
- trung tm Bin ng, trn phm vi cc qun o Hong Sa v Trng Sa, mt s
t gy pht trin trn cc khi nh mng trng vi v tr ca cc o ni cng nh o ngm
thng khng phi l t gy tr. Bn cht ca cc t gy ny l cc t gy c nhng l ra
bn sn cc o ny do trm tch hin i rt mng hoc khng c. t xut hin cc t gy
tr trong cc khu vc ny m ch quan st thy trn mt ct a cht cc ph hu nh thng
khng km dch chuyn.
- Khu vc pha ng Bin ng l vng c hot ng kin to tr mnh m nht trong
vng nghin cu vi mt t gy tr cao v hot ng ng t dy c. Nm t gy
nghch chm lin quan ti i ht chm mng Manila c xc nh v nh gi l c
nguy c pht sinh ng t mnh nht trong Bin ng.
4.3. HOT NG NI LA TR TRN KHU VC BIN NG V KHU VC K
CN
Bin ng c hnh thnh thng qua cc qu trnh st ln, cng v v tch dn kiu
y i dng tip nhau (Taylor v Hayes, 1980; Ru v Piggott, 1986), v l phng th
nghim t nhin cho vic nghin cu mi tng quan gia macma, tch dn thch quyn v
ng lc manti (McKenzie v Bickle, 1988).
Nhng s liu a ha v ng v u tin ch ra rng bazan B mang hp phn
Dupal, ph bin i vi manti nam bn cu (th d manti n dng). C hai m hnh tri
nhau a ra gii thch s xut hin ca hp phn Dupal ti khu vc B l, (1) ngun
manti su c cha trm tch c do cc i ht chm mang xung (Hart, 1984), v (2) xut pht
t manti thch quyn (lithosphere mantle) b bo mn di tc ng nhit. M hnh th nht
mang tnh ton cu v m hnh th hai l khu vc.
Trong bo co ny, chng ti tng hp s liu tui tuyt i, thnh phn a ha v
ng v (Sr, Nd v Pb) i vi phun tro bazan ti o Hi Nam, trng Bin ng (khu vc
ni ngm Scarborough, Reed Bank, o Hong Sa), thm lc a Ty Nam (o Cn C, L
Sn (c lao R), o Ph Qu, cm o Tro) v mt vi im ven b bin nh Qung Ngi,
Sng Cu (Hnh 4.3.1). Ngoi ra, s liu a ha bazan Ty nguyn ca 2 chu k phun tro
(tr hn 6 tr. nm v c hn 7 tr. nm) (Hoang v nnk., 1996) [87] cng c s dng so
snh. Mc tiu ca bo co ny l tm hiu tng quan gia kin to Bin ng v hot
ng macma, qua th xc nh ng lc v ngun manti khu vc trng Bin ng v
cc vng k cn.
Hot ng ni la Kainozoi khu vc Bin ng v cc vng k cn
S liu l khoan v a chn hot ng macma ti pha bc B c th chia lm 3 giai
on: Paleogen Eoxen, Oligoxen Mioxen gia, Mioxen mun t. Giai on 1 c tui
K-Ar trong khong 57 49 tr. nm m sn phm phun tro ch yu c thnh phn t trung
tnh n axit (Li v Liang, 1994) [129]. Giai on 2 ch yu l phun tro bazan v andesit. C
2 giai on u hot ng phn tn sn sinh mt lng tng i nh macma. Ti mt l
khoan tng phun tro bazan tuff dm ni la dy n 400m c pht hin c tui K-Ar
khang 17 tr. nm (Hnh 4.46, Bng 4.1) (theo Yan v nnk., 2006) [273]. Phun tro macma
giai on Neogen t ti khu vc ny ch yu pht hin t cc mt ct a chn hoc
bng gu ko.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

155

Bng 4.1: V tr v tui tuyt i cc im phun tro Kainzi khu vc Bin ng


a im
Bc Bin ng

Trng Bin
ng

Kinh

su
(m)

Loi

Tui (tr.
nm)

Ngun

114

19,65

2429

Bazan

17,1
2,5

Li v Liang (1994)

114

19,65

2752

Tuff

17,6
1,8

Li v Liang (1994)

114,3

21,1

4880

Bazan

24,3
1,3

Li v Liang (1994)

115,8

20,77

1800

Daxt

27,2
0,6

Li v Liang (1994)

116,05 21,9

3324
3455

Tuff rilit

32 1,4

Li v Liang (1994)

116,05 21,9

3324
3455

Tuff rilit

33,6
0,7

Li v Liang (1994)

116,57 18,84

3294

Tuff daxit

<1 Ma

Wang v nnk.
(1999)

115,6

1580
1800

Bazan kim

3,49

Taylor v Hayes
(1983)

116,18 15,75

Bazan kim

11 6

Pautot v nnk.
(1990)

115,96 15,3

Bazan kim

11 6

Pautot v nnk.
(1990)

116,21 14,95

Trakhibazan

86

Pautot v nnk.
(1990)

Bazan toleit

13,95

Jin (1989)

Bazan toleit

9,7

Jin (1989)

Tuff daxit,
riolit

<2 Ma

Wang v nnk.
(1999)

111,97 13,37

Bazan kim

(?)

Bellon v nnk.
(1991)

111,17 9,95

Bazan kim

4,3

Bellon v nnk.
(1991)

14

116,98 17,75

3000

116,52 15
113,28 9,36

2772

116,62 12,08

3227
3043

Bazan l
hng

0,4

Kudrass v nnk.
(1986)

118,3

1610
1356

Bazan
olivine

0,5

Kudrass v nnk.
(1986)

11,73

Phan Tr ng Trnh

156
a im

Ty Nam Bin
ng

Kinh

su
(m)

Loi

Tui (tr.
nm)

Ngun

118,82 12,35

1050
765

Bazan l
hng

2,7

Kudrass v nnk.
(1986)

115,83 9,88

2100

Tuff riolit

Kudrass v nnk.
(1986)

119,37 8,17

3312

Andesit

14,7

Kudrass v nnk.
(1986)

o Tro

109,05 9,50

800

Bazan kim

1,270.0
Hoang v Flower
6
(1998)
Hin i

. Ph Qu

109,10 10,33

Bazan toleit

5,5 ?

Hoang v Flower
(1998)

. L Sn

109,10 15,29

Bazan kim

12, 1,20,4

Hoang v Flower
(1998)

. Cn C

106,30 17,15

Bazan toleit

0,35
0.03

Hoang v Flower
(1998)

Trng Bin ng c gii hn bi ng ng mc 3000 mt (Taylor v Hayes,


1983) [233]. Phun tro bazan c tui dao ng t khong 14 n 3,5 tr. nm, phn b ri rc
su khong 4000 mt trn nn tng i phng kiu i dng. Tuy nhin hot ng phun
tro bazan ch yu tp trung ti khu vc ni ngm Scarborough (Hnh 4.46, Bng 4.1), l mt
dy ni c ngn cao gn n 4000 mt so vi nn b trng (Hnh 4.46) (Taylor v Hayes,
1983; Kudrass v nnk., 1986) [233] [106]. Thnh phn ch yu l bazan tleit, bazan
olivin. Mu thu c ti o Hong Sa l nephelinit cha ban tinh olivin.
Nam Bin ng bao gm cc vng Trng Sa, Reed Bank v t Him (Dangerous
Grouds). Khu vc c ranh gii ng nam vi Palawan v Borneo v thm lc a pha ng
Vit Nam (Hnh 4.46). n nay macma tui Paleogen cn cha pht hin. Riolit tui 22 tr.
nm c pht hin ti ng nam B (tc ty bc Palawan). Granit cao kali, kim vi c tui
13,4 tr. nm c pht hin ti bc Palawan l khng phi khu vc lin quan n ht chm
chng t dung th bazan vng Bin ng c th l ngun nhit gy nng chy v to thnh
cc riolit v granit. Mt s im phun tro bazan c pht hin ti Trng Sa (tr hn 2
tr. nm) v vng Reed Bank c tui dao ng t 2,7 n 0,4 tr. nm (Kudrass v nnk., 1986;
Tu v nnk., 1992) [106] [248]. Ti khu vc ny (Hnh 4.46) sn phm bazan olivin v bazan
kim chim a s.
o Hi Nam nm pha bc Bin ng, cng gn vi h thng t gy Sng Hng
(Hnh 4.46). Ti pha bc o Hi Nam v vng ln cn, phun tro bazan Kainozoi chim n
gn 7.000 km2. Bazan phn b theo theo t gy khu vc hng B TTN, phun tro kiu
dng chy theo cc khe nt do tch dn to thnh cc a tng c su n 225 mt xen kp
vi cc lp trm tch c tui t Mioxen-gia (15 tr. nm) n Plioxen-cui (2 tr. nm) (Tu v
nnk., 1991; Flower v nnk., 1992) [248] [66]. Tuy nhin, theo s liu tui tuyt i K - Ar v
Ar Ar mi nht th hot ng phn ln ti khu vc ny xut hin t cui Plioxen-sm n
t (4 0,1 tr. nm) (Ho v nnk., 2000) [85]. Thnh phn phun tro l tleit thch anh,
bazan olivin, bazan olivin kim, v mt t bazanit; trong tleit thch anh ch xut hin
trong cc pha phun tro sm, cc ngho silic giu kim th xut hin vo cc pha mun

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

157

Hnh 4.46: S phn b cc im l bazan Neogen t v tui tuyt i (s in nghing)


khu vc Bin ng (ngi sao) v cc vng k cn (mu en). Ngun ti liu c trnh by
trong Bng 4.1.

158

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Ty-Ty Nam Bin ng: ng Dng v thm lc a


Hai giai on macma chnh xy ra trong i t gy Sng Hng. Giai on sm trong
khong 42 24 tr. nm (trc y) v giai on mun, tch cc hn, ko di t cch y 16 tr.
nm cho n t. Macma bao gm sienit, trakhit, shoshonit-lamprophyr, bazan, bazanandesit (Wang v nnk., 2001) [259]. Mu granit ti mt im l dc Sng Hng cho tui
trong khong 35 27 tr. nm (Leloup v nnk., 2001) [128] c quan h vi cc thnh to
bin cht. Bazan tleit gn in Bin Ph c tui l 4,8 0.1 tr. nm (Hoang v Flower, 1998)
[86]. Cha c pht hin no v phun tro tr ti vnh Bc B. Ngoi cc vng bazan Neogen
T (15 n 0,2 tr. nm) rng, c th tch rt ln ti Ty Nguyn Vit Nam, pha nam Lo
v nhiu ni ti Campuchia (nm ngoi phm vi ca bo co ny), theo Hoang v Flower
(1998) [86] v Lee v nnk. (1998) [126] bazan tr c din phn b va v nh xut hin ri
rc ti cc vng min Trung Vit Nam nh ti bazan kim ti Ngha n (4,5 0,2 tr. nm),
H X (1,3 0,2 tr. nm), bazan kim ti Gio Linh (1,3 0,2 tr. nm), bazan olivin ti o Cn
C (0,35 0,04). Ven bin v thm lc a t Bc Trung B, Nam Trung B bazan kim c
din phn b tng i nh xut hin ti Qung Ngi (7,1 0,1 n 1,5 0,04 tr. nm), phun
tro bazan tleit v bazan olivin ti o L Sn (cn gi l C lao R) xy ra ti 2 giai on
12 tr. nm v 1,2 n 0,4 0,01 tr. nm. Bazan tleit xut hin ti Sng Cu (9,3 0.1) v mt
vi im thuc tnh Bnh Thun. Ti vng thm lc a pha ng nam bazan xut hin kh
ph bin ti o Ph Qu (cn gi l C lao Thu) v cm o Tro v ni ngm ln cn (Hnh
4.3.1). Bazan ti o Ph Qu ch yu l tleit, c tui khong 5,5 tr. nm. Pha phun tro mi
nht c ghi nhn ti khu vc o Tro l vo nm 1923. Mu bazan kim thu thp ti phn
nn o Tro (tu Vulcanolog, 1983) c tui l 1,27 0,06 tr. nm (Hoang v Flower, 1998)
[86] (Hnh 4.46, Bng 4.1).
Ch l, ti khu vc ny phun tro bazan ch yu tp trung dc theo v/hoc ti cc
im giao nhau ca cc h t gy khu vc c hai hng chnh l kinh tuyn v B-TN.
Ngun s liu a ha (nguyn t chnh v ph, thnh phn ng v stronsi, neodi v
ch, v tui tuyt i) c lit k trong trong ch thch bng 4.2. Ngoi cc ngun s liu k
trn, i vi phun tro khu vc trng Bin ng nhm tc gi cn tham kho cc bo co ca
Taylor v Hayes (1983), Kudrass v nnk. (1986) [233] [106]. Thnh phn ha hc v ng v
cc mu ni la thu thp trong i ophiolit tui Paleogen ti Palawan v Mindoro c x l
nh i din manti khu vc trc khi m Bin ng. Ti liu tui tuyt i vng phun tro
Hi Nam trch t Ho v nnk. (2000) [85]. Tui tuyt i ca phun tro vng thm lc a v
ven bin Vit Nam c trch t ngun Hoang v nnk. (1996) [87], Hoang v Flower (1998)
[86], Lee v nnk. (1998) [126] v c tham kho ti liu ca Rangin v nnk. (1995) [208].
Ngoi ra, i vi khu vc ny c nhiu s liu cha cng b cng c trnh by trong bo
co ny.
Tnh cht a ha
Tng quan gia SiO2 (wt%) vi MgO v K2O (wt%) c biu din trn Hnh 4.47a
v 4.47b. Nhn chung l quan h tng i dng. Hm lng MgO cao tng ng vi
SiO2 thp thng thng phn nh dung th hnh thnh trong iu kin p sut v nhit cao,
hoc nng chy cao (Hirose v Kushiro, 1993; Kushiro, 1996) [81] [107]. K 2O cao cng
vi SiO2 thp phn nh p sut nng chy cao v nng chy thp. Ngoi ra, hm lng
K2O trong dung th c quan h cht ch vi bn cht ngun. Ngun cng nguyn thy (t tri
qua nng chy) hoc c lin quan n vt cht thch quyn th hm lng K2O trong dung th
cng cao (Kushiro, 1996; Taylor v McLennan, 1981) [107] [234]. Trn Hnh 4.47ab, s liu
ha hc ca cc sn phm phun tro bazan Ty Nguyn (Vit Nam) tr hn 6 triu nm v c
hn 7 triu nm c s dng i chiu (Hoang v nnk., 1996; Hoang v Flower, 1998, N.
Hong, 2005) [87] [86] [156] . Ngoi tr bazan tr Cn C (0,35 tr. nm) phn b trong
trng cao SiO2, cao K2O v thp MgO a phn bazan tr Hi Nam, thm lc a Vit Nam
v khu vc trng Bin ng (tr hn 6 tr. nm) phn b trong trng SiO2 thp, MgO v K2O
cao, tng t trng phn b ca chu k phun tro ca bazan Ty Nguyn chu k tr.

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

159

cc mu bazan Palawan, i din cho manti trc tch dn B c SiO2 cao (n 55wt%) v
K2O thp (khong 0,5 wt%), l c im bazan cung o.
Nu thnh phn nguyn t chnh phn nh iu kin nng chy th nguyn t vt ni
ln bn cht ngun ca dung th (Hofmann, 1997) [90]. c im nguyn t vt ca bazan
B v cc vng k cn c th hin qua php qui chun chndrit (cc nguyn t t him)
v ngun manti nguyn thy (primitive mantle) c biu din trn Hnh 4.48. S liu qui
chun chndrit ca Hi Nam (Hnh 4.49a), trng B (Hnh. 4.48b) v thm lc a Vit Nam
(Hnh 4.48c) hnh th phn b t t him nh (La n Nd) n t him nng (Ho n Lu)
kh dc chng t ngun giu v kh nguyn thy (Nakamura, 2006) [143]. cc mu
bazan Palawan (Hnh 4.48b) rt ngho t him nh, chng t ngun tng tri qua nng
chy. s khc nhau v gc phn b cc nguyn t t him nng. Bazan Hi Nam (4
n 0 tr. nm) v thm lc a hoc ven bin Vit Nam c hm lng t nng thp hn nhiu
so vi bazan trng B. iu ny c ngha l ngun bazan Hi Nam v Vit Nam c th l
peridotit granat c xu hng gi li t him nng trong th st (residue) v ngun ca bazan
trng B c th l peridotit spinel (nng hn ngun c granat), khng c xu hng lu gi
cc nguyn t t nng.
Trn th qui chun v manti nguyn thy, ng nt phn b ca bazan Hi Nam
(Hnh 4.48d) v thm lc a Vit Nam (Hnh 4.48f) rt ging nhau, trong cc nguyn t
khng tng thch mnh (Ba, Rb, Th, v.v.) gim dn qua nhm nguyn t c tnh tng thch
cao hn (Sr) n cc nguyn t t him. y l hnh dng in hnh ca bazan o i dng
(ocean island basalt), thng c xem l sn phm ca quyn mm, l ngun giu nguyn t
vt v phong ph v nguyn t chnh (giu Fe, Ca v tng kim). Bazan trng B (Hnh
4.48e) kh d ngun, th hin bi nhiu ng phn b giu ngho khc nhau. Nhm bazan
Palawan c thnh phn Ra, Ba, Th, Nb v K rt ngho, chc chn phn nh ngun l th st
ca qu trnh nng chy trc. Cn l, bazan B v cc khu vc k cn khng c d
thng m ti cc nguyn t trng lc nng (Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr v Y), l mt trong nhng tiu
chun xc nh s lin quan n ngun macma tng tc vi vt cht mng ht chm.
Mt cch tng qut, macma phun tro tr ti Hi Nam v khu vc B a phn Vit
Nam c tnh cht thch hc v a ha kh ging nhau. Ngun manti ca chng c th l
peridotit-granat kh phong ph v thnh phn nguyn t vt. Ngun bazan trng B c th l
peridotit-spinel v d ngun v thnh phn a ha.
Quan h gia ng v 87Sr/86Sr v 143Nd/144Nd cho thy cc vng bazan phn b ch
yu trong trng ngho (phn t trn, tri, Hnh 4.49), mt t ri vo trng giu nh mt s
bazan tr Ty Nguyn, bazan c (12 tr. nm) o L Sn, o Tro v Ph Qu. Nhn chung
bazan phn b ch yu trong trng pha trn gia manti ngho (DM) v thch quyn giu
(EM2). Nhm bazan Palawan phn b ring bit do c ng v Nd rt cao. l, tt c
bazan c hn 7 tr. nm thuc Ty nguyn phn b trong trng ngho, trong khi mt vi
bazan tr (<6 tr. nm) phn b trong trng giu. Trong trng hp ngun pht trin theo h
thng kn, tc khng c trao i vi cc ngun khc, ng v Sr thp km theo Nd cao phn
nh ngun tri qua nng chy. i vi bazan Ty Nguyn chu k c hn nhiu kh nng l
sn phm nng chy manti thch quyn (lithospheric mantle), khc vi vt cht quyn mm
c ng v gn nguyn thy hn (giu hn).
Nhn chung ng v ch 208Pb/204Pb vi 206Pb/204Pb bazan B v cc vng k cn,
tng t nh i vi ng v Sr v Nd, c xu hng phn b trong trng pha trn gia manti
ngho (DM) vi vt cht thch quyn (EM2). Tuy nhin, a phn bazan phn b gn vi
trng sng n dng (I-MORB) hn l sng Thi Bnh Dng (N-MORB) (Hnh 4.50).
Bazan I-MORB do c 208Pb/204Pb tng i cao so vi cc vng bazan Bc Bn cu ti cng
gi tr 206Pb/204Pb. c im ng v ny gi l d thng DUPAL (ghp tn ca hai nh khoa
hc Dupr v Allgre pht hin ra d thng ny) (Hart, 1984). Hin tng giu 208Pb/204Pb
ti cng mt gi tr 206Pb/204Pb do ngun c Th/U cao trong khong thi gian di 232Th
phn r thnh 208Pb cao hn nhiu so vi 238U phn r thnh 206Pb. Hin tng ny c th do
lin quan n cc trm tch c (Permi) c a vo manti ti cc i ht chm trc v trong

160

Phan Tr ng Trnh

khi tch dn v tri dt ln pha bc ca siu lc a Gondwana. D thng Dupal (giu hp


phn EM1) c biu din bng 8/4Pb c gi tr cao hn 75 v ch tn ti trong manti nam
bn cu. Tng quan 8/4Pb vi 7/4Pb (Hart, 1984) [78] (Hnh 4.51) cho thy bazan sau
tch dn B v cc vng k cn phn b trong tam gic xc nh bi 3 hp phn l thch
quyn (EM2), Dupal (IMORB giu EM1) v N-MORB (tc ngun manti ngho). D thy a
phn bazan hng v pha trng Dupal, mt t hng v pha EM2 (Hoang v nnk. 1996)
[87].
Ti trng B, macma phun tro xut hin ng thi v sau-tch dn B rt hn ch
(Hnh 4.46). Phun tro ch yu xut hin ti vng v thun lc a nh Hi Nam v cc khu
vc ti ng Dng. ng rng, bazan cng tr (Hi Nam) cng mang d thng Dupal
mnh hn.
D thng (ng v) Dupal c mt trong hu ht quyn mm Nam Bn cu (Hart,
1984) [78], c bit di n Dng (D), l hp phn ng v khc hn thnh phn
ng v thuc manti Thi Bnh Dng (TBD). Tuy nhin, gn y xut hin nhiu bo co v
s c mt d thng ny ti Bc Bn cu. Th d, vng B v cc khu vc k cn (Tu v nnk.,
1991, 1992; Hoang v nnk.., 1996) [247,248] [87]; bin Nht Bn (Tatsumoto v Nakamura,
1991) [231], v.v. Cu hi t ra l, liu d thng ny c phi do cc dng chy manti t
D a ln (ngoi nhp). Nu l ng th cc dng chy ny vt qua l chn l mng ht
chm n Dng di Sundaland nh th no? Hay d thng Dupal l sn phm a
phng do nm manti a ln (Tatsumoto v Nakamura, 1991) [231], hoc manti nhim vt
cht nn c Sino-Korea? M hnh a phng c chn nhiu hn do cc im sau: (1)
phn b d thng nhit bn di cc bin ra ty (TBD) l kh nng do vy khng c kh
nng tn ti nm manti (Zhang v Tanimoto, 1991; Zhang, 1998) [278] [277]; (2) Bazan
Neogen phun tro trn nn c Sino-Korea c Dupal cao nht, bin Nht bn gn nn c hn
c d thng Dupal cao hn (Tatsumoto v Nakamura, 1991; Hoang v Uto, 2006) [231] [88]
bazan cc khu vc quanh i Loan, B, Hi Nam v ng dng. S phn b ny ph nhn
s tn ti dng chy manti hng nam-bc. im th (3) bng chng a ha v a vt l cho
thy, nn Arkhi b bc khi y nn Sino-Korea (Griffin v nnk., 1992; Zhang, 1998) [72]
[277]. Do vy, quyn mm giu hp phn Dupal c th b cun theo dng manti y v pha
ng. Dng manti m chi c l gii l ng lc pht sinh khi bin Tethys khp li m
nguyn nhn do va chm gia mng n c v u .
p sut nng chy to thnh dung th tnh ton trn c s qui v thnh phn nguyn
thy da trn nguyn l b olivin vo thnh phn bazan cho n khi th st (residue) c Mg#
bng 90 trong Mg# = [100xMg/(Mg+Fe2+)]. S dng biu quan h pha PlagioclasThch anh-Olivin ca Walker (1979) v cc ng ng p t thc nghim ca Kushiro
(1996) [107] cho kt qu trn Hnh 4.53. Bazan thm lc a v ven bin Vit Nam ri vo
khong 10kbar n gn 30kbar, nhng ch yu tp trung quanh ng 25kbar (khong
75km). Bazan trng B phn b tp trung gia ng 20 n 30kbar; bazan tr Hi Nam ri
ch yu vo trng t trn 25kbar n hn 30kbar (khong 90km). i vi bazan Ty
Nguyn, nng chy ca pha sn phm pha phun tro c (>7 tr. nm) xy ra trong khong p
sut 10 n 15kbar, ngc li, pha tr (<6 tr. nm) ch yu nng chy xy ra vi p sut
khong 25kbar. Kt qu ny cho thy, ti B v cc khu vc k cn dung th bazan cng tr
th p sut (v nhit ) nng chy cng tng. Ni cch khc, su nng chy v tnh
nguyn thy ca ngun tng theo thi gian.
Cc php ton v pha trn ng v (Hoang v nnk., 1996; Hoang v Uto, 2006) [87]
[88] cho thy thnh phn ng v ca bazan pha ng Trung quc c th l sn phm pha
trn gia vt cht quyn mm v y nn c Sino-Korea. D thng Dupal th hin mnh
trong cc pha phun tro tr, c p sut nng chy cao (n 30kbar, Hnh 4.53) nh bazan Hi
Nam (Hnh 4.51 v Hnh 4.52) v mt s bazan vng trng B (Flower v nnk., 1992) [66].
C th kt lun rng, khc vi bazan khu vc ng Trung quc v ng , d thng Dupal
vng B v cc khu vc k cn bt ngun t quyn mm. D rng bng chng v cc dng
chy manti, xut pht t s khp li ca bin Tethys, th cha r rng. Tuy nhin, s liu a

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

161

chn su cho thy d thng nhit kh nng v phn b theo hng ty ng, t ng n
cho n i ht chm ty TBD, c bit tp trung di cc vng phun tro Neogen - T
(Hnh 4.53) (Zhang v Tanimoto, 1991; van de Hilst v Seno, 1993) [278], [249] nhiu kh
nng phn nh ng lc manti m chi tip theo va chm ca hai mng trn.
Tm li: - Bazan Neogen- t vng Bin ng v cc vng k cn c phn b tp
trung dc theo cc t gy khu vc, xut hin sau tch dn Bin ng v ch yu c tui tr
hn 6 tr. nm, l tp hp bao gm bazan tleit, bazan olivin, bazan kim v kim, km
mt t bazan-andesit v bazan kim cao (nephelinit).
- p sut nng chy bazan 10 n hn 30kbar (t su 30km n 90km) trong iu
kin tch dn thch quyn, di nh hng ca d thng nhit manti. Sn phm phun tro
cng tr th p sut nng chy cng cao, ngha l, su nng chy v tnh nguyn thy ca
ngun tng theo thi gian.
- a phn bazan c c im a ha gn vi bazan o i dng (OIB) c hm
lng nguyn t vt (Rb, Ba, Nb, Ta v cc nguyn t t him) v nguyn t chnh (Fe, Ca
v tng kim) cao. a s phun tro tr mang d thng ng v Dupal, l hp phn ng v
ch (Pb) c trng ca manti Nam Bn cu
- S phn b ca d thng Dupal ti khu vc ng v ng Nam l bng chng v
qu trnh pha trn gia vt cht nn c (th d, Sino-Korea) vi manti ngho di tc ng
ca cc dng manti m chi sn pht sinh do s khp li ca bin Tethys l kt qu va chm
gia n v u .

Phan Tr ng Trnh

162

Bng 4.2: Thnh phn a ha v ng v Sr, Nd, v Pb bazan i din trng Bin ng v
cc vng k cn
Mu

HN34

51.72
1.75
14.52
11.23
0.15
7.04
8.51
2.86
0.82
0.23
52.78
16
305.8
21.2
121
16.9
126.8
11.80
25.30
14.10
3.83
1.39
0.85

53.11
1.8
14.15
10.88
0.17
8
8.51
2.98
0.77
0.25
56.73
17.4
329
21.5
120.2
21.1
186.1
13.50
26.90
14.40
4.15
1.51
0.79

52.08
1.75
14.22
11.15
0.16
7.26
8.61
2.99
0.7
0.24
53.72
14.7
318.7
21.6
111.7
18.7
167.7
13.00
27.30
13.50
3.79
1.53
0.62

HN41 HN83 HN90


HN28 HN12
Hi
Nam
(Tleit olivin)
Hi Nam
4 n 0.1
<1,5 0.1
Taylor v Hayers (1983); Tu v nnk. (1991,
1992); Flower v nnk. (1992); Ho v nnk.
(2000)
52.11 51.51 52.39
51.1
46.76
1.99
2.16
1.89
2.54
2.47
14.5
14.51 14.31
14.38 14.38
10.07 10.72 10.29
10.58 12.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.17
7.09
7.23
7.32
7.34
7.55
8.54
8.44
8.28
9.32
9.05
3.07
3.35
3
3.38
2.4
1.5
1.4
1.15
2.04
1.77
0.38
0.42
0.29
0.53
0.73
55.66 54.60 55.91
55.30 52.60
30.7
28
19.4
42.9
38.8
446.2 497.6 366.6
613
761.5
22.7
23.9
21.3
22.6
30.6
160.1 181.7 142.5
221.5 250.2
28.4
31.2
20.4
44.2
69.6
295.7 271.9 127.3
456.8 765.3
20.50 22.20 15.10
31.50 50.10
40.50 42.90 32.30
67.30 101.50
20.70 20.80 18.20
30.80 39.20
5.54
5.99
4.77
6.64
7.92
1.92
2.04
1.78
2.43
2.78
0.66
0.79
0.67
0.79
0.77

1.50
0.22
2.67
0.85
1.73
0.40
0.70402
8
0.51290
7
5.25

1.38
0.19
2.71
1.42
1.90
0.35
0.70430
8
0.51288
1
4.74

1.75
0.19
3.17
1.03
1.75
0.59
0.7044
74
0.5128
59
4.31

1.56
0.21
3.88
1.55
2.95
0.85
0.7039
85
0.5128
19
3.53

18.682

18.738

18.622 18.720 18.593 18.679

18.464 18.667

15.619

15.611

15.597 15.649 15.542 15.568

15.614 15.619

38.910

38.900

38.820 38.980 38.690 38.780

38.880 38.990

a im
Tui (tr. nm)

Ngun
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO*
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
Mg#
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Tb
Dy
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
Th
U
87

Sr/86Sr
143
Nd/144
Nd
Nd
206
Pb/204
Pb
207
Pb/204
Pb
208
Pb/204
Pb

HN6
HN13
Hi Nam (tleit
thch anh)
4 n 0.1

1.23
0.18
4.13
1.91
2.65
0.90
0.7038
93
0.5129
25
5.60

1.41
0.22
3.62
1.35
2.18
0.68
0.70414
9
0.51290
8
5.27

1.59
0.23
5.74
3.19
4.23
0.66
0.7038
24
0.5128
66
4.45

1.82
0.23
6.01
4.89
6.18
0.95
0.70417
8
0.51286
6
4.45

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t


Mu
a
im
Tui
(tr.nm)
Ngun
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO*
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
Mg#
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Tb
Dy
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
Th
U
87

Sr/86Sr
143
Nd/144
Nd
Nd
206
Pb/204
Pb
207
Pb/204
Pb
208
Pb/204
Pb

163

HN99
HN27
D8-2
D8-4
D9-1
D9-2
D10
S023-40
Hi Nam (bazan Ni ngm Scarborough (bazan olivin, bazan
kim)
kim)
< 1.5 n 0.1
3,5
Tu v nnk. (1992); Flower v nnk. (1992)
46.85
46.95
50.48
50.78
50.39
2.78
2.59
2.20
2.13
2.25
13.73
13.62
16.23
16.31
16.49
11.87
11.71
9.31
8.89
9.28
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.13
0.14
7.99
8.96
5.80
6.23
5.64
7.44
10
11.32
11.00
11.28
3.36
2.85
3.17
3.57
3.10
1.8
1.71
0.76
0.60
0.79
0.67
0.63
0.55
0.35
0.63
54.55
57.70
52.62
55.53
52.00
62.4
37
19
13
34
772.4
685
321
314
301
28.6
34
30
39
287.6
277.3
157
150
156
61.5
63.9
23
21
22
573
488
32
15
41.00
47.80
17.47
17.53
16.20
41.00
103.30
34.10
40.54
33.23
39.80
43.40
15.56
20.06
23.42
8.52
7.89
5.12
5.12
4.80
2.90
2.78
1.61
1.78
1.74
0.73
0.88
0.81
0.75
0.88

2.7 - 0.5
50.21
3.77
16.19
9.55
0.14
3.47
9.23
3.60
2.48
1.37
39.32
54
749
45
344
53
441
51.21
106.44
54.89
11.24
3.76
1.47

49.00
49.31
3.34
2.70
16.42
16.24
8.52
9.74
0.20
0.19
6.28
7.06
9.31
9.31
3.40
3.73
2.65
1.09
0.88
0.65
56.80
56.37
61
14
819
481
43
30
349
180
84
29
854
140
51.29
19.45
109.01 41.35
57.74
22.82
11.56
6.00
3.81
2.16
1.86
1.09

1.45
0.20
6.56
4.61
5.44
1.30
0.70357
1
0.51288
1
4.74

1.80
0.29
6.75
4.98
5.81
1.47
0.70417
0
0.51287
4
4.60

2.33
0.38
3.20
1.40
1.60

1.91
0.37
3.70
1.20
2.20

1.96
0.36
3.30
1.40
2.20

2.64
0.43
7.40
3.70
4.40

2.46
0.43
8.10
4.00
5.40

1.71
0.27
4.70
1.70
2.50

0.7035
94
0.5129
29
5.68

0.7035
61
0.5129
16
5.42

0.7044
33
0.5129
22
5.54

0.70396
7
0.51281
3
3.41

0.7040
07
0.5128
05
3.26

0.70381
4
0.51295
2
6.13

18.615

18.661

18.704 18.600 18.667

18.954

18.875 18.601

15.505

15.610

15.609 15.632 15.535

15.588

15.593 15.557

38.640

38.870

38.330 38.850 38.680

38.990

38.930 38.630

Phan Tr ng Trnh

164

Mu
a
im
Tui
(tr.nm)
Ngun
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO*
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
Mg#
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Tb
Dy
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
Th
U
87

Sr/86Sr
143
Nd/144
Nd
Nd
206
Pb/204
Pb
207
Pb/204
Pb
208
Pb/204
Pb

75-31S023377 S023356 1
Ni ngm Reed Hong
Bank
Sa

M322 Palaw
83
an5
Mindo Palaw
ro
an
Paleog Paleog
2.7 - 0.5
en
en
Tu v nnk. (1992); Flower v nnk. (1992)
49.48
48.55
41.83 53.10 54.84
2.78
2.65
3.98
1.41
1.45
15.30
14.28
11.48 16.50 15.92
8.14
8.38
10.32 8.06
8.16
0.16
0.16
0.02
0.24
0.21
6.22
8.66
14.18 6.72
5.82
11.42
10.37
11.72 9.29
9.45
3.83
3.95
2.84
4.14
3.43
1.96
2.20
1.82
0.46
0.57
0.70
0.81
1.80
0.08
0.14
57.66
64.81
71.02 59.78 55.97
48
50
30
7
9
651
774
891
535
155
34
31
49
33
30
225
253
543
81
76
55
66
103
4
5
427
600
504
24
23
36.00
48.04
81.13 2.86
3.21
73.01
94.41
157.26 9.51
10.32
35.17
43.32
72.17 9.40
7.88
7.33
8.21
14.85 2.74
2.95
2.68
2.82
4.84
1.14
1.13
1.54
1.33
1.20
0.77
0.82

CC-1
CC-2
OS-3
Cn C (bazan
olivin)
L Sn

1.77
0.34
5.10
3.70
5.30

1.46
0.29
5.80
4.30
6.60

0.70393
6
0.51289
4
4.99

0.70435
5
0.51291
3
5.36

0.35
0.4
Hoang v nnk. (1996)
51.11
53.22 46.95
1.73
1.80
2.36
16.01
16.67 15.87
9.92
9.30
11.09
0.12
0.12
0.15
4.05
4.22
7.00
5.50
5.73
7.05
4.77
4.97
2.64
3.12
3.25
2.66
0.70
0.73
0.61
42.13
44.71 52.95
74
74
67
883
883
463
25
25
31
270
270
235
66
66
64
904
904
1068
49.00
49.78 63.50
83.50
88.90 87.50
38.70
41.55 45.80
8.60
9.85
9.00
2.90
2.87
1.10
1.60
1.22
4.90
5.71
2.28
2.57
2.56
1.00
1.11
2.20
0.34
0.48
0.49
0.10
0.13
0.20
9.60
2.30
2.40
7.20
6.90
6.00
6.80
0.10
0.30
4.30
4.49
1.90
10.70 0.20
0.20
7.20
7.49
11.70
1.60
2.06
0.7036 0.7042 0.70445 0.7035 0.7034 0.70608
89
22
3
64
32
5
0.5130 0.5131 0.51312 0.5130 0.5129 0.51262
35
84
9
26
91
5
7.74
10.65 9.58
7.57
6.88
-0.25

18.481

18.411

18.521 17.864 17.886

18.482

18.464 18.682

15.567

15.575

15.520 15.447 15.449

15.533

15.531 15.668

38.620

38.550

38.400 37.610 37.650

38.366

38.362 39.231

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

Mu
a
im
Tui (tr.
nm)
Ngun
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO*
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
Mg#
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Tb
Dy
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
Th
U
87

Sr/86Sr
Nd/144
Nd
Nd
206
Pb/204
Pb
207
Pb/204
Pb
208
Pb/204
Pb
143

LS1OS-11
B16
L Sn (bazan
olivin)

165

QNQN33B
B16
SC5C41 SC-5C
Q. Ngi (bazan
kim)
Sng Cu (tleit)

12
1.5
9.3
Hoang v nnk. (1996); Hoang v Flower (1998)
52.91
51.04
44.28 46.32 49.16
1.40
2.10
2.23
2.33
3.26
15.10
15.36
13.17 13.78 16.66
8.21
9.41
10.37 9.76
10.93
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.18
6.97
7.49
11.52 12.05 5.42
9.00
8.99
10.02 10.48 7.92
3.12
3.06
2.22
2.32
3.56
0.72
1.87
1.96
2.05
2.18
0.24
0.55
0.70
0.73
0.74
60.22
58.66
66.45 68.76 46.91
14
43
41
41
41
391
536
620
620
691
19
23
23
23
30
95
195
176
176
251
13
54
66
66
63
200
479
548
548
620
13.40
28.62
38.50 24.70 24.81
25.00
59.37
74.50 53.51 53.75
13.90
28.02
34.80 26.92 25.95
3.60
5.91
6.90
6.07
5.70
1.50
2.01
2.20
1.99
2.32
0.30
0.80
1.50
0.80
0.84
3.20
4.14
6.20
3.93
4.24
1.30
1.38
1.50
1.36
1.88
0.10
0.19
0.10
0.19
0.27
2.90
4.50
4.90
4.65
6.21
1.20
3.52
3.80
4.18
4.50
2.40
5.81
5.60
4.39
3.36
1.00
1.23
1.00
0.87
0.89
0.70401 0.70598 0.7040 0.7040 0.70465
9
0
28
02
2
0.51287 0.51260 0.5128 0.5128 0.51282
0
9
31
50
3
4.53
-0.56
3.76
4.13
3.62

46.48
3.08
15.75
11.48
0.17
5.12
7.49
3.37
2.06
0.70
44.29
41
691
30
251
63
620
38.70
83.90
39.50
8.30
1.50

R-2
o
Tro

PQ-1a

1.27

5,5

50.00
2.43
13.98
10.78
0.13
5.60
8.42
3.38
2.01
0.75
48.08
40
627
29
205
41
491
33.60
61.40
32.10
7.30
2.40
1.10
6.90
3.10
1.70
0.30
0.20
5.90
5.70
3.00
2.50
6.70
5.00
0.90
0.7049 0.7053
57
18
0.5128 0.5127
53
08
4.19
1.37

Ph Qu

52.56
2.12
14.05
9.92
0.17
7.20
8.74
3.47
1.37
0.40
56.41
25
478
26
140
25
438
8.39
17.26
9.95
2.75
1.70
0.52
2.95
1.27
0.19
3.78
2.05
1.86
0.44
0.70479
5
0.51275
0
2.18

18.569

18.667

18.471 18.440 18.607

18.650 18.196 18.216

15.662

15.628

15.611 15.589 15.583

15.623 15.541 15.556

38.777

39.154

38.739 38.714 38.649

38.776 38.297 38.324

166

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 4.47: Tng quan SiO2 vi MgO v K2O (wt%) bazan Neogen T trng
Bin ng v cc vng k cn. Xem m t chi tit trong bi. Ngun s liu: trng B: Tu v
nnk. (1992)[247], Flower v nnk. (1992)[66]; Hi Nam: Tu v nnk. (1991, 1992)[247,248];
Ho v nnk. (2000)[85]; Yan v nnk. (2006)[273]; ng Dng v thm lc a Vit Nam:
Hoang v nnk. (1996) [87]; Hoang v Flower (1998)[86]; Hoang (2005) [156] v s liu
cha cng b.

Hnh 4.48: th nhn qui chun chndrit (a,b,c) v manti nguyn thy (d,e,f) i vi
Hi Nam (a v d), trng Bin ng (b v e), thm lc a VN (c v f). Trong khi bazan trng
B phn tn rng, phun tro Hi Nam v thm lc a VN phn b chm hn v ngho t
him nng hn. S liu qui chun chndrit t Nakamura (1979), manti nguyn thy t
Hofmann (1988)[89].

Chng 4. Hot ng kin to giai on Pliocen t

167

Hnh 4.49: th biu din tng quan ng v Sr v Nd. a phn bazan B v cc


vng k cn phn b trong trng manti ngho. Bazan Ty Nguyn VN chu k c v mt s
mu thm lc a phn b trong trng giu (thnh phn thch quyn). Xem trnh by chi tit
trong bi vit. Vn liu cc min hp phn ng v i din EM1, EM2 (manti giu kiu 1 v
kiu 2) v DM (manti ngho). i vi ng v Sr v Nd ca bazan khu vc nhn chung c
thnh phn phn b theo trng pha trn gia DM v EM2.

Hnh 4.50: Tng quan ng v ch 208Pb/204Pb vi 206Pb/204Pb li tri theo hng pha
trn gia EM1 v EM2, ph trng mt phn bazan sng n Dng, cch xa trng phn
b manti ngho (manti Thi Bnh Dng). Ngun s liu nh Hnh 4.3.2.

Hnh 4.51: th tng quan 8/4Pb v 7/4Pb (tnh theo Hart, 1984) th hin ng
v ch bazan B v cc khu vc k cn phn b trong tam gic c cc nh l EM1, EM2 v
DM. a s tri theo hng pha trn gia DM v EM1 gn vi thnh phn bazan sng D
(l hp phn Dupal), mt t hng v pha nhim v (EM2). Bazan cng tr (th d, Hi Nam)
mang nhiu du n Dupal hn.

168

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 4.52: Biu din thnh phn ha hc qui v dung th nguyn thy (Hong,
2005)[156] trn tam gic plagioclas olivin thch anh. ng ng p tnh t kt qu thc
nghim ca Kushiro (1996)[107]. Bazan tr (Hi Nam, trng B) tp trung quanh ng
30kbar, cc vng cn li t 10kbar n khong 25kbar. , nng chy ca a s bazan Ty
nguyn chu k c (trn 7 tr. nm) xy ra quanh gi tr 10 n 15kbar, chu k tr hn c p
sut khong 25kbar.

Hnh 4.53: Biu din d thng nhit manti theo v tuyn 18 (Tamaki, K., ti liu
khng cng b, xy dng trn s liu a chn su ca Zhang v Tanimoto (1991)[278]. ,
d thng nhit (1) tp trung bn di cc vng bazan Neogen T, (2) nng (<400km)
(3) c hng ty ng, ph hp hng manti m chi v ph nh gi thuyt nm smanti.

169

Chng 5

CHUYN NG KIN TO HIN I V A NG LC


HIN I BIN NG V KHU VC K CN
5.1. CHUYN NG KIN TO HIN I TRN BIN NG V KHU VC K CN

5.1.1. Chuyn ng kin to hin i xung quanh khu vc nghin cu


xc nh c tc chuyn dch kin to hin i, cc phng php trc a
truyn thng tng c s dng nh phng php o thu chun v phng php tam gic
c. Trong qui m nh cc phng php trn c chnh xc cao nhng t ra hn ch trn
mt qui m rng ln. lin kt trn din rng, cc phng php trc a khng gian nh
DOPPLER, VLBI, nh v ton cu GPS c p dng. Ngy nay, GPS tr thnh cng
ngh ch o trong nghin cu nh lng chuyn ng hin i v Tri t, l nh nhng
tnh nng vt tri ca n so vi cc thit b o c kinh in nh quang c hay quang in
(my kinh v, my o xa in quang, ton c in t, v.v...). Cng ngh GPS cho php o ti
khong cch tu v vi chnh xc rt cao, sai s tng i c th t n 10-9. o c
bng GPS khng i hi tm nhn thng gia cc im nh khi s dng cc thit b kinh in;
iu ny c ngha l khng cn thit phi b tr im o trn nh ni, khng phi xy dng
thp t my v tiu ngm, ngc li c th chn b tr im o nhng ni m mc tiu
nghin cu yu cu v tin li cho cng tc o c.
S liu o GPS ti mi chu k cho php xc nh cc thnh phn to ca im o
cng vi sai s trung phng to ng vi thi gian o. T , trn c s chui s liu o
cc chu k, c th tnh c bin dch chuyn ca im xy ra trong khong thi gian gia
cc chu k o v tip theo khi qut c vn tc chuyn dch trung bnh hng nm ca im,
ca khi cu trc v vn tc bin dng ti mt a phng c th. Tu thuc h quy chiu m
y c th l chuyn dch tuyt i trong Khung quy chiu Tri t quc t (ITRF) hay
chuyn dch tng i gia cc khi kin to.
Trn phm vi ton cu, thng qua mng li quan trc lin tc, IGS (Intemational
GPS Service - T chc dch v GPS Quc t phc v a ng lc) thu c h thng cc
s liu v c x l ti trng i hc Cng ngh California (California Institute of
Technology) vi s hp tc cht ch vi c quan Hng khng v V tr M, xc nh c
vn tc v xy dng c s chuyn dch trn quy m ton cu v ca nhiu khu vc
(mng) khc nhau (Hnh 5.1).

170

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 5.1: Vn tc v hng dch chuyn ca cc mng kin to c x l bi T chc Dch


v GPS Quc t phc v a ng lc
Nghin cu v khu vc ng Nam , n GEODYSSEA nh du mt bc ngot
quan trng trong vic ng dng cng ngh GPS vo nghin cu s chuyn ng ca cc mng
v bin dng v Tri t nhm gim thiu tai bin thin nhin trong khu vc. n ny l s
hp tc gia cc nh khoa hc ca Chu u (vi s tham gia ca 19 c quan nghin cu khoa
hc thuc 6 nc Chu u: c, Php, H Lan, B, Anh v ) v cc nh khoa hc thuc 8
nc ASEAN, vi s ti tr ca Lin hip Chu u. n ny thit lp mng li 43 trm
o GPS ti cc nc Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipin, Brunei v Vit Nam (Hnh 5.2). n
tin hnh 2 chu k o GPS ng thi ti cc im vi 5 ca o lin tc 24 gi vo cui thng
11 nm 1994 v cui thng 4 nm 1996 v x l, tnh ton cc chui s liu o.
Thng 4 nm 1998, n GEODYSSEA t chc hi ngh tng kt thng qua
bo co chung cng cc bo co chuyn v kin ngh thm mt chu k o trn ton li.
Cng vic ny c thc hin vo thng 11/1998 vi chng trnh o ging nh hai ln
trc.
Theo bo co chung (Wilson v nnk., 1998) [267] th kt qu ca n xy dng
c trng vn tc chuyn ng ngang ca cc im o trong ITRF-94 vi sai s trong
khong ~3mm/nm (Hnh 5.2). Trng vn tc ny l khung cnh ton din v chuyn ng
hin i khu vc ln u tin c c. Kt qu ny th hin cc c im ng hc o
c khu vc ng Nam lin quan n chuyn ng ca 3 mng chnh l SUNDA,
INDO-AUSTRALIA v PHILIPIN. V tr hi t ca 3 mng nm ngay pha ng o
Sulawesi ca Indonesia. Xt trn h ta ton cu ITRF 94 th mng INDO-AUSTRALIA
ang chuyn ng v pha trc v chui di SUNDA theo hng ng bc vi vn tc
khong 7cm/nm, dc theo a ho Java; trong khi , t pha ng nam, mng Philipin ang
trt chui xung di Sunda theo hng ty bc vi vn tc 7cm/nm pha bc v 9cm/nm
phn pha nam (Chamot-rooke v nnk., 1998; Rangin v nnk., 1999) [44][209].

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

171

Hnh 5.2: ln v hng ca cc vector chuyn dch kin to hin i khu vc ng Nam
v k cn (kt qu n GEODYSSEA chu k 94-96), [267]
Mc d mng li c phn tch trong n GEODYSSEA (Hnh 5.2), c kch
thc 4000 x 4000 km bao ph cc i kin to mng chnh ng Nam . Cc kt qu
ca Michel & nnk [2001] [140] t 3 chu k o trong cc nm 1994, 1996 v 1998 vn thiu
ph v chnh xc cn thit phn bit ti nhng ni bt k gia cc trm o trn cc
khi v cc trm trong cc i ang bin dng. Bi vy t nm 1998 h thng GPS ng
Nam c m rng ng k vi c cc im o theo chu k v cc trm o lp lin tc.
iu ny c hon thnh nh vic trin khai cc o c GPS mi vi cc c quan a
phng v nh vic chia s d liu trong khu vc EU-ASEAN nh n SEAMERGES
(Southeast Asia: Mastering Environmental Research with Geodetic Space Techniques). Vic
ny to nn mt tp hp s liu thng nht ko di trong mt thp k v bao gm cc s liu
t hn 100 im. Tt c cc s liu ny c Altamimi & nnk., (2002) [5] x l li, s
dng cc phn mm, cc k thut x l ti tn nht khi thu c trng tc GPS khu
vc trong khung quy chiu ITRF 2000.
Trong , phn li o c m rng trong 3 khu vc (cc khung trong Hnh 5.3), vi
tng s ~60 im: 6 im THAICA v 6 trm o GAME-T lin tc [Takiguchi & nnk, 2000;
Iwakuni & nnk, 2004] [227] [99] Thi Lan (Khung 1), 4 im mi Myanmar [Vigny &
nnk, 2003] [250] (Khung 1), 18 trm o lin tc MASS ti Malaysia (Khung 2), 20 im o
theo chu k v 6 trm o lin tc ti Sulawesi (Khung 3), v 2 trm o lin tc (Java v
Sumatra) ti Indonesia. Bng 5.1 th hin khi lng hng nm ca c s d liu GPS ca
mng li trn. Cc s liu c thu thp trong khong t 27/11/1994 n 25/12/2004. Cc
im c o t 3 n 9 ngy theo kiu o lp theo chu k hoc lin tc t 5 n 7 nm
(Indonesia, Malaysia, v Thi Lan).

172

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 5.3: Mng li GPS ng Nam t 1994-2004. Cc tam gic nht th hin cc im
GEODYSSEA, cc tam gic m th hin cc im mi thit lp. Cc trm IGS lin tc tnh
trong ITRF2000 c nh du bng cc du vung m. Ba khung nh s th hin cho 3
khu vc: (1) Thi Lan, (2) Malaysia, v (3) Sulawesi, Indonesia. TheoSimons v nnk., [219].
Bng 5.1. Tng hp cc im c th c d liu GPS giai on 19942004

Cc s liu GPS 2 tn t cc mng li y (ng Nam + IGS ton cu) c


x l li mt cch ng b s dng phn mm GIPSY-OASIS II c pht trin ti Jet
Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Th thut nh v im chnh xc PPP-(Precise Point
Positioning strategy) c p dng do n thch hp mt cch l tng vi mng li ln v
khng u. Th thut PPP yu cu qu o v ng h GPS ph hp, cng vi cc thng s
quay ca Tri t ly t JPL.

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Hnh 5.4: Tc SEAMERGES GPS so vi Sundaland [219].


Kt qu x l v tnh ton d liu GPS khu vc ng Nam sau 10 nm t 19942004 bao gm d liu ca c n GEODYSSEA vi mt mng li GPS dy c hn cc
nghin cu trc y, Simons v nnk., (2007) [219] cho rng:
Kt qu v trng vector vn tc ng Nam c chnh xc cha tng thy
(unprecedented) ~1 mm/yr vi tin cy 95%, ph ton b ng Nam , v bao gm cc kt
qu cha c cng b t cc mng li nh hn ca Malaysia, Thi Lan, v Sulawesi (Hnh
5.4 v cc hnh kt qu khc xem Simons v nnk., 2007) [219].

174

Phan Tr ng Trnh

T phn tch cp (coupled analysis) v cc tensor tc bin dng v tc d, ta c


th nh ra mt i c tc bin dng rt thp v 28 d nh hn 3 mm/yr, chng cu
thnh nn nhn khng bin dng ca khi Sundaland, khi m trc y c pht hin thnh
cng vi mng li GEODYSSEA. Mt cc trm ca mng li ny kt hp vi cc t
o lp to nn mt li gii tt hn cho ranh gii ca Sundaland cng nh vn ng tng i
ca n so vi vng kin to vy quanh.
Nhn ca Sundaland chim Indochina, Malaysian peninsula, Sunda shelf, phn N
ca Sumatra, phn ty v bc ca Java, v phn ln Borneo. Khi ny c bao pha ty bi
t gy Sagaing Myanmar, t gy m ni t gy Great Sumatra qua Andaman pull-apart.
V pha nam cc ranh gii l mng Sunda v pha ng ca kinh tuyn 110o E i t gy
trt bng Java. V pha ng ca Borneo Makassar Strait bao Sundaland v ngoi tr
Sulawesi. u mt pha bc ca Borneo b ngn cch khi Sundaland bi hot ng t gy
ngang qua Borneo- Trans-Borneo tin v pha mng Borneo TB ang hot ng v ra xa
ngoi khi hot ng t gy phng TB-N ni vi Sulu Ridge. Phn bc ca Moluccas,
cc ranh gii pha ng ca khi Sundaland l cc mng Sulu, Negros, v Manila nm pha
ty ca qun o Philippine. V pha bc, gii hn ny c trng bi i bin dng quanh
Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis v ng ca kinh tuyn 103oE bi t gy Sng Hng vi Nam
Trung Hoa. Mc d khi Sundaland th hin l mt thc th kin to c lp, tc bin
dng ni mng cao trong cc ranh gii mng rng (>600 km) c bit i ht chm nng
ca mng Australia bn di Sumatra. Kiu bin dng ph bin ny (1-3 mm/yr) bn trong
nhn Sundaland ch yu do qu trnh tch lu n hi (elastic loading) cc ranh gii c
nu trc .
Tnh ton cc xc nhn rng khi Sundaland ang quay theo chiu kim ng h so vi
u (ngha l platform European-Siberian xc nh t GPS ca Calais & nnk [2003]) vi tc
ln lt 6 n 9 mm/yr t pha nam ti pha bc, hoc nhanh hn ~12 mm/yr nu so vi
u trong NUVEL-1A-NNR. So vi Nam Trung Hoa, vn ng ca Sundaland l nh hn
(<5 mm/yr) nhng vn ng k v th hin bi mt cc xoay tng i nm gn ranh gii ca
chng, t gy Sng Hng. Bi vy, vn ng trt bng phi ~2 mm/yr c accommodated
bi RRF pha ng kinh tuyn 103o, i km bi thnh phn p ngang (transpressive), thnh
phn ny gim gn nh ti khng Bin ng. Bi vy khi Sundaland c ngn cch khi
nn Siberian (vn l mt phn ca u ) bi t nht mt (khi bc v Nam Trung Hoa [Calais
& nnk 2003]) [36] nhng c th l hai (Amuria/Bc Trung Hoa v khi Nam Trung Hoa c
lp [Shen & nnk, 2005]) [216]. S c mt ca cc vi khi ny xc nhn rng ton b lc a
Chu bin dng ch yu lin quan vi ng n - u . Cc kt qu mi ny ch ra
rng t nht xa so vi bn thn i ng collision, thch quyn khng th hin l mi
trng nht (viscous medium) m cho thy r l cc vi khi cng nm khoanh vng bin
dng dc theo cc i t gy hp. Tuy nhin, cc kt qu c trnh by y cng cho thy
rng vn ng c accommodated bi cc t gy ny, c bit l t gy Sng Hng, l
nh hn nhiu nhng g d on bi m hnh thc trt. Bi vy c th kt lun rng c qu
trnh lm dy v khu vc ng v thc trt ca cc khi ng (Sundaland, Nam
Trung Hoa, Amuria) ng gp vo s tng tc kin to mng trong bi cnh ng n c
- u .
Trong phm vi quc gia, c bit l Trung Quc gim st s bin dng lp v Tri
t v gim thiu tai bin ng t, mng li quan st chuyn ng lp v Tri t (Crustal
Movement Observation Network of China-CMONOC) giai on 1 c thit lp trong
sut thi k t nm 1997 n nm 2000. Mng li ny bao gm 27 trm o GPS lin tc
phc v lm trm chun v hn 1100 cc trm chin dch khc phn b khp ni trn lc a
Trung Quc, vi mt tng i cao hn xung quanh cc i t gy hot ng. Cc trm
lin tc c quan st t nm 1998, trong c 6 trm (BJFS, LHSA, KMIN, SHAO,
URUM, WUHN) ang c dng lm trm IGS. Hn 1100 cc trm chin dch u c

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

175

thit k ging nhau c v kiu my thu v ng ten hon thnh 3 chin dch o vo cc nm
1999, 2001 v 2004.
Trong mi chin dch o, cc trm o lin tc t nht l 4 ngy v cht lng c
m bo tt. D liu GPS c phn tch theo 3 bc [Shen v nnk., 2000] [217]. Th
nht, d liu v phase c gii quyt p buc lng lo theo tng ngy cho tng v tr trm
v cho qu o v tinh bng vic s dng phn mm GAMIT [King and Bock, 2000] [103].
Th 2, nhng li gii hng ngy cho vng c kt hp vi nhng li gii ton cu c tnh
ton bi trung tm Scripps Orbital and Position Analysis Center (SOPAC,
http://sopac.ucsd.edu/) s dng phn mm GLOBK. Th 3, v tr v tc cc trm o l
c c tnh nh php lc Kalman bng vic s dng phn mm QOCA
(http://gipsy.jpl.nasa.gov/qoca/). Gii quyt v vn tc c x l trong h to ton cu
ITRF2000-NNR [Altamimi v nnk., 2002] [5], chng c thc hin bi s chn la cn thn
16 trm IGS trn phm vi ton th gii (7 Bc M, 3 Australia, 4 Chu u, 1 Thi
Bnh Dng v 1 Antarctica). Cc trm chun ny c lch chun ca cc thnh phn nm
ngang l nh hn 0.5mm/nm trong h ta ton cu ITRF 2000. Khi rng buc gi tr tc
ca cc trm thuc mng li CMONOC trong h to ton cu ITRF2000-NNR vi sai
s theo th t theo hng ng, hng bc v chiu cao ln lt l 2, 2, v 4mm/ nm.
Trng vn tc c th c chuyn i trong khung tham chiu tham kho c tnh cht vng
(v d vi s lu tm vi mng u hoc mng Nam Trung Hoa) - im phi tng i
n nh v chuyn ng ca im l i din cho khi.
Nhiu nh nghin cu s dng cc d liu GPS ca mng li CMONOC ny v
kt hp vi cc d liu GPS t cc d n khc thc hin trn dy Himalaya v vng ln cn
x l, phn tch v tnh ton bin dng hin i ca v Tri t khu vc, n cung cp cho
chng ta nhng cch hiu c bn v cc m hnh bin dng ca lp v trong vng [Chen v
nnk., 2000; Wang v nnk., 2001, Vigny v nnk., 2003; Zhang v nnk., 2004] [46] [261] [250]
[276] (Hnh 5.5).

Hnh 5.5: Trng vn tc chuyn dch lp v theo ti liu GPS ca d n CMONOC kt thc
giai on 1

176

Phan Tr ng Trnh

c bit trong cng b gn y Zheng-Kang Shen v nnk., (2005) [216], bng vic
tng hp cc d liu GPS ca mng li CMONOC v cc d n khc t 1998-2004 v
tnh ton tc chuyn dch hin i xung quanh ra ng nam cao nguyn Ty Tng. Kt
qu th hin trng bin dng phc tp ca lp v l cc chn on trong cc khi kin to
nhiu mc khc nhau, c phn ct bi cc t gy trt bng v cc t gy trt ngang
tch (Hnh 5.6). ng k nht l bin dng trt tri dc t gy Xianshuihe vi tc 1011mm/nm, dc i t gy Anninghe-Zemuhe-Xiaojiang l 7mm/nm, chuyn ng trt
phi 2mm/nm dc theo i t gy ty bc gn pha nam chn on t gy sng Lancang
v trt tri 3mm/nm dc t gy Lijiang. Kt qu cng th hin s bin dng dc chn on
pha nam ca t gy Sng Hng xut hin khng ng k hin ti. Khu vc pha nam v
pha ty ca h thng t gy Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang chuyn ng v pha ng b chn bi
khi nam Trung Hoa pha ng - chuyn ng t pha ng v pha nam so vi phn nam
Trung Hoa, kt qu n b chuyn ng quay theo chiu kim ng h so vi khi bn trong.
Hot ng bin dng lm bin dng hai khu vc m trc khng bin dng: mt l
khu song song vi t gy Longmenshan 150km v pha ty bc b chuyn dch phi vi tc
4-6mm/nm v phn lc a pha nam-ty nam ca t gy Xiaojiang gii hn bi t gy
Sng Hng chuyn dch tri vi tc 7mm/nm.

Hnh 5.6: Trng vn tc theo ti liu GPS ca mng Vn Nam - Sichuan.


(Z.K.Shen v nnk., 2005) [216]

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177

tip tc theo di s bin dng lp v vi phn gii cao hn c v khng gian v


thi gian, v to c s d liu trn ton Trung Quc cho nhiu ng dng ca GPS nh nghin
cu kh tng, thi tit,... Hin gi giai on 2 ca mng li CMONOC v ang c
tin hnh t cui nm 2006. Theo k hoch th s m rng thm 260 trm o GPS lin tc v
cc chin dch o vi khong 1000 trm GPS khc (Hnh 5.7).

Hnh 5.7: Cc trm GPS ca d n CMONOC giai on 2


Nht Bn, cng u t rt ln cho vic xy dng mng li o GPS ra Ty
Thi Bnh Dng, ng thi xy dng mng li quan st GPS lin tc c thit lp t
thng 10/1994 nhm gim st bin dng lp v Tri t v cc h qu ca n nh ng t,
ni la,.. vi 215 trm o GPS lin tc trn ton th qun o Nht Bn. n thng 3/1996, s
trm GPS ln ti 640 trm; v n cui nm 1996 c 1000 trm GPS. Vi s m rng
ny, qun o Nht Bn c bao ph mng li cc trm GPS dy c vi khong cch
trung bnh gia cc trm l 20km. Nh vy, hin nay mng li GPS quc gia Nht c mt
ln nht trn th gii. D liu cc trm o c truyn trc tip bng modem v trung tm ti
th Tokyo v c x l theo hai cch l x l theo thi gian thc - x l trc tuyn vi
lch thin vn qung b v x l c lp vi lch thin vn chnh xc. Cc d liu c x l
t ng trc tuyn bng phn mm BERNESE c sau khong thi gian o l 12 gi v x l
c lp vi lch thin vn chnh xc bi phn mm GAMIT vi thi gian o l 24 gi. Kt
qu tnh ton ln v vc t chuyn dch trn ton lnh th Nht Bn t 01/04/1996 n
24/02/2001 c th hin nh hnh 5.8.
Philippin cng tin hnh o GPS ti hng chc im thuc cc o ca qun o
Philipin. c bit, cc d liu o GPS khu vc o Luzon v vng k cn c Gerald
Galgana v nnk,. (2007) [68] thu thp v tnh ton x l trong cng trnh nghin cu phn tch
bin dng khu vc o Luzon bao gm cc chu k o lp ca li GPS khu vc Luzon cng
nh cc mng li nh hn quanh t gy Marikina v cc ni la hot ng Taal, Pinatubo,
v Mayon ([Thibault, 1999], [Beavan v nnk., 2001], [Bartel v nnk., 2003]) [235] [19] [13].
Ton b mng li GPS Luzon bao gm 52 trm (Hnh 5.9 v 5.10), hu ht trong s c
la chn t cc mc ca Mng quy chiu GPS Philippine (thnh lp nm 1992). Cc im o
s dng my o 2 tn s qua cc chu k o 1996, 1998, 1999 v 2002. Cc trm ny c kt
ni vi cc trm GPS o lin tc PIMO v MMA8, c hai nm Metro Manila. Qu trnh x

178

Phan Tr ng Trnh

l s liu o cc chu k c tin hnh bc u bi Thibault (1999) v Bartel (2003)


[235] [13], s dng phn mm BERNESE. Trong cng trnh nghin cu phn tch bin dng
khu vc o Luzon ca Gerald Galgana v nnk,. (2007) [68] tip qun qu trnh x l cc
s liu nm 2002, cng nh x l li s liu GPS cc nm t 1996-1999 s dng phn mm
GIPSY-OASIS II.

Hnh 5.8: Tc chuyn dch trung bnh hng nm theo d liu ca mng li quan st GPS
lin tc Nht Bn chu k t 4/1996 n 2/2001 (theo Gamal El-Fiky v Teruyuki Kato,. 2006)
Trng vn tc GPS quan st c (Hnh 5.9), c th hin trong khung quy chiu
vi trm MMA8 Manila c c nh, cung cp bng chng v bin dng ni cung mnh
m. Trng vn tc ngang ch ra vn ng tng i phng BTB vi tc 3545 mm
yr 1 B Luzon, c l do kt qu ca trt ct dc theo t gy Philippine, trong khi vn tc
ca cc im TB Luzon th hin vn ng thin v pha TB hn vi tc gim nh. S
vn ng tng phn ny c th do dch trt khc nhau dc theo cc t hy nhnh thuc
t gy Philippine (Hnh 5.9 v 5.10). Vn ng quan st c N Luzon ch ra phng
gn nh v pha bc vi tc 35 mm yr 1, mt ln na, do kt qu ca s trt ct dc
theo phn trung tm ca t gy Philippine, trong khi cc trm TN Luzon th hin tc
theo phng ng v bc vn tc 410 mm yr 1 c th lin quan vi bin dng chm tng
i dc theo Macolod Corridor. Cc im trung Luzon gn t gy Philippine th hin vn
tc phng TB vi ln 2030 mm yr 1. iu ny lm gim vn tc t bin dng n hi
lin quan vi qu trnh kt cp dc theo cc on b kho ca t gy Philippine.

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

179

Hnh 5.9: Bn cc vector vn tc GPS quan st c, vi cc elip sai s 95% tng ng.
Vn tc c th hin so vi trm MMA8 (trn khi CLUZ). Gerald Galgana v nnk,.
(2007) [68]

Hnh 5.10: Bn cc vector vn tc GPS quan st c, vi cc elip sai s 95% tng ng.
Vn tc c th hin so vi SUND. Gerald Galgana v nnk,. (2007) [68]

180

Phan Tr ng Trnh

i Loan hin ang trin khai h thng o gia tc rung ng v hng trm trm o
GPS lin tc cng vi hng trm trm a chn bng thng rng c s tr gip ca Nht
Bn (JICA) v Cng ng chung Chu u. Theo Shui-Beih Yu v nnk (1996) [273b] th
trong chu k 1990-1995, mng li 131 trm o GPS ca i Loan tin hnh c t 4-6
chin dch o lp. Kt qu tnh c tc chuyn dch khu vc pha nam i Loan vo
khong t 56-82mm/nm v pha bc vo khong 30mm/nm.

Hnh 5.11: Trng vn tc GPS i Loan i vi khu vc Paisha (trm S01R) (Ya-Ju Hsu v
nnk., 2009)[93]
Tip n Ya-Ju Hsu v nnk., (2009) [93] cng bng vic tnh ton d liu GPS ca
195 trm chin dch v 17 trm lin tc t nm 1993-1999 do Vin Khoa hc Tri t (IES),
B Ni v (MOI-Ministry of the Interior) v cc Vin khoa hc khc thu thp. Hu ht cc
trm chin dch c o lp t nht l 5 ln trong sut chu k 1993-1999. Cc d liu c x
l bng phn mm BERNESSE 4.2 vi khung tham chiu l ITRF 97. Kt qu (so vi trm
GPS lin tc S01R) cho thy hu ht khu vc pha bc i Loan c tc nh hn 5mm/nm,
~25mm/nm khu vc trung tm v ln ti ~40mm/nm khu vc pha nam i Loan (Hnh
5.11).

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

181

Ti Indonesia, t lu cc nh khoa hc ca M, Anh, Php, c quan tm


nghin chuyn ng kin to tr. Cc nghin cu ca M tp trung vo o GPS v cc m tiu
san h suy ra tc nng hay ln h ca vng lin quan ti i ht chm, t suy ra tc
ht chm ca mng n - c vo mng u -. ng lu l cng trnh ca Bock v nnk.,
(2003) [25], bng vic tng hp cc kt qu o GPS t nm 1991 n nm 2001, vi hn 150
trm o trn khp lnh th Indonesia v c x l trong H quy chiu ton cu ITRF 2000
bi phn mm GAMIT 9.94 (King and Bock, 2000) [103] v GLOBK/GLORG 5.0. Kt qu
th hin kin to khu vc Indonesia b chi phi bi s tng tc ca bn khi quay ri rc bao
gm cc khu vc quan trng: Sunda Shilf, nam Banda, khu vc u chim New Guine v ng
Sulawesi. Khi Sunda Shilf (SSH), chuyn ng c tnh t 63mm/nm theo hng ng
nam i vi mng u . Khi nam Banda chuyn ng quay theo chiu kim ng h i vi
c khi SSH v mng Australia, kt qu l chuyn ng dc mng Timo vi tc
158mm/nm v 603mm/nm dc bin Flores. Nam New Guine l mt phn ca mng
Australia, t khi BirdS Head (BHB) chuyn ng nhanh chng theo hng ty ty nam,
ht chm xung di mng Seram. Khi ng Sulawesi chuyn ng quay theo chiu kim
ng h gn vi trc i vi khi Sunda Shilf, do chuyn hng t ng-Ty rt ngn
gia Thi Bnh Dng v mng -u thnh hng bc-nam rt ngn qua rnh Bc Sulawesi.
Ngoi tr thm Sunda, cc khi v u ang tri qua bin dng ni b ng k. V phng
din ny, lp v chuyn ng nhng vng khng ph hp vi m hnh kin to vi mng.
(Hnh 5.12).

Hnh 5.12: S trng vn tc khu vc Indonesia theo ti liu GPS


(Bock v nnk., 2003) [25]
Thi Lan nhiu nghin cu cho rng bn o ng Dng thuc khi Sunda, nhng
ranh gii pha bc ca n l cha r rng. V vy 6 trm GPS c xy dng kin c ti Thi
Lan v bt u tin hnh quan st t thng 3 nm 1998 lm sng t vn trn (Iwakuni v
nnk., 2004) [99]. Hu ht 6 trm trn c o lp trn 3 ln t nm 1998 n nm 2001 v
c x l bng phn mm GIPSY trong h quy chiu ton cu ITRF 2000, theo qu o
chnh xc ca IGS v s dng chin lc PPP (precise-point-positioning) cng vi 10 trm
IGS quc t: Guam (GUAM), Bangalore (IIS1), Irkutsk (IRKT), Kitab (KIT3), Krasnoyarsk
(KSTU), Almaty (SELE), Shanghai (SHAO), Tsukuba (TSKB), Usuda (USUD), v Xian

182

Phan Tr ng Trnh

(XIAN) cng c thu d liu vo cng thi gian. Kt qu th hin hu ht cc trm c tc


chuyn dch theo hng ng vo khong 31-35mm/nm (Hnh 5.13). Cc kt qu ca
Makiko Iwakuni v nnk., (2004) [99], Michel v nnk., (2001) [140] u th hin cc vc t
chuyn ng Thi Lan v khu vc ln cn thuc bn o ng Dng hu ht c cng
phng song song vi nhau v ln gn nh tng ng th hin s bin dng trn bn o
ng Dng l rt nh v n c cho l nm trong khi Sunda v Thi Lan l mt phn ca
khi Sunda .

Hnh 5.13: Trng vn tc GPS Thi Lan trong h tham chiu ITRF 2000
(Makiko Iwakuni v nnk., 2004) [99]
Vit Nam, thng qua n GEODYSSEA, cng ngh GPS ln u tin c
ng dng vo nghin cu a ng lc nc ta t nhng nm 90. Tham gia vo n ny,
i din cho pha Vit Nam l Vin a cht thuc Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam.
Kt qu ca n a ra nhng nt khi qut v ln v hng ca cc vector chuyn
dch kin to hin i ca lnh th Vit Nam trong bi cnh ton cu cng nh trong khu vc
thng qua 3 chu k o GPS (Hnh 5.2).
Bng nhng kin thc v kinh nghim thc t c c khi tham gia n
GEODYSSEA, cc nh khoa hc Vit Nam (nhm ca PGS.TS. Trn nh T, TS. Vy Quc
Hi, TS. Dng Ch Cng,) tip tc k tha v pht trin vic ng dng cng ngh GPS

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

183

vo nghin cu chi tit cc qu trnh a ng lc hin i cho cc t gy thuc cc khu vc


khc nhau ca lnh th nc ta. Kt qu xy dng c mt h thng mng li cc s
GPS nh li GPS Lai Chu, li GPS Sn La, li GPS Thc B, li GPS Tam o - Ba
V...
Vic x l d liu v tnh ton o lp nhiu chu k khc nhau trn cc mng li
ny thu c nhiu kt qu ng trn trng v tc v hng chuyn dch ca nhiu t
gy thuc lnh th nc ta, t gp phn gii thch nguyn nhn ca nhiu dng tai bin i
km. ng lu l trong cng trnh Tip tc quan trc v nng cao chnh xc, xc nh
chuyn dch i t gy Sng Hng bng cng ngh GPS ca TS.Vy Quc Hi (Ch nhim)
[256]. Cng trnh tin hnh o lp li thm c 2 chu k nm 2006 v 2007 kt hp vi
d liu cc t o trc (trn 10 nm) ca li GPS Thc B. Cc d liu c x l bng 2
phn mm l GPSurvey 2.35 v BERNESSE 4.2 trong h quy chiu ton cu ITRF 2000. Mt
trong nhng cc kt qu ca n l tnh c tc chuyn dch tuyt i ca khu vc
dc i t gy Sng Hng (i din l im HUN1) ang chuyn ng v hng ng 33.9
0.9mm/nm, chuyn ng theo hng nam vi tc 12.6 0.6mm/nm.
Ngoi cc cng trnh ca cc nh khoa hc Vin a cht, cng ngh GPS cng
c ng dng trong nhiu nghin cu ca cc Trung tm, cc trng i hc v cc Vin
nghin cu khc nh Vin Cng ngh a chnh, Vin Vt l a cu, Trung tm Vin thm,
Trung tm Trc a nh - Bn , Trng a hc M - a cht,... v cng thu c
nhiu kt qu quan trng c ngha trong khoa hc v thc tin. c bit trong ti Xy
dng h thng cc im trc a s dng cng ngh GPS chnh xc cao trong vic quan
trc bin dng lp v Tri t v cnh bo thin tai ti khu vc Vit Nam do KS. Nguyn
Tun Anh lm ch nhim xy dng c mng li 11 trm o GPS khu vc H Ni v
ln cn. T tin hnh o, x l v tnh ton d liu GPS ca cc trm ny trong 2 nm
2005 v 2006. Kt qu cho thy, hu ht cc trm ang b chuyn dch v pha ng nam vi
tc t 2,2 n 3,2 cm/nm.
5.1.2. o c chuyn ng hin i vng Bin ng bng GPS
Ni dung nghin cu chuyn ng hin i bng cng ngh GPS bao gm (1) thit lp
trn vng nghin cu mt li cc im quan trc trong vn liu nc ta gi l li GPS a
ng, (2) tin hnh o c theo tng thi gian (chu k o), (3) tin hnh x l s liu cc chu
k o tnh bin hoc vn tc chuyn ng hin i khu vc nghin cu.
Xy dng li GPS Bin ng
Vic xy dng v o c li GPS a ng vn d l phc tp v kh khn, nay cn
tin hnh trn Bin ng th kh li cng tng thm. S li thch hp nht l li s
bao gm cc im nm trn mt s o trn bin v cc im nm trn lc a Vit Nam v
mt s nc bao quanh.
Nhim v u tin l la chn b tr cc im trn Bin ng. b tr ba im sau:
- im Bch Long V, k hiu l BLV1 (Hnh 5.14), c b tr trn nc mt l ct b
tng kin c trn o Bch Long V, huyn o Bch Long V thuc thnh ph Hi Phng.
im mc ny c thng thong tt, xa cc vt cn tn hiu v tinh;
- im Song T Ty, k hiu l STT1 (Hnh 5.15), c b tr trn nc mt l ct b
tng kin c trn o Song T Ty, thuc huyn o Trng Sa, tnh Khnh Ha. im ny
cng m bo tt cc iu kin cho vic thu tn hiu v tinh;
- im Cn o, k hiu l CDA1 (Hnh 5.16), c t trn o Cn o, thuc
huyn o Cn o, tnh B Ra-Vng Tu. Mc c gn vo gc rn chc, trn mt doi
b cao hn mt nc bin khong 4 m, c thng thong ba pha l tng, tr pha ty b
i chn nhng cng m bo gc ngng khng trn 20 0.

184

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 5.14: im o GPS trn o Bch Long


V (BLV1)

Hnh 5.15: im o GPS trn o Song T


Ty (STT1)

Hnh 5.16: im o GPS trn o Cn o


(CDA1)

Hnh 5.17: im o GPS ti ng Hi,


Qung Bnh (DOHO)

kt ni vi ba im ny pha bc, ng v nam, c th chn cc im o thng


trc thuc li IGS, chng hn im TSKB (Nht Bn), DAEJ (Hn Quc), WUHN (V Hn,
Trung Quc), KUNM (Cn Minh, Trung Quc), TNML hoc TCMS (i Loan), PIMO
(Quezon, Philipin), BAKO (Cibinong, Indonexia) v NTUS (Singapore).
pha ty Bin ng, cc im d nhin s chn b tr ti mt s a im trn lc a
nc ta. T 2002, Vin a cht lp t mt trm thu thng trc trn nc nh 5 tng ca
Vin, thit b gm 1 my thu hai tn s Trimble 4000 SSE v ng ten Compact L1/L2 gn
vnh chng phn x. Tn im o c gi l LANG. T 2007, Vin Vt l a cu cng
lp t 3 im o vi cc my thu hai tn s ca hng Novatel ti H Ni, Hu (tn im l
HUES) v Thnh ph H Ch Minh (tn im o l HOCM). Ti HUES c lp t my thu
NOV OEM4-G2 v ng ten NOV 503+CR; ti HOCM: my thu NOV OEM-G2 vi ng ten
NOV 533+CR. Cc my thu trn vn hnh kh n nh v cung cp s liu o hng ngy vi
tn sut ghi 30 giy. Ngoi 3 trm thu thng trc LANG, HUES, HOCM, b tr thm mt
im, k hiu l DOHO (Hnh 5.17), trong khun vin Trm Nghin cu a ngnh Ti
nguyn v Mi trng Min Trung ca Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam c t ti
ng Hi, Qung Bnh.
kt ni vi cc im trn lnh th Vit Nam ny, c th chn cc im IGS sau:
pha bc l LHAZ (Ty Tng, Trung Quc), KIT3 (Kitab, Tagijkistant), pha ty l IISC v
HYDE (n ) v nam l COCO, DARW (Darwin, Australia).
Li GPS Bin ng tn gi nhm nhn mnh a bn nghin cu c hnh
thnh nh vy. Li gm 3 im o lin tc ti Vit Nam (LANG, HUES v HOCM), 4 im

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

185

o chu k (DOHO, BLV1, STT1, CDA1) v kt ni vi mt s im IGS ni ti trn.


phn bit vi cc im li IGS, cc im ti Vit Nam l LANG, HUES, HOCM, DOHO,
BLV1, STT1 v CDA1 c gi l im a phng. S v tr cc im li GPS Bin
ng c gii thiu trn Hnh 5.18.

im o GPS Bin ng
im IGS

Hnh 5.18: S li GPS Bin ng. Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10.


Xt v quy m, li GPS Bin ng thuc li khu vc. Khong cch trung bnh gia
hai im lin k khong 500 km. S phn b ca cc im li l kh hp l p ng mc
tiu nghin cu.
Xt v cch thc, tuy li ny l s kt hp gia cc im o thng trc vi cc
im o chu k, song ch nn xp n l li cc im o chu k, v ti cc im thng trc,
ta khng c y s liu o lin tc m ch c s liu o ng thi gian vi cc ngy o cc
im chu k. y l c s xut chng trnh o tng chu k.
o li GPS Bin ng
Trc khi tin hnh o li, tin hnh nghin cu tng hp nhng ni dung lin
quan n t chc o c nh chn di v s lng ca o trn mi im, chn thit b o,
xut quy trnh o ti mi im v chng trnh o li.

Phan Tr ng Trnh

186

Xt trn cc iu kin c th ca li GPS Bin ng, ba chu k o c thc hin


vo thng 4 nm 2007, thng 4 nm 2008 v thng 4 nm 2009 vi cc la chn sau y:
a) Thit b o: ba b my thu hai tn s Trimble 4000 SSi v ng ten Compact L1/L2
gn vnh chng phn x (Ground Plane).
b) Cc thng s ci t my thu: tn sut ghi tn hiu 30 giy, gc ngng cao 10 ,
s v tinh ti thiu 3.
c) di ca o 23 gi 30 pht, bt u t 7 h 05 sng v kt thc vo 6h35 sng
hm sau (gi Vit Nam) trt s liu v kim tra li cao ng ten trc khi
khi ng ca o tip theo.
d) S lng ca o ti mi im: 7 - 9 ca.
Lch o tng chu k c gii thiu tng ng trn Bng 5.2, Bng 5.3 v Bng 5.3
di y.

Ngy GPS
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135

DOHO

149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Ngy GPS
107
108
109
110
111
112
112
114
115

DOHO

125
126
127

x
x
x

Bng 5.2: Lch o chu k 2007


BLV1
STT1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

CDA1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Bng 5.3: Lch o chu k 2008


BLV1
STT1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

CDA1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn


128
129
130
131

x
x
x
x

Ngy GPS
096
097
098
099
100
101
102
103

DOHO

113
114
115
116
117
118
119

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Bng 5.4: Lch o chu k 2009


BLV1
STT1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

187

CDA1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Bo m c lch o nh trn l mt n lc rt ln trong iu kin c th hin c.


Trong thi gian o, tt c cc my thu hot ng bnh thng. Thi tit tng i tt tuy c
ma. S lng v cht lng s liu o ti tt c bn im m bo tin hnh x l.
X l s liu v kt qu o GPS li Bin ng
Cng vic u tin cn phi lm l chun b s liu a vo phn mm, bao gm
cc nhim v c th sau:
(1) Chuyn i s liu o tng ca o ti cc im a phng sang dng RINEX,
kim tra v ring i vi hai im HUES v HOCM chnh l cc sai st v tn
im, tn my thu v ng ten theo chun IGS, tnh chuyn cao nghin ng ten
v cao ng (i vi bn im DOHO, BLV1, STT1, CDA1) v chnh l li
trong tp RINEX.
(2) Thu thp t Internet cc tp to chnh xc v tinh .sp3 ca IGS ca tt c
nhng ngy o trn li a phng.
(3) Thu thp t Internet cc tp thng tin o hng BRDC ca IGS ca tt c nhng
ngy o trn li a phng.
(4) Thu thp s liu o ti cc im IGS la chn vo cc ngy o trn li a
phng.
Nhim v k tip l cp nht cc thng tin cn thit tng ng vi thi gian o chu k,
tn my thu, ng ten c s dng ti cc im a phng vo cc phn mm.
Nhm m bo chnh xc v tin cy cn thit, s liu chun b trn c
chng ti x l c lp theo 4 nhm khc nhau (Bng 5.5) bng hai phn mm c u tin
la chn trong cc ng dng GPS nghin cu a ng lc l BERNESE v
GAMIT/GLOBK. Vi tnh ton trn BERNESE 4.2, gi thit cc gi tr chuyn dch ti cc
im IGS coi nh bit, sai s coi nh bng khng. Ni cch khc trong qu trnh tnh ton
cc im IGS coi nh c nh (Fixed) vi tc bit. Cc chuyn dch thng ng ti cc

188

Phan Tr ng Trnh

im coi nh bng khng. Sai s s dn ht cho cc im cn tnh nh BLV1, LANG, STT1,


v. v..
Cc tnh ton trn GAMIT v trn BERNESE 5.0 ca Vin a cht Vin Khoa hc
v Cng ngh Vit Nam (VC) v Vin a cht v Ht nhn New Zeland (GNS) u dn sai
s cho c cc tram IGS v cc trm o ti Vit Nam. Ni cch khc ti cc im o IGS khp
ni vi cc trm o Vit Nam theo Constraint ch khng phi khp c nh (Fixed) (Bng
5.5). Mi im o c ln lt trnh by kt qu tnh theo phn mm BERNESE 4.2,
GAMIT, BERNESE 5.0 do Vin a cht v Ht nhn New Zealand thc hin (GNS),
BERNESE 5.0 do Vin a cht-Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam thc hin (VC).
Kt qu ny c sai lch nh vi kt qu s b trc y, c b sung thm s liu ca cc trm
ng Hi, Hu v Thnh ph H Ch Minh (Phan Trng Trnh v nnk., 2009) (Bng 5.5 v
Hnh 5.21).
Bng 5.5: Sai s danh ngha thnh phn to chu k (theo BERNESE 4.2)
Chu k 2007
Chu k 2009
im o
Sai s
Sai s Sai s Sai s
Sai s
Sai s
v [mm]
kinh [mm] cao [mm]
v [mm]
kinh [mm] cao [mm]
BLV1
1,8
4,4
5,2
3,8
3,8
5,8
CDA1
2,7
3,2
9,5
2,0
5,0
7,7
STT1
2,0
6,6
10,6
1,7
4,0
6,8
DOHO
5,9
3,6
10,4
1,9
3,6
12,1
LANG
2,0
3,6
11,8
1,5
4,9
9,5
HUES
6,3
3,7
9,4
2,2
6,9
9,1
HOCM
2,4
3,3
10,2
3,1
3,9
16,0
C bn nhm cng s dng s liu o nh nhau ti 7 im a phng, to chnh
xc v tinh .sp3 t IGS, cng s dng to trong ITRF05 ca cc im IGS la chn
nh ngha h quy chiu v cng tnh vn tc chuyn ng tuyt i ti cc im trong
ITRF05.
Xt di gc x l, c hai khc bit gia 4 nhm x l, l (1) s lng im
IGS kt ni vo x l vi im a phng v (2) cch thc rng buc cc im IGS trong cc
bc x l. C th:
Nhm tnh ton trn GAMIT kt ni vi 12 im IGS (BAKO/COCO, DAEJ, DARW,
GUAM, IISC/HYDE, KIT3, KUNM, LHAZ, NTUS, PIMO, TNML, TSKB, WUHN). Trong
bc x l 1 v 2, cc im IGS trn c nhn lm cc im ta nhng to ca n c
php bin ng trong mt min gi tr gii hn, chng hn bc 1 l 10 m, cn bc 2 l
1m. n bc cui tnh vn tc chuyn ng mi rng buc cht to (< 10 mm) v vn tc
(< 5mm/nm) ca cc im IGS trong ITRF05.
Trong khi , nhm tnh ton trn BERNESE 4.2 kt ni vi 6 im IGS (BAKO,
COCO, KUNM, PIMO, TNML, WUHN) v trong c ba bc x l c nh to c 6
im IGS ny, ngha l gi nguyn to im ng vi thi gian gia chu k o nhn t IGS
v coi to ny khng c sai s. To ca o, to chu k ca im a phng c tnh
theo to cc im IGS ny.
Hai nhm tnh ton s dng BERNESE 5.0 ca Vin a cht v Ht nhn New
Zealand (GNS) kt ni vi 12 im IGS (BAKO, COCO, KUNM, TCMS, GUAM, HYDE,
LHAZ, PIMO) v ca Vin a cht Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam (VC) kt ni
vi 4 im IGS (BAKO, KUNM, PIMO, TCMS hoc COCO, HYDE, KUNM, PIMO). C hai
nhm ny u p dng cch thc rng buc cc im IGS tng t nh nhm x l bi phn
mm GAMIT.
Theo yu cu chung v cng theo kinh nghim, s lng im IGS kt ni trong x l
vi li GPS a phng nhn chung cng nhiu cng tt, song 4 im l , iu quan trng
l la chn c cc im cht lng tt.

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

189

C hai cch tnh (rng buc cc im IGS) trn u c c s l thuyt ng v u


c s dng rng ri trong cc nghin cu chuyn ng hin i. V i vi li GPS Bin
ng vi 7-9 ca o 24 gi mi chu k, nh hng rng buc cc im IGS l khng ng k,
nht l vi ITRF05 xc nh to thnh phn v vn tc thnh phn im IGS vi sai s
tng ng 2-3 mm v <1 mm/nm. Thc t i snh kt qu tnh ton t ba nhm t c
l minh chng cho quan im ny.
Cng vic x l ca tng nhm u thc hin theo ba bc sau:
Bc 1: x l s liu tng ca o ti cc im a phng v cc im IGS.
Vi chu k o 2007, x l ring bit s liu 18 ca o ti cc im a phng kt
hp vi s liu o ti cc im IGS c la chn. i vi mi ca o, phn mm s cung
cp tp kt qu tnh to cc im li ng vi thi gian trung bnh ca ngy o. Trong qu
trnh x l ca o ny, phn mm hiu chnh nh hng ca cc tham s kh tng, mi trng
in ly, a triu, thu triu, tm v loi b cc on s liu o km cht lng, sa cha nh
hng trt chu k, nh hng a ng dn,v.v.. Tm li, li gii to ca o l sn phm
tt nht m phn mm c th cung cp t d liu o. Phn mm ng thi cung cp mt s
thng bo khc ngi x l rt ra kt lun li gii nhn c t chun hay cha. Li
gii ch c chp nhn khi t chun. Trong trng hp li gii cha t chun, phi tin
hnh x l li ca o vi vic iu chnh mt s la chn trn c s xem xt cc thng bo ca
phn mm trong cc tp kt qu ca o.
i vi s liu o nm 2008 v 2009, x l 15 ca o. Qu trnh x l ca o ging
nh ni trn.
Qu trnh x l cc ca o nhn chung sun s. Vic phi x l li rt t. Gii php khc
phc cui cng trong nhng trng hp ny l loi b im c s liu o xu hoc qu t
trong ca o . Nhn xt s b l s liu o 2007 cung cp cc li gii chnh xc hn. Tt c
cc ca o ca hai chu k o cui cng u cung cp li gii t chun a vo x l
bc tip theo.
Trong qu trnh x l ca o, GAMIT/GLOBK cung cp hai loi li gii to l li
gii t do (bias-free) v li gii c nh (bias-fixed). Thng thng loi li gii c nh chnh
xc hn. Song trong mt s trng hp, li xy ra iu ngc li. Cho nn, vic u tin phi
lm l la chn loi li gii no a vo tnh to im chu k. GAMIT/GLOBK cung
cp cng c tnh tham s gi l lp li (repeatability) l lch gia to im tng
ca o so vi to trung bnh im ca chu k. y l ngun thng tin quan trng nh
gi cht lng kt qu tnh to im ca o. Phn mm tng hp hin th s phn tn ca
lch ny cho tng chu k o v trn c s xc nh sai s trung phng trng s (WRMS)
thnh phn to trung bnh ca chu k. Di y l hai minh ho cho kt qu x l s liu
chu k 2007 (Hnh 5.19) v chu k 2009 (Hnh 5.20).

Hnh 5.19: Biu sai s trung phng thnh phn to ca li gii t do v li gii c
nh ca tt c cc ngy o chu k 2007 (Tnh theo GAMIT). Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06

190

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 5.20: Biu sai s trung phng thnh phn to ca li gii t do v li gii c nh

ca tt c cc ngy o chu k 2009 (Tnh theo GAMIT). Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10.


Bc 2: x l kt hp kt qu tnh c cc ca o trong tng chu k.
Nhim v ca bc x l ny l kt hp li gii ring l ca tng ca o trong mi chu
k tnh to im trong mt h to chung, i din cho v tr im ca chu k ng vi
thi im gia chu k o cng vi sai s trung phng to . Sai s trung phng thnh
phn to nhn chung phi l s o cht lng ca li gii to im chu k, song v gi
tr sai s nhn c cng c s khc bit gia phn mm BERNESE v phn mm
GAMIT/GLOBK.
GAMIT/GLOBK ly u vo l cc li gii c nh ca tt c cc ca o ca chu k
tnh to im trung bnh ca chu k v sai s to tng ng. Lc ny cc im IGS ph
hp nht c la chn lm cc im ta to nn h to chung cho chu k o. Tiu
chun la chn l ph hp to thnh phn trong khong 5-10mm cng nh s lng
im IGS c chn (ti thiu l 5) v phn b ca chng so vi cc im a phng. Trong
h to chung ny, qua bnh sai t do cc tr o ca tt cc ca o trong chu k, to im
i din cho chu k ng vi thi im gia chu k o c xc nh. Nh vy, vi bc x l
1, ta nhn c to im ca o - mi ca o l mt tp to trong mt h ring tuy khc
nhau khng ng k. Vi bc x l 2, ta nhn c to im chu k trong mt h duy
nht.
Phn mm cn cho php xc nh ng lm trn biu th sai s trung phng trng
s ca thnh phn v (N-S WRMS), kinh (E-W WRMS), cao (U-D WRMS) v sai s
o chiu di cnh (Length WRMS) trong mi lin quan n chiu di cnh o (Baseline
Length) ca chu k 2007 (Hnh 5.21) v chu k 2009 (Hnh 5.22).
C th nhn thy, sai s trung phng thnh phn v v kinh tng t nhau v
t khong 3,5 mm, trong khi sai s cao ln gp 3 ln, khong 9,3 mm.
i vi s liu o 2009, sai s trung phng thnh phn v t 3,5 mm, kinh t
trong khong 7,0 mm, sai s cao khong 8,1 mm. Nh vy so vi s liu o 2007, ch c
thnh phn kinh l km chnh xc hn.
Phn mm BERNESE cung cp cc thnh phn to im ca chu k trn c s lp li.
Kt qu x l bng BERNESE 4.2 c gii thiu trn Bng 5.5 v bng BERNESE 5.0 c
gii thiu Bng 5.6.
Phn mm cng khi qut sai s thnh phn to im ca chu k nh sau:

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

191

i vi s liu o chu k 07 sai s v l 2,3 mm, kinh l 3,0 mm v cao l


6,7 mm.
i vi chu k 09, sai s v l 2 mm, sai s kinh l 3,3 mm v cao l sai s
6,6 mm.
C th nhn xt rng, cc gi tr sai s trung phng thnh phn ta im do
GAMIT/GLOBK cung cp v do phn mm BERNESE cp c chnh xc tng t nhau.

Hnh 5.21: Biu sai s thnh phn to v sai s o cnh theo s liu o 2007 (Tnh theo
GAMIT). Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10.
Bc 3: tnh vn tc chuyn dch tuyt i trong ITRF05 cng sai s trung phng
vn tc t kt qu x l ba chu k o 2007, 2008 v 2009.

Hnh 5.22: Biu sai s thnh phn to v sai s o cnh theo s liu o 2009 (Tnh theo
GAMIT). Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10.

Phan Tr ng Trnh

192

Bng 5.6: Sai s danh ngha thnh phn to chu k (theo BERNESE 5.0)
im o

BLV1
CDA1
STT1
DOHO
LANG
HUES
HOCM

Sai s
v [mm]
2,0
1,6
1,0
1,2
1,8
0,3
3,5

Chu k 2007
Sai s Sai s
kinh [mm] cao [mm]
3,7
3,2
2,4
0,4
0,9
11,0
4,9
9,5
4,7
11,0
2,5
3,7
0,6
5,1

Sai s
v [mm]
2,7
2,9
3,5
0,3
2,9
3,9
6,0

Chu k 2009
Sai s
Sai s
kinh [mm]
v [mm]
1,0
20,9
3,9
4,5
5,7
14,4
0,3
2,1
4,3
7,2
3,1
13,9
5,2
15,1

Vi khong thi gian quan trc ng mt nm mt, nn chng ti u tin nh gi vn


tc chuyn ng tuyt i. Lc ny khung quy chiu c p dng vo tnh ton. Khung quy
chiu c to bi to v vn tc chuyn ng ca cc im IGS c chn (do IGS
cung cp). p dng hai cch rng buc. Nhm tnh ton trn BERNESE 4.2 p dng rng
buc cht (fixed) cc im IGS chn, ngha l gi nguyn to v vn tc ca chng
trong qu trnh tnh vn tc cho cc im a phng (thc t, bo m n nh tnh
ton, cho php du di thnh phn to v vn tc trong khong 0,1 mm) v ch tnh n hai
thnh phn vn tc chuyn ng bng. Nhm tnh ton trn GAMIT/GLOBK (Trn nh T)
v BERNESE 5.0 (John Beavan v Ng Vn Lim) p dng rng buc tng i lng
(constraint) cc im IGS chn, ngha l vn cho php chng thay i c to v vn tc
(so vi gi tr chnh xc do IGS cung cp) trong mt min gi tr hp i vi to v vn tc
nhng tun th iu kin tng bnh phng cc tr hiu chnh ny phi l ti thiu. Cch rng
buc ny s gim c nh hng ca sai s s liu gc (to v vn tc cc im IGS) n
gi tr vn tc cn xc nh ca cc im a phng. Tuy nhin, i vi mc tiu xc nh
vn tc tuyt i, hai s la chn cch rng buc ny nh hng khng ng k vo kt qu
tnh vn tc.
Kt qu tnh vn tc chuyn dch bng tuyt i ca ba nhm x l c tng hp gii
thiu Bng 5.7 v c th hin trn khng gian nh Hnh 5.21.
Nhn xt: So vi kt qu o ca Trung Quc v cc nc Chu v Thi Bnh
Dng, kt qu o lp ca 3 k o trong khong thi gian 2007-2009 ca chng ti l tng
i ngn, tuy nhin vi sai s nh nn gi tr chuyn dch tuyt i hon ton c ngha.
Chng ta c th rt ra mt s nhn xt v c im bin dng ca Bin ng Vit Nam:
- Tip tc vi xu th chuyn dch v pha ng - ng nam quan st thy trn t
lin ca Vit Nam, chng ta quan st thy ton b cc trm o GPS u chuyn dch v pha
ng - ng nam. Kt qu trn cng ph hp vi quan st o Hi Nam, Qung Ty, Qung
ng cng nh ton ra ng nam Trung Quc. iu ny cho thy bin dng trn Bin ng
Vit Nam chu s chi phi ch yu ca ng gia mng n c v mng u .
- S suy gim tc chuyn dch theo hng t ty sang ng ca cc trm o GPS
pha bc (Lng, Bch Long V, Hi Nam) cho thy hin nay vnh Bc B b bin dng nn v
chu xit p theo phng v tuyn hoc lch mt cht v pha ng ng nam. Trng lc
ny khng thun li cho h thng t gy ang hot ng tch dn phng kinh tuyn v
cng khng thun li cho cc t gy trt bng phng Ty bc ng Nam. Cc hng
chnh v gi tr chnh ca trc ng sut - bin dng s c chng ti chnh xc ho cc chu
k o sau. Theo tnh ton s b ca chng ti, tc bin dng nn tnh t trm Lng ti trm
Bch Long V t gi tr xp x 10-8 /nm (~10 nano bin dng/nm).
- Pha bc Bin ng ang ng li theo phng ty ty bc - ng ng nam vi tc
c 77 mm/nm. Hng ca vc t chuyn dch ti Lng, Bch Long V, Hi Nam, Hong

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

193

Sa hu nh ngc vi hng vc t chuyn dch PIMO, phn nh hng chuyn dch ca


mng bc Bin ng cm di Philippine ti trng Manila v pha ng ng nam. S ng
li ca bin ng dc theo i cun chm Manila c tc khng u nhau pha bc o
Luzon tc chuyn dch v pha ty bc l ln nht sau gim nhanh v pha ng nam. iu
chng t hot ng ca i cun chm Manila, ranh gii pha ng bc ca khi Sunda kh
phc tp. y l bng chng ng h cho tnh phn on ca i cun chm Manila.
Bng 5.7: Kt qu tnh vn tc chuyn ng tuyt i trong ITRF05. Kt qu ca ti
KC.09.11/06-10.
T
T

Tn trm
GPS

BLV1

LANG

DOHO

HUES

STT1

CDA1

Phn mm x
l

BERNESE 4.2
GAMMIT
BERNESE 5.0
(GNS)
BERNESE 5.0
(VC)
Trung bnh
BERNESE 4.2
GAMMIT
BERNESE 5.0
(GNS)
BERNESE 5.0
(VC)
Trung bnh
BERNESE 4.2
GAMMIT
BERNESE 5.0
(GNS)
BERNESE 5.0
(VC)
Trung bnh
BERNESE 4.2
GAMMIT
BERNESE 5.0
(GNS)
Trung bnh
BERNESE 4.2
GAMMIT
BERNESE 5.0
(GNS)
BERNESE 5.0
(VC)
Trung bnh
BERNESE 4.2
GAMMIT
BERNESE 5.0
(GNS)
BERNESE 5.0
(VC)
Trung bnh
BERNESE 4.2
GAMMIT

Tc chuyn dch v
pha bc
Gi tr
Sai s
(mm/nm) (mm/nm)
-15.54
0.15
-14.76
1.58

Tc chuyn dch v
pha ng
Gi tr
Sai s
(mm/nm) (mm/nm)
30.37
0.17
29.36
1.63

Tc chuyn dch thng


ng (tham kho)
Gi tr
Sai s
(mm/nm)
(mm/nm)
0.00
0.02
-0.17
1.95

-14.70

0.20

27.40

0.30

-0.40

0.90

-13.70

0.30

29.50

0.40

11.30

1.30

-14.68
-13.09
-12.43

0.41
0.16
1.58

29.16
41.18
39.47

0.43
0.19
1.63

-0.01
-15.03

0.02
2.24

-12.50

0.20

38.00

0.20

-22.70

0.70

-12.40

0.30

40.20

0.40

-16.40

1.40

-12.61
-7.68
-10.26

0.41
0.17
1.60

39.71
28.21
26.79

0.43
0.20
1.68

-0.01
-2.19

0.03
2.45

-9.10

0.30

24.60

0.40

-15.20

1.50

-8.20

0.70

28.20

0.70

-8.81
-21.82
-20.43

0.45
0.17
1.63

26.95
29.88
30.06

0.47
0.21
1.72

0.00
7.30

0.02
2.80

-19.80

0.20

29.70

0.30

10.10

0.90

-20.68
-11.63
-10.11

0.55
0.15
1.65

29.88
23.46
22.55

0.59
0.19
1.76

0.00
-0.95

0.02
3.37

-10.30

0.30

21.60

0.30

-7.60

1.30

-11.60

0.30

23.10

0.40

6.30

1.40

-10.91
-12.38
-10.76

0.43
0.15
1.63

22.68
22.15
20.85

0.46
0.18
1.70

0.00
-6.06

0.02
2.46

-7.40

0.20

20.40

0.30

-9.70

1.00

-9.80

0.30

21.30

0.40

-7.20

1.50

-10.09
-11.24
-13.46

0.42
0.17
1.65

21.18
22.83
21.50

0.45
0.21
1.76

-0.01
-4.64

0.03
3.07

Phan Tr ng Trnh

194

HOCM

BERNESE 5.0
(GNS)
BERNESE 5.0
(VC)
Trung bnh

-11.50

0.20

21.70

0.30

-3.10

1.00

-13.20

0.30

20.90

0.50

-1.20

1.50

-12.35

0.42

21.73

0.47

- Cc trm o GPS pha nam (Song T Ty, Cn o) c hng chuyn dch v pha
ng nam cho thy ch a ng lc pha nam Bin ng thay i so vi phn pha
bc Bin ng, tc chuyn dch ngang nh hn pha bc. Bin ng phn pha nam
khng b ng li. Tc bin dng nh hn pha bc Bin ng.
- So snh cc vect chuyn dch Thi Lan, Vng Tu, Malaysia v Palawan, th
vect chuyn dch Cn o v Song T Ty c nh hn v hi lch v pha ng nam.
Nhn chung, vng nam v ty nam Bin ng hu nh khng b bin dng ln. Vi kt qu
o ti Cn o, H Ch Minh v Song T Ty, i snh vi kt qu o Palawan trong cc
n GEODYSSEA v PCGIAP th khng thy s xit p xy ra Bc Borneo. Kt qu ny
tri ngc vi kt qu ca (Simons, 2007) [219]. Khi c nh khi Sunda, Simons tnh
chuyn dch ti mt s trm o bc Borneo c hng quay v ty bc hoc ty - ty bc, t
tc gi gi nh rng c mt phn ranh gii ca khi Sunda i qua ra pha bc ca Borneo.
Theo chng ti ranh gii ca khi Sunda dch v pha nam ca Borneo v thc t c s thay
i rt ln v tc chuyn dch ti y, ln hn rt nhiu so vi thay i tc ra bc
Borneo vi khi Sunda.
- So snh cc vect chuyn dch ti DOHO, CDA1, STT1 th c th thy bin dng rt
nh, iu chng t nu t gy 110 ang hot ng th tc chuyn dch rt nh. Chng
ti s chnh xc ho tc ti a ca i t gy ny trong nhng t o tip theo.
- Bin dng gia cc mng v trong mng ng Nam c th hin nh trn hnh
2. T phn tch tc tens bin dng, c th xc nh c vng c tc bin dng rt nh
di 7 nano bin dng/nm, th hin vng khng bin dng bn trong khi Sunda. Ranh gii
c chnh xc ho v tm tt nh sau: V pha ty, khi Sunda c bao bi t gy trt
bng phi, xc inh r rng hng ca tenso bin dng. N ko di t Myanmar ti Sumatra
dc theo t gy Sagaing, h thng pull-apart Andaman. V pha nam Java, khi b gii hn
bi mng nc su Java. Tuy nhin vng cung o Java chu bin dng rt ln v gn lin vi
ng t, gn y va xy ra trn ng t Yjogakarta nm 2006. Nu nh t gy ang hot
ng c khng nh th ch phn ty ca Java l thuc v Sunda v t gy rt bng,
hng v ng bc c coi l mt phn ca Sunda (hoc thm Sunda). Tc bin dng cao
gia Borneo v Sulawesi vi mt GPS rt cao, theo chng ti ranh gii mng Sunda s i
qua ng phn ct gia Borneo v Sulawesi. Bin dng tip tc ti ra ng gia v tuyn
10oN v 5oN, bc Sulawesi, i Philipin. Ra ng ca Sunda l 3 mng bin su ty vng
cung o Philipin Cotabato, Negros v trng Manilla. V pha bc, ranh gii ca Sunda kh
c th xc nh nh phn tch tc bin dng: Bin ng hu nh khng bin dng v khi
Nam Trung Hoa bin dng rt yu. Mc d trong khi Nam Trung Hoa, khng c du hiu
bin dng nhng n c ranh gii v pha ty l t gy Longmenshan v t gy Xiaojiang.
Dc theo i t gy ny, l mt i bin dng mnh gy ra do ng gia mng n c v
mng u . chuyn dch t Ty Tng theo chiu kim ng h, quanh ng Hymalaya. Bin
dng ny m rng sang Malaysia v th hin bc Thi Lan bi tch gin ng ty. Tc
bin dng tng cao ty bc Thi Lan khng nh ranh gii pha bc ca Sunda nm gn
Myanmar. V pha ng bc, phn ty nam ca i t gy Sng Hng (Leloup v nnk, 1995)
[127], bin dng tng thch vi chuyn dch trt bng phi. Tuy nhin tc bin dng qua
ranh gii mng ny rt nh trong giai on hin ti. Ti im ny, ch s dng phn tch bin
dng t mng li ln rt kh c th kt lun khi Nam Trung Hoa v Sunda c khc nhau v
chuyn dch hay khng (Simons, 2007) [219].

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

195

- Chuyn dch ca khi Sunda cho thy kh ph hp vi m hnh chuyn dch khi,
xy ra ch yu dc i t gy, thng gi l m hnh thc trt (Extrusion) (Tapponnier v
nnk, 1982) [229] hn l m chy nht v bin dng lin tc (England v Houseman, 1986)
[62].
Trong nghin cu ny, chng ti cha tnh tc xoay ca Bin ng do khong thi
gian o qu ngn, tuy nhin c th tng hp tc xoay ca Bin ng ni ring v khi
Sunda ni chung theo cc tc gi khc nhau, c trnh by Bng 5.8.
Bng 5.8: Cc vector xoay tuyt i v tng i ca Bin ng, u , Nam Trung Hoa. Kt
qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10.
S
Cc tham s v xoay
Sai s
tr
H to
Lat,
Lon, w_/triu smaj/l smin/l Azimu
Tc gi
m
X2

_E
nm
at
on
th
tnh _N
ton
Vec t xoay tuyt i
Khi Sunda
-46
31.8
Wilson v nnk. ITRF94
12
0.28
ITRF96
-113 0.23
51
[1998] Simons
12
NA
3.9
ITRF97
2.9
v nnk. [1999]
15 59.7 -102.7 0.34
56.0 -102.7 0.01
Michel v nnk. ITRF97
10
1.0
111
0.3
1.9
49.0 -94.2 0.339
[2000]b Michel ITRF00 28
3
110
0.8
10.2
38.9 -86.9 0.007
v nnk. [2001]
2
ITRF97
109
0.5
1.9
47.3 -90.2 0.336
Simons v nnk.
9
NNR
0.2
121
1.0
3.5
49.8 -95.9 0.007
[2007]
16
ITRF00
4
113
0.8
7.0
32.6 -86.8 0.393
Sella v nnk.
2
ITRF00
3.1
[2002]
0.062
1
Kreemer v
0.392
1.2
nnk. [2003]
0.008
0
Bock v nnk.
0.320
4.0
[2003]b
0.010
0
Prawiro v nnk.
0.462
[2004]
0.064
Khi Dng T (Nam Trung Hoa)
ITRF00 81 61.2
0.322
1.4
0.1
134
1.0
Shen v nnk.
4
[2004]c
115. 0.002
Australian Plate
6
Altamimi & nnk. ITRF00 4 32.3 39.4
0.614
0.7
0.8
NA
[2002]
ITRF00 11 32.8 37.5
0.006
0.4
0.1
161
1.0
Beavan v nnk.
ITRF00 11 32.4 38.8
0.621
15
0.5
151
8
[2002]
ITRF00 11 32.0 39.1
0.002
0.6
0.3
163
Fernandes v nnk. ITRF00 6 32.9 38.1
0.621
0.9
0.3
151
[2003]
0.005
1.0
Wallace v nnk.
0.621
1
[2004]
0.003
Wallace v nnk.
0.621
[2004]
0.004
Xoay tng i
Sunda /u
Simons v nnk.
Calais 28/ 36.2
0.101
5.8
2.2
78
1.0
[2007]
v nnk. 15
70.0
0.010
2

Phan Tr ng Trnh

196

Sunda/c
Simons v nnk.
[2007]

[2003]

Simons
v nnk.
[2007]

28/
6d

-6.9

128.
2

0.694
0.009

1.2

0.5

14

1.0
3

28/
81
d

17.1

57.2

0.099
0.015

2.9

1.7

153

1.0
3

Sunda/Dng T
Simons v nnk.
Shen v
[2007]
nnk.
[2004]

5.2. A NG LC HIN I KHU VC BIN NG V K CN


5.2.1. Trng thi ng sut kin to hin i xc nh t ti liu l khoan
Vic lp bn trng ng sut kin to hin i c th gip chng ta c ci nhn su
sc hn v cc lc khng ch bin dng ni mng. Cc giai on u tin ca World Stress
Map (WSM) chng minh rng trng ng sut kin to ni mng bc nht ch yu l do
kt qu ca cc lc sinh ra ranh gii mng. Tuy nhin, chng ta vn bit rt t v trng ng
sut kin to hin i ng Nam ni chung v Bin ng Vit Nam ni ring trong cc
giai on u tin ca WSM (Zoback, 1992) [282]. Phin bn nm 2003 ca WSM ch c mt
vi ch th ng sut trong khu vc ng Nam , v phn ln l xut pht t cc trn ng t
gn ranh gii mng. Phin bn 2003 ny khng c ti liu ng sut no t cc bn trm tch
Vit Nam. Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh v nnk. (2007) [167] tin hnh nghin cu u tin v
trng ng sut kin to hin i cc b Nam Cn Sn v Cu Long ngoi khi Vit Nam.
Cc tc gi trong nghin cu ny minh gii ph hu nn p v khe nt cng gin t ti liu
log hnh nh trong 10 ging khoan v tm ra cc ch th ng sut tng ng. Cc kt qu ny
c tch hp vo phin bn nm 2008 ca WSM. Trong phin bn mi nm 2008, khu vc
ng Nam c b sung ng k cc ch th ng sut xc nh c t ti liu ging
khoan, trong ng ch l cc b Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn nh va nu. Tuy nhin
cc ch th ny thng phn tn v biu hin s nh hng khc nhau ca trng ng sut
trong cc khu vc.
Trong bo co ny chng ti trnh by cc ti liu mi xc nh v trng ng sut
kin to hin i khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn thng qua ti liu ph hu nn p,
khe nt cng gin v li gii c cu chn tiu ng t kt hp vi tp hp cc s liu cng
b ca WSM. Sau chng ti s trnh by cc phn tch v s phn b ca trng ng sut
kin to hin i trong mi quan h vi cc lc vn ng ranh gii mng, cng nh cc lc
ni mng nh a hnh, hnh thi b trm tch v cc cu trc a phng.
Ph hu nn p v khe nt cng gin
Cc ph hu nn p (Borehole breakouts - BO) v khe nt cng gin trong ging
khoan (drilling-induced fractures -DIF) l nhng ch th quan trng v nh hng ca ng
sut ngang, c bit l cc khu vc khng sinh chn v di su trung bnh (<5 km). Cc
ph hu nn p v khe nt cng gin cung cp phn ln cc ch th hng ng sut trong cc
h thng du kh v a nhit. y chng ti gii thiu mt ci nhn tng qut v cc bc
minh gii cc ph hu nn p v khe nt cng gin trong l khoan t ti liu log hnh nh.
Ph hu nn p trong l khoan (Borehole Breakout- BO)
Cc ph hu nn p s m rng do ng sut ca mt ct ngang l khoan (Bell v
Gough, 1979) [23]. Khi mt l c khoan, vt liu t b di chuyn i khng cn h tr
cc vy quanh. Kt qu l ng sut tr nn tp trung trong vy quanh (ngha l thnh
ging khoan). Ph hu nn p xy ra khi ng sut quanh ging khoan vt qu ng sut cn
thit gy ph hu nn p ca thnh ging khoan (Zoback v nnk., 1985; Bell, 1990) [281]

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

197

[21]. S m rng ca ging khoan gy ra bi s pht trin ca cc mt trt ct (shear) cng


ng giao ct nhau khin cc mnh ca thnh ging khoan v nh (Hnh 5.25). S tp trung
ng sut quanh ging khoan thng ng l ln nht theo phng ca ng sut ngang cc tiu
- minimum horizontal stress (Sh). Bi vy, trc di ca cc ph hu nn p c nh hng
xp x vung gc vi phng ng sut nn p ngang cc i (SH; Plumb v Hickman, 1985)
[206].

Hnh 5.25: Cc mt ct ngang ca ph hu nn p v khe nt cng gin xut hin trn thnh ging
khoan. Cc ph hu nn p hnh thnh khi ng sut vng (circumferential stress) quanh ging khoan
vt qu sc khng nn v c inh hng song song vi ng sut ngang cc tiu (h). Cc khe nt
cng gin hnh thnh khi ng sut vng vt qu sc khng cng ca thnh ging khoan v bi vy
c nh hng song song vi ng sut ngang cc i (H).

Khe nt cng gin (drilling-induced fractures -DIF)


Cc khe nt cng gin c to ra khi ng sut tp trung xung quanh mt ging khoan
vt qu gi tr cn thit gy ra ph hu cng gin ca thnh ging khoan (Aadnoy, 1990)
[1]. Cc khe nt cng gin thng pht trin nh nhng ng sc nt hp gn song song
hoc hi nghing so vi trc ging khoan v thng khng lin quan vi s m rng ca
ging theo hng ca khe nt (ch rng cc khe nt cng gin v ph hu nn p c th
hnh thnh cng mt su theo phng vung gc vi nhau). S tp trung ng sut quanh
mt ging khoan thng ng l nh nht theo phng ca SH. Bi vy, cc khe nt cng gin
pht trin gn nh song song vi phng ca SH (Aadnoy v Bell, 1998) [2].
Cc thit b ghi hnh l khoan
Cc thit b ghi hnh ging khoan cung cp mt hnh nh v thnh ging khoan m v
c bn da trn s tng phn v cc tnh cht vt l. Hin nay c nhiu thit b ghi hnh khc
nhau, nhng c th chia lm hai loi chnh: cc thit b ghi hnh in tr v cc thit b ghi
hnh bng sng m. Cc thit b ghi hnh in tr cung cp hnh nh ca thnh ging khoan
da trn nhng s khc nhau v in tr (Ekstrom v nnk., 1987) [61].
Cc thit b ghi hnh in tr c pht trin t cc thit b o nhng (dipmeter) v
bao gm 4 cnh hoc 6 cnh (caliper arm) vi mi cnh c gn mt hoc hai thanh (pad)
cha nhiu u o in tr (resistivity button). Cc thit b ghi hnh in tr cung cp cng
mt thng tin v ng knh v hnh thi ging ging nh cc thit b o nhng, tuy nhin cc
u o in tr cng cho cc nh in tr c phn gii cao hn v thnh ging khoan c
pht trin. C nhiu thit b ghi hnh in tr c th thc hin cng vic ny, trong s cc
thit b ph bin nh Formation Micro Scanner (FMS; ca Schlumberger), Formation Micro
Imager (FMI; ca Schlumberger), Oil-Based Micro Imager (OBMI; Schlumberger),

198

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Simultaneous Acoustic and Resistivity tool (STAR; ca Baker Atlas), Electrical Micro
Scanner (EMS; ca Halliburton) v Electrical Micro Imager (EMI; ca Halliburton).
Cc thit b ghi hnh bng sng m s dng mt b chuyn i p in quay nhanh
(piezoelectric transducer) pht ra mt xung sng m tn s cao tp trung ti thnh ging
khoan (Asquith v Krygowski, 2004) [10]. Thit b ghi hnh sng m sau ghi nhn bin
ca sng phn x (return echo) cng nh tng thi gian truyn ca xung sng m. Thi gian
truyn sng m v bin c o nhiu phng v khc nhay trong ging khoan cc
su nh trc bt k. S liu ny sau c x l thnh cc hnh nh v phn x ca
thnh ging khoan (da trn bin sng phn x) v ng knh l khoan (da trn thi gian
truyn xung). C nhiu loi thit b ghi hnh sng m, trong ph bin l Borehole
Televiwer (BHTV, ca Schlumberger), Ultrasonic Borehole Imager (UBI; ca Schlumberger),
Circumferential Borehole Imaging Log (CBIL; ca Baker Atlas), Simultaneous Acoustic and
Resistivity tool (STAR; ca Baker Atlas), Circumferential Acoustic Scanning ToolVisualization (CAST-V; ca Halliburton) v LWD/MWD AcoustiCaliper tool (ACAL; ca
Halliburton).
Ngoi cc thit b ghi hnh in tr v sng m, c mt lot cc thit b khc, nhng
km ph bin cng cung cp hnh nh v thnh ging khoan m c th s dng phn tch
cc ph hu nn p v khe nt cng gin trn thnh ging khoan. Cc thit b ghi hnh quang
hc nh Optical Televiewer (ca Schlumberger) v Downhole Video tool (ca Downhole
Video), l cc thit b c dy s dng camera trc tip chp nh thnh ging khoan. Cui
cng cc ph hu nn p v cc khe nt cng gin cng c th c minh gii t cc thit b
ghi hnh da trn t trng MWD/LWD, chng cung cp thng tin v t trng khi (bulk
density) v h s quang in (photoelectric factor (Pe)) cc phng v khc nhau quanh
ging khoan c th c s dng pht trin thnh hnh nh t trng thnh h v Pe. Thit b
ghi hnh da trn t trng LWD/MWD bao gm Azimuthal Density Neutron Vision
(adnVision; ca Schlumberger), Lithotrak (ca Baker Inteq) v Azimuthal Lithodensity tool
(ALD; ca Halliburton).
Minh gii ph hu nn p v khe nt cng gin t ti liu nh in tr
Cc thit b ghi hnh in tr cung cp cng mt thng tin v ng knh v hnh thi
ging khoan ging nh cc thit b nhng trc y, bi vy ti liu ny c th c s dng
minh gii ph hu nn p theo cch tng t nh log 4 cnh hoc 6 cnh. Tuy nhin cc
log hnh nh in tr cng cung cp hnh nh c phn gii cao v thnh ging khoan da
trn tng phn v in tr cho php quan st ph hu nn p ca ging khoan. Ph hu
nn p thng xut hin trn hnh nh in tr l cc i rng, song song vi nhau, dn in,
cch nhau 180 (ngha l quan st thy cc pha i din ca ging khoan) v thng th
hin s m rng ca caliper theo hng ca cc i dn in (Hnh 5.26). Ph hu nn p
thng dn in km bi v qu trnh ph hu v v nh ca ging khoan to nn s tip xc
km gia cn ca thit b v thnh ging khoan, iu ny khin thit b o c mt phn hoc
ton b in tr ca dung dch khoan dn in hn l thnh h t . Tuy nhin iu quan
trng cn ch l ph hy nn p xut hin l nhng i cch in thay v dn in trng nh
in tr o trong dung dch khoan gc du (chng hn s dng thit b OBMI).
Cc khe nt cng gin c th ch quan st c trn cc log nh. Cc khe nt cng
gin thng tr nn b thm qua (infiltrated) bi dung dch khoan v bi vy xut hin trn
nh in tr l nhng cp khe nt hp, dn in c nh r (khng dn in trn nh dung
dch khoan gc du) cch nhau 180 (Hnh 5.27; Aadnoy v Bell, 1998) [2]. Hn na, khng
ging nh cc khe nt t nhin c xu hng ct ngang qua ging khoan, cc khe nt cng
gin thng c sp xp gn song song hoc hi nghing so vi trc ging khoan trong cc
ging khoan thng ng (Hnh 5.27).

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

199

DIF

Hnh 5.26: V d v cc ph hu nn p c minh gii trn log Formation Micro Imager (FMI ) b
Cu Long. Cc ph hu nn p ny ch ra phng ng sut ngang cc i xp x bc nam [199].

200

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 5.27: V d v ph hu nn p (B) v khe nt cng gin (A) c minh gii t cc log
FMI v UBI trong mng ca b Cu Long. Hn na, cc ph hu nn p c th c quan
st ng thi vi
Minh gii cc ph hu nn p v cc khe nt cng gin t ti liu nh sng m
Cc ph hu nn p thng c minh gii t cc ti liu log nh sng m s dng
nh bn knh l khoan (hay thi gian truyn sng) kt hp vi cc nh bin phn x. Cc
ph hu nn p th hin l cc i rng c bn knh l khoan (hay thi gian truyn sng) tng
ln quan st c hai pha i din ca ging khoan. Tuy nhin, ph hu nn p thng c
cc b mt g gh v bin i v bi vy c th cng thng quan st thy trn nh bin
sng phn x nh l cc i rng c bin thp.
Cc khe nt cng gin ban u c quan st trn nh bin sng phn x. C cc
khe nt t nhin v khe nt cng gin (sinh ra trong qu trnh khoan) v i tng phn x
nng lng sng m km. Bi vy, cc khe nt cng gin th hin l cc i hp vi phn
x thp cch nhau 180 v thng gn song song hoc hi nghing so vi trc ging khoan.
Cc khe nt cng gin thng khng ph bin lin quan vi bt k s m rng ging khoan
no v bi vy thng khng biu hin r trn cc nh bn knh ging khoan. Tuy nhin c
khe nt t nhin v khe nt cng gin c th th hin trn nh bn knh l khoan nh cc i
hp c bn knh l khoan tng dn.
Kt qu minh gii hng ng sut ngang cc i trong cc l khoan b Nam Cn Sn
v Cu Long c th hin tng hp trn Hnh 5.28.

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

201

Hnh 5.28: Kt qu tng hp xc nh nh hng ca trc nn p ngang cc i t ti liu nh l


khoan c th hin trn bn [199].

5.2.2. C cu chn tiu ng t


Mt trong nhng nh hng r rng nht v s gii phng ng sut trong v l cc
trn ng t kin to. Do s lng ln ca cc c cu chn tiu ng t trc y t cc
nghin cu quy m khu vc v s lng tng u n cc li gii CMT c thc hin bi
Global CMT Project (trc y l nhm a chn ti i hc Harvard) hoc NEIC/USGS, cc
c cu chn tiu ng t ring l (FMS) to nn phn ch yu cc ti liu ghi nhn trong c
s d liu ca bn ng sut. Ti liu c cu chn tiu ng t cung cp thng tin v
ln tng i ca cc ng sut chnh, nn c th suy ra ch kin to.
cc khe nt cng gin. C ph hy nn p v cc khe nt cng gin ch ra mt phng ng sut ngang
xp x TB-N [199].

Vic xc nh phng ca cc ng sut chnh v ln tng i t cc c cu chn


tiu ny phi c thc hin vi s cn trng. Ba loi ghi nhn t cc c cu chn tiu ng
t c phn bit: c cu chn tiu ring l (FMS), c cu chn tiu nghch o (FMF), v
c cu chn tiu trung bnh/t hp (FMA). S khc nhau chnh gia ba loi s liu ny v mt
ch th ng sut l tin cy ca chng trong vic thng tin v ng sut kin to khu vc.
Cc c cu chn tiu ring l (FMS)
Mt vi phng php xc nh FMS c s dng nh dao ng u tin ca cc
sng P, s phn cc v bin ca cc sng S, phn tch v t s bin ca sng P/S v
nghch o moment tensor. Tt c cc phng php ny s dng m hnh pht ra ca cc tia
sng a chn m biu hin phng ca cc t gy hot ng v chiu dch trt (Hnh
5.29). Cc m hnh ny c th c s dng miu t cc qu trnh ng hc ngun a
chn. y chng ti tp trung vo cc phng php c s dng nhiu nht.
Dao ng u tin ca sng P
Cc sng P pht ra tng i so vi tm vi vn ng u tin nn hoc gin (Hnh
5.29). Tn hiu ny thay i theo phng ca mt t gy v mt ph vung gc vi n (c
hai mt c gi l cc mt nt - nodal). Dc theo cc mt ny khng c s pht ra ca cc
sng P. S chm ti u tin ca sng P trn biu a chn (seismogram) ca thnh phn
a chn k thng ng c s dng phn bit gia dao ng u tin nn v gin ca
front sng. Dao ng u tin quan st c sau c chiu tr li dc theo c truyn
trn mt mt cu n v ng nht v mt l thuyt quanh chn tiu (gi l mt cu chn tiu focal sphere), y c cho l mt ngun im giai on trc tin nht ca mt trn ng

Phan Tr ng Trnh

202

t ph hu. ng tia bt k ca sng P li ngun ny c th c nhn dng bi hai


tham s: phng v tnh t ngun, , v gc ngng - emergence, i0 (Hnh 5.30). Gc ngng l
mt hm ca khong cch, , gia ngun c cc trm ang ghi, v vi cc trm gn m hnh
v c s dng. V tr a l ca cc a chn k c chuyn ln mt cu chn tm l mt
im m c tip tuyn vi tia sng ti cc giao ct ngun vi mt cu chn tiu.

Hnh 5.29: M hnh truyn i ca sng P v S ca mt ngun ngu lc kp (double couple source).

Hnh 5.30: Mt phng tm ca mt ngun ng t. c th hin l mt ng tia (ray path) vi


phng v (azimuth) v gc ngng (angle of emergence) i0.

Hnh 5.31 Cc yu t ca mt li gii mt t gy

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

203

Khi tt c cc s liu c th c c th hin trn bn cu chiu di, hai mt nt trc


giao nhau ngn cch dao ng u tin ca song nn khi sng gin c th c v. Cc trc
co ngn cc i v ko gin cc i chia ct cc cung phn t c bit n ln lt l cc
trc P v T. Bi vy cc trc ny l cc trc bin dng chnh m khng cn phi trng vi cc
trc ng sut chnh.
Trc P nm trong cung phn t vn ng ban u l gin, tri li trc T nm trong
cung phn t vn ng ban u l nn (Hnh 5.31). C hai vung gc vi giao tuyn ca hai
mt nt. Trc c to nn bi giao tuyn ny c gi l trc B hay trc khng (null axis).
FMS c miu t mt cch y bi nh hng (hng dc v gc dc) ca cc trc P, T,
v B.
Nghch o moment tensor
Nghch o moment tensor cng ging nh s dng m hnh pht ra ca cc sng khi
v sng mt. Tuy nhin, y s liu dng sng (waveform) c nghch o khp vi
cc dng sng tng hp c tnh ton cho mt m hnh Tri t tham chiu (reference earth
model). Moment tensor a chn l mt tensor bc 2 i xng, miu t nhiu ngun a chn
v bao gm 9 cp cc lc khi tng ng (Hnh 5.32).
Cc yu t nm ngoi ng cho chnh c gn cc lc ngc chiu nhau m dch
chuyn ngang (offset) theo hng vung gc vi phng ca chng v bi vy tc dng mt
lc xon (net torque). Tuy nhin, do s i xng ca moment tensor, s bo ton moment gc
c bo m. Cc yu t trn ng cho chnh tng ng vi lng cc lc (force dipole)
tc dng dc theo cc trc to . Nu cu trc Tri t bit v c ti liu dng sng,
moment tensor a chn M v bi vy l c cu chn tiu ca mt trn ng t c th c
tnh ton bng cch nghch o. Moment tensor trng tm (Centroid moment tensor - CMT)
bao gm nghch o thm v thi gian v v tr ngun v c cung cp chi tit ti a ch ca
Global CMT Project (http://www.globalcmt.org).

Hnh 5.32: Chn cp lc ca mt moment tensor a chn.

204

Phan Tr ng Trnh

tin cy ca cc li gii mt t gy
Cht lng ca li gii, c xc nh bi nghch o moment tensor hay phn tch
dao ng u tin, ph thuc vo s hiu bit v cu trc Tri t, do c qu trnh ngun v
ng truyn tia sng xc nh s liu dng sng. Bi vy, mt m hnh Tri t khng chun
cc c th dn ti vic v ln bn cc phn sng khng th gii thch c, to nn mt c
cu chn tiu khng ng. Thng thng, cht lng ca li gii ph thuc vo s lng v
cht lng ca ti liu gc (cc qu trnh c phn cc, t s tn hiu-nhiu, cc hiu ng v tr
- polarity readings, signal-to-noise ratio, site-effects) v phn b a l ca cc im s liu
tng i so vi ngun. Thm vo , cc hn ch v mt phng php lun do cc bc
thut ton khp/gim thiu sai s khc nhau v vic la chn cc tham s nghch o. i vi
nghch o moment tensor, di tn c s dng quyt nh chnh xc ca m hnh T ri
t cn thit cho mt php nghch o tin cy. Trong khi qu trnh ghi nhn tn s thp (bc
sng di) th hin ch cc nh hng ca cc cu trc Tri t quy m ln, cc dng sng tn
s cao (bc sng di) b nh hng bi nhng s bt ng nht cc b. Tt c nhng iu
ny cn phi c tnh n nh gi tin cy ca mt li gii mt t gy.
Nhng hn ch v vic tnh ng sut t FMS
Cc trc chnh ca moment tensor tnh ton c (P, B, and T) miu t ton b c cu
chn tiu v c bo co trong c s d liu ca WSM vi phng v ca chng (= hng
dc - dip direction) v gc chi plunge (= dip) (trong cc ct S1AZ, S1PL, S2AZ, S2PL,
S3AZ, S3PL). Cn bit rng cc trc moment tensor ca cc c cu chn tiu ng t khng
tng ng vi cc trc ng sut. Ni mt cch chnh xc, ch mt gii hn c th a ra l
rng trc ng sut chnh cc i (S1) nm bn trong cung phn t gin (dilatational quadrant)
ca c cu chn tiu (McKenzie, 1969) [137]. Tuy nhin, do lch cao hn gia cc trc P,
B v T v cc trc ng sut chnh S1, S2, v S3 dng nh khng th, chng c s dng
lm cn c gii hn cho nh hng ca cc trc ng sut. l gii cho s khng chnh xc
ny, cc s liu thu c t cc c cu chn tiu n (FMS) c cho gn cht lng khng
tt hn C bt chp ln ca ng t v c cu chn tiu c c xc nh chnh xc nh
th no i chng na. Cc hn ch ca ch th ng sut t FMS b gii hn bi s khng r
rng v mt t gy v h s ma st:
S khng r rng v mt t gy
Bi v hnh thi ca ngu lc kp (force double couple) v moment tensor m n da
vo, hnh v c cu chn tiu c mt quy tc nh tinh th:
Hai mt nt vung gc vi nhau.
Cc ca mt ph tuyn tnh (colinear) vi vector dch trt trn mt t gy.
Trc B trng vi giao tuyn ca hai mt nt, v bi vy nm trong c hai mt nt.
Trc P gia ca cung phn t c cc dao ng u tin gin (i xung di) v trc T
gia ca cung phn t vi vn ng u tin nn (i ln trn).
Cc trc T v P chia i cc gc nh din gia cc mt nt; ngha l, cc trc T v P nm
45 so vi cc mt nt.
Cc trc T v P vung gc vi nhau.
Mt xc nh bi cc truch T v P cng cha vector vung gc vi cc mt nt, mt trong s
l vector dch trt.
Bi vy, trn nn tng ca qu trnh c phn cc hay nghch o moment tensor
ring r, ngi ta khng th ch ra mt nt no l mt t gy. iu ny c th ch c xc
nh thng qua tnh ton moment tensor cp cao hn, phn tch phn b ca cc d chn
(thng nm trn mt ph hu), kho st thc a ph hu trn mt trong trng hp cc trn
ng t mnh, hay xem xt cc nh gi a chn kin to. Xem xt cc s liu b sung v
bin theo phng v v tn s hay cc kiu dng sng, m b khng ch bi hiu ng
Doppler v ngun dch chuyn cng c th cho php gii quyt s khng r rng ny. Vn

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

205

ny c th c nghin cu mt cch d dng hn trong cc ti liu a chn xa tn s thp


(low-frequency teleseismic) trong khi trn khong cch cc b hnh dng sng tn s thp v
bin c th b nh hng mnh m bi cc hiu ng cng hng (resonance effect) do cc
lp gn b mt vn tc thp.
Ma st trong, nh hng ng sut v cc trn ng t c th c ranh gii mng
Cn phi nhn thy rng gc 45 c gn gia mt t gy v S1 v S3 ch ng
trong trng hp pht sinh mt ph hu mi trong mi trng ng hng ng nht. Trong
trng hp ny, cc trc chnh ca moment tensor a chn (cc trc bin dng chnh) s
trng vi cc trc ng sut chnh. Tuy nhin iu ny c th khng ng trong mi trng
khng ng hng bt ng nht (ging nh trong v), mt mi trng ng sut v bi cch
kin to nht nh. Trong trng hp chung nht, cc trn ng t kin to th hin s ti
hot ng ca cc t gy khi trt ct (in shear). Do s khng r rng v mt t gy, ngi
ta khng bit mt no trong s hai mt nt ca c cu chn tiu l mt ph hu v cc trc P,
B,T c s dng nh k cn cho nh hng ca cc trc ng sut chnh.
Ch ng sut kin to
Do c cu chn tiu ng t cho ta thng tin v loi t gy (thun - normal faulting,
NF; trt bng - strike-slip SS; nghch - thrust faulting TF), ln tng i ca Sh and SV
s bit. Ngoi ra cc loi NF, TF, v SS, s kt hp ca NF vi SS (cng ngang - transtension
NS) v TF vi SS (p ngang - transpression TS) s xut hin. NS xut hin khi ng sut cc
i hay trc P chi dc hn trc P- v B. TS xut hin ti nhng ni ng sut nh nht hay
trc T-axis chi dc hn trc B- v T-axis. Gc chi ca cc trc - plunge (pl) of P-, B-, v T
(hay 1, 2, v 3 trong ghi nhn ca FMF) c s dng gn ch ng sut (Bng 5.9
v Hnh 5.33).

Hnh 5.33: Biu din gin lc v 5 ch kin to thng thng v nh hng tng ng ca cc
trc ng sut chnh (Zoback, 1992) [282].

Phan Tr ng Trnh

206

Cc gi tr ngng (cut-off) chnh xc nh ra cc ch kin to mang tnh ch quan.


Zoback (1992) s dng cch phn loi rng nht c th ph hp vi cc gi tr thc ca cc
trc P-, B-, v T. Vic la chn cc trc c s dng suy ra nh hng ca SH c th
hin trong bng trn, ngha l nh hng ca SH c chn nh phng v ca trc B trong
trng hp ch t gy thun thun tu (NF) v l 90 + phng v ca trc trong trng
hp NS khi trc B thng chi dc hn trc T. Cc s liu ri ra ngoi cc loi trn c gn
l ch ng sut cha bit r ("U") v gn cht lng E ch ra rng ng sut ngang cc i
cha c xc nh.
Bng 5.9: Chuyn i ch kin to (Zoback, 1992) [282].
Trc P/S1
Trc B/S2
Trc T/S3
pl>52
pl < 35
40 < pl < 52
pl < 20
pl < 40
pl > 45
pl < 20
pl < 20
pl > 45
pl < 40
pl < 20
40 < pl < 52
pl < 35
pl>52
pl - Gc chi ca cc trc (plunge)

Ch kin to
NF
NS
SS
SS
TS
TF

Phng v ca SH
Phng v ca trc B
Phng v ca trc T+90o
Phng v ca trc T+90o
Phng v ca trc P
Phng v ca trc P
Phng v ca trc P

Xc nh ng sut t ti liu ng t vng bin ng Nam Vit Nam


C ba trn ng t ghi nhn c c cu chn tiu xy ra trong cc nm 2005 v
2007 vng bin ng Nam Vit Nam ngoi khi tnh B Ra Vng Tu. Cc thng s
ca c cu chn tiu ca cc trn ng t ny c th hin trong Bng 5.10 v chng c
th hin bng biu c cu chn tiu nh trn Hnh 5.34.
Bng 5.10: Cc thng s ca cc c cu chn tiu ng t ghi nhn c ti vng bin ng Nam
Vit Nam trong cc nm 2005 v 2007

Lon

Lat

StrikeA DipA RakeA StrikeB DipB RakeB

Mw

Depth Date
28-112007
108,28 10,02
115
72
-172
22
82
-19
5,2
12
07-11108,26 10,08
117
69
-168
23
79
-22
5,3
12
2005
08-11108,26 10,12
120
68
-171
27
82
-22
5,3
12
2005
C th thy cc c cu chn tiu xc nh c kh tng ng, cho chng ta ch th
ng sut vi nh hng ca trc nn p ngang cc i khong 157o vi c ch trt bng.
5.2.3. Hng trc ng sut kin to hin i khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn
Trong phm vi khu vc nghin cu t kinh 100 n 130o v -5 n 26oB, c tng
s 1291 ch th cc loi. Trong v ti liu khoan: ph hu nn p (BO) l 276 ch th; khe
nt cng gin (DIF) l 19 ch th; ph hu thu lc l 5 ch th; khoan chng (overcoring) l
18 ch th. V ti liu ng t c tng s 969 ch th. V cc du hiu a cht tr 4 ch th.
Phn ln cc ch th ng sut c ngun t c cu chn tiu ng t nm cc ranh gii mng
Philippine, Indonesia v Indochina. Tuy nhin cng c mt vi ch th nm cc khu vc
ni mng, c bit l pha ng nam Trung Quc, Borneo v Vit Nam.

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

207

157o

Hnh 5.34. Biu c cu chn tiu ng t trn Bng 5.10 v ch th ng sut tng ng. Kt qu
ca ti KC.09.11/06-10.

Hnh 5.35: Cc c cu chn tiu trong Bng 5.10 v Hnh 5.34 c th hin trn bn cng ch th
ng sut tng ng xc nh c [199].

Hnh 5.36: So snh cc kt qu xc nh nh hng ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i t ti liu


khoan (mu vng) v c cu chn tiu ng t (hnh trn xanh-trng) vi kt qu ca Nguyn Th
Thanh Bnh v nnk (2007) [167] (mu xanh) khu vc cc b Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn (cc ch th
di cng gc tri thuc v khu vc b M Lay - Th Chu) [199].

208

Phan Tr ng Trnh

S liu v nh ng ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i trnh by y cho php chng


ta phn tch v trng ng sut kin to hin i ng Nam v c bit l khu vc Bin
ng Vit Nam. S liu v nh hng ng sut v cc tnh ng sut khu vc cho thy mt
kiu phn b phc tp khu vc ng Nam (Hnh 5.37). ng sut nn p ngang cc i
c minh gii t ph hu nn p v khe nt cng gin xp x phng Bc-Nam (hoc gia
BB-NTN v TBN) trong cc khu vc b Nam Cn Sn, Cu Long, M Lay- Th Chu.
ng sut nn p ngang cc i cng ch yu theo phng TB-N ng nam Trung Quc
v chu th Baram - Brunei. Phng ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i cng vung gc vi
cc ranh gii mng cc i ht chm pha ng Bin ng. Sau y s l cc c im
chnh v trng ng sut kin to hin i khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam.
KHU VC BIN NG NAM VIT NAM (trong b Nam Cn Sn v Cu Long)
Trng ng sut kin to hin i ni chung c c trng bi nh hng ca trc
nn p ngang cc i v ln ca cc ng sut chnh. Cc kt qu xc nh nh hng ca
trc nn p ngang cc i trong b Nam Cn Sn v Cu Long c th hin trn Hnh 5.36
v Hnh 5.37.
Hnh 5.36 th hin nh hng ca trc nn p ngang cc i xc nh c t ti liu
khoan v ng t c th hin trong phn u ca mc ny. Kt qu cho thy trong khu vc
b Cu Long, ti liu ng t kh ph hp vi ch th xc nh c t cc ti liu khoan cho
thy nh hng ca trc nn p ngang cc i l ty bc ng nam trung tm b. Tuy
nhin cc ch th ny cng b lch i pha bc ca b thnh phng gn bc nam. Trong b
Nam Cn Sn, ch th t ti liu khoan cho thy nh hng ca trc nn p ngang cc i l
ng bc ty nam ti gn bc nam. Hnh 5.36 th hin kt qu ca chng ti so snh vi
cng b trc y ca Nguyn Th Thanh Bnh v nnk, (2007) [167] xc nh t ti liu nh
l khoan. Trong b Nam Cn Sn, ch th ca chng ti (mu vng) l ph hp vi cc ch th
mu xanh ca N.T.T Bnh. Cn trong b Cu Long, hu ht cc ch th mu xanh (NTT Bnh)
u biu hin phng gn bc nam, trong khi ch th mu vng v ch th hnh trn (biu th
ng t) u c xu hng lch theo phng ty bc ng nam.
Cc ch th phng gn bc nam l ph hp vi nh hng ca trc ng sut nn p
ngang cc i trong khu vc nh trong Hnh 5.37. Cc ch th cn li biu th s lch i so vi
phng gn bc nam va nu c th biu hin cho nhng s thay i cc b v nh hng
ca trc ng sut nn p.
V nguyn tc cc ch th ng sut phi kh ng nht, t nht trong quy m
ca mt b trm tch. Tuy nhin kt qu xc nh trc ng sut nn p ngang cc i cho
chng ta thy c nhng s thay i ng k. Chng hn trong b Nam Cn Sn, cc ch th
pha bc ca b th hin phng ng bc ty nam, song song vi phng ca ng b
bin. b Cu Long, cc ch th pha nam ph hp vi trng ng sut khu vc, trong khi
cng tin dn v pha bc chng c xu th b lch v pha ty bc nhiu hn. S lch i ca
trc ng sut nn p ngang ti b Nam Cn Sn so th do nh hng ca s chuyn tip t v
lc a sang v i dng thc th, biu hin quan i nng Cn Sn, hoc c th do cc t
gy ang hot ng trong khu vc; cn ti b Cu Long, cc ch th pha bc rt gn vi khu
vc c ni la hot ng (thuc o Ph Qu), c th hot ng ca cc ni la cng vi cc
t gy hot ng trong khu vc ny lm lch i nh hng ca trc ng sut nn p
ngang cc i xc nh c so vi ng sut khu vc.

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

209

Hnh 5.37: Bn trng ng sut kin to hin i Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn th hin nh
hng ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i da trn ti liu ng t, ti liu ging khoan v ti liu a
cht tr. Ngun: Phan Trng Trnh KC.09.11/06-10 [199].

nh hng ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i ch yu theo phng bc-nam ti ty


bc ng nam vi s ph hp mang tnh khu vc cng quan st thy trong cc b trm tch
khc trn t lin cng nh ngoi khi ca Indochina (Chumphon, Khorat, Pattani,
Phitsanulok Suphan Buri v M Lay-Th Chu ; Hnh 5.37). nh hng phng bc-nam
cng ph hp vi nh hng ca ng sut thu c t li gii c cu chn tiu ng t
pha Vn Nam Trung Quc, bc Thi Lan, vnh Thi Lan v ngoi khi Vit Nam. Nhiu
cu trc Kanozoi pht trin trong khu vc thng c xem l kt qu ca cc lc nn p
v pha nam sinh ra pha ng chc ba Himalaya (Tapponnier v nnk., 1982) [229]. Bi vy,
nh hng gn bc nam ca ng sut kin to hin i c th l kt qu mt phn ca ng
sut to ra t chc ba Himalaya. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu gn y trong cc thnh to b
trm tch, s nng tri khu vc v s pht trin cu trc ca cc t gy chnh Thi Lan ch

210

Phan Tr ng Trnh

ra rng khu vc Indochia tri qua qu trnh bin dng phc tp v khng th gii thch
thun thu bng s thc trt ca pha ng cao nguyn Ty Tng. C th, Morley (2001)
[141] cho rng qu trnh cun ngc (slab rollback) dc theo i ht chm SumatranAndaman c nh hng ng k n tin ho kin to trong khu vc, c bit l s pht trin
ca cc b rift ko di phng bc-nam trn t lin v ngoi khi trong vnh Thi Lan. Cc
lc mng bin su do qu trnh cun ngc trong i ht chm ny c th sinh ra ng sut
nn p ngang cc i ch yu phng bc nam khu vc Indochina. Hn na cng c kh
nng ng sut bc nam b cc b ho do ht qu ca qu trnh st trng lc ca v lc a
c lm dy Indochina. Bi vy, c th gi thit rng nh hng phng bc nam
chim u th ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i ngy nay quan st c khu vc Indochina
l kt qu kt hp ca cc lc sinh ra ranh gii mng chc ba Himalaya, s cun ngc
ca i ht chm Sumatra-Andaman v c th c ng sut cc b gy ra do st trng lc.
KHU VC BORNEO
Ph hu nn p v khe nt cng gin h chu th Baram cho thy nh hng ca
ng sut nn p ngang cc i ch yu theo phng TB-N Borneo, mc d cng c mt
s ch th cho phng B-TN phn ra ngoi ca chu th Baram v t ba li gii c cu
chn tiu ng t pha ng bc Borneo (Hnh 5.37). nh hng TB-N ca ng sut nn
p ngang cc i Borneo t lu c bit ti vi s nh hng ca cc cu trc a cht
dng tuyn hin i v s nghch o phng TB-N ca nhiu cu trc a cht ln. Tuy
nhin ngun gc ca s nh hng ng sut y vn cn l mt du hi.
Phng TB-N ca ng sut hin i tng t vi dch chuyn tuyt i v pha ng
ng nam v bi vy c th l kt qu kt hp ca nhiu lc vn ng ranh gii mng. C
th l phng TB-N ng sut nn p ngang cc i ngy nay c th sinh ra t chc ba
Himalaya cng nh ht chm hin i bn di Sulawesi v Philippines. Thm vo , mt s
tc gi cho rng phng nn p TB-N Borneo c th do s ng lc a ca mng
Australia gn Timor, vi ng sut lan ti Sunda qua Timor, Banda v Molucca.
KHU VC PHA NG BIN NG
Khu vc i Loan-Luzon
Khu vc i Loan - Eo bin Luzon nm trong i tip gip gia cc mng v cc a
khi hot ng (cc mng u - (Bin ng), a khi i Loan v mng Philippine) trng
ng sut y phn d phc tp t din tch ny sang din tch khc.
y l khu vc xut hin nhiu trn ng t mnh v ghi nhn c c cu chn tiu.
Li gii c cu chn tiu ng t cho thy pha ng i Loan, cc ch th ng sut chim
u th l ch th c ch nghch vi nh hng ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i phng
ng-ty n phng ty-ty bc- ng -ng nam. Ngoi ra mt s ch th cho thy c ch
trt bng cng xut hin kh ph bin trong khu vc ny vi phng nn p ngang cc i
l ty -ty bc ng -ng nam (Hnh 5.37).
pha ty ca o i Loan, cng c kh nhiu ch th ng sut xc nh c t ti
liu ging khoan. Trong pha bc ca khu vc ny, cc ti liu ph hu nn p cho thy
nh hng ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i ch yu theo phng ty bc- ng nam. Dch
xung pha nam ca khu vc va nu, chng chuyn thnh phng ty ty bc- nam ng
nam (Hnh 5.37).
Trng ng sut trt bng chim u th trong khu vc pha ng ca eo bin i
Loan Luzon. Cc ch th t li gii c cu chn tiu ng t cho thy phng nn p ngang
cc i ch yu l ty ty bc- nam ng nam. Tuy nhin pha ty ca eo bin ny, hot
ng t gy ch yu li theo c ch thun vi cc ch th bin i t BTB-NN n bc

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

211

nam. Hot ng t gy thun v s bin i ca ca trc ng sut ti pha ty ca eo bin


i Loan Luzon cho thy nh hng ca hot ng i ht chm ti khu vc ny trong
vic pht sinh mt lot cc t gy thun sau cng.
Khu vc Trung Luzon
Mc d khu vc ny c hot ng a chn mnh m nht pha ng Bin ng vi
s c mt ca i ht chm Manila. Tuy nhin s lng c cu chn tiu xc nh c li
kh hn ch v s lng cc ch th ng sut cng phn tn; khu vc ny cng khng c ti
liu ging khoan. pha bc ti trung Luzon, trc ng sut nn p ngang ch yu theo
phng ty - ty bc- ng -ng nam vi hot ng t gy nghch l ch o i ht
chm Manila (Hnh 5.37). Hot ng t gy trt bng nm trong t lin ca trung Luzon
li tun theo c ch thun i km thnh phn trt bng. pha ty nam ca Manila, xut
hin mt ch th vi c ch trt bng v mt ch th theo c ch thun c hai ch th ny b
lch i so vi phng chung ca khu vc thnh phng bc nam. Hin tng ny tng t
nh thy pha ty ca eo bin Luzon va nu.
Khu vc pha nam Luzon
Khu vc pha nam Luzon ch c cc ch th t ti liu c cu chn tiu ng t.
pha ng ca khu vc ny xut hin dy c cc ch th ng sut vi c ch ng t nghch
v phng ch o ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i l ty ty bc ng ng nam- ph
hp vi xu th dch chuyn v pha ty ty bc ca mng i dng Philippine vi mng u
.
Mt i song song v pha ty vi i pha ng va nu li xut hin mt lot ch
th biu din cho c ch trt bng vi phng ng sut ch o bin i thnh ty- ty namng -ng bc (Hnh 5.37). V mt a cht n nm kp gia hai i ht chm ang hot
ng pha ng v pha ty. S tng tc ca hai i ny sinh ra mt lot hot ng t gy
trt bng va nu v i km l cc trn ng t c c ch ph hp vi hot ng t gy
chim u th trong khu vc.
Trong Bin ng, cc trn ng t 1994 (5,8), l997 (M4,9) v 199 8 (M 4,5) c
ngun tng t vi ng sut nn p v tuyn. Cc trn ng t ny nm dc theo phng
B -TN v c th lin quan n s c mt h t gy B-TN trong din tch ny. t gy
hot ng theo c ch trt bng phi v c th lin quan vi h t gy B-TN t ng nam
qun o Trng Sa.
Cc trn ng t 1995 (M 5,0) v l998 (M 4,5 ) l cc ph hu a chn xy ra trn
cc b mt B-TN. C cu chn tiu ca trn ng t u c c ch trt bng tri vi ng
sut nn kinh tuyn, trong khi c cu chn tiu ca trn ng t sau thuc dng chm
nghch ng sut nn TB-N. V tr ca trn ng t sau thuc dng chm nghch ng sut
nn TB-N. V tr chn tm cng nh s nh hng ca cc b mt ph hu cho php gi
nh v s c mt h t gy B-TN gia 117o30' - 119oE v 14o - 15 o 30' N, trn trng
ng sut thay i kh phc tp, t c ch trt bng tri sang c ch trt chm nghch.
KHU VC PHA BC BIN NG
Khu vc pha bc Bin ng thuc ch yu thm lc a ng nam Trung Quc. Trn
t lin ng nam Trung Quc, gn nh tt c cc ch th ng sut u cho thy c ch trt
bng vi nh hng ca trc nn p ngang cc i phng ty bc ng nam. Cc ch th
xc nh t ti liu khoan c phng khng n nh nhng a s vn ph hp vi phng
chung l ty bc ng nam (Hnh 5.37).
khu vc thm lc a ng nam Trung Quc, cc ch th ch yu n t cc ph hu
nn p trong ging khoan vi phng nn p ngang cc i bin i t ty bc ng nam
n gn bc nam. Ch ng sut ca khu vc ny c th c xc nh l trt bng
thng qua mt lot cc trn ng t cc khu vc k cn

212

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Trong trng ng sut ny, cc trn ng t nm 1918, 1962 (M 5,3), 1966 (M4,9),
1986 (M5,0), 1991 (M 5,5), 1994 (M 4,9) l cc ph hu a chn trt bng phi phng
B-TN trng vi phng ca cc h t gy chnh c mt trong vng.
B Bin ng cc trn ng t 1966 (M 4,9) v 1994 (M 4,9) l cc ph hu a
chn trt bng phi phng B TN, cn cc trn ng t 1994 (M6,9), 1994 (M5,0) v
1994 (M4,7) trung tm v ra TN i t gy li l cc ph hu a chn trt chm thun.
So vi cc khu vc khc ca Bin ng, hot ng a chn lch s ca o Hi Nam
v ln cn l tng i cao. Nu chng ta coi khu vc gia 10 22o Bc v 108-118o N, th
c 17 trn ng t 4,5 <= Ms<= 6,0 v bn trn c Ms>=6,0 xy ra t nm 1524. ng t
ln nht trong khu vc ny l ng t Qiongshan ngy 13 thng 7 nm 1605, Ms 7,5 pha
bc ca o ny. Magnitude ca cc trn ng t lch s c tnh t ti liu ghi cng .
C ti liu lch s v ti liu a chn a phng cho thy rng phn pha Bc ca o ny
c trng bi hot ng a chn cao hn nhiu phn pha nam. Hu ht cc trn ng t
pha bc ca v tuyn 19 xy ra xung quanh tm ca trn nm 1605.
Khu vc Nam Hi Nam, c cu chn tiu cc trn ng t 1969 (M 4,7), 1969
(M=4,8) thuc dng trt bng vi ng sut nn kinh tuyn v ng sut tip tuyn cc i
phng B-TN v TB-N. Hai trn ng t trn c xc nh l cc ph hu a chn
trt bng tri trn cc mt B-TN hng cm TN.
T ti liu khoan du kh, phng ng sut chnh c xc nh ri rc trong mt
s l khoan pha ng v ng nam Hi Nam. Mc d kt qu c mt s gi tr th hin s
quay theo cc gc nht nh so vi phng ca trng ng sut trong khu vc nhng v c
bn phn nh phng TB-N ca trc ng sut chnh, ph hp vi phng ng sut chnh
xc nh t ti liu c cu chn tiu ng t (Hnh 5.37).
KHU VC VNH BC B
Trong khu vc vnh Bc B hon ton khng c ch th ng sut no c th hin.
Tuy nhin cng c th da trn mt s trn ng t ln cn d bo v c im ca
trng ng sut trong khu vc ny. C cu chn tiu cc trn ng t 1903 (M5,1), 1936 (M
6,8), 1988 (M 4,9), 1994 (M5,4), 1995 (M5,5) u xc nh trng ng sut u th vi trc
ng sut nn TB-N. Chng l cc i ph hu a chn trt bng phi trn cc b mt v
tuyn gn trng vi hng pht trin ra bin ca cc h t gy ng Triu, Mng Ci Ct
Hi.
KHU VC TRNG TRUNG TM BIN NG
Hot ng a chn vng Trng Trung tm bin ng lin quan vi cc t gy BTN v kinh tuyn. Tnh a chn ca t gy Bc Trng Sa th hin qua s c mt ca cc
chn tm ng t va v yu nm dc ra Nam ca i tch gin v i dng phn b t
kinh 110oE ti 118oE vi s tp trung ng k ln cn kinh 118oE. Hot ng a chn
ca t gy kinh tuyn 114oE lin quan n di chn tm phng kinh tuyn, ko di t pha
bc cc o Song T v tip tc pht trin xung pha nam.
Ti khu vc ny chng ta ch c duy nht mt ch th ng sut xc nh t c cu chn
tiu ng t. l c cu chn tiu ng t 1965 (M 5,8) th hin trng thi ng sut kiu
chm nghch vi trc nn ngang cc i l TB N. Ch th ny ph hp vi mt ch th
cng theo c ch ng t nghch tng t pha ng bc ca n gn pha Philippin (Hnh
5.37).
Tm li: Trong phm vi khu vc nghin cu - Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn - t
kinh 100 n 130o v -5 n 26oB, da trn tng s 1291 ch th ng sut cc loi, bao
gm ph hu nn p; khe nt cng gin; ph hu thu lc; khoan chng; c cu chn tiu

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

213

ng t; v cc du hiu a cht tr, c th phn chia ra cc khu vc vi cc c im v


ch ng sut v nh hng ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i khc nhau.
- Khu vc vnh Bc B ng sut nn p ngang ch yu theo phng ty bc -ng nam.
- Ti vng bin ng Nam Vit Nam, nh hng ca hu ht cc ch th ng sut th
hin phng ty bc- ng nam ti gn bc-nam vi ch ng sut trt bng l ch o.
Trong b Cu Long, mt s ch th b lch sang pha ty bc nhiu hn, cho thy nh hng
ca cc t gy hot ng v ni la trong khu vc. Trong b Nam Cn Sn, cc ch th lch
sang phng ng bc- ty nam n gn bc-nam, biu th nh hng ca s chuyn tip mi
trng v t lc a sang i dng qua khi nng Cn Sn.
-

(A)
Hnh 5.39: Bn Kin to v a ng lc hin i vng bin Vit Nam v khu vc k cn (A) v
ch gii (B) (c thu v t t l 1:4000.000) [199].

Phan Tr ng Trnh

214

(B)

Chng 5.Chuyn ng kin to h/i & a ng lc h/i Bin ng v k/vc k cn

215

- Khu vc Borneo, nh hng ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i theo phng ty bc ng nam vi ch ng sut trt bng l ch o.
- Khu vc pha ng Bin ng nm trong vng nh hng trc tip ca hot ng ht
chm pha ng v pha ty Philippin, i km vi n l s tng tc ca mng
Philippine vi mng u - nn ng sut nn p ngang cc i ch yu nh hng
theo phng ty ty bc ng ng nam.
- Khu vc pha bc Bin ng, trc ng sut nn p ngang cc i nh hng theo
phng bc ty bc- nam ng nam n ty bc- ng nam.
- Khu vc trung tm Bin ng trc ng sut nn p ngang cc i nh hng theo
phng ty bc- ng nam.
Tuy cn mt s bin i khc nhau v cc ch th chung nht nhng c th nhn nh
rng trng ng sut mang tnh khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam l nn p ngang cc i nh
hng theo phng bc-ty bc nam ng nam n ty bc ng nam.
Bn kin to v a ng lc hin i Bin ng v khu vc k cn
Trn c s nghin cu kin to tr v trng ng sut kin to hin i, chng ti
thnh lp bn Kin to v a ng lc hin i vng bin Vit Nam t l 1:1000.000 v
bn Kin to v a ng lc hin i vng bin Vit Nam v k cn t l 1:4000.000. Trn
bn trnh by tng hp nhng kt qu mi nht v phn b cc t gy tr v t gy hin
i, chuyn ng kin to hin i, chn tm ng t, c cu chn tiu ng t, ni la tr.
Cc i t gy chnh tng hot ng trc Pliocen cng c th hin trn bn . Trn bn
ch gii, cc t gy tr hot ng trong Pliocen - T c th hin bng mu , trong
phn bit i cun chm hin i, cc t gy trt bng, t gy thun v t gy nghch.
Cc t gy hot ng trc Pliocen th hin mu en, trong phn bit i cun chm c
bc Borneo, t gy khu vc v t gy a phng.

217

Chng 6

NH GI NGUY HIM NG T, SNG THN, NI LA


V CC GII PHP PHNG TRNH
6.1. NH GI NGUY HIM NG T
6.1.1. nh gi nguy him ng t t ti liu ng t
Trong nghin cu ny, vic nh gi v thnh lp tp bn nguy him ng t
cho Vit Nam v khu vc Bin ng c thc hin theo quy trnh bao gm cc bc sau
y:
- Xc nh cc vng ngun chn ng trong khu vc nghin cu;
- c lng cc tham s nguy him ng t cho tng vng ngun;
- Thit lp quy lut tt dn chn ng cho khu vc nghin cu;
- Tnh ton v v bn nguy him ng t.
Phng php gii tch nh gi nguy him ng t c A.C. Cornell cng b ln
u tin nm 1968 [52]. nguy him ng t c nh ngha l xc sut Pa cng
rung ng nn Y ti mt im s b vt qu trong vng T nm do nh hng ca tt c cc
ngun th ng t xung quanh im gy ra. y cng rung ng c th c
biu th bng cc thng s rung ng nn nh gia tc A, vn tc V hay dch chuyn nn D.
Phng php Cornell da trn nhng gi thit c s sau y:
1) lp li cc ng t c magnitude vt qu mt cn di Mmin cho trc tun
theo lut phn b Pot xng thun nht theo thi gian vi tn sut trung bnh l ;
2) Tng quan gia magnitude v tn sut lp li ng t l mt hm tuyn tnh ct:

log10N(M) =

a
M<M min
a-b(M-Mmin) MminMMmax
0

M>M max

(I.1)

y Mmin v Mmax l cc cn trn v di ca magnitude, N(M) l s ng t c


magnitude ln hn M xy ra trong khu vc nghin cu, a v b l cc hng s ca biu thc
Gutenberg-Richter xt trong khong (Mmin, Mmax). Hm phn b xc sut tch lu ca
magnitude c dng:

FM(m) =

0
k[1-exp(-(Mmax-Mmin))]
1

M<M min
MminMMmax
M>M max

(I.2)

y k=[1-exp(-(Mmax-Mmin))]-1, =bln10.
3) Tng quan gia magnitude M, cng rung ng (gia tc cc i) nn Y ti
im ang xt v khong cch R t im ti ngun th do ng t gy ra c dng:

Phan Tr ng Trnh

218

Y = c1e c2 M R c3

(I.3)

y l sai s ca quy lut tt dn chn ng, cn c1, c2 v c3 l cc hng s c


trng cho tng khu vc.
Trn c s thut ton ca phng php Cornell, nm 1976 [52], R.K. McGuire xy
dng chng trnh EQRISK lm cng c tnh ton v v bn nguy him ng t, theo
nguy him ng t c tnh bi cng thc :
P[ A] =
r

P[ A M , r ] f

(m) f R (r )dMdr

(I.4)

Trong P l k hiu ch xc sut, A l bin c c xc sut cn tm v M, r l cc bin


ngu nhin lin tc c nh hng ti bin c A. Nh vy, nu coi A l gi tr cng chn
ng ti im ang xt, M l s o kch thc ng t (magnitude hay chn cp), v r l
khong cch t ngun ti im ang xt, th t (I.4) ta c xc sut cho chn ng ti im
ang xt t cng bng A khi ng t xy ra, tnh c bng php tch phn theo M v r
ca tch gia xc sut c iu kin ca A (khi cho trc M v r) vi cc xc sut c lp ca
M v r. Php tch phn theo magnitude c a v dng gii tch, cn hm mt xc sut
ca khong cch fR(r) c cho bi biu thc lan truyn chn ng gia ngun v im ang
xt (I.3).
Tng quan gia gia tc cc i nn v chu k lp li
Trong nghin cu ny, gi tr cng chn ng c chn tnh ton v thnh lp
bn l gia tc cc i nn v c o bng n v gal. tm mi lin h gia chu k lp
li v gia tc, ta hy xt v d v phn b cc tr ca cc s kin ngu nhin.
Gi F(a) = P[Aa|MMmin] l xc sut cho mi khi xy ra mt trn ng t c
magnitude M ln hn mt gi tr Mmin cho trc, gi tr gia tc A quan st c ti im ang
xt lun nh hn hoc bng mt gi tr a cho trc. Xc sut ny c tnh bi cng thc:
F(a) = (S ng t d bo xy ra vi Aa v MMmin)/(Tng s ng t d bo xy
ra vi MMmin)
(I.5)
Chu k lp li l mt i lng quen bit c tnh bi cng thc:
1
(I.6)
R(a) =
1 F (a)
Vi R(a) l tn sut trung bnh cc trn ng t xy ra vi gia tc vt qu i lng
a. Chu k lp li tnh bng nm c xc nh bi:
RY(a) = R(a)/S ng t d bo xy ra hng nm vi MMmin
(I.7)
Gi s c N trn ng t chnh (cc s kin c lp v mt thng k) xy ra vi cc
gi tr gia tc tng ng l Ai. Hm phn b tch lu ca cc gi tr cc i trong s N gi tr
gia tc ny c xc nh bi:
Fmax(a)
= P [Gi tr ln nht trong s N gi tr gia tc s nh hn hay bng a]
= P [mi gi tr trong s N gi tr gia tc s nh hn hay bng a]
= P [A1a] P [A2a] P [Ana](v cc s kin c lp thng k vi nhau)
= F(A)N, nu cc s kin phn b u
(I.8)
Nu bn thn N cng l mt bin ngu nhin th:
Fmax(a) = F(a)0. P(N=0) + F(a)1. P(N=1) + + F(a)j. P(N=j) +
= F(a)j. P(N=j); j=0
(I.9)
Nu N c phn b Pot xng vi s trung bnh th:
Fmax(a) = = e- (1-F(a))
(I.10)

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

219

By gi nu ta c = t, vi l tn sut trung bnh hng nm v t l s nm quan


tm trong ton b chu k quan st th:
Fmax, t (a) =e-t(1-F(a))
T (II.6) v (II.7) ta c:
1 F(a) = 1/R(a)
v
= R(a)/RY(a)
suy ra:
t(1-F(a)) = t/RY(a)
v
Fmax, t (a) =exp[-t/RY(a)]
(I.11)
T y ta c:
Ln(Fmax, t (a)) = -t/RY(a)
(I.12)
Chng hn, nu trong khong thi gian 50 nm, xc sut xut hin gi tr gia tc cc
i nn 0,15 gal l 90% th ta c:
Ln(0,90) = -50/RY(a)
hay
RY(a) = -50/ln(0,90)=-50/(-0,357)=474,5 nm
Nh vy, c th ni rng chu k lp li ca gi tr gia tc nn 0,15 gal l xp x 475,5
nm. Bn gia tc nn c thnh lp t cc im tnh tng t cn c gi mt cch
khc l bn phn b gia tc cc i nn vi 90% xc sut khng b vt qu trong vng 50
nm, hay cn c gi mt cch khc na l bn phn b gia tc cc i nn vi 10% xc
sut b vt qu trong vng 50 nm.
c im a chn khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam
Khu vc ng Nam ni chung v Bin ng Vit Nam ni ring c cu trc kin
to v lch s pht trin a ng lc rt c o v phc tp. Mt mt y l vng chuyn
tip gia mt bn l lc a u- mt bn l lc a Chu c, mt khc n ng vai tr l
vng ngn cch i Ty Dng vi Thi Bnh Dng. Cc mng v thch quyn trong khu
vc dch chuyn tng i vi nhau, vi xu hng hi t Bin ng: Mng Thi Bnh
Dng di chuyn v pha ty v ty bc, mng n- c di chuyn v pha bc v ng bc;
tiu mng n di chuyn v pha bc tip tc x hc vo mng Chu . S di chuyn ca
cc mng v lc a t pha Chu c v pha ng Nam c thnh phn khng ng nht v
ngun gc v thnh phn nh ngy nay. Cc ti liu v c sinh vt v a cht cho php xc
nh c cc ranh gii ca cc yu t cu trc Chu vi phn c bn l Sundaland v cc
kin trc ngoi lai t pha Chu c.
H qu ca cc chuyn ng trn trong Kainozoi to nn khu vc ny mt s cu
trc tch cc c bn sau:
Lot cc siu i ht chm: nh i ht chm mng bin Sumatra ko di n
8000km, t pha ra ty bc ca ng Nam ti pha ng o Timor; i ht chm mng
bin Philippin ko di trn 3000 km. Ngoi ra cn phi k n i ht chm c quy m nh
hn nh i ht chm mng bin Manila (di 1150km), i ht chm ra ng bin Sulu (di
trn 650km)
Lot cc bin ra, hnh thnh do tch gin sau cng (nh bin Selebes t khong 5442 triu nm, Bin ng Vit Nam t 32-15,5 triu nm; bin Sulu t 19-17 triu nm, bin
Molucca t 40-35 triu nm, bin Banda t 20-15 triu nm, bin Makassar t 23-17 triu
nm, bin Andaman t 11 triu nm n nay).
Cc t gy trt bng ln nh: t gy phng kinh tuyn Sagang trt phi
trong giai on hin nay vi: t gy phng ty bc- ng nam Sng Hng-Ailao Shan trt
phi trong giai on hin ti, t gy phng ty bc ng nam Sumatra (trn o Sumatra)
trt phi, t gy phng kinh tuyn Philippines (trn cc o Philippines) trt tri.

220

Phan Tr ng Trnh

S tn ti kiu cp i cc i ht chm ln v cc i t gy trt bng: cp ht


chm v trt bng cng tn Sumatra, cp ht chm- trt bng cng tn Philipppines, cp ht
chm Timor (on pha ng ca i ht chm Sumatra) v trt bng Sorong.
S tn ti v pht trin ca cc i hot ng trn cc ngun c kh nng gy ng t
mnh c km theo sng thn. H thng cc i hot ng v cc cu trc kin to chnh cng
nh cc c im a ng lc c tc gi Phng Vn Phch v nnk, (2005) [205] th
hin.
Trong s cc i ht chm trn Bin ng trnh by trn, i ht chm Manila l
i ht chm nguy him nht, c th gy sng thn nh hng ti vng b bin Vit Nam.
Cc i ht chm khc c th to ra sng thn ln hn nhng do tc dng che chn ca cc
o, sng thn khng th lan truyn v nh hng ti vng b bin Vit Nam. Ngoi ra, mt
s cc i t gy su trn Bin ng h nh t gy Ty Bin ng, h t gy Nam Hi
Nam cng c coi l cc vng ngun pht sinh ng t mnh c kh nng gy ra sng thn
nh hng ti cc vng b bin ca Vit Nam. Cui cng, hot ng ni la trn Bin ng
cng l nhng ngun pht sinh ng t. Di y s xt chi tit cc ngun chn ng tim
nng ny.
i ht chm Manila
i ht chm Manila c tng chiu di t bc xung nam trn 1150km. Hin ti, cha
r i ht chm ny c th phn on hay khng. y chnh l i ngun ng t c th gy
sng thn ln cho vng bin Vit Nam, vi cc trn ng t cc i c th t ti 8,5
Richter, thm ch ln hn.
Theo thng k cha y ca Bautista v nnk (2006) [17], t nm 1589 n 2005,
trn i ht chm ny xy ra t nht 6 trn ng t gy sng thn, gy nn nhng thit hi
v ngi v ca ng k. Cc trn ng t gy sng thn quan trng nht trong i t gy
ny c lit k di y:
Trn ngoi khi Ty Luzon nm 1677 vi Ms=7.3 gy sng thn cao khong 1m
Trn ng t xy ra ngy 6/5/1924 vi Ms=7.0, gy sng thn c cao hn 2m ti
b ty Philipppines
Trn ng t xy ra ngy 14/2/1934 vi Ms =7.6, gy sng thn c cao t 2m
n 4m ti b ty Philippines;
Trn ng t xy ra ngy 12/12/1999 vi Ms=6.8, gy sng thn c cao t 1m
ti 4m ti b ty Philippines;
Trn ng t xy ra ngy 9/9/1828 vi Ms=6.6 gy sng thn c cao t 1m n
2m ti b ty Philippines;
Trn ng t xy ra ngy 3/6/1863 vi Ms=6.5, gy sng thn c cao t 1m ti
2m ti th Manila;
i t gy Ty Bin ng
i t gy ny bt u t chc ba t gy pha nam o Hi Nam, ko xung pha
nam dc theo sn lc a pha ng Min Trung Vit Nam. Chiu di i t gy khong
550 km tnh n trt Tuy Ha. Tuy nhin cc biu hin t gy ny cn tip tc pha nam.
Pha nam t gy phng kinh tuyn c th t chiu di ti 700km. y l t gy su
ng vai tr ranh gii gia i khi Indosini v v i dng Bin ng. Cc hot ng
chnh ca n kt thc vo Miocene sm. Cc ti liu a chn cho thy trong giai on hin
nay t gy hot ng yu v kh c th gy ra cc trn ng t mnh. Tuy nhin trn cc
mt ct a chn ngang qua i, t ty sang ng cho thy trn i t gy ny rt pht trin
cc i st ln v pha bin thm. Cc trn ng t nh nm 2005 ngoi khi Vng Tu c
lin quan n t gy ny.
y tn ti 2 n 3 t gy bc 1 n bc 3 pht trin dc thm v ra thm lc a
Trung B v Nam B. Hot ng ca chng pht trin ko di trong sut KZ n Ploicen
t v lm mng Granit trc KZ st dn ra pha trng pha su Bin ng. Nu khu vc

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

221

nm st b bin Khnh Ha, Ninh Thun chiu su mng KZ ch nm su mt vi trm


mt th khu vc cch b 50km su mng chm n su 2-3km, cn khu vc cch
b 100km su ca mng chm xung n su 4-5km. Hot ng ca h thng t
gy kinh tuyn 1090E vng bin Nam Trung B c th lm y bin st bc t su t
300-4000m trong Holocen v hin i, du hiu l hot ng ca t gy lm a hnh y
bin st bc t su 150m xung su 200m, khu vc ra thm hot ng, su 700800m, i ch trn 1000m.
Ngoi cc biu hin trn a hnh y bin, hot ng ca t gy kinh tuyn 1090E
cn to ra qu trnh phun tro ni la pht trin dc di bin Min Trung t o L Sn n
o Ph Quc, Hn Tro. Ngoi cc hot ng phun tro ni la, hot ng kin to hin i
h thng t gy 1090E c th to ra hin tng trt l kin to.
i t gy thm lc a Nam Hi Nam
y l mt i ra lc a kiu i Ty Dng vi mt lot cc i st tch thun to
nn cc a ho, mng trng phng ng bc-ty nam hoc ng ng bc-ty ty nam. Cc
i t gy ny c di t vi trm n 1000 km, v v nguyn tc c th to nn cc trn
ng t gy st l y bin ng k, to nn sng thn. ng ch nht l cc t gy
phn ra tip gip vi khu vc v i dng Bin ng. Tuy nhin cc trn ng t trong i
ny l khng mnh.
c im phn b chn tm ng t khu vc Bin ng
ng t c hai ngun gc chnh: kin to v ni la. Trn bn a chn kin to,
chn tm cc ng t ghi nhn c thng khng phn b ri rc, m tp trung ch yu dc
theo cc i ph hy, cc t gy kin to v cc cung ni la ang hot ng. c im ny,
hay cn gi l tnh phn i ca cc chn tm ng t, cng c phn nh r nt trn ton
b khu vc Bin ng.
Trn Hnh 6.1 minh ha bn a chn kin to khu vc nghin cu. Bn c
xy dng trn c s cc s liu v kin to a ng lc mi c cp nht gn y nht v
mt danh mc ng t xy dng cho khu vc nghin cu bao gm 6267 trn ng t c
thu thp t nhiu ngun khc nhau, ch yu l t cc trung tm a chn quc t v mng li
i trm nc ta. Danh mc ng t ny cha c cc s liu ghi chp c trong lch s n
cc s liu quan trc c bng my ti nm 2007.
Bn a chn kin to l c s cho vic xc nh ranh gii cc vng ngun chn
ng trn khu vc nghin cu. y l cc vng ngun c kh nng pht sinh ng t hay
sng thn, chng c xc nh phc v cho vic tnh ton v thnh lp bn nguy
him ng t cho ton khu vc nghin cu.
Cc vng ngun ng t-sng thn trn Bin ng Vit Nam v cc vng bin k cn
Mt trong nhng khu u tin v quan trng ca ton b quy trnh nh gi v thnh
lp bn nguy him ng t l vic phn nh ranh gii cc vng ngun chn ng
trong khu vc nghin cu. Cc vng ngun chn ng c xc nh trn c s nghin cu
cc qui lut hot ng ng t, tc l mi lin quan gia ng t v cc yu t a cht kin
to v a ng lc trong khu vc nghin cu. u tin, ranh gii cc vng pht sinh ng t
mnh c vch ra dc theo cc t gy hot ng lin quan theo nguyn tc sau: cc vng
pht sinh ng t c coi l tng cng cc vng cc ng ca tt c cc trn ng t cc
i c kh nng xy ra trong mi i ph hy kin to. chnh l hnh chiu ca cc mt t
gy kin to (k t ranh gii bn di ca tng hot ng) ln mt t. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu
trng hp, do iu kin s liu a cht, a vt l v ng t cn ngho, ranh gii xc nh
theo nguyn tc nu trn sau c m rng ra ty theo mt phn b cc chn tm quan
st c, hay cn c vo t hp phn b ca cc t gy, cc cung ni la lin quan. Ranh

222

Phan Tr ng Trnh

gii cui cng nhn c ny, vn phn nh trung thc cc c trng a chn kin to c bn
ca i nh th nm, phng ca cc cu trc chnh v phn b khng gian ca cc chn tm,
s xc nh cc vng ngun ng t trong khu vc nghin cu.

Hnh 6.1: Bn a chn kin to lnh th Vit Nam v Bin ng. Theo Nguyn Hng Phng, kt
qu ca KC.09.11/06-10 [199]

Tn trng v k tha cc nghin cu trc y, cun sch ny s dng kt hp hai m


hnh cc vng ngun chn ng cng b trc y. l m hnh cc vng ngun chn
ng do Nguyn nh Xuyn v cng s xy dng, c p dng cho lnh th Vit Nam, v
m hnh cc vng ngun do Nguyn Hng Phng xy dng, c p dng cho khu vc Bin
ng.
M hnh ca Nguyn nh Xuyn v cng s p dng trit gi thit v tnh a i
ca pht sinh ng t i vi cc h t gy c kh nng sinh chn nm trn lnh th Vit
Nam. i vi cc h t gy c d bo l c kh nng sinh chn nhng cha quan st thy
ng t, cc tc gi p dng quy tc ngoi suy a cht phn ranh gii vng ngun. Theo
quy tc ny, nu mt trn ng t mnh nht xy ra mt phn no ca t gy, th n
c kh nng xy ra cc phn khc ca t gy y v c cc t gy khc c cc c trng
kin to tng ng (Nguyn nh Xuyn, 2004) [154].
M hnh ca Nguyn Hng Phng (2004) [159] lu nhiu hn n gi thit xc
sut ca pht sinh ng t, theo ranh gii ca mt vng ngun chn ng ch c vch
ra ni no c s liu quan trc ng t, v c th bao hm mt hoc mt vi h t gy
sinh chn. Quy tc ny cho php p dng cc phng php xc sut thng k x l cc s
liu ng t v c lng cc tham s nguy him ng t ca cc vng ngun.

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

223

Hnh 6.2: S cc vng ngun chn ng trn lnh th Vit Nam v Bin ng. Theo Nguyn Hng
Phng, kt qu ca KC.09.11/06-10 [199]

p dng cc nguyn tc a chn kin to trnh by trn, chng ti phn chia


14 vng ngun ng t - sng thn c xc nh trn khu vc Bin ng v k cn, bao
gm (Hnh 6.2):
1) Vng ngun Riukiu i Loan;
2) Vng ngun Ty i Loan;
3) Vng ngun mng cun ht Manila Bc;
4) Vng ngun Cu Long Cn Sn;
5) Vng ngun mng cun ht Manila Trung;
6) Vng ngun mng cun ht Manila Nam;
7) Vng ngun bin Sulu;
8) Vng ngun bin Selebes;
9) Vng ngun bin Ban a Nam;
10) Vng ngun bin Ban a Bc 1;
11) Vng ngun bin Ban a Bc 2;
12) Vng ngun bc Bin ng;
13) Vng ngun Pa la oan;
14) Vng ngun Ty Bin ng.

224

Phan Tr ng Trnh

C LNG CC THAM S NGUY HIM NG T CHO CC VNG NGUN


NG T SNG THN
X l cc s liu ng t
Vic x l cc s liu ng t ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong quy trnh nh
gi nguy him ng t, c bit l trong trng hp p dng cc phng php xc sut,
bi mt trong nhng nguyn l c bn v quan trng ca phng php nh gi nguy him
ng t theo cch tip cn xc sut l cc trn ng t s dng vo vic tnh ton phi l
cc s kin c lp vi nhau v mt thng k. V th, cc s liu ng t sau khi c
nhm theo tng vng ngun phi c tip tc x l loi b tt c cc tin chn v d
chn, ch gi li cc rung ng chnh trong chui s liu ng t.
Nguyn l loi b d chn (hoc tin chn) c bit n rng ri. Gi s t l thi
im xy ra ng t, h l su chn tiu, M l magnitude, i v j l s th t ca hai trn
ng t trong danh mc, j>i. Trn ng t th hai c coi l d chn ca trn ng t th
nht nu cc iu kin sau y c tho mn: khong cch chn tm gia hai trn ng t
ny nh hn gi tr cho trc R(Mi), hj -hi H(M); v MjMi, vi T(M), R(M) v H(M) l cc
hm thc nghim (Keilis Borok V.I v nnk (1980). Thut ton loi b tin chn cng hon
ton tng t.
B chng trnh chuyn dng c p dng x l thng k cc s liu ng t
khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam, phc v cho vic nh gi nguy him ng t-sng thn
trn Bin ng. S liu ng t ton khu vc nghin cu c nhm theo cc vng ngun
lit k trong bng 1. Phn mm Aft.exe c s dng loi b t ng cc tin chn-d chn
ca mi chui s liu ng t ng vi tng vng ngun chn ng. Cc chui s liu a
vo tnh ton ch cha ton b cc ng t chnh m bo tin cy cho cc kt qu tnh
ton. Cc danh mc ng t ch cha cc kch ng chnh ca 14 vng ngun ng t sng thn trn Bin ng c lit k trong Bng 6.1.
Bng 6.1: Danh mc ng t cc vng ngun sng thn trn Bin ng (cha loi d chn)
Tn vng ngun
Thi gian quan trc
S ng t
1. Riukiu i Loan
1965-2008
223
2. Ty i Loan
1964-2008
141
3. Mng cun ht Manila Bc
1958-2007
223
4. Cu Long Cn Sn
1960-1970
2
5. Mng cun ht Manila Trung
1872-2008
435
6. Mng cun ht Manila Nam
1974-1993
26
7. Bin Sulu
1964-2006
248
8. Bin Selebes
1964-2007
469
9. Bin Ban a Nam
1998-2006
56
10. Bin Ban a Bc 1
1608-2008
455
11. Bin Ban a Bc 2
1966-2007
89
12. Bc Bin ng
1913-2000
48
13. Pa la oan
1930-1996
8
14. Ty Bin ng
1919-2005
24
Bng 6.2: Danh mc ng t cc vng ngun sng thn trn Bin ng ( loi d chn)
Tn vng ngun
Thi gian quan trc
S ng t
1. Riukiu i Loan
1965-2008
89
2. Ty i Loan
1964-2008
49
3. Mng cun ht Manila Bc
1958-2006
36
4. Cu Long Cn Sn
1960-1970
2
5. Mng cun ht Manila Trung
1872-2008
193
6. Mng cun ht Manila Nam
1974-1993
16

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

225

7. Bin Sulu
1964-2006
95
8. Bin Selebes
1964-2007
139
9. Bin Ban a Nam
1998-2006
29
10. Bin Ban a Bc 1
1608-2008
156
11. Bin Ban a Bc 2
1966-2007
61
12. Bc Bin ng
1913-2000
34
13. Pa la oan
1930-1995
7
14. Ty Bin ng
1919-2005
18
Cc tham s nguy him ng t ca cc vng ngun chn ng
phc v tnh ton v v bn nguy him ng t, cc tham s sau y c
c lng cho mi vng ngun:
Magnitude ng t cc i d bo Mmax;
Cc tham s a v b trong biu thc phn b ng t theo magnitude ca
Gutenberg-Richter v cc i lng suy din tng ng v . Cc tham s ny phn nh tn
sut xy ra ng t trong vng;
Chu k lp li d bo T(M) ca cc ng t mnh trong vng.
Cc phng php hp l cc i v cc tr c p dng ng thi c lng cc
tham s nguy him ng t. Cc nghin cu trc y cho thy phng php hp l cc i
cho cc kt qu c lng tham s nguy him ng t xc thc hn so vi phng php cc
tr, c bit l cc gi tr Mmax (Nguyn Hng Phng, 1998, 2004) [158] [159]. Trong nghin
cu ny, hai phng php thng k c p dng c lng cc tham s nguy him ng
t cho cc vng ngun bao gm: phng php cc tr v phng php hp l cc i.
c lng cc tham s nguy him ng t cho cc vng ngun bng phng php cc
tr
Cc hm phn b cc tr ca Gumbel
L thuyt cc tr c c p dng ln u tin Vit Nam t nm 1991 c
lng cc tham s nguy him ng t cho cc vng ngun chn ng trn lnh th Vit Nam
(Nguyn Hng Phng, 1991)[157]. L thuyt ny do F.J. Gumbel (1958) xut v da trn
nhng gi thit c s sau:
1) Cc iu kin tn ti trong qu kh vn cn c hiu lc trong tng lai; v
2) Cc gi tr cc i quan st c trong mt khong thi gian cho trc l c lp v
mt thng k.
Gi s X l mt bin ngu nhin c phn b F(x):
F(x) = P{Xx}
Xc sut cho x l gi tr cc i trong s n mu c lp c cng phn b F(x) s
bng:
G(X) = P{X1 x, X2x, , Xn x} = Fn(x),
Vi G(x) l hm phn b cc cc tr Xi, i=1, n. Trong phn ln trng hp, hm phn
b ban u F(x) khng c bit trc. Tuy nhin, c th tnh c cc hm phn b tim cn
ca n di dng cc hm phn b cc tr.
Nh vy, nu xt n tnh ngu nhin ca qu trnh pht sinh ng t, c th coi
magnitude ca cc ng t cc i hng nm quan st c trong mt khong thi gian cho
trc l tp hp cc cc tr c phn b G(x). Gumbel a ra ba loi hm phn b tim cn
cc tr, trong cc hm loi I v loi II c p dng rng ri trong lnh vc nghin cu
ng t.
Phn b cc tr loi I ca Gumbel c dng:
G1(x) = exp [-exp(-1(x-u))]
(II.1)
y 1 v u l cc tham s cn xc nh ca hm phn b, 1>0. Nu t ln1 = 1u
v ly l ga rt t nhin hai v biu thc (II.1) hai ln, ta c:
ln[-lnG1(x)] = ln1 - ln 1 x
(II.2)

226

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Phn b cc tr loi II ca Gumbel c dng:


x 3
G 3( x) = exp

u , 3>0, x< , u< (II.3)
y l cn trn ca cc cc tr x, 3 v u l cc tham s cn xc nh ca hm
3
phn b. Nu t 3 = ( u ) v ly l ga rt t nhin hai v biu thc (II.3) hai ln, ta
c:
ln[-lnG3(x)]= ln3+ 3ln(-x)
(II.4)
tm cc hm phn b cc tr G1(x) v G3(x), cc tham s i, i, i=1,3 v c
c lng bng phng php bnh phng ti thiu, s dng cc cng thc (II.2) v (II.4).
Kt qu c lng tham s nguy him ng t cho cc vng ngun bng phng php
cc tr
Phn mm G3 c s dng tnh ton c lng cc tham s nguy him ng t
cho tng vng ngun. Cc kt qu c lit k trong bng 6.3.
Bng 6.3: Kt qu c lng cc tham s nguy him ng t cho cc vng ngun sng thn
trn Bin ng bng phn b cc tr loi 3 ca Gumbel
Tn vng ngun
M vng
Beta
Mmax (G3)
1. Riukiu i Loan
1a
1.89
7.3 0.1
2. Ty i Loan
1b
1.37
6.8 0.1
3. Mng cun chm Manila Bc
2a
1.18
8.3 0.1
4. Cu Long Cn Sn
10
0.57
5.3 0.1
5. Mng cun chm Manila Trung
2b
1.76
8.1 0.1
6. Mng cun ht Manila Nam
2c
1.09
6.3 0.1
7. Bin Sulu
3
1.47
8.0 0.1
8. Bin Selebes
4
1.74
8.1 0.1
9. Bin Ban a Nam
5
1.34
6.4 0.1
10. Bin Ban a Bc 1
6a
1.51
7.7 0.1
11. Bin Ban a Bc 2
6b
1.67
6.6 0.1
12. Bc Bin ng
7
1.07
6.6 0.1
13. Pa la oan
8
0.38
6.4 0.1
14. Ty Bin ng
9
0.58
6.2 0.1
c lng cc tham s nguy him ng t bng phng php hp l cc i
Hm hp l cc i ca cc tham s nguy him ng t cho phn s liu cc tr (khng y
) ca cc danh mc ng t
Mi danh mc ng t thng cha ng hai mng s liu c mc thng tin v
ng t rt khc nhau. Mng th nht bao gm cc ng t ghi nhn c trong lch s, t
cc kt qu iu tra thc a, v.v..., thng bao qut mt chu k quan trc rt di, c khi ti
vi th k, nhng vi s lng ng t rt t i v tin cy rt thp. Mng th hai l tt c
cc s liu ng t c ghi bng my, ngc li, ch c b dy thi gian khong vi chc
nm tr li y, nhng vi thng tin y hn rt nhiu v cc trn ng t ghi nhn
c. Ta s qui c gi mng th nht l phn khng y (hay phn cc tr) ca danh mc,
cn mng th hai l phn y ca danh mc ng t.
Thut ton c lng cc tham s nguy him ng t s dng c hai phn s liu
ca danh mc ng t, vi gi thit l s pht sinh cc ng t tun theo lut phn b Pot
xng, c ch s hot ng v phn b b chn hai u F(x) ca cc magnitude ng t x,
mt dng khc ca biu thc Gutenberg-Richter:

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

227

A1 Ax
; M min x M max
(II.5)
A1 A2
y A1 = exp(M min ), A2 = exp(M max ), Ax = exp( M max ); M max l magnitude cc
i ca vng ngun ang xt, M min l cn di magnitude v l tham s nguy him
ng t. Ni cch khc, cc ng t c magnitude vt qu gi tr cho trc c th c coi
l mt qu trnh Pot xng vi lp li trung bnh l [1 F ( x )] . T y ta c xc sut
cho gi tr magnitude ln nht X nh hn mt gi tr x no cho trc trong sut khong
thi gian quan st t l:
A Ax
(II.6)
G (x t ) = P( X x ) = exp{v0 t 2
}
A2 A10
F ( x ) = P( X x ) =

y v 0 = [1 F (M 0 )], A10 = exp M 0 v M0 l cn di magnitude ca ton b

s liu phn cc tr ca danh mc ng t, (M M min ) .


Trong trng hp c bit, khi M max , M 0 = M min = 0 v t = 1 , ta c
A10 = 1, A2 = 0 v biu thc (II.6) s c dng
(II.7)
G ( x ) = exp[ exp( x )]
D thy rng (II.7) chnh l phn b tim cn cc tr loi I ca Gumbel, xt n
trn v c s dng rng ri trong a chn hc (Nguyn Hng Phng, 1998) [158].
Trong trng hp ang xt, s liu s dng c lng cc tham s nguy him ng
t l cc cc tr magnitude X 0 = ( X 01 , X 02 ..., X 0 n ), c chn trong cc khong thi gian
t = (t1 , t 2 ,..., t n 0 ) bao trm phn cc tr ca danh mc ng t. Cc tham s cn tm l
= ( , ) v M max . T biu thc (II.6) ta c hm hp l cc i ca l (Mcguire v nnk,
1976).
L0 ( X 0 ) = g ( X 0i , t i )
n0

(II.8)

i =1

trong

v 0 t
A2 A(x )
(II.9)
+ ln
x
A10 A2
A10 A2
Hm hp l cc i ca cc tham s nguy him ng t cho phn s liu y ca danh
mc ng t
Gi s phn th hai ca danh mc ng t c th chia thnh s danh mc ng t
nh, v mi danh mc ng t nh ny c chu k quan trc Ti v c coi l y k t
mt cn di magnitude xc nh M i no , i = 1,2,..., s . Gi X i = X i1 , X i 2 ,..., X ini l cc
gi tr magnitude ly t danh mc nh th i. Theo nh ngha ny ta c
X ij M i , i = 1,2,..., s; j = 1,2,..., ni .
Nu cc gi tr magnitude v s ng t l cc i lng c lp th hm hp l cc
i ca ng vi mi danh mc nh c th biu din di dng tch ca hai hm thnh phn
Li (X i ) = Li .Li
(II.10)
Theo nguyn l tng hp s liu [19], hp l cc i tng hp trn c s tt c cc s
liu, tc l hm hp l cc i ng vi ton b chu k quan trc ca danh mc ng t ln s
c dng
ln g (x, t ) =

L( X ) = Li ( X i )
s

(II.11)

Phan Tr ng Trnh

228

c lng cc tham s.
Phng php hp l cc i c p dng nh gi cc tham s = , . Cc
c lng v tm c bng cch gii h phng trnh

( )

ln L( X )

ln L( X )

=0
(II.12)
=0

theo v .
Vi mi gi tr xc nh ca Mmax, d dng tm c cp c lng v bng cc
php lp. Tuy nhin, do hm hp l cc i L l mt hm n iu gim khi Mmax [5],
php c lng Mmax i hi iu kin b sung. A. Kijko tho mn c iu kin cho
php tnh Mmax bng cch gi thit
X max = EXPECT (x max T )
(II.13)
Vi Xmax l magnitude cc i quan st c trong phm vi vng ngun ang xt, cn
EXPECT (xmax T ) l gi tr magnitude cc i d bo cho ton b chu k quan trc ca danh
mc ng t ln, c tnh bi cng thc:
E (TZ ) E1 (TZ 1 )
EXPECT (x max T ) = M max 1
M min exp( t ) (II.14)
exp( TZ 2 )
y Z i = Ai / ( A2 A1 ), i = 1,2 v E(.) l hm tch phn m p dng cho trng hp
chu k quan trc ca danh mc ng t ln cha hai khong thi gian chnh: thi gian quan
n0

trc cc s liu cc tr T0 = Ti v thi gian quan trc cc s liu y


i =1

T
i =1

Kt qu c lng tham s nguy him ng t cho cc vng ngun bng phng php Hp
l cc i
Kt qu c lng cc tham s nguy him ng t cho tng vng ngun chn ng
trn khu vc Bin ng bng phng php hp l cc i c lit k trong bng 4. So snh
cc kt qu trong hai bng 3 v 4, c th a ra kt lun l gi tr Mmax c lng c bng
phng php hp l cc i thng cao hn cc gi tr tng ng c c lng bng
phng php cc tr khong 0,4 n v.
Bng 6.4: Kt qu c lng cc tham s nguy him ng t cho cc vng ngun sng thn
trn Bin ng bng phng php hp l cc i
Tn vng ngun
1. Riukiu i Loan
2. Ty i Loan
3. Mng cun ht Manila Bc
4. Cu Long Cn Sn
5. Mng cun ht Manila Trung
6. Mng cun ht Manila Nam
7. Bin Sulu
8. Bin Selebes
9. Bin Ban a Nam
10. Bin Ban a Bc 1
11. Bin Ban a Bc 2

Beta
2.340.26
2.680.43
1.530.28
1.210.38
2.060.15
1.330.57
2.070.22
2.060.18
2.840.55
2.520.15
2.690.37

b
0.990.11
1.140.18
0.650.12
0.510.16
0.880.06
0.560.24
0.880.09
0.870.08
1.210.23
1.070.06
1.140.16

Lambda
18.814.79
11.854.90
2.960.90
1.250.52
16.502.55
3.171.69
16.093.56
22.774.20
50.5826.12
32.955.72
18.640.61

Mmax
7.7 1.60
7.2 0.99
8.7 0.93
5.70.38
8.50.85
6.7 0.28
8.41.17
8.51.03
6.80.76
8.10.53
7.00.61

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh


12. Bc Bin ng
13. Pa la oan
14. Ty Bin ng

0.700.23
0.940.79
0.660.58

0.300.10
0.400.33
0.280.25

0.380.07
0.070.03
0.070.03

229

7.00.23
6.50.42
6.60.28

BN NGUY HIM NG T BIN NG V LN CN


Tnh ton nguy him ng t
Bn nguy him ng t cc tnh ven bin Vit Nam c xy dng trn c s
bn nguy him ng t c thnh lp cho khu vc nghin cu bao gm ton b lnh
th Vit Nam v khu vc Bin ng, c gii hn trong cc kinh t 100 ng n
129 ng v cc v t 4 Bc n 26 Bc. Chng trnh CRISIS99 ca Ordaz v
cng s c p dng tnh ton nguy him ng t cho khu vc nghin cu, vi cc s
liu u vo sau y:
1. S cc vng ngun chn ng trong khu vc nghin cu, bao gm 45 vng ngun
ng t c xc nh trn lnh th Vit Nam v trn khu vc Bin ng v cc vng bin
k cn (Nguyn Hng Phng, 2008) [159].
2. Cc tham s nguy him ng t ca cc vng ngun phc v tnh ton nguy him
ng t (Nguyn Hng Phng, 2008) [159].

Hnh 6.3: Bn gia tc cc i nn khu vc Bin ng v k cn ng vi chu k 147 nm.


Theo Nguyn Hng Phng, kt qu ca KC.09.11/06-10 [199]

230

Phan Tr ng Trnh

3. Phng trnh tt dn chn ng ca Campbell (1997) [38]


Phng trnh tt dn chn ng ca Campbell (1997) c la chn p dng cho
lnh th Vit Nam. Biu thc ny c u im l lu n cc yu t v kin to v c im
nn t ti khu vc nghin cu:
ln(AH) =-3.512+0.904 Mw -1.328ln{R2SEI+[0.149 exp(0.647 Mw)]2
+[1.125-0.112ln(RSEI) - 0.0957 Mw]F
+[0.440-0.171ln(RSEI)]SSR
+[0.405-0.222ln(RSEI)]SHR +
(III.1)
trong : AH l gia tc dao ng nn cc i theo thnh phn nm ngang, c tnh
theo n v g (g = 981 cm/s2). Rseis l khong cch gn nht gia trm ghi v lp hot ng
a chn, Mw l magnitude m men, F l h s kiu t gy (trt bng khi F = 0, nghch khi
F =1), SSR v SHR l cc h s nn t: t mm ri SSR = SHR = 0; SSR =1, SHR =0 i vi
na cng; SSR=0, SHR= 1 i vi gc v l lch chun ca cng thc ny, nm trong
khong = 0.4095.
Gia tc cc i nn (o bng n v % gal) c tnh ti mi im ca mng li
0,10x0,10 ph ln ton vng nghin cu. Cc gi tr ny li c s dng xy dng cc bn
biu din phn b khng gian ca gia tc cc i nn (PGA) cho khu vc nghin cu, d
bo cho cc chu k thi gian ln lt bng 147 nm, 475 nm v 950 nm. Cc bn kt qu
c minh ho trn cc Hnh 6.3, 6.4 v 6.5.

Hnh 6.4: Bn gia tc nn khu vc Bin ng v k cn ng vi chu k 475 nm.


Theo Nguyn Hng Phng, kt qu ca KC.09.11/06-10 [199]
Tho lun v nguy him ng t trn khu vc Bin ng
T cc bn gia tc cc i nn minh ha trn cc Hnh 6.3, 6.4 v 6.5 c th a ra
mt s nhn xt sau y v nguy him ng t trn khu vc Bin ng v k cn:
1) Khu vc nghin cu (Bin ng) c th chia thnh hai vng vi nguy him
ng t kh tng phn, c th l vng pha ng bao gm cc quc gia ng nh i

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

231

Loan, Philippin, c nguy him ng t cao hn hn so vi vng pha ty v pha nam bao
gm cc quc gia ng Nam nh Vit Nam, Innxia, Malaysia.
2) Cc gi tr PGA ln nht tp trung trn khu vc cc vng ngun Mng cun ht
Manila Bc (PGA bng 0,68; 0,76 v 0,97 (PGA bng 0,68; 0,76 v 0,97 gal ng vi cc chu
k 147, 475 v 950 nm) v Riukiu i Loan (PGA bng 0,4; 0,5 v 0,6 gal ng vi cc chu
k 147, 475 v 950 nm). Cc gi tr PGA ln th hai nm trn khu vc cc vng ngun
Mng cun ht Manila Trung, Mng cun ht Manila Nam, Bin Sulu v Bin Selebes (PGA
bng 0,3; 0,4 v 0,5 gal ng vi cc chu k 147, 475 v 950 nm). Vng thm lc a Vit
Nam v khu vc i t gy Nam Hi Nam c cc gi tr PGA trung bnh khong 0,04; 0,07
v 0,09 gal ng vi cc chu k 147, 475 v 950 nm.
Tm li: - Trn c s phn tch cc c trng a chn kin to a ng lc v cc
s liu ng t, ranh gii ca 14 vng ngun ng t sng thn c xc nh trn khu
vc Bin ng v cc vng bin k cn.
- Vn nh gi nguy him ng t cho khu vc Bin ng v k cn c t
ra v gii quyt t cch tip cn xc sut. M hnh xc sut ca A.C. Cornell c p dng
trong ton b quy trnh nh gi nguy him ng t. Cc phng php xc sut thng k
c p dng x l cc s liu ng t v c lng cc tham s cho cc vng ngun
chn ng. Cui cng, phn mm CRISSIS99 c s dng tnh ton v thnh lp bn
nguy him ng t.

Hnh 6.5: Bn gia tc nn khu vc Bin ng v vng k cn ng vi chu k 950 nm [199]

- Bn nguy him ng t c thnh lp cho ton b khu vc nghin cu biu


th phn b khng gian ca tham s rung ng nn l gia tc cc i nn (PGA) vi cc chu
k d bo ln lt bng 147 nm, 475 nm v 950 nm cho nn loi A . Cc thng s ny
ng vai tr rt quan trng trong thc tin, v chng l d liu u vo trc tip cho cc tnh
ton v ti trng cng trnh, thit k khng chn v bo him. Gi tr Amax nhn c t bn
ny c th c s dng trc tip trong cc tnh ton thit k khng chn cho cc cng
trnh xy dng di ti trng ca ng t v cc nghin cu phn vng ng t.
6.1.2. nh gi a chn kin to
ng t l h qu tc ng ca nhiu tham s m ngi ta khng th o c chnh
xc. Tnh bt nh trong vic pht sinh ng t l mt trong nhng c im khin ngi ta
phi xem xt chng bng cc cng c c bit, trong c php ton xc xut. Trong my

232

Phan Tr ng Trnh

chc nm tr li y, nh khi lng to ln, tch ly c t cc ti liu a cht v a chn,


ngi ta hiu r hn mi quan h gia hot ng ca t gy kin to v ng t cng
nh qui lut pht sinh ca chng theo khng gian v thi gian. Cc nghin cu kin to, a
cht nh phn tch cu trc, vch kin to, o v cc t gy trn b mt pht sinh ng thi
vi ng t, v.v... gip lm sng t mi quan h bn cht ny. Cc phn tch c ng t
cho thy cc trn ng t mnh trong qu kh c th nhn bit c t cc cc d liu a
cht. Mt khc chng cn cung cp thng tin v tc dch trt ca t gy, bin chuyn
dch ca t gy ng vi mi ln ng t cng nh thi gian tch ly k t khi xy ra trn
ng t ln mun nht. Cc d liu ny c phn tch theo nhiu hng khc nhau, gip
pht trin nhiu khuynh hng mi trong nghin cu d bo ng t. Trong hai chc nm
tr li y, c l hai thnh tu ni bt trong nghin cu d bo ng t l phn tch chn
on t gy v phn tch xc xut cc trn ng t. Phn tch chn on cung cp c s vt
l cho vic nh gi kch thc v v tr ng t c th xy ra dc theo i t gy. M hnh
lp li ng t cung cp thng tin v tn s lp li ca cc trn ng t khc nhau. Vic
pht trin m hnh d bo tai bin ng t c s dng phng php xc xut trong vic lin
kt tnh bt nh ca qu trnh pht sinh ng t vi tnh tt nh ca qu trnh bin dng gy
ra ng t. Hai hng nghin cu ny c xu th hi nhp v lin kt, b sung cho nhau. iu
cho php kt hp cc ti liu a cht, kin to vi ti liu thng k ng t.
ng t cc i
nhng vng c mt ng t cao hoc nhng i sinh chn c tc bin dng
ln, nguy him ng t thng c nh gi bi m hnh xc xut t s liu ca cc ng
t lch s v ghi c bng my. Phng php trn t ra km hiu qu khi thi gian ghi qu
ngn v trn nhng vng c chu k lp ng t lu di. Khi , ngi ta c th nh gi
nguy him ng t bng phng php a chn kin to kt hp vi phn tch xc xut trong
vic d bo nguy him ng t cho tng v tr hay tng vng nht nh. chnh xc ca
nh gi nguy him ng t ph thuc rt ln vo vic hiu bit ch a ng lc qui
m khc nhau vng nghin cu. Phn tch a chn kin to v kin to hin i trong
khong bn knh 200 km bao quanh im quan tm nghin cu cn thc hin theo mt tin
trnh t nghin cu khi qut t kin to mng ti nghin cu c th trn thc a. Bin
chuyn dch, tnh phn on, mc hot ng ca mi t gy s c nh gi t c li
chuyn dch ca cc c trng a mo v a cht. Kho st thc a cho php xc nh
nhng thng tin chnh xc hn v t gy ang hot ng, bao gm c vic nh gi nh
lng tc chuyn dch, chu k lp, vc t chuyn dch, bin chuyn dch tch lu. iu
bao gm vic phn tch bin dng trm tch t v cc c trng a mo c ngun gc
kin to. Tc chuyn dch ca t gy c th xc nh mt khi bit c bin chuyn
dch v t ca b mt a hnh. Cc vch ng t to bi mt vi trn ng t cn thit c
kho st trn thc a nhm nh gi chuyn dch ng chn c trng v nh gi chu k lp
ca ng t dc theo mi i t gy c th. Nu nh bin chuyn dch ca cu trc a
mo b xo nho bi qu trnh xi mn, chuyn dch ng a chn dc theo cc i t gy
ang hot ng s c suy ra t chiu di v rng ca t gy.
nh gi nguy him ng t c tin hnh gm cc bc sau:
- Xc nh chu k lp ca ng t lin quan vi nguy him c th chp nhn c
trong thi gian ng vi tui th ca cng trnh.
- Xc nh magnitude ca cc trn ng t c th pht sinh dc theo cc on t gy
ang hot ng hoc ngun a chn trong khong thi gian ng vi tui th cng trnh.
- Xc nh gia tc rung ng nn cc i (Peak Ground acceleration - PGA) ti v tr
p gy ra bi cc trn ng t cho mi on t gy.
U ban quc t v cc p ln kin ngh cn s dng 3 i lng o ln ng t
khi thit k p l: ng t c lng cc i, hay thng gi l ng t cc i (maximum

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

233

credible earthquake, vit tt l MCE), ng t thit k cc i (maximum design earthquake


vit tt l MDE) v ng t c s vn hnh (operation basis earthquake, vit tt l OBE).
ng t c lng cc i (MCE) l ng t ln nht c th xut hin dc theo mt
on t gy no , hoc trong mt n v kin to xc nh, da trn s hiu bit ca khung
cnh kin to c th. Thng thng ng t c lng cc i l gii hn trn ca ng t.
ng t thit k cc i l ng t gy ra mc cao nht gia tc rung ng nn
cho p c thit k m p vn an ton. Thng thng ngi ta chp nhn xc xut xut
hin MDE s l 10% trong thi gian ng vi tui th ca cng trnh (100 nm). Khi MDE
c chu k lp l 950 nm.
ng t c s vn hnh (OBE) th hin mc dch chuyn nn ti thn p ti
p ch b nhng h hng nh. p v cc cu trc bn trong cng nh thit b my mc vn
hot ng v nhng hng hc d dng sa cha c. N ng thi tnh ti thi hn thit k
v ng t trong qu kh ghi c ghi li trong catalog hoc ghi nhn c trn thc a. V
vy n ph thuc vo s hiu bit c trng a chn ca t gy hot ng theo thi gian.
Xc sut xut hin ca ng t c s vn hnh l 50% trong thi gian ng vi tui th cng
trnh (100 nm). Chu k lp ca ng t c s vn hnh l 145 nm. Hai i lng trn ln
u tin c s dng Vit Nam thng qua n nh gi nguy him ng t Bn Mai
trn sng C (Winter, 1997; Phan Trng Trnh & Winter, 1998) [268] [190]. Mt khi nh gi
c ng t cc i, tnh ti qui lut lp ng t, ta c th xc nh MDE v OBE. ng
t cc i (MCE) l gi tr c trng ca ngun ng t tc l kh nng xut hin mt trn
ng t ln nht dc mt on t gy no . Nhng phng php da trn kch thc b
mt ph hu c s dng trong nghin cu ny l phng php ca Slemmons [222], Well
Coppersmith [265]. Phng php ca Slemmons ln u tin c s dng Vit Nam trong
n ca UNDP nh gi nguy him ng t cho p Ho Bnh (Winter & Phan Trong
Trinh, 1994) [xem 268]. Trong nghin cu ca chng ti y c s dng cc phng php
tnh magnitude cc i t din tch mt t gy ca Well -Coppersmith, Wyss [270],
Woodward-Clyde [269] v c bit s dng cng thc tnh ng t cc i t mmen ng
t. Momen ng t l tham s mang nhiu ngha vt l nht cho php m t kch thc
ngun ng t da vo cc tham s t gy.
Moment ng t (Mo) c tnh bng dyne-cm v th hin bi cng thc sau:
Mo = . A. D
Trong : l modul ct ca vt liu dc theo mt t gy, thng c chp nhn l:
3.1011 dyne/cm2 i vi v Tri t,
A l din tch mt t gy,
D l chuyn dch ca mt trt.
Moment ng t c chuyn sang magnitude ng t. Khi , tc t gy c
s dng xc nh tc moment ng t. Nhiu tc gi pht trin mi quan h gia
cc tham s v chu k lp ng t, chiu di, din tch t gy v tc bin dng v Tri
t vi gi nh v phn b magnitude dng hm m. Phng php tnh magnitude theo
moment ng t. Kanamori (1977) [101]; Hanks v Kanamori (1979) [77] xut tnh
magnitude - moment theo moment ng t bi cng thc:
Mw = (2/3)(logMo-9.05)
Phng php moment ng t chim t trng cao so vi cc phng php khc do
mang ngha vt l cao nht. Qu trnh tnh ton l qu trnh lp. Bc khi u c lng
bin chuyn dch cc i da trn kt qu nh gi ng t cc i bng cc phng php
khc nhau xc nh moment ng t, sau khi ly trung bnh trng s v sai s chun li
suy ra bin chuyn dch nh cng thc ca Well copersmith. bc th hai cho php
xc nh ng t cc i bng phng php moment ng t v c th lp li cho ti khi
kt qu n nh. Thc t tnh ton cho thy kt qu rt ra t cc phng php khc nhau l rt
t. Sai s di 4%.

234

Phan Tr ng Trnh

c th s dng tng hp cc phng php khc nhau, chng ti ly trung bnh


theo trng s. Trong cng trnh nh gi ng t cho Bn Mai, chng ti s dng ln u
tin mi quan h gia tc chuyn dch t gy nh gi ng t cc i (Phan Trong
Trnh & Winter, 1998) [190]. Tuy nhin trong cng trnh ny, vai tr ca tc khng lm
thay i ng k ti ng t cc i so vi nh hng ca khong cch t ngun v kch
thc t gy nn chng ti khng i vo nhng tnh ton phc tp khng cn thit. Cc kt
qu tnh ton s dng tng hp nhiu phng php khc nhau c trnh by c th di
y.
Chng ti tnh ng t cc i theo cc phng php khc nhau da vo chiu di
t gy, din tch t gy v moment ng t, trong phng php moment ng t, bin
chuyn dch cc i l mt n s, tuy nhin n c th tnh c bng phng php xp x lin
tip, rt ra theo cng thc tnh bin chuyn dch cc i ca Well Coppersmit, 1994 khi
bit ng t cc i. ng t cc i c ly trung bnh trng s theo cc phng php
khc nhau cng vi sai s. Chng ti chn h s 1 vi phng php da trn chiu di t
gy, h s 2 vi phng php da trn din t gy v h s 3 vi phng php da trn mt
v chuyn dch t gy hay cn gi l phng php moment ng t.
Mc d tham s cui cng khi a vo thit k l gia tc rung ng ngang v thng
ng phn nh trc tip p lc ln cng trnh. Nhng kt qu ny cng lu cc nh thit k
phi ch s dng bng gia tc ghi gn . Trong kt qu tnh ton (bng 1), dng u chng
ti ghi nhng kt qu u vo ca chu trnh tnh ton cui cng theo th t t tri sang phi
chiu di t gy, su chn tiu, gc cm t gy, bin chuyn dch cc i ca t gy
v tnh cht chuyn dch.
Qui lut suy gim sng ng t:
Do thiu quy lut c trng cho Vit Nam gi tr gia tc rung ng nn cc i (Peak
Ground Acceleration PGA) chng ti s dng tng hp nhiu cng thc nh gi gia tc
rung ng nn cc i khc nhau. l cc m hnh 1,2,3 ca Campbell [37], cng thc ca
Boore, Idriss [98], Xiang v Gao [271], Woodward clyde [269], Cornell [52], McGuire,
Estena & Rosenblueth. V d sau y l 2 cng thc suy gim rung ng nn theo khong
cch. Quy lut 1 l ca Campbell (1988) [37] da trn s liu ton cu ghi ca cc trn ng
t gn, qui lut 2 t cc s liu khu vc Vn Nam (Xiang Jinguang v Gao Dong 1994)
[271].
Campbell: 1988
log a = -2.817 + 0,702 m - 1.2log (R + 0.0921. exp (0.584m)
vi PGA (g), R (km)
hoc Campbell ( 1997) cng thc V.1 m chng ti nhc trn.
Xiang & Gao: a = (252.9 x (0.5155m) (R + 10) - 1.1516
vi PGA (cm.s-2 ), R (km)
Cc quan h suy gim ng t c th hin trn hnh bn cho thy cc gi tr ca
cng thc ca Boore (1982) cho gi tr c lng thp nht, cn cng thc ca McGuire cho
gi tr cao nht vi khong cch nh hn 15 km. Mc d chng trnh nh gi xc xut ng
t ca McGuire quen thuc vi mi ngi, cng thc suy gim ca McGuire s dng ch
ph hp vi cc trn ng t xa v vy nh gi ng t trong trng hp ca p thu
in Sn La, cng thc ny ch c xt ti c ngha tham kho. Cng thc ca Estena &
Rosenbluesth cng ch c gi tr tham kho. V vy khi ly trung bnh trng s khi tng hp
gi tr rung ng nn cc i ca cc phng php khc nhau, hai phng php trn c h s
0. Cc m hnh 1, 2, 3 ca Campbell da trn s liu ton cu ca cc rung ng gn ngun
nn c tin cy cao trong trng hp nh gi cc trn ng t c khong cch trong vng
30 km tr li. Cc cng thc trn c dng h s 2 trong vic tnh trung bnh theo trng s.
Cng thc ca Xiang v Gao cng c s dng h s 2 v n c xy dng t cc s liu
ng t Vn Nam gn vi iu kin v cu trc a cht ca Vit Nam. Cc cng thc ca

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

235

Woodward & Rosenblueth, Boore, Idriss, Cornell c s dng vi h s 1 v c xy dng


trn cc s liu c ngun khc nhau hoc s lng cc trn ng t khng ln. Cc kt qu
tnh ton chi tit c trnh by di y:
Nh trnh by trn MCE vit tt ca ng t cc i, MDE vit tt ca ng t
thit k cc i v OBE l ng t c s hiu dng.
Chng ti qui i t gia tc rung ng sang cng ng t c gi d tham
kho. n v ca gia tc rung ng nn cc i PGA tnh bng g vi 1g = 1000 cm.s -2 v (7)
th hin cng ng t cp 7, (7 - 8) th hin cng ng t ln hn cp 7 v nh
hn cp 8.
Hot ng ng t
Khu vc ng Nam b bao bc bi 2 vnh ai ng t ln nht hnh tinh: pha
ng l phn cui ca vnh ai Thi Bnh Dng, ko di hng nghn kilomet t i Loan
qua qun o Philippin n ng Timor, pha ty v pha nam l phn cui ca vnh ai
a Trung Hi - Hymalaya ko di hng nghn kilomet t vnh Bng Gan n ng Timor m
ly qun o Indonesia.
ng t mnh v rt mnh xy ra thng xuyn trong cc vnh ai. Chng hn, trong
phn vnh ai Thi Bnh Dng t i Loan n ht Philippine di 1000 km ng t M 6,5
xy ra 8 nm 1 ln, M 7,0 13 nm 1 ln, M 7,5 - 29 nm l ln, M 8.0 v ln hn - 50 nm l
ln. ng t cc i xy ra mnh ti 8.5 Richter. Cn trong vnh ai a Trung Hi
Hymalaya th ng t M9,3 ngy 26-12-2004 l in hnh. Chu k lp li ca ng t nh
th l 250 nm.
Ngc li vng Bin ng nm trong khi Sundaland tng i n nh, hot ng
ng t tng i thp. Ngoi mt s i ht chm, ng t mnh nht quan st thy
cc vng khc khng vt qu 7 Richter, chn tiu nm trong v Tri t. Phm Vn Thc
(2001) [185] nghin cu ch ng t v phn vng ng t Bin ng, phn ra cc
vng a chn kin to v nh gi ng t cc i cng tn sut ng t trong cc vng.
Kt qu c tm tt nh sau:
Vng TB vnh Bc B c hnh thnh bi cc t gy trt bng phng ng bcty nam Ct Hi-Mng Ci, C T - Bc Hi v Bch Long V Hp Ph. Trong giai on
1900-2003 ghi nhn trn 20 trn ng t M<=6,8 vi su chn tiu 15 -20 km.
Vng Hi Phng Bc Hi Nam hnh thnh bi cc t gy trt bng hng ng
bc-ty nam v v tuyn, bt ngun t ven bin Hi Phng qua bc o Hi Nam ti b bin
Qung Chu, Trung Quc. T nm l600 n nay trong vng ghi nhn 18 trn ng t
M<7,5 .
Vng t gy Sng L hnh thnh bi thnh phn ko di ca t gy Sng L v pha
TN o Hi Nam. Hot ng ng t trong vng biu hin yu.
Vng TN Vnh Bc B hnh thnh bi cc phn ko di ca cc t gy Sng Hng,
Sng Chy, Sn La, Sng M, Sng C, Hu Spn. ghi nhn c trong vng 11 trn
ng t M<=5,5, h <30-35 km trong giai on 1900-2003.
Vng Hi Nam Ca Chu Giang hnh thnh bi cc t gy trt bng hng ng
bc - ty nam, ko i t ty nam o Hi Nam qua ca sng Chu Giang n ng bc khi
nng Dong Sha ng bc Bin ng. Trong giai on l900 -2003, ghi nhn 16 trn ng
t M<=6,8 vi su chn tiu 30-35km.
Vng trng Chu Giang hnh thnh bi cc t gy hng ng bc-ty nam v v
tuyn, kiu trt bng-thun, ko di t kinh tuyn 112o, dc theo trng Chu Giang qua khi
nng DongSha ti ty o Luzon. Trong giai on 1900-2003, ghi nhn 21 trn ng t
M<=6,8, su chn tiu nh hn 33 km.
Vng Nam Hi Nam Nam khi nng DongSha gii han bi cc t gy trt bng
thun ko di theo hng B t TN o Hi Nam qua nam khi nng DongSha. T 1900 n
nay, trong vng ghi nhn 12 trn ng t M<=6,8 vi su chn tiu nh hn 33 km.

236

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Vng Bc Hong Sa nm trong khong kinh tuyn 109o30 - 114oE gii hn v pha
ng bi cc t gy Tri Tn, Bch Quy, o B. Trong giai on 1900-2003 ghi nhn
trong vng 12 trn ng t M<=5,6 vi su chn tiu 25-30 km.
Vng Nam Hong Sa pht trin t khong kinh 110o30'E ti ng bc bi ngm
Macklesfield. Trong giai on l900-2003, ghi nhn trong vng 8 trn ng t M<=5,6 vi
su chn tiu h<33 km.
Vng trng ng Hong Sa nm v pha ng bc bi ngm Macklesfield gia cc
kinh tuyn 114o v 118oE. Trong giai on 1900-2003, ghi nhn trong vng 14 trn ng
t M<=6,0 vi su chn tiu h<33 km.
Vng trng su trung tm Bin ng l v i dng ngng tch gin y. Hot
ng ng t thp. ghi nhn c trong vng 22 trn ng t M<=5,9 vi su chn
tiu h<=68 km.
Vng trung tm Trng Sa pht trin t ng bc bi ngm Vng My qua cc cm
o An Bang, Ni Le- Tc Tan v bi ngm Sui Ng, C My. Trong giai on 1900 2003
ghi nhn trong vng 4 trn ng t M<=5,6 vi su chn tiu h<= 30-35 km.
Vng TN Trng Sa gii hn phm vi 6-12oN, 109o30' - 117o l5'E. Vng c tnh a
chn thp, trong giai on l 900-2003, ch ghi nhn 3 trn ng t yu.
Vng Palawan Bc Calimantan hnh thnh bi cc t gy trt bng v chm
nghch hng B-TN pht trin dc mng Shabah, trong giai on 1900-2003, ch ghi nhn
12 trn ng t M<=6,0, h<=100 km.
Vng Ty Bin ng hnh thnh bi cc t gy trt bng phng kinh tuyn phn
b gia cc kinh tuyn 109-110oE, ko di t v 15oN v pha nam. Trong giai on 19002003 ghi nhn 32 trn ng t M<=6,l, h<=33 km.
Vng Minh Hi Thun Hi hnh thnh bi cc t gy trt bng hng B-TN
trong vng bin t Ninh Thun ti Vng Tu. T 1877 n nay trong vng ghi nhn 1 trn
ng t M<=5,5, h<=15 20 km.
Vng Nam Cn Sn pht trin dc theo ra ty bc b trng Nang Cn. Trong giai
on 1900-2003, trong vng ghi nhn 4 trn ng t M<=4,8, h<=15 20 km.
Vng t gy Ba Cha pht trin dc theo h t gy ba Cha hng TB-N. Trong
giai on 1900-2003, trong vng ghi nhn 4 trn ng t M<=4,3, h<=33 km.
i ht chm pha ty Philippine, tc ra ng ca Bin ng trn chiu di 1000
km t i Loan n v 12oN, trong thi gian 1920 2002 quan st c 700 trn ng
t M = 5-8.
Chi tit v ng t khu vc ng Nam Trung Quc
V Tri t khu vc o Hi Nam tri qua nhiu vn ng kin to trong lch s a
cht. C vn ng thng ng v vn ng phn d ngang c th quan st d dng trn thc
a. Hn o ny b chia ct lm ba phn bi hai t gy ln phng ng ty : t gy
Wangwu Wenjiao v t gy Jianfengling Wanling. Cc t gy phng ty bc - ng
nam pht trin mnh pha bc o. Nhng phn pha nam v khu vc ngoi khi lin k,
cc t gy phng ng bc ty nam chim u th.
Hai trn ng t thng 12 nm 1969 xy ra b Qiondongnan. S pht trin cu trc
ca b ny lin quan mt thit vi qu trnh m Bin ng. y l kiu b ven ra th ng
c trng c pht trin t qu trnh rift v ln chm mang tnh khu vc. Vo Miocene
mun, trm tch i vo b ny t hai vng ngun : t pha bc ca o Hi Nam v t pha ty
nam. Th hin chi tit hai h t gy ln trong khu vc, h t gy s 1 phng TB-N v h
t gy s 2 phng B-TN. H t hy s 2 ct qua tm ca hai trn ng t ny. Cc a
ho v bn a ho b Qiondongnan hu ht nh hng theo phng ng B Nam TN,
song song vi h t gy s 2. Trn ng t ngy 17 thng 12 xy ra ra pha bc ca khi
nng Songtao phng TB- N. Trn ng t ngy 20 thng 12 xy ra gn h t gy s 2.

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

237

So vi cc khu vc khc ca Bin ng, hot ng a chn lch s ca o Hi Nam


v ln cn l tng i cao. Nu chng ta coi khu vc gia 10 22o Bc v 108-118o N, th
c 17 trn ng t 4,5 <= Ms<= 6,0 v bn trn c Ms>=6,0 xy ra t nm 1524 (Bng 6.5).
ng t ln nht trong khu vc ny l ng t Qiongshan ngy 13 thng 7 nm 1605, Ms
7,5 pha bc ca o ny. Magnitude ca cc trn ng t lch s c tnh t ti liu ghi
cng . C ti liu lch s v ti liu a chn a phng cho thy rng phn pha Bc ca
o ny c trng bi hot ng a chn cao hn nhiu phn pha nam. Hu ht cc trn
ng t pha bc ca v tuyn 19 xy ra xung quanh tm ca trn nm 1605.
Chi tit v ng t khu vc Philippine
Khu vc ty Philipin l ngun pht sinh ng t mnh nht trong khu vc bin ng
vi s c mt ca hai i ht chm cm ngc hng. Hnh 6.14 th hin cc c cu chn tiu
ng t xc nh c trong giai on 1976 n nay trong khu vc. Cc trn ng t ny
c phn theo 3 c ch ch o : thun, trt bng v nghch. Trong cc trn ng t
ln c c ch ch o l nghch v trt bng.

Hnh 6.6: Hot ng ng t trong khu vc Bin ng v k cn (theo s liu ngun NEIC)

Phan Tr ng Trnh

238

Bng 6.5: Hot ng a chn phn pha Bc ca Bin ng Ms>=4,5


theo Bao-Zhu Wei, 1995[263]

Hnh 6.7: C cu chn tiu ca mt s trn ng t N Trung Quc v trong Bin ng, theo BaoZhu Wei, 1995[263]
Bng 6.6: C cu chn tiu ca 7 trn ng t ln khu vc o Hi Nam

theo Bao-Zhu Wei, 1995[263]

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

239

Trong cc hnh t Hnh 6.15 n Hnh 6.20 th hin s phn b ca cc trn ng t


vi c cu chn tiu tng ng cc khong su khc nhau. Qua cc hnh ny c th thy
cc trn ng t su nht hay tng ng vi cc l ng t ch yu tp trung hai khu vc.
Trong ng ch l l ng t khu vc pha ng ca mng Manila, tng ng vi pha
ty nam Philipin. V cng xung su, l ng t ny dch chuyn dn v pha ng, ph hp
vi phn b khng gian ca i ht chm ny.

Hnh 6.8: Phn b cc t gy v ng t khu vc Bin ng v k cn [199]

240

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 6.9: Di thng free air ca vng bc Philippine [199]

Hnh 6.10: Di thng trng lc Free air nhn theo 3 chiu [199]

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

241

Hnh 6.11: Hnh nh 3D ca khu vc Manila th hin s phn d a hnh rt cao vi s c mt ca


mng bin su [199].

Hnh 6.12: Cc mt ct ct qua cc on ca i cun chm Manila theo Bautista v nnk, 2001 [16]

242

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 6.13: Gc cm ca i cun chm Manila theo cc mt ct khc nhau th hin trn
hnh 6.12 theo Bautista v nnk, 2001 [16]

Hnh 6.15: C cu chn tiu ng t su 0-15km khu vc Philippine [199].

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

Hnh 6.16: C cu chn tiu ng t su 15-30 km khu vc Philippine [199].

Hnh 6.17: C cu chn tiu ng t t su 30-50 km khu vc Philippine [199].

243

244

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 6.18: C cu chn tiu ng t t su 50 - 100 km khu vc Philippine [199].

Hnh 6.19: C cu chn tiu ng t t su 100 - 150 km khu vc Philippine [199].

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

245

Hnh 6.20: C cu chn tiu ng t t su >150 km khu vc Philippine [199].

CC I SINH CHN CHNH TRN BIN NG V K CN.


nh gi a chn kin to da trn kch thc ca cc i t gy ang hot ng.
Chng ta nhn thy i t gy sinh chn ln nht trn Bin ng v k cn l i cun chm
Manila vi chiu di tng cng hn 900 km. Ngoi i t gy Manila, i t gy bc
Palawan trc y c xem nh l mt i cun chm hin i (Phng Vn Phch, Nguyn
nh Xuyn, 2008, Simons v nnk., 2007) [205] [219]. Dc theo ra pha ty Bin ng, i
t gy dc kinh tuyn 110 lun c xem l t gy ang hot ng v c kh nng gy ra
ng t ln nht trn vng bin Vit Nam (Nguyn nh Xuyn, 2007) [152]. Sau khi thnh
lp bn t gy ang hot ng, chng ta c th nh gi ng t cc i cho cc vng
Manila, vng Bc Palawan, t gy Nam Hi Nam. Nhn chung, c th nhn thy i cun
chm Manila c kh nng pht sinh ng t ln nht. ng t xy ra i cun chm c
kh nng gy ra sng thn, nh hng ti b bin Vit Nam. im mi trong nghin cu ny
l chng ti nhn thy tnh phn on ca i cun chm Manila v th nh gi ng t cc
i cn da trn tnh phn on ca i cun chm ny. Chng ti cng nhn thy khng c
s tn ti i cun chm bc Palawan nn khng c kh nng pht sinh ng t gy ra sng
thn khu vc ny. Chng ti cng nhn thy i t gy ra ty Thi Bnh Dng, tng tn
ti nh mt i t gy trt bng trong Paleogen v Miocen nhng biu hin hot ng
trong Pliocen - t rt yu t. iu ny c v mu thun t quan st a mo v dc theo i
t gy ny l mt vch kin to rt r rt. Trong b trng Sng Hng, B Cu Long v b
Nam Cn Sn, chng ti quan st c nhiu chn on t gy, c biu hin l nhng
on t gy ri rc vi chiu di khng vt qu 30 km. Sau y chng ta i vo nghin cu
chi tit mt s i t gy quan trng.

246

Phan Tr ng Trnh

t gy hot ng khu vc ty Philippine


Hnh 6.11 th hin hnh nh 3D ca khu vc mng Manila th hin s phn d a hnh
rt cao vi s c mt ca mng bin su do hot ng ca i ht chm. Da trn nhiu ngun
ti liu khc nhau, cc t gy hot ng khu vc ty Philippine c xc nh (Hnh
6.14). H t gy ty Phillippine c c im khng lin tc, chng c chia thnh nhiu
chn on c kch thc khc nhau bt u t ty nam o i Loan ti chy theo pha ty
Philipin, p gn st v qun o Luzon khong v tuyn 16. on di nht hot ng mnh
nht th hin bng rt nhiu trn ng t mnh chnh l on chy qua mng su Manila bt
u t v tuyn 14 n v tuyn 18. C th nhn thy i cun chm Manila khng ko di
lin tc t i Loan ti ty nam o Luzon m c th phn thnh cc on khc nhau. C s
cho vic phn on c da trn nhiu ngun s liu khc nhau: a hnh, a mo,
trng trng lc, gc cm ca i cun chm, phn b chn tiu ng t, c cu chn tiu
ng t, trng ng sut theo su, tc chuyn dch.
V mt a hnh, i cun chm Manila c phng ca mng bin su thay i chuyn
t phng ty - bc ng nam ra ty i Loan sang phng ng bc - ty nam ri li
chuyn sang phng bc-nam ri li chuyn sang phng ty bc - ng nam. tin gi, tn
chng ta t tn cho cc on F1, F2, F3, F4, F5. Trc ht d thng trng Free air th hin
rt khc nhau dc theo cc on F1, F2, F3, F4 v F5. cc on F1, F2 d thng m kh
nh, khng to thnh nhng di d thng m r nt, trong khi cc on F3, F4 v F5 d
thng trng lc to thnh nhng di d thng m rt r rt. vng F3, ch tn ti mt di
d thng m, mt tng i g gh trong khi F4 to thnh hai di d thng m. i F5
cng tn ti di d thng m nhng c hnh dng khc bit. su ca tng mng bin su
cng khc nhau, trong cc on su nht l on F5 . c im a mo ca tng on
cng c s khc bit. Nu nh on F1 nm k mt dy ni bin su tng i thoi th on
F2 nm k dy ni bin su kh g gh ri chuyn ngay sang mt mng khc pha ng.
on F3 c a hnh lng mng kh g gh.
Pha ty lng mng c mt lot cc ni la, v pha ng chuyn ln mt b mt tng
i g gh. on F4 mc d c phng bc nam ging on F3 nhng su lng mng su
hn. Phn ct vi F1 bi mt di ni la v pha ty. Mc a hnh v pha ng l mt di
bng phng, phn bc. on F5 un cong, chuyn t ngt ln mt b mt g gh hn so vi
b mt pha ng on F4 v su cng thp hn. Cc on ca i cun chm cng c th
phn bit d dng nh gc cm ca i cun chm. Mt ct A A v B B th hin gc cm
ca i cun chm on F1, Mt ct C C th hin gc cm ti u mt ca F1 v F2. Mt
ct D D th hin gc cm ca F2. Mt ct E E th hin gc cm ca u mt ca on F2 v
F3. on F F th hin gc cm ca on F3.
Mt ct H H th hin gc cm ca on F4. Mt ct L L th hin gc cm ca on
F5. Chng ta d nhn thy gc cm ca tng on thay i theo tng on trong on F5
c gc cm rt dc. Cc on trn cn c th phn bit rt r rng nh xem xt c cu chn
tiu phn nh trng thi ng sut kin to theo cc su khc nhau. Nu nhn ton b phn
b c cu chn tiu khng xt ti su ta nhn thy s khc bit gia on F1 v F2 so
vi cc on cn li ch c s phn b rt nhiu c cu chn tiu ng t phn nh trng
thi ng sut tch gin. Xem xt chi tit theo cc su khc nhau. Chng hn su nh
hn 15 km, ta nhn thy c cu chn tiu phn nh trng thi tch gin phn b dc theo i
F2 v pha hng cm, trong khi i vi on F1 th li phn b ngc vi hng cm.
on F3 hu nh vng mt cc trn ng t trng thi ng sut tch gin trong khi quan
st thy cc c cu chn tiu tch gin phn b c hai pha i F4. ng lu phn ln cc c
cu chn tiu phn nh trng thi xit p tp trung i F4 ng vi su nh hn 15 km.
su di 15 km, ch quan st thy 1 c cu chn tiu trt bng gn vi i F5, c l
khng lin quan ti hot ng ca i ny.

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

247

su t 15 ti 30 km, vn tip tc quan st thy c cu chn tiu ng t tch


gin pha sau i F1, nhiu ng t tch gin pha trc F2. Quan st thy mt s ng
t xit p pha trc F3. Hu nh vng mt tt c cc trn ng t pha trc F4 nhng li
quan st mt trn ng t tch gin pha sau F4. Mt s trn ng t xit p phn b
pha trc i F5.
T su 30 ti 50 km, on F1 ch quan st thy ng t nh, tch gin. Trong
khi quan st thy mt dy c ng t xit p on F2. on F3 c th quan st
mt s trn ng t xit p nh v mt s trn ng t trt bng. on F4 quan st thy
nhiu ng t xit p trong c trn ng t magnitude ln hn 7. on F5 quan st
thy mt s trn ng t xit p nh. y cn quan st ti mt s trn ng t trt bng
lin quan ti i t gy trt bng phng v tuyn. S phn b ca cc trn ng t phn
nh gc cm ca on F3 thoi hn so vi on F4 v tng ng, gc cm ca F4 thoi hn
nhiu so vi F5.
T su 100 150 km, ng t hu nh vng mt cc on F1, F2, F3. Ch cn
quan st thy mt s trn ng t xit p ra ng nam ca on F4 v nhiu ng t xit
p on F5.
su ln hn 150 km, cc trn ng t cng vng mt on F4 nhng vn quan
st thy on F5.
Tnh phn on ca i cun chm Manila cn th hin qua vect chuyn dch ca
im o GPS trn o Luzon. Cc im o GPS ln cn on F2 c tc chuyn dch ln
nht, hng ty bc, gn nh vung gc vi phng ca F1. Cc im o GPS ln cn on
F3 c hng chuyn dch phn d, gm hng ty bc v ng ty, tc chuyn dch nh
hn. Cc im o GPS k on F4 c hng chuyn dch v pha ty hu nh vung gc vi
phng ca F4. Tm li, t nhiu ngun ti liu khc nhau chng ta c c s phn bit 5
on khc nhau ca i cun chm Manila. Chiu di ca on F1 l 136 km, on F2 l 228
km, on F3 l 200 km, on F4 l 254 km v on F5 l 110 km.
T su 50 ti 100 km, ng t hu nh vng mt on F1. Cc trn ng t xit
p lin quan vi on F2 phn b kh dy c, trong khi on F3 ch quan st thy mt
ng t xit p c magnitude nh hn 6. on F4, cc trn ng t xit p tp trung
phn trung tm, tuy nhin c mt s trn ng t nm sau t gy. Mt s trn ng t xit
p phn b ra ng nam ca i F5.
Kt qu tnh ng t cc i
Bng 6.7: ng t cc i gy ra bi F1

MAGNITUDE CC I, BIN V TC DCH CHUYN


Chiu di (km) su (km) Gc cm Chuyn dch (m) Tnh cht
136.000
50.000
35.000
3.000
Nghch
Phng php
Magnitude theo Slemmons,1982 cho chiu di t gy:
Magnitude theo Well-coppersmith cho chiu di t gy:
Magnitude theo Well-coppersmith cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo Wyss, 1979 cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo Woodward-clyde,1983 cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo moment ng t, Hanks- Kanamori:
Chuyn dch (m) d on theo Slemmons, 1982:
Tc (mm) d on theo Woodward-clyde, 1983:
Chuyn dch cc i (m) theo Well-Coppersmith,1994:
Chuyn dch trung bnh (m) theo Well-Coppersmith,1994:

Magnitude
7.884
7.603
7.997
8.224
8.278
7.985
6.839
6.844
3.013
.794

Phan Tr ng Trnh

248
GI TR TRUNG BNH THEO TRNG S
Phng php moment ng t: 3; PP mt t gy: 2; PP chiu di: 1
Magnitude trung bnh lch chun
8.40
0.193
Bng 6.8: ng t cc i gy ra bi F2

MAGNITUDE CC I, BIN V TC DCH CHUYN


Chiu di (km) su (km) Gc cm Chuyn dch (m) Tnh cht
228.000
100.000
40.000
4.000
Nghch
Ph ng php
Magnitude theo Slemmons,1982 cho chiu di t gy:
Magnitude theo Well-coppersmith cho chiu di t gy:
Magnitude theo Well-coppersmith cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo Wyss, 1979 cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo Woodward-clyde,1983 cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo moment ng t, Hanks- Kanamori:
Chuyn dch (m) d on theo Slemmons, 1982:
Tc (mm) d on theo Woodward-clyde, 1983:
Chuyn dch cc i (m) theo Well-Coppersmith,1994:
Chuyn dch trung bnh (m) theo Well-Coppersmith,1994:

Magnitude
8.140
7.877
8.425
8.700
8.789
8.386
10.745
17.363
4.011
.859

GI TR TRUNG BNH THEO TRNG S


Phng php moment ng t: 3; PP mt t gy: 2; PP chiu di: 1
Magnitude trung bnh lch chun
8.455
.268
Bng 6.9: ng t cc i gy ra bi F3

MAGNITUDE CC I, BIN V TC DCH CHUYN


Chiu di (km) su (km) Gc cm Chuyn dch (m) Tnh cht
200.000 50.000
40.000
3.300
Nghch
Phng php
Magnitude theo Slemmons,1982 cho chiu di t gy:
Magnitude theo Well-coppersmith cho chiu di t gy:
Magnitude theo Well-coppersmith cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo Wyss, 1979 cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo Woodward-clyde,1983 cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo moment ng t, Hanks- Kanamori:
Chuyn dch (m) d on theo Slemmons, 1982:
Tc (mm) d on theo Woodward-clyde, 1983:
Chuyn dch cc i (m) theo Well-Coppersmith,1994:
Chuyn dch trung bnh (m) theo Well-Coppersmith,1994:
GI TR TRUNG BNH THEO TRNG S
Phng php moment ng t: 3; PP mt t gy: 2; PP chiu di: 1
Magnitude trung bnh lch chun
8.181
.180

Magnitude
8.075
7.807
8.118
8.359
8.423
8.103
9.582
8.913
3.268
.812

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

249

Bng 6.10: ng t cc i gy ra bi F4

MAGNITUDE CC I, BIN V TC DCH CHUYN


Chiu di (km) su (km) Gc cm Chuyn dch (m) Tnh cht
256.000
50.000
30.000
3.700
Nghch
Ph ng php
Magnitude theo Slemmons,1982 cho chiu di t gy:
Magnitude theo Well-coppersmith cho chiu di t gy:
Magnitude theo Well-coppersmith cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo Wyss, 1979 cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo Woodward-clyde,1983 cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo moment ng t, Hanks- Kanamori:
Chuyn dch (m) d on theo Slemmons, 1982:
Tc (mm) d on theo Woodward-clyde, 1983:
Chuyn dch cc i (m) theo Well-Coppersmith,1994:
Chuyn dch trung bnh (m) theo Well-Coppersmith,1994:

Magnitude
8.197
7.938
8.297
8.558
8.637
8.269
11.890
13.162
3.683
.839

GI TR TRUNG BNH THEO TRNG S


Phng php moment ng t: 3; PP mt t gy: 2; PP chiu di: 1
Magnitude trung bnh lch chun
8.357
.206
Bng 6.11: ng t cc i gy ra bi F5

MAGNITUDE CC I, BIN V TC DCH CHUYN


Chiu di (km) su (km) Gc cm Chuyn dch (m) Tnh cht
110.000
100.000
60.000
3.000
Nghch
Phng php
Magnitude theo Slemmons,1982 cho chiu di t gy:
Magnitude theo Well-coppersmith cho chiu di t gy:
Magnitude theo Well-coppersmith cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo Wyss, 1979 cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo Woodward-clyde,1983 cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo moment ng t, Hanks- Kanamori:
Chuyn dch (m) d on theo Slemmons, 1982:
Tc (mm) d on theo Woodward-clyde, 1983:
Chuyn dch cc i (m) theo Well-Coppersmith,1994:
Chuyn dch trung bnh (m) theo Well-Coppersmith,1994:

Magnitude
7.778
7.490
8.023
8.254
8.310
8.005
5.681
7.257
3.068
.798

GI TR TRUNG BNH THEO TRNG S


Phng php moment ng t: 3; PP mt t gy: 2; PP chiu di: 1
Magnitude trung bnh lch chun
8.042
.236
i vi di ven lc a Vit Nam, phm vi trng Sng Hng, mc d quan st thy
c du hiu ca t gy tr, nhng chng ti nhn thy chiu di t gy khng vt qu 15
km. khu vc Nam Trung B v Nam B, chng ti khng quan st thy t gy tr no vt
qu 20 km. V vy chng ti nh gi ng t cc i trng sng Hng khng vt qu
magnitude 6.2 . Nam Trung B v Nam b khng vt qu 6.4. dc i t gy 110, mc
d khng quan st thy r nt cc i t gy tr, nhng xt ti c im a mo gm vch
a hnh sc nt nn c th nh gi ng t cc i ging nh Nam Trung B mangnitude
khng vt qu 6.4. Chi tit nh gi t nh sau:

Phan Tr ng Trnh

250

Bng 6.12: ng t cc i gy ra bi t gy trng Sng Hng

MAGNITUDE CC I, BIN V TC DCH CHUYN


Chiu di (km) su (km) Gc cm Chuyn dch (m) Tnh cht
15.000
10.000
85.000
.230
Trt bng
Phng php
Magnitude theo Slemmons,1982 cho chiu di t gy:
Magnitude theo Well-coppersmith cho chiu di t gy:
Magnitude theo Well-coppersmith cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo Wyss, 1979 cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo Woodward-clyde,1983 cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo moment ng t, Hanks- Kanamori:
Chuyn dch (m) d on theo Slemmons, 1982:
Tc (mm) d on theo Woodward-clyde, 1983:
Chuyn dch cc i (m) theo Well-Coppersmith,1994:
Chuyn dch trung bnh (m) theo Well-Coppersmith,1994:

Magnitude
6.286
6.477
6.201
6.328
6.243
5.978
.139
.168
.228
.182

GI TR TRUNG BNH THEO TRNG S


Phng php moment ng t: 3; PP mt t gy: 2; PP chiu di: 1
Magnitude trung bnh lch chun
6.204
.156

Bng 6.13: ng t cc i gy ra bi i t gy bin Nam Trung B v Nam B

MAGNITUDE CC I, BIN V TC DCH CHUYN


Chiu di (km) su (km) Gc cm Chuyn dch (m) Tnh cht
20.000
10.000
85.000
.300
Trt bng
Ph ng php
Magnitude theo Slemmons,1982 cho chiu di t gy:
Magnitude theo Well-coppersmith cho chiu di t gy:
Magnitude theo Well-coppersmith cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo Wyss, 1979 cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo Woodward-clyde,1983 cho mt t gy:
Magnitude theo moment ng t, Hanks- Kanamori:
Chuyn dch (m) d on theo Slemmons, 1982:
Tc (mm) d on theo Woodward-clyde, 1983:
Chuyn dch cc i (m) theo Well-Coppersmith,1994:
Chuyn dch trung bnh (m) theo Well-Coppersmith,1994:
GI TR TRUNG BNH THEO TRNG S
Phng php moment ng t: 3; PP mt t gy: 2; PP chiu di: 1
Magnitude trung bnh lch chun
6.344
.146

Magnitude
6.432
6.617
6.329
6.453
6.378
6.138
.212
.214
.308
.238

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

251

NH GI GIA TC RUNG NG
thnh lp bn d bo nguy him ng t, chng ti tnh ton gia tc rung
ng ng vi khong cch ti t gy.
Bng 6.14: Gia tc rung ng ca ng t c magnitude 6.2 khong cch 10 km

Magnitude Khong cch ngun su t gy Gc cm t gy


6.200
10.000
10.000
89.000
Phng php
PGA
PGA cho ng t gan, Campell, m hnh 1, 1981:
.1423
PGA cho ng t gan, Cambell, m hnh 2, 1981:
.1540
PGA ng t gan, M > 6, Campell, M-Hinh3,1981:
.1540
PGA ng t gan, 1988, m hnh 4 ca Campell:
.1501
PGA theo Boore-1982:
.1314
PGA theo Idriss, 1982:
.2217
PGA theo Xiang Jianguang v Gao Dong, 1989:
.1589
PGA theo Woodward - clyde, 1983:
.1722
PGA theo Cornell, 1979:
.2440
PGA theo McGuire, 1980:
.2842
PGA theo Estena & Rosenblueth, 1974:
.2792
PGA trung bnh trng s
.1634

Trng s
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
0
0

Phng sai trng s


.0283

Bng 6.15: Gia tc rung ng ca ng t c magnitude 6.2 khong cch 20 km

Magnitude Khong cch ngun su t gy Gc cm t gy


6.200
10.000
10.000
89.000
Phng php
PGA
PGA cho ng t gan, Campell, m hnh 1, 1981:
.0957
PGA cho ng t gan, Cambell, m hnh 2, 1981:
.0980
PGA ng t gan, M > 6, Campell, M-Hinh3,1981:
.0980
PGA ng t gan, 1988, m hnh 4 ca Campell:
.0946
PGA theo Boore-1982:
.0751
PGA theo Idriss, 1982:
.1449
PGA theo Xiang Jianguang v Gao Dong, 1989:
.1134
PGA theo Woodward - clyde, 1983:
.1133
PGA theo Cornell, 1979:
.1732
PGA theo McGuire, 1980:
.1659
PGA theo Estena & Rosenblueth, 1974:
.2106
PGA trung bnh trng s Phng sai trng s
.1076
.0224

Trng s
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
0
0

Phan Tr ng Trnh

252
Bng 6.16: Gia tc rung ng ca ng t magnitude 6.4 khong cch 10 km

Magnitude Khong cch ngun su t gy Gc cm t gy


6.400
10.000
10.000
89.000
Ph ng php
PGA

Trng s

PGA cho ng t gan, Campell, m hnh 1, 1981:

.1626

PGA cho ng t gan, Cambell, m hnh 2, 1981:

.1744

PGA ng t gan, M > 6, Campell, M-Hinh3,1981:

.1744

PGA ng t gan, 1988, m hnh 4 ca Campell:

.1678

PGA theo Boore-1982:

.1344

PGA theo Idriss, 1982:

.2374

PGA theo Xiang Jianguang v Gao Dong, 1989:

.1762

PGA theo Woodward - clyde, 1983:

.1957

PGA theo Cornell, 1979:

.2898

PGA theo McGuire, 1980:

.3396

PGA theo Estena & Rosenblueth, 1974:

.3277

PGA trung bnh trng s Phng sai trng s


.1834
.0350
Bng 6.17: Gia tc rung ng ca ng t magnitude 6.4 khong cch 20 km

Magnitude Khong cch ngun su t gy Gc cm t gy


6.400
20.000
10.000
89.000
Ph ng php
PGA

Trng s

PGA cho ng t gan, Campell, m hnh 1, 1981:

.1107

PGA cho ng t gan, Cambell, m hnh 2, 1981:

.1142

PGA ng t gan, M > 6, Campell, M-Hinh3,1981:

.1142

PGA ng t gan, 1988, m hnh 4 ca Campell:

.1068

PGA theo Boore-1982:

.0784

PGA theo Idriss, 1982:

.1581

PGA theo Xiang Jianguang v Gao Dong, 1989:

.1257

PGA theo Woodward - clyde, 1983:

.1312

PGA theo Cornell, 1979:

.2057

PGA theo McGuire, 1980:

.1983

PGA theo Estena & Rosenblueth, 1974:

.2471

PGA trung bnh trng s Phng sai trng s


.1226
.02

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

253

6.1.3. Bin i ng sut Coulomb


xc nh qu trnh bin i ng sut Coulomb khi xy ra ng t dc i t gy
F4, chng ti s dng phn mm ca Okada theo l thuyt bin v xc nh bin i ng
sut Coulomb theo su khc nhau. Cc d liu s dng m hnh ging nh trong vic
xc nh ng t cc i i vi on t gy F4. Bin chuyn dch y l 3.7 mt, l
kt qu trong vic xc nh bng php xp x lin tip khi tnh ng t cc i xy ra dc t
gy F4. Tnh ton bin i Coulomb c thc hin theo kch bn ng t cc i xy ra
trn t gy F4 cc su 0 km, 10 km 20 km v 30 km khu vc Ty Philippine.
Theo quy c, cc min nm trong vng c mu nng nh mu , da cam... s chu
tc ng tng ng sut nn, mu xanh ch th cho cc min nm trong vng gim ng sut
nn.
Kt qu tnh ton th hin trn Hnh 6.22 n 6.25 cho thy t su 10km tr xung
min gia tng ng sut nn nm ch yu pha ng ca t gy F4. Phn cn li ca khu
vc nghin cu hu nh nm trong min gim ng sut nn. iu ny ph hp vi hnh thi
ng hc ca i ht chm khu vc pha Ty Philippine. Tuy nhin s gia tng ng sut
Coulomb cng c th thy pha ty ca t gy F4 vi din khng ln v t khong 10 km,
cng xung su, din tng ng sut pha ty ca t gy ny cng gim. S bin i ng
sut Coulomb xy ra trn mt ca khu vc nghin cu tun theo xu hng ngc li, tc l
gim ng sut pha ng v tng ng sut pha ty.
Theo cc nghin cu gn y, cc vng c s gia tng mnh ng sut nn thng l
vng tp trung nhiu d chn v c kh nng tng thm xc sut xy ra ng t ti khu vc
tng ng. Do c th nhn nh pha ng ca t gy F4 l ni c nhiu kh nng xy ra
ng t.

6.2. NH GI NGUY HIM SNG THN


6.2.1. M hnh lan truyn sng thn trn bin
V sng thn c th lan truyn mt khong cch rt ln, hng ngn km trc khi n tn
cng vo b, nn m phng s lan truyn ca sng thn trn mt vng bin rng nh Bin
ng ca nc ta, cn phi tnh n cong ca Tri t. Ngoi ra, cn phi tnh n hiu
ng ca lc Coriolis khi tnh ton lan truyn ca sng thn. Hn na, do sng thn l sng
di, nh hng suy gim ca sng thn do ma st y rt nh v c th b qua. V sng thn
l sng di nn tt c cc hiu ng ca cc qu trnh sng di nh nhiu x, khc x, nc
nng, phn x v phn tn c th d dng c m phng bng cch gii cc phng trnh lan
truyn ca sng di tch phn cho ton b ct nc. Vi tt c nhng iu , ta c h phng
trnh m t s lan truyn ca sng thn trn bin nh sau (Titov v Gonzalez, 1997; Titov v
cng s, 1999) [236] [237]:

1 (ud ) (vd cos )


+
+
=0
t R cos

u
u u v u
g h
g d
+
+
+
=
+ fv
t R cos R R cos R cos
v
u
v v v g h g d
+
+
+
=
fu
t R cos R R R

(6.1)
(6.2)
(6.3)

254

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 6.22: D bo bin i ng sut Coulomb trn mt khi xy ra ng t cc i ln cn t gy


F4. Trn hnh cng th hin hot ng ng t (chm trn), ni la (hnh tam gic) v cc vector
chuyn dch GPS [199].

Hnh 6.23: D bo bin i ng sut Coulomb su 10km khi xy ra ng t cc i ln cn t


gy F4 [199].

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

255

Hnh 6.24: D bo bin i ng sut Coulomb su 20km khi xy ra ng t cc i ln cn t


gy F4 [199].

Vi l kinh , l v , d ( , , t ) = ( , , t ) + h( , ) l su ton phn ca


nc khi c sng thn, ( , , t ) l dao ng mc nc khi c sng thn, h(, ) l su
bin khi tnh lng, u ( , , t ) v v( , , t ) ln lt l vn tc dng chy trung bnh theo su
theo hng v tuyn v kinh tuyn, g l gia tc trng trng, f l thng s Coriolis
( f = 2 sin ), v R l bn knh tri t.
Cn ch rng cc phng trnh t (6.1) ti (6.3) khng cha cc thnh phn tiu tn nng
lng ca sng thn nn chng khng th c dng m phng qu trnh sng v gn b
v tiu tn nng lng khi sng leo v gp cc chng ngi vt nh nh ca cy ci. M hnh
sng leo v nh gi ngp lt do sng thn gy ra c hon thin v s c p dng
tnh ngp lt ven bin Vit Nam phc v cho vic xy dng cc bn cnh bo nguy c
sng thn trn t lin.

256

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 6.25: D bo bin i ng sut Coulomb su 30km khi xy ra ng t cc i ln cn t


gy F4 [199].

iu kin bin v iu kin ban u


gii cc phng trnh lan truyn ca sng thn trn bin (6.1 ti 6.3), cn phi xc
nh cc iu kin bin v iu kin ban u cho cc m hnh ny. iu kin bin ca cc
phng trnh ny bao gm iu kin bin cng v iu kin bin h. i vi bin h, cn
phi s dng iu kin bc x t do, c ngha l sng thn t trong min tnh c t do i ra
khi min tnh. Nu gi thit rng hng t trong min tnh ra ngoi l hng dng th
phng trnh m t iu kin bin bc x t do ti bin h pha ng ca min tnh c
vit nh sau:

1
(6.4)
= gh
t
R cos
Cc phng trnh tng t nh phng trnh (6.46) c th c vit cho cc bin h
pha ty, bc v nam ca min tnh.
Phng trnh (6.4) l iu kin bin bc x t do (iu kin bin Euler) ca sng
tuyn tnh. Tuy vy, m hnh c s dng tnh lan truyn sng thn trn bin l m hnh
sng thn phi tuyn v cc phng trnh bo ton ng lng l cc phng trnh (6.44) v
(6.45). Vic ghp ni phng trnh (6.46) vo cc phng trnh (6.44) v (6.45) ti bin c th
gy ra mt cn bng ng lng, lm cho m hnh mt n nh. loi tr tnh bt n nh
ca m hnh, nghin cu ny s dng k thut sau y. Trc ht, rt ra cc phng trnh
lan truyn sng di tuyn tnh bng cch loi b cc thnh phn phi tuyn. Sau , gii cc
phng trnh ny cho nt li ngay cnh nt li trn bin ca min tnh.
i vi bin cng, cn phi tnh ti sng leo v tiu tn nng lng do sng v. Tuy
nhin, lm c iu ny, cn phi tnh ton vi li tnh nh. Do phm vi p dng ca
m hnh lan truyn sng thn l ton Bin ng nn trong d n ny, bt buc phi s dng

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

257

li tnh rt ln (khong 1 pht kinh v). Vi li tnh ny, khng cn thit phi tnh ti cc
qu trnh sng ven b nh sng leo, sng v. Cc gi tr cao mc nc v vn tc dng
chy tnh c t m hnh lan truyn sng thn trn phm vi ton Bin ng s c s dng
tnh sng leo v ngp lt do sng thn gy ra trn b. tnh sng leo trn b, cn phi s
dng li tnh rt tinh (li tnh ln nht l 50m). Cng vic ny ang c thc hin v s
hon tt vo cui nm 2008.
M hnh thnh to sng thn khng cn iu kin ban u v n tnh ton dch chuyn
3 chiu ca mt nc bin khi c ng t theo cc cng thc gii tch m khng cn gii cc
phng trnh vi phn ph thuc thi gian. iu kin ban u cho m hnh s tr tnh lan
truyn ca sng thn trn phm vi ton Bin ng l dch chuyn thng ng ca b mt
nc bin khi c ng t tnh theo m hnh thnh to sng thn.
M hnh tnh ton ngp lt do sng thn gy ra
Yu cu tnh ton ngp lt do sng thn trong iu kin thc t
Thng thng, a hnh v a mo mt t vng ven b bin rt phc tp vi cc khu
vc t cao, nh ca, cy ci, ng s, cng nh cc vng t c dc ln hay thng ng.
Cc c trng nu trn ca mt t c gi l cc yu t a hnh, a mo. Tt c cc yu t
a hnh, a mo nu trn u nh hng ti qu trnh lan truyn sng thn v ngp lt do
sng thn gy ra. dc ca khu t ngay st b bin nh hng rt mnh ti cao sng
leo. Cc kt qu nghin cu trong phng th nghim cng nh thc nghim hin trng cho
thy, cao sng leo tng khi dc mt t st b bin tng t 0 ti mt gi tr no , sau
gim khi dc mt t tng. Nu dc mt t ti st b bin bng 0 th cao sng
thn gim dn theo khong cch t ngoi b bin vo su trong t lin. iu ny c ngha l
sng thn cao nht ngay ti b bin. Cc khu t cao t nhin v nhn to nh g, i, ,
ng s, nh ca, cy ci c kh nng cn tr qu trnh lan truyn ca sng thn v lm suy
gim nng lng ca sng thn. Do vy, mt m hnh s tr c kh nng tnh ton m phng
qu trnh lan truyn ca sng thn trn t lin cng nh ngp lt do sng thn gy ra vi
chnh xc cao i hi phi tnh ti tt c cc yu t a hnh a mo nu trn. Ngoi ra, khi
sng thn lan truyn vo b, mt pha trc ca sng gn nh tr thnh thng ng. C ngha
l ngay ti mt sng thn, c mt s phn bit rt r rng gia khu vc c nc v khu vc
kh ro. Do , m phng qu trnh lan truyn ca sng thn trn cn, cn phi d bo vi
chnh xc cao, c th ti bc mt vi mt, s di chuyn ca ranh gii nc l trn mt
vng vn kh ro t trc. Thng thng, gim sai s trong vic thc hin cc vic trn,
ngi ta s dng mt li tnh vi kch thc li rt nh, c ln khong 1 ti 2 mt. Tuy
nhin, trong d n ny, vic tnh ton ngp lt do sng thn gy ra c s dng cc li tnh
vi kch thc nh trn l khng kh thi v d n yu cu tnh ton cho cc min tnh rt rng.
Nu dng li tnh c kch thc nh, cc min tnh ny i hi cc mng s liu vi kch
thc rt ln vi bc thi gian tnh ton rt nh tho mn iu kin n nh. iu ny
yu cu mt b nh my tnh rt ln v thi gian tnh ton rt di. Trong thc t tc nghip
ni chung, do gii hn v b nh my tnh v thi gian tnh ton, thng th li tnh c
ly kh th, i khi c kch thc bc li ti 100 mt. Trong trng hp ny, t c
chnh xc cn thit trong m phng lan truyn sng thn v ngp lt, vic m phng mt
cch chnh xc s lan truyn ca b mt sng thn trong mt nt li c tm quan trng rt
ln.
Cc phng trnh c bn ca m hnh
Nh trnh by trn, khi gii quyt bi ton tnh lan truyn sng thn trn mt a
hnh rt phc tp ven b bin vi chnh xc tho mn yu cu lp bn cnh bo nguy c
sng thn, tit kim thi gian tnh ton v b nh my tnh, nhiu khi cn phi dng li
tnh rt th, thm ch c ln khong 100 mt. Thng thng th vi li tnh nh th ny
th khng th xem a hnh bn trong li l ng nht v nh vy sai s tnh ton s rt ln.

Phan Tr ng Trnh

258

Th d, nu nh c mt nt li tnh nm trn mt sn i c dc kh ln th khi l


truyn ti chn i, ch c mt phn din tch ca nt li ngay ti chn i ti im l truyn
ti c ph nc, phn cn li vn cn kh cn. Nh vy, khi nc l chy vo nt li, n
s ch chy vo phn thp c ph nc. Phn ph nc ny ca nt li s c gi l din
tch t. Phn cn li ca nt li khng c ph nc s c gi l din tch kh. Ban
u, khi l truyn ti nt li, din tch phn ph nc trong nt li c th l rt nh. Tng
ng, lu lng nc l chy vo trong nt li cng rt nh. Do vy, mc nc dng ln
trong nt li rt nhanh theo ng qu trnh lan truyn l. Theo thi gian, khi mc nc dng
cao dn ln, din tch phn ph nc cng tng ln. Tuy nhin, lc ny lu lng nc chy
vo li cng tng theo sao cho mc nc dng ln trong nt li theo ng tc dng ln
ca l. Khi tnh ton bng m hnh s tr, thng thng tc dng cao ca mc nc trong
mi nt li c tnh bng cch chia lng nc chy vo (hay chy ra khi nt li) cho
din tch b mt nt li. Nh vy, c th thy rng nu ly lng nc chy vo khi l dng
chia cho ton b din tch nt li, tc dng nc tnh ton s nh hn tc dng nc
thc t, c bit ti giai on u tin, khi lu lng nc l chy vo nt li nh v din
tch t cng nh. T c th thy rng nng cao chnh xc tnh ton, cn phi chia
lu lng chy vo cho din tch t trong nt li. Nu nh tnh theo phng php ny, c
th m phng chnh xc hn qu trnh dng chy v bin trnh thi gian ca mc nc trong
li. Ngc li, nu nh khng tnh theo phng php ny, sai s tnh ton c th l rt ln.
Tng ng vi cc vn trnh by trn, c th m phng vi chnh xc
cao qu trnh lan truyn sng thn vng ven b v ngp lt do sng thn gy ra, trong d n
ny a ra cc khi nim din tch t v chiu di t. Gi s ta xt mt din tch kim
tra A c dng mt hnh vung c hai cnh tng ng vung gc vi cc trc x v y m ch c
mt phn ca din tch ny c nc bao ph. Khi , din tch t S trong din tch kim
tra ny s c nh ngha l t s gia phn din tch c nc che ph Aw trn tng din
tch. Cng tng t nh vy, chiu di t c nh ngha l t s gia chiu di ngp nc
ca mt cnh no trn tng chiu di ca cnh. K hiu cc chiu di t theo cc phng
fx fy
vung gc vi cc trc x v y ln lt l v , sau khi ly trung bnh khng gian ca
phng trnh chuyn ng hai chiu theo phng nm ngang ca nc trong l theo th tc
m tc gi V Thanh Ca, Ashie v Asaeda (2002) tin hnh.
T cc kt qu ca php ly trung bnh khng gian, c th rt ra phng trnh sau (V
Thanh Ca v nnk, 2005) [255].
f x q x f y q y S
+
+
=0
x
y
t

q x 1 Sq x2 1 Sq x q y
+

+
t
S x d S y d
(q x / d ) f c
1

d t S
+
Qq x

S y
y d 2

(q x / d )
1
+ gd

d t S

x S x
x

(6.48)

=0

2
(q y / d )
1 Sq y

+ gd 1 d t S
+

t
y S x
x
S y d
(q y / d ) f c
1

Qq y = 0
d t S
+
y d 2
S y

q y

(6.47)

1 Sq y q x

S x d

(6.49)

trong q x v q y ln lt l lu lng nc chy qua mt n v chiu di theo phng


vung gc vi cc trc x v y; g l gia tc trng trng; d l su nc; t l h s nht ri

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

259

theo phng nm ngang; f c l h s tr khng dng chy gy ra bi ma st y v cc chng


ngi vt nh nh ca, cy ci, cc khu t cao; v Q l lu lng ton phn. Cn ch l cc
phng trnh t (6.47) n (6.49) s t ng tr thnh phng trnh dng chy hai chiu theo
phng ngang (phng trnh Saint Vernant) khi m ton b min nghin cu c ph
nc.
H s tr khng dng chy c tnh ton da theo cc kt qu th nghim bng m
hnh vt l ca Vin nghin cu cc cng trnh cng cng Nht Bn (PRI) nh sau
fc =

gn 2
h1 / 3

(6.50)

trong h s nhm n c xc nh nh sau


n 2 = n02 + 0.020

d 4/3
100

(6.51)

vi i din cho cc cng trnh xy dng hay khu t cao trong nt li v c nh ngha
l t s gia din tch phn c cng trnh ca nt li trn tng din tch ca nt li. n0 i
din cho tr khng ca dng chy do t nng nghip, ng x v t s dng vi cc mc
ch khc v c tnh nh sau
n12 A1 + n 22 A2 + n32 A3
n =
A1 + A2 + A3
2
0

(6.52)

vi n1=0.06, n2=0.047 v n3=0.05. A1 , A2 v A3 ln lt l t l gia din tch t nng


nghip, t lm ng v t s dng vi mc ch khc trn ton b din tch mi nt li.
Cc phng trnh t (6.47) ti (6.49) l cc phng trnh ch p dng c cho cc khu
vc mt t c dc khng ln v dng chy c vn tc khng vt qu vn tc lan truyn
ca sng di (dng chy m). Khi c nhng chng ngi vt nh con ng cao, c hoc
vng t cao cng nh thay i cao t ngt, gii hn p dng ca cc phng trnh t
(6.47) ti (6.49) b vi phm v m bo c c cc kt qu tnh ton vi chnh xc cao,
dng chy qua y cn c x l theo cc cng thc thc nghim. Gi s ta c dng chy
trn qua chng ngi vt nh v trn Hnh 6.26. K hiu mc nc thng lu ca chng
ngi vt l Wu , mc nc h lu chng ngi vt l Wd v cao mt l Wb , lu lng
chy trn qua chng ngi vt c tnh theo cc cng thc t (6.53) n (6.56) do Homma
ngh trong cun Cc cng thc thu lc do Hi k s cng chnh Nht Bn xut bn nm
2000. R rng l ta c th p dng cng thc (6.55) tnh lu lng nc chy trn qua mt
vng t c dc rt ln m dng chy khng th tnh ton c bng cch gii phng
trnh (6.48) v (6.49).
d u = Wu Wb
(6.53)
d d = Wd Wb
(6.54)
dd / du 2 / 3
dd / du > 2 / 3

Q = 0.35d u 2 gd u
Q = 0.91d d 2 g (d u d d )

(6.55)
(6.56)

Phan Tr ng Trnh

260

Cc cng thc t (6.53) ti (6.56) cng c th c s dng tnh dng chy trn
qua to ra trao i nc gia li tnh v cc sng ln trong trng hp c .
Thng thng khi ta dng mt li tnh qu th th trong li c th c cc sng, sui,
knh rch (gi l knh) nh c chiu rng nh hn bc li. Nu nh c cc knh ny th
tu thuc vo chiu rng ca knh, i khi dng chy trong cc knh nhanh hn dng chy b
mt nhiu v cc knh ny c th gip cho sng thn lan truyn nhanh hn. c th m
phng c hin tng ny, trong m hnh tnh dng chy trong knh ring bit vi dng
chy trn trn b mt bng cch gii phng trnh chuyn ng c tuyn tnh ho sau
cho knh
Wu
du

dd
Wd

Wb

Hnh 6.26: Dng chy vt chng ngi vt


2
H r n r Vr Vr
1 Vr
=

4/3
g t
l
d rm

(6.57)

trong , Vr l vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy trong knh, H r l mc nc trong bnh trong
knh, c th khc vi mc nc trong li, l l khong cch dc theo knh t mt li ti
li cnh , n r l h s nhm trung bnh trong knh v d rm l su dng chy trung bnh
trong knh. Mc nc trong knh c tnh bng cch gii phng trnh cn bng nc cho
on knh nm trong li nh sau:
H r
=
t

[ Q Q ]/ A
in

out

(6.58)

trong , Qin v Qout ln lt l lu lng nc chy vo v chy ra khi on knh, bao gm


c dng chy trn qua (nu c); A l din tch b mt ca on knh. Dng chy trn qua
to ra trao i nc gia knh v li s c tnh theo cng thc Homma.
Tuy nhin, cng cn phi nhn mnh rng khi sng thn lan truyn trn bi, ng lc
rt mnh ca sng thn lm cho vn tc lan truyn ca n dc theo knh khng sai khc ng
k so vi vn tc lan truyn ca n trn b nu nh knh kh nh. V vy, php xp x nu
trn trong vic tnh ton lan truyn ca sng thn trong li c tnh n nh hng ca knh
ch nng cao c chnh xc nu nh li tnh l kh ln (c bc vi chc mt) v knh c
chiu rng ng k (khong t 3 m tr ln).
V rng li tnh trong m hnh l kh ln nn c th nng cao chnh xc tnh
ton, cn phi m phng s di chuyn ca ng mt, tc l ng phn chia gia khu vc c
nc ti v vng nc cha ti trong mi nt li. lm iu ny, chng ti s dng
gi thit sau. Nh trnh by trong l thuyt sng ni chung, sng v khi m vn tc chuyn

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

261

ng ca ht nc ti mt sng bng vi vn tc lan truyn ca sng. Khi sng thn lan


truyn trn b, mt pha trc ca sng thn hon ton tng t vi mt sng v. iu c
ngha l tc chuyn ng ca ht nc ti mt pha trc ca sng thn ng bng vn tc
r
lan truyn ca sng di. Do vy, c th gi thit rng mt sng thn trong li tnh V f chuyn
ng vi vn tc lan truyn ca sng di ti mt sng thn, tc l:
r
V f = gd

(6.59)

iu kin bin v iu kin ban u


Cc bin ca min tnh c th c phn loi thnh cc bin cng v cc bin h. Do
li tnh kh ln (50m) c s dng trong d n tnh ngp lt do sng thn gy ra, iu
kin bin ti cc bin cng c gi thit l trt t do. C hai loi bin h c s dng
trong tnh ton. Loi bin h th nht l bin h pha ngoi bin. Nh trnh by trn, do
kch thc li tnh qu trnh ngp lt do sng thn gy ra qu nh nn vic tnh ton ch c
th thc hin c trn cc min tnh nh. M hnh s tr tnh ton s thnh to v lan truyn
ca sng thn trn phm vi ton Bin ng c s dng tnh ton, cung cp cc iu kin
bin cho cc min tnh nh ny ti cc bin h pha ngoi bin. Ti cc bin h trn cn khi
chy trn, iu kin chy trn bc x Somerfeld c p dng bo m cho sng thn t
do lan truyn ra khi min tnh. iu kin ban u l mc nc c cho trc trn ton b
min tnh v vn tc dng chy bng khng.
S sai phn hu hn v li gii s tr
Cc phng trnh lin tc v phng trnh chuyn ng t (6.47) n (6.49) c sai
phn ho trn mt li sai phn vung gc. Mt li tnh so le c s dng trong lu
lng nc v vn tc dng chy c tnh ti cc cnh ca li v mc nc c tnh ti
trung tm li. Thnh phn phi tuyn (thnh phn bnh lu) ca cc phng trnh chuyn
ng c sai phn ho theo s cho nhn (Hirt and Nichole, 1981) [82]. Theo s ny
th cn c vo hng dng chy ti hai nt li ln cn nhau m quyt nh mt nt li l
nt li cho, mt nt li l nt li nhn v mt s n gi s c p dng sai phn
ho thnh phn bnh lu ca phng trnh chuyn ng gia hai nt li. Tuy s n gi
nh trn m bo vi chnh xc rt cao iu kin bo ton khi lng, nhng n to ra
nht s tr rt ln do sai s lm trn. gim nh hng ca sai s lm trn, ng thi m
bo iu kin n nh ca s tnh, trong m hnh ly trung bnh gia s sai phn
trung tm (c chnh xc bc 2) v s n gi nh trn. S sai phn trung tm
Crank-Nicholson c chnh xc bc 2 c dng sai phn thi gian. V y l s sai
phn n nn mt qu trnh tnh lp c p dng. Th t tnh ton nh sau. Trc ht, lu
lng dng chy qua cc cnh ca li c gi nh v mc nc ti trung tm li c
tnh bng cch gii phng trnh lin tc (6.47). Sau khi c mc nc, mc nc c th
vo cc phng trnh ng lng (6.48) v (6.49), kt hp vi cc phng trnh chy trn t
(6.53) n (6.56), gii v tnh lu lng. Cc gi tr lu lng mi ny li c thay th
vo phng trnh (6.47) tnh mc nc. Qu trnh ny c tip din cho n khi c nghim
hi t. Sau , din tch t, di t v cc thng s khc c tnh trn c s mc nc
c tnh ton nh trn.
Chu vi t trong 1 nt li, chiu di t trn mi cnh v din tch t trong mi nt
li c tnh theo s hin ti mi thi im bng cch s dng mc nc, cao trnh mt
t v dc mt t theo hai hng trc x v trc y. C th trnh by th tc tnh ton bng
s trong Hnh 6.27. Sai phn khng gian ca cc phng trnh (6.48) v (6.49) c tin
hnh theo mt s tng t s th tch lng (VOF) do Hirt v Nichols (1981) [82]
xut. Trong s ny, mc nc c gi thit l nm ngang trong mi nt li. Cao mt

Phan Tr ng Trnh

262

t ti mi gc ca nt li (th d nh cc im A, B, C v D trong Hnh 6.27 c gi thit


l bng gi tr trung bnh ca cao mt t ti 4 nt li ln cn. Th d, cao mt t ti
im C trong hnh c tnh nh sau:
bi , j + bi , j +1 + bi +1, j +1 + bi +1, j
(6.60)
bc =
4
vi bc l cao mt t ti im C, v bi,j, bi,j+1, bi+1,j+1 v bi+1,j ln lt l cao mt t ti
trung tm cc nt li (i,j), (i,j+1), (i+1,j+1) v (i+1,j).
Mc nc ti 1 cnh ca nt li c xem l bng gi tr trung bnh ca mc nc ti
hai nt li k bn, nu nh hai nt li ny u ngp nc. Th d, mc nc ti cnh BC
ca nt li i, j trong Hnh 6.26 c tnh nh sau:
i , j + i , j +1
(6.61)
bc =
2
vi bc , i, j v i , j +1 ln lt l mc nc ti cnh BC, v ti tm cc nt li (i,j) v (i,j+1).
B
x
x

x1

i+1,j+1

vij
i,j+1

Bin
Onshore

i+1,j-1

i+1,j

u i+1j D II

C
I

i,j

vij-1

i,j-1

x 2

A
u ij

i-1,j+1

i-1,j

i-1,j-1
Offshore

y
y

y 1
0

Hnh 6.27: H to v phng php nh gi bin t v kh trong mt nt li


Nu 1 trong 2 nt li nm cnh cnh chung l hon ton kh (khng c nc, tc din
tch t trong nt li bng 0), mc nc trung bnh ti cnh ca nt li c xem l bng
mc nc ti nt li t. Chiu di t v din tch t trong mi nt li c tnh ton
theo cao mt t ti tm nt li, mc nc trong li v im ct gia mt nc v mt
t ti mt cnh ca nt li. Khi mc nc trung bnh trong mt nt li cao hn cao y
ti hai u ca 1 cnh, cnh c xem l hon ton b ngp nc, v chiu di t tng
ng ti cnh c xem l bng 1. Trong cc trng hp khc, gi tr chiu di t c
xem l bng t s gia chiu di phn t v chiu di tng cng ca cnh. Sau khi xc
nh c tt c cc im t trn 4 cnh ca nt li, chu vi t v din tch t trong mi
li c xc nh bng cch ni 2 im t cnh nhau bng 1 ng thng. Trn Hnh 6.26,
ng thng ny l cc ng t on. Din tch t trong li i,j trong hnh l phn li

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

263

c tnh t ng t on v pha bin. Chu vi t v din tch t trong mt nt li c


gi khng i trong mt bc thi gian.
Cc kt qu kim chng m hnh s tr thnh to v lan truyn sng thn
Kim chng m hnh theo cc tnh ton l thuyt
kim chng m hnh thnh to v lan truyn sng thn, cn kim chng m hnh
theo cc tnh ton l thuyt cng nh cc kt qu o c hin trng ti cc a im chu nh
hng ca sng thn. Phng php kim chng m hnh theo cc tnh ton l thuyt n gin
nht l so snh cc kt qu tnh ton bng m hnh vi cc kt qu tnh ton ca cc m hnh
c kim chng v ang c s dng rng ri trn th gii. Mt trong nhng m hnh
l m hnh do nhm nghin cu ti trng i hc Tohoku ca Nht Bn do GS. Imamura
ng u. Nhm GS Imamura cng s dng m hnh thnh to sng thn ca Okada (1985)
[176] m phng qu trnh lan truyn ca sng thn trn bin, m hnh ny gii cc phng
trnh lan truyn phi tuyn ca sng nc nng trong h to - cc. V cng s dng m
hnh thnh to sng thn ca Okada (1985) nn cc s liu u vo ca m hnh Imamura
cng ging cc s liu u vo ca m hnh Vin Khoa hc Kh tng Thu vn v Mi
trng. Ngoi ra, d n cn s dng m hnh lan truyn sng thn tuyn tnh ca Cng ng
Chu u. Cc chi tit ca m hnh ny c m t ti trang web http://tsunami.jrc.it/model/.
M hnh ny gi thit ngun ng t l ngun im.
Trong tnh ton kim chng, ngun sng thn c gi nh l ng t ti khu vc
i ht chm Manila. Cc thng s ng t gy sng thn c ly theo cc kt qu trong
chng 4 v c trnh by trong Bng 6.18. Khu vc tnh ton kim chng c ly l ton
b Bin ng vi gii hn v pha ty l ton b vnh Thi Lan v pha ng bao trm ton
b Philippines v mt phn Thi Bnh Dng. su bin ngoi khu vc Bin ng c
ly theo s liu Etopo2.

Kc
h
bn

1
2

Bng 6.18: Cc thng s ng t gy sng thn theo kch bn kim chng


Gc

Kinh V Chiu Chiu


ln
Gc Hng
cm
su
ngun di i rng

ng
nghi
t
chn ()
i
ngun ()
t
t
ng
gy
tiu
t
()
Mw
gy
( ()
h
gy
L
)
(km)
(km)
W
(km)

Khon
g dch
chuy
n
thng
ng
u0 (m)

8.5
119.10 17.50 313
70
18
15
90
177
9.61
9.0
119.10 17.50 646
104
27
15
90
177
17.49
su min tnh ton kim chng cng khu vc vng ngun sng thn c trnh by
trn Hnh 6.28.
Nh trnh by trn, li tnh dng trong tnh ton kim chng c phn gii 2
kinh v. V vy, vi min tnh trong Hnh 6.28, tnh ton c thc hin trn li kinh v vi
781x781 im li. Kt qu m phng thi gian lan truyn ca sng thn trn Bin ng theo
m hnh ca VKHKTTVMT, m hnh Chu u v m hnh Imamura c trnh by trn
Hnh 6.29. C th thy rng ngay ti vng ngun, kt qu tnh ton bng m hnh Chu u
kh khc vi m hnh VKHKTTVMT. iu ny l do m hnh Chu u s dng ngun im
trong khi m hnh VKHKTTVMT s dng cp ngun cng ng c hnh ch nht. Kt qu
tnh ton ca hai m hnh ti khu vc kh xa vng ngun l tng t nh nhau. Ngoi ra, m
hnh Chu u khng tnh c thi gian lan truyn ca sng thn ti cc khu vc rt xa
ngun (nh trong vnh Bc B hoc Ty Nam Bin ng) trong khi m hnh VKTTVMT

Phan Tr ng Trnh

264

thc hin c vic ny. M hnh Imamura phi tuyn s dng m hnh ng t gy sng
thn tng t m hnh VKHKTTVMT nn cho kt qu tng t nh kt qu ca m hnh
VKHKTTVMT.

Hnh 6.28: su vng nghin cu v vng ngun pht sinh sng thn [199].

(a)

(b)

(c)

Hnh 6.29: Thi gian lan truyn sng thn: (a) kt qu m hnh VKHKTTVMT, (b) m hnh Chu
u, v (c) m hnh Imamura [199]

Cc Hnh 6.30 v 6.31 trnh by phn b cao sng thn trn ton Bin ng, v ti
mt s v tr ven bin v hi o Vit Nam tnh bng m hnh VKHKTTVMT v m hnh
Imamura. C th thy phn b cao sng thn trn phm vi ton Bin ng v ti mt s v
tr ven bin v hi o Vit Nam tnh bng hai m hnh cho cc kt qu tng t nh nhau.
Vi ng t xy ra trong i ht chm Manila, vng bin chu nh hng mnh nht
l cc qun o Trng Sa, Hong Sa v vng bin t Hu ti Phan Rang. cao sng thn
cc i ti cc vng b bin t Hu ti Phan Rang nm trong khong t 3,5 m n 4,5 m.
Vng bin c cao sng thn nguy him (hn 1m) tri di t Qung Bnh ti Vng Tu.
cao sng thn cc i ti khu vc qun o Hong Sa l hn 4 m, c bit ti mt s v tr l
hn 5 m. cao sng thn y ln v qun o ny nm i din vi khu vc t gy gy

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

265

ng t, chn ngang ng lan truyn ca sng thn t khu vc ngun ti vng b bin min
Trung ca Vit Nam. So vi qun o Hong Sa, cao sng thn ti vng qun o Trng
Sa nh hn nhiu. Ni chung, cao sng thn cc i ti khu vc ny ch vo khong 2 n
3 m. Tuy vy, ti mt s v tr, cao sng thn cc i c th ln ti trn 4 m.

(a)

(b)
Hnh 6.30: Phn b cao sng thn trn Bin ng tnh bng m hnh VKHKTTVMT (a),
v m hnh Imamura (b) vi ng t c Mw=8,5 ti i ht chm Manila [199]

266

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Cc Hnh 6.32 v 6.33 trnh by phn b cao sng thn trn ton Bin ng v ti
mt s v tr ven b bin v hi o Vit Nam tnh bng m hnh VKHKTTVMT v m hnh
Imamura vi ng t c Mw=9,0 ti i ht chm Manila. Cc kt qu tnh ton t cc m
hnh ny cho thy rng trng cao sng thn trn ton Bin ng v cao sng thn ti
mt s v tr ven b bin v hi o ca Vit Nam tnh bng hai m hnh ny cho cc kt qu
tng ng vi nhau.

(a)

(b)
Hnh 6.31: cao sng thn ti mt s v tr ven b bin v hi o Vit Nam tnh bng m hnh
VKHKTTVMT (a), v m hnh Imamura (b) vi ng t c Mw=8,5 ti i ht chm Manila [199].

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

267

T cc Hnh 6.32 v 6.33, c th thy rng ng t c ln Mw= 9,0 to ra sng


thn c cao rt ln ven b bin v hi o ca Vit Nam. Khu vc c cao sng thn
nguy him (c cao sng thn ti b ln hn 1 m) ko di t Qung Ninh ti C Mau. Khu
vc c cao sng thn cc i ti b t ti trn 4 m ko di t Qung Bnh ti Ninh Thun.
Theo cc kt qu tnh, sng thn cc i ti khu vc Qung Nam - Nng c cao ln hn
10 m. Cng tng t nh trng hp ng t c Mw=8,5, khu vc Qun o Hong Sa c
cao sng thn rt ln. Sng thn cc i ven mt s o c th c cao trn 17 m. cao
sng thn ti khu vc Qun o Trng Sa ni chung nh hn cao sng thn ti khu vc
Qun o Hong Sa, nhng cng c mt s im c cao sng thn cc i t ti trn 7 m.
so snh chi tit hn dao ng mc nc tnh bng 2 m hnh ti cc v tr khc
nhau ven b bin v hi o Vit Nam, trn Hnh 6.34 (a-f) trnh by dao ng mc nc ti
cc khu vc Nng, Bnh nh, Ph Yn, Ninh Thun, Hong Sa v Trng Sa tnh bng
m hnh ca VKHKTTVMT v m hnh Imamura. Qua c th thy rng kt qu tnh t hai
m hnh c s trng hp rt tt. c bit l i vi cc sng th nht v th hai, kt qu tnh
ton t hai m hnh gn nh trng lp hon ton. Cn phi ch rng sng thn bin i rt
mnh v tng cao t ngt khi ti st b nhng cc im c chn trnh by bin trnh
thi gian ca mc nc khng phi l st b nn cao sng thn xc nh t cc hnh khng
nht thit l cao sng thn ln nht trn ton khu vc xung quanh im c chn. im
sng thn ti trc tin trn ton di b bin Vit Nam l Ph Yn. Sau khong 2 gi t lc
xy ra ng t ti i ht chm Manila, sng thn lan truyn ti khu vc ven b tnh Ph Yn
(Hnh 6.34c). Di nh hng ca sng thn, ban u nc rt vi gi tr cc i trn 1m.
Khong hn 20 pht sau khi nc rt, tc l sau khong 2 gi t khi c ng t th nh sng
thn ln nht trn n vi cao khong 4,0 m. Thi gian vng nh sng duy tr khong 15
pht. Sau t sng thn u tin l nhiu t sng khc.
T Hnh 6.33, c th thy rng cao sng thn thay i rt mnh dc b bin. iu
ny c thy r rng hn trn cc hnh t (6.34a) ti (6.34e). cao sng thn cc i ti
im c chn gn b ti Bnh nh t khong 8 m, trong khi cao sng thn cc i
ti cc im tng ng ti Nng, Ph Yn l khong 5 m, Ninh Thun di 5 m. Ti cc
im gn b, tnh bt i xng ca mt ct sng cng th hin rt r rng. cao phn nh
sng ln hn rt nhiu gi tr tuyt i su phn chn sng. Tuy vy, ti khu vc cc qun
o Hong Sa v Trng Sa, tnh bt i xng ca mt ct sng tr nn yu hn nhiu. iu
ny l do ti khu vc ngoi o, su nc kh ln v a hnh rt dc nn sng thn i
xng ngoi bin khi khng bin i nhiu khi tip cn vo o.
C th c nhiu nguyn nhn cho s khc bit nh gia cc kt qu tnh ton bng 2
m hnh nu trn. Mt trong s nhng nguyn nhn c th l do m hnh Imamura s dng h
ta -cc phng trong khi m hnh VKHKTTVMT s dng h to cong trn b
mt tri t. Vi cc min tnh nh, vic s dng hai h to khc nhau khng cho cc kt
qu sai khc ng k. Vi min tnh ln nh ton Bin ng, s dng h to c tnh n
cong ca tri t nh m hnh VKHKTTVMT s cho cc kt qu ng vi thc t hn.

Phan Tr ng Trnh

268

(a)

(b)
Hnh 6.32: Phn b cao sng thn trn Bin ng tnh bng m hnh VKHKTTVMT (a), v m
hnh Imamura (b) vi ng t c Mw=9,0 ti i ht chm Manila [199]

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

269

(a)

(b)

Hnh 6.33: cao sng thn ti mt s v tr ven b bin v hi o Vit Nam tnh bng m hnh
VKHKTTVMT (a), v m hnh Imamura (b) vi ng t c Mw=9,0 ti i ht chm Manila [199].

Phan Tr ng Trnh

270

a) Nng

b) Bnh nh

c) Ph Yn
Kim chng m hnh theo cc s liu quan trc sng thn ca hai trn sng thn
Philippines
Trong thc t, c th khng nh tnh ng n ca m hnh, ngoi cc kt qu
kim chng l thuyt nh trnh by trn, cn kim chng m hnh theo cc kt qu quan
trc sng thn. V khu vc nghin cu l Bin ng, Vit Nam nn cc s liu ph hp nht
kim chng m hnh l cc s liu v cc trn ng t gy sng thn trong khu vc Bin
ng. Trong khu vc ny, nh trnh by trong Chng 4, ngun sng thn nguy him nht
l ngun sng thn do ng t ti i ht chm Manila gy ra.

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

271

d) Ninh Thun

e) Trng Sa
Hnh 6.34: Dao ng mc nc do sng thn tnh bng m hnh Imamura v m hnh
VKHKTTVMT ti: a) Nng; b) Bnh nh; c) Ph Yn; d) Ninh Thun; e) Trng Sa.
Trc khi Thc dn Ty Ban Nha chim Philippines vo th k 15, khng c bt c
ghi chp no v ng t cng nh sng thn ti vng bin Philippines. T khi Thc dn Ty
Ban Nha chim Philippines, bt u c nhng ghi chp v ng t cng nh sng thn. Tuy
vy, trc th k 20, do cha c thit b o c ng t hoc l do cc thit b qu th s nn
cc thng tin ng t ghi chp c khng y v thiu chnh xc. V sng thn
Philippines thng ch gy nh hng ti cc khu vc b bin hp, trong khi nhiu khu
vc ven bin ca Philippines kh cch bit vi cc khu vc xung quanh, giao thng lin lc
khng c thun tin nn trong nhiu trng hp cc s kin sng thn b b st. Ch t th
k th 20, cc thng tin ng t v sng thn mi y v chnh xc hn. Mc d vy, do
c rt t cc thit b o mc nc b tr ven b bin Philippines nn hu nh khng c cc
quan trc bng my mc v sng thn. Thng l cc ti liu v cao sng thn thu c
theo cc iu tra v sng thn ti cc vng bin c sng thn sau khi sng thn xy ra.
Theo Bautista v nnk (2006) [17], t nm 1828 ti 2005, c 8 trn sng thn nh
hng ti b bc v ty o Luzon, trong c 6 trn sng thn xy ra trong th k 20. Trong
s 8 trn ng t ny, c 5 trn ng t nm xung quanh i ht chm Manila, 1 trn ng
t nm trong vnh Manila v 2 trn ng t trong khu vc eo Bassi, gia Philipines v i
Loan. Cn c vo cc ti liu nghin cu ca Bautista (2001) [16], Iida v nnk (1967),
Berninghausen (1969), c th chn ra mt s trn ng t gy sng thn ti Philippines v
cao sng thn ti b Philippines. T , trong nghin cu ny, chn ra hai trn ng t c

Phan Tr ng Trnh

272

gy sng thn vi cc thng tin y nht kim chng m hnh. V tr cc trn ng t


ny c trnh by trn Hnh 6.35. Cc thng s ca hai trn ng t ny theo nh gi ca
c quan iu tra a cht Hoa K (USGS) c trnh by trong Bng 6.19.

Hnh 6.35. Hai trn ng t gy sng thn c cao 1-4 m ti pha ty o Luzon vo cc nm 1924
v 1934

Bng 6.19: ng t ln ti i ht chm Manila v cc thng s tng ng


Gc
V Chiu Chiu
Kinh
Ngy

Gc
Hng Khong
cm
su
rng
di
ngun

ln
nghing t gy
dch
chn ()
i
i
()
ngun
ng
chuyn
()
()
tiu
t
t
()
t Ms
u0 (m)
h
gy
gy
(km)
W
L
(km)
(km)
5/6/
7,0
119,00 16,00 35
21
12
28
90
180
1,6
1924
14/2/
1934

7,6

119,00

17,50

84

34

21

22

90

190

3,1

Trn ng t th xy ra ti i t gy Manila vo ngy 5/6/1924 c ln Ms=7,0 v


c to chn tm l 16,0oN, 119,00oE. Theo nhng ghi chp ti Vin a chn v Ni la
Philippines, chn ng c cm thy rt r rt trn vng b bin thuc tnh Pagasinan, pha
ty o Luzon. Ngay sau khi ng t, sng thn b vo khu vc b bin ca tnh ny. Tuy
nhin, vo thi im c sng thn, khng c cc trm o c mc nc ven b ti khu vc b
nh hng bi sng thn. Hn na, dn c ti khu vc ven b b nh hng bi sng thn
cng khng qu ng v v sng thn khng qu mnh nn ngi ta khng thu c nhiu
thng tin v sng thn. Cc thng tin v cao sng thn ch yu thu c nh cc chuyn

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

273

iu tra, kho st sau sng thn. Cc kt qu kho st sau khi xy ra sng thn cho thy rng
cao cc i ca sng thn ti b l hn 1 m. Do thng tin v sng thn thu c do iu
tra, kho st sau sng thn nn chnh xc ca cc s liu thu c rt hn ch.

Hnh 6.36: a hnh khu vc tnh ton kim chng m hnh tnh lan truyn sng thn [199]

Khu vc chu nh hng ca sng thn thuc tnh Pangasinan, cch th Manila ca
Philippines khong 250 km v pha bc. a hnh ven bin khu vc tnh Pangasinan ch yu
l i ni. C nhiu khu vc ni chy ra st bin. Do vy, ven b bin kh dc v khng thch
hp cho c tr. C dn ven bin y ch yu sng ti mt s khu vc t ai bng phng
nm xen gia cc vng i ni. Vo thi gian xy ra sng thn, dn c kh tha tht, ch yu
lm ngh lm mui v nh bt hi sn ven b. Ngy nay, tnh Pangasinan c coi l mt
khu vc du lch rt ni ting Philippines vi cc khu vc dn c ng c ti cc thnh ph,
th trn v hng lot cc o nh gn b.
Vic tnh ton kim chng m hnh thnh to sng thn i hi phi xc lp min tnh
ph hp sao cho cc kt qu tnh ton chnh xc cn thit kim chng m hnh theo
cc s liu quan trc sng thn, ng thi gim thiu thi gian tnh ton.
Trn c s cc phn tch trn, trong nghin cu ny s dng min tnh vi su
nh trong Hnh 6.36. Kch thc li tnh c ly l 500 m. y l mt kch thc tng
i ln nu xem xt s bin i ca sng thn ngay ti khu vc b bin v cao sng leo
vi a hnh thay i mnh nh trong trng hp xem xt. Tuy vy, i vi m hnh lan
truyn sng thn trn bin, li tnh 500 m l tnh c th c cc kt qu chnh xc v
cao v thi gian lan truyn ca sng thn trn bin. T su bin trong ton khu vc, c th
thy rng ng t xy ra mt khu vc c su khong 3000 m. y l iu kin rt thun
li to thnh sng thn, nht l trong iu kin t gy trong i ht chm Manila xy ra
theo c ch trt chm.
Cc kt qu tnh ton thnh to v lan truyn sng thn cho thy ch 5 pht sau khi
ng t xy ra, sng thn tn cng vo b bin tnh Pangasinan. iu ny cng ph hp
vi cc ghi chp ti Vin a chn v Ni la Philippines l ngay sau khi xy ra ng t,
sng thn tn cng b bin tnh Pangasinan v Zambales. Kt qu tnh phn b cao
sng thn gn b trong trn ng t ngy 5/6/1924 gn b Philippines c trnh by trn
Hnh 6.37. C th thy trn hnh rng trn ng t gy sng thn trong mt khu vc kh
hp. cao cc i ca sng thn ngay ti b bin l trn 1 m. Khu vc c cao sng thn

274

Phan Tr ng Trnh

trn 1 m di khong trn 30 km, bao gm mt phn b bin tnh Pangasinan v mt phn b
bin tnh Zambales. Cc kt qu tnh ton ny ph hp vi cc quan trc sng thn ghi chp
c ti Vin a chn v Ni la Philippines.

Hnh 6.37: Phn b cao sng thn gn b bin tnh Pangasinan v Zambales [199]

Trn ng t th hai c la chn kim chng m hnh thnh to v lan truyn


sng thn l trn ng t xy ra ngy 14/02/1934 ti i t gy Manila, c to chn tm
l 17,5oN, 119,00oE. y l mt trn ng t mnh, c ln Ms=7,6. Theo nhng ghi chp
ti Vin a chn v Ni la Philippines, chn ng ti y bin c cm thy rt r rt
ti vng b bin pha ty o Luzon, thuc cc tnh Pangasinan v La Union. Cc ngi nh
trn khu vc b bin ca cc khu vc ny rung mnh. Sau khi ng t khong 5 pht, sng
thn rt mnh b vo khu vc b bin tnh La Union. Tuy nhin, cng tng t nh trn
ng t gy sng thn vo nm 1924, vo thi im c sng thn, ti khu vc b bin chu
nh hng ca sng thn khng c cc trm o c mc nc ven b. V vy, cc thng tin
v cao sng thn ch yu thu c nh cc chuyn kho st sau sng thn. Cc kt qu
kho st sau khi xy ra sng thn da trn hi cc nhn chng cng nh xem xt cc vt tch
li sau khi xy ra sng thn cho thy rng cao cc i ca sng thn ti b ti mt s
im nm trong khong t 1 m ti 4 m. Sng thn tn ph mt s lng mc ven bin, git
hi mt s c dn ven bin v gy thit hi v ti sn.
Tnh La Union l mt tnh kh rng ln nm b pha ty o Luzon, c thnh ph
San Fernando l mt mt thnh ph hng nht ca tnh La Union v l trung tm ca khu vc
Ilocos pha bc ca Philippines. Vo nm 2000, thnh ph ny c 116.650 dn vi 20.755
nh. Thnh ph San Fernando l trung tm ti chnh, cng nghip v chnh tr ca tnh. Cc
hot ng kinh t y ch yu l nng nghip, nui trng thu sn v vn ti bin. C mt
cng kh ln trong khu vc l cng San Fernando. Ngoi ra, cn c cc hot ng cng
nghip khc.

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

275

Theo cc ti liu lch s, khu vc San Fernando c dn c tr t thi Minh. Dn y


ch yu l th dn, sng nh nh c v trng la nc. Ngoi ra, cn c cc hot ng giao
thng bun bn gia c dn ca khu vc ny vi Trung Quc. Cc ti liu kho c cho thy
rt nhiu sn phm ca Trung Quc c nin i triu Minh c tm thy y.
Ni chung, a hnh vng ven bin pha ty Philippines ti khu vc tnh La Union kh
dc vi nhiu ni non nh ra bin. Ti nhiu khu vc c vch dng ng ngay st bin nn
khng thun tin cho c dn. Ch nhng khu vc hp, t kh bng phng l thun tin v c
c dn sinh sng. San Fernando ni chung c a hnh kh bng phng nhng kh cao so vi
mc nc bin vi ranh gii t bin kh dc. Cc khu vc pha nam San Fernando nh
Bauang, Caba c a hnh thp v bng phng hn nn d b nh hng ca sng thn. Ti cc
khu vc ny, ngoi khu vc bi bin, a hnh kh bng phng vi mt thm bin c cao
khong 1 m ngay ti bi. Trong thnh ph, cao nng dn khi i t bin vo t lin.

Hnh 6.38: Phn b cao sng thn gn b bin tnh La Union trong trn ng t ngy 14/02/1934
[199]

Vo nm 1934, khi sng thn xy ra th Phillipines ang b M chim ng. Khi ,


thnh ph San Fernado cng cha pht trin ng k. C dn y ch yu l lm ngh nng,
nh bt thu sn v bun bn. C mt s ngnh cng nghip trong thnh ph. Ven bin
ch yu l ngi lm ngh nh bt thu sn sinh sng. Ngoi ra, cn c mt s nh ngh
phc v du lch, tm bin. V lm ngh nh bt thu sn, nh ca nhng ngi lm ngh
chi li c lm st ra b bin. C dn cng kh tha tht. Hnh 6.38 trnh by phn b
cao sng thn trong trn ng t ngy 14/2/1934 ti khu vc gn b bin tnh Pangasinan.
Cc kt qu tnh ton cho thy cao sng thn ti mt s khu vc ven bin ca tnh
Pangasinan t trn 2 m. Khu vc c cao sng thn trn 1 m tri di khong 100 km ven
bin tnh La Union. Thi gian t lc ng t cho ti khi sng thn vo ti b bin khong 4
pht. Cn ch rng cc kt qu iu tra sng thn trc kia thng c chnh xc khng
cao. Do vy, cc kt qu tnh ton bng m hnh y nm trong khong cao sng thn
thu thp c t cc kt qu iu tra l t 1 n 4 m. Thi gian sng thn lan truyn t ngun
ti khu vc b bin cng c m phng bi m hnh vi chnh xc cao.

Phan Tr ng Trnh

276

Tm li: T cc kt qu kim chng m hnh trn phm vi Bin ng theo cc tnh


ton l thuyt cng nh theo s liu sng thn do hai trn ng t trn khu vc Bin ng
gy ra, c th kt lun rng m hnh s tr thnh to v lan truyn sng thn trn phm vi Bin
ng do Vin Khoa hc Kh tng Thu vn v Mi trng xy dng c chnh xc cn
thit tnh ton qu trnh thnh to v lan truyn sng thn. V vy, m hnh c s dng
tnh ton m phng qu trnh thnh to v lan truyn sng thn trn khu vc Bin ng,
phc v xy dng Bn cnh bo nguy c sng thn.
Kim chng m hnh ngp lt do sng thn
Kim chng theo cc s liu trong phng th nghim
Sng thn l mt loi thin tai cc k nguy him, nhng rt t khi xy ra. V vy, trong
thc t c rt t ti liu, s liu v cc thng s ca ng t gy sng thn. Ch c cc trm
o mc nc t ng ven bin mi c kh nng o c cao sng thn ti b. Thng
thng, c rt t trm hi vn ven bin v s trm c trang b thit b o mc nc t ng li
cn t hn nn ngi ta rt t khi ghi c phn b khng gian ca cao sng thn khi n tn
cng mt vng b bin no . V c t s liu v cao sng thn ven bin, vic iu tra v
sng thn ch yu c thc hin sau khi xy ra s kin sng thn. Tuy c nhng s liu
o c sau khi xy ra sng thn nh trn, vic s dng cc s liu ny kim chng cc
m hnh s tr l rt kh khn. V vy, thng thng, kim chng cc m hnh s tr tnh
ton ngp lt do sng thn gy ra, ngi ta thng s dng cc s liu thu c trong phng
th nghim. Vic s dng cc s liu t c trong phng th nghim kim chng m hnh
c mt im li l cc iu kin th nghim c th kim sot c, do , c th c lp cc
nh hng ring r ca cc yu t khc nhau ti kt qu tnh ton; trn c s , c th hiu
chnh m hnh s tr tt hn.
Kim nghim u tin v chnh xc ca m hnh c tin hnh vi cc iu
kin th nghim v bi ton v p ca Martin v Moyce (1952) [135]. Hnh 6.39 trnh by s
b tr th nghim. Mt ct nc c chiu rng L v chiu cao 2L c b tr ti mt phn
ca b. to ra iu kin v p, bc vch chn pha ngoi ct nc c rt ra rt nhanh
v ct nc p xung. Martin v Moyce (1952) [135] o c bin trnh thi gian ca
mt nc l. Hnh 6.40 so snh kt qu tnh ton bng m hnh s tr v s liu th nghim ca
hai tc gi trn v khong cch truyn l khng th nguyn theo thi gian khng th nguyn.
Trong hnh, X l khong cch t vch ngn ban u ti mt l. Ta c th thy rng m hnh
d bo kh chnh xc tc lan truyn ca mt l. Nh vy, s dng m hnh, ta c th d
bo c thi gian l ti mt v tr no vi chnh xc chp nhn c.
Ct nc

2L

Hnh 6.39: S b tr th nghim ca Martin v Moyce

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

277

Ngun s liu th 2 c dng kim chng ngp lt do sng thn gy ra l th


nghim m phng sng trn trn bi thoi do Synolakis (1987) [226] tin hnh. Th nghim
c thc hin cho sng n lan truyn n mt bi thoi c dc 1:19.85 t nghing trn
nn y ngang c su h = 1m. Chn ca bi thoi t ti khong cch x 2 / h = 19.85 so vi
ng b ti x = 0 . Sng n c cao A / h = 0.3 , c to ra ti im x1 / h = 24.42 . Hnh
6.41 trnh by s b tr th nghim.
4.5
4
3.5
3

Th nghim ca Martin
v Moyce

X/L

2.5

Tnh ton

2
1.5

t 2g / L

1
0.5
0
0

Hnh 6.40: So snh kt qu tnh ton bng m hnh v th nghim ca Martin & Moyce
sng
n

ng
b

A / h = 0.3

SW
L
s = 1 : 19.85

x0 / h = 0

h = 1m

x 2 / h = 19.85

x1 / h = 24.42

Hnh 6.41: iu kin th nghim ca Synolakis (1987)[226]

Trong m phng th nghim bng m hnh ton, sng n ban u c to ra theo l


thuyt sng n tng t nh trong th nghim vt l v c m t bng cc cng thc sau:
3A

A
(6.62)
( x x1 )
( x,0) = sech
3
h
4h

g
(6.63)
h
Kt qu tnh ton m phng phn b khng gian ca mt nc ti cc thi im khc
nhau c so snh vi cc s liu th nghim ca Synolakis nhm nh gi mc chnh xc
ca m phng s.
Trn Hnh 6.42, c th thy rng kt qu m phng mt nc trong qu trnh sng tin
ti bi ph hp rt tt vi s liu thu c trong th nghim vt l. C th thy rng cao
u ( x,0) = ( x,0)

Phan Tr ng Trnh

278

sng leo cc i, dy ca lp nc ngp lt ti cc thi im khc nhau c m phng rt


tt, th hin r trn cc hnh v ca Hnh 6.42. Trong trng hp ny sng leo cc i khong
0.5h hi cao hn trong th nghim vt l. Nguyn nhn ca sai s c th l do thnh phn ma
st vi b cha c c lng . Tuy nhin, c th thy rng sai s gy ra do thnh phn
ny l khng ng k. Nh vy, c th thy rng m hnh s tr m phng ngp lt do sng
thn gy ra tnh ton c vi chnh xc rt cao sng leo trn bi thoi.
Mt th nghim bng m hnh vt l c cc nh khoa hc trn th gii coi l th
nghim quan trng nht kim chng chnh xc ca cc m hnh s tr m phng sng
thn l th nghim ca Briggs v nnk (1995) [27] v sng leo xung quanh mt o hnh nn.
Xut pht ca th nghim ny l kinh nghim thc t v s tn ph ca sng thn xung quanh
mt s o. Ngi ta thy rng khi sng thn tn cng mt o nm gia bin khi, sng thn
s gy ngp lt ln nht ti pha n sng thn. Tuy vy, ti pha khut sng nm sn pha
bn kia ca o, do c s hi t ca sng t hai bn o, ngp lt do sng thn gy ra cng rt
ln v sng thn gy ra nhng thit hi rt ng k v tnh mng v ca ci cho dn c .
Th d, trong trn sng thn tn cng o Okushiri (Nht Bn) vo nm 2003, sng thn
gy tn ph rt mnh ti pha n sng ca o. Tuy vy, ti sn khut sng ca o, sng
thn cng ph hu nhiu nh ca v git hi nhiu ngi.
Exp. data (Synolakis, 1987)

0.5

Exp. data (Synolakis, 1987)

0.5

Num. Results

0.4

Num. Results

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

-0.1

-0.1
-10

-5

10

15

20

-10

Exp. data (Synolakis, 1987)

0.5

Num. Results

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

-0.1

-0.1
0

10

15

10

20

15

20

Exp. data (Synolakis, 1987)


Num. Results

0.4
0.3

-5

0.5

0.3

-10

-5

-10

-5

10

15

20

Hnh 6.42: So snh kt qu m phng vi kt qu th nghim vt l v phn b mt nc

m phng hin tng trn, Briggs v nnk (1995) [27] thc hin th nghim v
sng leo xung quanh mt o hnh nn. B sng hai chiu dng trong th nghim c kch
thc 30mx25m. o hnh nn c ng knh ti chn l 7,2m v ng knh ti nh l
2,2m, chiu cao l 0,625m. o c t trn ng vung gc v i qua im gia ca bn
to sng. Khong cch t o ti bn to sng l 12,96m.
Trong th nghim, sng n c to thnh do dch chuyn ca bn to sng v c th
c m t bng cng thc xp x sau y:
( x,0) = H sec h 2 ( x X 1 )

Trong , H = H / d vi H l cao sng ti; d l su nc; = (0.75H ) ; X 1 l


tm ban u ca sng n.
o c sng leo ln cc v tr khc nhau ca o, Briggs v nnk (1995) [27] t
cc cm bin o c sng leo ti rt nhiu v tr khc nhau trn o.
1/ 2

cao sng leo

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

279

Th nghim
Tnh ton

100

200

300

400

Gc xung quanh o

Hnh 6.43: So snh kt qu tnh ton vi s liu th nghim ca Briggs v nnk (1995)

So snh cc kt qu tnh ton m phng sng leo xung quanh o vi cc s liu th


nghim nh trn Hnh 6.43 cho thy rng m hnh s tr tnh c sng leo xung quanh
o vi chnh xc rt cao.
T cc kt qu tnh ton trn, c th s b kt lun rng m hnh s tr c th m
phng qu trnh sng leo trong cc iu kin th nghim khc nhau vi tin cy tho mn.
M phng ngp lt do sng thn gy ra ti Patong, Phuket, Thi Lan
Trn ng t c ln 9,3 ti Sumatra ngy 26 thng 12 nm 2004 gy ra sng
thn rt mnh nhiu nc trong khu vc n Dng nh Indonesia, Thi Lan, Sri Lanka,
n , Bangladesh, Malaysia. Ring ti Thi Lan, sng thn c cao trn 5 m b vo
b bin cc khu vc Phang-nga, Phuket, Krabi, Ranong, Trang v Satun. c bit, khu vc
Patong thuc Phuket l mt khu vc du lch ni ting vi cc bi tm p, nhiu khch sn,
nh hng, khu ngh dng cao cp v c rt ng khch du lch. Sng thn c cao khong
5 m b vo y lm khong hn 1000 ngi cht v mt tch.
C mt s trm o mc nc ti min nam Thi Lan thuc cc tnh Phuket, Phanga,
Trang, Satun c s dng triu k t ng v o c dao ng mc nc do sng thn gy
ra ti b bin. Tuy vy, khng c trm o mc nc no ti khu vc bi Patong. Do khng c
cc trm o mc nc ti ngay v tr bi bin, cao sng thn ti bi bin c xc nh sau
khi sng thn xy ra. Cc kt qu iu tra sau sng thn ca Yamamoto v nnk (2006)
[272] cho thy cao sng thn ti b bin t ti trn 5 m, c mt s khu vc t ti 6 m.
Gii hn xm nhp ca sng thn vo t lin c xc nh bng cch so snh cao mt
t vi cao sng thn ti b bin. Cc kt qu xc nh khong cch xm nhp ca sng
thn vo b theo phng php trn ca Charusrojthanadech (2008) [45] (Hnh 6.44) cho thy
cc khu vc t thp pha di Hnh 6.44, sng thn xm nhp vo trong t lin vi
khong cch hn 1km. Ti cc khu vc t cao pha trn Hnh 6.44, sng thn xm nhp vo
t lin vi khong cch chng 0,5 km.

Phan Tr ng Trnh

280

9m.

cao sng thn = 6m

cao sng thn = 5m

cao sng thn = 4m

1000m

6m.

ng xm
nhp ca
sng thn

7m

Hnh 6.44: Khong cch xm nhp ca sng thn ti Patong

Hnh 6.45: Cao mt t v su bin ti khu vc tnh ton [199]

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

281

m phng xm nhp ca sng thn vo t lin, trong nghin cu ny s dng


s liu a hnh trn cn kt hp vi s liu su y bin do Hc vin k thut King
Mongkut, Thi Lan cung cp. S liu cao t bn s ha c s dng xc nh cao
mt t v y bin. su bin v cao mt t ti khu vc tnh ton c trnh by
trn Hnh 6.45. ng lin nt trn Hnh 6.45 l ranh gii gia bin v t lin. V khng c
trm o mc nc ngay ti khu vc Patong, s liu dao ng mc nc do sng thn gy ra
ti bin ngoi ca min tnh ton ti khu vc Patong c ni suy t s liu o mc nc
ti hai trm Krabi v Kuraburi.
Kt qu tnh ton m phng ngp lt ti khu vc Patong c trnh by trn Hnh
6.46. Bng cch so snh kt qu tnh ton trn Hnh 6.46 v khong cch xm nhp ca sng
thn trn Hnh 6.44, c th thy rng m hnh m phng kh tt xm nhp ca sng thn
vo t lin trong trng hp thc t.

Hnh 6.46: Kt qu tnh ton ngp lt do sng thn gy ra ti khu vc Patong, Thi Lan [199]

6.2.2. La chn kch bn v xc nh cc thng s ng t gy sng thn trn khu vc


Bin ng
i ht chm Manila nm cch Vit Nam hn 1000km v pha ng. y l mt
trong nhng vng trung tm ng t sng thn ca khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng- n
nm trn phn chia tch gia hai khi lc a -u. (Hnh 6.44).

Phan Tr ng Trnh

282

Hnh 6.47: V tr rnh t gy Manila trong cu trc khi lc a -u [199].

Xc nh hng cm ca t gy
Cc i t gy su thng c biu hin r nt trn ti liu trng lc v cc thnh
phn bin i ca chng. Do s chm ca lp v tri t dc theo t gy, i ht chm to
ln s khc bit v thnh phn vt cht ca n vi vng ln cn m ti i ht chm Manila l
mt in hnh. S khc bit v mi trng vt cht ny c phn nh r nt trn ti liu
trng lc v vn tc sng a chn. cng l mt trong nhng c s pht hin v xc
nh c gc cm ca i ht chm Manila. c im r nht Manila l pha cnh treo ca
i ht chm do thch quyn chc chm xung su tn trong lp ci nn to ra i chm
nghch khu vc ny. Hng cm ca cc on t gy F3 v F4 quay v pha ng.

xc nh gc cm ca mt t on, chng ti xem xt cc mt ct phn b chn tiu ng t


theo cc tuyn ct ngang qua i ht chm Manila. i vo chi tit, di y xin trnh by
cc mt ct cho hai on t gy.
Bng 6.20: Cc kch bn sng thn vi cc su khc nhau
Gc Gc Hng Khong
Chiu
cm trt t
su
rng
dch
chn
i
gy
chuyn

tiu
t
() () () u0 (m)
gy
h
(km)
W
(km)
1
8.2
119,28 16,83 200
50
20
30
90
360
3.2
2
8.2
119,28 16,83 200
50
15
30
90
360
3.2
3
8.4
119,16 15,07 256
60
20
30
90
360
3.7
4
8.4
119,16 15,07 256
60
15
30
90
360
3.7
Quan st trn cc mt ct t Hnh 6.12 v 6.13 ta thy r rng dc mi ca khi
trt chm ti on pha Bc o Luzon ny thoi hn c ngha l gc cm ca khi trt
chm ny l nh, v nh hn on pha Ty o Luzon. Gc cm ch dao ng trong khong
250 300. v cc trn ng t khng pht sinh ngay st mt m mt su no . Trn c
s ta la chn 4 kch bn ng t gy sng thn ti pha Bc ca i ht chm vi cc
su pht sinh ng t khc nhau (Bng 6.20). Theo nh gi a chn kin to th duy nht
trn Bin ng hai on F3 v F4 ca i cun chm Manila c th pht sinh ng t gy
song thn nh hng ti Vit Nam.

Kch
bn

ln
ng
t

Kinh

ngun
()

V
ngun
()

Chiu
di i
t
gy
L
(km)

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

283

6.2.3. nh gi bin sng cc i, thi gian lan truyn v din ngp lt c nguy c
cao
Gii thiu chung
H thng cc bn cnh bo nguy c sng thn bao gm cc bn cnh bo nguy
c sng thn trn bin (cc bn phn b cao v thi gian lan truyn ca sng thn trn
bin) v cc bn cnh bo nguy c sng thn trn b (cc bn su ngp lt v thi
gian lan truyn ca sng thn trn b). xy dng cc bn cnh bo nguy c sng thn
trn b v nh gi kh nng ngp lt gy ra do sng thn cho cc khu vc ven bin nc ta,
chng ti tnh ton ngp lt do sng thn gy ra. Do a hnh v a mo trn b bin rt
phc tp, tnh ton ngp lt vi chnh xc cao i hi phi s dng li tnh c phn
gii cao. Trong cun sch ny, s dng li tnh c kch thc 50m. Vi li tnh ny, do
gii hn ca tc tnh ton v b nh ca my tnh, mi min tnh ngp lt do sng thn gy
ra l kh hp. Vi cc min tnh hp ny, c th tnh lan truyn ca sng thn trong khu
vc ven bin v ngp lt do sng thn gy ra, cn phi c iu kin mc nc hoc lu lng
ti cc bin n sng thn. Cc iu kin bin phc v tnh ngp lt do sng thn s c
cung cp t m hnh thnh to v lan truyn ca sng thn trn ton Bin ng.
Vic xy dng cc bn cnh bo nguy c ngp lt do sng thn c ngha v cng
quan trng trong vic phng trnh v gim thiu thit hi do thin tai sng thn gy ra. Cc
bn ny gip xy dng cc phng n ng ph vi thin tai sng thn, bao gm lp k
hoch s tn dn, xc nh cc khu vc c th s tn, t chc cc cng vic cn thit phc v
tm kim, cu nn khi c thin tai sng thn. Cc bn cn c th s dng phc v gio dc
cng ng, nng cao kin thc ca ngi dn v thin tai sng thn ngi dn c th t
chun b phng chng sng thn mt cch hiu qu.
Cc c quan qun l v hoch nh chnh sch cc cp trung ng v a phng c
th s dng cc bn ny lp quy hoch v pht trin kinh t - x hi, s dng t ti cc
khu vc ven b cng nh a ra cc phng n s tn dn trong trng hp c sng thn.
Vic quy hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi, c bit l quy hoch cc khu th, ni tp trung
dn c, cc khu cng nghip, bn cng, cc khu du lch, bi bin, khu bo tn sinh thi ti cc
khu vc c nguy c sng thn cao cng cn phi c xem xt mt cch k lng trn c s
phn tch v nh gi li ch v thit hi. Trong bt c trng hp no, vic s dng t ti
cc khu vc c nguy c nh hng ca sng thn cng phi km theo iu kin l m bo an
ton cho tt c ngi dn sinh sng v lm vic ti cc khu vc ny khi c sng thn tn cng.
Th d, cho d gi tr ca cc khu t ven bin rt cao, nhng thay v s dng t cho cc mc
ch kinh t, thng mi, c th trng rng to cnh quan, va gp phn bo v mi trng
cho bi bin phc v du lch, va tng kh nng phng trnh sng thn.
Xc lp min tnh phc v tnh ton ngp lt vng b bin do sng thn.
Thng thng, khi vo gn b, di nh hng ca cc hiu ng sng gn b, sng
thn bin dng rt mnh. Hin tng bin i ca sng thn xy ra t ngt nht ti vng c
su thay i mnh. Khi thc hin tnh ton bng cc m hnh s tr, su bin ti trung
tm cc li tnh s tr c ly l gi tr trung bnh ca su thc.
Do vy, su ti mt im trong min tnh s tr c th thay i khi s dng cc li
tnh c kch thc khc nhau. V ln ca sng thn v hng truyn sng ph thuc rt
mnh vo su bin nn thng thng ti khu vc ven b, chnh xc ca tnh ton sng
thn ph thuc mnh vo kch thc li tnh. nh hng ny l ln nht vng ven b c
su nh. Li tnh cng tinh (kch thc li tnh cng nh) th chnh xc tnh ton
cng ln. Tuy vy, i vi cng mt min tnh th nu li tnh cng nh, cng cn mt b
nh my tnh ln v thi gian tnh ton di. iu ny l do m bo iu kin n nh
nghim theo tiu chun Courant-Friederic-Lewy, li tnh cng nh s cn bc thi gian tnh
ton nh hn. Hn na, khi li tnh c kch thc nh, vic tnh ton trn mt lng cc nt
li ln hn s ko di thi gian tnh ton.

284

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 6.48: Bn phn b sng cc i theo kch bn s 4 [199]

Vic la chn ln ca li tnh trong m hnh s tr ph thuc vo chnh xc


yu cu ca tnh ton. Sng thn l sng di, c bc sng ln hng trm kilomet ngoi i
dng. Hn na, cao sng thn ngoi i dng rt nh, ch khong di 1m. Ngoi ra,
bin i theo khng gian ca sng thn l khng ng k. V vy, c th la chn li tnh
kh ln, thm ch hng chc km ngoi bin su. Tuy nhin, khi tnh ton sng thn bng m
hnh s tr phi s dng s sai phn th tu thuc vo vic la chn s sai phn m c
th xut hin cc dao ng gi vi bc sng bng ln ca li tnh trong min tnh. Th
d, nu la chn li tnh bng 20km, thi gian sng thn lan truyn ht li trong vng
nc c su khong 100m c th khong 10 pht. Nh vy, li tnh ny c th to ra
nhng dao ng gi c chu k tng ng vi chu k ca sng thn (10 pht) v do vy lm
sai lch kt qu tnh ton d bo sng thn. Cc kt qu kho st nghim s tr ca phng

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

285

trnh lan truyn sng thn trn bin do Tuck (1979) v Wu (1979) tin hnh cho thy rng
trnh c nghim sai lch, ln ca li tnh vng ven b phi nh hn 1km. Tuy nhin,
i vi vng bin ngoi khi vi su ln hn 100m, vic dng li tnh c kch thc
khong 5km c th loi tr c sai s ny.
V i vi vng b bin nc ta, ngoi hai vng ngun ng t gn ti b Ty ca
o Hi Nam v ngoi khi Nam Trung B kinh tuyn 1100E, ngun ng t c nguy c gy
sng thn cao nht l ngun ng t ti i ht chm Manila pha ty Philippines v pha
nam i Loan. Nh vy, vi vng ngun ng t ny, tnh ton nh hng ca sng thn
ti b bin nc ta, min tnh ton s thnh to v lan truyn ca sng thn l ton b Bin
ng. Vi min tnh ny, khng th dng li tnh rt nh v s i hi thi gian tnh ton v
b nh my tnh rt ln. Hn na, ti khu vc gia Bin ng, su bin kh ln v thay
i chm theo khng gian nn ngay c khi s dng li tnh ln, chnh xc ca cc kt qu
tnh ton vn m bo. Xut pht t , trong tnh ton xy dng bn cnh bo nguy c
sng thn, kch thc li tnh trn ton khu vc Bin ng c ly l 2 theo c hai
phng kinh v v . Cn c vo cc l gii phn trn, c th thy rng ngoi khi Bin
ng, li tnh 2 theo c hai hng kinh v v l ph hp. Tuy vy, li tnh kh th ny
c chnh xc trn khu vc xa b nhng s gy ra sai s rt ln khi tnh ton sng thn
vng ven b. Vo gn b, sng thn t ngt dng cao v tu thuc vo iu kin a hnh
y bin gn b, c cao bin i rt mnh theo khng gian. m bo chnh xc tnh
ton, tu thuc vo tm quan trng ca khu vc tnh v kh nng ca my tnh, c th chn
cc kch thc li tnh khc nhau. Cc kch thc li tnh ny phi m bo tit kim thi
gian tnh ton nhng vn m bo chnh xc tnh ton. T , nng cao chnh xc
tnh ton sng thn vng ven b phc v xy dng bn cnh bo nguy c sng thn, cn
phi s dng mt k thut tnh ton trong li tnh ca min tnh gia bin khi ln
nhng li tnh vng ven b phi rt nh m bo chnh xc cn thit.
Nh trnh by trn, ngoi bin khi vi su ln, sng thn c cao nh v
gy ra dc mt nc khng ng k. Hn na, sng thn l sng di nn do hin tng
khc x sng m gn b, sng thn lun c xu hng lan truyn vo b. Do vy, iu kin
bin ngoi khi c cho bi mc nc tnh t m hnh vi li tnh th trn quy m rng
m bo chnh xc tnh ton sng thn. Tuy vy, vi iu kin bin bn, cn phi xem xt
mt cch k cng. i vi bin n sng thn, cn chn iu kin mc nc tnh t m hnh
c li th.
Nh tho lun trn, v m hnh th cho kt qu tnh ton c chnh xc khng
cao vng ven b nn vic s dng kt qu tnh ton ny lm iu kin bin s lm gim
chnh xc tnh ton. i vi bin ngang theo hng sng thn i ra, cn s dng iu kin
bin cho php sng thn t do i ra khi min tnh. Vic s dng iu kin bin ny c th
gy ra hai loi sai s. Loi sai s th nht l do iu kin bin khng m bo cho php sng
thn t do hon ton i ra khi bin. iu c ngha l mt phn nng lng sng b phn
x tr li min tnh v gy ra sai s. Loi sai s th 2 lin quan ti hng truyn ca sng
thn. Do a hnh vng ven b bin phc tp nn rt c th ti mt khu vc no ca bin
ny sng thn s i vo min tnh ch khng phi i ra. Trong trng hp ny, vic p dng
iu kin bin i ra t do khng cho php n c nng lng ti min tnh ca sng thn.
Nh vy, d dng iu kin bin no, cc bin bn lun gy ra sai s tnh ton. lm gim
sai s ny, phi hn ch ti mc ti a di ca bin ngang. iu ny c thc hin bng
cch thu hp min tnh theo hng t pha b ra bin v ko di min tnh theo hng song
song vi b.

286

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 6.49: S phn b cc vng ven b c d bo ngp lt cc i do sng thn [199]

Trn c s phn tch cc iu kin a hnh, tnh cht bin i ca sng thn cng nh
nhu cu v chnh xc phc v xy dng bn cnh bo nguy c sng thn, chng ti
la chn li tnh c kch thc 50m. V li tnh ny khc vi li tnh ca min tnh ngoi
i dng, cn phi lng min tnh ny vo min tnh rng ngoi i dng.
phc v cho yu cu trn, ton b vng ven bin Vit Nam c chia thnh 85
min tnh nh, nh s t M1 n M85 dc t Bc xung Nam (xem Hnh 6.49). Tuy nhin
trong khun kh cun sch ny, chng ti ch tp trung i vo tnh ton cho cc vng c nguy
c cao xy ra ngp lt. l cc mnh bn M30 M60.
Cc thng s v cao sng thn, thi gian lan truyn sng thn, din ngp lt s
c th hin trn bn .
Phn tch nh gi bin sng cc i, thi gian lan truyn v nhng khu vc c nguy
c ngp lt cao.
Trn c s phn tch la chn cc kch bn sng thn trnh by trong phn 1, ta s
i vo phn tch nh gi din ngp lt ti cc v tr c nguy c cao. Kch bn c la chn
phn tch l kch bn s 4.

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

287

Tuy cha c nhng kt qu nghin cu y xc nh chu k lp li ca ng t


gy sng thn vi cc ln khc nhau ti i ht chm Manila, nhng nh trnh by,
ng t c ln Mw > 8 rt c kh nng xy ra y. Do vy, kch bn 4 tng ng vi
ng t c nguy c xy ra cao. Mc d cha xc nh c chu k lp li ca ng t c
ln ny, nhng theo kinh nghim ca mt s nc hay phi ng ph vi nguy c sng thn,
sng thn tng ng vi kch bn ng t ny cn c tnh n khi quy hoch pht trin
kinh t x hi vng ven bin v lp phng n s tn dn.
Khu vc ven bin tnh Tha Thin Hu
Nh trnh by trn, ng t c ln Mw = 8,4 rt c kh nng xy ra ti khu
vc i ht chm Manila. C th thy rng, ng t gy sng thn nh kch bn 4 (Hnh
6.53) gy ngp lt i vi di ven bin Tha Thin - Hu l kh ln, tp trung ln nht l di
t x Minh Xun n khu vc cng Chn My v mt s im ven bin Lng C, Lc Hi.
Phm vi ngp lt trung bnh khong 500-1000m, tnh t b bin, ln nht l khu thuc x
Vinh Hi v Lc Vinh, nhiu ni din ngp lt c th ti 2-3km, su ngp lt khong hn
2.0m, nhiu ni c th n 3-4m.
C th thy rng, khu vc tnh Tha Thin - Hu l mt trong nhng khu vc chu
nh hng ngp lt ln nht (Hnh 6.53), cc khu vc c nguy c ngp lt khi xy ra sng
thn nguy him l cc khu vc gn cc ca sng v vnh, cc khu vc c a hnh thp, ven
m, ph. in hnh l cc khu vc dn c gn ca Thun An, khu vc dn c ln cn ca
Ha Dun, khu vc Lng C v khu vc vnh Chn My. Trong , khu vc x Lc Vinh
nm bn vnh Chn My l ni chu ngp lt ln nht v rng nht, tip n l Vinh Hai, Vinh
My. Xt v mc nh hng n dn c v kinh t, trong tnh Tha Thin - Hu, cc th
trn Thun An, Qung in l cc th trn b nh hng bi ngp lt do sng thn gy ra.
Cng Chn My b nh hng mnh, cc cng khc trong tnh cng b nh hng. Cc khu du
lch v bi tm ven bin b nh hng trong c th k n bi bin Lng C, ca Thun
An, Ha Dun. Cc khu vc nui trng thy hi sn ven bin v trong ph Tam Giang Cu
Hai cng b nh hng nghim trng.
Nh vy, i vi kch bn ny, do mc v din ngp lt tng i ln, c bit l
khu vc cng Chn My, Vinh Hai khu vc an ton c th di dn n vi khong cch trn
3km t b bin hoc ti cc vng t cao hn 4m. Cn ch di dn cc khu vc nm cnh
Ph Tam Giang Cu Hai nh phn tch trong phn trn. Cc m t chi tit nhng ni
ngp lt nghim trng s c m t trong phn c s khoa hc cho vic phn vng
Khu vc thnh ph Nng v tnh Qung Nam
Trong kch bn 4, y l mt trong nhng khu vc c nguy c nh hng ngp lt do
sng thn ln nht (xem hnh 6.53). Cc a im ng ch ti thnh ph Nng l cc
phng, qun thuc a bn thnh ph Nng, c bit pha bn trong vnh Nng, khu
bi tm M Sn, khu Ng Hnh Sn cng b nh hng. Bn cnh , cc khu vc bn cnh
sng Hn cng b ngp lt. Khu vc ny c phm vi ngp lt tng i ln, trung bnh t 12km tnh t b; su ngp lt trung bnh khong 2-3m, nhiu ni ven b dc vnh Nng
c th ngp n 3-4m. Mt khc, do y l thnh ph ln vi nhiu khu du lch, bi tm, cng
bin, khu cng nghip, ni tp trung ng dn c v khch du lch nn nu xy ra sng thn
theo kch bn ny, hu qu c th rt nghim trng. Trong kch bn ny, ti tnh Qung Nam,
hu ht cc x ven bin trong tnh u b ngp, ln nht c th n 5km t b v su ngp
c th ln ti 4m (khu vc Ca i); cc khu vc ngp lt ng ch l cc a phng nm
ven sng Thu Bn thuc a phn cc x Cm Thnh, Cm An, Cm Chu, Duy Hi v th x
Hi An. Cc x Tam Hi, Tam Ha, Tam Quang thuc huyn Ni Thnh cng b ngp lt
ng k.
Nh vy, c th thy rng khu vc thnh ph Nng v tnh Qung Nam chu nh
hng nng n nu c ng t c km sng thn xy ra. Cc khu vc c nguy c ngp lt khi
xy ra sng thn nguy him l cc khu vc gn cc ca bin v vnh, cc khu vc c a hnh

Phan Tr ng Trnh

288

thp. in hnh l cc khu vc dn c vnh Nng, khu vc dn c ln cn ca sng Thu


Bn trong c th x Hi An, khu vc vnh An Ha. Trong , khu vc thnh ph Nng
v khu vc Hi An l nhng ni chu ngp lt ln nht v rng nht. Xt v mc nh
hng n dn c v kinh t, trong tnh Qung Nam, Th x Hi An v cc th trn Ni Thnh
l cc khu vc tp trung dn c b nh hng bi ngp lt do sng thn. Cc khu du lch v
bi tm ven bin trong thnh ph Nng v tnh Qung Nam cng b nh hng, trong
c th k n bi bin M Sn, Hi An, An Ha. Cc cng Nng v Hi An cng b nh
hng.

(a)

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

289

(b)
Hnh 6.50: Bn hin trng cc dng tai bin chnh lin quan vi kin to a ng lc hin i vng
Bin ng Vit Nam (a) v ch gii (b) (thu t t l 1:1000.000) [199]

Hnh 6.52A: Bn d bo ngp lt cc i gy ra do sng thn t huyn Tuy Phong tnh Qung Tr
ti huyn Thng Bnh tnh Qung Nam (thu t t l 1:250.000) [199]

290

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 6.52B: Bn d bo ngp lt cc i gy ra do sng thn t huyn Thng Bnh tnh


Qung Nam ti huyn Hoi Nhn tnh Bnh nh (thu t t l 1:250.000) [199]

Hnh 6.52C: Bn d bo ngp lt cc i gy ra do sng thn t huyn c Ph tnh Bnh nh ti


huyn Tuy An tnh Ph Yn (thu t t l 1:250.000) [199]

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

291

Hnh 6.52D: Bn d bo ngp lt cc i gy ra do sng thn t huyn Tuy An tnh Ph Yn ti


huyn Cam Ranh tnh Khnh Ho (thu t t l 1:250.000) [199]

Hnh 6.52E: Bn d bo ngp lt cc i gy ra do sng thn t huyn Cam Ranh tnh Khnh Ho
ti thnh ph Phan Thit tnh Bnh Thun (thu t t l 1:250.000) [199]

292

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 6.53: Bn d bo ngp lt cc i gy ra do sng thn ti Lng c Hu v thnh ph Nng


- Hi An (thu t t l 1:250.000) [199]

Khu vc tnh Qung Ngi


Trong kch bn s 4, ngp lt do sng thn gy ra i vi cc x thuc di ven b bin
ca tnh l ln nht (Hnh 6.54). c bit ch l cc a im pha trong vnh Dung Qut,
bn sng Tr Bng v Tr Khc. Cc x b ngp nng nht bn khu vc vnh Dung Qut v
sng Tr Bng thuc v cc x Bnh Thnh, Bnh Chnh, Bnh Dng, Bnh Thun thuc
huyn Bnh Sn. Cc khu vc ny c su ngp c ni ti 3m, phm vi ngp tnh t b vo
ti 3-4km. Trong khi , ti khu vc ven sng Tr Khc, x ven bin Tnh K huyn Sn
Tnh v Ngha An huyn T Ngha hu nh u b ngp. su ngp lt ln nht ni y ln
ti 4-5 m, trung bnh khong 2m phm vi ngp tnh t b vo ti 5km, c ch cn hn 5km.
Cc x b ngp nng khu vc ny c th k n Tnh Kh, Tnh Long, Tnh K, Tnh Ha,
thuc huyn Sn Tnh; Ngha Ph, Ngha Ha, c Li thuc huyn T Ngha. Ngoi ra, dc
theo b bin, sng thn cng c th gy ra ngp lt vi chiu rng tnh t bin vo khong
100 - 300m v su ngp trung bnh khong 1,5-2m.
Khu vc tnh Bnh nh
Kch bn 1 gy ra ngp lt trn din hp ti khu vc tnh Bnh nh (xem cc Hnh
6.52B v Hnh 6.52C). Do iu kin a hnh khng ng u ca cc x dc ven bin, ti khu
vc tnh Bnh nh, ch c mt s x b ngp lt v lt khng ng k. Cc v tr sng thn lan
truyn su nht vo t lin cng khng qu 300 m. su ngp trung bnh khong 0,5-1m.
Ni cao nht khong 1.5 m. Cc x b ngp nng nht trong kch bn ny l Tam Quan Bc v
Tam Quan Nam, Hoi M thuc huyn Hoi Nhn. Khu vc vnh Quy Nhn v thnh ph
Bnh nh b nh hng khng nhiu vi di ven bin b sng thn lan truyn vo khong 50100 m v su ngp lt nh hn 0,5-1m.
Khu vc tnh Bnh nh l ni c nhiu kh nng chu nh hng khi c sng thn
xy ra, cc khu vc c nguy c ngp lt khi xy ra sng thn nguy him l cc khu vc gn

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

293

cc ca bin v vnh, cc khu vc c a hnh thp. in hnh l cc khu vc dn c nm bn


m Nc Ngt v vnh Quy Nhn trong c thnh ph Quy Nhn, khu vc dn c nm
ven sng p ng Kho, sng Lai Giang. Cc khu vc khc khng nm gn sng, c x Ct
Tin thuc huyn Ph Ct b ngp lt kh nng. Cc a phng khc, ty theo cc kch bn
m mc ngp lt khc nhau.
Khu vc tnh Ph Yn
Kch bn 4 gy ra ngp lt cho mt s x dc theo b bin ca tnh, c mt s x b
ngp lt nhng din ngp lt cng rt nh (Hnh 6.52C v 6.52D). Cc v tr ngp lt vo su
t lin cng khng qu 200m. su ngp trung bnh khong 0,5-1m, ni cao nht khong 2
m. Cc x b ngp lt c th k n l cc x Xun Th 1, Xun Th 2 thuc huyn Sng Cu,
An Ninh ng, An Ninh Ty, An Hi, An Ha, An M v An Chn thuc huyn Tuy An.
Mt phn ca thnh ph Tuy Ha v th trn Ph Lm ven sng Rng cng b nh hng
nhng khng nhiu vi di ven bin b sng thn truyn vo khong 200m v su ngp lt
nh hn 1.5m. Xui v pha Nam, cc x ven bin cng b ngp vi din ngp nh.
Theo kch bn ny th khi xy ra ng t v sng thn th c th di ri dn v ti sn
ra xa b bin khong 500m hoc ln nhng ni c cao khong 3-5m l an ton.
Khu vc tnh Khnh Ha
Cc v tr ngp lt ng k ti tnh Khnh Ha l cc x nm ven vnh Cam Ranh,
thnh ph Nha Trang (Hnh 6.52C v 6.52E). Trong , Thnh ph Nha Trang c cc phng
nm ven bin v dc theo sng Ci b nh hng nhiu nht. C th k n cc phng Vn
Thng, phng Vnh Th, Vnh Phc, Ngc Hip, Phc Hi, Vnh Nguyn. Din tch ngp
lt ti thnh ph Khnh Ha khng ln. Phm vi ngp su trong t lin khong 300 - 550m
vi su ngp trung bnh khong 1m, ni cao nht khong 1.5m. Trong Vnh Cam Ranh,
cc x b ngp lt nhiu l cc x Vn Th, Vn Thng v th trn Vn Gi thuc huyn Vn
Ninh, cc x Ninh Th, Ninh Hi, Ninh Thy cng b nh hng. Tuy nhin, sng thn ch
gy ngp lt khong 50m 100m v su ngp lt nh hn 1.5m. Cc o nm trong tnh
v cc x ven bin khc trong tnh cng b nh hng nhng vi mc nh hn.
Khu vc tnh Khnh Ha l ni phi hng chu nh hng khi c sng thn xy ra, cc
khu vc c nguy c ngp lt khi xy ra sng thn nguy him l cc khu vc gn cc ca bin
v vnh, cc khu vc c a hnh thp. in hnh l cc khu vc dn c nm bn trong Vnh
Vn Phong, bi bin Nha Trang v mt phn thuc vnh Cam Ranh.
V cc phng n s dng t v quy hoch pht trin kinh t, x hi, cng nh cc
a phng khc, tnh Khnh Ha cn phi tnh n cc phng n phng trnh sng thn
trnh cc hu qu nghim trng. C th l b tr loa phng thanh v quy hoch cc khu du lch
nh bi bin Nha Trang v cc bn cng nh Vn Phong, ni tp trung dn c ng nh thnh
ph Nha Trang v cc khu cng nghip ven bin.
Khu vc tnh Ninh Thun
Do a hnh ven bin tnh Ninh Thun tng i cao, hn na li xa ngun ng t,
sng thn ven bin khu vc ny nh nn khng gy nh hng ti b bin khu vc ny. Sng
thn xy ra theo kch bn 4 l sng thn c kh nng gy ra ngp lt ln nht cho tnh Ninh
Thun v cng l sng thn nguy him nht cn tnh ti trong cc phng n s tn dn (Hnh
6.52E). Trong tnh ny, cc khu vc c nguy c ngp lt khi xy ra sng thn nguy him l
cc khu vc gn cc ca sng, m, vnh v cc khu vc c a hnh thp. in hnh l cc
khu vc dn c nm thuc m Ni v ven sng Dinh, ni y c cc th trn tp trung dn
c nh th trn Khnh Hi. Th x Phan Rang Thp Chm hu nh khng b nh hng.
Mt khu vc nm bn b bin c a hnh thp b ngp l a bn thuc x Phc Dinh, huyn
Ninh Phc.
Khu vc tnh Bnh Thun
Bn ngp lt do ng t gy sng thn theo kch bn 4 ti khu vc tnh Bnh
Thun c a ra trn hnh (Hnh 6.52E). y l kch bn c ln ng t Mw = 8,4 ti

294

Phan Tr ng Trnh

i ht chm Manila. Vi kch bn ny, hu nh khu vc ven bin a phng ny khng b


nh hng v phm vi ngp lt rt hp. Ch c mt vi ni nh thnh Ph Phan Thit, cc x
Vnh Ho, huyn Tuy Phong, x Tin Thnh huyn Hm Thun Nam phm vi ngp lt t 100
200m ven bin. Cc a phng cn li ch b ngp lt trong phm vi 50m ven b. su
ngp lt rt nh. Do , y l kch bn ng t khng ng ngi, hu nh cha nh hng
g n khu vc dn c. Tuy nhin, cng cn c nhng bin php m bo an ton cho tu
thuyn ngoi khi v khch du lch ti cc bi tm ven bin.
Trong quy hoch pht trin kinh t, x hi, tnh Bnh Thun cng cn phi tnh n cc
phng n phng trnh sng thn trnh cc hu qu nghim trng. Cc kt qu tnh ton
theo kch bn 4 c dng lm c s xy dng cc phng n s tn dn chi tit, quy
hoch s dng t v pht trin kinh t - x hi vng ven bin c tnh ti cc phng n
phng trnh sng thn. Trnh t v phng php phng trnh sng thn tng t nh i vi
cc khu vc khc. Cc khu vc cn c ch phng trnh sng thn l x Vnh Ho, x
Phc Th v th trn Lin Hng, th trn Phan R ca ca huyn Tuy Phong, phng Thanh
Hi ca th x Phan Thit l cc khu vc cn c quan tm phng trnh sng thn.
T cc kt qu nghin cu v tnh ton trn, c th rt ra mt s nhn xt sau y:
- Xc xut xy ra sng thn ven bin v hi o Vit Nam l khng ln, nhng thc s
tn ti.
- Vi cc kt qu nghin cu cho ti nay, c th xc nh c vng ngun gy ng
t c km theo sng thn trn Bin ng l 2 i t gy i ht chm Manila.
- Khu vc c kh nng chu nh hng mnh nht ca sng thn l khu vc Trung
Trung B, t Nng ti Qung Ngi. V vy, song song vi vic xy dng cc bn cnh
bo nguy c sng thn, cn gio dc nng cao thc ngi dn v cc cp chnh quyn vng
ven bin trong phng trnh sng thn.
- Cn tip tc nghin cu xc nh r hn ng t cc i v c cu chn tiu ca
cc trn ng t trong khu vc Bin ng nng cao chnh xc ca cc kch bn sng
thn. c bit, cn nghin cu nh gi ri ro sng thn cho cc vng tp trung dn, cc hot
ng kinh t - x hi v c nguy c sng thn cao.
- Cn nghin cu kh nng xy ra sng thn do cc nguyn nhn khc nh trt l t,
phun tro ni la ngm.
6.3. NH GI NGUY HIM NI LA HIN I
Trn lc a, cc ni la tr nht xy ra trong t, c tui tr nht 0.5 triu nm.
Nh vy nguy him do ni la trn t lin khng cao, c th xem l cc ni la tt. So
snh tng i th nhng vng c mt ca cc ni la tr xy ra trong t c nguy c tai
bin ni la cao hn nhng vng khc, c bit nhng ni cn du vt ca hng ni la trn
cao nguyn. Nguy c tai bin ni la cao hn c phn b dc theo dc kinh tuyn 109. Dc
theo i t gy ny, c nhiu du hiu ni la hot ng trong giai on hin i nh ni la
Hn Tro xy ra nm 1923. Dc theo i t gy ny ch a nhit cao, mt s ni c biu
hin phun kh, v vy lun tim n ni la hot ng trong tng lai. Ni la hot ng c th
khng gy ra cc tai bin ln nh dng chy dung nham v l phun tro di bin, nhng c
nguy c gy ra ng t v i km l sng thn. T ti liu cc mt ct a chn, trng lc,
trng t v a hnh a mo y bin, chng ti xc lp c cc v tr phn b ca ni
la tr di y bin, c trnh by trong bn hin trng tai bin v bn d bo tai
bin lin quan. Di ni la i qua o L Sn hin cn th hin r nt trn a hnh.

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

295

6.4. MT S GII PHP PHNG TRNH TAI BIN LIN QUAN TI KIN TO,
A NG LC HIN I
6.4.1. C s khoa hc cho vic d bo, phn vng ng t, sng thn v ni la
Trn c s nghin cu kin to tr, kin to hin i v a ng lc hin i, chng ta
c c s khoa hc d bo ng t cc i cho vng trng Sng Hng l 6.2, dc i
t gy ra ty Bin ng l 6.2 v vng Nam Trung B v Nam B l 6.4, t xc nh
c cc gi tr gia tc rung ng cho cc vng trn ton b lnh hi, cc di ven b v mt
phn lnh th Vit Nam. Trn bn d bo cc dng tai bin lin quan vi kin to a ng
lc hin i (gi tt l DBTB) t l 1/1.000.000, chng ti xc nh cc ng ng tr ca
gia tc rung ng cc i 0.05g, 0.1g, 0.15g. ng thi vi bn d bo cc dng tai bin
chng ti cng thnh lp bn hin trng cc dng tai bin chnh lin quan vi kin to a
ng lc hin i t l 1/1000.000, trn phn nh cc chn tm ng t, c cu chn tiu
ng t, cc v tr ni la tr v ni la hin i. y l bn thnh phn phc v cho bn
DBTB. Thng tin ny c tch hp trn bn DBTB. Trn bn DBTB, chng ti cn
th hin ng ng mc d bo cao cc i ca sng thn. Do t l bn DBTB t l
1/1000.000 nn khng th phn nh c su ngp lt do sng thn. Chng ti thnh
lp mt lot bn d bo su ngp lt do sng thn t l 1/250.000 cho cc tnh Tha
Thin - Hu, Nng, Qung Nam, Qung Ngi, v.v.. Trn s d bo phm vi nh
hng ca sng thn, din ngp lt, su ngp lt.
Khu vc ven bin tnh Tha Thin Hu
C th thy rng, khu vc tnh Tha Thin - Hu l mt trong nhng khu vc chu
nh hng ngp lt ln nht (Hnh 6.53), cc khu vc c nguy c ngp lt khi xy ra sng
thn nguy him l cc khu vc gn cc ca sng v vnh, cc khu vc c a hnh thp, ven
m, ph. in hnh l cc khu vc dn c gn ca Thun An, khu vc dn c ln cn ca
Ha Dun, khu vc Lng C v khu vc vnh Chn My. Trong , khu vc x Lc Vinh
nm bn vnh Chn My l ni chu ngp lt ln nht v rng nht, tip n l Vinh Hai, Vinh
My. Xt v mc nh hng n dn c v kinh t, trong tnh Tha Thin - Hu, cc th
trn Thun An, Qung in l cc th trn b nh hng bi ngp lt do sng thn gy ra.
Cng Chn My b nh hng mnh, cc cng khc trong tnh cng b nh hng. Cc khu du
lch v bi tm ven bin b nh hng trong c th k n bi bin Lng C, ca Thun
An, Ha Dun. Cc khu vc nui trng thy hi sn ven bin v trong Ph Tam Giang Cu
Hai cng b nh hng nghim trng.
Nh vy, i vi kch bn ny, do mc v din ngp lt tng i ln, c bit l
khu vc cng Chn My, Vinh Hai khu vc an ton c th di dn n vi khong cch trn
3km t b bin hoc ti cc vng t cao hn 4m. Cn ch di dn cc khu vc nm cnh
Ph Tam Giang Cu Hai nh phn tch trong phn trn.
Khu vc thnh ph Nng v tnh Qung Nam
Khu vc ny c phm vi ngp lt tng i ln, trung bnh t 1-2km tnh t b;
su ngp lt trung bnh khong 2-3m, nhiu ni ven b dc vnh Nng c th n 3-4m.
Ti tnh Qung Nam, hu ht cc x ven bin trong tnh u b ngp, ln nht c th n 5km
t b v su ngp c th ln ti 4m (khu vc Ca i). C th thy rng khu vc thnh
ph Nng v tnh Qung Nam chu nh hng nng n nu c ng t c km sng thn
xy ra. Cc khu vc c nguy c ngp lt khi xy ra sng thn nguy him l cc khu vc gn
cc ca bin v vnh, cc khu vc c a hnh thp. Trong , khu vc thnh ph Nng v
khu vc Hi An l nhng ni chu ngp lt ln nht v rng nht. Xt v mc nh hng
n dn c v kinh t, trong tnh Qung Nam, th x Hi An v cc th trn Ni Thnh l cc
khu vc tp trung dn c b nh hng bi ngp lt do sng thn. Ti khu vc thnh ph
Nng, khu vc c dn phng Mn Thi, ni b ngp lt nng do sng thn c th tm thy
ni trnh an ton trn bn o Sn Tr. Ch rng, ch cn ln ti khu t c cao khong

296

Phan Tr ng Trnh

3-5m so vi mc nc bin l an ton, trnh c sng thn. i vi cc phng nm bn


trong vnh Nng v ven sng Hn, phng n s tn dn l a ngi dn vo cc khu vc
bn trong, cch b khong 3-5km hoc nhng khu vc c cao mt t hn 5m. Khu vc
pha bc ca sng Thu Bn thuc a phn cc x Cm An, Cm Thanh, Cm Thanh l nhng
khu vc c mc nh hng ngp lt ln. Gn nh ton b din tch cc x trn b nh
hng. Vic di dn khi c sng thn xy ra gp kh khn v y l cc x o hoc bn o.
Do vy, cn thit phi a ra cc phng n di dn n cc x ln cn hoc cc khu vc nm
trong cc x c cao mt t cao hn 3m. Vi th x Hi An, cng cn c nhng bin
php phng cho khch du lch. Trong trng hp sng thn xy ra, dn c v khch du lch
cn c hng dn n ni an ton.
Trong quy hoch pht trin kinh t, x hi, thnh ph Nng v tnh Qung Nam
cn phi tnh n cc phng n phng trnh sng thn trnh cc hu qu nghim trng.
C th l ti cc khu vc c kh nng ngp lt ln, cn thit phi c nhng loa phng thanh,
ngoi vic c s dng nh cng c thng bo tin tc cng ng, trong trng hp cn thit
c th c s dng pht bn tin cnh bo sng thn. Cc khu du lch, bn cng, ni tp
trung dn c ng nh bi bin M Sn, khu nh ngh cao cp, cng Nng, bi bin Hi
An v cc khu cng nghip ven bin, cn tnh ti cc phng n xy nh trnh sng thn. Cc
khch sn cng cn c thit k phng chng sng thn v l ni tr n trnh sng thn
khi khn cp.

Hnh 6.54: Bn d bo ngp lt cc i gy ra do sng thn ti thnh ph Qung ngi (thu t t l


1:250.000) [199]

Khu vc tnh Qung Ngi


Ngp lt do sng thn gy ra i vi cc x thuc di ven b bin ca tnh l nghim
trng nht (Hnh 6.54). Khu vc vnh Dung Qut, sng Tr Bng v Tr Khc ngp su c
ni ti 3m, phm vi ngp tnh t b vo ti 3-4 km. Ti x ven bin Tnh K huyn Sn Tnh
v Ngha An huyn T Ngha hu nh b ngp hon ton. su ngp lt ln nht ni y
ln ti 4-5 m, trung bnh khong 2m phm vi ngp tnh t b vo ti 5km, c ch cn hn
5km. Ngoi ra, dc theo b bin, sng thn cng c th gy ra ngp lt vi chiu rng tnh t
bin vo khong 100 - 300m v su ngp trung bnh khong 1,5-2m.

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

297

Vi cc kch bn ny sng thn c mc gy ngp lt ln v nguy him th ta cn c


phng n s tn dn sao cho ph hp. Ti khu vc huyn Bnh Sn, khu vc c dn cc x
Tnh K, Tnh Ha v Tnh Kh c th di chuyn n vng t cao nm gia x Tnh Kh v
Tnh Long. Ngoi ra, i vi khu vc ca sng Tr Khc, cn di chuyn dn nhanh vo pha
trong, cch b khong 10 km l an ton. V thi gian lan truyn ca sng thn t i t gy
Manila ti vng b Qung Ngi l vo khong 2 gi, nu pht hin sm sng thn, cho d
khong cch s tn l ln nhng vn c th t chc s tn dn mt cch hiu qu. Cc x c
Li v c Chnh huyn M c c th di chuyn n vng t cao thuc x c Thng.
Kh khn nht l cc x Ngha Ph, Ngha Dng, Ngha Ha, Ngha An, Ngha Hoa, Ngha
Thng, Ngha Hip thuc huyn T Ngha. Cc x ny c din tch ngp lt nhiu, c th
phi dng cc phng tin c gii di dn n vng t an ton thuc cc x bn trong nh
th x Qung Ngi v th trn La H. Ti khu vc Vnh Dung Qut, cn c nhng bin php di
dn, cng nhn n ni an ton. Ngoi ra cng cn tnh n cc phng n phng n chy
gy nhim du v trong tng lai, y l khu lc ha du chnh ca c nc. Cc khu vc c
din ngp lt nh, cn hng dn ngi dn di c n vng t cao hoc cch xa bin khong
8 - 10km.
Khu vc tnh Bnh nh
Sng thn lan truyn su nht vo t lin cng khng qu 300 m. su ngp trung
bnh khong 0,5-1m. Cc x b ngp nng nht trong kch bn ny l Tam Quan Bc v Tam
Quan Nam, Hoi M thuc huyn Hoi Nhn. Khu vc vnh Quy Nhn v thnh ph Bnh
nh b nh hng khng nhiu vi di ven bin b sng thn lan truyn vo khong 50-100
m v su ngp lt nh hn 0,5-1m.
i vi khu vc tnh Bnh nh, nu sng thn xy ra, c th di dn n khu vc an
ton vi khong cch 500m t b bin. Ngoi ra, nhng a im gn bin c cao mt t
cao hn mc nc bin khong 3-5m cng l nhng a im s tn an ton.
Ti khu vc m Nc Ngt, cc x M Ct v M Khnh l nhng a phng c
din tch ngp lt, tuy nhin, c th di dn n cc vng t cao hn ngay trong x hoc x
Ct Minh bn cnh. Ti khu vc sng p ng Kho, huyn Hoi Nhn, khu vc c dn cc
x Tam Quan Nam, Tam Quan Bc v th trn Tam Quan b ngp lt. Khu vc 3 x ny, c
th di dn n vng t cao thuc x Tam Quan Nam hoc di dn n a phn x Hoi Chu
k bn. Cc x ven ca sng Lai Giang c din tch ngp lt cng kh ln nhng dn c
khng tp trung ng vng ny, c th d dng tm cc vng t cao ngay trong x hoc di
chuyn su vo 1 km trong t lin. Vi cc phng nm bn vnh Quy Nhn thuc thnh
ph Quy Nhn, mc d din tch ngp lt khng ln v c th vo su bn trong thnh ph l
an ton nhng dn c tp trung vi s lng ng nn cn c nhng bin php thch hp khi
di chuyn dn. Cc khu vc khc, din tch ngp lt khng ln lm, v dn c khng tp trung
ng, c th s tn ngi dn n cc vng t cao hn (5m so vi mc nc bin) hoc vo
su 1 km trong t lin trnh sng thn.
Trong quy hoch pht trin kinh t, x hi, tnh Bnh nh cn phi tnh n cc
phng n phng trnh sng thn trnh cc hu qu nghim trng. Cng tng t cc ni
khc, ti cc khu vc c kh nng ngp lt ln, cn phi c nhng loa phng thanh, ngoi vic
c s dng nh cng c thng bo tin tc cng ng, trong trng hp cn thit c th
c s dng pht bn tin cnh bo sng thn. Cc khu du lch, bn cng, ni tp trung dn
c ng nh bi bin M Kh, cng Dung Qut, bi bin Sa Hunh v cc khu cng nghip
ven bin, cn tnh ti cc phng n xy nh trnh sng thn. Cc khch sn cng cn c
thit k phng chng sng thn v l ni tr n trnh sng thn khi khn cp.
Mc ngp lt tnh Ph yn, Khnh Ho Ninh thun, Bnh thun yu hn nhiu v chng
ti m t phn trn

298

Phan Tr ng Trnh

6.4.2. Cc gii php phng trnh tai bin lin quan


V c bn, nhng kin ngh v gii php phng trnh ng t v sng thn y ph
hp vi quyt nh s : 78/2007/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph k ngy 29 thng 5 nm
2007, chng ti chi tit ho cho cc trng hp c th:
1. Nhn chung nguy c ng t trong cc di ven b bin khng cao. Gia tc rung ng
thng khng vt qu 0.1g. Xy dng cng trnh trong vng c nguy c gia tc rung ng
0.1 g phi c gii php ph hp m bo an ton, c bit i vi h cha nc ln, nh
cao tng.
2. Cc cng trnh xy dng trong khu vc c nguy c gia tc rung ng trn 0.05g phi tun
theo quy chun thit k xy dng cng trnh cc vng c nguy c ng t. Hin chng ta
c Tiu chun TCXDVN 375:2006 Thit k cng trnh chu ng t. Tiu chun ny
hng dn c th cc trng hp phi xt n tc ng ca ng t v cc bin php thit k
khng chn cho cng trnh xy dng. Theo , nhng cng trnh xy dng trong vng ng
t yu (khi gia tc nn thit k trn nn loi A khng vt qu 0,78m/s2), c th s dng cc
quy trnh thit k chu ng t c gim nh hoc n gin ho cho mt s loi, dng kt
cu. i vi nhng cng trnh xy dng trong vng ng t rt yu (khi gia tc nn thit k
trn nn loi A khng vt qu 0,39m/s2) th khng cn phi tun theo nhng iu khon ca
tiu chun ny. Khi c yu cu xy dng nh v cng trnh trong vng ng t, cn phi tho
mn cc yu cu theo cc trng thi gii hn, bn v s dng, kim sot cht ch cht
lng trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng.
3. Dc cc di ven b, nhiu cng trnh xy dng quan trng nh nh cao tng trong cc khu
th, cu cng, nh my in nhit in, nh my in nguyn t, nh my lc du ngoi
vic tun th tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam, cn tin hnh vi phn vng ng t chi tit,
nh gi ph gia tc m bo cng trnh c an ton.
4. Vic lp, ph duyt quy hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi ti cc vng Hu, Nng, Qung
Nam, Qung Ngi, phi tnh n cc vng c kh nng ngp lt ln c th hin trn
bn d bo ngp lt hn ch thit hi v m bo pht trin bn vng. Ti nhng vng
d bo ngp lt trn 1 mt nht thit iu chnh qui hoch cc khu th, hn ch tp trung
dn c v cc khu cng nghip, trung tm du lch hn ch nh hng ca sng thn. Nu
quyt nh xy dng th phi tn to nn mng trn cao d bo 0.5 m 1 m tu theo
tnh cht quan trng ca cng trnh.
5. Ti nhng vng c nguy c sng thn cao, xy dng quy hoch bo tn cc cn ct ven
bin v trng rng phng h ven bin. Tuy nhin phi ht sc cn nhc hiu qu khng nn
trng rng phng h nhng ni c d bo khi c sng thn s gy ngp lt qu su.
6. Nng cp cc tuyn bin vng chc nhm mc ch chnh chng bo, trong trng hp
c sng thn xy ra, cc tuyn c tc dng gim nh thit hi do sng thn xy ra.
7. Tuyn truyn, gio dc v sng thn i vi cc vng dn c c d bo chu nh hng
ca sng thn nhm nng cao hiu bit v sng thn, nguy c v sng thn ti a phng
cng nh cch ng ph khi c thng bo c sng thn. a cc kin thc c bn v phng
trnh sng thn vo chng trnh ging dy ca cc trng cp 1, 2 ni c nguy c sng
thn. S dng nhiu hnh thc tuyn truyn nh bo, i pht thanh, truyn hnh, t ri. T
chc cc hi tho tp hun thng qua cc hi on vin, hi ph n, hi ph lo. Ngi dn
trong vng c nguy c song thn cao Hu, Nng, Qung Nam, Qung Ngi khi c
thng bo c sng thn th cc thuyn phi gp rt ra khi, dn phi s tn ln nhng vng
cao hn cao sng thn c th t ti. Ngi dn phi nhn bit khi nc rt t ngt xa b
c th l nguy c sng thn.
8. V vic xy dng trung tm cnh bo sng thn, c th t cc trm cnh bo sng thn ti
khu qun o Hong Sa v Bc Trng Sa nh Song T Ty, ti sng thn s lan ti trong
vng 1 ting, trong khong 1 ting cn li sng thn s lan ti Qung Ngi, Qung Nam. Thi
gian cng c th gip ngi dn s tn gim nh thit hi v ngi. Trung Tm cnh bo

Chng 6. nh gi nguy him ng t, sng thn, ni la v cc gii php phng trnh

299

sng thn cn c lin h cht ch vi c quan cnh bo sng thn Phillipin c thng tin kp
thi. Ti cc khu vc c kh nng ngp lt ln, cn thit phi c nhng loa phng thanh,
ngoi vic c s dng nh cng c thng bo tin tc cng ng, trong trng hp cn thit
c th c s dng pht bn tin cnh bo sng thn.
9. Cc khu du lch, bn cng, ni tp trung dn c ng nh bi bin Lng C, cng Chn
My, cng Thun An, c th phi tnh ti cc phng n xy nh dng nh sn vi cc cc b
tng vng chc v tng yu bn di lm a im s tn trnh sng thn khi khn cp.
Nu c sng thn mnh, cc bc tng c th sp, cho php sng thn i qua gim p
lc sng nhng cc cc b tng v ngi nh vn ng vng. Cc khch sn cao tng ven bin
khi thit k cng cn c tnh ton chng c sng thn v c th dng lm ni s tn
phng trnh sng thn.
10. Lp phng n di dn trong trng hp c cnh bo sng thn. Nh trnh by trn,
cc khu vc c kh nng chu nh hng mnh nht ca sng thn l di min rung bao gm
cc tnh nh Tha Thin - Hu, Nng, Qung Nam v Qung Ngi. cc tnh ny cn c
cc phng n di ri dn cc vng c nguy c ngp lt cao, c th nh sau:
- Khu vc ven bin tnh Tha Thin - Hu: Cn di ri dn cc khu vc gn cc ca
sng v vnh, cc khu vc c a hnh thp ven m ph nh ca Thun An, khu vc dn c
ln cn ca Ha Dun, khu vc Lng C v khu vc vnh Chn My, Vinh Hai, khu vc an
ton c th di dn n vi khong cch trn 3km t b bin hoc ti cc vng t cao hn 4m.
- Khu vc TP Nng v tnh Qung Nam: Cc khu vc cn thit phi di dn khi c
cnh bo sng thn di ven bin thuc a bn 2 tnh ny l cc phng bn trong vnh
Nng, cc khu vc ven sng Hn, khu vc c dn phng Mn Thi c th tm thy ni trnh
an ton trn bn o Sn Tr hoc nhng nhng a im cch b khong 3-5km hoc c cao
mt t hn 5m. Khu vc pha bc ca sng Thu Bn thuc a phn cc x Cm An, Cm
Thanh, Cm Thanh l nhng khu vc c mc nh hng ngp lt ln. Gn nh ton b
din tch cc x trn b nh hng. Vic di dn khi c sng thn xy ra gp kh khn v y l
cc x o hoc bn o. Do vy, cn thit phi a ra cc phng n di dn n cc x ln
cn hoc cc khu vc nm trong cc x c cao mt t cao hn 3m. Vi Th x Hi An,
khu bi bin M Sn, cng cn c nhng bin php phng cho nhn dn v khch du lch.
Trong trng hp sng thn xy ra, dn c v khch du lch cn c hng dn n ni an
ton cch b bin khong 5km.
- Khu vc tnh Qung Ngi: Ti khu vc huyn Bnh Sn, khu vc c dn cc x Tnh
K, Tnh Ha v Tnh Kh c th di chuyn n vng t cao nm gia x Tnh Kh v Tnh
Long. Ngoi ra, i vi khu vc ca sng Tr Khc, cn di chuyn dn nhanh vo pha trong,
cch b khong 10 km l an ton. V thi gian lan truyn ca sng thn t i t gy Manila
ti vng b Qung Ngi l vo khong 2 gi, nu pht hin sm sng thn, cho d khong
cch s tn l ln nhng vn c th t chc s tn dn mt cch hiu qu. Cc x c Li v
c Chnh huyn M c c th di chuyn n vng t cao thuc x c Thng. Kh khn
nht l cc x Ngha Ph, Ngha Dng, Ngha Ha, Ngha An, Ngha Hoa, Ngha Thng,
Ngha Hip thuc huyn T Ngha. Cc x ny c din tch ngp lt nhiu, c th phi dng
cc phng tin c gii di dn n vng t an ton thuc cc x bn trong nh Th x
Qung Ngi v th trn La H. Ti khu vc Vnh Dung Qut, cn c nhng bin php di dn,
cng nhn n ni an ton. Ngoi ra cng cn tnh n cc phng n phng n chy gy
nhim du v trong tng lai, y l khu lc ha du chnh ca c nc. Cc khu vc c din
ngp lt nh, cn hng dn ngi dn di c n vng t cao hoc cch xa bin khong 8 10km.

300

Phan Tr ng Trnh

301

KT LUN
Chuyn ng kin to tr v hot ng ni la tr
- Trn khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn, cc hot ng kin to tr trong
Pliocen - t, th hin kh r nt vng bin Bc B vi cng hot ng khc nhau.
Cc t gy phn thnh cc on ngn, ko di khng lin tc th hin l cc t gy thun v
t gy trt bng. Trong vng trng Sng Hng,chiu di t gy khng vt qu 15 km.
t gy tr hot ng mnh m vo cui Pliocen, t hn vo cui Pleistocen, him gp trong
trm tch Holocen ven ra cc b Kainozi .
- Biu hin ca cc t gy tr ca h thng t gy ra Ty Bin ng (t gy dc
kinh tuyn 109 -110) thm lc a Trung Trung B khng mang tnh lin tc. Cc du vt
tng phn v a hnh thm v sn lc a thc cht khng phn nh r rt qu trnh kin
to tr m l du vt a hnh do hot ng kin to c li du n m nt trn sn. Cc
biu hin hot ng ni la tr th hin r nt dc theo i t gy 110 c phn nh trong
a hnh, mt ct a chn trng trng lc v trng t.
- vng bin Nam Trung B, t i trt ct Tuy Ho v Nam B gm cc bn Cu
Long, Nam Cn Sn, biu hin ca cc hot ng kin to tr kh r rt vi cc t gy tr
chim u th c phng bc- nam v bc ty bc nam ng nam. l cc t gy thun v
trt bng. Cc t gy khng ko di lin tc, b t on vi chiu di khng vt qu 20
km.
Chuyn ng kin to hin i v a ng lc hin i
- Pha bc Bin ng ang thu hp li theo phng ty ty bc - ng ng nam vi
tc c 77 mm/nm. Hng ca vc t chuyn dch ti Lng, Bch Long V, Hi Nam,
Hong Sa hu nh ngc vi hng vc t chuyn dch PIMO, phn nh hng chuyn
dch ca mng bc Bin ng cm di Philippine ti trng Malina v pha ng ng nam.
S ng li ca Bin ng dc theo i cun chm Manila c tc khng u nhau pha bc
o Luzon tc chuyn dch v pha ty bc l ln nht sau gim nhanh v pha ng nam.
C c s phn ra 5 on ca i cun chm Malina khc bit nhau v a hnh, a mo,
trng trng lc, phn b ng t, trng ng sut kin to theo su.
Vng ven bin trn i lc Trung Quc pha bc Bin ng, Nam Hi Nam th hin
hot ng kin to hin i mnh m vi s xut hin ca mt s trn ng t ln trong lch
s.
- Pha nam Bin ng, hng chuyn dch chuyn v hng ng nam cho thy ch
a ng lc pha nam Bin ng thay i so vi phn pha bc Bin ng, tc
chuyn dch ngang nh hn pha bc. Nhn chung, vng nam v ty nam Bin ng hu
nh khng b bin dng ln. Vi kt qu o ti Cn o, Tp.H Ch Minh v Song T Ty,
i snh vi kt qu o Palawan trong cc n GEODYSSEA v PCGIAP th khng thy
s xit p xy ra Bc Borneo minh chng i cun chm bc Borneo khng hot ng trong
giai on hin i.
- Trng ng sut kin to hin i vng thm lc a Vit Nam, bc Bin ng bao gm
c thm lc a Trung Quc v vng Nam Hi Nam, qun o Hong Sa l trng ng sut
trt bng. Cc trn ng t xy ra bc Borneo cng phn nh trng ng sut trt bng,
tuy nhin trng thi ng sut phn nng hn, xc lp c t ti liu khoan du kh li phn

302

Phan Tr ng Trnh

nh trng ng sut nn p. trung tm Bin ng hin tn ti trng ng sut nn p.


Trng ng sut nn p th hin r nt dc i cun chm Malina v ln cn, tuy nhin
on F1, F2 ca i cun chm Malina tn ti trng ng sut tch gin t trn mt ti su
15 km sau mi chuyn sang nn p.
Nguy him ng t v sng thn
- nh gi ng t cc i t phn tch hm Gumbel cho thy ng t cc i xy
ra dc on bc i cun chm Malina vi magnitude 8.3, on gia i Malina l 8.1. ng
t cc i bc bin ng, ng ra nam Hi Nam dc sn lc a nam Trung quc l 6.6,
Dc i t gy 110 v ko di v pha nam l 6.2. i Cu Long Cn Sn l 5.2 . Sai s
0.1. nh gi ng t cc i theo phng php hp l cc i cho cc gi tr cao hn 0.4
i vi nh gi t phn tch hm Gumbel vi sai s cng cao hn 0.9. nh gi a chn
kin to cho php nh gi theo tng phn on t gy c th. dc i Sng Hng, ng
t cc i l 6.2, dc i t gy 110 l 6.2, i Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn l 6.4. i
vi cc on ca i cun chm Malina, tnh t bc xung nam, ng t cc i tng ng
l: 8.0, 8.2, 8.1, 8.4 v 7.8 vi sai s xp x 0.2 trong ch c on th 3 v on th 4 c
magnitude tng ng 8.1 v 8.4 l c kh nng pht sinh ng t gy sng thn.
- Do cc i ng t dc thm lc a Vit Nam, i t gy sn lc a bc Bin
ng, i t gy bc Borneo Palawan l cc t gy trt bng nn duy nht ch c i
cun chm Malina c kh nng gy ra sng thn, trong ch duy nht c 2 on th 3 v th
4 l c kh nng pht sinh ng t gy sng thn v cc on th nht v th 2 trng thi ng
sut l tch gin cho ti su 15 km. on th 5 do qu dc v pht sinh ch yu ng t
su nn cng khng c kh nng gy sng thn.
- D bo cao ca sng thn cc i do on t gy th 4 s gy ra bin cc i
b bin Bin Vit Nam l 2 m. Ngp lt su nht 4-5 m ti di ven bin thuc thnh ph
Qung Ngi.
- Kin ngh cc gii php phng trnh v gim nh thit hi bao gm lp, ph duyt
quy hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi, tun th cc quy chun thit k xy dng cng trnh
cc vng c nguy c ng t, sng thn. Bo tn cc cn ct ven bin v trng rng phng
h ven bin. Xy dng cc tuyn chc chn chng bo v gim nh thit hi sng thn.
Tuyn truyn gio dc ngi dn ni c nguy c sng thn cao. C cc phng n s tn c
th vi cc vng c nguy c cao thuc tnh Qung Ngi, thnh ph Nng, nam thnh ph
Hu

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303

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nnk., 2007 [219], Socquet v nnk, 2006 [223, 224], Rangin v nnk., 1999 [209], Zhang v nnk,
2004 [276] v kt qu o GPS ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].

Phan Tr ng Trnh

322

(A)

Ti liu tham kho

323

(B)
Hnh 5.38: Bn Kin to v a ng lc hin i vng bin Vit Nam (A) v ch gii (B)
(thu v t t l 1:1000.000) [199].

324

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 6.14: Cc t gy hot ng v c cu chn tiu ng t khu vc Philippine c


phn theo 3 c ch ch o: thun, trt bng v nghch [199].

Ti liu tham kho

325

Hnh 6.21: S thay i ca tc v hng chuyn dch kin to hin i dc theo cc on


khc nhau ca i cun chm Manila [199].

326

Phan Tr ng Trnh

Hnh 6.51: Bn d bo cc dng tai bin chnh lin quan vi kin to a ng lc


hin i trn bin ng Vit Nam v ch gii (thu t t l 1:1000.000) [199]

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