NGN NG BO CH TING VIT

T GIA NH BO N BO TRC TUYN1

L Khc Cng
1. Gn 150 nm tri qua t khi t bo Vit ng u tin, Gia nh
bo, ra i ti Si Gn. Trong khong thi gian y, t t bo u tin - mt
t cng bo ca chnh quyn Php trn vng t Nam K thuc a, bo ch
Vit Nam trng thnh vt bc vi hn 700 n v bo ch cc loi
hnh v l ting ni ca hn 90 triu ngi dn ca mt nc Vit Nam c
lp. y cng l khong thi gian ht sc quan trng trong s pht trin ca
ch Quc ng Latin. T mt h thng ch vit c cc nh truyn gio
phng Ty t ra nhm mc ch truyn gio v ngi Vit Nam c th
hc c ting Latin v B o Nha nh Alexandre de Rhodes ni r
trong phn u cun T in Vit B La (Dictionarium annamiticum
lusitanum, et latinum, 1651), ch Quc ng tr thnh mt h thng vn t
mang tnh quc gia, phng tin chuyn ti cc phong cch chc nng ngn
ng ht sc phong ph v a dng ca ting Vit, trong c phong cch
ngn ng thng tn - bo ch. Trong gn 1,5 th k , ting Vit v phong
cch ngn ng thng tn - bo ch ting Vit thay i nh th no
thch ng vi s pht trin ca x hi Vit Nam, v thc hin s mnh
truyn thng?
2. Cho n thi nh Nguyn, Vit Nam cha c bo. Cc vua nh
Nguyn, t Minh Mng tr i, lnh cho cc tu bun khi sang Hong
Kong phi mua bo ting Anh, ting Php mang v v nh cc nh truyn
gio phng Ty dch cho nghe.
Hu bn th k XIX, trong hon cnh quc ph gia vong, bo ch Vit
Nam ra i v gn cht vi nhng din bin ca lch s nc nh. Nm 1859,
Php chim thnh Gia nh. Hai nm sau, ngy 29-9-1861, t Le Bulletin
Officiel de lExpdition de la Cochinchine (Nam K vin chinh cng bo) ra
i. T bo ting Php ny c bn thc dn xem l phng tin truyn
t nhng lut l ca mu quc n ngi dn Si Gn Gia nh. Nm
1862, Php chim ba tnh min ng Nam K, v cng trong nm ny, t
bo th hai, Le Bulletin des Communes (Lng x cng bo), c n hnh.
N c in bng ting Hn c th ph bin rng trong gii quan li ngi
Vit vn cha thng tho ting Php. Nm 1964, t bo ting Php Le
1

ng trong Gia nh bo, t bo Vit ng u tin. 2006. Nxb. i hc Quc gia TPHCM. Trang 128142.Sa cha 2013.

Courrier de Saigon (Th tn Si Gn) ra i. Sau t bo ny mt nm, v

gia hai ln Php xm chim ba tnh min ng (1962) v ba tnh min Ty
(1867), chnh quyn thc dn cho ra mt t bo in bng ch Quc ng
Latin u tin Vit Nam, t Gia nh bo. Bo Courrier de Saigon s 7,
ngy 5.4.1865 thng bo v s ra i ny: "Trong thng ny (tc thng
4.1865 LKC) s c s th nht mt t bo in bng ting An-nam thng
thng. Di mt hnh thc thu hp n bn s gm cc tin tc thuc a,
gi c nhiu loi hng v mt vi nim hu ch cho ngi bn x. T bo
s ra hng thng v s pht khng trong cc trng hc hc sinh kh
trong cc lng mc c th c c ..." 2. T bo do mt thng ngn ngi
Php trong Soi ph Nam K tn l Ernest Potteaux lm Chnh Tng ti. S
u tin ra mt ngy15.4.1865, gm 4 trang, kh 25x32 cm. L do khin t
cng bo ny c in bng ch Quc ng thay v ting Php hay ting Hn
nh cc t bo ra trc c ni r trong vn th ca Thng c Nam
K gi B trng B Thuc a Php ngy 9.5.1865: t Gia nh Bo
c dn chng ng h mt cch nng nhit v nhiu a phng
nhng em b bit c ch Quc ng c bo cho cha m chng nghe.
Nh vy t bo ny xut bn mi thng mt ln s l mt s hu ch khng
th chi ci c v n gp phn vo vic thay th ch ca chng ta v ch
Hn, mt th ch m ch c mt thiu s quan li hiu bit m thi3.
Ngy 16.9.1869, ngi cng tc vi Gia nh bo t khi mi ra i,
ng Trng Vnh K, c giao chc v Chnh tng ti. Vai tr ca nhng
Trng Vnh K, Hunh Tnh Ca (ch bt), hp cng cc tr thc, nh bo
ngi Vit u tin nh Tn Th Tng, Trng Minh K, th hin rt
r qua nhng cch tn mnh m ca Gia nh bo: tnh cht cng bo ngy
cng gim, ni dung t bo phong ph hn vi nhng thng tin v cuc sng
ca ngi dn, chuyn lng x, nhng bi nghin cu v lch s, trang vn
hc ngh thut nh th, chuyn c tch,; c su tn hc, ch Quc ng;
v.v. Bo cng tng 4 k/thng, tng trang bng hnh thc trang ph,
3. V mt ngn ng, Gia nh bo c th xem l bc phc tho ting
Vit Nam B sinh ng trong gn 50 nm (1865-1910), trn nhiu bnh
din: chnh t, t vng, c php, phong cch.

Theo Nguyn Ph Phong, Tranh lun v p dng ch quc ng.

http://chimvietvni.free.fr/index2.htm.
3
Theo Hunh Vn Tng, 2000. Bo ch Vit Nam t khi thu n 1945. Nxb. TPHCM.
Trang 68.

3.1. V chnh t, do ch Quc ng Latin nhng nm 80 ca th k

XIX cn ang trong giai on hon thin; hn na, do ch c c t nc
Php, theo mu t ca ting Php, nn mt s k hiu nh du thanh, du
ngang trn ch , cn thiu hoc cha chnh xc. Chng hn, thng k
mt bi di 183 t trong phn Cng v s 4 (15.7.1865), c 31 t bt u
bng ph m th u b in thnh d. T s bo th 5 (15.8.1865), con
ch bt u xut hin, nhng vn cn ln ln gia d vi ; v d:
Qung ng - Qun-dng; nga c - nga dc. m /j/, /z/ cng c ghi
khng thng nht; khi vit l j, khi vit l d, gi, hoc z (/jn/dn/zn;
jch/dch/zch). Thng k mt on di 394 t trn Gia nh bo s 4 th c
n 15 t c ph m u d c in l j4. Ngoi ra cn hng lot nhng
khc bit so vi chnh t hin hnh nh: gii (thng)/ giy; ngy/ngy;
tranh (ginh)/chanh; sa/sa; s/s; min/ming; (tin, ng) cc/ct; (ru)
cht/chc; bn /bng ; quyn/quin; trit/tryt;- quc/quc,
mng/mng; tng (tri)/tng; nht/nht; th t/th t; chn/chn/chng;
nht/nht, nht (trnh)/nht; mng/mng; chu/chiu;...; du ngang trong
c s dng nh du cc t ghp, c bit l trong a danh, nhn danh
nh Nam-k, Nguyn-nh-tc, Nguyn-trng-hip xut hin u n; cc
du thanh c t kh thoi mi, khi trn m chnh, khi trn m m;.
Th c li vi on Gia nh Bo thi k u hnh dung v chnh
t ca ch Quc ng giai on phi thai:
Hi ng ny by gi l hi ng cc quan mc lng nh n m lm ra
mt b ring . Ngoi cc vic quan, khng lo g n cc vic cng, khng
thuc g php quan tr cng nh bn Pha-lang-sa c lo mt s nh ta mi
ni chanh cng nhau ti tr khn ngoan, v mi ngi tu sc tu bc m lo
ht lng hoc vic lm t lm rung hoc vic ngh nghip no th c
sinh ra li ch c v da phn, dc thn ra nhng cch thin h thinh s
kh hn.
Ay vy, Hi-ng by gi ang tra, dang lp s cc ging, cc th ngi ta
trng mi ni nhng cch ngi ta jng m lm, nhng tn km ging n d
kia, cc k s vic canh nng, vic ngh nghip ngi ta
Gia-dnh-bo Pha-lang-sa mi in ra yt th v vic treo giy ngy 25 thng
6 gi th 6 sm mai ti pha tin thnh c c hai giy ch ring v ngi
Annam.mt l xe b chy dc dn ni th nht l c 150 quan tin th hai
l l 50, th ba l 25 ri giy nga Annam, ngi Annam mc d Annam

Theo Ng Y Vn v nhiu ngi khc. 2003. Lch s bo ch Vit Nam, giai on 18651945. ti nghin cu khoa hc sinh vin Trng HKHXH&NV HQG-HCM.

ci dc. th nht l 300 quan tin; th hai l 100; th ba 50.Cn mt giy

v cc nga Annam, nga Mani, nga nh khc: th nht 400; th hai 200.
Ai c mun th ngy y my ba trt phi dn nh quan Tham-bin
Thng th khai cho r mnh mun thi kho no, v li my ba trc ph
tp nga hng ngy cho n chy my phc, phi cho n n la n c phi
kh, phi ly ru mnh xoa bp cho n, phi chi phi ra n cho sch, th
dng c d n va nng m chy m hi tc th n ngui n lnh di, c by
nhiu du lm vy th nga mnh mi lnh mnh dc ly giy.
Khi ch Quc ng dn dn n nh th hnh thc chnh t trn Gia
nh bo ngy cng gn vi chnh t ting Vit hin hnh. Th c mt tin
trn s 4.9.1883, gn 20 nm sau ngy ra s u tin. Chnh t chnh xc hn,
vic s dng cc du cu nh du phy (,), du chm phy (;), du hai chm
(:) v xung dng kh hp l:
Le Gonverneur de la Cochinchine francaise, chevalier de la Lgion
dhonneur et officier dAeadmie,
Hm nay c gi tin dy thp cho cc quan tham bin ht Nam-k m ni
v cc vic sau ny:
Tu Chateur - Renard ko cc sc c, ti ni l ngy hm qua (29 aou,
di tu c ch ng de Champeaux l quan Gim c Nam-k, c em
nhng iu th c v s ng Harmand, l commissaire gnral, thay mt
nc Langsa, cng cc quan ton quin Annam lm li ha c cng k tn
ti Hu, l ngy 25 aou
Cc iu th c k ra sau ny:
Trong nc Annam cng t Bc-k u chu chng ta bo h trn php
chc chn;
Tnh Bnh-thun nht nh st nhp t Nam-k;
n Vng-cha v cc n Thun-an phi c lnh tr phng hoi hoi;
Cc o bnh Annam, triu nh Hu sai ra Bc-k, phi tryt v lp tc,
cn cc binh lnh t ti Bc-k, bi v s bnh yn th gi y s c;
Truyn cho cc quan Annam tnh thnh no u phi v m lnh vic
nh c, li Nh nc Langsa c cp bng cho ai, th nh nc Annam cng
phi y theo;
Trong cc tnh Bc-k u phi c quan Langsa , cng phi c qun binh
cho m n p;
Cc trng quan thu trong c v nc Annam u thuc trn trong tay
Nh nc Langsa;
t dy thp b t Saigon ra H-ni;
Quan Khm s ti Hu c vic s din tu cng vua Annam;
Dc sng D u phi t binh, trong mi ch cn kp u phi lm n;
ng bc ln-nh ti t Nam-k u thng dng trong c v nc Annam;

n sau s giao hi ti Hu cho c nh php bun bn, php quan thu,

cc mn thu, cng cc vic nhnh nhc;
Cc quan ton quin Annam u xin ti thu phi t Khm s li cho mau;
Li giao c ny gi v Paris, cho ng Prsident de la Rpublique nh
ot.
Le Gouvernear
Charles THOMSON
3.2. V t ng, Gia nh bo phn nh mt cch ton din vn t
lc by gi ca phng ng Nam B. Ngoi mt s t ng ting Php cn
ri rt trong cc vn bn, nht l nhng t ng ch thng ngy, chc v hoc
quc hiu Php, (chng hn: Septembre; Juin; Prsident de la
Rpublique; Le Gonverneur de la Cochinchine francaise; Rpublique
francaise, Libert galit Fraternit), c th ni vn t ng m ngi
dn Nam B cui th k XIX, u th k XX s dng u xut hin trn
Gia nh bo. Quan im ca Trng Vnh K v nhng ng s l dng
mt th ting Annam rng ngi bnh dn t hc c th c c nn
t ng trn Gia nh Bo rt t t Hn Vit. y cng l im cn lu bi
bo ch ting Vit xut bn ti Bc K v Trung K cng thi k, hoc sau
Gia nh bo mt thi gian ngn, vn y dy t Hn Vit. T ng trn Gia
nh bo ht sc gin d, d hiu, m cht phng ng; chng hn: mua
trt nm (mua c nm); to bun bn (c s bun bn); s heo (c s chn
nui heo); s y (vic y); lm li (ra quyt nh); l thng (thng l); dy
thp (in tn); ni la dy (ni la hot ng); n thng (thng); ng
(c, ); mc nng (b hn); mc/ mt (bn); 8 gi ban mai (8 gi sng);
ve (chai, l); nh chi (nh ht, rp ht); ng (ng ); khng (chp thun);
lo do (nho nhc); Ngoi ra trn Gia nh bo vn cn c nhiu t ng
c, kh ph bin vo thi y, nhng nay khng cn s dng hoc s dng
hn ch nh: nht trnh (bo); tm thng (bnh thng); nin canh (tui
tc); truyn bo (thng bo); nh (ngng); bin (vit); C th ni y l
mt kho ng liu ht sc phong ph cho nhng nh nghin cu phng ng
hc, t nguyn hc. N h m cho ta thy mt s cch cu to t ca ting
Vit th k XIX m nay khng cn, hoc thay i. Chng hn mc nng
cng quy lut cu to vi mc ma, nhng khc vi trng hp mc ma,
ting Vit hin nay hu nh rt t dng t hp mc nng. Nh chi (c s
dng song song vi nh ht) cng l mt t l tai, d cho y l mt kiu kt
cu khng l cht no (ss. nh ht, nh tr, nh thi u). n thng by gi
khng cn c dng, trong khi nhng t ng cng loi vi m hnh cu to
n + ng t nh n v, n ci, n hi, n gi, n nm, vn thng
dng trong ting Vit hin i. y l nhng cch cu to rt Nam B, c
th, sinh ng, hnh nh.

3.3. V c php, Gia nh bo l bn sao li n ting ni ca ngi

dn Nam B. T khi Trng Vnh K nm quyn iu hnh, ng ch trng
vit trn tut nh li ni ca ngi bnh dn. Trong sut mt thi gian
di, k c sau khi Trng Vnh K qua i (1.9.1898) t Gia nh Bo
kh nht qun trong phng chm .
y l mt th ting Vit c st cht Nam B v vn cn hi hm
li vn c bin ngu, song i, nhp nhng nh th. Hy c bi din nm
ca Trng Minh K t mt bi th c tiu l Con di vi hai con
chn theo phong v La Fontaine, rt c kh nng l mt bi th dch t
ting Php:
Lun v cm th
Hai chn m c cnh ku l loi cm; bn chn m c lng ku l loi th:
Sch sn th ni loi c cnh c 360 th, m phng hong lm ln; loi c
lng c 360 th, m k ln lm ln; loi c vy c 360 th m ra lm ln;
loi c vi c 360 th m rng lm ln; loi ging ngi c 360 th m
ngi lm ln.
Sch thuyt nguyn ni rng: loi bay cy n tri, cho nn lng chim ng,
chim b ct cng nh cy; loi chy nm c n c, cho nn loi nai hu,
lng ging nh c. Loi bay a gi, loi chy a t, loi nc khng
nhm mt; loi kh, t nhm mt. Loi chy, mi trn p mi di; loi
bay, mi di giao mi trn. Con trng, kin t p kin hu; con mi, kin hu
xp trn kin t. t lng chim b vo nc, chm l trng, ni l mi; i
con trng lch s hn con mi. Loi c sng c gc, hm trn khng c
rng ca rng kha, loi khng sng hai hm rng. Loi nai hu mi
nm phi gii gic, n thng by thng tm rng gc c thay gc mi; khi
y ngi ta i sn bn m ly nhung, ngha l sng non n.
Loi chim chng mng khng ng, c th ba ngn trc mt ngn sau; c
th hai ngn trc hai ngn sau; c th bn ngn trc mt ngn sau nh
g c nm mng. Loi cm th th ming th mi, loi ca, loi cn trng
thng th tai, th mang.
Mun vt ha sinh, hoc bi hnh ha, hoc bi kh ha, hoc non sanh,
hoc thai sanh. Hnh ha l nh su ha bm, ngi ta ni su ha ty, c
nhm ha nai, ln ha chn n, l cch ha git snh, r c ng ha ra
d, l u truyn vn khng ai ng thy. Kh ha l nh c mc sanh om
m, nc ma sanh con qung.
Sch bt vt ty ni trong nhng cy ci cng l xc th vt, li c nhng
vt my may c a phn ra, con mt mnh khng ng thy, hip nhau m
ha sanh th khc. Sch Nhu ni vn vt u bi m dng ng hnh m
sanh ra; thy Chu ni rng: h khi m dng tng c tng cu th c
sanh ha, hu th l tt hu th khi. Sch ty k c hn 60 nguyn hnh.

Loi chim, loi c, loi cn trng nh ra, trch, su, k , rn, ch thng
trng. C th nh rn lc li con. C nc, c voi u c v con.
Chn di u l loi thng cm h th, hay bay, hay chy, chnh l loi
bn chng c v. Loi cn trng, c th c bn chng, c th c hai ci v
hoc hai ci v thy hay m b cng hay. Loi rn u khng chng, un
xng sng m b. (4.9.1883)
Ting Vit trn Gia nh bo m cht khu ng, nhiu ch di dng,
nhiu th, l, m, s,... Th quan st hai mu qung co trn Gia nh bo,
s ra ngy 9.5.1893:
NG PAUL BEER L NG CHNH S HEO LNG BNH-HA GIANH
Ngy nay ng Paul Beer rao cho thin h ng hay trong s heo ca ng c
bn heo ln v heo nh nhiu lm gi bn heo t mt ng bc ln cho n
mi ng, nu ai c mun mua th v trong s heo ng PAUL BEER c t
ru nhiu lm, ln lm, c bn hm nhiu cho heo n, gi n mt thng
du hi l mt tin su, cn mt i du hi l hai tin, nu ai c mun mua
n m mua, bng mt th vit th cho ng hay cng c.
Nh ai c lng c ng, hoc l lng ui, hay l lng cnh, ming l th
lng cho nhin, th xin em n ti nh in mi, ng Catinat, s 119 s c
tn Pht, l th k s s chiu mau, mi ci lng c ng gi l 3 chim y
l lng gii, cn th lng vn-vn, th l 2 chim; hay l nh ai c bt ng
c ng, m mun bn nguyn con, th cng chu mua cho mi con gi l 15
chim.
Tr nhng bi c hi hm vn chng nh bi dch th ca Trng
Minh K nu trn vi cch vit kh cht ch, ngn gn, sng sa; cn
li hu ht nhng tin, bi, qung co, trn Gia nh bo u c di
trung bnh 90-100 ch/cu. Mi cu hu nh chim trn mt on. Hai mu
qung co trn l mt v d. V di y l mt v d khc, mt on tin
cng bo, di hn 100 t/cu!
Tht l ngi mun s lnh chng thy s g sng danh hn l gn gi
lng nc nh mnh cho (c m thn trng hng chc my lng M-tr,
Vnh-qui, Lc-thun, Ph-vn, v tnh Dh-tng, ngy 30 thng nhun
ng ngot trc, ai gi c dn mnh cho khi trm cp cho khi b ng
ngi cn lan ng khen lm: quan ln Nguyn-Sai ly lm trng
cho nn c gi li thm v c ban phn thng cho cc lng y phn
thng ring cho cc ngi c cng hn (s 5, 15-8-1865)
Li vit nm na, trn tut theo sut Gia nh bo cho n khi
n nh bn vo nm 1910. Khi Gia nh bo chun b kt thc s nghip
di 45 nm ca n, th Bc K, mt t bo u tin in bng c ch Hn ln
Quc ng Latin ra i l ng c Tng bo (s u tin ra ngy 28.3.1907).

y l hu thn ca t bo ting Hn i Nam ng vn Nht bo (1891).

Nhng bi ng trn ng c tng bo, tuy gn nh cng thi vi Gia nh
bo giai on hu k, nhng li c mt phong cch ngn ng rt gn vi
ngn ng bo ch hin i. Hy c mt bi vit trn chuyn mc Nhi n
b, do o Th Loan, mt bt danh ca cy bt ni ting Nguyn Vn Vnh,
vit:
K ny em xin bn mt iu trng nht trong i, l iu gi th.
Lm thn con gi mt i sng kh do mt s ly chng, m ly chng
xa nay c c tu mnh kn chn bao gi?cha m bo th no th phi
th m cha m g chng cho ch ct ly ci danh. Con ng ny, chu b kia
th thun g,.. Con gi mi ln, mi m mt ra trn gian, bit th no l
thun hay khng thun. T ra ch c cc c g, thun vi nhau, ly vi nhau,
n lc mnh ln ln th s xong ri, d c iu g khng ng th cng
phi ngm ng nut cay.
Em thit tng t xa ti gi, con trai nc Nam khng ra g, m cng
nhm mt bt tai, ly ngi ta m y o ngi ta, th nh. Nhng t
by gi, nu con trai bit suy xt phi chng, th trc khi ly v, hn
nn so mnh xem, c th lm cho v c sung sng hay khng, c yu
c m t k bit rng mnh cng ng ngi ta yu hay khng, ch ng
c thy ca th cm u cm c, m lm kh ngi ta.
Con gi, lng cha yu ai, l qi nh thn tin. Ngi n ng ch ny
c n ci, m dm xm phm l k v phu.
S ly nhau phi c thun cha m, nhng ct c. C cha ci m gt, l
ch vt mt ti vi.
Sau na em xin cc c cht ra, th phi nui chng ti, cho qua bui
ci ct. Ci gi th l ci lo, m i c ma xun l qu mi nhm ma
xun, sao cc c bt v bt chng, trc na sinh n qu sm, khng
c con ci khe mnh, sau na mi ba tui ranh, lm con cn cha xong,
lm v, lm m th no c? (23.5.1907)
Nam Phong Tp ch ra i min Bc nm 1917 cng c mt vn
phong tng t: sc tch, cht ch, dng nhiu bin php v phng thc tu
t, nhiu t Hn Vit v t phng ng Bc B. N i lp hon ton vi li
hnh vn nh ngn ng ni, di, nhiu t ni, nhiu qun ng, nm na,
ca Gia nh bo. Di y l mt bi chnh lun ca Phm Qunh, linh
hn ca Nam Phong vi di trung bnh ch c 24,5 ch/cu, thm ch cn
ngn hn di ca cu trn bo ch hin i!
TRNG I-HC
C lm ting lm ch c n nh gi ra trong tr ta nhng cnh-tng
nhn-nhao. Ch i-hc cng l mt ch nh th. Ni n tn i-hc
m ta tng-tng n mt ci lu-i nhn, nguy-nga trong mt gc ph-

phng. ngy ngy nhng ng gio o-mo, sch cp y tay, ln ln

xung xung trn bc ; hc-tr l nm l ba tui trc i mi, rang tay
nhau va i va ngh-lun trong ng ph; bc chn vo th vng-vng
nhng ting din-thuyt, bung ny ging trit-l, bung kia lun vnchng, nhi ng gio t trn din-i xung nh mun thu-thp c tinhthn ca bn thiu-nin ngi y.
T ngy quan Ton-Quyn SARRAUT ngh-nh t trng i-hc ngdng, th ting i-hc thnh-hnh khng bit chng no; ci cnhtng trang-nghim nh trn kia thng phng-pht trong thn-tr ta, cng
ngy cng to, cng ngy cng r, nh mun thnh-hnh vy.
Quc-dn i vi trng i-hc sp lp ny cng mong mi, cng khtkhao nh ng khi i-hn c trn ma ro. Cha ai r th-thc trng
th no m ai cng nao-nc mun vo hc. Ngi mong chng tt-nghip
trung-hc, k mu b hn cng-vic lm, quyt-ch vo i-hc cho cam.
Cng kh v l nhit-thnh vy.
Nhng ci vn- v s cao-ng gio-dc nc ta, khng phi ly mt
ci lng nhit-thnh xung m gii c. Phi hiu tn-ch s hc, phi
thuc tnh-th quc-dn, phi bit g c g m nh nc lp trng i-hc,
v nh g m bn ta nn mong-mi, cng c l-tng th s cao-ng giodc nc ta by gi phi nh th no mi c gi l hon-ton. l
my on trong ci vn- nhn, chng ti nh nghin-cu trong bi ny.
(14.7.1917).
C th ni, thi k s khai ca bo ch Vit ng, s khc bit gia
phong cch ngn ng bo ch, nu nh c th dng thut ng phong cch
ngn ng bo ch y, gia hai vng Nam K v Bc Trung K, l kh
r. y l s khc bit gia li din t ca nhn dn hai khu vc c
phn nh trn mt bo. Ngoi ra, n cn do s tc ng ca nhng nh bo
u tin Nam K trong vic chn la cch din t bnh dn, nm na,
khng gt gia, nh kiu n ni ca ngi bnh dn. Trong vai tr ca
Trng Vnh K l rt quan trng, C th iu ny cn xut pht t thi
quen ca nhn dn Nam B rt thch loi vn k chuyn kiu ni th Lc
Vn Tin, c vn c iu d nh, d thuc khi truyn khu; li l mc
mc nghe qua l hiu ngay, khi cn gii thch li thi, dng di. Li vit y,
li ni y xem ra ph hp vi ci tng ca nhng ngi mang gm i m
ci phng Nam chn cht, phng khong. Quan nim y cng nh
hng su sc n vn hc ch Quc ng cui th k XIX, u th k XX
vi nhng i biu nh Trng Vnh K (1837-1898), Nguyn Trng Qun
(1865-1911), L Hong Mu (1879-1941), Nguyn Chnh St (1869-1947),
H Biu Chnh (1885-1958), bi hu ht nhng nh vn Nam B ny u
lm c hai tay, va vit bo, va vit vn (cng l l thng v Nam B,

bo i trc vn). C ngi thch, c ngi khng thch li din t trn

tut . Nh th ng H tng ni v vn H Biu Chnh: c th c,
thch th cng thch, duy chng ti khng chu c li vn vit trn tru
thng tut hi ht ca ng, ti khng chu vn chng ca H Biu
Chnh, trong lc mi ngi chung quanh ti hoan nghnh nhit lit5.
Qua thi gian, li din t y c nhiu thay i, v vi tc kh
nhanh. Bo ch Si Gn Thnh ph H Ch Minh c nhng n lc vt
bc nh hnh mt phong cch ngn ng ca mnh: va gi li s phng
khong truyn thng, va hng theo chun mc ca ting Vit vn ho.
Hnh nh trn bnh din phong cch, ngn ng bo ch Nam B m tiu biu
l ngn ng bo ch Thnh ph H Ch Minh, chuyn nhanh hn ngn
ng vn hc, trong mc tiu hng n mt ngn ng gt gia ting Vit
hin i, trong sng, m bn sc dn tc. Ngn ng bo ch vng t
ny bt i i cht cht dn d Nam B, nhng nh th m i chng hn.
4. Cui nhng nm 80 ca th k XX, loi hnh bo ch th t, bo
trc tuyn, ra i ti Hoa K. Nh bo ni, bo trc tuyn c th cp nht
thng tin nhanh chng v d dng hn bo in. Nh bo hnh, bo trc tuyn
c c hnh nh ln m thanh. Tuy nhin, bo trc tuyn cn li hi hn c
truyn hnh v pht thanh: cng chng c th xem li mt bi bo pht trc
vo bt c lc no; c th xem phn tin m rng lin quan n phn tin
chnh; trch xut nhanh chng nhng bi vit cng b; in hoc lu tr
thng tin vo my tnh lm ti liu; gi thng tin cho bn b; v nht l
tng tc gia ngi vit ngi c ngy cng c tng cng; Bo
trc tuyn cn qua mt bo in, bo ni, bo hnh tc chuyn ti, cp
nht thng tin. Khi anh bo in va vit xong bi chuyn cho to son, anh
bo ni chun b cc thit b pht sng, anh bo hnh cha xong khu hu
k th bo mng c y thng tin nng hi , thm ch c c m
thanh, hnh nh ng bn cnh ch, hnh nh tnh. Tm li, trong k nguyn
mi ca truyn thng, k nguyn thng tin trc tuyn, bo in ang i mt
vi mt ch th cc k nguy him. Trong vi nm ti rt c kh nng chng
ta s khng cn thy nhng ngi pht bo t t bo qua khe ca nh,
khng cn na ting p ca quen thuc lc bnh minh. T bo vn c
c, nhng khng ch trong bui sng, m sut ngy. y l t bo in t
vi mt chui vn bn k thut s, m thanh, hnh nh, ho, trn mn
hnh my tnh. Mt dng tt c-trong-mt (all-in-one). "Chng ti lun nh
5

Tm Vu, Nguyn Vn Trung, Nguyn Vn Y. 1998. Vn hc ch Quc ng Si Gn

Gia nh cui th k XIX, u th k XX trong a ch vn ho Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Tp II: Vn hc Bo ch Vn hc. Nxb. TPHCM. Trang 304.

gi Google l mt con king kong khng l, nng ti hng trm t v sn sng

nghin bt c ai", Mike Smith, gim c iu hnh Trung tm qun l
truyn thng ca i hc Northwestern pht biu. Mi y, cng vi s ra
i ca blog - mt th loi truyn thng mi, hng triu "nh bo cng dn"
- thut ng ch cc blogger - cng xut hin. i ng ny sn sng ng
gp bi v cho cc t bo, cng nh t xut bn cc cu chuyn ca h trn
blog. Ai cng bit internet s lm thay i th gii, nhng kh c th on
bit thng tin trc tuyn s tin n u!
4.1. Cng vi nhng cuc cch mng v mt k thut, ngn ng bo
trc tuyn cng c nhng thay i quan trng ph hp vi nn tng k
thut, tc knh truyn - mng World Wide Web (WWW). V ph hp vi
cng chng ca n mt cng chng tr, lun i hi mt cch thng tin/x
l thng tin nhanh, nhy, ng v gn.
Ba phng chm quan trng ca mt ngi vit bo trc tuyn l: 1)
ngn; 2) ngn; v 3) ngn. Cy bt Roy Peter Clark chuyn vit cho mt
website nghin cu v truyn thng, ni: Vit ci g th vit nhng phi
di 800 t. C th y cng cha phi l gii hn cui cng. Mi ngy ta
ch c th dnh mi pht cho vic c bo. Vic va c, va ngm ngi,
nu c chng trong thi bui ny, l c vn hc. c/nghe/xem bo mng
khc vi c/nghe/xem cc loi bo truyn thng, v hu nh phi c trong
khi ang lm vic c quan, vn phng. Va c bo, va lm vic; va
lm vic va c bo. c nm thng tin l chnh. c cp nht thng
tin nng, khng phi li c nhm nhi. c bit ngay lc ny nghi n
bng ti u ri? Liu Vn Quyn ch b nghi hay l dnh n bn
tht? V in k in t ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh kt thc ra lm sao?...
V vy phi vit tht ngn. Bi ngn. on ngn. Cu ngn.
Gao s Chua Chong Jin (i hc K thut Nanyang Singapore)
tng than vi ngi vit: Hc tr ca ti do ny lm bi thi m c nh
mail hay chat vi bn. Cc lc. Ngn ngn. Thm ch thay cho t ci,
anh/c ta v ci mt ci. D thch hay khng, ngn ng tng lai cng
s nh th, t ra l ngn ng bo ch. Nm 2000, chng ti th thng k
2000 s ca bn t bo Si Gn Gii phng, Tui tr, Thanh nin, Ngi
Lao ng, di trung bnh ca cu khin ti git mnh: trm trm 40
t/cu! Ngha l ngang di ca cu vn ting Anh th k XVII (45 t/cu).
Nhiu t bo cc a phng khc, ch s y c th ln n 60, thm ch 70.
Kt qu kho st ca Franoise Richadeau v kh nng nh tc thi ca b
no con ngi trong vic c sch, bo cho thy: ngi c c hc vn trung
bnh v thnh thong mi c bo ch nh c mt chui 8 t; ngi c c
trnh v thng xuyn c bo cng ch nh 16 t. Khng phi ngu
nhin m Kinh thnh, n phm c s lng ngi c v c dch ra nhiu

ngn ng nht trn th gii, c di trung bnh l 16 t/cu. Trong kho

lun tt nghip i hc chuyn ngnh bo ch S hnh thnh v pht trin
ca bo trc tuyn vnexpress.net, tc gi L Nguyn Duy Khng cho bit:
di trung bnh ca cu trn bo Vnexpress l 20,7 t/cu. Vn cn di,
nhng so vi bo in th c mt bc tin quan trng (thng k trn t bo
in t Nhn dn, do ch yu l nhng bi v t bo in chuyn sang, ch s
ny l 44,5). Tc gi cn ch ra rng, cng mt ch , nhng bo in, chng
hn bo Lao ng (v sau cng c post ln t Lao ng Online), cu
c di gp i so vi t Vnexpress, t bo ch c phin bn in t6. Hy
c th mt on, ngn ng ht sc bnh thng, nhng nh ngn ( di
trung bnh 15,5 t/cu) nn hiu qu thng tin cao:
Nh rt, ng hng tn kho ca cc i l c dp thanh ton. o
gi, o phao bn "chy" nht, gi dao ng t 200.000 - 250.000
ng/chic. Ti tin mng hn, c th chn 1 chic o len dy dn gi
50.000- 70.000 ng. Mt b th thao m p cng ch trn di 100.000
ng.
Cng vi "chiu" bn hng quen thuc, hng tn, hng "li mt" u
c gn tn gi hp dn "i h gi". u ma m c hng i h gi,
nghe cng l. Nhng khch hng chng my quan tm, ch cn r, m v
"va mt" (H Ni rt, Vietnamnet, 9.12.2005).
Ngn ng tiu trn bo trc tuyn ngy cng c sc. Ngoi u
(titre), cn c cc loi tiu khc nh m (surtitre), ph (soustitre),
tiu b phn (intertitre). V hu ht u c t vi s dng cng. t tiu
thng tin, loi thng thy trn bo in, m xut hin rt nhiu tiu tnh
thi, hp dn, gi s t m bng li vit trc din, ngn, anh: Phn ban:
thy tr ang ngi trn la!, Gn i hnh chnh U 23 VN lm vic vi
cng an, Chelsea kt liu Arsenal, Xmbu c, Ti i! ng
khc, Mc tm thn v hc, Hoa qu bo qun bng ho cht: ngi
n, kin ch, H thnh bia o, Ln i tc, Nng dn m hi
tho ti nh, Chng cng thc gic, em cng chn ch, Sng th:
c t, mt nhiu, Mt chi danh thip, ng gi mi trng,
Trai bao,(Vnexpress, Vietnamnet). Cc loi tiu khc cng th. Hy
xem 3 trung ca bi H Ni rt: 1) Qun o m bn khng kp th;
2) Cm hp li t hng; 3) Tr nhp vin gia tng.
4.2. Vit Nam, trc nhng nm 1980, khng c nh phong cch
hc no nhc n phong cch thng tn bo ch. N mc nhin c nhp
6

L Nguyn Duy Khng. 2004. S hnh thnh v pht trin ca bo trc tuyn
vnexpress.net. Kho lun tt nghip i hc.Ttrang 46-51.

chung vi phong cch chnh lun, thm ch vi phong cch khoa hc. n
nm 1982, cc tc gi C nh T, L Anh Hin, Nguyn Thi Ho, V
Bnh ln u tin cp n vn bn bo ch, v xem thng tn bo ch l
mt phong cch c lp. Hai c im d thy ca phong cch ny l: 1)
ngn ng bo ch l ngn ng s kin; v 2) ngn ng bo ch l ngn ng
tnh lc, ngn gn.
L ngn ng th hin s kin nn ngi vit bo phi u tin cho
nhng loi t ng phn nh s kin. Trong vai tr ca ng t v danh t
l rt quan trng. L ngn ng s kin nn hy chnh s kin, thng qua
s m ho bng ngn ng, tc ng n bn c, thuyt phc bn c. Tc
ng ca bo ch s mnh m hn nu s kin t ni, thay v nhng li
ku gi, h ho ca ngi vit (tt nhin l tr th loi x lun, bnh lun).
Bn c hin i khng cn th ng nh trc y nn h mun t mnh
tm ra cu tr li t cc s kin m nh bo cung cp. H khng cn thch li
dt tay ch vic, anh phi lm nh th ny, anh khng c lm nh th
kia. Thng tin ngy cng a chiu, v cng chng mun tm ra u l chn
l trong ci a chiu y. Ngn gn, ni nh A. Tchekhov, lun l b ch
ca ti nng. Nh bo cn vit ngn v c gi khng c nhiu th gi. Vit
ngn cn l v nhng yu cu v tip nhn, trnh nhiu thng tin nh ni
trn. 16 t/ cu l tiu chun ca bo ni, mt phn no l bo hnh;
nhng loi hnh bo ch m vic tip nhn thng tin ch yu, hay mt phn
l qua thnh gic. Li ni gi bay, nn cn ni ngn. Vi bo in v bo trc
tuyn, trung bnh 20 t/cu l ti a, khng nn hn.
T nhng tiu ch ny, c th ni phong cch thng tn bo ch ting
Vit xut hin cha lu, d bo ch ting Vit c cch y gn 1,5 th k.
Vy n xut hin vo lc no? Theo chng ti, c l ly ct mc 1986 l
thch hp. y l nm t nc bc vo i mi. Trc , bo ch ca
chng ta l bo ch bao cp. Nhiu t bo ch yu l thng tin mt chiu.
Chnh s nng n ca c ch quan liu bao cp nh hng trc tip n
hot ng bo ch. Tnh cnh tranh rt thp. Trong tnh hnh , ngn ng
bo ch cng rt chm i mi. Li vit mang nng tnh ch quan, ku gi,
h ho. Nhiu bi bo nng v thuyt ging hn l cung cp thng tin, cung
cp s kin mt cch chn tht, khch quan. T khi nc ta m ca, bo ch
c nhng thay i ln trong c thay i trn bnh din ngn ng bo
ch. Ngn ng bo ch ngn gn hn tng cng lng thng tin. Cch
t vn trc din hn, thin v thng tin s kin, khng thuyt gio chung
chung. Qung co, v theo vi n l phong cch ngn ng qung co - mt
phong cch c quan h mt thit vi phong cch ngn ng thng tn bo ch
-, cng xut hin tr li cng vi nn kinh t th trng.

Nu chn nm 1986 lm nm ra i ca phong cch thng tn bo ch

ting Vit hin i th bo trc tuyn l loi hnh bo xut hin khi phong
cch ny hnh thnh v tng i n nh. Nm 1998, tp ch Qu hng
l t bo u tin ca Vit Nam c a ln mng. Nm 2000-2001 bng
n bo trc tuyn Vit Nam vi s ra i ca hng lot bo trc tuyn n
thun (ch c phin bn in t) cng nh bo in c thm phin bn in t.
Bo trc tuyn Vit Nam tha hng nhng thnh tu nhiu mt ca bo
ch truyn thng, bt u t Gia nh bo, k c nhng thnh tu v ngn
ng. Cc nh bo trc tuyn hin nay hu ht l nhng ngi t bo in
chuyn sang, nhng do nhng yu cu ca loi hnh truyn thng mi, h
c nhng thay i ng k v ngn ng, cch a tin. Hy vng trong mt
tng lai gn, khi chng ta o to c nhng nh bo trc tuyn chuyn
bit, phong cch ngn ng bo ch trn bo trc tuyn s c mt s chuyn
bin mnh m hn, ph hp vi xu th pht trin chung ca th gii. Mt
phong cch pht huy tnh nhanh, gn, trc din ca truyn thng trc tuyn;
ng thi hn ch n mc c th chp nhn c nhng sai st kh trnh
khi ca loi hnh bo pht, bo 24/24 gi ny ( chnh xc, ngun
thng tin, li chnh t/dng t/t cu).

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.
ng Sn Ca. 1999. Gia nh bo, t bo Vit ng u tin. Kho lun
tt nghip i hc ngnh Bo ch Trng HKHXH&NV-HQG-HCM.
2.
Kenton W. Elderkin. 1996. The Future of the Newspaper Industry:
How Electronic Newspapers Will Outrun their Competition. Elderkin
Associates.
3.
L Nguyn Duy Khng. 2004. S hnh thnh v pht trin ca bo
trc tuyn vnexpress.net. Kho lun tt nghip i hc ngnh Bo ch
Trng HKHXH&NV-HQG-HCM..
4.
Nhiu tc gi. 1998. a ch vn ho Thnh ph H Ch Minh, tp II:
Vn hc Bo ch Gio dc. Nxb. TPHCM.
5.
Nhiu tc gi. 1999. Ting Vit trn cc phng tin truyn thng i
chng. Hi Ngn ng hc TPHCM - Vin Ngn ng hc Vit Nam - Trng
HKHXH&NV xut bn.
6.
Ng Y Vn v nhiu ngi khc. 2003. Lch s bo ch Vit Nam,
giai on 1865-1945. ti nghin cu khoa hc sinh vin Trng
HKHXH&NV-HQG-HCM.
7.
Hunh Vn Tng. 2000. Bo ch Vit Nam, t khi thu n 1945.
Nxb. TPHCM.