Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MC LC
LI GII THIU
MC LC
DANH MC CC K HIU, CC CH VIT TT
M U
Chng 1: LCH S NGHIN CU, U KIN T NHIN V PHNG PHP
NGHIN CU
1.1. LCH S NGHIN CU
1.2. IU KIN T NHIN V A HNH, A MO BIN NG V KHU VC
K CN
1.2.1. V tr a l
1.2.2. Kh hu
1.2.3. c im thu vn
1.2.4. c im hi vn
1.2.5. c im a mo
1.3. CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU CHNH
1.3.1 Nhm cc phng php nh v ton cu GPS
1.3.2. Nhm cc phng php a cht - a mo
1.3.3. Nhm cc phng php a Vt l
1.3.4. Nhm cc phng php nghin cu ng t
1.3.5.Nhm phng php m hnh ho bin i trng ng sut Coulomb v sng thn
Chng 2: CU TRC A CHT BIN NG V KHU VC K CN
2.1. T TRNG VIT NAM V KHU VC K CN
2.2. TRNG TRNG LC V CU TRC SU
2.3. CC YU T KIN TRC CHNH BIN NG VIT NAM V KHU VC K
CN
Chng 3: KIN TO KAINOZOI BIN NG VIT NAM V KHU VC K
CN
3.1. KIN TO T GY KAINOZOI
3.1.1. t gy Sng Hng trn t lin
3.1.2. Vng cc thm lc a Bin ng
3.1.3. Vng trng nc su i dng Bin ng
3.1.4. Vng cc khi vi lc a
Trang
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Phan Tr ng Trnh
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Mc lc
KT LUN
TI LIU THAM KHO
PH LC
7
301
303
321
Phan Tr ng Trnh
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Vit tt
AKT
AVT
B
BCH
B
BLV1
BO
8
9
10
11
CDA1
BSCL
DIF
12
13
DOHO
FMI
14
15
16
17
18
GK
GNS
HOCM
HUES
IGS
19
20
21
ITRF
KZ
LANG
22
23
24
25
N
NIEC
s TWT
STT1
26
c l
kinh tuyn
v tuyn
Bc
Bt chnh hp
Bin ng
Tn im o GPS trn o Bch Long V
Ph hu nn p trong l khoan (xy ra do sp l thnh l
khoan) (Borehole Breakout)
Tn im o ti Cn o
ng
ng bng sng Cu Long
Khe nt cng gin sinh ra trong qu trnh khoan (drillinginduced fractures)
Tn im o GPS ti thnh ph ng Hi
Thit b ghi in tr trong l khoan
(Formation Micro Imager)
Ging khoan
Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand
Tn im o GPS ti Thnh ph HCM
Tn im o GPS ti thnh ph Hu
Intemational GPS Service - T chc dch v GPS Quc t
phc v a ng lc
Khung quy chiu Tri t quc t
Kainozoi
Tn im o GPS ti Vin a cht,
ph Cha Lng, H Ni
Nam
National earthquake information centrer (Hoa K)
Thi gian hai ln truyn sng tnh theo giy
Tn im o GPS trn o Song T Ty - qun o
Trng Sa
Ty
Phan Tr ng Trnh
10
27
28
VC
VKHKTTVMT
29
WSM
Vin a Cht
Vin Khoa hc Kh tng Thy vn v
Mi trng
World Stress Map
11
M U
Bin ng c v tr kinh t, chnh tr c bit quan trng i vi nc ta. khai thc
v s dng hp l cc ngun li t Bin ng, m bo an ninh quc phng, th vic xy
dng c s khoa hc d bo cc dng tai bin ng t v sng thn, xut cc bin php
phng trnh l nhim v ht sc cp thit. Mc d c mt s cc nghin cu v ng t v
sng thn trn Bin ng, nhng hin ang tn ti rt nhiu cc kch bn cnh bo sng thn
khc nhau v thiu c s v kin to tr, a ng lc hin i. Nghin cu cnh bo ng
t v sng thn th vn quan trng bc nht l xc nh c cc ngun pht sinh ng t
gy sng thn cng nh ln ca chng, t mi c quyt nh v phng trnh gim nh
thit hi do ng t v sng thn gy ra. Ngun pht sinh ng t, sng thn v mc ca
chng c xc nh vi tin cy cao nh cc nghin cu v kin to tr v kin to hin
i. Mt s tc gi cp ti kin to tr trn Bin ng nhng cc kin rt phn tn,
thm ch mu thun nhau v s dng phng php nghin cu ring bit, trn vng nghin
cu khc nhau. Trong cun sch ny, chng ti tp trung lm sng t v tr li cc cu hi:
Nhng t gy no trn Bin ng cn du hiu hot ng trong giai on hin i? Nu cn
hot ng th quy m, cng v din phn b ca chng ra sao? ng t cc i nu c l
bao nhiu? Chng c kh nng gy sng thn hay khng? Cc hot ng ni la tr lin quan
vi hot ng kin to tch gin no, phng tch gin ra sao hay hot ng ni la tr c
ngun gc su, c lp vi bin dng ca thch quyn hay v Tri t? Ti sao phn cung o
Philipin li chuyn dch v pha ty vi bin ln nh vy? Trng ng sut kin to hin
i phn b ra sao? Mi quan h gia kin trc su v biu hin hot ng kin to tr trn
mt nh th no? T xut cc gii php gim thiu v phng trnh cc dng tai bin lin
quan, c bit l ng t v sng thn.
mc khi qut, trn bn t l 1:4.000.000, khu vc nghin cu l phn bin,
cc o v di ven b Bin ng v vng ln cn, nm trong khong t 100o n 129o kinh
ng, -4o n 26o v bc. mc chi tit hn, khu vc nghin cu trn bn t l
1:1.000.000, nm trong khong t 102o n 107o kinh ng, 6o n 23o30 v bc.
Nghin cu kin to tr v kin to hin i Bin ng c ngha khoa hc v thc
tin to ln.
ngha khoa hc: Nhng kt qu thu nhn c t nghin cu kin to tr v a
ng lc hin i s ng gp ln cho vic hiu r c ch bin dng thch quyn trong khu
vc m d lun quc t ht sc quan tm. Nhng nghin cu chi tit v c im bin dng
tr s cung cp nhng chng c kim nghim cc m hnh xut hoc cho php
xut nhng m hnh bin dng mi. Nhng kt qu v c im chuyn ng kin to tr v
a ng lc hin i s l c s khoa hc cho vic nh gi nguy c ng t trn bin v
sng thn ven b v hi o Vit Nam. Cun sch ny cn l mt khung c bn tip tc
pht trin mt lot cc nghin cu tip theo chi tit hn v kin to tr v kin to hin i
cc khu vc c th trn Bin ng v khu vc i b.
ngha thc tin: V tr, cng ngun gy ra ng t hay sng thn, s gip gim
thiu cc m hnh cnh bo sng thn, c c s khoa hc trong vic phng trnh v gim
thiu thit hi ca ng t v sng thn. Mt khc, gip cho cc c quan hoch nh chnh
sch, iu chnh k hoch chin lc kinh t, qui hoch cc khu th, khu cng nghip, khu
du lch vng ven bin; quy hoch cc cng trnh bin nh cu cng, khai thc du kh, vin
thng, bin phng, c bit l nhng cng trnh cn an ton cao nh xy dng nh my
in nguyn t.
12
Phan Tr ng Trnh
13
Chng 1
14
Phan Tr ng Trnh
15
16
Phan Tr ng Trnh
17
Phng Vn Phch v V Vn Chinh (2008) [204] cho rng pha kin to tr nht ghi
nhn c trong khu vc b trm tch Sng Hng v i ven bin ph cn ty vnh Bc B
c phn nh qua cc hot ng thun tch, vi phng tch dn cc i ng Bc - Ty
Nam, thc y st ln mnh m trong b Sng Hng, vi chiu dy Pliocen - t trung
tm t ti 4km. c bit trong giai on ny c s ti hot ng mnh ca cc t gy cnh
ng Bc ca b Sng Hng. Phng trc ca Trung tm st ln l Ty Bc - ng Nam v
c xu hng bm st t gy Sng L.
Gn y, Zhu v nnk (2009) [280] chng minh t gy Sng Hng ti hot ng vi
chiu dch chuyn phi dc theo phng hin nay ca i t gy Sng Hng trong b Sng
Hng. Vn ng ny cao tro khong 5,5-3,6 triu nm v vn cn duy tr cho n ngy
nay. Cc cu trc Pliocen - Holocen ph hp vi bin dng trt phi da trn cc bng
chng nh: 1) Cu trc hoa dng dc theo mt s t gy cho thy rng bin dng chuyn t
cng ngang sang p ngang cc b v thay i chiu chuyn dch trong khu vc ny. 2) Trng
ng sut cng gin ng - ty v p ngang bc-nam xy ra trong b Sng Hng. 3) Cc t
gy st bc (en echlon) phng bc ty bc - nam ng nam vi cc cu trc ging diapir
trung tm ca b 4) Cc cu trc Pliocen ph hp vi chiu dch trt phi ty bc b Sng
Hng.
Cc nghin cu v kin to Pliocen - t Bin ng khu vc ven bin ng
Nam Vit Nam
V Nng Lc v nnk (1997) [253] phn tch trng ng sut kin to m Bch H,
cho thy giai on Pliocen - t, hot ng tch gin theo phng ng-ty. mng ca
m Bch H chu trng ng sut cng gin ng - ty. Kt qu to nn cc t gy v khe
nt kinh tuyn mang tnh cht thun ngang. Cc t gy TB - N v B - TN hot ng tr
li vi s dch chuyn ln lt l thun-ngang phi v thun ngang tri.
L Duy Bch v nnk (2007) [113] khi qut cc c trng c bn ca hot tnh kin
to - a ng lc Pliocen - t vng ng nam thm lc a Vit Nam, cho rng trong cc
din phn b trm tch Pliocen - t, c xut hin cc t gy hot ng vo Pliocen -
t. Chng c phng ch yu l kinh tuyn, ngoi ra cn c phng B - TN v v tuyn.
St ln kin to khng km mnh m trong Pliocen - t cc b trm tch thuc khu vc
ny khng n gin ch l st ln do ngui i hoc cn bng ng tnh, hot tnh Kin to
Kainozoi mun pht trin c xu th tng ln dc theo cc h thng t gy su ln.
Mai Thanh Tn v nnk (2004) [133] phn tch c im cu trc, kin to v a
ng lc Pliocen - t vng ng Nam thm lc a Vit Nam v c th hin trn bn
l hot ng magma, cc t gy kin to theo ti liu a chn, t gy theo minh gii ti liu
t v trng lc, c phn bit cc t gy hot ng trong Pliocen - t vi t gy hot
ng trong Pliocen v phn chia cc kin trc kin to Pliocen - t vi c trng st ln
phn d. Nh vy cc tc gi khng nh c hot ng t gy Pliocen - t.
Phm Nng V v nnk (2008) [181] thnh lp bn Hot ng kin to v ni la
tr thm lc a Nam Vit Nam t l 1: 500 000. Trn bn ny, ngoi cc t gy kin to
v cc phun tro ni la tr, cn th hin cu to lp ph Pliocen - t bng ng ng
su y Pliocen. Tc gi cho rng, trong khu vc ny, ch yu pht trin hai h thng t gy
kin to trong Pliocen - t: h thng kinh tuyn v h thng ng bc - ty nam.
Trn Nghi v nnk (2008) [240] cho rng ng kin to giai on Pliocen - t hu
nh khng cn cc chuyn ng mnh, qu trnh tch gin kt thc, ch cn mt s t gy
hng kinh tuyn l tip tc ti hot ng cho n Holocen.
L Vn Dung v nnk (2008) [121] cp n mt s c im v cu trc, kin to
khu vc T Chnh - Vng My v vng ph cn. Bn cu trc mng cho php phn chia
khu vc thnh cc n v cu trc ch yu. Cc h thng t gy chnh l: Ty Bc - ng
Nam v kinh tuyn, cn mt s rt t theo hng Bc - Nam. Cc tc gi tm lc hot
ng kin to chnh bao gm: Pha ng to rift c pha rift sm (Eocen (?) - Oligocen -
18
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Miocen sm), pha rift mun (Miocen gia); Pha nghch o kin to Miocen gia - mun;
Pha san bng kin to (Pliocen - t).
Ti khu vc Manila, Nguyn Vn Dng v Nguyn Vn Lng (2007) [170] trn c
s cc m hnh trng thi ng sut trung bnh xc nh theo s liu c cu chn tiu ng t
cng vi 25 c cu chn tiu ng t mnh v phn tch tng quan khng gian gia cc trc
ng sut c bn v cc vector chuyn dch ti chn tiu, tc gi xut s dng mt s ch
tiu phn hng c cu chn tiu v trng thi ng sut trung bnh nghin cu nh gi cc
c im a ng lc hin i trong v Tri t trong i ht chm Manila v ln cn.
Ngoi cc nghin cu trong cc vng c th, cc nghin cu c im cc trng a
vt l nh t, trng lc, a chn v a nhit, c im kin to - a ng lc hin i trn
ton Bin ng ni chung c nhng kt qu ng k.
Bi Cng Qu v nnk (1990, 1995) [28, 29] thu thp cc s liu iu tra a vt l
trn thm lc a Vit Nam v Bin ng, x l tng hp v ton din cc s liu thu thp
c, nu ra cc c im d thng t trng v trng lc, c im trng a t bin i
vng bin pha Nam, c im a chn-a ng lc v c im cu trc v Tri t vng
Bin ng. Cc tc gi xy dng c mt lot bn trng lc, bn d thng t, bn
phn b chn tm ng t cho vng thm lc a v vng bin k cn, ng thi lm sng
t cu trc, v tr v vai tr ca cc h t gy trong ton b bi cnh kin to v a ng lc
ca khu vc thm lc a Vit Nam v Bin ng. Cc vng Bin ng Vit Nam c trng
bi v trm tch mng v bazan c dy 4-5km, khng c granit.
Bi Cng Qu (2005) [31] trong ti KC-09-02 Xy dng bn t nhin mi
trng vng bin Vit Nam v k cn thu thp b sung v x l cc kt qu iu tra kho
st mi v cc lnh vc tip tc m rng phm vi th hin v nng cao cht lng cc bn
, s a v mt bn nn v phm vi th hin thng nht, xc nh v th hin t
l chung v ng nht cho cc bn trong tng lnh vc. thnh lp 70 bn c chia
lm bn nhm, trong c nhm bn a cht-a vt l, t l 1:1.000.000 gm bn .
Nhiu c trng v iu kin t nhin v mi trng ln u tin c tnh ton v th hin
ng nht trn phm vi m rng vng bin v thm lc a Vit Nam nh cc h thng a
ng lc hin i, cc vng pht sinh ng t. Trong ng lu l cc ni dung v c
im cu trc khu vc ca cc trng a vt l, cc ranh gii su, cc thnh to trm tch
tam v t, cc h thng a ng lc hin i v tnh a chn trong v Tri t. Cc thnh
tu ny c cng b chnh thc qua Atlas cc iu kin t nhin v mi trng vng bin
VN v vng k cn . Tp bn gm 60 bn kh 53,3 x 63,3 cm in 6 mu km theo 120
trang ch thch ting Vit v ting Anh.
Cao nh Triu v nnk (2004) [41] khi qut cc c im phn i cu trc thch
quyn lnh th Vit Nam c xem xt trn c s: 1) Xy dng m hnh vn tc v d thng
vn tc truyn sng dc P ca thch quyn v manti; 2) Pht hin cc i t gy su l ranh
gii vi mng thch quyn theo ti liu trng lc, t v phn tch ct lp. Kt qu xc nh
c vn tc truyn sng P trung bnh ca thch quyn lnh th Vit Nam v k cn; nhn
dng 3 dng v Tri t tn ti trn phm vi lnh th Vit Nam v k cn l: v lc a, v i
dng v v chuyn tip.
Nguyn Nh Trung v Nguyn Th Thu Hng (2003, 2008) [163] cho thy phn
thm lc a v sn lc a Bin ng, su mt Moho thay i t 31 km n 16 km, cng
v pha trng su Bin ng a hnh mt Moho cng nng cao. Mt Moho nng cao nht
phn b Trung tm vi chiu su thay i trung bnh t 10 n 12 km. Cc tc gi lun gii
a hnh mt Moho c mi tng quan cht ch vi cc n v kin to trong khu vc nh b
Trung tm, i ht chm, i t gy trt bng, cc b tam... S un ln, bin i ca
a hnh mt Moho hnh thnh ch yu trong thi k hot ng ca h thng t gy Sng
Hng, t gy kinh tuyn 1100. xy dng bn cu trc mng b Ph Khnh cho php
xc nh c phm vi phn b b Ph Khnh trn din tch rng t v tuyn 11o-15oN v
19
kinh tuyn 109o20-112oE. B bao gm 9 n v cu trc chnh l thm Nng, thm Phan
Rang, trng Bc, trng Nam, i nng Trung tm, i nng pha Bc, i nng ng Bc, i
nng ra ng v i ct trt Tuy Ha. su ln nht ca mt mng xc nh c l
9,5km trng Bc v 8,5km trng Nam. H thng t gy bao gm cc t gy phng BN, B-TN v TB-N. Trong , t gy phng B-N v B-TN l hai h thng t gy
chnh pht trin trong b.
Chun-Feng Li v nnk (2008) [47] cho rng Bin ng c th c chia thnh 5 i t
chnh, mi n v c c tnh t ng nht. S phc tp v tnh cht t ca mng cho thy
rng Bin ng tin ha a giai on trong cc iu kin kin to khc nhau. Kt hp vi cc
minh gii a chn phn x 2D cho php v mt cch chnh xc cu trc ca b. Kt qu cho
thy s chuyn tip t ph b ty nam sang ph b ng c trng bi cc sng ni ln c
hnh thnh dc theo mt i ph hu c t trc, v bi mt nhm cc t gy ln v pha
ty to nn cc ranh gii t chnh xc gia cc i.
inh Vn Ton v Trnh Vit Bc (2006) [56] cho thy gi tr su n y thch
quyn trong vng Bin ng thay i trong khong kh rng t khong <60 n >110 km.
Dc trng nc su trung tm Bin ng quyn mm nng ln rt cao n 58km phn ng
bc. ng lu cc di nng cao ca quyn mm c cng phng vi trc tch gin nhng
phn b li lch sang sn ty bc ca trng.
Phm Vn Thc v Nguyn Th Kim Thanh (2004) [184] tng hp ti liu ng t
khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam thu thp c t nm 1524 n 2002 gm 231 trn ng t
c coi l danh mc ng t y nht cho n nay nc ta. S phn b cc tm ng
t cho thy t gy chc ba kinh tuyn ty Bin ng chia khu vc Bin ng thnh 3
phn c nhng c im kin to, km theo l 3 vng ng t, vi cc c trng kin to v
a chn khc nhau. Vn ng trt bng ti cc chn tiu ng t vng pha bc Bin ng
th hin cc qu trnh bin dng v dch chuyn ti mi trng a cht y theo phng
nm ngang, cn ti pha nam Bin ng xut hin dng nghch chm chng t nn p xy
ra l ch yu.
Cao nh Triu (2006) [40] nhn nh vng bin Nam Trung B v Nam B chu nh
hng trc tip ca hai i ng t: Thun Hi - Minh Hi v Nam Cn Sn. Chu k hot
ng ng t vng bin Nam Trung B v Nam B l 40-50 nm i vi ng t c chn
cp 5,0-5,9 Richter. Thi k hot ng tch cc ca ng t c chn cp ny l 25-35 nm
v thi k yn tnh l 20-30 nm. Cc i ng t vng bin Nam Trung B v Nam B c
chn cp t gi tr ti a khng vt qu 7,0 Richter vi chu k xut hin c th l 100150 nm. Hin ti, vng bin Nam Trung B v Nam B ang nm trong thi k hot ng
ng t c th cn ko di n nm 2020.
Cao nh Triu v nnk (2007) [39] cho rng trng ng sut v Tri t lnh th Vit
Nam bin i kh phc tp v phng tc ng. C biu hin thay i phng tc ng - lc
nn p t min cu trc ny sang min cu trc khc v thm ch ngay trong mt n v cu
trc cng c s thay i. Thch quyn Vit Nam ang nm trong trng thi nn p mnh, ch
yu l phng v tuyn t trung tm Bin ng vo bc - ty bc t pha lc a Trung Hoa.
Trng thi ng sut ca manti Vit Nam c biu hin thay i phc tp theo chiu thng
ng. C th t nn p lp trn chuyn sang tch gin lp di v ngc li.
Trn Nghi & nnk (2005, 2008) [239, 241] a ra nguyn tc thnh lp bn v h
thng ch gii da trn nguyn tc t hp tui v cu trc a cht, chu vi mi n v a cht
c v theo giao tuyn thng ng ca cc chu vi phn v a tng. Ni dung c bn ca bn
a cht Kainozoi bao gm: 3 n v a cht a tng Eocen (E2) - Oligocen (E3); Miocen
(N1) v Pliocen - t (N2-Q); tui v ranh gii ca cc t hp phn v a tng; cc yu t
a cht c bn nh v i dng, v lc a thc th, v lc a b vt mng v i ht chm
Palawan; cc h thng t gy chnh v tui khng ch cc kiu cu trc a cht cng nh s
hnh thnh cc b. Cc tc gi biu din t gy v cc yu t a cht c phn loi theo
20
Phan Tr ng Trnh
tnh cht hot ng v tui: theo tnh cht hot ng v theo tui ca t gy. Theo phn loi
mi mt ct a chn ca 1 b trm tch Kainozoi thm lc a Vit Nam c th nhn thy
cc tui ca t gy sau: t gy ng rift (E) tui Eocen - Oligocen; t gy Miocen (N) ph
hy trm tch Oligocen, to b trm tch Miocen ; t gy Pliocen - Pleistocen (N2-Q1) ph
hy trm tch Oligocen - Miocen v to b Pliocen - t; t gy Holocen (hin i), ph
hy trm tch E-N-Q1 v to b trm tch Holocen (Q2).
Ng Gia Thng v L Duy Bch (2008) [144] ch n hot ng sinh rift khu vc
thm lc a Vit Nam v khu vc Bin ng c tnh nhp lp li. Trong khu vc Bin ng
c 4 pha rifting l Creta mun - Paleocen, Eocen - Oligocen sm km theo spreading trong
Oligocen mun; Miocen sm - gia km theo trong Miocen trung v nghch o vo cui
Miocen mun; thi k Pliocen - t l chu k cui ang cn tip tc. Cc qu trnh trn k
tc nhau lm gia tng quy m st ln c theo chiu ngang v chiu ng. Pha rifting th 4
chu tc ng tch dn mi bi lc ko tm ca i ht chm dc mng Manila ra ng
Bin ng c trc dn ng Ty v hot ng trt bng phi dc cc t gy Ty Bc ng Nam c trc nn cc i gn Bc - Nam gy pha tch dn st ln mi trn ton b vng
thm lc a v cc ng bng ven bin hin i, km theo hot ng ng t v ni la
mnh.
Ng Th L v Rogozhin v nnk (2008) [146] lm sng t mi quan h tng h
khng gian v s chuyn tip gia tt c cc giai on biu hin ca ch ln chm cng
nh gia ch ln chm v ch thm mt cch r rng v n tr. Ngoi ra, lm sng
t mi lin quan gia cc qu trnh a ng lc hin i v a ng lc c, cc c im ca
tnh a chn di nc i vi khu vc Bin ng. Cc kt qu nhn c cho thy trong
phm vi khu vc nghin cu din ra tt c cc chu k biu hin ca ch ln chm.
Nghin cu v tai bin ni la, ng t - sng thn
Hot ng ni la c cc nh a cht Php nghin cu t nhng nm 20 - 30
ca th k XX. Saurin (1967) cho rng ni la ang c xu hng chuyn dn hng t lc
a ra Bin ng. Nguyn Xun Hn (1991,1996) [172,173] cp n hot ng ni la
tr khu vc Bin ng, c bit l hot ng ni la Kainozoi mun. Flower (1992) [66]
khi qut hot ng magma trong Kainozi Nam Trung Hoa. Minh Tip (1995, 1996)
[57, 58] cng cp n phun tro bazan Kainozi y vng bin Vit Nam v xem xt s
phn b theo thi gian v khng gian ca chng. C th ni vic nghin cu c im thch
ho ca bazan mi ch l bc u, trong tng lai vn ny cn c nghin cu k hn,
gp phn lm sng t c ch a ng hc Bin ng.
Cc hot ng ni la tr trn Bin ng ngy cng c sng t nh cc mt ct a
chn phn gii cao. Nhng du hiu ca ni la tr cng quan st c trn o Hi Nam,
Cn C, C Lao R v ven b nh Qung Tr, Xun Lc, c Trng (Nguyn Hong, 1998)
[86]. Cc hot ng ni la tr phn ln kt thc vo na u Pleistocen gia ngoi tr phun
tro o Tro nm 1923.
Nguyn Vn Lng v nnk (2003) [171] da trn nguyn tc a chn kin to
thnh lp nn bn phn vng ng t. Trong cc t gy sinh chn c xc nh da
trn cc tiu ch: cc t gy ko di theo trc di chn tm ng t c lin quan n mt
hay nhiu chn tm ng t; l phn ko di ca cc t gy sinh chn trn t lin; cc t
gy cha pht sinh ng t nhng c c im cu trc kin to tng t cc t gy c tim
nng sinh chn; cc t gy c v tr khng gian trng hoc gn trng vi b mt khng gian
ca cc mt bin dng ca trng ng sut kin to khu vc. Cc tc gi xc nh c 35 h
t gy sinh chn trong khu vc Bin ng. Cc h t gy ng bc - ty nam v kinh
tuyn chim u th v s lng cng nh din tch phn b, pht trin rng ri pha bc,
trung tm v cc ra Bin ng.
Nguyn Hng Phng (2004) [159] nh gi nguy him ng t cho lnh th
Vit Nam v ton b Bin ng t cch tip cn xc sut. Cc kt qu nh gi nguy him
21
22
Phan Tr ng Trnh
gn y cng xc nh mt khi Sunda ang dch chuyn mt cch c lp (Bock & nnk,
2003 [25]; Kreemer & nnk, 2003 [105]).
Mc d tt cc cc kt qu GPS mc xp x th nht ch ra rng ng Nam dch
chuyn v pha ng vi tc ~1 cm/nm tng i so vi Siberia, vn c nhng s khc
nhau ng k trong vic xc nh cc ranh gii ca Sundaland v vn ng tng i (bt k)
so vi u - v Nam Trung Hoa. Mc chnh xc cao hn l cn thit gii quyt vn
ng nh vy c th ch t c vi chui thi gian di ca cc s liu GPS t mt h thng
dy c. Bi vy t nm 1998, h thng GPS ng Nam c m rng ng k vi c
cc im o theo chu k v cc trm o lp lin tc. iu ny c hon thnh nh vic trin
khai cc o c GPS mi vi cc c quan a phng v nh vic chia s d liu (trong khu
vc EU-ASEAN) vi cc nh nghin cu khc Chu u, Indonesia, Nht Bn, Malaysia, v
Thi Lan. Vic ny to nn mt tp hp s liu thng nht ko di trong mt thp k v bao
gm cc s liu t hn 100 im. Tt c cc s liu ny c x l li, s dng cc k
thut x l ti tn nht, thu c tc GPS trong khung quy chiu ITRF 2000 (Altamimi
& nnk, 2002 [5]).
Simons v nnk (2007) [219] gii thiu mt trng tc GPS thng nht ph ton
b khu vc ng Nam . Kt qu ny da trn s liu o GPS trong vng 10 nm (19942004) hn 100 im Indonesia, Malaysia, Thi Lan, Myanmar, Philippine, v Vit Nam.
Phn ch yu ca cc vector vn tc ngang c chnh xc ton cu c chng minh c
xp x 1mm/nm ( tin cy 95%). Cc kt qu ny c s dng khi qut ho (tt
hn) cc ranh gii ca khi Sundaland v ra mt m hnh ng hc mi ca khu vc ny.
Trc quay ca nhn ca khi Sundaland khng bin dng nm 49.0oN94.2oE, vi mt tc
quay theo chiu kim ng h c 0.34o/triu nm. So vi cc m hnh mng u c xc
nh v mt trc a v a vt l, Sundaland dch chuyn v pha ng vi tc 6 1 pha
nam ti 10 1 mm/nm pha bc. Tri vi cc nghin cu trc y, Sundaland cho thy
dch chuyn c lp so vi Nam Trung Hoa, phn pha ng ca Java, o Sulawesi, v u
mt pha bc ca Borneo. t gy Sng Hng Nam Trung Hoa v Vit Nam th vn ang
hot ng v tiu tn vn ng trt bng 2 mm/nm. Mc d bin dng bn trong ca
Sundaland thng rt nh (nh hn 7 nanostrain/nm), vic tch t quan trng bin dng n
hi xy ra dc theo cc ranh gii ca chng vi cc mng lin k ang dch chuyn nhanh.
c bit pha bc Sumatra v Malaysia, tc d vung gc vi mng bin su ch v pha
t lin c pht hin trc trn ng t ln ngy 26 thng 12 nm 2004. Cc nghin
cu trc y Sumatra ch ra iu ny nhng quy m ca i bin dng c nh gi
nh hn, i ny t ti hn 600 km xa so vi mng bin su. Nghin cu ny cng ch ra
rng ch mt h thng mang tnh khu vc ng Nam tri di hng ngn kilomet c th
cung cp mt khung quy chiu tin cy phn tch bin dng ni mng v ra mng mt
cch chi tit.
So snh vi cc vector xoay (tuyt i) c cng b trong cc nghin cu trc y
bc l nhng thiu st ng k trong cc kt qu ny. Mc d chng pht hin ra vn ng
ca Sundaland so vi u , hai kt qu u tin ca GEODYSSEA (Simons & nnk, 1999)
[220] l khng chnh xc bi v khung quy chiu c xc nh km. Ngay c vi chnh
xc ca qu trnh lp bn c ci tin, Michel & nnk (2000) [139] khng c phn gii
cn thit phn bit gia vn ng ca Nam Trung Hoa v Sundaland. Li gii thng nht
cui cng (Michel & nnk, 2001) [140] loi b tng khi ring l v s dng 10 im trn
Sundaland. Hn na, trong cng trnh ca Michel & nnk (2001) [140], vn ng tng i
(ln hn) ca Sundaland c tham chiu s dng cc Nuvel-1A NNR cho u (DeMets &
nnk, 1994) [55], thay v dng ITRF (Altamimi & nnk, 2002) [5].
M hnh mng REVEL coi mt mng Sundaland s dng cc tc ca ITRF97
ca 3 trm IGS (BAKO, NTUS, KUNM), nhng trm Kunming Trung Quc nm trong khu
vc ang bin dng hin i quanh EHS. Bi vy v tr cc v tc ca Sundaland c
23
cng b l km cht ch bng ch 2 tnh ton tc . Nghin cu ca Kreemer & nnk (2003)
[105] v mt m hnh xoay khng mng li mng ton cu (NNR model) s dng cc tc
GPS ca Michel & nnk (2001) [140] v c thm vo trm IGS NTUS. Vector xoay ca
Sundaland d on vn ng tng t nh Michel & nnk (2001) [140] ngang qua Sundaland,
ch ra khung quy chiu c iu kin NNR ca ring chng c sp xp trong ITRF2000
khu vc ng Nam .
Bi bo gn y nht ca Bock & nnk (2003) [25] tho lun su v vn ng v
Indonesia. Mt khi Sunda Shelf c nh ra vi mt ranh gii dc theo t gy Palu-Koro
v bi vy bao gm South Sulawesi, i Loan, v c l cha ng Nam Trung Hoa t nht
bn di im IGS SHAO, WUHN, v XIAN tng t nh Michel & nnk (2000) [139]. Li
gii c trnh by trong bi bo ca Bock & nnk (2003) [25] l mt iu b n. Xem xt n
chnh xc gii hn ca hu ht cc vector vn tc, chng ban u th hin bin dng cc b
Indonesia, ging nh c trnh by trong v d ca Tregoning & nnk (1994) [246]. Ch vn
ng ca trm DEMU Sumatra l ph hp vi cc kt qu tch lu bin dng trong khu vc
ny. Vi cc im cn li, chnh xc biu kin ca vector xoay ca Bock & nnk (2003)
[25] cho Sundaland dng nh l mt s trng hp.
Mc d vector xoay tuyt i ca Sundaland trong ITRF97 trong cng b ca Michel
& nnk (2001) [140] khng c ci tin mt cch ng k v tin cy cho n nay, nhng s
tn ti ca mt khi Sundaland ang vn ng mt cch c lp th c chp nhn kh rng
ri. Tuy nhin, vn ng tng i so vi u vn cha c xc nh tt; cc v tr cc
tuyt i ca Sundaland v u l gn nhau v cc kt qu v vn ng tuyt i ca u
trong ITRF2000 vn ang phn tn.
n GEODYSSEA bo co hai kh nng minh gii cho vn ng quan st c
ca Sundaland so vi u (ging nh c nh ra trong NNR-NUVEL-1A bi DeMets &
nnk (1994) [55]): Vn ng v pha ng vi tc trung bnh 12 3 mm/nm hoc khi
ny cng quay theo chiu kim ng h so vi u vi tc tng t 10 mm/nm pha nam
ti 14 mm/nm pha bc. Vic s dng tc ca ITRF97 xc nh u , mt khung
quy chiu h thp tc thot trt ti 8 mm/nm. Li gii c trnh by y xc nhn
m t th hai v Sundaland ang quay theo chiu kim ng h so vi (NNR-NUVEL-1A) u
vi tc 7 ti 11 mm/nm ln lt pha nam v bc. S gim ~3 mm/nm so vi Michel
& nnk (2001) [140] ch yu xut pht t s khc nhau gia ITRF2000 v ITRF97.
Cc vector xoay tuyt i ca NNR-NUVEL-1A khng ging vi cc vector tnh ton
c trong ITRF2000. Trong thc t, nhiu m hnh vn ng mng u khc nhau c
a ra. Tht khng may, chng li tri ngc vi pha Ty u ni ~90% cc trm GPS c th
c ph ch mt phn nh ca mng. y cc m hnh ph hp trong khong 1 mm/nm,
nhng xa hn v pha ty, s khc nhau tr nn ln hn. Chng hn, ng nhng s on
v vn ng tng i Thng Hi c th bin i ln ti 4 mm/nm theo phng TN-B.
Bi vy hin ti s tho hip tt nht l m hnh u ca Calais & nnk (2003) [36] bi v n
bao gm nhiu s liu GPS hn t Siberia. Vn ng ca Sundaland (SU) so vi u (EU),
c miu t bi vector SU-EU tng i trong Bng 2, l 6 mm/nm nh hng (phng v
t hng bc) N85o pha bc ca Java, tng ln 9 mm/nm nh hng N80o Indochina.
Kt qu ny ph hp hn v mc d nh hn so vi NNR-NUVEL-1A, n vn ch ra s quay
ca khi Sundaland so vi nhn European-Siberian ca mng u . Tht th v, cc vector
u trong ITRF2000 th hin hi t theo m hnh NNR-NUVEL-1A model.
Cc nghin cu GPS khu vc trc y coi vn ng tng i gia Nam Trung Hoa
(SC) v Sundaland l bng khng (Michel & nnk, 2000 [139]; Bock & nnk, 2003 [25];
Iwakuni & nnk, 2004 [99]) hoc nh (<5 mm/nm) (Michel & nnk 2001 [140]). Cc nghin
cu GPS Trung Quc v Vit Nam ngang qua cc on phn trung tm v ng nam ca
t gy Sng Hng (RRF) (pha ng ca kinh tuyn 101oE) (King & nnk, 1997 [104]; Chen
& nnk, 2000 [47]; Feigl & nnk, 2003 [63]; Shen & nnk, 2005[216]) tnh ton tc trt
24
Phan Tr ng Trnh
25
26
Phan Tr ng Trnh
27
v Vng ven bin tnh Qung Ninh: Tng lng nc nm trong ton vng kh ln
khong gn 7 t m3. C hng phn b nh dn t ng sang Ty. Ma l xut hin t thng
V - IX pha Bc v t thng VI - X cc lu vc pha Nam vng ven bin Qung Ninh vi
lng nc chim 75 - 85% tng lng nc nm. Modul dng chy ma l dao ng t 80 150 l/s.km2, ln gp 2 - 3 ln vng ng bng v gp t 6 - 10 ln so vi modul dng chy
trong ma kit. Ma kit ko di 7 thng (X - IV) nhng lng dng chy ch chim 15 - 25%
lng dng chy nm.
v Vng ven bin ng bng sng Hng - Thi Bnh
w Ma l: bt u t thng VI kt thc vo thng X. Lng nc trong ma l chim
khong 75 - 80% lng nc nm. Ba thng c dng chy ln nht xut hin ng u h
du t thng VII - IX vi lng nc chim 50 - 60% lng nc nm. y cng l thi k
bo hot ng mnh nht.
w Ma kit: ma kit ko di t thng XI n thng V chim khong 20 - 25% tng
lng dng chy nm. Modul dng chy kit u nh hn 20 l/s.km2. Ba thng lin tc c
dng chy nh nht thng bt u t thng II n thng IV vi lng nc cha ti 10%
lng nc nm. Thi k kit nht t thng III n 10/IV.
Khu vc min Trung
Trong ton di Trung B c ti 67 lu vc c ca sng ring bit, nhng trong tng s
ny ch c 4 lu vc c din tch F > 10000 km2, 19 lu vc c F > 1000 km2, cn ch yu l
cc lu vc nh c din tch di 500 km2. Vi a hnh ni cao chy st ra ti bin nn mt
c im ni bt ca cc lu vc ny l c cao bnh qun lu vc ln, ln hn hn so vi
cc sng thuc di ven bin nc ta.
Ma l:
w Di ven bin Thanh Ho - Ngh An: Ma l ca khu vc ny xut hin trong 5
thng t thng (VII XI) bt u v kt thc, vi lng dng chy ma l chim ti 70
80% lng dng chy c nm v Ml = 30 - 40 l/s.km2. Ba thng c lng dng chy ln nht
tp trung t thng (VIII - X) vi lng dng chy chim 50 - 55% lng dng chy nm,
Mbathngmax = 40-50 l/s.km2.
w Di ven bin t H Tnh n Qung Tr: Ma l ko di ba thng nhng lng
dng chy ma l chim ti 60 - 70% lng dng chy c nm vi Ml = 100 130 l/s.km2.
Thng c dng chy ln nht thng xut hin vo thng X - thi k di hi t nhit i i
qua khu vc ny, chim 20 25% lng dng chy nm v Mthngmax = 150 180 l/s.km2.
w Di ven bin t Tha Thin - Hu n Khnh Ho: Dng chy l y cng din
ra c lit nht khng ch i vi vng nghin cu m l trn ton lnh th Vit Nam. Ma l
y ch ko di trong ba thng X XII nhng lng dng chy chim ti 60 - 75% lng
dng chy nm v y cng l khu vc c modun dng chy l ln nht nc ta vi Ml =
150 - 200 l/s.km2.
w Di ven bin cc Nam Trung B (Ninh Thun - Bnh Thun):
C ma ma rt tp trung t thng V - X nhng ma l trn sng sui khu vc ny
xut hin vo thng VII -X vi lng dng chy ma l chim ti 70 - 80% lng dng chy
nm. Ba thng dng chy ln nht tp trung vo thng VIII-X vi t trng dng chy cao
chim 60 - 70%. Thng c lng dng chy ln nht ri vo thng X chim 20 - 25% lng
dng chy nm, modun dng chy Mthnglnnht = 60 - 80 l/s.km2, y cng l thi k hot
ng mnh nht ca gi ma Ty Nam.
Ma kit:
Ma kit ca cc sng sui trong di duyn hi Trung B kh hn, do cc sng u
dc, thng ra bin, kh nng gi nc trong lp th nhng cng nh trong lng sng u
28
Phan Tr ng Trnh
29
30
Phan Tr ng Trnh
nc dng do gi ma B ven bin ca sng BSH khng cao, trung bnh khong 25 - 30
cm.
Khu vc min Trung
a) Thu triu: Vng bin t Thanh Ho n Qung Bnh c ch nht triu khng
u l ch yu, cao mc nc triu trung bnh k nc cng bin i trong khong 1,2
2,5 m v gim dn t Bc vo Nam.
- Vng bin Qung Tr (Ca Tng) - Thun An - Nng - Qung Nam c ch
thu triu c xem l phc tp nht v thin v bn nht triu khng u. Ring vng ven
bin ca Thun An v ln cn thu triu mang tnh cht bn nht triu u. ln thu triu
trung bnh trong k nc cng khu vc t Ca Tng n Thun An t khong 0,6 1,1 m,
khu vc ca Thun An v ln cn xp x 0,4 0,5 m v vng Nng - Qung Nam ln
thu triu trung bnh trong k nc cng l ln nht, t khong 1,0 1,2 m.
- Vng bin t Quy Nhn n Nha Trang, thu triu lp li tnh cht nht triu khng
u, mc nc trung bnh trong k nc cng tng ln 1,2 2,0 m.
- Vng bin Phan Rang - Phan Thit c ch triu phc tp nht v l ni chuyn
tip gia ch nht triu ch yu min Trung v bn nht triu pha Nam. Bin triu
tng dn t 1,5 - 2,0 m vng Phan Rang n 2,0 - 2,5 m vng Phan Thit. Bin triu
thi k triu km ch vo khong 0,5 - 0,7 m.
b) Ch sng: Vng ven bin Trung B, sng b nh hng trc tip ca hai h
thng gi ma: gi ma ng Bc vo ma ng v gi ma Ty Nam vo ma h. ngoi
khi sng c hng gn trng vi hng gi ca hai h thng gi ma ni trn, nhng vo
gn b do nh hng ca a hnh y bin v hnh thi ng b m hng sng cng nh
cao c nhiu thay i theo v .
c) Dng chy ven b: Dng chy vng nghin cu chu s chi phi mnh m ca hai
ma gi (ng Bc v Ty Nam) ng thi cng chu nh hng khng nh ca yu t hnh
thi y bin. Xu hng chung ca dng chy ven bin l t Bc xung Nam vo ma ng
v ngc li vo ma h. T Bc xung Nam hng dng chy thay i theo a th ng
b v c hng thay i t TN n N v NN, n khu vc bc o L Sn chng i thnh
hng ng v i ra ngoi vng nghin cu tip tc chy ln pha Bc (Ty o Hi Nam)
to thnh hon lu kn.
Khu vc min Nam
a) Ch thu triu: Vng bin t Bnh Thun n Cn Gi, triu chuyn dn sang
ch bn nht triu khng u. Bin triu ln nht Vng Tu c th t 3,5 - 4,0 m,
thuc loi cao nht trong c nc. Vng ven bin Nam B ch bn nht triu khng u li
tr nn r rt. Hu ht cc ngy trong thng c 2 ln triu ln v 2 ln triu xung vi chnh
lch r rt gia cc cao nc rng. ln triu trong vng khong 3 - 4 m trong k nc
cng v 1,5 - 2 m vo k nc km.
b) Ch sng:
Ma gi ng Bc: Vng bin Nam B hng sng thnh hnh trong ma l B vi
tn sut cao t trn 70%, cc hng Bc v ng t 10 - 15%. ven b do a hnh y
kh thoi nn hng sng thng l vung gc vi b bin, thi gian lng sng khong 9%
trong ma.
Ma gi Ty Nam: Vng bin Nam B sng c hng thnh hnh l Ty Nam vi tn
sut xut hin cao dn v pha Nam (t 60 - 75%), cao sng trung bnh khong 1 - 1,5 m,
cc i ln n 4 m. Sng hng Nam v Ty cng c tn sut khong 10 - 15%.
v Dng chy ven b: Dng chy c hng thay i bm theo s un ln ca ng
b v vy d dng nhn thy hng dng chy tng ng l B - TN v TN - B. Khu vc
trc ca h thng sng Cu Long v ng Nai, dng chy ph thuc mnh m vo ng lc
31
sng, dng chy ven b khu vc ny cng thng ln hn ngoi khi, ti cc ca sng tc
dng chy o c c th t ti 120 - 150 cm/s.
1.2.5. c im a mo
Khu vc Bin ng v k cn c a hnh da dng v phc tp, v vy m c im
a mo khu vc cng rt da dng vi nhiu kiu, dng a hnh, ngun gc thnh to v cc
qu trnh a mo khc nhau. c im a mo khu vc Bin ng c Nguyn Th
Tip v nnk, (2003) nghin cu chi tit v chia cc dng a hnh Bin ng theo cc bc
su: thm lc a (0-150m), sn lc a (150-2500m), chn lc a (2500-4000m) v y
bin thm (>4000m). Sau y l mt s kiu a hnh chnh trong khu vc Bin ng v k
cn.
Thm lc a c 18 kiu a hnh tch t v 9 kiu tch t mi mn.
Nhm tch t gm: 1-ng bng nghing trong i tch t ca sng (0-20m nc) cu
to ch yu l ct, bn v st pht trin ven ra delta ngm ca cc sng ln. 2- ng bng
phn ct tch t dng vng vnh chu tc ng ca thy triu, ch yu l ct nh, bn, st, pht
trin trn vng st ven b. 3-ng bng nghing thoi, tch t trong i tc ng ca sng v
dng chy y, ch yu-ct bn, st, pht trin ven ra cc khi nng ( su 20-40m). 4ng bng tch t dng delta thy triu. 5- ng bng nghing tch t trong i tc ng ca
sng v dng chy y, ch yu-ct, bn, st, pht trin trn cc cu trc phc tp ( su 1550m). 6- ng bng nghing thoi , tch t trong i tc ng ca sng v dng chy y, ct,
bn, st, pht trin trn cc khi nh. 7-ng bng tch t dng vng vnh trong i tc ng
ca dng chy y, ct nh, bn, st, pht trin trn cc b (30-50m). 8-ng bng nghing
phn ct trong i tc ng dng chy y, bn, st, trn cu trc chuyn tip ca rift ( su
20-40m). 9- ng bng nghing tch t dng vng vnh trong i tc ng ca dng chy y,
bn, st, trn cc i nng ca rift (20-50m). 10- ng bng nghing phn ct tch t dng
delta, bn-st, trn trng rift. 11-ng bng vng lng mng, tch t trong i di chuyn bi
tch, bn-st, trung tm cc rift. 12- ng bng tch t lp y trong i tc ng ca dng
chy y, bn-st , trn cc b trng su (60-80m). 13- ng bng li, gn sng, tch t trong
i tc ng ca dng chy y, bn-st, trn cc g nng gia cc b (ni cao hn xung
quanh 25-30m). 14- ng bng nghing thoi, gn sng vi nhiu g i tch t trong i di
chuyn bi tch, trn cc cu trc phc tp. 15-ng bng nghing thoi tch t dng di hp
trong i tc ng dng chy y trn i cu trc st bc ca thm lc a (25-100m). 16ng bng dng bc vi nhiu g i st trong i di chuyn bi tch, ct-bn-st, trn cc
cu trc khc nhau. 17-ng bng phng trong i di chuyn bi tch, ct-bn, trn mng su
cc b(50-100m). 18-ng bng phng trong i di chuyn bi tch, bn-st, trn mng nng
ca i chuyn tip ra thm lc a.
Nhm a hnh mi mn-tch t: c 9 kiu: 1-Trng dng thung lng ngm trong i
di chuyn bi tch, bn-st, ra thm lc a(100-240m). 2- ng bng nghing trong i tc
ng ca sng, ct th-bn, ra cc khi nng (0-20m). 3- ng bng nghing thoi trong i
tc ng ca sng, sn-ct-bn, trn cc vm nng (18-20m). 4-ng bng karst trong i tc
ng ca sng, sn-ct-bn, trn cc cu trc phc tp. 5- Mng trng trong i tc ng ca
sng-thy triu, ct-sn - si, nm gia cc khi nng. 6- ng bng phn ct trong i tc
ng ca sng, ct - bn, trn cc khi nng a ly. 7- ng bng nghing thoi trong i tc
ng ca sng v dng chy, ct-bn, trn cc n nghing (20-50m). 8- ng bng nghing
trong i tc ng ca sng v dng chy, ct-bn-st, nm gia cc khi nng v trng 9050m. 9- i ni la mi mn trong i tc ng ca sng, trn cc vm nng v khi nh.
a hnh sn lc a c 4 kiu: 1- ng bng nghing tch t ven ra i tch gin.
2- ng bng lng mng trn cc cu trc on vng (2500-3000m). 3- ng bng tch t trn
cu trc st (3000-4000m). 4- ng bng nghing thoi phn ct, tch t, di chn cc khi
nng (2000-3500m).
32
Phan Tr ng Trnh
a hnh y bin thm bao gm 5 kiu: 1- ng bng phng, tch t, st bin su,
trm tch ni la trong i tch gin tr. 2- ng bng phng, tch t trong i tch gin c
(3000-4000m). 3- Cc vc thm v h su, tch t, nm ri rc trn ng bng bin thm (
su 5000-5500m). 4-G, i bazan trn bin thm. 5- Khi v dy ni ngm bazan trn bin
thm c cao 200-3800m.
1.3. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU CHNH
Trong qu trnh nghin cu, chng ti s dng tng hp nhiu phng php hin
i, c th nu vn tt nh sau:
1.3.1 Nhm cc phng php nh v ton cu GPS.
Cng ngh nh v ton cu hin nay c coi l cng c nghin cu nh lng chnh
xc v tin cy trong nghin cu a ng m cc i tng chnh bao gm:
(1) Nghin cu chuyn ng ca cc mng kin to trn quy m ton cu v khu vc,
(2) Nghin cu chuyn dch v bin dng ti cc ranh gii cc mng kin to quy m
ton cu v khu vc,
(3) Nghin cu chuyn dch v bin dng dc cc i t gy a phng,
(4) o c bin dng do ng t,
(5) Quan trc bin dng do hot ng ni la,
(6) Quan trc trt t, v.v
Kt qu nghin cu hai loi i tng u gp phn to nn cc m hnh ng hc
ton cu, m hnh ng hc khu vc, m hnh quay cc khi cu trc kin to v cung cp cc
thng tin mang tnh ton cu v khu vc cho cc lnh vc khc. Vic nghin cu cc i
tng sau cung cp cc cn c phn vng ng t, quy hoch s dng hp l lnh th
trn quy m vng lnh th hay trong tng quc gia. Ni dung ca phng php nghin cu
ny gm ba phn: (1) thit lp li quan trc a ng trn khu vc nghin cu, (2) tin hnh
o c trn cc im li v (3) tin hnh x l s liu o trn li quan trc v (4) phn tch
minh gii cc kt qu tnh c a ra m hnh khi qut chuyn ng hin i khu vc
nghin cu.
Xt theo gc quy m v mc tiu nghin cu, li quan trc a ng c th chia ra
(1) li ton cu, (2) li khu vc v (3) li a phng vi chiu di cnh trung bnh tng
ng l 103 104, 102 103 v di 102 km.
Xt theo phng thc o c, li a ng c th phn ra li cc trm o thng
trc (o lin tc sut thi gian) v li cc im o chu k (o ngt qung theo tng khong
thi gian c th). Hin nay, loi li a ng kt hp gia mt s trm thng trc v cc
im o chu k cng c p dng. Ni dung chnh ca bc thit lp li a ng trn khu
vc nghin cu bao gm:
Vic xc nh s lng v phn b cc im quan trc, nhm m bo rng chuyn
ng hin i o c ti cc im li i din cho i tng v mc ch nghin cu.
B tr cc mc nh du bn vng cc im o ra thc a. Mc u tin b tr trong
gc loi b nh hng cc yu t ngoi kin to vo chuyn ng ca im o.
im o phi c thng thong ti a v trnh xa cc ngun nhiu tn hiu sng v
tuyn nh i pht sng, trm ra a, ...
Cng tc thu thp s liu GPS ti cc im phi bo m s liu o s lng v
cht lng. S lng tr o ph thuc vo di ca o v s lng ca o ng thi trn cc
im. Vi mc tiu quan trc chuyn ng hin i, di ca o nn l 24 gi - hai chu k
quay ca v tinh GPS quanh Tri t, to c s loi b hoc gim thiu nh hng ca cc
ngun sai s. S lng ca o cng nhiu th s lng li gii to ca o cng ln, nn
chnh xc v tin cy ca li gii kt hp cc ca o tng chu k cng cao, nht l i vi
trng hp khong cch gia cc im di trn 100 km. Chng trnh o ny to iu kin tt
cho vic kt ni vi nhiu im IGS.
33
- Phng php kim tra cht lng s liu: Phn tch, vi phn tuyn tnh theo tham s
nhm kim tra, nh gi cht lng s liu thu thp ngoi thc a, trn c s quyt nh
hng x l.
- X l s liu o GPS cho mc tiu nghin cu a ng lc c xp vo loi x l
cht lng cao. N i hi s dng phn mm cao cp nh BERNESE, GAMIT/GLOBK,
GIPSY. N ng thi i hi mt chin lc x l chun, bao gm vic s dng cc sn
phm chnh xc ca IGS, tnh cc tr hiu chnh theo cc m hnh tn tin tng thch vi thi
gian o li a phng, s dng cc im o IGS lm quy chiu.
Sn phm cui cng qu trnh x l kt hp s liu o GPS l ba thnh phn vn tc
chuyn ng ca im o cng ma trn phng sai thnh phn to . Thng thng, im o
c nhn dng l chuyn ng c ngha khi vc t vn tc vt ra ngoi elip sai s vn tc
ng vi mc xc sut 95%. Trn c s phn tch kt qu nhn dng chuyn ng v i snh
vi cc kt qu lin quan khc, s xut m hnh chuyn ng ca khu vc nghin cu.
- Phng php phn tch, so snh, tng hp c p dng ng thi cc phng php
hoc ring r tng phng php nhm la chn phng n ti u cho nghin cu; tch hp, so
snh kt qu x l (c th bng cc phn mm khc nhau) cc chu k o; tng hp cc s liu,
d liu nh gi chuyn dch v bn lun.
Cc phn mm ch o trong x l GPS l GAMMIT, BERNESE 4.2 v BERNESE
5.0. Di y chng ti im qua cc sai s c th gp trong phn tch GPS v qui trnh tnh
ton trn phn mm 5.0
Cc ngun sai s trong o GPS
+ Cc yu t ch quan: sai s gy nn do s ch quan ca con ngi. Cc sai s ny c th
khc phc hoc lm gim thiu c.
- Chn v thit k im mc GPS
L bc khi im ht sc quan trng trong vic ng dng cng ngh GPS vo nghin
cu chuyn ng kin to hin i. N quan trng bi cc l do chnh sau y:
Th nht: Phi chn v tr t im mc GPS sao cho tc dch chuyn ca im
phi mang c cc c trng chuyn ng ca mng hay t gy .
Th hai: Sau khi xc nh c khong v tr nh bc th nht, tt hn ht l ta tm
v gn mc GPS vo gc. Nu ti v tr ta khng thy gc xut l, ta phi thit k v
xy dng im mc sao cho cc nh hng ca cc hot ng ngoi sinh nh: s thay i ca
nhit , ca m, ca nc ngm, s st ln ca cc lp trm tch... l nh nht c th.
Th ba: V tr t im mc GPS phi thng thong ln bu tri, bi tn hiu GPS
thuc di sng radio cc ngn, d b che chn do vy bo m s thng thong gia v tinh v
my thu. Khng nn t my thu GPS qu gn cc b mt phn x nh cc cu kin kim loi,
cc hng ro, mt nc..., v chng c th gy hin tng a ng dn. Theo Alfred Leick.,
(1995), khng nh rng, a ng dn l ngun sai s ch yu ng quan tm i vi kt
qu o GPS. Cc tn hiu i t v tinh n my thu c th qua nhiu ng dn do hin tng
phn x tn hiu. Hin tng a ng dn gy bin dng tn hiu iu bin C/A code, P code
v nh hng n cc tr s o pha sng ti. Cc tn hiu a ng dn c thi gian pht i
cng nhau t v tinh, song khi n my thu s b thay i code v pha do hin tng phn x
khc nhau v ph thuc vo chiu di ng truyn tn hiu. Cc tn hiu a ng dn bao
gi cng n my thu chm hn so vi tn hiu i theo ng thng do phi tri qua mt on
ng di hn, chnh l ng i ca tn hiu phn x. Tng th tn hiu n ng ten s c
my thu x l. Mi quan h hnh hc gia cc v tinh v my thu v vt phn x sau mi
ngy, do hin tng a ng dn cng xut hin lp li vo cc ngy lin tip nhau. S
tc ng ca tn hiu a ng dn n tr o khong cch gi v tr o pha sng ti tu thuc
vo cc yu t khc nhau nh cng v chm tr ca tn hiu phn x khi so snh vi
tn hiu truyn thng, ph thuc vo c tnh lm suy gim tn hiu phn x ca ng ten v
ph thuc vo tinh xo ca my thu cng k thut x l s liu. Thng thng, vt phn x
34
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36
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38
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40
Phan Tr ng Trnh
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Chng 2
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hoc cc khi xm nhp. Do vic phn tch ngha a cht ca cc bin tm c trn
Hnh 2.5 phi c kt hp vi nhiu ti liu a cht, a vt l khc nh ti liu trng lc v
ti liu a chn thm d su.
2.2. TRNG TRNG LC V CU TRC SU
Trng trng lc c ngha c bit quan trng trong vic xc nh cu trc su, ranh
gii mng, cc i t gy tr v cc th magma. Ti cc i cun chm hin nay d thng
m th hin rt r rt. D thng trng lc phn nh ng thi mt t v b mt y a
hnh. V vy phn tch trng trng lc s cho ta nhng thng tin quan trng v c im a
ng lc hin i.
Hnh 2.8: Bn su y bin khu vc Bin ng v k cn. Vng (I), (II) v (III) l v tr
cc khu vc kho st. Theo Nguyn Nh Trung, Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.
48
Phan Tr ng Trnh
49
Hnh 2.10: Bn d thng trng lc Fai v Bughe khu vc t gy kinh tuyn 1100
v k cn. Theo Nguyn Nh Trung, Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.
Bn gradien ngang trng lc
Bn gradien ngang cc i c xy dng t vic tnh gi tr bin gradien
ngang, xc nh v tr v hng ca vect gradien ngang cc i d thng trng lc cc
mc nng trng khc nhau. Trn Hnh 2.12 l bn gradien ngang v vect gradien ngang
cc i d thng trng lc mc nng trng 0 v 5 km. Kt qu cho thy mc trng
bnh thng (Z=0 km), gradien tnh c c gi tr ln (n 6 mGal/km) v xut hin rt
nhiu im gradien ngang cc i. Cc vect gradien ngang cc i phn b theo nhng
ng tuyn di c phng kinh tuyn, B-TN, TB-N v theo nhng vng trn khp kn
dc theo i kinh tuyn 110E. Khi nng trng ln cao dn, gi tr gradien ngang gim dn v
s vect gradien ngang cc i cng t i. Ti mc nng trng ln 20 Km, gi tr gradien
ngang rt thp ch yu t 0- 0.2 mGal/km, cc gi tr cc i ch ln n 0.2-0.6 mGal/km.
Ti mc nng trng > 60 km, cc gi tr gradien ngang rt nh gn nh bng khng (< 0.2
mGal/km).
50
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 2.11: D thng trng lc FAI sau khi lc gi li tn s c bc > 160 km. Theo
Nguyn Nh Trung, Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-1.
51
Hnh 2.13: Cu trc v tri t b Ph Khnh theo phn tch 2D s liu trng lc
52
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Bn gradien ngang cc i
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57
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Phan Tr ng Trnh
Trng nc su
Trng nc su chia thnh 3 b: Ty Bc, ng v Ty Nam (K.Ru & Pigott, 1986)
[213] khc nhau bi quy m, phng v tui dn y. c bit phn Trung tm Bin ng
tn ti mt dy ni ngm c phng ng Ty, c coi l tm dn y ngng hot ng,
trn c cc phun tro bazan sau dn y. V kiu i dng y c xc nh ch
yu theo cc ti liu a vt l (t, trng lc v a chn), tui ca v c xc nh bng gii
on d thng t dng di l 32 23 tr.n. ph b pha Ty Bc; 32 15,5 tr.n. ph b
pha ng (Hayes v Taylor, 1980) [80]; 20 - 16 tr.n. ph b pha Ty Nam (Briais v nnk,
1993) [26]. Trong cc b ny pht trin cc t gy trt bng, ng vai tr l cc t gy
chuyn dng c phng BN (ng vi phng dn y BN) v TB - N (cng phng dn
y v c tui tr hn). B Ty Nam c dng nm m rng v ng Bc, tht li v Ty
Nam, ct vo phn thm lc a Nam Vit Nam.
Cc vi lc a
Cc vi lc a th hin trn mt l cc qun o xa b tp trung cc ra Bc (Hong
Sa, Maclessfied Bank) v Nam (Trng Sa, Luconia, Reed Bank) ca trng nc su. Cc
phn l trn thng b ph bi cc lp vn san h v mn cha guano tng i mng, c ni
c phun tro bazan tui Pliocen - t (q.. Hong Sa, Reed Bank, Penghu). Lt di cc
thnh to ny l cc trm tch v phun tro b bin dng, un np tui trc tam ( qun
o Hong Sa c mng un np Tin Cambri - Hutchison, 1989 [97]), vng Reed Bank lt
di cc trm tch Kainozoi l cc thnh to molas ngun lc a - bin nng mu tui Jura
- Creta. Cu trc ni ti ca cc mnh lc a ny bao gm cc b dng a ho v cc nng
dng a ly thng ko di theo phng B -TN, t hn c phng BN. Trm tch Kainozoi
lp y cc a ho c chiu dy i khi kh ln (2000m). Ranh gii cc kin trc ny thng
l cc t gy thun. Ring khi Luconia nm k pha Bc Borneo c cu trc tng i n
nh vi cc thnh to nc nng ven b v thm (ch yu l cacbonat), ch ra mng kiu lc
a lt di khi ny. Cu to mng kiu ra lc a th ng ca khi tng t ra lc a
Nam Trung Quc.
Cc ra lc a
Cc ra lc a k cn th hin trn bnh kin trc hin i bao gm: pha Bc l
min un np Caledoni Vit - Trung (Caledonit Cathaysia) b bin ci bi sinh ni hi t kiu
And (ai ni la - pluton ra) trong Mezozoi; pha Ty l min un np kt dng a k
Paleozoi - Mezozoi a khi Indosinia v ai ni la - pluton ra tui Mezozoi mun Lt.
Ranh gii gia chng l i t gy Sng Hng vi hot ng tch dn (rift) v tch dn trt bng trong Kainozoi. Phn ko di ca cc kin trc ny v pha Bin ng b ph
chng bi h thng cc b a sinh Kainozoi thm lc a c chiu dy trm tch ln. Ranh
gii pha ng l cung o ni la Philippin ang hot ng. Cung o ni la ny ngn cch
vi Bin ng bi hm vc su Manila, c xem l i ht chm cm v ng. Ct qua
trung tm qun o (t Luzon n Mindanao) theo phng BTB - NN l h thng t gy
trt bng tri (Philippin Fault Zone). Ophiolit Zambales phn ven b Ty Luzon c coi
l di ch v i dng ca Bin ng tui c th l Eocen mun. Phn ni cung o ni la
c nh du bi cc nn phun tro t - Hin i ko thnh mt di t cc o Mindoro
v Marinduque qua trung tm Luzon n o Babuan. Cung Luzon c hot ng tch cc t
nht l t Miocen mun. Phn cc ng Bc (khu vc o i Loan) c cu trc phc tp
nm trn i va chm cha kt thc gia h thng cung o - mng Ryukyus - Manila v
thm lc a Nam Trung Quc cng vi nng to ni hin i (5 mm/n), ct qua phn trung
tm o theo phng kinh tuyn l mt lot cc nghch chm - trt bng ln cm v ng
Nam th hin hot ng ca kin to nn p trt dc theo chng. Tc hi t hin i gia
mng Philippin pha ng v ra lc a Nam Trung Quc pha Ty t khang 70 km/
tr.n. Cung ni la Luzon c xu hng ko di v pha Bc qua cc o gia Luzon v i
Loan cho n cc dy ni ra ng o i Loan. St cnh pha ng cc o l ho Bc
63
Luzon (Luzon Trough), ni c dng nhit d thng cao v cu trc kiu tch dn Philippin,
do , mi c di chuyn n pha ng Bin ng v tr gn hin nay vo Miocen.
Pha Nam - Ty Nam trng Bin ng c bao bc bi cc t phn khc nhau ca
thm lc a Sunda, cc o Borneo, Calamian, Palawan v Mindoro. Trong cu trc o
Borneo ng vai tr quan trng l cc ai ophiolit-melange (hn tp v kiu i dng v
cung o ni la), c bit l ng Lupar (Lupar Line) ct qua trung tm o v phn chia
mng Ty Borneo cng cc trm tch thm lc a ca i Kuchin ph trn Ty v Nam
vi cc trm tch nc su b bin v un np mnh ca ci gi l a mng Ty Bc
Borneo. Qu trnh ht chm cc phc h i dng ca Paleozoi Bin ng xung gm
thch quyn Sundaland lm sn sinh cc lng tr bi kt (lot Rajang - Crocker) cn c
bo tn trong kin trc cc b tin duyn vo u Miocen sm. K tip l s va chm ca cc
tiu lc a Trng Sa, Luconia vi Borneo - Palawan to nn i un np chm ph vo cui
Miocen - u Pliocen. Ti y cn mt s khi c mng lc a nh hn nh Kelabit
Hinglands v Long Bawan, Segama, Mangkalibat b phn chia bi cc i khu. o Palawan
gm 2 phn khc bit b chia bi t gy vnh Ulugan: phn Bc gn vi Calamian v
Mindoro, phn Nam l t phn ca cung o Sabah-Palawan gm cc thnh to ophiolit, cung
o v cc trm tch kiu lng knh tng trng tui KZ. Ngoi khi pha TB o pht trin
cc b quy m khc nhau kiu b trc cung b p gia cc khi Reed Bank v Bc Palawan.
Phn N o ny l b bin ven Sulu.
Cc ra lc a ca Bin ng th hin ch yu l cc thm lc a qui m khc nhau
v cc kin trc t hp ca chng. Bao quanh Bin ng pht trin min thm lc a rng
ln v tng i lin tc, bao gm phn pha Bc l thm lc a Bc Bin ng (Nam Trung
Quc), pha Ty l thm lc a Vit Nam, thm ny m rng v ni vi thm Sunda Vnh
Thi Lan, Nam Vit Nam ko di sang cc o Borneo v Palawan.
H thng thm lc a Bin ng l i gip ni gia mt bn l tp on cc kin
trc kiu lc a gm nhiu th h un np c hnh thnh t Tin Cambri n Mezozoi
mun Kainozoi sm ang tri qua qu trnh hu hoi khc nhau trong bi cnh a ng lc
ni mng v ra mng, v mt bn l tp on cc kin trc kiu chuyn tip bao gm cc kin
trc kiu i dng mi to trong Kainozoi v cc th h kin trc kiu lc a b hu hoi,
bin ci v li cun vo qu trnh pht trin kiu bin ra ni chuyn tip gia i lc v i
dng.
c im chung nht ca thm lc a ang xt l lp v lc a a sinh ca n b
cng dn v thoi ho cc mc khc nhau v hnh thnh mt chui cc trng st ln dng
a ho b tr ngun rift pht trin theo thi on v t cc kin trc a ho - bn a ho ni
lc tch bit tng i vi nhau vo cc giai on u n tr thnh cc kin trc st ln trn
thm v ra thm lc a trong cc giai on sau. Cc trng st ln c lp y n b bi
cc thnh to trm tch - phun tro c tui t Eocen (v c hn) n Hin ti to nn mt
b mt bng phng, kiu ng bng tch t rng ln, hi nghing hay st bc v pha trung
tm trn ton b thm lc a tri di bao bc vng Bin ng. Ngc li, a hnh ca b
mt mng un np a sinh lt di cc thnh to trm tch KZ c chiu dy thay i khc
nhau trn thm lc a li th hin mt bc tranh ht sc phn d v rt phc tp.
Thm lc a
Thm lc a c xc nh l phn b ngp nc ca v Tri t ra lc a c gii
hn bi ng mp nc cho n sn lc a. Cu trc thm lc a c 2 lp l lp bazan
nm di v lp granit bin cht nm trn, trn cng c hay vng mt lp trm tch, chiu dy
ca v Tri t t gi tr trung bnh 30-35km, b vt mng t ngt sn lc a v rt
mng n mt hn chn lc a chuyn sang v i dng trn ng bng bin thm.
Thm lc a c ranh gii vi sn lc a r rt, c nhn bit bng s tng su
mt cch t ngt (thng th hin l mt vch dc trn b mt a hnh y bin) v c s
vt mng nhanh chng ca chiu dy v Tri t kiu lc a (lp granit - bin cht c trng
64
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65
ng v chuyn tip vi khi lc a qun o Hong Sa thng qua lot cc kin trc a ho
v a lu hp c phng kinh tuyn v ng Bc - Ty Nam. Thm ny tht li khu vc t
Nng n Phan Rang, ni mt vch sn dc hnh thnh dc theo i t gy kinh tuyn
Hi Nam - eo bin Sunda. Khng quan st thy s chuyn tip ca "sn lc a" ny n
chn lc a v sau n ng bng bin thm, ni v lc a mt hn v chuyn sang v
kiu i dng, ngc li n chuyn sang a hnh v cu trc ca mt vng ni, cao nguyn
dng khi tng c lt di bi v kiu lc a b thoi ho, mng i v phn d mnh ca
khi qun o Hong Sa- Macclessfield Bank. Tip tc v pha Nam, thm m rng ng k
v ni vi thm Sunda (bao gm thm Nam Vit Nam, khu vc vnh Thi Lan v k cn pha
Ty Kalimantan). Cn lu rng vic phn nh ranh gii trong ni vi thm lc a bao quanh
Bin ng nh nu trn ch l tng i v mang tnh cht phn chia a l.
C th phn nh ranh gii ca thm lc a Vit Nam vi sn lc a dc theo h
thng t gy phng kinh tuyn Hi Nam - Eo bin Sunda (t gy kinh tuyn 1090, hay
theo mt s tc gi l kinh tuyn 1100). H thng t gy ny biu hin rt r c trn a hnh
y bin vng bin min Trung nh mt vch kin to rt dc t su 200m ( phn
pha Bc) n cc su 300- 500m. Mt khc, t ngoi khi Nng n ngoi khi Khnh
Ho n th hin l mt vch cm dc su t cc su 300- 400m xung su 800900m, c ni n 1200m. Trn b mt b ca vch ny rt pht trin h thng cc canhion
ngm ct su t trn 10m v ln hn. Dc theo tuyn t gy ny c s bin i r rt ca cc
bt thng a vt l, c bit l trng lc (Bi Cng Qu, 1990) [29] v phn no c hot
ng ng t, ni la. Bc tranh cu trc cc lp ca thch quyn cng c s bin i rt
ng k dc theo i nh s vt mng ca v lc a rt nhanh chng t 30km dc theo
ng b n ch cn 27- 28km trn mp thm lc a v gim t ngt xung di 24- 22
km sau khi i qua i t gy nu trn.
c im chung ca thm lc a l lp v lc a a sinh b cng gin v thoi ho
cc mc khc nhau v hnh thnh mt chui cc trng st ln dng a ho b tr, pht
trin t cc kin trc a ho, bn a ho ni lc tch bit nhau vo cc giai on u n cc
kin trc st ln trn thm v ra thm lc a trong cc giai on sau. Cc trng st ln c
lp y b tr bi cc trm tch phun tro c tui t Eocen (v c hn) n hin ti, to nn
mt b mt bng phng, kiu ng bng tch t rng ln, hi nghing hay st bc v pha
trung tm trn ton b thm lc a bao bc vng Bin ng. Ngc li, a hnh ca b mt
mng un np a sinh lt di cc thnh to trm tch Kainozoi c chiu dy thay i khc
nhau trn thm lc a li th hin mt bc tranh ht sc phn d v rt phc tp.
Pha Bc thm lc a Vit Nam c din phn b rng ln dc theo vnh Bc b, ni
lin vi thm lc a Nam Trung Quc pha ng. Thm lc a Ty Nam Vit Nam m
rng v pha vnh Thi Lan v ni v pha Nam v ng Nam vi cc phn thm ca cc
nc k cn bao quanh Bin ng thuc thm Sunda. Ton b thm lc a vnh Bc B c
dng mt trng lng cho, t nhiu khng i xng, hi ko di theo phng Ty Bc- ng
Nam trn a hnh y bin hin ti. Trng a hnh ny phn nh mt trng ngun rift c
lp y bi mt phc h trm tch tui Kainozoi dy ti xp x 15km phn trung tm.
Phn trung tm dc ven bin min Trung t Nng n Khnh Ho, din tch thm
lc a thu hp t ngt ch cn khong 50-70km v chuyn nhanh xung sn lc a thng
qua mt s bc v vch dc ca a hnh ngm. B mt a hnh ca thm nghing v pha
ng. phn ven b n su 200m, nghing b gn nh nm ngang, sau chuyn
qua mt vch kh dc xung mt b mt hi nghing su 300- 400m. T su ny a
hnh y gn nh dng ng xung cc su 800- 900m, 1000- 1200m v hn. Vch dc
va nu ko di gn nh thng theo phng kinh tuyn v pha Nam i vo phm vi vng
bin thm Sunda.
Phn thm lc a vng ng Nam Vit Nam chia thnh hai phn r rt bi i nng
Cn Sn nh ln di dng cc o phn trung tm. Thm trong l trng Cu Long c a
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Hnh 2.31: V tr cc b trm tch ln trn thm lc a Bin ng Vit Nam, phng theo
Phan Trung in v Trn Vn Tr (theo Nguyn Hip v nnk,. 2005) [155]
Mng ca b l ra cnh Bc (khu vc cc qun o t Ct B n C T) l cc
thnh to lc nguyn phun tro un np tui Caledoni, b ph bi cc cacbonat kiu
thm bin nng tui Cacbon - Pecmi, cc phc h lc nguyn phun tro kiu trng, a
ho t ni lc n ra tui Mezozoi (Trias mun - h tng Hn Gai, Jura h tng H Ci)
b xuyn ct bi cc granit tui Creta c l tng t nh thy phn ra ng Nam
Trung Quc. Mt khc hot ng ni la bazan tui Pliocen mun n t kh rm r
ngay phn ra Nam ca trng ny, dc theo i t gy ra phng v tuyn. V Tri t
kiu lc a di trng ny b mng i, mt Moho nng ln n su khong 26 km (so
vi 30km ven cc b pha Bc v Hi Nam. Gi tr gradien a nhit kh cao, t
3.00C/100m. Phn tch ng cong st ln cc l khoan Bei A, Bei B (Ru and
Pigott,1986) [213] cho thy qu trnh st ln c tnh chu k kh r vi cc nh cao ca
tc st ln trong khong t Eocen sm n cui Eocen gia v trong Miocen gia.
B Li Chu Bch Long V tip gip b Sng Hng di gc gn 900 thng qua
mt khi nng nghch o c dng vm l o Bch Long V. Ti y l ra cc thnh to
Oligocen v Miocen thuc phn di (ng rift) ca mt ct trm tch cc b.
B Sng Hng
B Sng Hng l mt i tch gin- st ln ngun rift c mng un np a sinh,
ch yu l phc h un np Tin Cambri, nm trng vo din ko di ra bin ca i khu
xuyn lc a Sng Hng c phng TB-N.
68
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 2.32: Mt ct tng hp pha nam b Sng Hng (theo Nguyn Hip v nnk,. 2005) [155]
B Sng Hng b khng ch r rt bi cc h thng t gy thun ko di theo
phng Ty Bc- ng Nam (h thng t gy Sng Hng, Sng Chy, Sng L), to cho
b mt y ca cc trng c dng a ho hp, ko di st bc phn d v pha trung tm
vnh Bc B v tip tc ko di v thu hp li v pha Nam n ngoi khi Quy Nhn.
ng ch l trong h thng ny theo ti liu a vt l, t gy Sng Hng ch quan st
c r phn trn lc a v khng r phn ngoi khi vnh Bc B. H thng t gy
ng Bc- Ty Nam pht trin ch yu vng ven bin chu th ng bng Bc B v v
c bn cng l cc t gy thun cm v ng Nam. Phn mt pha ng- ng Nam b
pht trin cc h thng t gy phng kinh tuyn- kinh tuyn to nn ranh gii vi cc
b thm lc a Bc Bin ng. H thng t gy Ty Bc- ng Nam phn chia b thnh
3 kin trc chnh l trng trung tm vnh Bc B v cc cnh Ty Nam, ng Bc, trong
cnh Ty Nam l mt kin trc kiu n nghing (n nghing Thanh Ngh), ranh gii
ca n vi trng trung tm th hin di dng mt np on su, thng l i vt nhn v
mt hn ca cc h lp trm tch thi k u ca st vng. Kin trc ny v pha Nam (
ngoi khi Bnh Tr Thin) b phc tp ho mnh bi cc h thng t gy phng Ty
69
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Phan Tr ng Trnh
71
72
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Paleogen trn cc khu vc nng cao v mt cu trc. phn pha nam ca khu vc ny, cc
ra thm b bin ci bi s bo mn su nh thy nh hin tng ct ct phn x, n
che m cc ra thm dng vch quan st c pha bc. Thm ny pht trin v pha ng
bc to nn phn ko di ca phn c nht ca thm carbonat Tri Tn gp trong ging khoan
bc ca b Ph Khnh (Roques v nnk., 1997a; 1997b) [212] . khu vc gia v lin k hai
thm carbonate ny, cc tp phn x a chn mnh nm ni nhiu kh nng lin quan n
st vi nm ngoi thm, mt phn trong s chng c th to nn cht lng ca m
ging nh du l ra t cc m st vi tam c tm thy dc theo b bin Vit Nam
(Fyhn v nnk., 2009a) [67]. S gim v bin phn x ca chui carbonate Miocen di
trong b Ph Khnh ch ra xu th tng ln pha trn thnh phn silicic. Thm carbonate pha
ty bc c duy tr trong sut Miocen gia trong khi thm pha b khng chng chu ni do
vic l ra gn mt t nh c xut bi b mt pha trn b ct ct ca n v nhng gin
on nhiu ni to nn nc ca thm. Qu trnh nng tri v rift ng thi nhiu kh nng b
khng ch bi hot ng ni la cc b nh thy qua cc khong nng cao v bin cao
phn tn ngang qua khu vc bng v cc thnh to bazan gp trong ging khoan 121-CM-1X.
phn gn b ca b Ph Khnh, thm ang m rng ln pha trn pht trin trong
sut Neogen mun bao gm cc tch t chu th ti bin nng. Mt khong bin cao phn
tn vi b mt pha trn g gh, phn x manhi v nhiu khi nh cao khong 100300 ms to
nn tp trm tch pha b. Khong ny c minh gii l s ko di v pha bin ca bazan
a phng trn b nm trong khong 7.5 v 10.5 triu nm, (Lee v nnk., 1998) [124] v
(Rangin v nnk., 1995b) [210]. Cc n nghing m vi cc lp phn lp xin (foreset) dc
ng phn v pha bin ca khong bazan nhiu kh nng lin quan vi delta ni la dc
theo ng b c. Xa hn v pha bin, nhiu khi nh cao ti vi trm mt nhiu kh nng
phn nh cc ni la, nhiu ni nh du bi cc dng chy ni la nm ngang v cc tch
t phi ni la lin quan. Cc cu trc bin cao dng a trong Neogen trn to nn y ca
mt vm thoi . Cc cu trc ny c minh gii l cc th va nng tng t nh cc phc h
xm nhp c m t dc theo ra Atlantic. Cc np un nm trn ch ra tui tng i v
su thnh to.
Sn thm song song vi b c hnh thnh trong b Ph Khnh trong sut Neogen
mun v tch lu thnh thm pht trin phn su hn ca b. Xa hn v pha nam, tng
sn thm c xp vo tng b dc v sn dc so vi nhng g quan st c trn phn
pha bin ca khi nng Cn Sn. pha bc v trung tm b Ph Khnh, tng Neogen trn
v pha b k gi vo a hnh c hn trong khu vc v c xp v pha b thnh cc trm
tch sn bao gm cc thu knh a hnh thp. Tng ny thng c trng bi tnh phn x
yu n trung bnh vi tnh lin tc bin i b ngt qung bi nhiu c im chanel trn ra
ca phn gii a chn v c minh gii l chui hn hp ca turbidites v cc trm tch
i dng.
B Cu Long
B Cu Long c dng bu dc vi trc di phng ng Bc- Ty Nam. B ny nm
v tr ca thm trong c ngn cch vi thm ngoi bng nng Cn Sn, chiu dy trm
tch Kainozoi trung tm t trn 8km, ph trn mng un np tui Kimmeri (Creta mun) l
ra trn i nng Cn Sn pha ng, ra pha Ty v gp trong cc i nng dng a lu
phn trung tm b (Bch H, Rng...). Trng b khng ch bi cc t gy thun hoc i np
on ra phng ng Bc- Ty Nam, to nn st ln dng a ho bc thang b phc tp ho
bi cc nng a lu c quy m khng ln. Ton b i trng a ho c phng trc ko di
ng Bc- Ty Nam, trng vi phng kin trc ca mng un np.
nhiu ni khc nhau trong b Cu Long, nc ca mng m hc ph ln trn mt
khong phn x nhiu lon, tri li khong ny c th nhn r mt phn cc ni khc. Mng
m hc c khoan qua bao gm xm nhp granit Mesozoi mun, cc phun tro lin quan
cng nh cc trm tch bin cht trnh thp (Lee v nnk., 2001) [125]. Cc t gy ph
73
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Phan Tr ng Trnh
trong cc iu kin nm trn cao gn cc khu vc ngun, cho thy s ging nhau v mi
trng bin v m h gim i v pha khi nng Cn Sn v t lin Vit Nam. Cc khi
nh phn x mnh vi kilomet chiu ngang v vi trm mili giy (ms) chiu cao c minh
gii l cc ni la nm trn y ca Miocen. iu ny ph hp vi cc tp bazan Miocen di
cng bt gp trong ging khoan Ruby.
Cc trm tch Miocen gia gm ch yu l ct kt a khong lp dy xen vi cc lp
mng st kt, bt kt i khi c st vi v marn c xp vo h tng Cn Sn dy 800900m. Phn trn cng ca Miocen l h tng ng Nai tui Miocen mun nm chnh hp trn
h tng Cn Sn. l cc trm tch lc nguyn phn b rng khp ton b v c ng
bng sng Cu Long, gm ch yu l cc lp ct kt, bt kt, st kt xen nhp c cha t lp
than mng dy t 200 n trn 600m c cha phong ph bo t phn, trng l v to c
trng cho mi trng ng bng chu th ven b.
Trong b Cu Long v pha ty nam ca khi nng Cn Sn, tp Neogen trn c
trng bi cc phn x tng i lin tc bin trung bnh b ngt qung bi cc c im
chanel ri rc cho thy tch t aluvi ti bin nng c tip tc trong khu vc ny ph hp
vi ti liu ging khoan. Ngang qua pha ty nam ca khi nng Cn Sn, cc im nh cao
Pliocenhin ti phn x mnh tn ti v nhiu ni chui qua y bin hin ti. o Ph Qu
nm trong khu vc ny th hin mt phn ca ni la Pleistocen ti Holocen l ra trn mt
cho thy ngun gc ni la sau Miocen ca cc khi nh ny. Hot ng magma trn o ny
tip tc cho n giai on hin i vi minh chng r rng l phun tro nm 1923 (Hong.,
1996) [87], (Hong v Flower, 1998) [86] v (Lee v nnk., 1998) [124].
Cc thnh to Pliocen- t gm xen k ca st, bn, ct kt, i khi c st than,
cui, si v v s c lng ng trong mi trng bin nng. Chng c ghp vo h tng
Bin ng vi chiu dy phn trung tm t ti 600m.
Cu trc b Cu Long bao gm cc trng dng a ho v bn a ho, cc nng dng
a lu hoc khi - vm- a lu b chia ct bi cc h thng t gy thun c phng ch yu
l ng Bc - Ty Nam, sau l h t gy phng ng Ty ct ngang phn trung tm v
pha Nam b, t hn l h t gy kinh tuyn- kinh tuyn. C th phn nh c 3 kin trc
chnh l: b Ty Bc, b ng Nam c phn cch bi i nng phn d dng a lu
trung tm (Rng- Bch H) b khng ch bi h thng t gy phng ng Bc- Ty Nam
v t nhiu phn d bi h ng Ty; v b Ty Nam nm phn ra pha Ty Nam ca b
chu s chi phi ch yu ca h thng t gy ng Ty. V pha cc phn ra Ty Bc ng Nam trm tch Kainozoi c dng chng ln v m rng t di ln (t c n tr hn),
h thng t gy tt dn t di mng n phn di ca Miocen, ch mt s t t gy ct
n cc thnh to Miocen gia. Mng trc Kainozoi c xu hng nghing u vo trung tm
cc cnh (TB-N) thng to nn kin trc n nghing v cm dc t pha cc i nng
dng a lu trung tm. Cc i nng ny cn bo tn c dng "vm" th hin trong cc
mt ct a chn.
B Nam Cn Sn
Trong khi cc i st ln trn thm lc a ch yu nm phn thm trong th trng
Nam Cn Sn li c v tr nm phn ra ca thm v k p pha Ty i t gy ng
khu Hi Nam - Eo bin Sunda. Dng nh trng ny b ct mt phn pha ng ca n
bi h thng t gy phn min va nu. Cc cu trc st bc kiu a ho v xu th tng
chiu dy trm tch cng nh nghing ca cc trm tch tr nht v pha ng cha quan
st thy s kt thc cn c ca mt kin trc cng kiu. Tng t nh th l kin trc lt di
ca mng un np, ca hng vt mng kh u n ca v lc a (gim dn chiu su ca
mt Mo t 28km n 24- 22km t Ty sang ng, tuy v bazan c xu th dy ln t di 10
km trung tm v pha Ty n 13- 14km phn Nam v ng). Trng Nam Cn Sn c
phn pha Ty ( b Ty) nm ph trn cc kin trc un np Kimmeri thuc phn ko di ca
i nng Cn Sn. Ti y pht trin h thng t gy phng kinh tuyn cm thun v pha
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Phan Tr ng Trnh
Mt ct trm tch c trng cho mi trng ng bng chu th ven b ( pha Ty) n bin
nng pha ng v gm 3 phn, di l cc lp st bt kt phn lp song song t thu knh
than, phn gia ch yu l cc lp ct kt xen cc lp st, bt kt, cn trn cng l cc lp st,
bt kt xen cc lp st kt ht mn.
Cc thnh to Oligocen (h tng Cau) trm ng ch yu trong cc kin trc kiu bn
a ho, a ho, dy t 100 n trn 1000m, b vt mng trn cc i nng cao, nht l k
cn i nng Cn Sn. Mt ct gm ch yu l cc trm tch sng h pha Ty, chuyn
sang mi trng vng vnh ven b pha ng. Phn di l cc lp ct kt dy, la
chn, mi trn km chuyn ln trn thnh phn st chim u th xen vi cc lp mng ct
kt, bt kt v i khi c than lignit v vn phun tro baz.
Hot ng t gy mnh m c ti hot ng trong Neogen sm. Hot ng t gy
phng B-TN ti B-N trong sut giai on ny to nn s thnh to ca trng su ln
trong mng phng ty nam, n to nn on ko di ca trc tch gin Bin ng.
Cc thnh to Miocen di v gia k gi vo khi nng Cn Sn cho thy rng hnh
thi mng-sng ni c m rng trong sut Neogen sm bi v qu trnh rift khin b
Nam Cn Sn b ln chm. Hot ng t gy Neogen sm pha bc khi nng Cn Sn
xy ra dc theo cc t gy thin v phng BBNTN hn so vi b Nam Cn Sn. Mt s
t gy phng -T- ti BTTN vch ra cc trng cu trc ln ngang qua khi nng Cn
Sn khc bit vi phng chung ca t gy.
Trong b Nam Cn Sn v trn khi nng Cn Sn, cc tng a chn c th so snh
vi Miocen di tn ti cho thy rng tch t aluvi n bin nng chim u th trong khu vc
ny cng nh vi s u th ca trm tch bin tng dn trong cc b ln chm nhanh. Phn ln
b Nam Cn Sn v phn hng v pha bin ca khi nng Cn Sn, cc tng Neogen di
c xp vo chui Miocen di - gia c tnh phn x mnh hn v tng i lin tc.
Chui Miocen di-gia ny thng pht trin u trn cc khi nng cu trc v gn cc
vch v c minh gii l cc thm carbonate cc ra thm nm dc theo cc vch t gy
ln. Cc tng Neogen di tng t trong phn lin k ca b Nam Cn Sn, ni cc trm
tch t aluvi ti bin nng Miocen di cng c xp vo carbonate v silicic bin Miocen
di - gia (Matthews v nnk., 1997) [136].
Chuyn ln trn h tng Da l cc trm tch giu cacbonat ca h tng Thng tui
Miocen trung, dy 300 - 500m. Mt ct h tng gm cc lp ct kt ht th, mn (cng trn
cng mn) mi trn, la chn trung bnh, xen k cc lp st, bt kt v st vi cha giu
glauconit. Trm tch c trm ng trong mi trng bin ven b. Chuyn lin tc ln trn
l tp trm tch gm ct kt xen k vi vi v cc lp st kt ca h tng Mng Cu dy t
500- 1000m. Mt ct Miocen trung c trng cho thi k bin tin rng ri.
phn pha bc ca khi nng Cn Sn, mt phn v thm vi ra dc nghing v
pha bin r rng to nn mt tp Miocen trn trong khu vc cu thnh nn thm carbonat
Phan Rang. Sau pha nng tri gia Miocen mun m to nn qu trnh karst ph bin v mnh
m, thm ny b chia tch v nhn chm trong ti ngp lt v sau cui Miocen v Pliocen
ca khu vc. Tp nm trn chim u th pha b bi cc g ng v cc n nghing
phn x bin yu ti trung bnh, ch th ca tch t chu th ti tin chu th. Tng tin
chu th c xp vo tp dng b dc (ramp-like succession) nm trn thm carbonate ny.
Tng ny bao gm s phn x b vng (draping reflection) gm cc khong bin thp
c minh gii l hemipelagic drapes tch t vi trm mt ti khong 1 km. Nhiu c im
ca channel khc vo cc lp lp trn ny (drape) v c minh gii l s o khot chanel
ngm. V pha bin, cc tch t b dc (ramp deposit) c xp vp cc tch t sn dc hn
vi cc canyon cung cp turbidite rng 5 km su vi trm mt ct vung gc vi sn. Pha
bc ca khi nng Cn Sn v tn cng pha nam, b dc v sn c xp vo cc sn
thm cao v dc.
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78
Phan Tr ng Trnh
79
80
Phan Tr ng Trnh
81
82
Phan Tr ng Trnh
83
84
Phan Tr ng Trnh
85
Phn trn vi l cc thnh to ven b bin m bao gm cc trm tch ct, st, vi
m tiu, c chiu dy trn 1000m. ng ch l phn trn vi c cha kh v gradient a
nhit thay i ln khi qua ng Baram, t kh cao (43,6oC/km) pha ng n trung bnh
25,8oC/km pha Ty.
c im kin trc ni ti ca khi Luconia l h thng cc a ho v a lu b
khng ch bi h thng t gy B- TN, tng t nh a khi qun o Hong Sa v phn
ra lc a pha Bc Bin ng. H thng t gy ny lin quan c phn mng v lp ph
trm tch Kainozoi. Trong qu trnh hnh thnh b TN Bin ng vo Miocen, t ra lc a
ng Dng- Trung Quc khi ny b trt v pha Nam. Phn pha Ty Luconia cn t c
bit n. N c biu hin ca b tch t trm tch Neogen rt dy vi s pht trin mnh cc
h thng t gy cng vi cc np li ln.
Trn bnh kin trc hin i ca bin ra ng Vit Nam, a khi qun o
Trng Sa l mt t hp cc khi kin trc lc a c tui c kt trc Mezozoi mun, c
tch ri bng sinh rift t ra lc a ng Dng- TQ v trt trong qu trnh gin y
hnh thnh Bin ng Kainozoi.
Kin trc Kainozoi ca a khi qun o Trng Sa l sn phm ca qu trnh bin
i cc kin trc lc a v hnh thnh cc kin trc kiu hu hoi mi, xy ra trong bi cnh
a ng lc ca mt i ng kiu bin ra chuyn tip gia lc a u- v Thi Bnh
Dng.
Cc nhp hot ng ca v Tri t a khi qun o Trng Sa gn b cht ch vi
cc giai on pht trin ca trng kiu i dng Bin ng v cc kin trc lc a k cn.
Nh vy c th i snh c cc c im cu trc a cht v a ng lc gia cc khu vc
va nu.
Trng lng cho nc su i dng Bin ng
Trng ny c ranh gii t su y bin trn di 3000m. B mt a hnh y c
dng mt ng bng bin thm bng phng su trung bnh 4000m, phn trung tm ni
cao trn b mt y l cc ni, dy ni ngm cao n trn 2000m (dy Scarborough ko
phng v tuyn trung tm b ng Bin ng b ct pha ng bi trng hm vc
Manila). Cc dy ni ngm ny, theo cc ti liu a vt l (t, trng lc, a chn) ghi nhn l
tn d ca trc gin y ca Bin ng.
Trn bnh , trng lng cho nc su Bin ng c dng mt a ho m rng
pha ng v ngy cng thu hp n vt nhn v pha Ty Nam gia hai khi lc a b hu
hoi v ln chm v c ngn cch bi vch kin to phn nh trn a hnh y cao n hn
1000m. cc Ty Nam, k cn vi sn lc a Nam Vit Nam, kin trc ny b ct ngang
bi i t gy kinh tuyn Hi Nam - Eo bin Sunda. Lng cho nc su Bin ng ngn
cch vi bin Sulu bi khi lc a Palawan - Mindoro.
V Tri t ca lng cho nc su Bin ng thuc kiu v i dng vi cu trc 3
lp. Lp trm tch nc su trn cng c chiu dy mng, tng dn t i trc khong 200 400m n cc phn ra hn 2000m, tip di l lp bazan dy khong 4 - 8km, b mt Moho
nm su 8 - 12 km. Cc bazan l ra do gin y c coi l cc thnh to ca bazan
i dng (Flower, 1992, Hoang, 1996) [66] [87].
Trng lng cho nc su c th c chia thnh 2 b B v Ty Nam. T cc bt
thng t c th xc nh c thi gian gin y b ng Bc trong khong 32-17 triu
nm vi trc gin y ng- Ty trung tm dy ni ngm, b Ty Nam c thi gian gin
y mun v ngn hn.
Cn ch rng s phn b v nh hng ca cc d thng t khng ng u cng
nh s bin i ni trn cho thy c s "nhy cc" v pha Nam ca trc gin y trong
cc khong thi gian tng ng. Tr s dng nhit khng ln (90- 110mw/m2) v su y
bin thuc loi trung bnh (trn di 4000m) c xem l bng chng cho tui tng i tr
ca s hnh thnh y bin ca kin trc i dng.
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Phan Tr ng Trnh
87
Chng 3
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Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 3.1: Cu trc kin to ng Nam . Mi tn en ch hng chuyn dch trong Miocen
cho ti 16 triu nm, mi tn trng ch hng tch dn Bin ng (hiu chnh theo Leloup v
nnk., 1995) [127].
Nhng nghin cu kho st c h thng t nhng nm 90 dc theo i t gy Ailao
ShanSng Hng thu c nhng kt qu chnh sau: 1) Bin dng do xy ra dc i trt
ct hp c kh nng chuyn dch trt bng hng trm kilomet. 2) Chuyn dch trt bng xy
ra trong hng chc triu nm. 3) i trt bng ct qua thch quyn dn ti lm m bin ra.
T hu ht cc s liu cng b cho thy dy ni Con Voi ngui t 350 150oC
trong khong 25 ti 22 tr.n Do thiu s liu U-Pb, lch s ngui trn 350oC c da trn
phn tch fenpat kali (450-300oC) v amphibol (500-520oC). Hu ht amphibol c tui 25.8
tr.n cho thy nhit cao cn ko di ti 26 tr.n
Gii thch n gin cho ton b dy ni Con Voi l nhit trn 450oC ko di ti 27
tr.n ri sau ngui rt nhanh. Hu ht ng P-T xc lp bi nhit p k s c tnh t 27
tr.n Mt s ti liu cho tui gi hn 27 tr.n Nhng s liu ny cho thy nhit khng cao
hn 450oC ko di vi triu nm trc ln ngui cui cng.
Bin dng trong dy ni Con Voi tng t nh bin dng ca cc i bin cht khc
thuc i trt ct Sng Hng v th hin l dch trt bng tri. Tuy nhin c im khc bit
89
l mt phin dy ni Con Voi nghing kh thoi do lin quan vi thnh phn tch dn ln
trong qu trnh trt bng. Dc theo i trt ct Sng Hng, trt bng tri xy ra trong iu
kin nhit cao, tng ng vi iu kin nng chy v, gradient a nhit y t ti 65o
C/km, cao nht so vi ton i trt ct Ailao Shan - Sng Hng. iu ny cng ph hp vi
thnh phn tch dn tng dn v pha ng nam. Nhn chung ton i trt ct Sng Hng,
pha ngui t nhit cao xy ra sau 34 tr.n cho thy ton i c cng mt ch nhit ng.
Tuy nhin, quan st chi tit cho thy mi di bin cht c mt ch ring ca mnh. iu
khc bit quan trng l th nm ca mt phin ca di dy ni Con Voi c th nm thoi hn
ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu trng thi ng sut kin to. Dc theo i trt ct Sng
Hng, dch trt tri xy ra trong iu kin nhit cao. y cng l minh chng quan trng
cho thnh phn tch dn thuc dy ni Con Voi. Nhng nghin cu v phn b ng sut cng
cho thy thnh phn tch dn tng dn v hng ng nam. iu ny l gii cho vic nng
cao ca khi Sng Chy. l gii cho c im bin dng dc i trt ct Ailao Shan Sng Hng, c th s dng m hnh kin to, theo khi ng Dng xoay quanh mt
vng trn nh theo chiu kim ng h. Theo m hnh ny, s tn ti 3 vng c ch ng
lc khc nhau: vng xit p, vng trt bng v vng tch dn. i dy ni Con Voi thuc
vng tch dn. M hnh ny cng gii thch c v sao qu trnh tch dn tng cao v pha
ng nam cng nh hnh thnh cc khi granit kim v nng ln ca khi Sng Chy v B
Khng. M hnh ny c chng ti a ra ln u tin khi nghin cu trng thi ng sut
kin to sau ny c gi l m hnh kho ko (xanh tuya).
Tui 39Ar/40Ar, xc nh dc dy ni Con Voi thay i t 37 ti 22 trn nhng hu ht
tr hn 28 tr.n iu ph hp vi giai on ngui Paleogen-Miocen. Ch s dng tui
39
Ar/40Ar, khng xt ti c im thch hc v cu trc, Wang v nnk. i n kt lun rng
i trt ct Sng Hng khng hot ng trc 27 tr.n. Tuy nhin, phn ln chuyn dch
trt bng tri ca i t gy Ailao Shan Sng Hng xy ra trong iu kin nhit trn
500oC , vt xa nhit ng ca Ar, v vy tui Ar kh c th phn nh tui ca giai on
bin cht kch pht m ch c th phn nh tui ngui ca i m thi.
Ngc li, vic nh tui cc th granitoit hnh thnh ng kin to vi dch trt
bng phng php U-Pb li c th nh tui ti thiu ca giai on bin cht kch pht v cc
khi granit hnh thnh ng thi hoc mun hn. Phn tch cc mch granit ng kin to
trong orthogneis thuc Ailao Shan cho tui 31.9 0.3 trn (mu YS13) v 33.1 0.2 tr.n ca
Ti-U t cc lp leucocrat Xuelong Shan. Nu ch ti cc xm nhp granit kim phn b
xung quanh i t gy Ailao Shan Sng Hng, ta nhn thy tui ca chng nm trong
khong 40 30 tr.n. Khi Yansun l khi ln nht c tui 35 tr.n. C th gii thch rng s
xut hin ca cc khi granit kim hoc lin quan thun tu ti trt tri ca i t gy
Ailao Shan Sng Hng, lm nng chy cc b thch quyn hoc c b sung bi ngun
nhit bn ngoi do Hot Spot. Chng ta c th phn bit hai giai on ngui nhanh ca i
trt ct Ailao Shan Sng Hng. Giai on mt t iu kin bin cht cao nht ti tng
phin lc. Giai on hai t tng phin lc ti b mt a hnh hin ti. Thi gian ca giai
on ngui nhanh bt u t 28 tr.n v kt thc vo 23 tr.n Trong khong thi gian nhit
h t 450oC ti 150oC. Trong phm vi i dy ni Con Voi, duy nht ch c mt s liu
cho tui fenpat kali nhit thp (5.5 tr.n). Tui ny gp rt ph bin Diancang Shan.
T ng P-T-t, c th nh gi tc nng ca i trt ct Ailao Shan Sng
Hng. pha u, tc nng t 0.4 mm/nm Diancang Shan ti 1.6-1.7 mm/nm Ailao
Shan v dy ni Con Voi. Dc theo Ailao Shan, dc theo chiu di 400 km thy c qui lut
nng sm pha ng nam v chuyn dn ln pha ty bc vi tc lan truyn 4.8 cm/nm.
Nh vy nguyn nhn nng ln y phi mang tnh khu vc. M hnh kin to kiu kho
ko (xanh tuya) c s dng gii thch hin tng ny. Nu ton b i trt ct Ailao
Shan Sng Hng tun theo ng trn nh, th chuyn dch s l trt bng thun tu, nu
khng tun theo ng trn nh, s c hai min c tnh ng lc khc nhau l min trt
90
Phan Tr ng Trnh
bng nn p v min trt bng tch dn. im trung tnh s l tip xc gia i t gy vi
ng trn nh v l ni c trt bng thun tu. Nh vy trong qu trnh chuyn dch,
nm pha ty bc ca im trung tnh trc tin s b trt bng xit p sau chuyn sang
trt bng thun tu khi trt qua im trung tnh ri chuyn sang ch trt bng tch dn.
Nh vy tc chuyn dch ca t gy trt ct Ailao Shan Sng Hng s tng ng vi
tc ca chuyn qua im trung tnh t xit p sang tch dn. Trong min tch dn cc
t gy thun s hot ng lm nng tri. iu gii thch v sao cc im ng nam nng
tri sm hn v chuyn dn v pha ty bc. Nh vy, s dng m hnh kho ko (xanh tuya),
ta cn c th c lng bin ti thiu ca chuyn dch ngang cng nh tc chuyn dch
trt bng. Nu gi nh im trung tnh l c nh, vi tuyn t gy di 400 km ca di
bin cht Ailao Shan tun theo qui lut nng tri mun dn v pha ty bc, c th hiu rng
c 400 km chuyn t vng xit p sang vng tch dn qua trung im vi tc lan truyn
4.8 cm/nm. Ni cch khc, bin chuyn dch ngang ti thiu l 400 km v tc chuyn
dch ngang ti thiu l 4.8 cm/nm. Cn lu , nu trung im chuyn dch theo thi gian s
lm thay i c lng v bin cng nh tc chuyn dch ca t gy. Nu trung im
khng c nh m chuyn dch v pha ty bc, khi bin v tc chuyn dch s b c
lng qu cao, cn trung im chuyn dch v pha ng nam, cc gi tr c lng trn s
qu thp. Chng ta nhn thy dy ni Con Voi khng tun theo qui lut thi im ngui khc
nhau. iu c gii thch l trong qu trnh trt bng ca i t gy Ailao Shan Sng
Hng, dy ni Con Voi lun nm pha ng nam ca trung im tc l lun lun l min
trt bng tch dn.
Theo kt qu phn tch mu Yn20k, nhit 150 oC thi im cch y 5.5 trn
(u Pliocen). Kt qu ny kh ph hp vi mt lot cc mu Diancang Shan. T 23 ti 5.5
tr.n nhit khng i, ni cch khc, trong khong thi gian ny c mt giai on bnh n
kin to, to mt b mt san bng Miocen. Thc ra, t 23 tr.n ti 17 tr.n hoc mun
hn, i trt ct Sng Hng vn tip tc dch trt tri, c phn nh trong cc vi t gy
v khe nt trong tng cui kt Neogen. Tnh cht trt bng tri tch dn u Miocen phn
nh trong trng ng sut kin to. T sau 5 tr.n, c s nng ln nhanh chng ti b mt a
hnh hin ti. Vi gradient nhit thng ng 40 65 oC/km, c th xc nh c bin
nng 2.3 -3.8 km. Nh vy tc nng trung bnh trong Pliocen hin i ca i t gy Sng
Hng l 0.5 - 0.8 mm/nm.
3.1.2. Vng cc thm lc a Bin ng
Vi ngun ti liu phong ph do c nghin cu iu tra chi tit, bc tranh t gy
ca thm lc a bao quanh Bin ng rt sc s (Hnh 3.2). thm lc a Bc Bin ng
pht trin h thng t gy ch yu c phng B TN v v tuyn. Mt s t gy ln d
on ko di t trong lc a ra c phng TB N v kinh tuyn. Ranh gii gia thm lc
a Bc Bin ng v thm lc a Ty Bin ng l i t gy qui m hnh tinh Sng
Hng (Ailaoshan Sng Hng ) phng Ty Bc ng Nam.
Bnh kin trc ca thm lc a Ty Bin ng c quy nh bi h thng t
gy phng kinh tuyn quy m thch quyn. i t gy Hi Nam eo bin Sunda tri di
theo di kinh tuyn 1100 bt u t vng bin pha nam Hi Nam qua sut sn lc a min
Trung Vit Nam, ri tip tc pht trin xung pha nam trong cu trc ca thm lc a Sunda
(eo bin Sunda).
Cc ti liu a vt l (trng lc, t, a chn tomography) cho thy y l i t gy
su qui m thch quyn. Cc ti liu a cht (ng t, ni la) v a chn a ng lc
cho thy i t gy c hnh thnh t cui Mezozoi v hot ng mnh trong Kainozoi
(Gatinski v nnk., 1984; L Duy Bch, 1985) [69] [112].
Cu trc ni ti ca i t gy ny bao gm ba phn on :
Phn on pha bc (khong t v tuyn 170 Bc n vng bin Bnh Thun) i t
gy biu hin c sc trong a hnh y bin ty Bin ng, th hin l mt sn dc su,
91
92
Phan Tr ng Trnh
93
94
Phan Tr ng Trnh
sut giai on Oligocen-Miocen c th gii thch mt phn cho qu trnh tch gin y ca
Bin ng.
Qu trnh to rift Paleogen dc theo ra lc a Vit Nam c minh gii lin quan vi
c s s x hc ca n v u- v lc ko mng t qu trnh ht chm ca Bin ng
nguyn thu bn di Borneo (Marquis v nnk., 1997) [134], (Matthews v nnk., 1997) [136],
(Lee v Watkins, 1998; 2001) [124], (Clift v Sun, 2006; 2008) [49, 50]. C bt ng ln cn
tn ti lin quan n ch ny. Sau y, chng ti trnh by khi qut v hai c ch vn
ng c xut: quan im kin to thc trt v quan im kin to ko mng.
Theo quan im kin to thc trt, ng gia mng n v mng u- bt u
vo khong 5534 triu nm trong Eocen. Kt qu ca qu trnh ng ny, khi Indochina
v khu vc pha nam ca n b thc trt vi trm kilomet v pha ng nam dc theo mt
lot cc i t gy trt bng tri ln (Tapponnier v nnk., 1982; 1986; 1990) [228, 229,
230], (Lacassin v nnk., 1997) [108], (Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128], (Phan Trng
Trnh v nnk., 1995, 1996, 2004) [187, 194, 195], (Replumaz v Tapponnier, 2003) [211], v
(Akciz v nnk., 2008) [3] (Hnh 3.3).
95
gia cc i t gy trt bng tri ln ct ngang qua khu vc ny, v ch duy s dch chuyn
v pha nam xy ra Nam Vit Nam.
Hnh 3.4a: M hnh v qu trnh m Bin ng ca Taylor v Hayes (1980; 1983) [232, 233]
(trong giai on u Miocen): hot ng t gy trt bng phi dc theo t gy ranh gii
ng Vit Nam
Ln nht trong s cc i t gy trt bng tri tnh t pha ng chc ba Himalaya
ti ra ng Vit Nam l i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng v n tip tc pht trin v pha
bin to thnh t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam (Hnh 3.3) (Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a)
[127, 128], (Phan Trng Trnh v nnk., 1995, 1996, 2004) [187, 194, 195]. Trn lc a,
chuyn ng trt tri thng c cho bt u trong sut Eocen/Oligocen sm thng qua
cc bng chng bin cht ng kin to c nh tui tng i dc theo i trt ct ny,
(Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128], (Phan Trng Trnh v nnk., 1995, 1996, 2004)
[187, 194, 195], (Gilley v nnk., 2003) [71], (Viola v Anczkiewicz, 2008) [251]. Cc tc gi
khc li nh tui Oligocen mun hay Miocen cho s khi u vn ng trt tri, (Wang v
nnk., 2001) [259] v (Searle, 2006) [215], mc d cc tui ny r rng tri ngc vi tui
khi u trc- Oligocen gia ca qu trnh rift ko tch trt tri trong b Sng Hng m to
ra s tip ni v pha bin ca i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng (Rangin v nnk., 1995a;
1995b) [208,210], (Nielsen v nnk., 1999) [174], v (Clift v Sun, 2006) [49].
Qu trnh trt ct tri dc theo phn pha nam ca i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng
Hng ch yu c coi l xy ra theo c ch cng - trt bng (transtensive regime) dc theo
cc phc h nhn bin cht trn t lin (Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128], (Phan
Trng Trnh v nnk., 1995, 1996, 2004) [187, 194, 195], (Anczkiewicz v nnk., 2007) [7] v
(Viola v Anczkiewicz, 2008) [251]. Qu trnh t gy cng ngang gii thch cho s tri l
ca cc phc h phn di ti gia v dc theo i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng. Ch ri
96
Phan Tr ng Trnh
rc cc trm tch Paleogen tn ti dc theo i trt ct ny phn nh vic khng tch t trm
tch trong sut Paleogen cng nh khng c s bo mn sau ny.
Hnh 3.4b: M hnh v qu trnh m Bin ng ca Tapponnier v nnk (1982; 1986; 1990)
[228, 229, 230] hot ng t gy trt tri gia Nam Trung Quc v Indochina vi Borneo
dch chuyn so vi Indochina.
B Sng Hng trn Bin ng Vit Nam l mt trong nhng b ko tch ln nht trn
th gii nm c trn t lin v ngoi khi Vit Nam. B ny nm trc tip trn on tip ni
ca phc h bin cht nhit cao Dy Ni Con Voi thuc i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng
Hng, cng nh phc h bin cht pha nam bao quanh bi t gy Sng Hng trt bng tri
pha ty v t gy Sng L pha ng. Vn ng trt bng tri qui m ln Paleogen
gia - Oligocen ngang qua pha bc t gy, ranh gii ng Vit Nam lin quan vi vn ng
ngang qua i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng c chng minh bi Rangin v nnk.,
(1995a) [208], v Clift & Sun (2006) [40]. Cc vn ng tri v qu trnh rift ko tch
Paleogen c minh gii thng qua qua t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam trong b Sng
Hng da trn: 1) s c mt khp ni ca cc t gy phng TTB ti TB m vch nn
nhng c im cng gin dc theo cc t gy phng BTB ti TB vch nn t gy ranh
gii ng Vit Nam trong b ny, 2) hnh thi lan rng theo t gy st bc phi, phng
ng bc ty nam, chim u th v pha cc b Bc vnh Bc B v ng Nam Hi Nam, 3)
cc kt qu m hnh tng t, v 4) s kt ni vi i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng trt
bng tri ng thi.
Cc nhnh m rng ca t gy v pha ng c vch ra t t gy ranh gii ng
Vit Nam v pha cc b Bc vnh Bc B v Qiongdognan lm tiu th ng k vn ng
97
trt tri ny (Rangin v nnk., 1995a) [208], (Nielsen v nnk., 1999) [174], (Andersen v
nnk., 2005) [8]v (Clift v Sun, 2006) [49].
Theo Roques v nnk., (1997) [212] t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam (t gy kinh
tuyn 110o) trt tri ko di v pha nam ti b Ph Khnh ni n nhp vi mt i t gy
trt phi. Dch chuyn ngang phi c vin dn ngang qua t gy ranh gii ng Vit
Nam ngoi khi min Trung v Nam Vit Nam pha nam ca im kt nhp (Marquis v
nnk., 1997) [134], (Roques v nnk., 1997a) [212] v (Clift v nnk., 2008) [50]. Tuy nhin s
kt nhp ca t gy ny vn cha c chng minh trong b Ph Khnh v Fyhn v nnk.,
(2009a) [67] minh gii dch chuyn ngang tri ng k trong Paleogen ngang qua t gy
ranh gii ng Vit Nam pha bc b Ph Khnh.
S ko di ca t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam pha nam ca min Trung Vit
Nam t lu vn ch c tch cht suy on. t gy ny c cho l phn nhnh (splay) v
pha bin v bi vy khng ch qu trnh rift lc a v qu trnh tch gin y bin ca
Bin ng theo c ch ko tch (Tapponnier v nnk., 1982; 1986) [228, 229], (Briais v nnk.,
1993) [26], (Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128] v (Replumaz v Tapponnier, 2003)
[211]. ng h m hnh ny, Matthews v nnk., (1997) [136] cho rng h rift phng xp x
ng-ty trong b Nam Cn Sn c th lin quan vi cc i trt ct tri phng TBN
cha c vch ra nm lin k.
phn pha nam ca khi ng Dng (Indochina), kin to thc trt to nn hot
ng trt tri EocenOligocen sm dc theo cc i trt ct Three Pagodas v Mae Ping
phng TB-N (Wang Chao) (Lacassin v nnk.1997) [108]. Da trn cc du n a cht
dch chuyn ngang tri, Tapponnier v nnk., (1986) [228] v Peltzer & Tapponnier (1988)
[179] suy ra tng bin dch chuyn ngang tri khong 300 km ngang qua hai i trt
ct ny. Vn ng trt tri v ko tch dc theo i trt ct Three Pagodas c cho l m
ra cc b Pattani, Khmer, Malay -Th Chu v Ty Natuna pha nam ca Indochina mc d
iu ny vn cha c chng minh (Tapponnier v nnk., 1982; 1986) [228, 229], (Leloup v
nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128], (Lacassin v nnk., 1997) [108] v (Replumaz v Tapponnier,
2003) [211]. Xa hn v pha ng, cc b Cu Long v Sarawak cng c minh gii tng
t l cc b ko tch Paleogen lin quan vi i trt ct Mae Ping. Tuy nhin mt i t
gy trt tri ln phng ct ngang thm lc a ng nam Vit Nam khng c nhc
n v ti liu khu vc b Sarawak khng ng h m hnh ny bi v qu trnh rift Eocen v
tr hn dng nh lin quan vi cc i trt ct phi phng TBN- thay v trt tri.
Trong b Cu Long, qu trnh rift Paleogen xy ra trn cc t gy thun phng BTN v
-T, cc t gy m phn nhnh v pha ty v TTB bn di chu th Mekong hin i, iu
ny c th phn nh im cc ca i trt ct Mae Ping hoc mt trong s cc nhnh ca t
gy trong b (Lee v nnk., 2001) [124]. Vic phc hi c a l khu vc tch hp khong
150 km dch chuyn ngang tri phn tn cng pha ng nam ca i trt ct Mae Ping
trong khong gia Eocen mun n gia Oligocen (Hall, 2002) [75]. Kh c th lm cho
tng thch dch chuyn ngang ln nh vy vi s lin tc biu kin ca di t tnh Jura mun
u Paleogen b bin Nam Vit Nam ni n b ct ngang bi du vt c cho l ca i
trt ct Mae Ping (Hnh 3.3). Cc nghin cu v hnh thi trng lc ch ra rng b Cu Long
khng th tip nhn khong hn 30 km dch chuyn tri (Huchon v nnk., 1998) [94], v vic
phc hi cc cu trc khc di c th ch ra vn ng trt tri nh c vi chc km dc theo
i trt ct Mae Ping mc d dch chuyn ngang ln c Lacassin v nnk., (1997) [108]
xut. S thnh to ca b Cu Long c minh gii c ch ko tch (Tapponnier v nnk.,
1982) [229], (Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128], (Huchon v nnk., 1998) [94], mc d,
Lee v nnk., (2001) [124] xut mt lch s rift n gin ca b ny l c lp vi hot
ng kin to thot trt lin quan vi s ph v ban u ca Bin ng.
Nhiu m hnh kin to xut cc i trt ct Three Pagodas v Mae Ping l cc
cu trc dng tuyn t gy lin tc ko di hn 1000 km (Tapponnier v nnk., 1982) [229],
98
Phan Tr ng Trnh
(Briais v nnk., 1993) [26], (Leloup v nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128], (Lacassin v nnk.,
1997) [108] v (Replumaz v Tapponnier, 2003) [211]. Tuy nhin nhng phn c nghin
cu k ca cc i trt ct ny bao gm cc h thng t gy nhnh vi chiu rng ln ti
250 km phng ch yu B-N v TBN to nn cc cu trc trt bng kp dng t chim, v
hu ht cc i t gy ny thng c xc nh khng r khin vic minh gii cc phn ca
cc t gy ny ch c tnh cht suy on, chng hn nh on thuc i trt ct Mae Ping
ng nam ca Thi Lan.
Theo quan im kin to ko mng, ht chm Bin ng nguyn thu v s ng
gia hai mng lc a sau dc theo bc Borneo c minh chng bi s c mt ca cc
phc h tng trng rng khp, s xut hin ca ophiolit, hot ng ni la, bin dng nn p
mnh m, s nng tri v qu trnh lm dy v bc Borneo v phn v ca Bin ng
nguyn thu b ht chm c pht hin qua cc mt ct a chn TB Borneo v Palawan
(Hnh 3.4). (Taylor v Hayes, 1980; 1983) [232, 233], Hall 2002; 2008) [75, 76], v (Clift v
nnk., 2008) [50]. Trong sut giai on cui Creta v Paleogen, Bin ng nguyn thu v
tiu lc a Dangerous Ground dch chuyn v pha mt i ht chm nm dc theo b bin
Borneo. Trong sut Eocen, sau s x hc ca tiu lc a Luconia v Borneo, ht chm tip
tc m rng hn v pha ng v s tri dt v pha nam lin quan ca Bin ng nguyn
thu v Dangerous Grounds xy ra dc theo mt i rng vi trm kilomet ct ngang qua
mt lot cc t gy chuyn dng trt phi Luconia v pha ng ca tiu lc a ny
(Clift v nnk., 2008) [50] v (Hall v nnk., 2008) [76]. Lc ko mng kt hp vi cc nhnh
ca t gy t qu trnh rift b khng ch bi t gy chuyn dng trc khi xy ra s ph v
ca Bin ng cng nh qu trnh tch gin y bin sau ny. Mt t gy chuyn dng trt
phi c cho l tip tc v pha bc dc theo b bin Min Trung Vit Nam, nhng vn
cha c chng minh (Taylor v Hayes, 1980; 1983) [232, 233], (Clift v nnk., 2008) [50]
v (Hall v nnk., 2008) [76], tri li, mt nghin cu a chn v ra lc a min Trung Vit
Nam chng minh rng s tip ni ca i trt ct tri Ailao Shan-Sng Hng tin xa v pha
nam ti pha bc b Ph Khnh (Fyhn v nnk., 2009a) [67].
Qu trnh to rift cui Creta v Paleocen xa hn v pha ng dc theo ra nam Trung
Quc l c trc tui ca s x hc n v u- v c coi l hoc l cng gin sau
cung hoc l hiu ng ko mng lin quan vi s ht chm v pha nam ca Bin ng
nguyn thu (Ru v Pigott, 1986) [213] v (Clift v nnk., 2008) [50].
3.2.3. Giai on Oligocen munu Miocen (28,4- 23 tr,n)
S nng ln v tri l nhanh chng trong khong gia Oligocen ti cui Miocen c
chng minh bi cc nghin cu nhit p v nh tui ng v trn cc phc h bin cht dc
theo i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng (Tapponnier v nnk., 1990) [229], (Leloup v nnk.,
1995; 2001) [127, 128], (Phan Trng Trnh v nnk., 1995, 1996, 2004) [187, 194, 195],
(Gilley v nnk., 2003) [71] v (Viola v Anczkiewicz, 2008) [251]. S tri l ca cc nhn
bin cht hu ht phng ty bc c minh gii l kt qu ca s p ngang tri ln ti
hng trm kilomet trong Oligocen mun ti Miocen sm, tri li cc phc h nhn Ailao Shan
v dy ni Con Voi c cho l b tri l thng qua s cng ngang (Leloup v nnk., 2001)
[127, 128]. S nng tri p ngang tin xa v pha nam ca phc h nhn bin chn Ailao Shan
c chng minh bi Shoenbohm v nnk., (2005), [218] v c ch nng tri tng t cho
phc h nhn dy ni Con Voi Vit Nam c Searle (2006) [215] xut. S p ngang
quy m ln l ph hp vi nhiu t gy p ngang v t gy nghch theo c ch bin dng
dn bn trong phc h nhn Ailao Shan v a khu Shan-Thai lin k (Tapponnier v nnk.,
1990) [230], (Leloup v nnk., 1995) [127] cng c ch ra trong i trt ct lin k xa
hn v pha ng nam dc theo phc h bin cht dy n i Con Voi vi s c mt ca mt vi
t gy nghch song song vi i trt ct ny (Leloup v nnk., 2001) [128].
Dch chuyn ngang tri ln sau gia Oligocen mu thun vi cc nghin cu a chn
b Sng Hng m chng minh pha sm ca hot ng t gy trt bng ko theo sau bi
99
100
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Ti thi gian ca d thng 10 (khong 2829 triu nm) qu trnh tch gin m rng
dng li phn tn cng pha ty ca b nhng vn tip tc phn pha ng xa hn (Briais
v nnk., 1993) [26]. Theo d thng s 7 (khong 24 triu nm) ti ranh gii Paleogen
Neogen, qu trnh tch gin nhy v pha nam v bt u pht trin v pha ty nam. S nh
hng ny theo lm bi s thay i v hng m rng t phng gn bc-nam sang phng
TBN pha TN ca Bin ng.
Mt nghin cu gn y v cc tuyn d thng t pht hin ra rng qu trnh tch
gin y bin gc ng bc ca Bin ng xy ra sm hn nhiu khong ~37 triu nm,
trong sut d thng C17 (Hsu v nnk, 2004) [93]. Ranh gii lc a - i dng mi c
nhn dng (COB) c nh du bi s c mt ca mt i t tnh tng i thp chn
thm lc a tng ng vi phn b lm mng ca v lc a. Hsu v nnk, (2004) [93] xut
rng s m rng v pha bc ca v i dng Bin ng b chn li bi mt t gy chuyn
dng trt tri khng hot ng, ni t mng bin su ti mng bin su phng TB-N
c gi l ranh gii mng chuyn dng Luzon-Ryukyu (LRTPB). Ranh gii chuyn dng
Luzon-Ryukyu c ni vi mng Manila nghing v pha ng nam trc y pha nam
v mng Ryukyu nghing v pha ty bc pha bc, v c th tr nn khng hot ng
khong 20 triu nm. Cc kt qu ny ch ra tc tch gin khong 4044mm/yr trong
khong 37 ti 31 triu nm trc khi n nh ~28mm/yr trong lch s tch gin sm ca
Bin ng.
Trong b Cu Long, s nn p ri rc trong Oligocen mun to nn s nng tri mng
v nghch o ca cc t gy thun Paleogen. S lin kt c th c gia i trt ct Mae
Ping v b Cu Long dn chng ta ti nhn nh rng nghch o b l kt qu ca s nghch
o nht thi ca i trt ct ny. Qu trnh rift trong b Cu Long tip tc cho n cui
Oligocen ni mt bt chnh hp ln nh du ranh gii Oligocen/Miocen v im bt u ca
qu trnh st ln hu rift, c minh gii l bt chnh hp ph v lin quan n vic nhy v
pha nam v ti nh hng ca trc tch gin Bin ng (Lee v nnk., 2001) [125]. Bt
chnh hp ny c nh du v pha bin trong b Nam Cn Sn v y ch ra im
khi u ca pha rift th hai trong b ny (Matthews v nnk., 1997) [136] v (Lee v nnk.,
2001) [125].
pha bc b Ph Khnh, Fyhn v nnk., (2009a) [67] ch ra mt bt chnh hp ln
gia Oligocen gy ra bi s nng tri dc theo t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam v xut c
s lin quan gia s thnh to ca bt chnh hp ny v nghch o cng thi trong b Sng
Hng. Qu trnh rift v s cng ngang tri dc theo t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam tip tc
trong sut Oligocen mun trong b Ph Khnh, v bt chnh hp ln nh du ranh gii
PaleogenNeogen ti ni qu trnh rift gim v thay i ng k. iu ny c lin h
vi s kt thc ca cc vn ng trt tri ti t gy ranh gii ng Vit Nam v mt nghch
o trt phi quy m trung bnh. Lee v Watkins (1998) [124] cng lu ti bt chnh
hp ny nhng gn n tui gia Oligocen v minh gii n l bt chnh hp ph v gy ra
bi giai on khi u u tin ca qu trnh tch gin y bin pha ng bc.
3.2.4. Giai on Neogen sm (23 -11,6 tr.n)
Dc theo ra lc a Vit Nam, nhng s thay i ln v kin to v trm tch xy
ra t khong ranh gii PaleogenNeogen. Trn t lin, s tri l nhanh chng ca cc phc
h nhn bin cht Ailao Shan Sng Hng c tip tc trong sut Miocen sm, n c
minh gii l kt qu ca hot ng t gy trt tri ln dc theo i trt ct ny (Leloup v
nnk., 1995; 2001a) [127, 128], (Nam v nnk., 1998) [242] v (Searle, 2006) [215]. Qu trnh
trt ct tri dc theo i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng c minh gii l dng li
khong ranh gii Miocen sm- gia da trn s suy gim cng thi ca hot ng nng tri
ca cc phc h bin cht v s hon thnh ca qu trnh tch gin y bin c cho l b
khng ch bi ng hc ca i trt ct Ailao Shan-Sng Hng (Leloup v nnk., 1995)
[127, 128] v (Leloup v nnk., 2001a) [128].
101
102
Phan Tr ng Trnh
103
104
Phan Tr ng Trnh
105
Chng 4
106
Phan Tr ng Trnh
107
108
Phan Tr ng Trnh
109
110
Phan Tr ng Trnh
cc bin v a mo ca cc sng sui nhnh cho kt qu gi tr chuyn dch ngang trung bnh
ca nhnh t gy Sng Chy l 2.51.5mm/nm, t gy b tri Sng Hng l
4.01.8mm/nm v b phi Sng Hng l 1.71.5mm/nm. Phng n da theo chu k bng
h Wum v Riss cho kt qu ngang trung bnh ca nhnh t gy Sng Chy l
2.71.6mm/nm, t gy b tri Sng Hng l 3.21.7mm/nm v b phi Sng Hng l
1.91.5mm/nm.
4.1.3. c im hot ng kin to tr cc t gy khu vc ng Bc
c im t gy Sng L
t gy Sng L c phng TB - N, song song vi h thng t gy Sng HngSng Chy v cch chng khng xa, c ch ch trn 10 km mt cht. t gy ny th hin r
trn nh v tinh, trn s a hnh v c bit r trn cc s mt lineament, bt u t
khu vc th trn Bc Quang v kt thc ngoi khi Bin ng khi gp i t gy kinh
tuyn 110, vi tng chiu di trn 650 km. Phn lc a pha bc ca t gy Sng L c
th hin bi mt di trng, cao di 200 m, phng TB -N, chy dc thung lng sng
L, sng y, chiu rng trung bnh trong khong 5 - 7 km; hp nht l 2 km; rng nht khu
vc th x Tuyn Quang, ti 10 - 11 km. Pha hu di trng l cc dy ni c cao trung
bnh 200 - 500 m, cn pha t l cc dy ni Khao Nhi v Tam o c cao trn 1000 m.
t gy Sng L th hin ch yu l t gy trt bng phi vng Tuyn Quang.
Bin chuyn dch phn nh qua lch ca Sng L ti 1 km. Nhng dc theo sn ty
nam dy Tam o, t gy th hin ch yu l mt t gy thun. Cc mt pha-st tam gic
th hin rt r nt c trn nh v tinh v quan st thc a. Da vo hin din ca cc mt phast tam gic, chng ta c th xc nh hng cm ca t gy Sng L nghing v hng ty
nam (Phan Trng Trnh v nnk, 1994) [186]. V tc chuyn dch tr dc t gy Sng L,
vi gi thit cc sng ln c hnh thnh trong giai on Pliocene- t v tui Sng L t
1- 4 triu nm khi c th c tnh c tc trung bnh trong giai on ny l 1.5 1.0
mm/nm.
c im t gy Cao Bng-Tin Yn
t gy Cao Bng - Tin Yn c phng TB - N, xut pht t a phn Trung Quc
(cch bin gii Vit - Trung khong 150 - 200 km). t gy ny th hin rt r nt trn nh v
tinh. t gy ny trt bng phi vi bin tnh theo chiu rng trng t kiu Pull-apart
Lng Sn l 3,5 - 4 km, vi tc 2,5 mm/nm v Tin Yn l 10 km, vi tc 6,25
mm/nm. Tnh theo on dch chuyn ca sng sui th khu vc ng ng c bin 0,5
km, ng vi tc khong trn 4 mm/nm. mt ty bc, thnh phn ng l khong 200 m
vi b mt Miocen mun cao 700 - 800 m ( cnh ng bc) nng ti mc cao 900 - 1000 m
( cnh ty nam), vi tc 0,04 mm/nm ; on Lng Sn - Lc Bnh, b mt Miocen
mun cao 700 - 800 m cnh ty nam c nng cc b ln ti mc cao 1500 m cnh
ng bc, vi bin khong 700 - 800 m v tc 0,14 - 0,16 mm/nm; cn mt ng
nam, b mt Miocen mun cao 500 - 600 m cnh ty nam c nng ln ti mc cao 900
- 1000 m cnh ng bc, vi bin khong 400 m v tc 0,08 mm/nm.
111
112
Phan Tr ng Trnh
113
i t gy hot ng Sng C
H thng t gy trt bng phi Sng C ko di hn 400km t Lo theo hng Ty,
Ty Bc v b bin Vit Nam. Trong lnh th Vit Nam t gy Sng C phn thnh 2
nhnh, mt nhnh gi l t gy Nm Chn v nhnh kia l t gy Sng C (Hnh 4.4).
Nhnh t gy Sng C: Dc theo h thng Sng C, cc trm tch Neogen phn thnh di
hp to thnh mt trng pull - apart v c vi ng hc trt bng tri. iu ny trng hp
vi chuyn dch ca t gy Sng Hng chuyn t trt bng tri sang trt bng phi c l
t 17 triu nm trc. Thung lng Sng C r rng b khng ch v pha Ty Nam bi mt
t gy ln ang hot ng. N th hin bi cc on t gy biu hin ca chuyn dch hin
i. (Cc ng nh v thung lng b chuyn dch, xo trn mng sui nhnh, vng lng
ng hoc nng ln thu i snh vi tc dch trt ca i t gy Sng Hng (8mm/nm)
c tnh ti iu kin kh hu v xi mn mnh lit, nhng c trng a mo ca h thng t
gy tr chng t tc chuyn dch kh ln (t mm/nm ti 3mm/nm) v mc hot ng
cng cao tng ng.
i t gy hot ng Ro Ny
i t gy hot ng Ro Ny (RN) th hin r nt trn nh v tinh cng nh trn
a hnh hin i, gm c mt i chnh v mt i nhnh (Hnh 4.4). Chiu di i t gy
khong 230 km, trn lnh th Vit Nam di khong 150 km. ng ch l trong cc i t
gy pht trin hai loi trng vi hai tui khc nhau, ng vi hai trng ng sut kin to v c
thc dch chuyn ngc hn nhau. l trng kiu ko tch c lp y bi trm tch
Neogen (Ch Trc), ko di n 1,5 km theo phng v tuyn, rng 0,8 - 1 km. Kiu trng
tch gin pht trin nhiu ni (Hm Hm, Cao Thn, ...) vi chiu rng mi trng l 0,3 0,5 km, ko di n 1 - 2 km theo phng kinh tuyn. Nhng kiu trng th hai ny r rng
c thnh to di nh hng trt bng phi ca cc t gy phng ty bc - ng nam
sinh ra trong iu kin trng ng sut kin to c trc nn p theo phng kinh tuyn (Bi
Vn Thm, 2004).
4.1.6. c im t gy kin to tr vng Nam Trung B
Khu vc Nam Trung B, chng ti trnh by c im hot ng tr ca 4 i t gy
chnh: sng Tr Bng, sng P C, Sng Ba v Thun Hi-Ninh Hi.
i t gy Ia sir - Sng Ba
i t gy Ia Sir - Sng Ba (IS-SB) chy theo phng TB-N , bt u t pha
ng nam th trn huyn Ngc Hi chy dc theo thung lng Ia Sir, ct qua thnh ph Pleiku,
ri theo thung lng Sng Ba i thng ra n b bin th x Tuy Ho. IS-SB th hin rt r
trn a hnh, c th nhn bit d dng trn nh v tinh, vi chiu di khong 240km. Cc
dng a hnh tch t thm v bi bi phn b theo cc phng v tuyn phn ng bc v
TB-N phn ty nam. Chiu dy trm tch thm v bi bi khong 10-15, c nhiu ni n
20 m. Cn c vo chiu rng ca cu trc ko tch c lp y cc thnh to Neogen cho
php xc nh bin dch chuyn ngang ca G t khong 12-14 km vi tc 0,5-0,6
mm/nm. Theo cc du hiu a mo, bin dch chuyn ngang dc t gy chnh khong
300 - 500 m trong t mun vi tc khong 3 - 5 mm/nm.
114
Phan Tr ng Trnh
t gy Thun Hi-Minh Hi
t gy Thun Hi-Minh Hi l mt t gy ln chy dc theo ven bin Vit Nam
theo phng chnh B-TN. i t gy Thun Hi-Minh Hi, c nhiu nh a cht
nghin cu v xc nh chng da trn c s cc ti liu a vt l v a hnh thm lc a
ven bin. Thc t i t gy Thun Hi - Minh Hi l mt trong nhng i sinh chn v dc
theo t gy ny c nhng trn ng t xy ra y. Phn tch mt ct a hnh y bin
(phng TB - N) cho thy c s chuyn bc a hnh kh r. Trn nh v tinh v trn bn
DEM cng thy r t gy ny gn nh khng ch ton b cc di ni phn t lin nh ra
bin u b chn li bi chng. Tng hp cc ti liu c cho thy t gy Thun Hi- Minh
Hi l t gy hot ng mang tnh cht trt bng thun, yu t trt thun chim u th v
c hng nghing v pha ng nam
4.1.7. c im t gy kin to tr vng Nam B
H thng cc t gy khu vc ng v ng Nam B, pht trin ch yu theo
phng B-TN, chng chia ct ng bng ng Nam B thnh nhng di nh chy song
song vi nhau. Hot ng ca cc t gy trong tn kin to v kin to hin i ch yu l
hot ng trt thun hoc trt bng - thun. Chng kt hp vi nhau to nn cc trng a
ho cng phng, c lp y bi cc trm tch b ri tui t c ngun gc hn hp
sng bin. Trong s cc t gy khu vc ng v Nam B th t gy Sng Hu l t gy
ln, phn chia ranh gii cc kin trc tn kin to ln trong ton b khu vc ln thuc lnh
th Vit Nam.
i t gy Sng Hu: Ko di t pha nam PhnomPnh (Campuchia) sau chy
dc theo Sng Hu ra n bin khu vc Long Ph v tip tc ko di theo phng ty bc ng nam ra ti thm lc a v b chn li bi mt t gy khc phng ng bc - ty nam
(t gy Thun Hi-Minh Hi). Trong vng nghin cu t gy di khong 127km. t gy
Sng Hu c nghin cu t lu v phn ln cc tc gi cho rng t gy Sng Hu c
lch s hot ng lu di c l t Paleozoi sm, khi mt phn khi Indosini b tch mt phn
to nn mt vi mng mi (vi mng Cardamon). Mt trt ca t gy c hng v pha
ng bc, su t ti 60km v hot ng mang tnh cht trt thun (cnh ng bc h
thp, cnh ty nam ni cao). Mt ct a cht ti khu vc Tri Tn cho thy r: cnh ty nam
tri l c mng trc kainozoi, trong khi cnh ng bc mng trc Kainozoi chm
xung kh su khong 136,5m. Phn tch cc mt ct a cht - t ti khu vc Cao Lnh v
Cn Th cho thy bc tranh kh r v s hot ng mang tnh cht trt thun trong
Kainozoi: cnh ng bc h thp hn so vi cnh ty nam.
4.2. HOT NG KIN TO TR TRN KHU VC BIN NG VIT NAM V
KHU VC K CN
Cc hot ng kin to tr v kin to hin i thng li nhiu dng vt tch a
cht trong cc thnh to a cht, c bit trong cc lp trm tch c tui khc nhau trong
c cc khe nt, t gy. Cc di tch a cht ny quan st trn lc a kh, cn y bin
b ph lp nc kh m quan st c trc tip phi nh vo cc liu a vt l trong c ti
liu a chn su, a chn nng phn gii cao, nh v tinh y bin kt hp vi ti liu o
su, ti liu d thng t v trng lc.
115
4.2.1. C s ti liu
phc v cho cc nghin cu hot ng kin to tr vng bin Vit Nam, chng
ti thu thp mt khi lng ln cc s liu a chn du kh do cc cng ty thm d, tm
kim du kh trong v ngoi nc tin hnh vng bin Vit Nam (Hnh 4.5). C th, thu
thp v phn tch cc s liu a chn sau:
- Gn 10.000 km tuyn a vt l do cc tu Iskatel v Malgin o trong cc nm 1983
1984. Cc tuyn o ny ph phn ln din tch vng bin Vit Nam, t Mng Ci n
pha nam o Ph Qu t l 1:500.000.
- Trn 3.000 km tuyn do cc cng ty Shell, BP, IPL v BHP tin hnh vng bin t
o Ngang n Nng.
- Trn 5.000 km tuyn a chn do Total, Geco - Prakla v OMV vnh Bc B.
- Trn 3.000 km tuyn a vt l do cng ty Ray - Mandrell ca M - Canada thc
hin thm lc a Nam B.
- Ngoi ra cn tham kho cc ti liu do Nopec tin hnh nm 1993 vng bin Trung
B v nhiu mt ct a chn 2D, 3D khu vc trng Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn thuc vng
thm lc a Nam B.
C s d liu cn bao gm cc mt ct a chn nng phn gii cao 2D do nhiu c
quan thc hin c cht lng khc nhau: ven b 0-30m nc kh tt, cc vng khc mc
trung bnh, ch dng mt s tuyn a chn su c biu hin t gy tr. Cc tuyn a chn
nng phn gii cao thu tht lu tr a cht v lu tr vin a cht v a vt l bin thu
n trong nhiu nm qua. y l ti liu thu thp trong qu trnh tham gia cc ti: Kho st
nh k 1998-1999 (NCB98), 1999-2000 (NCB 99), Bin ng 2001, KC09-09, KC09-17,
KC09.01/10-6, n hp tc Vit - c (VG5-2004) v nhiu ti khc cng nh t n
iu tra a cht khong sn bin nng ven b 0-30m nc Vit Nam, t l 1:500 000
(Nguyn Biu, Cb, nnk, 1991-2000). [148] V tr cc tuyn th hin trn hnh 4.6 v 4.7.
4.2.2. Phng php phn tch, nhn dng v biu din t gy
Phn tch ti liu a chn su ( su thu n >1000 ms - a chn du kh)
Vi mc ch xc nh cc t gy kin to tr ct qua lp ph Pliocen t, qu
trnh phn tch ti liu c tin hnh theo cc bc ch yu sau:
Xc nh y Pliocen v t
y lp ph Pliocen v t c xc nh ch yu bng phng php a chn a tng, da vo cc du hiu ch yu sau:
- S khc bit v th nm ca cc ranh gii phn x sng nm trong lp ph Pliocen t v trc Pliocen - t.
- Da vo cc dng th nm c trng y lp ph t nh k p (onlap), chng
y (downlap), hay nc cc thnh to c nm y lp ph Pliocen - t, nh: chng nc
(toplap), bo mn ct xn (erosion truncation), cng nh cc o khot knh rch.
vng bin Vit Nam, c bit khu vc pha bc b Sng Hng, cc thnh to
Pliocen - t c c trng bi cc b mt phn lp nm ngang n nh so vi cc ranh
gii c hn. nhiu khu vc, trng sng biu hin bng cc nm ln dng sigma. y ca
lp ph Pliocen - t khu vc ny c th xc nh da vo cc du hiu chng y
(dowlap) hoc k p (onlap). Ngoi ra, cc ranh gii Pliocen - t cn c xc nh da
vo cc du hiu chng nc (toplap), bo mn ct xn (erosion truncation) v o khot lng
sng.
116
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 4.5 : S phn b cc tuyn kho st a chn du kh trn vng bin Vit Nam c
s dng trong ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199]
117
Hnh 4.6: S tuyn a chn nng do vin a cht-a vt l bin thc hin t 1998 n
2007 c s dng trong ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].
118
Hnh 4.7: S tuyn a chn nng PGC thc hin trong n a cht v khong sn bin nng ven b 0-30 m nc (Nguyn Biu,
cb, nnk, 1991-2001) [148] c s dng trong ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].
119
Pleistocen
Pliocen
Miocen thng
Hnh 4.8: Tuyn a chn GTGP93-217 (trn) ct qua phn trung tm b Sng Hng v nhn dng ranh gii a tng Pliocen v
Pleistocen (di). Ngun: PetroVietnam.
120
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Bn cnh cc c trng ca trng sng, xc nh tin cy y ca lp ph Pliocen t, chng ti s dng cc s liu khoan du kh v khoan a cht cng trnh trn bin.
V d v vic xc nh y ca lp ph Pliocen- t trn cc mt ct a chn c
th hin trn hnh 4.8. Hnh v ny th hin ranh gii y ca lp ph Pliocen- t bin i
t khong 0,7s (tng ng 550m) khu vc thm Thanh Ngh ln ti 2,5s TWT (tng
ng 3100m) pha bc ca trung tm b Sng Hng. Cc kt qu ny xc nh y ca lp
ph Pliocen - t cng c i snh vi cc cng b trc y ca Rangin v nnk (1995)
[210] (hnh 4.9) v Clift v Sun (2006) [49] (hnh 4.10) trong cng khu vc. Kt qu tng hp
v vic xc nh y ca ranh gii ny trong khu vc b Sng Hng c th hin theo ng
ng thi trn hnh 4.11 v theo ng ng su trn hnh 4.12. Theo ti phn trung tm
ca b Sng Hng, y ca ranh gii ny c th ln ti 3,5s TWT tng ng vi su
khong 4800 m. y l su y Pliocen ln nht ghi nhn c trong qu trnh phn tch
ranh gii ny trong cc b trm tch khc nhau trn thm lc a Vit Nam qua ti liu a
chn v ti liu khoan.
Hnh 4.9: y Pliocen (5,5 triu nm) trn mt ct a chn ct qua phn trung tm ca t
gy Sng Hngtrong vnh Bc B. Cc bt chnh hp c nh tui trong hai ging khoan,
v li theo Rangin (1995)[210]. Theo y Pliocen trn mt ct ny nm su khong
0,8s TWT.
121
Hnh 4.10: Tuyn a chn a knh gc (trn) v minh gii (di). Mt ct theo phng TB-N th hin phn
su nht ca b Sng Hng v cho thy y Pliocen (5,5 tr.n) nm su khong 3s TWT. V li theo Clift v
Sun (2006)[49].
Hnh 4.11: Bn cu trc nc Miocen (y Pliocen) theo ng ng thi (TWT) b Sng Hng. Trn bn
cng th hin v tr ca mt s tuyn a chn khu vc v mt s t gy ct qua y Pliocen. Ngun:
PetroVietnam.
122
Phan Tr ng Trnh
123
124
Phan Tr ng Trnh
L3
L5
L18
L9
L13
Hnh 4.13 a: Mt s tuyn a chn c s dng theo di hot ng ca cc t gy tr
thuc ra ty nam phn bc v trung tm b Sng Hng trn vnh Bc B. V tr cc tuyn xem
hnh 4.13b. Minh gii chi tit xem hnh 4.13 c.
125
L10
L17
L19
L21
Phan Tr ng Trnh
126
Hnh 4.13b: S v tr cc tuyn a chn 2D du kh trn hnh 4.13 a v minh gii tng
ng trn hnh 4.13c. Trn s cng th hin v tr ca cc l du kh thuc phn bc v trung
tm b Sng Hng
L3
L5
127
y Pliocen
L18
L9
L13
Hnh 4.13c: Minh gii cc tuyn a chn trn hnh 4.13 a. Ch ti cc t gy ct qua ranh
gii Pliocen - t (5,5 triu nm theo thang thi a tng c)
y Pliocen
L10
y Pliocen
L17
128
Phan Tr ng Trnh
y Pliocen
L19
L21
Hnh 4.13c: (tip) Minh gii cc tuyn a chn trn hnh 4.13 a. Ch ti cc t gy ct
qua ranh gii Pliocen - t (5,5 triu nm theo thang thi a tng c). Minh gii cc tuyn
L3,L5,L9,L13 v L21 sa li theo Zhu v nnk (2009) [280]. Ngun cc mt ct a chn gc:
PetroVietnam.
Hnh 4.14: t gy tr lm cho cc lp trm tch Plesitocen, phn di Holocen (phn gia
hnh) b xo trn. on mt ct tuyn T2 2008 bin Chn My ng, Tha Thin Hu. Ngun
Nguyn Biu v nnk.
129
Hnh 4.15a: t gy lm x dch cc lp trm tch Pleistocen trn tuyn T96-101 trc ca
Ba Lt, Sng Hng. Chiu ng- 2t- ms, chiu ngang khong cch cc im 500m. Kt qu
ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].
Hnh 4.15c: Cc t gy nm di thung lng tch t vng bin Nha Trang. Ngun Nguyn
Biu v nnk, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].
130
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 4.15d: t gy trt thun vng bin ng o Ph Qu. Ngun Nguyn Biu v
nnk, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].
Hnh 4.15e: t gy gn vng pht trin ni la Vnh Linh. Ngun Nguyn Biu v nnk, kt
qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].
131
132
Phan Tr ng Trnh
133
134
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Bnh - Vnh Linh xung pha nam. Cc t gy ny c c im pht trin thnh nhng on
ngn, song song vi nhau, chiu di khong 20-40 km, thng v pha ng vi dch
chuyn thng ng nh (Hnh 4.22).
Hnh 4.19 Biu hin ca t gy tr phn trung tm b Sng Hng trn tuyn a chn
GPGT93-213. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10
[199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.
Hnh 4.20: Biu hin ca t gy tr phn trung tm b Sng Hng trn tuyn a chn
T03-009. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10
[199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.
135
Hnh 4.21 a Biu hin ca t gy tr ra ty nam b Sng Hng trn tuyn a chn
GPGT93-211. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10
[199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.
Hnh 4.21b: Biu hin ca t gy tr ra ty nam b Sng Hng trn tuyn a chn
GPGT93-221. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10
[199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.
136
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 4.22: Biu hin ca t gy tr khu vc ngoi khi bc Trung B - pha nam b Sng
Hng trn tuyn a chn T03-017. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca
ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.
vng bin t o Ngang n Qung Ngi, cc hot ng kin to tr mnh ln ng
k v s lng t gy, cng nh din phn b. khu vc ny, cc hot ng kin to tr
khng ch tn ti i bin ven b m cn pht trin ra c phn trung tm b trm tch Sng
Hng. Ngoi ra, cc hot ng kin to cn i km vi qu trnh phun tro ni la kh mnh
trong t.
Ngoi cc t gy m t trn, khu vc pha ty bc Bin ng cn mt s i t gy
c biu hin hot ng mnh trong giai on hin ti nh cc t gy lin quan vi hot ng
ng t ng bc vnh Bc B v pha nam o Hi Nam (hnh 4.17). Cc t gy tr
ng bc vnh Bc B ch yu pht trin theo phng ng - ty trong khu vc pht trin
dy c nht l cch bn o Li Chu khong 70 km v pha ty. Cc t gy ny lin quan
n cc trn ng t nh hn 6 vi c cu chn tiu trt bng.
Hot ng kin to tr trong khu vc ngoi khi Trung Trung B
Cc t gy tr pht hin c trn khu vc ngoi khi Trung Trung B c th hin
chi tit trn hnh 4.23. Trn th hin cc t gy tr pht trin theo hai phng ch yu l
bc nam v ty bc ng nam trong h t gy bc nam ng vai tr ch o. Cc t
gy c v lin tc theo h kinh tuyn 109 hay 110 trong cc vn liu trc y, theo chng
ti thc cht nu xt theo tiu ch t gy tr th ch l cc t gy ngn th hin trong bn
ny. Mi t gy pht trin vi chiu di khng qu 35 km, trong ph bin nht l trong
khong 20km.
H t gy phng bc nam v bn cht l cc t gy st trng lc li du vt sc
nt trn a hnh v nhiu mt ct a chn, chng pht trin dc thm v ra thm lc a
Trung Trung B (hnh 4.24, 4.25, 4.26 v 4.27). Hot ng ca chng pht trin ko di trong
sut Kainozoi n Pliocen - t v lm mng granit trc Kainozoi st dn ra pha trng
nc su Bin ng.
137
Hnh 4.23: Bn t gy tr Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn - phn vng bin Trung Trung
B. Trn bn th hin cc t gy hot ng trong giai on Pliocen- t trong khu vc.
Hot ng ng t theo NEIC catalog 1976-2008. Nn a hnh theo s liu SRTM30 PLUS.
Phan Tr ng Trnh
138
VOR93-101
Hnh 4.24: Tuyn VOR-93-101 ct ngang qua thm lc a Trung Trung B cho thy hot
ng t khng ct qua tng Pliocen- T. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam.
AW-
Hnh 4.25: Tuyn AW-8 ct ngang qua thm lc a Trung Trung B cho thy hot ng t
gy tr lin quan ch yu ti qu trnh trng lc. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam.
139
Hnh 4.26: Tuyn PK03-004-027 ct ngang qua thm lc a Trung Trung B cho thy hot
ng t gy tr lin quan ch yu ti qu trnh trng lc (mi tn ). Hot ng t gy tr
biu hin yu (mi tn en), phn sn, khng thy t gy ct qua trm tch Pliocen -
T. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam.
Ngoi cc biu hin trn a hnh y bin, hot ng ca cc t gy trong khu vc
ny cn to ra qu trnh phun tro ni la pht trin dc di bin Min Trung t o Cn C,
L Sn. Ngoi cc hot ng phun tro ni la, hot ng ca h t gy ny cn gy ra trt
l kin to di bin.
Hnh 4.27: Tuyn PK03-044-055 ct ngang qua thm lc a Trung Trung B cho thy hot
ng t gy tr lin quan ch yu ti qu trnh trng lc (mi tn ). Ngun mt ct a
chn gc: PetroVietnam. Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].
140
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 4.28: Bn t gy tr Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn - phn vng bin Nam Trung
B v Nam B. Trn bn th hin cc t gy hot ng trong giai on Pliocen- t
trong khu vc. Hot ng ng t theo NEIC catalog 1976-2008. Nn a hnh theo s liu
SRTM30 PLUS. Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199].
Cc t gy tr thuc i trt ct Tuy Ho c xu hng pht trin v pha ng nam
theo nh hng c t trc ca i trt ny. Trong khi tin dn v pha nam n o
Ph Qu, cc t gy chuyn sang phng gn bc nam, ph hp hn vi nh hng ca
ng sut khu vc.
Trn cc mt ct a chn, cc t gy tr thng bt ngun t di su vi dch
chuyn thng ng nh (hnh 4.29, 4.30, 4.31, 4.32, 4.33 v 4.34). Cc ho t ng kin to
hin i i km vi qu trnh phun tro ni la quan st thy khu vc quanh cc o Ph
Qu v Hn Tro. Cc mt ct a chn o khu vc ny pht hin thy cc t gy tr ct qua
y bin, ng thi cng ghi nhn cc biu hin phun tro ni la nm ph trn y bin lin
quan n hot ng ni la Hn Tro nm 1923. Cn lu rng, cc s liu ng t ghi
nhn nhiu trn ng t xy ra khu vc ny.
141
Hnh 4.29: Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn PK03-045-153 ct ngang qua thm
lc a Nam Trung B. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti
KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.
T cc mt ct a chn c th thy cc hot ng kin to lm mng Kainozoi
nng ln r rt khu vc gia kinh tuyn 108030 v 1090. khu vc ny cc hot ng nng
tri to ra cc t gy tr ct qua ton b cc thnh to Kainozoi. Cc hot ng t gy
ph hy ct qua ton b lp ph t v l ra trn y bin hin ti. khu vc i nng Cn
Sn pht trin v pha thm Phan Rang, i km vi cc hot ng kin to l qu trnh phun
tro ni la mnh lit xy ra trong th k 19 v 20 khu vc cc o Hn Tro, Hn Hi v
vng bin Tuy Phong.
vng bin Nam B h thng t gy phng bc ty bc- nam ng nam n gn
bc -nam rt pht trin trong Pliocen t. H thng t gy ny bao gm nhiu t gy
nh, th hin tnh lin tc cha cao, vi chiu di mi on khong 20 n 50 km. Cc t
gy ny pht trin mnh v pha nam v ng nam, c bin dch chuyn thng ng trong
Pliocen t t ti 30-40m ct qua ton b lt ct Kainozoi v c kh nng xuyn vo
phn su ca v tri t v ng vai tr chi phi bnh cu to a cht ca 20 lt ct
Pliocen t (hnh 4.35, 4.36 v 4.37).
142
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 4.30: Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn PK03-086-115 ct ngang qua thm
lc a Nam Trung B. Ngun mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti
KC.09.11/06-10[199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.
Hnh 4.31 Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn a chn CV91-005-5a ct ngang
qua thm lc a ngoi khi Nam Trung B (trong khu vc pha bc b Cu Long). Ngun
mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v
KC09.11BS/06-10.
143
Hnh 4.32: Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn a chn CV91-44-44a ct ngang
qua thm lc a ngoi khi Nam Trung B ( khu vc pha bc b Cu Long). Ngun mt ct
a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v KC09.11BS/06-10.
144
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 4.35: Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn a chn E89-vb-19 ct ngang qua
thm lc a ngoi khi ng Nam B (trong khu vc pha ty nam b Nam Cn Sn). Ngun
mt ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v
KC09.11BS/06-10.
145
Hnh 4.36: Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn a chn IPV22-16 ct ngang qua
thm lc a ngoi khi ng Nam B (khu vc pha ty nam b Nam Cn Sn). Ngun mt
ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v KC09.11BS/0610.
Hnh 4.37: Biu hin ca hot ng t gy tr trn tuyn a chn IPV22-28 ct ngang qua
thm lc a ngoi khi ng Nam B (khu vc pha ty nam b Nam Cn Sn). Ngun mt
ct a chn gc: PetroVietnam, kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10 [199] v KC09.11BS/0610.
146
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 4.38: Mt ct a chn chng minh cho hot ng trt l lin quan ti kin to tr ra
lc a N Trung Quc (theo Ludman v nnk, 2001)[131]
S phn b ca cc t gy tr c th hin trn hnh 4.16 trong khu vc ra Bc
Bin ng thuc N Trung Quc. Trn bn ny chng ti ch th hin cc t gy tr vi
biu hin hot ng r rt lin quan n cc trn ng t hoc lin quan n s tng phn
a hnh thm lc a bc Bin ng. Cc t gy hot ng ch yu nm bn khu vc l
147
148
Phan Tr ng Trnh
149
Hnh 4.41(a) : Tuyn a chn phn x BGR 8618 v (b) v minh gii cu trc cho khu vc
ra bc Borneo. Bt chnh hp khu vc su th hin s x hc (collisional deep regional
unconformity-DRU) c nh tui ~16 tr.n c th thy r rng dc theo qu trnh chm chi
ca Dangerous Grounds bn di Borneo (Sundaland). Ch s un np v a hnh tng
ng trn y bin ch ra vn ng nghch. Sa li theo Clift v nnk (2008) [50].
150
Phan Tr ng Trnh
151
152
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 4.44: Cc cu trc chi tit trong khu vc mng su v biu hin ca hot ng kin to
tr trn mt ct MCS693-6 . ng mu xanh nh du ranh gii t0 gia cc trm tch i
dng v cc trm tch lp y mng. Nhiu t gy thun xut hin trong i t gy thun.
cc khong cch 94 km, 97 km v 100 km, mng ni la cng b t gy. Mt vi t gy
nghch n v np un c tm thy trong i tin t gy nghch (theo Chia-Yen Ku v nnk,
2008) [ 281].
t gy eo bin Verde Passage l t gy trt bng tri phng ng-ty ct ngang
qua trung Philippines t u mt pha nam ca mng Manila. t gy ny ngn cch a khu
Mindoro (terrane) pha nam khi TN Luzon v cho php chuyn dch v pha ng ca
Mindoro v khi Palawan so vi Luzon. S lan truyn cui cng ca bin dng lin quan vi
s x hc ca Mindoro c th to nn qu trnh rift TN Luzon, dc theo Macolod
Corridor, mt khu vc TN ca Luzon c phn b rng khp hot ng ni la, t gy v
lm mng v Tri t. Cc nghin cu gn y s dng cc phn tch cu trc v a mo v
cc phng php trc a ch ra rng Macolod Corridor hin nay ang tri qua bin dng,
thng qua s kt hp ca bin dng trt ct v cng gin.
Cc t gy hot ng khu vc ng Bin ng v trn qun o Philippin c th
hin trn hnh 4.43. Trn ngoi cc t gy trn qun o Philippin, chng ti vch ra
cc chn on t gy nghch trn khu vc pha ng Bin ng, c k hiu t F1 n F5
vi chiu di tng ng da trn c im hot ng a chn v cu trc ca i ht chm
ny.
153
Hnh 4.45: Cc cu trc chi tit trong khu vc mng su v biu hin ca hot ng kin to
tr trn mt ct MCS689-4 (theo Chia-Yen Ku v nnk, 2008) [ 281].
Tm li: Qua qu trnh nghin cu thnh lp bn kin to tr Bin ng Vit Nam
v k cn, c th rt ra mt s nhn xt sau y v hot ng kin to tr trong khu vc:
- Trn khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn, cc hot ng kin to tr tn ti c
vng bin Bc B, Trung B v Nam B v cc khu vc khc bc, trung tm, nam v ng
Bin ng vi cng hot ng khc nhau.
- Cc t gy c lin tc khng cao cng nh dch chuyn thng ng nh trn cc
mt ct a chn phn nh hot ng kin to tr ch xy ra vi quy m cc b. t gy tr
hot ng mnh m vo cui Pliocen, t hn vo cui Pleistocen, him gp trong trm tch
Holocen, ven ra cc b Kainozi trn thm lc a v ch lm xo trn mt t s sp xp cc
lp trm tch, t khi lm x dch ln.
- Cc t gy tr xut hin trong vng ca h t gy kinh tuyn 109 hay 110 trong
cc vn liu trc y thm lc a Trung Trung B cng khng mang tnh lin tc. Trn
cc mt ct a chn ngang qua thm Trung Trung B, biu hin ca hot ng kin to tng
i yu. Cc du vt tng phn v a hnh thm v sn lc a y thc cht khng
phn nh qu trnh kin to tr m l du vt a hnh do hot ng kin to c li du n
m nt trn sn v chnh dng a hnh ny kch thch hot ng t gy ph hu do trt
trng lc.
- vng bin Trung B v c bit l Nam Trung B v Nam B cc hot ng kin
to tr mnh ln ng k vi cc t gy tr chim u th c phng bc- nam. cc khu vc
154
Phan Tr ng Trnh
155
Trng Bin
ng
Kinh
su
(m)
Loi
Tui (tr.
nm)
Ngun
114
19,65
2429
Bazan
17,1
2,5
Li v Liang (1994)
114
19,65
2752
Tuff
17,6
1,8
Li v Liang (1994)
114,3
21,1
4880
Bazan
24,3
1,3
Li v Liang (1994)
115,8
20,77
1800
Daxt
27,2
0,6
Li v Liang (1994)
116,05 21,9
3324
3455
Tuff rilit
32 1,4
Li v Liang (1994)
116,05 21,9
3324
3455
Tuff rilit
33,6
0,7
Li v Liang (1994)
116,57 18,84
3294
Tuff daxit
<1 Ma
Wang v nnk.
(1999)
115,6
1580
1800
Bazan kim
3,49
Taylor v Hayes
(1983)
116,18 15,75
Bazan kim
11 6
Pautot v nnk.
(1990)
115,96 15,3
Bazan kim
11 6
Pautot v nnk.
(1990)
116,21 14,95
Trakhibazan
86
Pautot v nnk.
(1990)
Bazan toleit
13,95
Jin (1989)
Bazan toleit
9,7
Jin (1989)
Tuff daxit,
riolit
<2 Ma
Wang v nnk.
(1999)
111,97 13,37
Bazan kim
(?)
Bellon v nnk.
(1991)
111,17 9,95
Bazan kim
4,3
Bellon v nnk.
(1991)
14
116,98 17,75
3000
116,52 15
113,28 9,36
2772
116,62 12,08
3227
3043
Bazan l
hng
0,4
Kudrass v nnk.
(1986)
118,3
1610
1356
Bazan
olivine
0,5
Kudrass v nnk.
(1986)
11,73
Phan Tr ng Trnh
156
a im
Ty Nam Bin
ng
Kinh
su
(m)
Loi
Tui (tr.
nm)
Ngun
118,82 12,35
1050
765
Bazan l
hng
2,7
Kudrass v nnk.
(1986)
115,83 9,88
2100
Tuff riolit
Kudrass v nnk.
(1986)
119,37 8,17
3312
Andesit
14,7
Kudrass v nnk.
(1986)
o Tro
109,05 9,50
800
Bazan kim
1,270.0
Hoang v Flower
6
(1998)
Hin i
. Ph Qu
109,10 10,33
Bazan toleit
5,5 ?
Hoang v Flower
(1998)
. L Sn
109,10 15,29
Bazan kim
12, 1,20,4
Hoang v Flower
(1998)
. Cn C
106,30 17,15
Bazan toleit
0,35
0.03
Hoang v Flower
(1998)
157
158
Phan Tr ng Trnh
159
cc mu bazan Palawan, i din cho manti trc tch dn B c SiO2 cao (n 55wt%) v
K2O thp (khong 0,5 wt%), l c im bazan cung o.
Nu thnh phn nguyn t chnh phn nh iu kin nng chy th nguyn t vt ni
ln bn cht ngun ca dung th (Hofmann, 1997) [90]. c im nguyn t vt ca bazan
B v cc vng k cn c th hin qua php qui chun chndrit (cc nguyn t t him)
v ngun manti nguyn thy (primitive mantle) c biu din trn Hnh 4.48. S liu qui
chun chndrit ca Hi Nam (Hnh 4.49a), trng B (Hnh. 4.48b) v thm lc a Vit Nam
(Hnh 4.48c) hnh th phn b t t him nh (La n Nd) n t him nng (Ho n Lu)
kh dc chng t ngun giu v kh nguyn thy (Nakamura, 2006) [143]. cc mu
bazan Palawan (Hnh 4.48b) rt ngho t him nh, chng t ngun tng tri qua nng
chy. s khc nhau v gc phn b cc nguyn t t him nng. Bazan Hi Nam (4
n 0 tr. nm) v thm lc a hoc ven bin Vit Nam c hm lng t nng thp hn nhiu
so vi bazan trng B. iu ny c ngha l ngun bazan Hi Nam v Vit Nam c th l
peridotit granat c xu hng gi li t him nng trong th st (residue) v ngun ca bazan
trng B c th l peridotit spinel (nng hn ngun c granat), khng c xu hng lu gi
cc nguyn t t nng.
Trn th qui chun v manti nguyn thy, ng nt phn b ca bazan Hi Nam
(Hnh 4.48d) v thm lc a Vit Nam (Hnh 4.48f) rt ging nhau, trong cc nguyn t
khng tng thch mnh (Ba, Rb, Th, v.v.) gim dn qua nhm nguyn t c tnh tng thch
cao hn (Sr) n cc nguyn t t him. y l hnh dng in hnh ca bazan o i dng
(ocean island basalt), thng c xem l sn phm ca quyn mm, l ngun giu nguyn t
vt v phong ph v nguyn t chnh (giu Fe, Ca v tng kim). Bazan trng B (Hnh
4.48e) kh d ngun, th hin bi nhiu ng phn b giu ngho khc nhau. Nhm bazan
Palawan c thnh phn Ra, Ba, Th, Nb v K rt ngho, chc chn phn nh ngun l th st
ca qu trnh nng chy trc. Cn l, bazan B v cc khu vc k cn khng c d
thng m ti cc nguyn t trng lc nng (Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr v Y), l mt trong nhng tiu
chun xc nh s lin quan n ngun macma tng tc vi vt cht mng ht chm.
Mt cch tng qut, macma phun tro tr ti Hi Nam v khu vc B a phn Vit
Nam c tnh cht thch hc v a ha kh ging nhau. Ngun manti ca chng c th l
peridotit-granat kh phong ph v thnh phn nguyn t vt. Ngun bazan trng B c th l
peridotit-spinel v d ngun v thnh phn a ha.
Quan h gia ng v 87Sr/86Sr v 143Nd/144Nd cho thy cc vng bazan phn b ch
yu trong trng ngho (phn t trn, tri, Hnh 4.49), mt t ri vo trng giu nh mt s
bazan tr Ty Nguyn, bazan c (12 tr. nm) o L Sn, o Tro v Ph Qu. Nhn chung
bazan phn b ch yu trong trng pha trn gia manti ngho (DM) v thch quyn giu
(EM2). Nhm bazan Palawan phn b ring bit do c ng v Nd rt cao. l, tt c
bazan c hn 7 tr. nm thuc Ty nguyn phn b trong trng ngho, trong khi mt vi
bazan tr (<6 tr. nm) phn b trong trng giu. Trong trng hp ngun pht trin theo h
thng kn, tc khng c trao i vi cc ngun khc, ng v Sr thp km theo Nd cao phn
nh ngun tri qua nng chy. i vi bazan Ty Nguyn chu k c hn nhiu kh nng l
sn phm nng chy manti thch quyn (lithospheric mantle), khc vi vt cht quyn mm
c ng v gn nguyn thy hn (giu hn).
Nhn chung ng v ch 208Pb/204Pb vi 206Pb/204Pb bazan B v cc vng k cn,
tng t nh i vi ng v Sr v Nd, c xu hng phn b trong trng pha trn gia manti
ngho (DM) vi vt cht thch quyn (EM2). Tuy nhin, a phn bazan phn b gn vi
trng sng n dng (I-MORB) hn l sng Thi Bnh Dng (N-MORB) (Hnh 4.50).
Bazan I-MORB do c 208Pb/204Pb tng i cao so vi cc vng bazan Bc Bn cu ti cng
gi tr 206Pb/204Pb. c im ng v ny gi l d thng DUPAL (ghp tn ca hai nh khoa
hc Dupr v Allgre pht hin ra d thng ny) (Hart, 1984). Hin tng giu 208Pb/204Pb
ti cng mt gi tr 206Pb/204Pb do ngun c Th/U cao trong khong thi gian di 232Th
phn r thnh 208Pb cao hn nhiu so vi 238U phn r thnh 206Pb. Hin tng ny c th do
lin quan n cc trm tch c (Permi) c a vo manti ti cc i ht chm trc v trong
160
Phan Tr ng Trnh
161
chn su cho thy d thng nhit kh nng v phn b theo hng ty ng, t ng n
cho n i ht chm ty TBD, c bit tp trung di cc vng phun tro Neogen - T
(Hnh 4.53) (Zhang v Tanimoto, 1991; van de Hilst v Seno, 1993) [278], [249] nhiu kh
nng phn nh ng lc manti m chi tip theo va chm ca hai mng trn.
Tm li: - Bazan Neogen- t vng Bin ng v cc vng k cn c phn b tp
trung dc theo cc t gy khu vc, xut hin sau tch dn Bin ng v ch yu c tui tr
hn 6 tr. nm, l tp hp bao gm bazan tleit, bazan olivin, bazan kim v kim, km
mt t bazan-andesit v bazan kim cao (nephelinit).
- p sut nng chy bazan 10 n hn 30kbar (t su 30km n 90km) trong iu
kin tch dn thch quyn, di nh hng ca d thng nhit manti. Sn phm phun tro
cng tr th p sut nng chy cng cao, ngha l, su nng chy v tnh nguyn thy ca
ngun tng theo thi gian.
- a phn bazan c c im a ha gn vi bazan o i dng (OIB) c hm
lng nguyn t vt (Rb, Ba, Nb, Ta v cc nguyn t t him) v nguyn t chnh (Fe, Ca
v tng kim) cao. a s phun tro tr mang d thng ng v Dupal, l hp phn ng v
ch (Pb) c trng ca manti Nam Bn cu
- S phn b ca d thng Dupal ti khu vc ng v ng Nam l bng chng v
qu trnh pha trn gia vt cht nn c (th d, Sino-Korea) vi manti ngho di tc ng
ca cc dng manti m chi sn pht sinh do s khp li ca bin Tethys l kt qu va chm
gia n v u .
Phan Tr ng Trnh
162
Bng 4.2: Thnh phn a ha v ng v Sr, Nd, v Pb bazan i din trng Bin ng v
cc vng k cn
Mu
HN34
51.72
1.75
14.52
11.23
0.15
7.04
8.51
2.86
0.82
0.23
52.78
16
305.8
21.2
121
16.9
126.8
11.80
25.30
14.10
3.83
1.39
0.85
53.11
1.8
14.15
10.88
0.17
8
8.51
2.98
0.77
0.25
56.73
17.4
329
21.5
120.2
21.1
186.1
13.50
26.90
14.40
4.15
1.51
0.79
52.08
1.75
14.22
11.15
0.16
7.26
8.61
2.99
0.7
0.24
53.72
14.7
318.7
21.6
111.7
18.7
167.7
13.00
27.30
13.50
3.79
1.53
0.62
1.50
0.22
2.67
0.85
1.73
0.40
0.70402
8
0.51290
7
5.25
1.38
0.19
2.71
1.42
1.90
0.35
0.70430
8
0.51288
1
4.74
1.75
0.19
3.17
1.03
1.75
0.59
0.7044
74
0.5128
59
4.31
1.56
0.21
3.88
1.55
2.95
0.85
0.7039
85
0.5128
19
3.53
18.682
18.738
18.464 18.667
15.619
15.611
15.614 15.619
38.910
38.900
38.880 38.990
a im
Tui (tr. nm)
Ngun
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO*
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
Mg#
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Tb
Dy
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
Th
U
87
Sr/86Sr
143
Nd/144
Nd
Nd
206
Pb/204
Pb
207
Pb/204
Pb
208
Pb/204
Pb
HN6
HN13
Hi Nam (tleit
thch anh)
4 n 0.1
1.23
0.18
4.13
1.91
2.65
0.90
0.7038
93
0.5129
25
5.60
1.41
0.22
3.62
1.35
2.18
0.68
0.70414
9
0.51290
8
5.27
1.59
0.23
5.74
3.19
4.23
0.66
0.7038
24
0.5128
66
4.45
1.82
0.23
6.01
4.89
6.18
0.95
0.70417
8
0.51286
6
4.45
Sr/86Sr
143
Nd/144
Nd
Nd
206
Pb/204
Pb
207
Pb/204
Pb
208
Pb/204
Pb
163
HN99
HN27
D8-2
D8-4
D9-1
D9-2
D10
S023-40
Hi Nam (bazan Ni ngm Scarborough (bazan olivin, bazan
kim)
kim)
< 1.5 n 0.1
3,5
Tu v nnk. (1992); Flower v nnk. (1992)
46.85
46.95
50.48
50.78
50.39
2.78
2.59
2.20
2.13
2.25
13.73
13.62
16.23
16.31
16.49
11.87
11.71
9.31
8.89
9.28
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.13
0.14
7.99
8.96
5.80
6.23
5.64
7.44
10
11.32
11.00
11.28
3.36
2.85
3.17
3.57
3.10
1.8
1.71
0.76
0.60
0.79
0.67
0.63
0.55
0.35
0.63
54.55
57.70
52.62
55.53
52.00
62.4
37
19
13
34
772.4
685
321
314
301
28.6
34
30
39
287.6
277.3
157
150
156
61.5
63.9
23
21
22
573
488
32
15
41.00
47.80
17.47
17.53
16.20
41.00
103.30
34.10
40.54
33.23
39.80
43.40
15.56
20.06
23.42
8.52
7.89
5.12
5.12
4.80
2.90
2.78
1.61
1.78
1.74
0.73
0.88
0.81
0.75
0.88
2.7 - 0.5
50.21
3.77
16.19
9.55
0.14
3.47
9.23
3.60
2.48
1.37
39.32
54
749
45
344
53
441
51.21
106.44
54.89
11.24
3.76
1.47
49.00
49.31
3.34
2.70
16.42
16.24
8.52
9.74
0.20
0.19
6.28
7.06
9.31
9.31
3.40
3.73
2.65
1.09
0.88
0.65
56.80
56.37
61
14
819
481
43
30
349
180
84
29
854
140
51.29
19.45
109.01 41.35
57.74
22.82
11.56
6.00
3.81
2.16
1.86
1.09
1.45
0.20
6.56
4.61
5.44
1.30
0.70357
1
0.51288
1
4.74
1.80
0.29
6.75
4.98
5.81
1.47
0.70417
0
0.51287
4
4.60
2.33
0.38
3.20
1.40
1.60
1.91
0.37
3.70
1.20
2.20
1.96
0.36
3.30
1.40
2.20
2.64
0.43
7.40
3.70
4.40
2.46
0.43
8.10
4.00
5.40
1.71
0.27
4.70
1.70
2.50
0.7035
94
0.5129
29
5.68
0.7035
61
0.5129
16
5.42
0.7044
33
0.5129
22
5.54
0.70396
7
0.51281
3
3.41
0.7040
07
0.5128
05
3.26
0.70381
4
0.51295
2
6.13
18.615
18.661
18.954
18.875 18.601
15.505
15.610
15.588
15.593 15.557
38.640
38.870
38.990
38.930 38.630
Phan Tr ng Trnh
164
Mu
a
im
Tui
(tr.nm)
Ngun
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO*
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
Mg#
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Tb
Dy
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
Th
U
87
Sr/86Sr
143
Nd/144
Nd
Nd
206
Pb/204
Pb
207
Pb/204
Pb
208
Pb/204
Pb
75-31S023377 S023356 1
Ni ngm Reed Hong
Bank
Sa
M322 Palaw
83
an5
Mindo Palaw
ro
an
Paleog Paleog
2.7 - 0.5
en
en
Tu v nnk. (1992); Flower v nnk. (1992)
49.48
48.55
41.83 53.10 54.84
2.78
2.65
3.98
1.41
1.45
15.30
14.28
11.48 16.50 15.92
8.14
8.38
10.32 8.06
8.16
0.16
0.16
0.02
0.24
0.21
6.22
8.66
14.18 6.72
5.82
11.42
10.37
11.72 9.29
9.45
3.83
3.95
2.84
4.14
3.43
1.96
2.20
1.82
0.46
0.57
0.70
0.81
1.80
0.08
0.14
57.66
64.81
71.02 59.78 55.97
48
50
30
7
9
651
774
891
535
155
34
31
49
33
30
225
253
543
81
76
55
66
103
4
5
427
600
504
24
23
36.00
48.04
81.13 2.86
3.21
73.01
94.41
157.26 9.51
10.32
35.17
43.32
72.17 9.40
7.88
7.33
8.21
14.85 2.74
2.95
2.68
2.82
4.84
1.14
1.13
1.54
1.33
1.20
0.77
0.82
CC-1
CC-2
OS-3
Cn C (bazan
olivin)
L Sn
1.77
0.34
5.10
3.70
5.30
1.46
0.29
5.80
4.30
6.60
0.70393
6
0.51289
4
4.99
0.70435
5
0.51291
3
5.36
0.35
0.4
Hoang v nnk. (1996)
51.11
53.22 46.95
1.73
1.80
2.36
16.01
16.67 15.87
9.92
9.30
11.09
0.12
0.12
0.15
4.05
4.22
7.00
5.50
5.73
7.05
4.77
4.97
2.64
3.12
3.25
2.66
0.70
0.73
0.61
42.13
44.71 52.95
74
74
67
883
883
463
25
25
31
270
270
235
66
66
64
904
904
1068
49.00
49.78 63.50
83.50
88.90 87.50
38.70
41.55 45.80
8.60
9.85
9.00
2.90
2.87
1.10
1.60
1.22
4.90
5.71
2.28
2.57
2.56
1.00
1.11
2.20
0.34
0.48
0.49
0.10
0.13
0.20
9.60
2.30
2.40
7.20
6.90
6.00
6.80
0.10
0.30
4.30
4.49
1.90
10.70 0.20
0.20
7.20
7.49
11.70
1.60
2.06
0.7036 0.7042 0.70445 0.7035 0.7034 0.70608
89
22
3
64
32
5
0.5130 0.5131 0.51312 0.5130 0.5129 0.51262
35
84
9
26
91
5
7.74
10.65 9.58
7.57
6.88
-0.25
18.481
18.411
18.482
18.464 18.682
15.567
15.575
15.533
15.531 15.668
38.620
38.550
38.366
38.362 39.231
Mu
a
im
Tui (tr.
nm)
Ngun
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO*
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
Mg#
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Nd
Sm
Eu
Tb
Dy
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
Th
U
87
Sr/86Sr
Nd/144
Nd
Nd
206
Pb/204
Pb
207
Pb/204
Pb
208
Pb/204
Pb
143
LS1OS-11
B16
L Sn (bazan
olivin)
165
QNQN33B
B16
SC5C41 SC-5C
Q. Ngi (bazan
kim)
Sng Cu (tleit)
12
1.5
9.3
Hoang v nnk. (1996); Hoang v Flower (1998)
52.91
51.04
44.28 46.32 49.16
1.40
2.10
2.23
2.33
3.26
15.10
15.36
13.17 13.78 16.66
8.21
9.41
10.37 9.76
10.93
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.18
6.97
7.49
11.52 12.05 5.42
9.00
8.99
10.02 10.48 7.92
3.12
3.06
2.22
2.32
3.56
0.72
1.87
1.96
2.05
2.18
0.24
0.55
0.70
0.73
0.74
60.22
58.66
66.45 68.76 46.91
14
43
41
41
41
391
536
620
620
691
19
23
23
23
30
95
195
176
176
251
13
54
66
66
63
200
479
548
548
620
13.40
28.62
38.50 24.70 24.81
25.00
59.37
74.50 53.51 53.75
13.90
28.02
34.80 26.92 25.95
3.60
5.91
6.90
6.07
5.70
1.50
2.01
2.20
1.99
2.32
0.30
0.80
1.50
0.80
0.84
3.20
4.14
6.20
3.93
4.24
1.30
1.38
1.50
1.36
1.88
0.10
0.19
0.10
0.19
0.27
2.90
4.50
4.90
4.65
6.21
1.20
3.52
3.80
4.18
4.50
2.40
5.81
5.60
4.39
3.36
1.00
1.23
1.00
0.87
0.89
0.70401 0.70598 0.7040 0.7040 0.70465
9
0
28
02
2
0.51287 0.51260 0.5128 0.5128 0.51282
0
9
31
50
3
4.53
-0.56
3.76
4.13
3.62
46.48
3.08
15.75
11.48
0.17
5.12
7.49
3.37
2.06
0.70
44.29
41
691
30
251
63
620
38.70
83.90
39.50
8.30
1.50
R-2
o
Tro
PQ-1a
1.27
5,5
50.00
2.43
13.98
10.78
0.13
5.60
8.42
3.38
2.01
0.75
48.08
40
627
29
205
41
491
33.60
61.40
32.10
7.30
2.40
1.10
6.90
3.10
1.70
0.30
0.20
5.90
5.70
3.00
2.50
6.70
5.00
0.90
0.7049 0.7053
57
18
0.5128 0.5127
53
08
4.19
1.37
Ph Qu
52.56
2.12
14.05
9.92
0.17
7.20
8.74
3.47
1.37
0.40
56.41
25
478
26
140
25
438
8.39
17.26
9.95
2.75
1.70
0.52
2.95
1.27
0.19
3.78
2.05
1.86
0.44
0.70479
5
0.51275
0
2.18
18.569
18.667
15.662
15.628
38.777
39.154
166
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 4.47: Tng quan SiO2 vi MgO v K2O (wt%) bazan Neogen T trng
Bin ng v cc vng k cn. Xem m t chi tit trong bi. Ngun s liu: trng B: Tu v
nnk. (1992)[247], Flower v nnk. (1992)[66]; Hi Nam: Tu v nnk. (1991, 1992)[247,248];
Ho v nnk. (2000)[85]; Yan v nnk. (2006)[273]; ng Dng v thm lc a Vit Nam:
Hoang v nnk. (1996) [87]; Hoang v Flower (1998)[86]; Hoang (2005) [156] v s liu
cha cng b.
Hnh 4.48: th nhn qui chun chndrit (a,b,c) v manti nguyn thy (d,e,f) i vi
Hi Nam (a v d), trng Bin ng (b v e), thm lc a VN (c v f). Trong khi bazan trng
B phn tn rng, phun tro Hi Nam v thm lc a VN phn b chm hn v ngho t
him nng hn. S liu qui chun chndrit t Nakamura (1979), manti nguyn thy t
Hofmann (1988)[89].
167
Hnh 4.50: Tng quan ng v ch 208Pb/204Pb vi 206Pb/204Pb li tri theo hng pha
trn gia EM1 v EM2, ph trng mt phn bazan sng n Dng, cch xa trng phn
b manti ngho (manti Thi Bnh Dng). Ngun s liu nh Hnh 4.3.2.
Hnh 4.51: th tng quan 8/4Pb v 7/4Pb (tnh theo Hart, 1984) th hin ng
v ch bazan B v cc khu vc k cn phn b trong tam gic c cc nh l EM1, EM2 v
DM. a s tri theo hng pha trn gia DM v EM1 gn vi thnh phn bazan sng D
(l hp phn Dupal), mt t hng v pha nhim v (EM2). Bazan cng tr (th d, Hi Nam)
mang nhiu du n Dupal hn.
168
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 4.52: Biu din thnh phn ha hc qui v dung th nguyn thy (Hong,
2005)[156] trn tam gic plagioclas olivin thch anh. ng ng p tnh t kt qu thc
nghim ca Kushiro (1996)[107]. Bazan tr (Hi Nam, trng B) tp trung quanh ng
30kbar, cc vng cn li t 10kbar n khong 25kbar. , nng chy ca a s bazan Ty
nguyn chu k c (trn 7 tr. nm) xy ra quanh gi tr 10 n 15kbar, chu k tr hn c p
sut khong 25kbar.
Hnh 4.53: Biu din d thng nhit manti theo v tuyn 18 (Tamaki, K., ti liu
khng cng b, xy dng trn s liu a chn su ca Zhang v Tanimoto (1991)[278]. ,
d thng nhit (1) tp trung bn di cc vng bazan Neogen T, (2) nng (<400km)
(3) c hng ty ng, ph hp hng manti m chi v ph nh gi thuyt nm smanti.
169
Chng 5
170
Phan Tr ng Trnh
171
Hnh 5.2: ln v hng ca cc vector chuyn dch kin to hin i khu vc ng Nam
v k cn (kt qu n GEODYSSEA chu k 94-96), [267]
Mc d mng li c phn tch trong n GEODYSSEA (Hnh 5.2), c kch
thc 4000 x 4000 km bao ph cc i kin to mng chnh ng Nam . Cc kt qu
ca Michel & nnk [2001] [140] t 3 chu k o trong cc nm 1994, 1996 v 1998 vn thiu
ph v chnh xc cn thit phn bit ti nhng ni bt k gia cc trm o trn cc
khi v cc trm trong cc i ang bin dng. Bi vy t nm 1998 h thng GPS ng
Nam c m rng ng k vi c cc im o theo chu k v cc trm o lp lin tc.
iu ny c hon thnh nh vic trin khai cc o c GPS mi vi cc c quan a
phng v nh vic chia s d liu trong khu vc EU-ASEAN nh n SEAMERGES
(Southeast Asia: Mastering Environmental Research with Geodetic Space Techniques). Vic
ny to nn mt tp hp s liu thng nht ko di trong mt thp k v bao gm cc s liu
t hn 100 im. Tt c cc s liu ny c Altamimi & nnk., (2002) [5] x l li, s
dng cc phn mm, cc k thut x l ti tn nht khi thu c trng tc GPS khu
vc trong khung quy chiu ITRF 2000.
Trong , phn li o c m rng trong 3 khu vc (cc khung trong Hnh 5.3), vi
tng s ~60 im: 6 im THAICA v 6 trm o GAME-T lin tc [Takiguchi & nnk, 2000;
Iwakuni & nnk, 2004] [227] [99] Thi Lan (Khung 1), 4 im mi Myanmar [Vigny &
nnk, 2003] [250] (Khung 1), 18 trm o lin tc MASS ti Malaysia (Khung 2), 20 im o
theo chu k v 6 trm o lin tc ti Sulawesi (Khung 3), v 2 trm o lin tc (Java v
Sumatra) ti Indonesia. Bng 5.1 th hin khi lng hng nm ca c s d liu GPS ca
mng li trn. Cc s liu c thu thp trong khong t 27/11/1994 n 25/12/2004. Cc
im c o t 3 n 9 ngy theo kiu o lp theo chu k hoc lin tc t 5 n 7 nm
(Indonesia, Malaysia, v Thi Lan).
172
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 5.3: Mng li GPS ng Nam t 1994-2004. Cc tam gic nht th hin cc im
GEODYSSEA, cc tam gic m th hin cc im mi thit lp. Cc trm IGS lin tc tnh
trong ITRF2000 c nh du bng cc du vung m. Ba khung nh s th hin cho 3
khu vc: (1) Thi Lan, (2) Malaysia, v (3) Sulawesi, Indonesia. TheoSimons v nnk., [219].
Bng 5.1. Tng hp cc im c th c d liu GPS giai on 19942004
173
174
Phan Tr ng Trnh
175
thit k ging nhau c v kiu my thu v ng ten hon thnh 3 chin dch o vo cc nm
1999, 2001 v 2004.
Trong mi chin dch o, cc trm o lin tc t nht l 4 ngy v cht lng c
m bo tt. D liu GPS c phn tch theo 3 bc [Shen v nnk., 2000] [217]. Th
nht, d liu v phase c gii quyt p buc lng lo theo tng ngy cho tng v tr trm
v cho qu o v tinh bng vic s dng phn mm GAMIT [King and Bock, 2000] [103].
Th 2, nhng li gii hng ngy cho vng c kt hp vi nhng li gii ton cu c tnh
ton bi trung tm Scripps Orbital and Position Analysis Center (SOPAC,
http://sopac.ucsd.edu/) s dng phn mm GLOBK. Th 3, v tr v tc cc trm o l
c c tnh nh php lc Kalman bng vic s dng phn mm QOCA
(http://gipsy.jpl.nasa.gov/qoca/). Gii quyt v vn tc c x l trong h to ton cu
ITRF2000-NNR [Altamimi v nnk., 2002] [5], chng c thc hin bi s chn la cn thn
16 trm IGS trn phm vi ton th gii (7 Bc M, 3 Australia, 4 Chu u, 1 Thi
Bnh Dng v 1 Antarctica). Cc trm chun ny c lch chun ca cc thnh phn nm
ngang l nh hn 0.5mm/nm trong h ta ton cu ITRF 2000. Khi rng buc gi tr tc
ca cc trm thuc mng li CMONOC trong h to ton cu ITRF2000-NNR vi sai
s theo th t theo hng ng, hng bc v chiu cao ln lt l 2, 2, v 4mm/ nm.
Trng vn tc c th c chuyn i trong khung tham chiu tham kho c tnh cht vng
(v d vi s lu tm vi mng u hoc mng Nam Trung Hoa) - im phi tng i
n nh v chuyn ng ca im l i din cho khi.
Nhiu nh nghin cu s dng cc d liu GPS ca mng li CMONOC ny v
kt hp vi cc d liu GPS t cc d n khc thc hin trn dy Himalaya v vng ln cn
x l, phn tch v tnh ton bin dng hin i ca v Tri t khu vc, n cung cp cho
chng ta nhng cch hiu c bn v cc m hnh bin dng ca lp v trong vng [Chen v
nnk., 2000; Wang v nnk., 2001, Vigny v nnk., 2003; Zhang v nnk., 2004] [46] [261] [250]
[276] (Hnh 5.5).
Hnh 5.5: Trng vn tc chuyn dch lp v theo ti liu GPS ca d n CMONOC kt thc
giai on 1
176
Phan Tr ng Trnh
c bit trong cng b gn y Zheng-Kang Shen v nnk., (2005) [216], bng vic
tng hp cc d liu GPS ca mng li CMONOC v cc d n khc t 1998-2004 v
tnh ton tc chuyn dch hin i xung quanh ra ng nam cao nguyn Ty Tng. Kt
qu th hin trng bin dng phc tp ca lp v l cc chn on trong cc khi kin to
nhiu mc khc nhau, c phn ct bi cc t gy trt bng v cc t gy trt ngang
tch (Hnh 5.6). ng k nht l bin dng trt tri dc t gy Xianshuihe vi tc 1011mm/nm, dc i t gy Anninghe-Zemuhe-Xiaojiang l 7mm/nm, chuyn ng trt
phi 2mm/nm dc theo i t gy ty bc gn pha nam chn on t gy sng Lancang
v trt tri 3mm/nm dc t gy Lijiang. Kt qu cng th hin s bin dng dc chn on
pha nam ca t gy Sng Hng xut hin khng ng k hin ti. Khu vc pha nam v
pha ty ca h thng t gy Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang chuyn ng v pha ng b chn bi
khi nam Trung Hoa pha ng - chuyn ng t pha ng v pha nam so vi phn nam
Trung Hoa, kt qu n b chuyn ng quay theo chiu kim ng h so vi khi bn trong.
Hot ng bin dng lm bin dng hai khu vc m trc khng bin dng: mt l
khu song song vi t gy Longmenshan 150km v pha ty bc b chuyn dch phi vi tc
4-6mm/nm v phn lc a pha nam-ty nam ca t gy Xiaojiang gii hn bi t gy
Sng Hng chuyn dch tri vi tc 7mm/nm.
177
178
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 5.8: Tc chuyn dch trung bnh hng nm theo d liu ca mng li quan st GPS
lin tc Nht Bn chu k t 4/1996 n 2/2001 (theo Gamal El-Fiky v Teruyuki Kato,. 2006)
Trng vn tc GPS quan st c (Hnh 5.9), c th hin trong khung quy chiu
vi trm MMA8 Manila c c nh, cung cp bng chng v bin dng ni cung mnh
m. Trng vn tc ngang ch ra vn ng tng i phng BTB vi tc 3545 mm
yr 1 B Luzon, c l do kt qu ca trt ct dc theo t gy Philippine, trong khi vn tc
ca cc im TB Luzon th hin vn ng thin v pha TB hn vi tc gim nh. S
vn ng tng phn ny c th do dch trt khc nhau dc theo cc t hy nhnh thuc
t gy Philippine (Hnh 5.9 v 5.10). Vn ng quan st c N Luzon ch ra phng
gn nh v pha bc vi tc 35 mm yr 1, mt ln na, do kt qu ca s trt ct dc
theo phn trung tm ca t gy Philippine, trong khi cc trm TN Luzon th hin tc
theo phng ng v bc vn tc 410 mm yr 1 c th lin quan vi bin dng chm tng
i dc theo Macolod Corridor. Cc im trung Luzon gn t gy Philippine th hin vn
tc phng TB vi ln 2030 mm yr 1. iu ny lm gim vn tc t bin dng n hi
lin quan vi qu trnh kt cp dc theo cc on b kho ca t gy Philippine.
179
Hnh 5.9: Bn cc vector vn tc GPS quan st c, vi cc elip sai s 95% tng ng.
Vn tc c th hin so vi trm MMA8 (trn khi CLUZ). Gerald Galgana v nnk,.
(2007) [68]
Hnh 5.10: Bn cc vector vn tc GPS quan st c, vi cc elip sai s 95% tng ng.
Vn tc c th hin so vi SUND. Gerald Galgana v nnk,. (2007) [68]
180
Phan Tr ng Trnh
i Loan hin ang trin khai h thng o gia tc rung ng v hng trm trm o
GPS lin tc cng vi hng trm trm a chn bng thng rng c s tr gip ca Nht
Bn (JICA) v Cng ng chung Chu u. Theo Shui-Beih Yu v nnk (1996) [273b] th
trong chu k 1990-1995, mng li 131 trm o GPS ca i Loan tin hnh c t 4-6
chin dch o lp. Kt qu tnh c tc chuyn dch khu vc pha nam i Loan vo
khong t 56-82mm/nm v pha bc vo khong 30mm/nm.
Hnh 5.11: Trng vn tc GPS i Loan i vi khu vc Paisha (trm S01R) (Ya-Ju Hsu v
nnk., 2009)[93]
Tip n Ya-Ju Hsu v nnk., (2009) [93] cng bng vic tnh ton d liu GPS ca
195 trm chin dch v 17 trm lin tc t nm 1993-1999 do Vin Khoa hc Tri t (IES),
B Ni v (MOI-Ministry of the Interior) v cc Vin khoa hc khc thu thp. Hu ht cc
trm chin dch c o lp t nht l 5 ln trong sut chu k 1993-1999. Cc d liu c x
l bng phn mm BERNESSE 4.2 vi khung tham chiu l ITRF 97. Kt qu (so vi trm
GPS lin tc S01R) cho thy hu ht khu vc pha bc i Loan c tc nh hn 5mm/nm,
~25mm/nm khu vc trung tm v ln ti ~40mm/nm khu vc pha nam i Loan (Hnh
5.11).
181
182
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 5.13: Trng vn tc GPS Thi Lan trong h tham chiu ITRF 2000
(Makiko Iwakuni v nnk., 2004) [99]
Vit Nam, thng qua n GEODYSSEA, cng ngh GPS ln u tin c
ng dng vo nghin cu a ng lc nc ta t nhng nm 90. Tham gia vo n ny,
i din cho pha Vit Nam l Vin a cht thuc Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam.
Kt qu ca n a ra nhng nt khi qut v ln v hng ca cc vector chuyn
dch kin to hin i ca lnh th Vit Nam trong bi cnh ton cu cng nh trong khu vc
thng qua 3 chu k o GPS (Hnh 5.2).
Bng nhng kin thc v kinh nghim thc t c c khi tham gia n
GEODYSSEA, cc nh khoa hc Vit Nam (nhm ca PGS.TS. Trn nh T, TS. Vy Quc
Hi, TS. Dng Ch Cng,) tip tc k tha v pht trin vic ng dng cng ngh GPS
183
184
Phan Tr ng Trnh
185
im o GPS Bin ng
im IGS
Phan Tr ng Trnh
186
Ngy GPS
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
DOHO
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ngy GPS
107
108
109
110
111
112
112
114
115
DOHO
125
126
127
x
x
x
CDA1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
CDA1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ngy GPS
096
097
098
099
100
101
102
103
DOHO
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
187
CDA1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
188
Phan Tr ng Trnh
189
Hnh 5.19: Biu sai s trung phng thnh phn to ca li gii t do v li gii c
nh ca tt c cc ngy o chu k 2007 (Tnh theo GAMIT). Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06
190
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 5.20: Biu sai s trung phng thnh phn to ca li gii t do v li gii c nh
191
Hnh 5.21: Biu sai s thnh phn to v sai s o cnh theo s liu o 2007 (Tnh theo
GAMIT). Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10.
Bc 3: tnh vn tc chuyn dch tuyt i trong ITRF05 cng sai s trung phng
vn tc t kt qu x l ba chu k o 2007, 2008 v 2009.
Hnh 5.22: Biu sai s thnh phn to v sai s o cnh theo s liu o 2009 (Tnh theo
GAMIT). Kt qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10.
Phan Tr ng Trnh
192
Bng 5.6: Sai s danh ngha thnh phn to chu k (theo BERNESE 5.0)
im o
BLV1
CDA1
STT1
DOHO
LANG
HUES
HOCM
Sai s
v [mm]
2,0
1,6
1,0
1,2
1,8
0,3
3,5
Chu k 2007
Sai s Sai s
kinh [mm] cao [mm]
3,7
3,2
2,4
0,4
0,9
11,0
4,9
9,5
4,7
11,0
2,5
3,7
0,6
5,1
Sai s
v [mm]
2,7
2,9
3,5
0,3
2,9
3,9
6,0
Chu k 2009
Sai s
Sai s
kinh [mm]
v [mm]
1,0
20,9
3,9
4,5
5,7
14,4
0,3
2,1
4,3
7,2
3,1
13,9
5,2
15,1
193
Tn trm
GPS
BLV1
LANG
DOHO
HUES
STT1
CDA1
Phn mm x
l
BERNESE 4.2
GAMMIT
BERNESE 5.0
(GNS)
BERNESE 5.0
(VC)
Trung bnh
BERNESE 4.2
GAMMIT
BERNESE 5.0
(GNS)
BERNESE 5.0
(VC)
Trung bnh
BERNESE 4.2
GAMMIT
BERNESE 5.0
(GNS)
BERNESE 5.0
(VC)
Trung bnh
BERNESE 4.2
GAMMIT
BERNESE 5.0
(GNS)
Trung bnh
BERNESE 4.2
GAMMIT
BERNESE 5.0
(GNS)
BERNESE 5.0
(VC)
Trung bnh
BERNESE 4.2
GAMMIT
BERNESE 5.0
(GNS)
BERNESE 5.0
(VC)
Trung bnh
BERNESE 4.2
GAMMIT
Tc chuyn dch v
pha bc
Gi tr
Sai s
(mm/nm) (mm/nm)
-15.54
0.15
-14.76
1.58
Tc chuyn dch v
pha ng
Gi tr
Sai s
(mm/nm) (mm/nm)
30.37
0.17
29.36
1.63
-14.70
0.20
27.40
0.30
-0.40
0.90
-13.70
0.30
29.50
0.40
11.30
1.30
-14.68
-13.09
-12.43
0.41
0.16
1.58
29.16
41.18
39.47
0.43
0.19
1.63
-0.01
-15.03
0.02
2.24
-12.50
0.20
38.00
0.20
-22.70
0.70
-12.40
0.30
40.20
0.40
-16.40
1.40
-12.61
-7.68
-10.26
0.41
0.17
1.60
39.71
28.21
26.79
0.43
0.20
1.68
-0.01
-2.19
0.03
2.45
-9.10
0.30
24.60
0.40
-15.20
1.50
-8.20
0.70
28.20
0.70
-8.81
-21.82
-20.43
0.45
0.17
1.63
26.95
29.88
30.06
0.47
0.21
1.72
0.00
7.30
0.02
2.80
-19.80
0.20
29.70
0.30
10.10
0.90
-20.68
-11.63
-10.11
0.55
0.15
1.65
29.88
23.46
22.55
0.59
0.19
1.76
0.00
-0.95
0.02
3.37
-10.30
0.30
21.60
0.30
-7.60
1.30
-11.60
0.30
23.10
0.40
6.30
1.40
-10.91
-12.38
-10.76
0.43
0.15
1.63
22.68
22.15
20.85
0.46
0.18
1.70
0.00
-6.06
0.02
2.46
-7.40
0.20
20.40
0.30
-9.70
1.00
-9.80
0.30
21.30
0.40
-7.20
1.50
-10.09
-11.24
-13.46
0.42
0.17
1.65
21.18
22.83
21.50
0.45
0.21
1.76
-0.01
-4.64
0.03
3.07
Phan Tr ng Trnh
194
HOCM
BERNESE 5.0
(GNS)
BERNESE 5.0
(VC)
Trung bnh
-11.50
0.20
21.70
0.30
-3.10
1.00
-13.20
0.30
20.90
0.50
-1.20
1.50
-12.35
0.42
21.73
0.47
- Cc trm o GPS pha nam (Song T Ty, Cn o) c hng chuyn dch v pha
ng nam cho thy ch a ng lc pha nam Bin ng thay i so vi phn pha
bc Bin ng, tc chuyn dch ngang nh hn pha bc. Bin ng phn pha nam
khng b ng li. Tc bin dng nh hn pha bc Bin ng.
- So snh cc vect chuyn dch Thi Lan, Vng Tu, Malaysia v Palawan, th
vect chuyn dch Cn o v Song T Ty c nh hn v hi lch v pha ng nam.
Nhn chung, vng nam v ty nam Bin ng hu nh khng b bin dng ln. Vi kt qu
o ti Cn o, H Ch Minh v Song T Ty, i snh vi kt qu o Palawan trong cc
n GEODYSSEA v PCGIAP th khng thy s xit p xy ra Bc Borneo. Kt qu ny
tri ngc vi kt qu ca (Simons, 2007) [219]. Khi c nh khi Sunda, Simons tnh
chuyn dch ti mt s trm o bc Borneo c hng quay v ty bc hoc ty - ty bc, t
tc gi gi nh rng c mt phn ranh gii ca khi Sunda i qua ra pha bc ca Borneo.
Theo chng ti ranh gii ca khi Sunda dch v pha nam ca Borneo v thc t c s thay
i rt ln v tc chuyn dch ti y, ln hn rt nhiu so vi thay i tc ra bc
Borneo vi khi Sunda.
- So snh cc vect chuyn dch ti DOHO, CDA1, STT1 th c th thy bin dng rt
nh, iu chng t nu t gy 110 ang hot ng th tc chuyn dch rt nh. Chng
ti s chnh xc ho tc ti a ca i t gy ny trong nhng t o tip theo.
- Bin dng gia cc mng v trong mng ng Nam c th hin nh trn hnh
2. T phn tch tc tens bin dng, c th xc nh c vng c tc bin dng rt nh
di 7 nano bin dng/nm, th hin vng khng bin dng bn trong khi Sunda. Ranh gii
c chnh xc ho v tm tt nh sau: V pha ty, khi Sunda c bao bi t gy trt
bng phi, xc inh r rng hng ca tenso bin dng. N ko di t Myanmar ti Sumatra
dc theo t gy Sagaing, h thng pull-apart Andaman. V pha nam Java, khi b gii hn
bi mng nc su Java. Tuy nhin vng cung o Java chu bin dng rt ln v gn lin vi
ng t, gn y va xy ra trn ng t Yjogakarta nm 2006. Nu nh t gy ang hot
ng c khng nh th ch phn ty ca Java l thuc v Sunda v t gy rt bng,
hng v ng bc c coi l mt phn ca Sunda (hoc thm Sunda). Tc bin dng cao
gia Borneo v Sulawesi vi mt GPS rt cao, theo chng ti ranh gii mng Sunda s i
qua ng phn ct gia Borneo v Sulawesi. Bin dng tip tc ti ra ng gia v tuyn
10oN v 5oN, bc Sulawesi, i Philipin. Ra ng ca Sunda l 3 mng bin su ty vng
cung o Philipin Cotabato, Negros v trng Manilla. V pha bc, ranh gii ca Sunda kh
c th xc nh nh phn tch tc bin dng: Bin ng hu nh khng bin dng v khi
Nam Trung Hoa bin dng rt yu. Mc d trong khi Nam Trung Hoa, khng c du hiu
bin dng nhng n c ranh gii v pha ty l t gy Longmenshan v t gy Xiaojiang.
Dc theo i t gy ny, l mt i bin dng mnh gy ra do ng gia mng n c v
mng u . chuyn dch t Ty Tng theo chiu kim ng h, quanh ng Hymalaya. Bin
dng ny m rng sang Malaysia v th hin bc Thi Lan bi tch gin ng ty. Tc
bin dng tng cao ty bc Thi Lan khng nh ranh gii pha bc ca Sunda nm gn
Myanmar. V pha ng bc, phn ty nam ca i t gy Sng Hng (Leloup v nnk, 1995)
[127], bin dng tng thch vi chuyn dch trt bng phi. Tuy nhin tc bin dng qua
ranh gii mng ny rt nh trong giai on hin ti. Ti im ny, ch s dng phn tch bin
dng t mng li ln rt kh c th kt lun khi Nam Trung Hoa v Sunda c khc nhau v
chuyn dch hay khng (Simons, 2007) [219].
195
- Chuyn dch ca khi Sunda cho thy kh ph hp vi m hnh chuyn dch khi,
xy ra ch yu dc i t gy, thng gi l m hnh thc trt (Extrusion) (Tapponnier v
nnk, 1982) [229] hn l m chy nht v bin dng lin tc (England v Houseman, 1986)
[62].
Trong nghin cu ny, chng ti cha tnh tc xoay ca Bin ng do khong thi
gian o qu ngn, tuy nhin c th tng hp tc xoay ca Bin ng ni ring v khi
Sunda ni chung theo cc tc gi khc nhau, c trnh by Bng 5.8.
Bng 5.8: Cc vector xoay tuyt i v tng i ca Bin ng, u , Nam Trung Hoa. Kt
qu ca ti KC.09.11/06-10.
S
Cc tham s v xoay
Sai s
tr
H to
Lat,
Lon, w_/triu smaj/l smin/l Azimu
Tc gi
m
X2
_E
nm
at
on
th
tnh _N
ton
Vec t xoay tuyt i
Khi Sunda
-46
31.8
Wilson v nnk. ITRF94
12
0.28
ITRF96
-113 0.23
51
[1998] Simons
12
NA
3.9
ITRF97
2.9
v nnk. [1999]
15 59.7 -102.7 0.34
56.0 -102.7 0.01
Michel v nnk. ITRF97
10
1.0
111
0.3
1.9
49.0 -94.2 0.339
[2000]b Michel ITRF00 28
3
110
0.8
10.2
38.9 -86.9 0.007
v nnk. [2001]
2
ITRF97
109
0.5
1.9
47.3 -90.2 0.336
Simons v nnk.
9
NNR
0.2
121
1.0
3.5
49.8 -95.9 0.007
[2007]
16
ITRF00
4
113
0.8
7.0
32.6 -86.8 0.393
Sella v nnk.
2
ITRF00
3.1
[2002]
0.062
1
Kreemer v
0.392
1.2
nnk. [2003]
0.008
0
Bock v nnk.
0.320
4.0
[2003]b
0.010
0
Prawiro v nnk.
0.462
[2004]
0.064
Khi Dng T (Nam Trung Hoa)
ITRF00 81 61.2
0.322
1.4
0.1
134
1.0
Shen v nnk.
4
[2004]c
115. 0.002
Australian Plate
6
Altamimi & nnk. ITRF00 4 32.3 39.4
0.614
0.7
0.8
NA
[2002]
ITRF00 11 32.8 37.5
0.006
0.4
0.1
161
1.0
Beavan v nnk.
ITRF00 11 32.4 38.8
0.621
15
0.5
151
8
[2002]
ITRF00 11 32.0 39.1
0.002
0.6
0.3
163
Fernandes v nnk. ITRF00 6 32.9 38.1
0.621
0.9
0.3
151
[2003]
0.005
1.0
Wallace v nnk.
0.621
1
[2004]
0.003
Wallace v nnk.
0.621
[2004]
0.004
Xoay tng i
Sunda /u
Simons v nnk.
Calais 28/ 36.2
0.101
5.8
2.2
78
1.0
[2007]
v nnk. 15
70.0
0.010
2
Phan Tr ng Trnh
196
Sunda/c
Simons v nnk.
[2007]
[2003]
Simons
v nnk.
[2007]
28/
6d
-6.9
128.
2
0.694
0.009
1.2
0.5
14
1.0
3
28/
81
d
17.1
57.2
0.099
0.015
2.9
1.7
153
1.0
3
Sunda/Dng T
Simons v nnk.
Shen v
[2007]
nnk.
[2004]
197
Hnh 5.25: Cc mt ct ngang ca ph hu nn p v khe nt cng gin xut hin trn thnh ging
khoan. Cc ph hu nn p hnh thnh khi ng sut vng (circumferential stress) quanh ging khoan
vt qu sc khng nn v c inh hng song song vi ng sut ngang cc tiu (h). Cc khe nt
cng gin hnh thnh khi ng sut vng vt qu sc khng cng ca thnh ging khoan v bi vy
c nh hng song song vi ng sut ngang cc i (H).
198
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Simultaneous Acoustic and Resistivity tool (STAR; ca Baker Atlas), Electrical Micro
Scanner (EMS; ca Halliburton) v Electrical Micro Imager (EMI; ca Halliburton).
Cc thit b ghi hnh bng sng m s dng mt b chuyn i p in quay nhanh
(piezoelectric transducer) pht ra mt xung sng m tn s cao tp trung ti thnh ging
khoan (Asquith v Krygowski, 2004) [10]. Thit b ghi hnh sng m sau ghi nhn bin
ca sng phn x (return echo) cng nh tng thi gian truyn ca xung sng m. Thi gian
truyn sng m v bin c o nhiu phng v khc nhay trong ging khoan cc
su nh trc bt k. S liu ny sau c x l thnh cc hnh nh v phn x ca
thnh ging khoan (da trn bin sng phn x) v ng knh l khoan (da trn thi gian
truyn xung). C nhiu loi thit b ghi hnh sng m, trong ph bin l Borehole
Televiwer (BHTV, ca Schlumberger), Ultrasonic Borehole Imager (UBI; ca Schlumberger),
Circumferential Borehole Imaging Log (CBIL; ca Baker Atlas), Simultaneous Acoustic and
Resistivity tool (STAR; ca Baker Atlas), Circumferential Acoustic Scanning ToolVisualization (CAST-V; ca Halliburton) v LWD/MWD AcoustiCaliper tool (ACAL; ca
Halliburton).
Ngoi cc thit b ghi hnh in tr v sng m, c mt lot cc thit b khc, nhng
km ph bin cng cung cp hnh nh v thnh ging khoan m c th s dng phn tch
cc ph hu nn p v khe nt cng gin trn thnh ging khoan. Cc thit b ghi hnh quang
hc nh Optical Televiewer (ca Schlumberger) v Downhole Video tool (ca Downhole
Video), l cc thit b c dy s dng camera trc tip chp nh thnh ging khoan. Cui
cng cc ph hu nn p v cc khe nt cng gin cng c th c minh gii t cc thit b
ghi hnh da trn t trng MWD/LWD, chng cung cp thng tin v t trng khi (bulk
density) v h s quang in (photoelectric factor (Pe)) cc phng v khc nhau quanh
ging khoan c th c s dng pht trin thnh hnh nh t trng thnh h v Pe. Thit b
ghi hnh da trn t trng LWD/MWD bao gm Azimuthal Density Neutron Vision
(adnVision; ca Schlumberger), Lithotrak (ca Baker Inteq) v Azimuthal Lithodensity tool
(ALD; ca Halliburton).
Minh gii ph hu nn p v khe nt cng gin t ti liu nh in tr
Cc thit b ghi hnh in tr cung cp cng mt thng tin v ng knh v hnh thi
ging khoan ging nh cc thit b nhng trc y, bi vy ti liu ny c th c s dng
minh gii ph hu nn p theo cch tng t nh log 4 cnh hoc 6 cnh. Tuy nhin cc
log hnh nh in tr cng cung cp hnh nh c phn gii cao v thnh ging khoan da
trn tng phn v in tr cho php quan st ph hu nn p ca ging khoan. Ph hu
nn p thng xut hin trn hnh nh in tr l cc i rng, song song vi nhau, dn in,
cch nhau 180 (ngha l quan st thy cc pha i din ca ging khoan) v thng th
hin s m rng ca caliper theo hng ca cc i dn in (Hnh 5.26). Ph hu nn p
thng dn in km bi v qu trnh ph hu v v nh ca ging khoan to nn s tip xc
km gia cn ca thit b v thnh ging khoan, iu ny khin thit b o c mt phn hoc
ton b in tr ca dung dch khoan dn in hn l thnh h t . Tuy nhin iu quan
trng cn ch l ph hy nn p xut hin l nhng i cch in thay v dn in trng nh
in tr o trong dung dch khoan gc du (chng hn s dng thit b OBMI).
Cc khe nt cng gin c th ch quan st c trn cc log nh. Cc khe nt cng
gin thng tr nn b thm qua (infiltrated) bi dung dch khoan v bi vy xut hin trn
nh in tr l nhng cp khe nt hp, dn in c nh r (khng dn in trn nh dung
dch khoan gc du) cch nhau 180 (Hnh 5.27; Aadnoy v Bell, 1998) [2]. Hn na, khng
ging nh cc khe nt t nhin c xu hng ct ngang qua ging khoan, cc khe nt cng
gin thng c sp xp gn song song hoc hi nghing so vi trc ging khoan trong cc
ging khoan thng ng (Hnh 5.27).
199
DIF
Hnh 5.26: V d v cc ph hu nn p c minh gii trn log Formation Micro Imager (FMI ) b
Cu Long. Cc ph hu nn p ny ch ra phng ng sut ngang cc i xp x bc nam [199].
200
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 5.27: V d v ph hu nn p (B) v khe nt cng gin (A) c minh gii t cc log
FMI v UBI trong mng ca b Cu Long. Hn na, cc ph hu nn p c th c quan
st ng thi vi
Minh gii cc ph hu nn p v cc khe nt cng gin t ti liu nh sng m
Cc ph hu nn p thng c minh gii t cc ti liu log nh sng m s dng
nh bn knh l khoan (hay thi gian truyn sng) kt hp vi cc nh bin phn x. Cc
ph hu nn p th hin l cc i rng c bn knh l khoan (hay thi gian truyn sng) tng
ln quan st c hai pha i din ca ging khoan. Tuy nhin, ph hu nn p thng c
cc b mt g gh v bin i v bi vy c th cng thng quan st thy trn nh bin
sng phn x nh l cc i rng c bin thp.
Cc khe nt cng gin ban u c quan st trn nh bin sng phn x. C cc
khe nt t nhin v khe nt cng gin (sinh ra trong qu trnh khoan) v i tng phn x
nng lng sng m km. Bi vy, cc khe nt cng gin th hin l cc i hp vi phn
x thp cch nhau 180 v thng gn song song hoc hi nghing so vi trc ging khoan.
Cc khe nt cng gin thng khng ph bin lin quan vi bt k s m rng ging khoan
no v bi vy thng khng biu hin r trn cc nh bn knh ging khoan. Tuy nhin c
khe nt t nhin v khe nt cng gin c th th hin trn nh bn knh l khoan nh cc i
hp c bn knh l khoan tng dn.
Kt qu minh gii hng ng sut ngang cc i trong cc l khoan b Nam Cn Sn
v Cu Long c th hin tng hp trn Hnh 5.28.
201
Phan Tr ng Trnh
202
Hnh 5.29: M hnh truyn i ca sng P v S ca mt ngun ngu lc kp (double couple source).
203
204
Phan Tr ng Trnh
tin cy ca cc li gii mt t gy
Cht lng ca li gii, c xc nh bi nghch o moment tensor hay phn tch
dao ng u tin, ph thuc vo s hiu bit v cu trc Tri t, do c qu trnh ngun v
ng truyn tia sng xc nh s liu dng sng. Bi vy, mt m hnh Tri t khng chun
cc c th dn ti vic v ln bn cc phn sng khng th gii thch c, to nn mt c
cu chn tiu khng ng. Thng thng, cht lng ca li gii ph thuc vo s lng v
cht lng ca ti liu gc (cc qu trnh c phn cc, t s tn hiu-nhiu, cc hiu ng v tr
- polarity readings, signal-to-noise ratio, site-effects) v phn b a l ca cc im s liu
tng i so vi ngun. Thm vo , cc hn ch v mt phng php lun do cc bc
thut ton khp/gim thiu sai s khc nhau v vic la chn cc tham s nghch o. i vi
nghch o moment tensor, di tn c s dng quyt nh chnh xc ca m hnh T ri
t cn thit cho mt php nghch o tin cy. Trong khi qu trnh ghi nhn tn s thp (bc
sng di) th hin ch cc nh hng ca cc cu trc Tri t quy m ln, cc dng sng tn
s cao (bc sng di) b nh hng bi nhng s bt ng nht cc b. Tt c nhng iu
ny cn phi c tnh n nh gi tin cy ca mt li gii mt t gy.
Nhng hn ch v vic tnh ng sut t FMS
Cc trc chnh ca moment tensor tnh ton c (P, B, and T) miu t ton b c cu
chn tiu v c bo co trong c s d liu ca WSM vi phng v ca chng (= hng
dc - dip direction) v gc chi plunge (= dip) (trong cc ct S1AZ, S1PL, S2AZ, S2PL,
S3AZ, S3PL). Cn bit rng cc trc moment tensor ca cc c cu chn tiu ng t khng
tng ng vi cc trc ng sut. Ni mt cch chnh xc, ch mt gii hn c th a ra l
rng trc ng sut chnh cc i (S1) nm bn trong cung phn t gin (dilatational quadrant)
ca c cu chn tiu (McKenzie, 1969) [137]. Tuy nhin, do lch cao hn gia cc trc P,
B v T v cc trc ng sut chnh S1, S2, v S3 dng nh khng th, chng c s dng
lm cn c gii hn cho nh hng ca cc trc ng sut. l gii cho s khng chnh xc
ny, cc s liu thu c t cc c cu chn tiu n (FMS) c cho gn cht lng khng
tt hn C bt chp ln ca ng t v c cu chn tiu c c xc nh chnh xc nh
th no i chng na. Cc hn ch ca ch th ng sut t FMS b gii hn bi s khng r
rng v mt t gy v h s ma st:
S khng r rng v mt t gy
Bi v hnh thi ca ngu lc kp (force double couple) v moment tensor m n da
vo, hnh v c cu chn tiu c mt quy tc nh tinh th:
Hai mt nt vung gc vi nhau.
Cc ca mt ph tuyn tnh (colinear) vi vector dch trt trn mt t gy.
Trc B trng vi giao tuyn ca hai mt nt, v bi vy nm trong c hai mt nt.
Trc P gia ca cung phn t c cc dao ng u tin gin (i xung di) v trc T
gia ca cung phn t vi vn ng u tin nn (i ln trn).
Cc trc T v P chia i cc gc nh din gia cc mt nt; ngha l, cc trc T v P nm
45 so vi cc mt nt.
Cc trc T v P vung gc vi nhau.
Mt xc nh bi cc truch T v P cng cha vector vung gc vi cc mt nt, mt trong s
l vector dch trt.
Bi vy, trn nn tng ca qu trnh c phn cc hay nghch o moment tensor
ring r, ngi ta khng th ch ra mt nt no l mt t gy. iu ny c th ch c xc
nh thng qua tnh ton moment tensor cp cao hn, phn tch phn b ca cc d chn
(thng nm trn mt ph hu), kho st thc a ph hu trn mt trong trng hp cc trn
ng t mnh, hay xem xt cc nh gi a chn kin to. Xem xt cc s liu b sung v
bin theo phng v v tn s hay cc kiu dng sng, m b khng ch bi hiu ng
Doppler v ngun dch chuyn cng c th cho php gii quyt s khng r rng ny. Vn
205
Hnh 5.33: Biu din gin lc v 5 ch kin to thng thng v nh hng tng ng ca cc
trc ng sut chnh (Zoback, 1992) [282].
Phan Tr ng Trnh
206
Ch kin to
NF
NS
SS
SS
TS
TF
Phng v ca SH
Phng v ca trc B
Phng v ca trc T+90o
Phng v ca trc T+90o
Phng v ca trc P
Phng v ca trc P
Phng v ca trc P
Lon
Lat
Mw
Depth Date
28-112007
108,28 10,02
115
72
-172
22
82
-19
5,2
12
07-11108,26 10,08
117
69
-168
23
79
-22
5,3
12
2005
08-11108,26 10,12
120
68
-171
27
82
-22
5,3
12
2005
C th thy cc c cu chn tiu xc nh c kh tng ng, cho chng ta ch th
ng sut vi nh hng ca trc nn p ngang cc i khong 157o vi c ch trt bng.
5.2.3. Hng trc ng sut kin to hin i khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn
Trong phm vi khu vc nghin cu t kinh 100 n 130o v -5 n 26oB, c tng
s 1291 ch th cc loi. Trong v ti liu khoan: ph hu nn p (BO) l 276 ch th; khe
nt cng gin (DIF) l 19 ch th; ph hu thu lc l 5 ch th; khoan chng (overcoring) l
18 ch th. V ti liu ng t c tng s 969 ch th. V cc du hiu a cht tr 4 ch th.
Phn ln cc ch th ng sut c ngun t c cu chn tiu ng t nm cc ranh gii mng
Philippine, Indonesia v Indochina. Tuy nhin cng c mt vi ch th nm cc khu vc
ni mng, c bit l pha ng nam Trung Quc, Borneo v Vit Nam.
207
157o
Hnh 5.34. Biu c cu chn tiu ng t trn Bng 5.10 v ch th ng sut tng ng. Kt qu
ca ti KC.09.11/06-10.
Hnh 5.35: Cc c cu chn tiu trong Bng 5.10 v Hnh 5.34 c th hin trn bn cng ch th
ng sut tng ng xc nh c [199].
208
Phan Tr ng Trnh
209
Hnh 5.37: Bn trng ng sut kin to hin i Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn th hin nh
hng ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i da trn ti liu ng t, ti liu ging khoan v ti liu a
cht tr. Ngun: Phan Trng Trnh KC.09.11/06-10 [199].
210
Phan Tr ng Trnh
ra rng khu vc Indochia tri qua qu trnh bin dng phc tp v khng th gii thch
thun thu bng s thc trt ca pha ng cao nguyn Ty Tng. C th, Morley (2001)
[141] cho rng qu trnh cun ngc (slab rollback) dc theo i ht chm SumatranAndaman c nh hng ng k n tin ho kin to trong khu vc, c bit l s pht trin
ca cc b rift ko di phng bc-nam trn t lin v ngoi khi trong vnh Thi Lan. Cc
lc mng bin su do qu trnh cun ngc trong i ht chm ny c th sinh ra ng sut
nn p ngang cc i ch yu phng bc nam khu vc Indochina. Hn na cng c kh
nng ng sut bc nam b cc b ho do ht qu ca qu trnh st trng lc ca v lc a
c lm dy Indochina. Bi vy, c th gi thit rng nh hng phng bc nam
chim u th ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i ngy nay quan st c khu vc Indochina
l kt qu kt hp ca cc lc sinh ra ranh gii mng chc ba Himalaya, s cun ngc
ca i ht chm Sumatra-Andaman v c th c ng sut cc b gy ra do st trng lc.
KHU VC BORNEO
Ph hu nn p v khe nt cng gin h chu th Baram cho thy nh hng ca
ng sut nn p ngang cc i ch yu theo phng TB-N Borneo, mc d cng c mt
s ch th cho phng B-TN phn ra ngoi ca chu th Baram v t ba li gii c cu
chn tiu ng t pha ng bc Borneo (Hnh 5.37). nh hng TB-N ca ng sut nn
p ngang cc i Borneo t lu c bit ti vi s nh hng ca cc cu trc a cht
dng tuyn hin i v s nghch o phng TB-N ca nhiu cu trc a cht ln. Tuy
nhin ngun gc ca s nh hng ng sut y vn cn l mt du hi.
Phng TB-N ca ng sut hin i tng t vi dch chuyn tuyt i v pha ng
ng nam v bi vy c th l kt qu kt hp ca nhiu lc vn ng ranh gii mng. C
th l phng TB-N ng sut nn p ngang cc i ngy nay c th sinh ra t chc ba
Himalaya cng nh ht chm hin i bn di Sulawesi v Philippines. Thm vo , mt s
tc gi cho rng phng nn p TB-N Borneo c th do s ng lc a ca mng
Australia gn Timor, vi ng sut lan ti Sunda qua Timor, Banda v Molucca.
KHU VC PHA NG BIN NG
Khu vc i Loan-Luzon
Khu vc i Loan - Eo bin Luzon nm trong i tip gip gia cc mng v cc a
khi hot ng (cc mng u - (Bin ng), a khi i Loan v mng Philippine) trng
ng sut y phn d phc tp t din tch ny sang din tch khc.
y l khu vc xut hin nhiu trn ng t mnh v ghi nhn c c cu chn tiu.
Li gii c cu chn tiu ng t cho thy pha ng i Loan, cc ch th ng sut chim
u th l ch th c ch nghch vi nh hng ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i phng
ng-ty n phng ty-ty bc- ng -ng nam. Ngoi ra mt s ch th cho thy c ch
trt bng cng xut hin kh ph bin trong khu vc ny vi phng nn p ngang cc i
l ty -ty bc ng -ng nam (Hnh 5.37).
pha ty ca o i Loan, cng c kh nhiu ch th ng sut xc nh c t ti
liu ging khoan. Trong pha bc ca khu vc ny, cc ti liu ph hu nn p cho thy
nh hng ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i ch yu theo phng ty bc- ng nam. Dch
xung pha nam ca khu vc va nu, chng chuyn thnh phng ty ty bc- nam ng
nam (Hnh 5.37).
Trng ng sut trt bng chim u th trong khu vc pha ng ca eo bin i
Loan Luzon. Cc ch th t li gii c cu chn tiu ng t cho thy phng nn p ngang
cc i ch yu l ty ty bc- nam ng nam. Tuy nhin pha ty ca eo bin ny, hot
ng t gy ch yu li theo c ch thun vi cc ch th bin i t BTB-NN n bc
211
212
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Trong trng ng sut ny, cc trn ng t nm 1918, 1962 (M 5,3), 1966 (M4,9),
1986 (M5,0), 1991 (M 5,5), 1994 (M 4,9) l cc ph hu a chn trt bng phi phng
B-TN trng vi phng ca cc h t gy chnh c mt trong vng.
B Bin ng cc trn ng t 1966 (M 4,9) v 1994 (M 4,9) l cc ph hu a
chn trt bng phi phng B TN, cn cc trn ng t 1994 (M6,9), 1994 (M5,0) v
1994 (M4,7) trung tm v ra TN i t gy li l cc ph hu a chn trt chm thun.
So vi cc khu vc khc ca Bin ng, hot ng a chn lch s ca o Hi Nam
v ln cn l tng i cao. Nu chng ta coi khu vc gia 10 22o Bc v 108-118o N, th
c 17 trn ng t 4,5 <= Ms<= 6,0 v bn trn c Ms>=6,0 xy ra t nm 1524. ng t
ln nht trong khu vc ny l ng t Qiongshan ngy 13 thng 7 nm 1605, Ms 7,5 pha
bc ca o ny. Magnitude ca cc trn ng t lch s c tnh t ti liu ghi cng .
C ti liu lch s v ti liu a chn a phng cho thy rng phn pha Bc ca o ny
c trng bi hot ng a chn cao hn nhiu phn pha nam. Hu ht cc trn ng t
pha bc ca v tuyn 19 xy ra xung quanh tm ca trn nm 1605.
Khu vc Nam Hi Nam, c cu chn tiu cc trn ng t 1969 (M 4,7), 1969
(M=4,8) thuc dng trt bng vi ng sut nn kinh tuyn v ng sut tip tuyn cc i
phng B-TN v TB-N. Hai trn ng t trn c xc nh l cc ph hu a chn
trt bng tri trn cc mt B-TN hng cm TN.
T ti liu khoan du kh, phng ng sut chnh c xc nh ri rc trong mt
s l khoan pha ng v ng nam Hi Nam. Mc d kt qu c mt s gi tr th hin s
quay theo cc gc nht nh so vi phng ca trng ng sut trong khu vc nhng v c
bn phn nh phng TB-N ca trc ng sut chnh, ph hp vi phng ng sut chnh
xc nh t ti liu c cu chn tiu ng t (Hnh 5.37).
KHU VC VNH BC B
Trong khu vc vnh Bc B hon ton khng c ch th ng sut no c th hin.
Tuy nhin cng c th da trn mt s trn ng t ln cn d bo v c im ca
trng ng sut trong khu vc ny. C cu chn tiu cc trn ng t 1903 (M5,1), 1936 (M
6,8), 1988 (M 4,9), 1994 (M5,4), 1995 (M5,5) u xc nh trng ng sut u th vi trc
ng sut nn TB-N. Chng l cc i ph hu a chn trt bng phi trn cc b mt v
tuyn gn trng vi hng pht trin ra bin ca cc h t gy ng Triu, Mng Ci Ct
Hi.
KHU VC TRNG TRUNG TM BIN NG
Hot ng a chn vng Trng Trung tm bin ng lin quan vi cc t gy BTN v kinh tuyn. Tnh a chn ca t gy Bc Trng Sa th hin qua s c mt ca cc
chn tm ng t va v yu nm dc ra Nam ca i tch gin v i dng phn b t
kinh 110oE ti 118oE vi s tp trung ng k ln cn kinh 118oE. Hot ng a chn
ca t gy kinh tuyn 114oE lin quan n di chn tm phng kinh tuyn, ko di t pha
bc cc o Song T v tip tc pht trin xung pha nam.
Ti khu vc ny chng ta ch c duy nht mt ch th ng sut xc nh t c cu chn
tiu ng t. l c cu chn tiu ng t 1965 (M 5,8) th hin trng thi ng sut kiu
chm nghch vi trc nn ngang cc i l TB N. Ch th ny ph hp vi mt ch th
cng theo c ch ng t nghch tng t pha ng bc ca n gn pha Philippin (Hnh
5.37).
Tm li: Trong phm vi khu vc nghin cu - Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn - t
kinh 100 n 130o v -5 n 26oB, da trn tng s 1291 ch th ng sut cc loi, bao
gm ph hu nn p; khe nt cng gin; ph hu thu lc; khoan chng; c cu chn tiu
213
(A)
Hnh 5.39: Bn Kin to v a ng lc hin i vng bin Vit Nam v khu vc k cn (A) v
ch gii (B) (c thu v t t l 1:4000.000) [199].
Phan Tr ng Trnh
214
(B)
215
- Khu vc Borneo, nh hng ca ng sut nn p ngang cc i theo phng ty bc ng nam vi ch ng sut trt bng l ch o.
- Khu vc pha ng Bin ng nm trong vng nh hng trc tip ca hot ng ht
chm pha ng v pha ty Philippin, i km vi n l s tng tc ca mng
Philippine vi mng u - nn ng sut nn p ngang cc i ch yu nh hng
theo phng ty ty bc ng ng nam.
- Khu vc pha bc Bin ng, trc ng sut nn p ngang cc i nh hng theo
phng bc ty bc- nam ng nam n ty bc- ng nam.
- Khu vc trung tm Bin ng trc ng sut nn p ngang cc i nh hng theo
phng ty bc- ng nam.
Tuy cn mt s bin i khc nhau v cc ch th chung nht nhng c th nhn nh
rng trng ng sut mang tnh khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam l nn p ngang cc i nh
hng theo phng bc-ty bc nam ng nam n ty bc ng nam.
Bn kin to v a ng lc hin i Bin ng v khu vc k cn
Trn c s nghin cu kin to tr v trng ng sut kin to hin i, chng ti
thnh lp bn Kin to v a ng lc hin i vng bin Vit Nam t l 1:1000.000 v
bn Kin to v a ng lc hin i vng bin Vit Nam v k cn t l 1:4000.000. Trn
bn trnh by tng hp nhng kt qu mi nht v phn b cc t gy tr v t gy hin
i, chuyn ng kin to hin i, chn tm ng t, c cu chn tiu ng t, ni la tr.
Cc i t gy chnh tng hot ng trc Pliocen cng c th hin trn bn . Trn bn
ch gii, cc t gy tr hot ng trong Pliocen - T c th hin bng mu , trong
phn bit i cun chm hin i, cc t gy trt bng, t gy thun v t gy nghch.
Cc t gy hot ng trc Pliocen th hin mu en, trong phn bit i cun chm c
bc Borneo, t gy khu vc v t gy a phng.
217
Chng 6
log10N(M) =
a
M<M min
a-b(M-Mmin) MminMMmax
0
M>M max
(I.1)
FM(m) =
0
k[1-exp(-(Mmax-Mmin))]
1
M<M min
MminMMmax
M>M max
(I.2)
y k=[1-exp(-(Mmax-Mmin))]-1, =bln10.
3) Tng quan gia magnitude M, cng rung ng (gia tc cc i) nn Y ti
im ang xt v khong cch R t im ti ngun th do ng t gy ra c dng:
Phan Tr ng Trnh
218
Y = c1e c2 M R c3
(I.3)
P[ A M , r ] f
(m) f R (r )dMdr
(I.4)
219
220
Phan Tr ng Trnh
221
222
Phan Tr ng Trnh
gii cui cng nhn c ny, vn phn nh trung thc cc c trng a chn kin to c bn
ca i nh th nm, phng ca cc cu trc chnh v phn b khng gian ca cc chn tm,
s xc nh cc vng ngun ng t trong khu vc nghin cu.
Hnh 6.1: Bn a chn kin to lnh th Vit Nam v Bin ng. Theo Nguyn Hng Phng, kt
qu ca KC.09.11/06-10 [199]
223
Hnh 6.2: S cc vng ngun chn ng trn lnh th Vit Nam v Bin ng. Theo Nguyn Hng
Phng, kt qu ca KC.09.11/06-10 [199]
224
Phan Tr ng Trnh
225
7. Bin Sulu
1964-2006
95
8. Bin Selebes
1964-2007
139
9. Bin Ban a Nam
1998-2006
29
10. Bin Ban a Bc 1
1608-2008
156
11. Bin Ban a Bc 2
1966-2007
61
12. Bc Bin ng
1913-2000
34
13. Pa la oan
1930-1995
7
14. Ty Bin ng
1919-2005
18
Cc tham s nguy him ng t ca cc vng ngun chn ng
phc v tnh ton v v bn nguy him ng t, cc tham s sau y c
c lng cho mi vng ngun:
Magnitude ng t cc i d bo Mmax;
Cc tham s a v b trong biu thc phn b ng t theo magnitude ca
Gutenberg-Richter v cc i lng suy din tng ng v . Cc tham s ny phn nh tn
sut xy ra ng t trong vng;
Chu k lp li d bo T(M) ca cc ng t mnh trong vng.
Cc phng php hp l cc i v cc tr c p dng ng thi c lng cc
tham s nguy him ng t. Cc nghin cu trc y cho thy phng php hp l cc i
cho cc kt qu c lng tham s nguy him ng t xc thc hn so vi phng php cc
tr, c bit l cc gi tr Mmax (Nguyn Hng Phng, 1998, 2004) [158] [159]. Trong nghin
cu ny, hai phng php thng k c p dng c lng cc tham s nguy him ng
t cho cc vng ngun bao gm: phng php cc tr v phng php hp l cc i.
c lng cc tham s nguy him ng t cho cc vng ngun bng phng php cc
tr
Cc hm phn b cc tr ca Gumbel
L thuyt cc tr c c p dng ln u tin Vit Nam t nm 1991 c
lng cc tham s nguy him ng t cho cc vng ngun chn ng trn lnh th Vit Nam
(Nguyn Hng Phng, 1991)[157]. L thuyt ny do F.J. Gumbel (1958) xut v da trn
nhng gi thit c s sau:
1) Cc iu kin tn ti trong qu kh vn cn c hiu lc trong tng lai; v
2) Cc gi tr cc i quan st c trong mt khong thi gian cho trc l c lp v
mt thng k.
Gi s X l mt bin ngu nhin c phn b F(x):
F(x) = P{Xx}
Xc sut cho x l gi tr cc i trong s n mu c lp c cng phn b F(x) s
bng:
G(X) = P{X1 x, X2x, , Xn x} = Fn(x),
Vi G(x) l hm phn b cc cc tr Xi, i=1, n. Trong phn ln trng hp, hm phn
b ban u F(x) khng c bit trc. Tuy nhin, c th tnh c cc hm phn b tim cn
ca n di dng cc hm phn b cc tr.
Nh vy, nu xt n tnh ngu nhin ca qu trnh pht sinh ng t, c th coi
magnitude ca cc ng t cc i hng nm quan st c trong mt khong thi gian cho
trc l tp hp cc cc tr c phn b G(x). Gumbel a ra ba loi hm phn b tim cn
cc tr, trong cc hm loi I v loi II c p dng rng ri trong lnh vc nghin cu
ng t.
Phn b cc tr loi I ca Gumbel c dng:
G1(x) = exp [-exp(-1(x-u))]
(II.1)
y 1 v u l cc tham s cn xc nh ca hm phn b, 1>0. Nu t ln1 = 1u
v ly l ga rt t nhin hai v biu thc (II.1) hai ln, ta c:
ln[-lnG1(x)] = ln1 - ln 1 x
(II.2)
226
Phan Tr ng Trnh
227
A1 Ax
; M min x M max
(II.5)
A1 A2
y A1 = exp(M min ), A2 = exp(M max ), Ax = exp( M max ); M max l magnitude cc
i ca vng ngun ang xt, M min l cn di magnitude v l tham s nguy him
ng t. Ni cch khc, cc ng t c magnitude vt qu gi tr cho trc c th c coi
l mt qu trnh Pot xng vi lp li trung bnh l [1 F ( x )] . T y ta c xc sut
cho gi tr magnitude ln nht X nh hn mt gi tr x no cho trc trong sut khong
thi gian quan st t l:
A Ax
(II.6)
G (x t ) = P( X x ) = exp{v0 t 2
}
A2 A10
F ( x ) = P( X x ) =
(II.8)
i =1
trong
v 0 t
A2 A(x )
(II.9)
+ ln
x
A10 A2
A10 A2
Hm hp l cc i ca cc tham s nguy him ng t cho phn s liu y ca danh
mc ng t
Gi s phn th hai ca danh mc ng t c th chia thnh s danh mc ng t
nh, v mi danh mc ng t nh ny c chu k quan trc Ti v c coi l y k t
mt cn di magnitude xc nh M i no , i = 1,2,..., s . Gi X i = X i1 , X i 2 ,..., X ini l cc
gi tr magnitude ly t danh mc nh th i. Theo nh ngha ny ta c
X ij M i , i = 1,2,..., s; j = 1,2,..., ni .
Nu cc gi tr magnitude v s ng t l cc i lng c lp th hm hp l cc
i ca ng vi mi danh mc nh c th biu din di dng tch ca hai hm thnh phn
Li (X i ) = Li .Li
(II.10)
Theo nguyn l tng hp s liu [19], hp l cc i tng hp trn c s tt c cc s
liu, tc l hm hp l cc i ng vi ton b chu k quan trc ca danh mc ng t ln s
c dng
ln g (x, t ) =
L( X ) = Li ( X i )
s
(II.11)
Phan Tr ng Trnh
228
c lng cc tham s.
Phng php hp l cc i c p dng nh gi cc tham s = , . Cc
c lng v tm c bng cch gii h phng trnh
( )
ln L( X )
ln L( X )
=0
(II.12)
=0
theo v .
Vi mi gi tr xc nh ca Mmax, d dng tm c cp c lng v bng cc
php lp. Tuy nhin, do hm hp l cc i L l mt hm n iu gim khi Mmax [5],
php c lng Mmax i hi iu kin b sung. A. Kijko tho mn c iu kin cho
php tnh Mmax bng cch gi thit
X max = EXPECT (x max T )
(II.13)
Vi Xmax l magnitude cc i quan st c trong phm vi vng ngun ang xt, cn
EXPECT (xmax T ) l gi tr magnitude cc i d bo cho ton b chu k quan trc ca danh
mc ng t ln, c tnh bi cng thc:
E (TZ ) E1 (TZ 1 )
EXPECT (x max T ) = M max 1
M min exp( t ) (II.14)
exp( TZ 2 )
y Z i = Ai / ( A2 A1 ), i = 1,2 v E(.) l hm tch phn m p dng cho trng hp
chu k quan trc ca danh mc ng t ln cha hai khong thi gian chnh: thi gian quan
n0
T
i =1
Kt qu c lng tham s nguy him ng t cho cc vng ngun bng phng php Hp
l cc i
Kt qu c lng cc tham s nguy him ng t cho tng vng ngun chn ng
trn khu vc Bin ng bng phng php hp l cc i c lit k trong bng 4. So snh
cc kt qu trong hai bng 3 v 4, c th a ra kt lun l gi tr Mmax c lng c bng
phng php hp l cc i thng cao hn cc gi tr tng ng c c lng bng
phng php cc tr khong 0,4 n v.
Bng 6.4: Kt qu c lng cc tham s nguy him ng t cho cc vng ngun sng thn
trn Bin ng bng phng php hp l cc i
Tn vng ngun
1. Riukiu i Loan
2. Ty i Loan
3. Mng cun ht Manila Bc
4. Cu Long Cn Sn
5. Mng cun ht Manila Trung
6. Mng cun ht Manila Nam
7. Bin Sulu
8. Bin Selebes
9. Bin Ban a Nam
10. Bin Ban a Bc 1
11. Bin Ban a Bc 2
Beta
2.340.26
2.680.43
1.530.28
1.210.38
2.060.15
1.330.57
2.070.22
2.060.18
2.840.55
2.520.15
2.690.37
b
0.990.11
1.140.18
0.650.12
0.510.16
0.880.06
0.560.24
0.880.09
0.870.08
1.210.23
1.070.06
1.140.16
Lambda
18.814.79
11.854.90
2.960.90
1.250.52
16.502.55
3.171.69
16.093.56
22.774.20
50.5826.12
32.955.72
18.640.61
Mmax
7.7 1.60
7.2 0.99
8.7 0.93
5.70.38
8.50.85
6.7 0.28
8.41.17
8.51.03
6.80.76
8.10.53
7.00.61
0.700.23
0.940.79
0.660.58
0.300.10
0.400.33
0.280.25
0.380.07
0.070.03
0.070.03
229
7.00.23
6.50.42
6.60.28
230
Phan Tr ng Trnh
231
Loan, Philippin, c nguy him ng t cao hn hn so vi vng pha ty v pha nam bao
gm cc quc gia ng Nam nh Vit Nam, Innxia, Malaysia.
2) Cc gi tr PGA ln nht tp trung trn khu vc cc vng ngun Mng cun ht
Manila Bc (PGA bng 0,68; 0,76 v 0,97 (PGA bng 0,68; 0,76 v 0,97 gal ng vi cc chu
k 147, 475 v 950 nm) v Riukiu i Loan (PGA bng 0,4; 0,5 v 0,6 gal ng vi cc chu
k 147, 475 v 950 nm). Cc gi tr PGA ln th hai nm trn khu vc cc vng ngun
Mng cun ht Manila Trung, Mng cun ht Manila Nam, Bin Sulu v Bin Selebes (PGA
bng 0,3; 0,4 v 0,5 gal ng vi cc chu k 147, 475 v 950 nm). Vng thm lc a Vit
Nam v khu vc i t gy Nam Hi Nam c cc gi tr PGA trung bnh khong 0,04; 0,07
v 0,09 gal ng vi cc chu k 147, 475 v 950 nm.
Tm li: - Trn c s phn tch cc c trng a chn kin to a ng lc v cc
s liu ng t, ranh gii ca 14 vng ngun ng t sng thn c xc nh trn khu
vc Bin ng v cc vng bin k cn.
- Vn nh gi nguy him ng t cho khu vc Bin ng v k cn c t
ra v gii quyt t cch tip cn xc sut. M hnh xc sut ca A.C. Cornell c p dng
trong ton b quy trnh nh gi nguy him ng t. Cc phng php xc sut thng k
c p dng x l cc s liu ng t v c lng cc tham s cho cc vng ngun
chn ng. Cui cng, phn mm CRISSIS99 c s dng tnh ton v thnh lp bn
nguy him ng t.
232
Phan Tr ng Trnh
233
234
Phan Tr ng Trnh
235
236
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Vng Bc Hong Sa nm trong khong kinh tuyn 109o30 - 114oE gii hn v pha
ng bi cc t gy Tri Tn, Bch Quy, o B. Trong giai on 1900-2003 ghi nhn
trong vng 12 trn ng t M<=5,6 vi su chn tiu 25-30 km.
Vng Nam Hong Sa pht trin t khong kinh 110o30'E ti ng bc bi ngm
Macklesfield. Trong giai on l900-2003, ghi nhn trong vng 8 trn ng t M<=5,6 vi
su chn tiu h<33 km.
Vng trng ng Hong Sa nm v pha ng bc bi ngm Macklesfield gia cc
kinh tuyn 114o v 118oE. Trong giai on 1900-2003, ghi nhn trong vng 14 trn ng
t M<=6,0 vi su chn tiu h<33 km.
Vng trng su trung tm Bin ng l v i dng ngng tch gin y. Hot
ng ng t thp. ghi nhn c trong vng 22 trn ng t M<=5,9 vi su chn
tiu h<=68 km.
Vng trung tm Trng Sa pht trin t ng bc bi ngm Vng My qua cc cm
o An Bang, Ni Le- Tc Tan v bi ngm Sui Ng, C My. Trong giai on 1900 2003
ghi nhn trong vng 4 trn ng t M<=5,6 vi su chn tiu h<= 30-35 km.
Vng TN Trng Sa gii hn phm vi 6-12oN, 109o30' - 117o l5'E. Vng c tnh a
chn thp, trong giai on l 900-2003, ch ghi nhn 3 trn ng t yu.
Vng Palawan Bc Calimantan hnh thnh bi cc t gy trt bng v chm
nghch hng B-TN pht trin dc mng Shabah, trong giai on 1900-2003, ch ghi nhn
12 trn ng t M<=6,0, h<=100 km.
Vng Ty Bin ng hnh thnh bi cc t gy trt bng phng kinh tuyn phn
b gia cc kinh tuyn 109-110oE, ko di t v 15oN v pha nam. Trong giai on 19002003 ghi nhn 32 trn ng t M<=6,l, h<=33 km.
Vng Minh Hi Thun Hi hnh thnh bi cc t gy trt bng hng B-TN
trong vng bin t Ninh Thun ti Vng Tu. T 1877 n nay trong vng ghi nhn 1 trn
ng t M<=5,5, h<=15 20 km.
Vng Nam Cn Sn pht trin dc theo ra ty bc b trng Nang Cn. Trong giai
on 1900-2003, trong vng ghi nhn 4 trn ng t M<=4,8, h<=15 20 km.
Vng t gy Ba Cha pht trin dc theo h t gy ba Cha hng TB-N. Trong
giai on 1900-2003, trong vng ghi nhn 4 trn ng t M<=4,3, h<=33 km.
i ht chm pha ty Philippine, tc ra ng ca Bin ng trn chiu di 1000
km t i Loan n v 12oN, trong thi gian 1920 2002 quan st c 700 trn ng
t M = 5-8.
Chi tit v ng t khu vc ng Nam Trung Quc
V Tri t khu vc o Hi Nam tri qua nhiu vn ng kin to trong lch s a
cht. C vn ng thng ng v vn ng phn d ngang c th quan st d dng trn thc
a. Hn o ny b chia ct lm ba phn bi hai t gy ln phng ng ty : t gy
Wangwu Wenjiao v t gy Jianfengling Wanling. Cc t gy phng ty bc - ng
nam pht trin mnh pha bc o. Nhng phn pha nam v khu vc ngoi khi lin k,
cc t gy phng ng bc ty nam chim u th.
Hai trn ng t thng 12 nm 1969 xy ra b Qiondongnan. S pht trin cu trc
ca b ny lin quan mt thit vi qu trnh m Bin ng. y l kiu b ven ra th ng
c trng c pht trin t qu trnh rift v ln chm mang tnh khu vc. Vo Miocene
mun, trm tch i vo b ny t hai vng ngun : t pha bc ca o Hi Nam v t pha ty
nam. Th hin chi tit hai h t gy ln trong khu vc, h t gy s 1 phng TB-N v h
t gy s 2 phng B-TN. H t hy s 2 ct qua tm ca hai trn ng t ny. Cc a
ho v bn a ho b Qiondongnan hu ht nh hng theo phng ng B Nam TN,
song song vi h t gy s 2. Trn ng t ngy 17 thng 12 xy ra ra pha bc ca khi
nng Songtao phng TB- N. Trn ng t ngy 20 thng 12 xy ra gn h t gy s 2.
237
Hnh 6.6: Hot ng ng t trong khu vc Bin ng v k cn (theo s liu ngun NEIC)
Phan Tr ng Trnh
238
Hnh 6.7: C cu chn tiu ca mt s trn ng t N Trung Quc v trong Bin ng, theo BaoZhu Wei, 1995[263]
Bng 6.6: C cu chn tiu ca 7 trn ng t ln khu vc o Hi Nam
239
240
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 6.10: Di thng trng lc Free air nhn theo 3 chiu [199]
241
Hnh 6.12: Cc mt ct ct qua cc on ca i cun chm Manila theo Bautista v nnk, 2001 [16]
242
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Hnh 6.13: Gc cm ca i cun chm Manila theo cc mt ct khc nhau th hin trn
hnh 6.12 theo Bautista v nnk, 2001 [16]
243
244
Phan Tr ng Trnh
245
246
Phan Tr ng Trnh
247
Magnitude
7.884
7.603
7.997
8.224
8.278
7.985
6.839
6.844
3.013
.794
Phan Tr ng Trnh
248
GI TR TRUNG BNH THEO TRNG S
Phng php moment ng t: 3; PP mt t gy: 2; PP chiu di: 1
Magnitude trung bnh lch chun
8.40
0.193
Bng 6.8: ng t cc i gy ra bi F2
Magnitude
8.140
7.877
8.425
8.700
8.789
8.386
10.745
17.363
4.011
.859
Magnitude
8.075
7.807
8.118
8.359
8.423
8.103
9.582
8.913
3.268
.812
249
Bng 6.10: ng t cc i gy ra bi F4
Magnitude
8.197
7.938
8.297
8.558
8.637
8.269
11.890
13.162
3.683
.839
Magnitude
7.778
7.490
8.023
8.254
8.310
8.005
5.681
7.257
3.068
.798
Phan Tr ng Trnh
250
Magnitude
6.286
6.477
6.201
6.328
6.243
5.978
.139
.168
.228
.182
Magnitude
6.432
6.617
6.329
6.453
6.378
6.138
.212
.214
.308
.238
251
NH GI GIA TC RUNG NG
thnh lp bn d bo nguy him ng t, chng ti tnh ton gia tc rung
ng ng vi khong cch ti t gy.
Bng 6.14: Gia tc rung ng ca ng t c magnitude 6.2 khong cch 10 km
Trng s
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
0
0
Trng s
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
0
0
Phan Tr ng Trnh
252
Bng 6.16: Gia tc rung ng ca ng t magnitude 6.4 khong cch 10 km
Trng s
.1626
.1744
.1744
.1678
.1344
.2374
.1762
.1957
.2898
.3396
.3277
Trng s
.1107
.1142
.1142
.1068
.0784
.1581
.1257
.1312
.2057
.1983
.2471
253
u
u u v u
g h
g d
+
+
+
=
+ fv
t R cos R R cos R cos
v
u
v v v g h g d
+
+
+
=
fu
t R cos R R R
(6.1)
(6.2)
(6.3)
254
Phan Tr ng Trnh
255
256
Phan Tr ng Trnh
1
(6.4)
= gh
t
R cos
Cc phng trnh tng t nh phng trnh (6.46) c th c vit cho cc bin h
pha ty, bc v nam ca min tnh.
Phng trnh (6.4) l iu kin bin bc x t do (iu kin bin Euler) ca sng
tuyn tnh. Tuy vy, m hnh c s dng tnh lan truyn sng thn trn bin l m hnh
sng thn phi tuyn v cc phng trnh bo ton ng lng l cc phng trnh (6.44) v
(6.45). Vic ghp ni phng trnh (6.46) vo cc phng trnh (6.44) v (6.45) ti bin c th
gy ra mt cn bng ng lng, lm cho m hnh mt n nh. loi tr tnh bt n nh
ca m hnh, nghin cu ny s dng k thut sau y. Trc ht, rt ra cc phng trnh
lan truyn sng di tuyn tnh bng cch loi b cc thnh phn phi tuyn. Sau , gii cc
phng trnh ny cho nt li ngay cnh nt li trn bin ca min tnh.
i vi bin cng, cn phi tnh ti sng leo v tiu tn nng lng do sng v. Tuy
nhin, lm c iu ny, cn phi tnh ton vi li tnh nh. Do phm vi p dng ca
m hnh lan truyn sng thn l ton Bin ng nn trong d n ny, bt buc phi s dng
257
li tnh rt ln (khong 1 pht kinh v). Vi li tnh ny, khng cn thit phi tnh ti cc
qu trnh sng ven b nh sng leo, sng v. Cc gi tr cao mc nc v vn tc dng
chy tnh c t m hnh lan truyn sng thn trn phm vi ton Bin ng s c s dng
tnh sng leo v ngp lt do sng thn gy ra trn b. tnh sng leo trn b, cn phi s
dng li tnh rt tinh (li tnh ln nht l 50m). Cng vic ny ang c thc hin v s
hon tt vo cui nm 2008.
M hnh thnh to sng thn khng cn iu kin ban u v n tnh ton dch chuyn
3 chiu ca mt nc bin khi c ng t theo cc cng thc gii tch m khng cn gii cc
phng trnh vi phn ph thuc thi gian. iu kin ban u cho m hnh s tr tnh lan
truyn ca sng thn trn phm vi ton Bin ng l dch chuyn thng ng ca b mt
nc bin khi c ng t tnh theo m hnh thnh to sng thn.
M hnh tnh ton ngp lt do sng thn gy ra
Yu cu tnh ton ngp lt do sng thn trong iu kin thc t
Thng thng, a hnh v a mo mt t vng ven b bin rt phc tp vi cc khu
vc t cao, nh ca, cy ci, ng s, cng nh cc vng t c dc ln hay thng ng.
Cc c trng nu trn ca mt t c gi l cc yu t a hnh, a mo. Tt c cc yu t
a hnh, a mo nu trn u nh hng ti qu trnh lan truyn sng thn v ngp lt do
sng thn gy ra. dc ca khu t ngay st b bin nh hng rt mnh ti cao sng
leo. Cc kt qu nghin cu trong phng th nghim cng nh thc nghim hin trng cho
thy, cao sng leo tng khi dc mt t st b bin tng t 0 ti mt gi tr no , sau
gim khi dc mt t tng. Nu dc mt t ti st b bin bng 0 th cao sng
thn gim dn theo khong cch t ngoi b bin vo su trong t lin. iu ny c ngha l
sng thn cao nht ngay ti b bin. Cc khu t cao t nhin v nhn to nh g, i, ,
ng s, nh ca, cy ci c kh nng cn tr qu trnh lan truyn ca sng thn v lm suy
gim nng lng ca sng thn. Do vy, mt m hnh s tr c kh nng tnh ton m phng
qu trnh lan truyn ca sng thn trn t lin cng nh ngp lt do sng thn gy ra vi
chnh xc cao i hi phi tnh ti tt c cc yu t a hnh a mo nu trn. Ngoi ra, khi
sng thn lan truyn vo b, mt pha trc ca sng gn nh tr thnh thng ng. C ngha
l ngay ti mt sng thn, c mt s phn bit rt r rng gia khu vc c nc v khu vc
kh ro. Do , m phng qu trnh lan truyn ca sng thn trn cn, cn phi d bo vi
chnh xc cao, c th ti bc mt vi mt, s di chuyn ca ranh gii nc l trn mt
vng vn kh ro t trc. Thng thng, gim sai s trong vic thc hin cc vic trn,
ngi ta s dng mt li tnh vi kch thc li rt nh, c ln khong 1 ti 2 mt. Tuy
nhin, trong d n ny, vic tnh ton ngp lt do sng thn gy ra c s dng cc li tnh
vi kch thc nh trn l khng kh thi v d n yu cu tnh ton cho cc min tnh rt rng.
Nu dng li tnh c kch thc nh, cc min tnh ny i hi cc mng s liu vi kch
thc rt ln vi bc thi gian tnh ton rt nh tho mn iu kin n nh. iu ny
yu cu mt b nh my tnh rt ln v thi gian tnh ton rt di. Trong thc t tc nghip
ni chung, do gii hn v b nh my tnh v thi gian tnh ton, thng th li tnh c
ly kh th, i khi c kch thc bc li ti 100 mt. Trong trng hp ny, t c
chnh xc cn thit trong m phng lan truyn sng thn v ngp lt, vic m phng mt
cch chnh xc s lan truyn ca b mt sng thn trong mt nt li c tm quan trng rt
ln.
Cc phng trnh c bn ca m hnh
Nh trnh by trn, khi gii quyt bi ton tnh lan truyn sng thn trn mt a
hnh rt phc tp ven b bin vi chnh xc tho mn yu cu lp bn cnh bo nguy c
sng thn, tit kim thi gian tnh ton v b nh my tnh, nhiu khi cn phi dng li
tnh rt th, thm ch c ln khong 100 mt. Thng thng th vi li tnh nh th ny
th khng th xem a hnh bn trong li l ng nht v nh vy sai s tnh ton s rt ln.
Phan Tr ng Trnh
258
q x 1 Sq x2 1 Sq x q y
+
+
t
S x d S y d
(q x / d ) f c
1
d t S
+
Qq x
S y
y d 2
(q x / d )
1
+ gd
d t S
x S x
x
(6.48)
=0
2
(q y / d )
1 Sq y
+ gd 1 d t S
+
t
y S x
x
S y d
(q y / d ) f c
1
Qq y = 0
d t S
+
y d 2
S y
q y
(6.47)
1 Sq y q x
S x d
(6.49)
259
gn 2
h1 / 3
(6.50)
d 4/3
100
(6.51)
vi i din cho cc cng trnh xy dng hay khu t cao trong nt li v c nh ngha
l t s gia din tch phn c cng trnh ca nt li trn tng din tch ca nt li. n0 i
din cho tr khng ca dng chy do t nng nghip, ng x v t s dng vi cc mc
ch khc v c tnh nh sau
n12 A1 + n 22 A2 + n32 A3
n =
A1 + A2 + A3
2
0
(6.52)
Q = 0.35d u 2 gd u
Q = 0.91d d 2 g (d u d d )
(6.55)
(6.56)
Phan Tr ng Trnh
260
Cc cng thc t (6.53) ti (6.56) cng c th c s dng tnh dng chy trn
qua to ra trao i nc gia li tnh v cc sng ln trong trng hp c .
Thng thng khi ta dng mt li tnh qu th th trong li c th c cc sng, sui,
knh rch (gi l knh) nh c chiu rng nh hn bc li. Nu nh c cc knh ny th
tu thuc vo chiu rng ca knh, i khi dng chy trong cc knh nhanh hn dng chy b
mt nhiu v cc knh ny c th gip cho sng thn lan truyn nhanh hn. c th m
phng c hin tng ny, trong m hnh tnh dng chy trong knh ring bit vi dng
chy trn trn b mt bng cch gii phng trnh chuyn ng c tuyn tnh ho sau
cho knh
Wu
du
dd
Wd
Wb
4/3
g t
l
d rm
(6.57)
trong , Vr l vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy trong knh, H r l mc nc trong bnh trong
knh, c th khc vi mc nc trong li, l l khong cch dc theo knh t mt li ti
li cnh , n r l h s nhm trung bnh trong knh v d rm l su dng chy trung bnh
trong knh. Mc nc trong knh c tnh bng cch gii phng trnh cn bng nc cho
on knh nm trong li nh sau:
H r
=
t
[ Q Q ]/ A
in
out
(6.58)
261
(6.59)
Phan Tr ng Trnh
262
x1
i+1,j+1
vij
i,j+1
Bin
Onshore
i+1,j-1
i+1,j
u i+1j D II
C
I
i,j
vij-1
i,j-1
x 2
A
u ij
i-1,j+1
i-1,j
i-1,j-1
Offshore
y
y
y 1
0
263
Kc
h
bn
1
2
ng
nghi
t
chn ()
i
ngun ()
t
t
ng
gy
tiu
t
()
Mw
gy
( ()
h
gy
L
)
(km)
(km)
W
(km)
Khon
g dch
chuy
n
thng
ng
u0 (m)
8.5
119.10 17.50 313
70
18
15
90
177
9.61
9.0
119.10 17.50 646
104
27
15
90
177
17.49
su min tnh ton kim chng cng khu vc vng ngun sng thn c trnh by
trn Hnh 6.28.
Nh trnh by trn, li tnh dng trong tnh ton kim chng c phn gii 2
kinh v. V vy, vi min tnh trong Hnh 6.28, tnh ton c thc hin trn li kinh v vi
781x781 im li. Kt qu m phng thi gian lan truyn ca sng thn trn Bin ng theo
m hnh ca VKHKTTVMT, m hnh Chu u v m hnh Imamura c trnh by trn
Hnh 6.29. C th thy rng ngay ti vng ngun, kt qu tnh ton bng m hnh Chu u
kh khc vi m hnh VKHKTTVMT. iu ny l do m hnh Chu u s dng ngun im
trong khi m hnh VKHKTTVMT s dng cp ngun cng ng c hnh ch nht. Kt qu
tnh ton ca hai m hnh ti khu vc kh xa vng ngun l tng t nh nhau. Ngoi ra, m
hnh Chu u khng tnh c thi gian lan truyn ca sng thn ti cc khu vc rt xa
ngun (nh trong vnh Bc B hoc Ty Nam Bin ng) trong khi m hnh VKTTVMT
Phan Tr ng Trnh
264
thc hin c vic ny. M hnh Imamura phi tuyn s dng m hnh ng t gy sng
thn tng t m hnh VKHKTTVMT nn cho kt qu tng t nh kt qu ca m hnh
VKHKTTVMT.
Hnh 6.28: su vng nghin cu v vng ngun pht sinh sng thn [199].
(a)
(b)
(c)
Hnh 6.29: Thi gian lan truyn sng thn: (a) kt qu m hnh VKHKTTVMT, (b) m hnh Chu
u, v (c) m hnh Imamura [199]
Cc Hnh 6.30 v 6.31 trnh by phn b cao sng thn trn ton Bin ng, v ti
mt s v tr ven bin v hi o Vit Nam tnh bng m hnh VKHKTTVMT v m hnh
Imamura. C th thy phn b cao sng thn trn phm vi ton Bin ng v ti mt s v
tr ven bin v hi o Vit Nam tnh bng hai m hnh cho cc kt qu tng t nh nhau.
Vi ng t xy ra trong i ht chm Manila, vng bin chu nh hng mnh nht
l cc qun o Trng Sa, Hong Sa v vng bin t Hu ti Phan Rang. cao sng thn
cc i ti cc vng b bin t Hu ti Phan Rang nm trong khong t 3,5 m n 4,5 m.
Vng bin c cao sng thn nguy him (hn 1m) tri di t Qung Bnh ti Vng Tu.
cao sng thn cc i ti khu vc qun o Hong Sa l hn 4 m, c bit ti mt s v tr l
hn 5 m. cao sng thn y ln v qun o ny nm i din vi khu vc t gy gy
265
ng t, chn ngang ng lan truyn ca sng thn t khu vc ngun ti vng b bin min
Trung ca Vit Nam. So vi qun o Hong Sa, cao sng thn ti vng qun o Trng
Sa nh hn nhiu. Ni chung, cao sng thn cc i ti khu vc ny ch vo khong 2 n
3 m. Tuy vy, ti mt s v tr, cao sng thn cc i c th ln ti trn 4 m.
(a)
(b)
Hnh 6.30: Phn b cao sng thn trn Bin ng tnh bng m hnh VKHKTTVMT (a),
v m hnh Imamura (b) vi ng t c Mw=8,5 ti i ht chm Manila [199]
266
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Cc Hnh 6.32 v 6.33 trnh by phn b cao sng thn trn ton Bin ng v ti
mt s v tr ven b bin v hi o Vit Nam tnh bng m hnh VKHKTTVMT v m hnh
Imamura vi ng t c Mw=9,0 ti i ht chm Manila. Cc kt qu tnh ton t cc m
hnh ny cho thy rng trng cao sng thn trn ton Bin ng v cao sng thn ti
mt s v tr ven b bin v hi o ca Vit Nam tnh bng hai m hnh ny cho cc kt qu
tng ng vi nhau.
(a)
(b)
Hnh 6.31: cao sng thn ti mt s v tr ven b bin v hi o Vit Nam tnh bng m hnh
VKHKTTVMT (a), v m hnh Imamura (b) vi ng t c Mw=8,5 ti i ht chm Manila [199].
267
Phan Tr ng Trnh
268
(a)
(b)
Hnh 6.32: Phn b cao sng thn trn Bin ng tnh bng m hnh VKHKTTVMT (a), v m
hnh Imamura (b) vi ng t c Mw=9,0 ti i ht chm Manila [199]
269
(a)
(b)
Hnh 6.33: cao sng thn ti mt s v tr ven b bin v hi o Vit Nam tnh bng m hnh
VKHKTTVMT (a), v m hnh Imamura (b) vi ng t c Mw=9,0 ti i ht chm Manila [199].
Phan Tr ng Trnh
270
a) Nng
b) Bnh nh
c) Ph Yn
Kim chng m hnh theo cc s liu quan trc sng thn ca hai trn sng thn
Philippines
Trong thc t, c th khng nh tnh ng n ca m hnh, ngoi cc kt qu
kim chng l thuyt nh trnh by trn, cn kim chng m hnh theo cc kt qu quan
trc sng thn. V khu vc nghin cu l Bin ng, Vit Nam nn cc s liu ph hp nht
kim chng m hnh l cc s liu v cc trn ng t gy sng thn trong khu vc Bin
ng. Trong khu vc ny, nh trnh by trong Chng 4, ngun sng thn nguy him nht
l ngun sng thn do ng t ti i ht chm Manila gy ra.
271
d) Ninh Thun
e) Trng Sa
Hnh 6.34: Dao ng mc nc do sng thn tnh bng m hnh Imamura v m hnh
VKHKTTVMT ti: a) Nng; b) Bnh nh; c) Ph Yn; d) Ninh Thun; e) Trng Sa.
Trc khi Thc dn Ty Ban Nha chim Philippines vo th k 15, khng c bt c
ghi chp no v ng t cng nh sng thn ti vng bin Philippines. T khi Thc dn Ty
Ban Nha chim Philippines, bt u c nhng ghi chp v ng t cng nh sng thn. Tuy
vy, trc th k 20, do cha c thit b o c ng t hoc l do cc thit b qu th s nn
cc thng tin ng t ghi chp c khng y v thiu chnh xc. V sng thn
Philippines thng ch gy nh hng ti cc khu vc b bin hp, trong khi nhiu khu
vc ven bin ca Philippines kh cch bit vi cc khu vc xung quanh, giao thng lin lc
khng c thun tin nn trong nhiu trng hp cc s kin sng thn b b st. Ch t th
k th 20, cc thng tin ng t v sng thn mi y v chnh xc hn. Mc d vy, do
c rt t cc thit b o mc nc b tr ven b bin Philippines nn hu nh khng c cc
quan trc bng my mc v sng thn. Thng l cc ti liu v cao sng thn thu c
theo cc iu tra v sng thn ti cc vng bin c sng thn sau khi sng thn xy ra.
Theo Bautista v nnk (2006) [17], t nm 1828 ti 2005, c 8 trn sng thn nh
hng ti b bc v ty o Luzon, trong c 6 trn sng thn xy ra trong th k 20. Trong
s 8 trn ng t ny, c 5 trn ng t nm xung quanh i ht chm Manila, 1 trn ng
t nm trong vnh Manila v 2 trn ng t trong khu vc eo Bassi, gia Philipines v i
Loan. Cn c vo cc ti liu nghin cu ca Bautista (2001) [16], Iida v nnk (1967),
Berninghausen (1969), c th chn ra mt s trn ng t gy sng thn ti Philippines v
cao sng thn ti b Philippines. T , trong nghin cu ny, chn ra hai trn ng t c
Phan Tr ng Trnh
272
Hnh 6.35. Hai trn ng t gy sng thn c cao 1-4 m ti pha ty o Luzon vo cc nm 1924
v 1934
Gc
Hng Khong
cm
su
rng
di
ngun
ln
nghing t gy
dch
chn ()
i
i
()
ngun
ng
chuyn
()
()
tiu
t
t
()
t Ms
u0 (m)
h
gy
gy
(km)
W
L
(km)
(km)
5/6/
7,0
119,00 16,00 35
21
12
28
90
180
1,6
1924
14/2/
1934
7,6
119,00
17,50
84
34
21
22
90
190
3,1
273
iu tra, kho st sau sng thn. Cc kt qu kho st sau khi xy ra sng thn cho thy rng
cao cc i ca sng thn ti b l hn 1 m. Do thng tin v sng thn thu c do iu
tra, kho st sau sng thn nn chnh xc ca cc s liu thu c rt hn ch.
Hnh 6.36: a hnh khu vc tnh ton kim chng m hnh tnh lan truyn sng thn [199]
Khu vc chu nh hng ca sng thn thuc tnh Pangasinan, cch th Manila ca
Philippines khong 250 km v pha bc. a hnh ven bin khu vc tnh Pangasinan ch yu
l i ni. C nhiu khu vc ni chy ra st bin. Do vy, ven b bin kh dc v khng thch
hp cho c tr. C dn ven bin y ch yu sng ti mt s khu vc t ai bng phng
nm xen gia cc vng i ni. Vo thi gian xy ra sng thn, dn c kh tha tht, ch yu
lm ngh lm mui v nh bt hi sn ven b. Ngy nay, tnh Pangasinan c coi l mt
khu vc du lch rt ni ting Philippines vi cc khu vc dn c ng c ti cc thnh ph,
th trn v hng lot cc o nh gn b.
Vic tnh ton kim chng m hnh thnh to sng thn i hi phi xc lp min tnh
ph hp sao cho cc kt qu tnh ton chnh xc cn thit kim chng m hnh theo
cc s liu quan trc sng thn, ng thi gim thiu thi gian tnh ton.
Trn c s cc phn tch trn, trong nghin cu ny s dng min tnh vi su
nh trong Hnh 6.36. Kch thc li tnh c ly l 500 m. y l mt kch thc tng
i ln nu xem xt s bin i ca sng thn ngay ti khu vc b bin v cao sng leo
vi a hnh thay i mnh nh trong trng hp xem xt. Tuy vy, i vi m hnh lan
truyn sng thn trn bin, li tnh 500 m l tnh c th c cc kt qu chnh xc v
cao v thi gian lan truyn ca sng thn trn bin. T su bin trong ton khu vc, c th
thy rng ng t xy ra mt khu vc c su khong 3000 m. y l iu kin rt thun
li to thnh sng thn, nht l trong iu kin t gy trong i ht chm Manila xy ra
theo c ch trt chm.
Cc kt qu tnh ton thnh to v lan truyn sng thn cho thy ch 5 pht sau khi
ng t xy ra, sng thn tn cng vo b bin tnh Pangasinan. iu ny cng ph hp
vi cc ghi chp ti Vin a chn v Ni la Philippines l ngay sau khi xy ra ng t,
sng thn tn cng b bin tnh Pangasinan v Zambales. Kt qu tnh phn b cao
sng thn gn b trong trn ng t ngy 5/6/1924 gn b Philippines c trnh by trn
Hnh 6.37. C th thy trn hnh rng trn ng t gy sng thn trong mt khu vc kh
hp. cao cc i ca sng thn ngay ti b bin l trn 1 m. Khu vc c cao sng thn
274
Phan Tr ng Trnh
trn 1 m di khong trn 30 km, bao gm mt phn b bin tnh Pangasinan v mt phn b
bin tnh Zambales. Cc kt qu tnh ton ny ph hp vi cc quan trc sng thn ghi chp
c ti Vin a chn v Ni la Philippines.
Hnh 6.37: Phn b cao sng thn gn b bin tnh Pangasinan v Zambales [199]
275
Hnh 6.38: Phn b cao sng thn gn b bin tnh La Union trong trn ng t ngy 14/02/1934
[199]
Phan Tr ng Trnh
276
2L
277
Th nghim ca Martin
v Moyce
X/L
2.5
Tnh ton
2
1.5
t 2g / L
1
0.5
0
0
Hnh 6.40: So snh kt qu tnh ton bng m hnh v th nghim ca Martin & Moyce
sng
n
ng
b
A / h = 0.3
SW
L
s = 1 : 19.85
x0 / h = 0
h = 1m
x 2 / h = 19.85
x1 / h = 24.42
A
(6.62)
( x x1 )
( x,0) = sech
3
h
4h
g
(6.63)
h
Kt qu tnh ton m phng phn b khng gian ca mt nc ti cc thi im khc
nhau c so snh vi cc s liu th nghim ca Synolakis nhm nh gi mc chnh xc
ca m phng s.
Trn Hnh 6.42, c th thy rng kt qu m phng mt nc trong qu trnh sng tin
ti bi ph hp rt tt vi s liu thu c trong th nghim vt l. C th thy rng cao
u ( x,0) = ( x,0)
Phan Tr ng Trnh
278
0.5
0.5
Num. Results
0.4
Num. Results
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-10
-5
10
15
20
-10
0.5
Num. Results
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
-0.1
-0.1
0
10
15
10
20
15
20
0.4
0.3
-5
0.5
0.3
-10
-5
-10
-5
10
15
20
m phng hin tng trn, Briggs v nnk (1995) [27] thc hin th nghim v
sng leo xung quanh mt o hnh nn. B sng hai chiu dng trong th nghim c kch
thc 30mx25m. o hnh nn c ng knh ti chn l 7,2m v ng knh ti nh l
2,2m, chiu cao l 0,625m. o c t trn ng vung gc v i qua im gia ca bn
to sng. Khong cch t o ti bn to sng l 12,96m.
Trong th nghim, sng n c to thnh do dch chuyn ca bn to sng v c th
c m t bng cng thc xp x sau y:
( x,0) = H sec h 2 ( x X 1 )
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
279
Th nghim
Tnh ton
100
200
300
400
Gc xung quanh o
Hnh 6.43: So snh kt qu tnh ton vi s liu th nghim ca Briggs v nnk (1995)
Phan Tr ng Trnh
280
9m.
1000m
6m.
ng xm
nhp ca
sng thn
7m
281
Hnh 6.46: Kt qu tnh ton ngp lt do sng thn gy ra ti khu vc Patong, Thi Lan [199]
Phan Tr ng Trnh
282
Xc nh hng cm ca t gy
Cc i t gy su thng c biu hin r nt trn ti liu trng lc v cc thnh
phn bin i ca chng. Do s chm ca lp v tri t dc theo t gy, i ht chm to
ln s khc bit v thnh phn vt cht ca n vi vng ln cn m ti i ht chm Manila l
mt in hnh. S khc bit v mi trng vt cht ny c phn nh r nt trn ti liu
trng lc v vn tc sng a chn. cng l mt trong nhng c s pht hin v xc
nh c gc cm ca i ht chm Manila. c im r nht Manila l pha cnh treo ca
i ht chm do thch quyn chc chm xung su tn trong lp ci nn to ra i chm
nghch khu vc ny. Hng cm ca cc on t gy F3 v F4 quay v pha ng.
tiu
t
() () () u0 (m)
gy
h
(km)
W
(km)
1
8.2
119,28 16,83 200
50
20
30
90
360
3.2
2
8.2
119,28 16,83 200
50
15
30
90
360
3.2
3
8.4
119,16 15,07 256
60
20
30
90
360
3.7
4
8.4
119,16 15,07 256
60
15
30
90
360
3.7
Quan st trn cc mt ct t Hnh 6.12 v 6.13 ta thy r rng dc mi ca khi
trt chm ti on pha Bc o Luzon ny thoi hn c ngha l gc cm ca khi trt
chm ny l nh, v nh hn on pha Ty o Luzon. Gc cm ch dao ng trong khong
250 300. v cc trn ng t khng pht sinh ngay st mt m mt su no . Trn c
s ta la chn 4 kch bn ng t gy sng thn ti pha Bc ca i ht chm vi cc
su pht sinh ng t khc nhau (Bng 6.20). Theo nh gi a chn kin to th duy nht
trn Bin ng hai on F3 v F4 ca i cun chm Manila c th pht sinh ng t gy
song thn nh hng ti Vit Nam.
Kch
bn
ln
ng
t
Kinh
ngun
()
V
ngun
()
Chiu
di i
t
gy
L
(km)
283
6.2.3. nh gi bin sng cc i, thi gian lan truyn v din ngp lt c nguy c
cao
Gii thiu chung
H thng cc bn cnh bo nguy c sng thn bao gm cc bn cnh bo nguy
c sng thn trn bin (cc bn phn b cao v thi gian lan truyn ca sng thn trn
bin) v cc bn cnh bo nguy c sng thn trn b (cc bn su ngp lt v thi
gian lan truyn ca sng thn trn b). xy dng cc bn cnh bo nguy c sng thn
trn b v nh gi kh nng ngp lt gy ra do sng thn cho cc khu vc ven bin nc ta,
chng ti tnh ton ngp lt do sng thn gy ra. Do a hnh v a mo trn b bin rt
phc tp, tnh ton ngp lt vi chnh xc cao i hi phi s dng li tnh c phn
gii cao. Trong cun sch ny, s dng li tnh c kch thc 50m. Vi li tnh ny, do
gii hn ca tc tnh ton v b nh ca my tnh, mi min tnh ngp lt do sng thn gy
ra l kh hp. Vi cc min tnh hp ny, c th tnh lan truyn ca sng thn trong khu
vc ven bin v ngp lt do sng thn gy ra, cn phi c iu kin mc nc hoc lu lng
ti cc bin n sng thn. Cc iu kin bin phc v tnh ngp lt do sng thn s c
cung cp t m hnh thnh to v lan truyn ca sng thn trn ton Bin ng.
Vic xy dng cc bn cnh bo nguy c ngp lt do sng thn c ngha v cng
quan trng trong vic phng trnh v gim thiu thit hi do thin tai sng thn gy ra. Cc
bn ny gip xy dng cc phng n ng ph vi thin tai sng thn, bao gm lp k
hoch s tn dn, xc nh cc khu vc c th s tn, t chc cc cng vic cn thit phc v
tm kim, cu nn khi c thin tai sng thn. Cc bn cn c th s dng phc v gio dc
cng ng, nng cao kin thc ca ngi dn v thin tai sng thn ngi dn c th t
chun b phng chng sng thn mt cch hiu qu.
Cc c quan qun l v hoch nh chnh sch cc cp trung ng v a phng c
th s dng cc bn ny lp quy hoch v pht trin kinh t - x hi, s dng t ti cc
khu vc ven b cng nh a ra cc phng n s tn dn trong trng hp c sng thn.
Vic quy hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi, c bit l quy hoch cc khu th, ni tp trung
dn c, cc khu cng nghip, bn cng, cc khu du lch, bi bin, khu bo tn sinh thi ti cc
khu vc c nguy c sng thn cao cng cn phi c xem xt mt cch k lng trn c s
phn tch v nh gi li ch v thit hi. Trong bt c trng hp no, vic s dng t ti
cc khu vc c nguy c nh hng ca sng thn cng phi km theo iu kin l m bo an
ton cho tt c ngi dn sinh sng v lm vic ti cc khu vc ny khi c sng thn tn cng.
Th d, cho d gi tr ca cc khu t ven bin rt cao, nhng thay v s dng t cho cc mc
ch kinh t, thng mi, c th trng rng to cnh quan, va gp phn bo v mi trng
cho bi bin phc v du lch, va tng kh nng phng trnh sng thn.
Xc lp min tnh phc v tnh ton ngp lt vng b bin do sng thn.
Thng thng, khi vo gn b, di nh hng ca cc hiu ng sng gn b, sng
thn bin dng rt mnh. Hin tng bin i ca sng thn xy ra t ngt nht ti vng c
su thay i mnh. Khi thc hin tnh ton bng cc m hnh s tr, su bin ti trung
tm cc li tnh s tr c ly l gi tr trung bnh ca su thc.
Do vy, su ti mt im trong min tnh s tr c th thay i khi s dng cc li
tnh c kch thc khc nhau. V ln ca sng thn v hng truyn sng ph thuc rt
mnh vo su bin nn thng thng ti khu vc ven b, chnh xc ca tnh ton sng
thn ph thuc mnh vo kch thc li tnh. nh hng ny l ln nht vng ven b c
su nh. Li tnh cng tinh (kch thc li tnh cng nh) th chnh xc tnh ton
cng ln. Tuy vy, i vi cng mt min tnh th nu li tnh cng nh, cng cn mt b
nh my tnh ln v thi gian tnh ton di. iu ny l do m bo iu kin n nh
nghim theo tiu chun Courant-Friederic-Lewy, li tnh cng nh s cn bc thi gian tnh
ton nh hn. Hn na, khi li tnh c kch thc nh, vic tnh ton trn mt lng cc nt
li ln hn s ko di thi gian tnh ton.
284
Phan Tr ng Trnh
285
trnh lan truyn sng thn trn bin do Tuck (1979) v Wu (1979) tin hnh cho thy rng
trnh c nghim sai lch, ln ca li tnh vng ven b phi nh hn 1km. Tuy nhin,
i vi vng bin ngoi khi vi su ln hn 100m, vic dng li tnh c kch thc
khong 5km c th loi tr c sai s ny.
V i vi vng b bin nc ta, ngoi hai vng ngun ng t gn ti b Ty ca
o Hi Nam v ngoi khi Nam Trung B kinh tuyn 1100E, ngun ng t c nguy c gy
sng thn cao nht l ngun ng t ti i ht chm Manila pha ty Philippines v pha
nam i Loan. Nh vy, vi vng ngun ng t ny, tnh ton nh hng ca sng thn
ti b bin nc ta, min tnh ton s thnh to v lan truyn ca sng thn l ton b Bin
ng. Vi min tnh ny, khng th dng li tnh rt nh v s i hi thi gian tnh ton v
b nh my tnh rt ln. Hn na, ti khu vc gia Bin ng, su bin kh ln v thay
i chm theo khng gian nn ngay c khi s dng li tnh ln, chnh xc ca cc kt qu
tnh ton vn m bo. Xut pht t , trong tnh ton xy dng bn cnh bo nguy c
sng thn, kch thc li tnh trn ton khu vc Bin ng c ly l 2 theo c hai
phng kinh v v . Cn c vo cc l gii phn trn, c th thy rng ngoi khi Bin
ng, li tnh 2 theo c hai hng kinh v v l ph hp. Tuy vy, li tnh kh th ny
c chnh xc trn khu vc xa b nhng s gy ra sai s rt ln khi tnh ton sng thn
vng ven b. Vo gn b, sng thn t ngt dng cao v tu thuc vo iu kin a hnh
y bin gn b, c cao bin i rt mnh theo khng gian. m bo chnh xc tnh
ton, tu thuc vo tm quan trng ca khu vc tnh v kh nng ca my tnh, c th chn
cc kch thc li tnh khc nhau. Cc kch thc li tnh ny phi m bo tit kim thi
gian tnh ton nhng vn m bo chnh xc tnh ton. T , nng cao chnh xc
tnh ton sng thn vng ven b phc v xy dng bn cnh bo nguy c sng thn, cn
phi s dng mt k thut tnh ton trong li tnh ca min tnh gia bin khi ln
nhng li tnh vng ven b phi rt nh m bo chnh xc cn thit.
Nh trnh by trn, ngoi bin khi vi su ln, sng thn c cao nh v
gy ra dc mt nc khng ng k. Hn na, sng thn l sng di nn do hin tng
khc x sng m gn b, sng thn lun c xu hng lan truyn vo b. Do vy, iu kin
bin ngoi khi c cho bi mc nc tnh t m hnh vi li tnh th trn quy m rng
m bo chnh xc tnh ton sng thn. Tuy vy, vi iu kin bin bn, cn phi xem xt
mt cch k cng. i vi bin n sng thn, cn chn iu kin mc nc tnh t m hnh
c li th.
Nh tho lun trn, v m hnh th cho kt qu tnh ton c chnh xc khng
cao vng ven b nn vic s dng kt qu tnh ton ny lm iu kin bin s lm gim
chnh xc tnh ton. i vi bin ngang theo hng sng thn i ra, cn s dng iu kin
bin cho php sng thn t do i ra khi min tnh. Vic s dng iu kin bin ny c th
gy ra hai loi sai s. Loi sai s th nht l do iu kin bin khng m bo cho php sng
thn t do hon ton i ra khi bin. iu c ngha l mt phn nng lng sng b phn
x tr li min tnh v gy ra sai s. Loi sai s th 2 lin quan ti hng truyn ca sng
thn. Do a hnh vng ven b bin phc tp nn rt c th ti mt khu vc no ca bin
ny sng thn s i vo min tnh ch khng phi i ra. Trong trng hp ny, vic p dng
iu kin bin i ra t do khng cho php n c nng lng ti min tnh ca sng thn.
Nh vy, d dng iu kin bin no, cc bin bn lun gy ra sai s tnh ton. lm gim
sai s ny, phi hn ch ti mc ti a di ca bin ngang. iu ny c thc hin bng
cch thu hp min tnh theo hng t pha b ra bin v ko di min tnh theo hng song
song vi b.
286
Phan Tr ng Trnh
Trn c s phn tch cc iu kin a hnh, tnh cht bin i ca sng thn cng nh
nhu cu v chnh xc phc v xy dng bn cnh bo nguy c sng thn, chng ti
la chn li tnh c kch thc 50m. V li tnh ny khc vi li tnh ca min tnh ngoi
i dng, cn phi lng min tnh ny vo min tnh rng ngoi i dng.
phc v cho yu cu trn, ton b vng ven bin Vit Nam c chia thnh 85
min tnh nh, nh s t M1 n M85 dc t Bc xung Nam (xem Hnh 6.49). Tuy nhin
trong khun kh cun sch ny, chng ti ch tp trung i vo tnh ton cho cc vng c nguy
c cao xy ra ngp lt. l cc mnh bn M30 M60.
Cc thng s v cao sng thn, thi gian lan truyn sng thn, din ngp lt s
c th hin trn bn .
Phn tch nh gi bin sng cc i, thi gian lan truyn v nhng khu vc c nguy
c ngp lt cao.
Trn c s phn tch la chn cc kch bn sng thn trnh by trong phn 1, ta s
i vo phn tch nh gi din ngp lt ti cc v tr c nguy c cao. Kch bn c la chn
phn tch l kch bn s 4.
287
Phan Tr ng Trnh
288
(a)
289
(b)
Hnh 6.50: Bn hin trng cc dng tai bin chnh lin quan vi kin to a ng lc hin i vng
Bin ng Vit Nam (a) v ch gii (b) (thu t t l 1:1000.000) [199]
Hnh 6.52A: Bn d bo ngp lt cc i gy ra do sng thn t huyn Tuy Phong tnh Qung Tr
ti huyn Thng Bnh tnh Qung Nam (thu t t l 1:250.000) [199]
290
Phan Tr ng Trnh
291
Hnh 6.52E: Bn d bo ngp lt cc i gy ra do sng thn t huyn Cam Ranh tnh Khnh Ho
ti thnh ph Phan Thit tnh Bnh Thun (thu t t l 1:250.000) [199]
292
Phan Tr ng Trnh
293
294
Phan Tr ng Trnh
295
6.4. MT S GII PHP PHNG TRNH TAI BIN LIN QUAN TI KIN TO,
A NG LC HIN I
6.4.1. C s khoa hc cho vic d bo, phn vng ng t, sng thn v ni la
Trn c s nghin cu kin to tr, kin to hin i v a ng lc hin i, chng ta
c c s khoa hc d bo ng t cc i cho vng trng Sng Hng l 6.2, dc i
t gy ra ty Bin ng l 6.2 v vng Nam Trung B v Nam B l 6.4, t xc nh
c cc gi tr gia tc rung ng cho cc vng trn ton b lnh hi, cc di ven b v mt
phn lnh th Vit Nam. Trn bn d bo cc dng tai bin lin quan vi kin to a ng
lc hin i (gi tt l DBTB) t l 1/1.000.000, chng ti xc nh cc ng ng tr ca
gia tc rung ng cc i 0.05g, 0.1g, 0.15g. ng thi vi bn d bo cc dng tai bin
chng ti cng thnh lp bn hin trng cc dng tai bin chnh lin quan vi kin to a
ng lc hin i t l 1/1000.000, trn phn nh cc chn tm ng t, c cu chn tiu
ng t, cc v tr ni la tr v ni la hin i. y l bn thnh phn phc v cho bn
DBTB. Thng tin ny c tch hp trn bn DBTB. Trn bn DBTB, chng ti cn
th hin ng ng mc d bo cao cc i ca sng thn. Do t l bn DBTB t l
1/1000.000 nn khng th phn nh c su ngp lt do sng thn. Chng ti thnh
lp mt lot bn d bo su ngp lt do sng thn t l 1/250.000 cho cc tnh Tha
Thin - Hu, Nng, Qung Nam, Qung Ngi, v.v.. Trn s d bo phm vi nh
hng ca sng thn, din ngp lt, su ngp lt.
Khu vc ven bin tnh Tha Thin Hu
C th thy rng, khu vc tnh Tha Thin - Hu l mt trong nhng khu vc chu
nh hng ngp lt ln nht (Hnh 6.53), cc khu vc c nguy c ngp lt khi xy ra sng
thn nguy him l cc khu vc gn cc ca sng v vnh, cc khu vc c a hnh thp, ven
m, ph. in hnh l cc khu vc dn c gn ca Thun An, khu vc dn c ln cn ca
Ha Dun, khu vc Lng C v khu vc vnh Chn My. Trong , khu vc x Lc Vinh
nm bn vnh Chn My l ni chu ngp lt ln nht v rng nht, tip n l Vinh Hai, Vinh
My. Xt v mc nh hng n dn c v kinh t, trong tnh Tha Thin - Hu, cc th
trn Thun An, Qung in l cc th trn b nh hng bi ngp lt do sng thn gy ra.
Cng Chn My b nh hng mnh, cc cng khc trong tnh cng b nh hng. Cc khu du
lch v bi tm ven bin b nh hng trong c th k n bi bin Lng C, ca Thun
An, Ha Dun. Cc khu vc nui trng thy hi sn ven bin v trong Ph Tam Giang Cu
Hai cng b nh hng nghim trng.
Nh vy, i vi kch bn ny, do mc v din ngp lt tng i ln, c bit l
khu vc cng Chn My, Vinh Hai khu vc an ton c th di dn n vi khong cch trn
3km t b bin hoc ti cc vng t cao hn 4m. Cn ch di dn cc khu vc nm cnh
Ph Tam Giang Cu Hai nh phn tch trong phn trn.
Khu vc thnh ph Nng v tnh Qung Nam
Khu vc ny c phm vi ngp lt tng i ln, trung bnh t 1-2km tnh t b;
su ngp lt trung bnh khong 2-3m, nhiu ni ven b dc vnh Nng c th n 3-4m.
Ti tnh Qung Nam, hu ht cc x ven bin trong tnh u b ngp, ln nht c th n 5km
t b v su ngp c th ln ti 4m (khu vc Ca i). C th thy rng khu vc thnh
ph Nng v tnh Qung Nam chu nh hng nng n nu c ng t c km sng thn
xy ra. Cc khu vc c nguy c ngp lt khi xy ra sng thn nguy him l cc khu vc gn
cc ca bin v vnh, cc khu vc c a hnh thp. Trong , khu vc thnh ph Nng v
khu vc Hi An l nhng ni chu ngp lt ln nht v rng nht. Xt v mc nh hng
n dn c v kinh t, trong tnh Qung Nam, th x Hi An v cc th trn Ni Thnh l cc
khu vc tp trung dn c b nh hng bi ngp lt do sng thn. Ti khu vc thnh ph
Nng, khu vc c dn phng Mn Thi, ni b ngp lt nng do sng thn c th tm thy
ni trnh an ton trn bn o Sn Tr. Ch rng, ch cn ln ti khu t c cao khong
296
Phan Tr ng Trnh
297
298
Phan Tr ng Trnh
299
sng thn cn c lin h cht ch vi c quan cnh bo sng thn Phillipin c thng tin kp
thi. Ti cc khu vc c kh nng ngp lt ln, cn thit phi c nhng loa phng thanh,
ngoi vic c s dng nh cng c thng bo tin tc cng ng, trong trng hp cn thit
c th c s dng pht bn tin cnh bo sng thn.
9. Cc khu du lch, bn cng, ni tp trung dn c ng nh bi bin Lng C, cng Chn
My, cng Thun An, c th phi tnh ti cc phng n xy nh dng nh sn vi cc cc b
tng vng chc v tng yu bn di lm a im s tn trnh sng thn khi khn cp.
Nu c sng thn mnh, cc bc tng c th sp, cho php sng thn i qua gim p
lc sng nhng cc cc b tng v ngi nh vn ng vng. Cc khch sn cao tng ven bin
khi thit k cng cn c tnh ton chng c sng thn v c th dng lm ni s tn
phng trnh sng thn.
10. Lp phng n di dn trong trng hp c cnh bo sng thn. Nh trnh by trn,
cc khu vc c kh nng chu nh hng mnh nht ca sng thn l di min rung bao gm
cc tnh nh Tha Thin - Hu, Nng, Qung Nam v Qung Ngi. cc tnh ny cn c
cc phng n di ri dn cc vng c nguy c ngp lt cao, c th nh sau:
- Khu vc ven bin tnh Tha Thin - Hu: Cn di ri dn cc khu vc gn cc ca
sng v vnh, cc khu vc c a hnh thp ven m ph nh ca Thun An, khu vc dn c
ln cn ca Ha Dun, khu vc Lng C v khu vc vnh Chn My, Vinh Hai, khu vc an
ton c th di dn n vi khong cch trn 3km t b bin hoc ti cc vng t cao hn 4m.
- Khu vc TP Nng v tnh Qung Nam: Cc khu vc cn thit phi di dn khi c
cnh bo sng thn di ven bin thuc a bn 2 tnh ny l cc phng bn trong vnh
Nng, cc khu vc ven sng Hn, khu vc c dn phng Mn Thi c th tm thy ni trnh
an ton trn bn o Sn Tr hoc nhng nhng a im cch b khong 3-5km hoc c cao
mt t hn 5m. Khu vc pha bc ca sng Thu Bn thuc a phn cc x Cm An, Cm
Thanh, Cm Thanh l nhng khu vc c mc nh hng ngp lt ln. Gn nh ton b
din tch cc x trn b nh hng. Vic di dn khi c sng thn xy ra gp kh khn v y l
cc x o hoc bn o. Do vy, cn thit phi a ra cc phng n di dn n cc x ln
cn hoc cc khu vc nm trong cc x c cao mt t cao hn 3m. Vi Th x Hi An,
khu bi bin M Sn, cng cn c nhng bin php phng cho nhn dn v khch du lch.
Trong trng hp sng thn xy ra, dn c v khch du lch cn c hng dn n ni an
ton cch b bin khong 5km.
- Khu vc tnh Qung Ngi: Ti khu vc huyn Bnh Sn, khu vc c dn cc x Tnh
K, Tnh Ha v Tnh Kh c th di chuyn n vng t cao nm gia x Tnh Kh v Tnh
Long. Ngoi ra, i vi khu vc ca sng Tr Khc, cn di chuyn dn nhanh vo pha trong,
cch b khong 10 km l an ton. V thi gian lan truyn ca sng thn t i t gy Manila
ti vng b Qung Ngi l vo khong 2 gi, nu pht hin sm sng thn, cho d khong
cch s tn l ln nhng vn c th t chc s tn dn mt cch hiu qu. Cc x c Li v
c Chnh huyn M c c th di chuyn n vng t cao thuc x c Thng. Kh khn
nht l cc x Ngha Ph, Ngha Dng, Ngha Ha, Ngha An, Ngha Hoa, Ngha Thng,
Ngha Hip thuc huyn T Ngha. Cc x ny c din tch ngp lt nhiu, c th phi dng
cc phng tin c gii di dn n vng t an ton thuc cc x bn trong nh Th x
Qung Ngi v th trn La H. Ti khu vc Vnh Dung Qut, cn c nhng bin php di dn,
cng nhn n ni an ton. Ngoi ra cng cn tnh n cc phng n phng n chy gy
nhim du v trong tng lai, y l khu lc ha du chnh ca c nc. Cc khu vc c din
ngp lt nh, cn hng dn ngi dn di c n vng t cao hoc cch xa bin khong 8 10km.
300
Phan Tr ng Trnh
301
KT LUN
Chuyn ng kin to tr v hot ng ni la tr
- Trn khu vc Bin ng Vit Nam v k cn, cc hot ng kin to tr trong
Pliocen - t, th hin kh r nt vng bin Bc B vi cng hot ng khc nhau.
Cc t gy phn thnh cc on ngn, ko di khng lin tc th hin l cc t gy thun v
t gy trt bng. Trong vng trng Sng Hng,chiu di t gy khng vt qu 15 km.
t gy tr hot ng mnh m vo cui Pliocen, t hn vo cui Pleistocen, him gp trong
trm tch Holocen ven ra cc b Kainozi .
- Biu hin ca cc t gy tr ca h thng t gy ra Ty Bin ng (t gy dc
kinh tuyn 109 -110) thm lc a Trung Trung B khng mang tnh lin tc. Cc du vt
tng phn v a hnh thm v sn lc a thc cht khng phn nh r rt qu trnh kin
to tr m l du vt a hnh do hot ng kin to c li du n m nt trn sn. Cc
biu hin hot ng ni la tr th hin r nt dc theo i t gy 110 c phn nh trong
a hnh, mt ct a chn trng trng lc v trng t.
- vng bin Nam Trung B, t i trt ct Tuy Ho v Nam B gm cc bn Cu
Long, Nam Cn Sn, biu hin ca cc hot ng kin to tr kh r rt vi cc t gy tr
chim u th c phng bc- nam v bc ty bc nam ng nam. l cc t gy thun v
trt bng. Cc t gy khng ko di lin tc, b t on vi chiu di khng vt qu 20
km.
Chuyn ng kin to hin i v a ng lc hin i
- Pha bc Bin ng ang thu hp li theo phng ty ty bc - ng ng nam vi
tc c 77 mm/nm. Hng ca vc t chuyn dch ti Lng, Bch Long V, Hi Nam,
Hong Sa hu nh ngc vi hng vc t chuyn dch PIMO, phn nh hng chuyn
dch ca mng bc Bin ng cm di Philippine ti trng Malina v pha ng ng nam.
S ng li ca Bin ng dc theo i cun chm Manila c tc khng u nhau pha bc
o Luzon tc chuyn dch v pha ty bc l ln nht sau gim nhanh v pha ng nam.
C c s phn ra 5 on ca i cun chm Malina khc bit nhau v a hnh, a mo,
trng trng lc, phn b ng t, trng ng sut kin to theo su.
Vng ven bin trn i lc Trung Quc pha bc Bin ng, Nam Hi Nam th hin
hot ng kin to hin i mnh m vi s xut hin ca mt s trn ng t ln trong lch
s.
- Pha nam Bin ng, hng chuyn dch chuyn v hng ng nam cho thy ch
a ng lc pha nam Bin ng thay i so vi phn pha bc Bin ng, tc
chuyn dch ngang nh hn pha bc. Nhn chung, vng nam v ty nam Bin ng hu
nh khng b bin dng ln. Vi kt qu o ti Cn o, Tp.H Ch Minh v Song T Ty,
i snh vi kt qu o Palawan trong cc n GEODYSSEA v PCGIAP th khng thy
s xit p xy ra Bc Borneo minh chng i cun chm bc Borneo khng hot ng trong
giai on hin i.
- Trng ng sut kin to hin i vng thm lc a Vit Nam, bc Bin ng bao gm
c thm lc a Trung Quc v vng Nam Hi Nam, qun o Hong Sa l trng ng sut
trt bng. Cc trn ng t xy ra bc Borneo cng phn nh trng ng sut trt bng,
tuy nhin trng thi ng sut phn nng hn, xc lp c t ti liu khoan du kh li phn
302
Phan Tr ng Trnh
303
304
Phan Tr ng Trnh
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