Chnh sch ngn ng Vit Nam qua cc thi k lch s

Nguyn Thin Gip

1. Chnh sch ngn ng Vit Nam trc Cch mng thng Tm 1945
1.1. Trong thi k Bc thuc, bn phong kin Trung Quc d cai tr trc tip hay gin tip, cng
thi hnh mt chnh sch nht qun l ng ho Vit Nam v chnh tr v vn ho. Ting Hn v ch
Hn tr thnh mt cng c hu hiu trong hnh chnh v nhiu lnh vc khc. S c nhc ti vai tr
ca S Nhip (lm Thi Th Giao Ch vo khong 187226) vi t cch l Nam bang hc t, tc l
ngi u tin t chc vic hc Vit Nam. Nhng thc t vo thi Bc thuc quan cai tr ch t
chc dy ch Hn cho mt s ngi Vit, lm cng chc trong b my cai tr ca ngi Hn
ch cha phi l dy Nho gio nhm mc ch thi c. Trong thi k ny, cc cha mi l cc trung
tm vn ho v nhn dn hc ch Hn cc cha ch khng phi cc trng do ngi Trung Quc
dng nn. Theo s sch, di thi Bc thuc, c mt t ngi gii ch Hn, nhng vn cha c
ch hc tp ch Hn quan trng ngoi cc cha. Ai mun i thi th phi sang Trung Quc, nh
Trng Trng, L Cm, L Tin, Khng Cng Ph. Cho n trc th k XI, nhng ngi tiu biu
cho vn ho Vit Nam vn l cc nh s.
1.2. T nm 939, Vit Nam ginh c c lp t tay ngi Hn. Do nhu cu phi ua ti vi
Trung Quc cng c c lp bng vn ho, Vit Nam c nhu cu tip thu vn ho Hn. Vic hc
ch Hn c quy m ch bt u t thi c lp. V vn ny, chng ta khng qun cng lao ca
cc v vua khai quc thi LTrn. Khi t nc ginh c quyn c lp, nh hng c bn v
ngn ng vn t l: tip tc dng ch Hn, coi l nn vn t chnh thc ca nh nc. Cn c
vo nhng ti liu cn lu gi c th nm 1018 vua L Thi T sai Nguyn o Thnh v Phm
Hc sang Tu ly Kinh Tam Tng em v vo Kho i Hng; 1075 vua L Nhn Tng m Khoa
thi Tam trng tuyn ngi ra lm quan, nm sau vua lp Quc T Gim, t chc ging dy v
n nm 1086 Vua li m khoa thi chn ngi vo Hn Lm Vin. Theo Nguyn Ti Cn, "Tri thc
Hn hc ca ngi Vit giai on Ng, inh, L l mt sn phm cn lu li ca ch Bc
thuc, cn tri thc Hn hc ca ngi Vit t i L tr v sau li l sn phm ca mt s nh
hng c thc ca mt triu nh nc Vit c lp. S nh hng ny lm cho Vit Nam i hn
vo khu vc vn ho Hn, ng bn cnh Trung Quc, Triu Tin, Nht Bn. V mt ngn ng, s
nh hng ny lm cho ting Vit i xa dn cc ngn ng b con vn cng gc Mon Khmer nh
mnh: Mng, Pong, Cht, Ctu, Bana, Mn, v.v."(1)
Nh Trn v cc triu i tip theo vn tip tc s nghip ca nh L, cng t chc hc hnh thi
c bng ch Hn, cng sng tc bng ch Hn.
Thc tin lch s chng t rng nh hng ngn ng vn t ca cc triu i Vit Nam khin
cho s tip xc vn hongn ng VitHn pht trin. H qu l:
Vit Nam sng to ra ch Nm ghi li ting ni ca mnh.
Ting Vit tip thu cc yu t Hn Vit v cc yu t Hn Vit Vit ho lm phong ph kho
t vng ca mnh.
Hnh thnh cch c Hn Vit, mt cch c ch Hn ring ca ngi Vit Nam.
Trong cun T vng ting Vit nm 1978, Nguyn Thin Gip xc nh cch c Hn Vit nh
sau: "Cch c Hn Vit l cch c ch Hn Vit Nam ca ngi Vit Nam. Cch c phn
nh dng ng m ca ch Hn thi nh ng c dy v hc Vit Nam lc by gi. Tt nhin
so vi dng ng m ca ch Hn thi nh ng th cch c Hn Vit cng c Vit ho t
nhiu cho ph hp vi h thng ng m ca ting Vit thi "(2). Gn y, trong bi Mi quan h
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gia m Hn Vit v phng ng ting Hn nhn t c im m u(3), L Xo Bnh v Vi Th

Quan chng minh m Hn Vit chu nh hng ca phng ng ting Hn. Cc tc gi cho rng
ti vng gip Qung Ty v Qung ng ngy nay, trong thi c, tng c mt phng ng Hn
quyn uy, l phng ng Qung Tn. Trong hn 300 nm k t nm 106 trc cng nguyn cho
n nm 217, Qung Tn lun l tr s ca B Th S Giao Ch (v sau l B Th S Giao Chu),
l trung tm chnh tr, vn ho ca Lnh Nam. Ba qun Giao Ch, Cu Chn v Nht Nam nm trong
nc Vit Nam ngy nay lun thuc v s cai qun ca B Th S Giao Ch, Vit Nam chu nh
hng ca trung tm chnh tr, vn ho thi by gi l iu tt nhin. Trong thi gian S Nhip lm
Thi Th Giao Ch, m Hn m ngi Vit hc khng phi l m Trung Nguyn, m l m ca mt
phng ng no lc by gi. Cc tc gi khng nh phng ng Hn ny phi l phng ng
Qung Tn. Bn thn S Nhip chnh l ngi Qung Tn Xng Ng, phng ng Qung Tn li l
phng ng quyn uy thi k , dy hc sinh Vit Nam bng phng ng Qung Tn cng l iu
bnh thng. V trung tm chnh tr Lnh Nam di chuyn sang pha ng (nm 217 Tn Quyn ri
trung tm chnh tr Lnh Nam t Qung Tn Xng Ng n Phin Ngung (thnh ph Qung Chu
ngy nay) Nam Hi) v theo di chuyn ca ngi Hn, phng ng Qung Tn phn ho dn, cho
nn hnh thnh i ng khng ng u v c trng ng m gia m Hn Vit v my phng ng
Hn hin i.
1.3. Trn c s ca ch Hn, da vo nguyn tc cu to ch Hn, ngi Vit Nam sng to
ra ch Nm, mt th ch ghi li ting ni ca dn tc. Ban u, ch Nm mi ch l nhng k t
dng phin m cc t ng nc ngoi, nhng a danh, nhn danh Vit Nam m vn ch Hn
khng th th hin c. Khi h thng vn t Nm c hnh thnh v vic sng tc th vn bng
ch Nm tr thnh phong tro th c s phn cng gia ch Hn v ch Nm v mt chc nng:
ch Hn dng trong hnh chnh, gio dc, trong giao tip triu chnh, cn ch Nm th dng trong
giao tip, vn chng bnh dn. Theo Phan Huy Ch(4), L Thnh Tng lm vua 38 nm, m 12 k
thi, ly 501 tin s, trong s c 9 trng nguyn. Tuy coi trng ch Hn hn ch Nm, nhng
phong tro sng tc bng ch Nm vn pht trin mnh. Quan li, nho s ua nhau lm th bng ch
Nm. Ngay vua L Thnh Tng cng c nhiu th Nm c truyn tng trong lch s.
Ci tm l "trng ch khinh Nm" c hu ht cc nh nho: sng tc v nhng ti trang trng,
nghim chnh th dng ch Hn, lm th chi, mua vui th dng Nm. Tuy nhin, cng vi
bc trng thnh ca ch Nm, v th ca n cng dn thay i. Nguyn Tri ht lng tn trng
ngn ng dn tc, tin yu ngn ng dn tc. Tt c cc bi th Nm ca Nguyn Tri u ni n
nhng ci chn thnh nht, trang nghim nht: ni n ch hng, ni n o l, ni n l sng
i,... Vi thc t cng dn tc, di thi nh H, H Qu Li c mt quyt sch ln nhm
nng cao v th ca ch Nm. Tng truyn, H Qu Li dch Kinh Thi, Kinh Th ra ch Nm
dy cho cc cung n. iu ny chng t H Qu Li c ch trng a ch Nm vo lnh vc
gio dc. Rt tic, cng cuc ci cch ca nh H b chn li bi gt giy xm lc ca nh Minh.
Nh Minh thi hnh chnh sch ng ho rt tn bo. Chng t ph cc vn liu, s liu Vit,
trong c c nhng ti liu ghi chp bng ch Nm. V th nhng ti liu bng ch Nm thi H
Qu Li u tht truyn.
1.4. Ch quc ng c cc nh truyn gio ch tc t th k XVII vi mc ch chnh l truyn
b o Thin Cha vo Vit Nam v hc ting Vit, hiu c v t nc v con ngi Vit Nam.
Mun truyn b o ca mnh, cn phi c phng tin giao tip. Thc t, nhn dn Vit Nam rt t
ngi c c ch Nm, v th khng th da vo ch Nm truyn b t tng Thin Cha
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gio vo nhn dn. Vn u tin l phi hc ting Vit. Cc gio s phng Ty to ra mt h

thng k t ghi ting Vit da trn h ch ci La tinh. Nhng nm u ca th k XIX h thng k t
ny c gi l ch Quc ng, mc d theo ngha en th ch Nm cng l ch quc ng. T khi
xut hin ch Quc ng, th tng quan gia cc ngn ng, vn t trn din n vn ho Vit Nam
khc vi cc giai on trc: C hai ngn ng l ting Vit v vn ngn Hn, vi ba loi ch vit l
ch Hn, ch Nm v ch Quc ng.
Trong ba loi ch vit th ch Hn vn chim v th s mt, sau n ch Nm, cui cng l
ch Quc ng. Tuy nhin, trong thi k ny ny sinh s tranh chp gia ch Hn v ch Nm.
Vn hc ch Nm thi k ny c s pht trin ton din v lng cng nh v cht. B cha th
Nm H Xun Hng, i thi ho Nguyn Du vi tc phm Truyn Kiu bt h u xut hin trong
giai on ny. Khng nhng th, ch Nm khng ch c dng ghi li vn chng bnh dn m
cn c dng c trong nhng lnh vc khc na. Cn c vo "Di sn Hn Nm Vit Nam, Th mc
yu" do Vin Hn Nm bin son vi s cng tc ca nhm hc gi Trng Vin ng Bc c
Php, NXB Khoa hc X hi, H Ni, 1993, trong s 5038 quyn, c mt s quyn vit bng ch
Nm. "Vn nin ca din m" l mt quyn sch v nh hng ca thi tit i vi ma mng vit
bng ch Nm. S sch v o gio c 163 quyn, phn ln l loi "ging bt", tc l loi sch tp
hp nhng li ca cc ng ct ni thay mt cc v thn, ch yu vit bng ch Nm bi v o
gio gn b trc ht vi ngi dn lao ng. Nhng sch in u tin Vit Nam l Kinh Pht,
nhng s kinh in li, din Nm khng c bao nhiu. Sch gio khoa v s Vit Nam, c mt cun
bng ch Nm. V ngoi giao, cun "Chuyn sang Php ca s b triu Nguyn" vit bng th lc
bt. V lut php, c Hong triu lut l tot yu din ca bng ch Nm, Dn lut Bc K, din
Nm thi Khi nh. Tng lp nho s gn gi nhn dn lao ng dng ch Nm sng tc vn
chng, ghi chp cc s kin x hi, lch s vi cch nhn khc vi cch ghi chp chnh thc bng
ch Hn, c nhng tc phm tin b, cha ng nhng t tng tri vi quan im v o l chnh
thng. Vo giai on cui ca nh L, nh cm quyn khng nhng coi thng m cn e ngi ch
Nm, c nhng hot ng tiu cc i vi ch Nm, thm ch cn t rt nhiu vn liu vit bng
ch Nm. Nm 1663 i L Huyn Tng, Trnh Tc yu cu Phm Cng Tr vit 47 iu gio
ho bng ch Hn, trong iu 35 ch trng cm on v ph hoi cc tc phm Nm. Nm
1718 li c lnh ca Trnh Cng nh sau: "Ph liu(5) vng li truyn cho qun dn trong nc bit
rng: phm sch v c quyn no quan h n s gio ho trong i mi c khc in v lu hnh.
Lu nay, nhng bn hiu s lm nht by b cc tp truyn v b ng(6) bng quc m, khng phn
bit hay d, khc g in bn, vic y phi nn nghim cm. T nay nh no c in nhng sch nh th,
cho trnh quan n bt v tch thu vn in ph ht"(7). Nm 1760, Trnh Doanh li sai Nh nh Ton
din Nm 47 iu gio ho ra lc bt tin ph bin.
Ngc li, nhm tng cng tnh t tn v tinh thn dn tc, triu i Ty Sn ca Nguyn Hu
ch trng dng ting Vit v ch Nm trong hnh chnh (giy t ca Nh nc), trong gio
dc, thi c v trong t l thing ling. y l Chiu ca Bnh nh Vng Nguyn Hu gi cho
Nguyn Thip nm 1788:
"Chiu truyn La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip khm tri:
Ngy trc u cho phu t v Ngh An tng a lm cho kp k ny hi ng. Sao v ti
cha thy ng vic nh. Nn hy gi hi Ph Xun Kinh, hu tc s tt.

Vic chiu ban h, phu t to nghi d trn th Thn cng s, kinh chi, doanh chi, tng a tu
ti Ph Thch hnh cung sao cho hu cn sn, k chnh a phng ti dn c chi gian hay l u ct
a kh , duy phu t o nhn gim nh, to to tc hnh.
U cho trn th Thn to lp cung in, k tam nguyt ni hon thnh, c tin gi ng. Duy phu
t vt d nhn ht th.
Khm tai! c chiu.
Thi c thp nht nin, lc nguyt, s nht nht"(8).
Trong gio dc v thi c, triu i Ty Sn quy nh: Mi khoa thi, vng ba (" tam trng"),
th sinh phi lm bi bng ch Nm. Tng truyn, Hong Quang Trung cn lnh cho Nguyn
Thip dch kinh, truyn ra ting Vit lm ti liu ging dy, nhng cc bn dch y b mt c.
Nh ta bit, vic t l trc y, vn t, s... phi vit bng ch Hn, khn bng ting Hn.
Nhng trong l tang Hong Quang Trung, triu nh v h hng nh vua u dng vn t bng
ting Vit, ch Nm v nm bi vn t do Phan Huy Ich lm vn cn c lu truyn ti ngy nay.
Nh Ty Sn , nhng c gng ca Nguyn Hu nhm khng nh v th ca ting Vit v ch
Nm li tr v trng thi nh c.
Mc d ch Quc ng tn dng c nhiu u im ring, vn c ca h ch La Tinh, nhng
vic s dng h thng ny cng ch gii hn trong phm vi cc vn liu tn gio, trong giao dch
gia nhng ngi cng gio x, gio on. Hai th k sau khi c ch tc, ch Quc ng tr
thnh mt cng c hu hiu, gip ngi Php, qun i Php xm lc v chia tch t nc Vit
Nam thnh ba min.
1.5. Di thi cai tr ca thc dn Php (18611945), trn din n vn ho Vit Nam, c ba
ngn ng l ting Php, ting Vit, vn ngn Hn v bn vn t l Php, Quc ng, Nm v Hn.
S tranh chp gia ba ngn ng din ra theo chiu hng ting Php vn ln chim v th s
mt, vai tr ca vn ngn Hn ngy cng gim, v th ca ting Vit cng ngy cng c cao.
y cng l thi k thay th dn ch Hn v ch Nm bng ch Php v ch Quc ng.
Chnh sch ca nh cm quyn thc dn Php i vi Vit Nam l ng ho v ngn ng v vn
ho. Mi quyt sch a ra u nhm mc ch cui cng v ti thng l lm cho ngi Vit Nam
chp nhn s dng ting Php, ch Php; chp nhn vn ho, chnh tr Php; ly ting Php thay th
ting Hn trn ton ci Vit Nam, hn ch ti mc ti a nh hng ca vn ho Hn i vi Vit
Nam.
Etienne Aymonier, mt cng s Php Bnh Thun, nm 1886, vit: "Chng ta phi gieo rc
vo ngi An Nam rng ci nhu cu hiu bit mt ngn ng bc hc, mt ngn ng cp cao; vic
khng th chi ci c l s hc hi ting Php phi chnh thc thay th s hc hi ting Trung
Quc". Nm 1890, ng cn vit: "Thc ra, vn c t ra l thay th trong chng trnh dy
chnh thc, ting Trung Quc, hin nay c dy n tn cc thn qu, bng ting Php, ngn ng
ca nhng k i chinh phc vi hu qu c lng trc l s s dng ngn ng ny s to lan
cng ngy cng ln". ng nguyn c:
"Chng trnh dy chnh thc Nam K thuc Php s c t c s trong mt chng mc
ti a c th c, trn s hc hi ting Php.
Trn ton ci ng Dng thuc Php, chnh quyn s cho nghin cu cc phng tin
thc y ting Php...
Ch nn dy ting Php ring cho hng thn ho, cho gii lnh o, m phi nhm vo nhng
a tr ca dn thng, con gi ln con trai. Tt hn l nhm vo tng nhm lng x, ch ny ch
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kia, trc tin l nhng vng ph cn nhng trung tm u Ty, hay trong nhng lng thin cha
gio, tt c nhng ni m thin ch c bc l. l cch m ti gi l cm ngn ng vo t
bng cch cho n bt r"(9).
Thc t nh cm quyn Php Vit Nam dng ting Php, ch Php trong vn kin, giy t
ca b my cai tr ; tng cng vic ging dy ting Php trong nh trng, hn ch vai tr ca ting
Hn v ch Hn. Theo Nguyn Ph Phong, vic dy ting Php cho ngi Vit Nam c bt u
khi s nm 1866 nhng vn cn nm trong tay cc gio s v gio hi, chnh quyn thuc a tr
cp cho cc trng hc do gio hi t chc. Ngy 21-12-1917, Ton quyn Albert Saraut k Ngh
nh Hc chnh tng quy (Rglement gnral de l' instruction publique) v ng ln cng bo ngy
10/4/1918. Hc chnh tng quy thay i thi Hng thi Hi: Nm 1916 bi b cc K thi Hng
v nm 1919 th thi Hi cng b bi b. Hc chnh tng quy quy nh vic dy ting Php v mn
Hn t nh sau:
Dy ting Php (tp c, m t, hc mo, lm vn) lp nh v lp nht, mi tun t ra l 12
gi.
Hn t mi tun l ch dy 1 gi ri vo sng th nm m thi. Li thm ch th: "Dy Hn t
phi theo chng trnh nh nc. Bui dy Hn t, gio vin kim c hc nh trng phi c mt
lp gi k lut, khng nn thy dy mt mnh".
Mun truyn b ting Php v vn ho Php, nhm cng c nn thng tr ca thc dn Php
Vit Nam, nh cm quyn Php buc phi dng ting Vit lm phng tin chuyn ng. V th,
song song vi vic dy ting Php cho ngi Vit th vic dy ting Vit cho cc vin chc hnh
chnh Php cng c t ra. Nm 1861, mt trng dy ting Vit c thit lp Si Gn o
to nhng vin thng ngn ngi Php. Ch Nm v ch Quc ng u l nhng vn t ghi ting
ni ca ngi Vit Nam, nhng ch Quc ng rt gn ch Php, li rt tin li, d hc, d nh hn
nhiu so vi ch Nm nn ngi Php chn ch Quc ng lm phng tin dy-hc ting Vit.
Chnh nh th m ch Quc ng vn ch c dng hn ch trong phm vi tn gio, trong giao dch
gia cc gio dn dn dn tr thnh mt phng tin gio dc chung. Thc dn Php cho php
dy ch quc ng v ting Vit trong trng hc v cho ra bo bng ch quc ng. Ngy
17/11/1874, Dupr ra quyt nh t chc li hon ton nn gio dc quc dn. Cc trng lng dy
ch Hn b bi b hoc sp nhp vo trng qun l, bin thnh mt trng duy nht dy ch quc
ng. Nm 1896, Ton quyn ng Dng ra ngh nh cho thnh lp mt trng Php-Vit Hu,
gi l Trng Quc hc Hu. Nm 1898, Ton quyn ng Dng t thm mt k thi ph cho
khoa thi Hng trng thi Nam nh. Mn thi gm nm bi ting Php: vit tp, chnh t, dch Php
ra Vit, hi thoi, c v dch ming (h s 5); chnh t ting Vit (h s 3); bi dch t Hn vn ra
ting Vit (h s 4). Ai t ti, c nhn k thi Hng chnh m cn c k ph s c u tin
chn ra lm quan. Nm 1904, Php cho thit lp chng trnh gio dc h Php -Vit Bc K.
Ngay t nm 1865, chnh quyn Php Nam K pht hnh t Gia nh bo thc hin ch
trng dng ch Quc ng ghi ting Vit thay th ch Nm. Nm 1917, Bo Nam Phong ra i.
Ngay trang u ghi r:" Mc ch bo Nam Phong l th ci ch ngha khai ho ca nh nc,
bin tp nhng bi bng quc vn, hn vn, php vn, gip s m mang tr thc, gi gn o c
trong quc dn An Nam, truyn b cc khoa hc ca Thi Ty, nht l hc thut t tng i Php,
bo tn ci quc tu ca nc Vit Nam ta, cng bnh vc quyn li ngi Php ngi Nam trong
trng kinh t. Bo Nam Phong li ch ring v s tp luyn vn quc ng cho thnh mt nn
quc vn An Nam". V hnh chnh, mt cng vn nm 1910 ca Khm s Bc K nh rng tt c
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cc vn bn dng cho vic qung b nh ngh nh, quyt nh, lnh, ch th, phn quyt, phi c
vit bng quc ng. Cng vn ny cng ni thm rng vic dng quc ng phi p dng cho th tn
thng l gia cc quan triu Nguyn v chnh quyn Php, v cho cc thng tri ca cc quan li gi
n ngi dn. Nm 1909, H Ni c thnh lp mt Hi thn hu Php Vit ph bin v qung
b ch quc ng. Hi ny cn c tn l Bc Vn Hi nhm n nhng mc ch sau y:
a ra mt nhng tc phm vn hc An Nam vit bng ch khi vung (ch nho hay ch
nm) bng cch dch ra quc ng hay ting Php;
Dch ra quc ng nhng sn phm ca tri thc Php v nhng mn khoa hc, ngh thut, lut,
kinh t chnh tr, vn hc, vi dng l n nh... ng ngha cc t trong ting ni ca x An Nam...
(Dn theo Nguyn Ph Phong, sd., trang 79, 92, 97, 103).
Mc d ngi Php ch trng s dng ch Quc ng v ting Vit lm chuyn ng nhng vi
thi d dt. Trc Cch mng thng tm, ting Vit ch c dng vo cng vic gio dc ch
yu lp ng u (lp Mt ngy nay), cn t lp d b n lp s ng (tng ng vi lp Hai
v lp Ba ngy nay), hc sinh phi theo ch song ng VitPhp; t nm th t n ht nm th
su tiu hc, ting Php chim a v p o; t cp trung hc tr ln, ting Php chim a v c
tn(10). L do c bn l thc dn Php mun ting Php chim v tr c tn. Lc u th ly l do "v
nhng th ch nh ch Quc ng, (...) thnh ra vn t g c ting trong th gii u, v ai cng
bit rng hy cn khuyt im nhiu lm, cha c nhng danh t v khoa hc din nhng mn
hc mi ca Thi Ty" (Saraut Dn theo Nguyn Ph Phong, sd., trang 98). V sau, khi ting
Vit v ch Quc ng pht trin th nhiu ngi Php li e s sc mnh tim n ca ch Quc
ng, n c th tr thnh mt cng c thng nht ting Vit, thng nht ngi Vit chng li ting
Php, ngi Php.
Mt b phn tr thc Vit Nam cc lc chng li cc chnh sch ngn ng ca nh cm quyn
Php. H quan nim ch Quc ng l sn phm ca ngoi bang, l cng c truyn b o thin
cha, khng phi l o gc ca dn tc. H mun duy tr hc ch Hn bi v hc ch Hn l c
gio dc v lun l v lch s, cn hc ch Quc ng th ch nh mt tr chi, khi ngi ta bit c
bit vit ch Quc ng ngi ta khng bit g c. Vi quan nim nh vy, cc tr thc yu nc,
chng Php u sng tc bng ch Nm. Nm 1867, Nguyn Trng T chnh thc ngh triu
nh Hu s dng ch Nm, ngh ny lm cho nh cm quyn ch n ch Nm, song s ch
ch l chng li vic tip tc s dng ch Hn ti triu nh Hu ch khng phi l s chng
li vic s dng ch Quc ng.
Nhng tr thc c tinh thn dn tc, mun hin i ho t nc sm nhn ra vai tr ca ch
Quc ng. Bi v cng vic hin i ho cn phi c s thay i m s thay i trc tin l s thay
i v vn t. Cn phi dy tr bit c bit vit ting m v ch c vic hc tp bng ting m
mi em li hiu qu thit thc m thi. Cui th k XIX, cc tr thc Nam K nh Trng Vnh K,
Hunh Tnh Ca, Trng Vnh Tng, Trng Minh K, Nguyn Trng Qun, v.v... l nhng ngi
i u trong ch trng truyn b ch quc ng v pht trin ting Vit. u th k XX Min Bc,
hot ng ca ng Kinh Ngha Thc (1907) cng dy ln phong tro hc ch quc ng, coi ch
quc ng l phng tin khai ho quc dn. Cc c khng nh:
Ch quc ng l hn trong nc
Phi em ra tnh trc dn ta
Sch cc nc, sch Chi Na
Ch no ch y dch ra cho tng.
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Trong Vn minh tn hc sch ca ng Kinh Ngha Thc, c on vit: "Ngi trong nc i

hc nn ly ch quc ng lm phng tin u tin trong thi gian mt vi thng, n b, tr con
u bit ch v ngi ta c th dng Quc ng ghi vic i xa v chp vic i nay... thc
l bc u tin m mang tr khn vy".
Tip , nm 1938 Hi truyn b ch Quc ng c thnh lp v hot ng ca hi ny c
tc dng to ln trong vic xo nn m ch cho nhn dn. Theo s liu ca UNESCO nm 1984, vo
nm 1938, Vit Nam c khong 95% dn s m ch. Tnh n Cch mng thng Tm, Hi truyn b
ch Quc ng gip cho 70.000 ngi thot nn m ch.
D xu hng chnh tr khng ging nhau, nhng tt c nhng hot ng bo ch v vn hc bng
ch quc ng trc cch mng u c tc dng truyn b ch quc ng v pht trin ting Vit:
Pha thc dn Php th xem ch Quc ng l cng c hu hiu ng ho dn tc Vit Nam, pha
nhng s phu yu nc Vit Nam th k trc ngi sau cng u nhn thy ch Quc ng l v kh
sc bn trong cng cuc ph bin tn hc, truyn b t tng yu nc tin ti gii phng dn tc,
em li c lp cho nc nh.
2. Chnh sch ngn ng Vit Nam t Cch mng thng Tm 1945 n nay
2.1. Bi cnh ngn ng v x hi Vit Nam sau cch mng
Thng Tm nm 1945, ton th nhn dn Vit Nam vng ln lm cuc cch mng gii phng
dn tc. Nc Vit Nam ta tr thnh mt quc gia c lp. Nh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng
ho ra i. Tip theo , nhn dn ta phi tin hnh cuc trng k khng chin chng thc dn
Php quay li xm lc ta mt ln na, ri cuc chin tranh chng M cu nc v i, mi ti nm
1975 t nc ta mi hon ton c thng nht, c lp. Chnh sch ngn ng trong thi k ny
ch yu l chnh sch ngn ng ca ng Cng sn v Nh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho cng
nh Nh nc Cng ho X hi Ch ngha Vit Nam. Ngoi ra, cng ni n chnh sch ngn ng
ca nhng chnh quyn thn Php, thn M Si Gn trc y.
Vit Nam l mt quc gia a dn tc. Ngoi dn tc Kinh l dn tc chim 85% dn s, cn c
53 dn tc khc, thuc cc ng h khc nhau.
Thuc ng h Nam (Austroasiatic), c nhng ngn ng nh: Kinh (Vit), Mng, Ngun,
Pong, Th, Cui, an Lai, Li h, Rc, My, Sch, M Ling, Kri (Phong), Aream, Mng, Kh
M, Xinh Mun, Khng, u, Bru-Vn Kiu, Pac, T i, C Tu, Bana, Co, Ca Dong, Ha Lng,
Gi, Tring, Xng, Rngao, Takua, Hr, M Nm, Ve, R Mn, T Dr, Bru, Cho, Mnng, M,
Xting, Chro, Khmer Nam B.
Thuc ng h ThiKa ai, c: Ty, Nng, Cao Lan, Thu Lao, Thi en, Thi Trng, Thi ,
Thi Thanh, Thi D, Thi Hng Tng, Lo, L, Ty Nm, Pa D, Giy, B Y, Tu D, Pu N, Tng,
Thu, Laha, La Ch, Pupo, C Lao, Nng Vn.
Thuc ng h MoDao (HmongMien), c: Mng, Na Mo, P Thn, Min (Dao , Dao eo
Tin, Dao Cooc Ngng, Dao gang, Dao Qun Cht, Dao i Bn, Dao Tiu Bn...), Mn (Dao
Qun Trng, Dao Thanh Y, Dao o Di, Dao H, DaoTuyeenr, Dao Ln Tn,...)
Thuc ng h Nam o (Austronesian), c: Chm ng (Chm Ninh Bnh Thun), Chm Ty
(Chm An Giang, Ty Ninh), , Giarai, Raglai, Hroi, Churu.
Thuc ng h HnTng, c: Hoa, Ll, H Nh, La H, Sila, Cng, X Ph, Ph L.
Trong cc ngn ng trn, ch mt s ngn ng c ch vit c truyn, l cc ch: Ch Nm
Ty; cc loi ch Thi c Ty Bc, Qu Chu, Man Thanh, Lai Pao; ch Hn; ch vit t dng

Sanscrit ca Khmer; ch Nm Nng; ch Chm c; ch vit t dng Sanscrit ca Lo; ch Nm

Dao; ch Nm Cao Lan.
c im ni bt ca cc dn tc thiu s Vit Nam l sng an xen nhau khin cho trng thi
a ng x hi l trng thi ph bin cc vng dn tc thiu s. Ting Vit c coi l ngn ng
giao tip gia cc dn tc. Bn cnh , mt s ngn ng nh ting Thi, ting Ty, ting
Nng,...cng c coi l ngn ng vng, tc l phng tin giao tip gia cc dn tc cng chung
sng trong vng no .
Ni n chnh sch ngn ng Vit Nam sau Cch mng thng Tm 1945, cn cp n ba
mng sau y:
Chnh sch i vi cc ngn ng ca cc dn tc thiu s;
Chnh sch i vi ting Vit;
Chnh sch i vi cc ngoi ng
2.2. Chnh sch i vi ngn ng ca cc dn tc thiu s
i vi cc ngn ng dn tc thiu s, ng v Nh nc Vit Nam ch trng tn trng ting
m ca cc dn tc, bo m s pht trin t do v bnh ng ca tt c cc ngn ng dn tc
Vit Nam. Cng lnh u tin ca ng khi mi thnh lp (1930) ra chnh sch "on kt dn
tc trn c s nhng nguyn tc bnh ng v tng tr ln nhau ginh li c lp v hnh phc
chung cho cc dn tc". Chnh cng ca ng nm 1951 ghi r: "Cc dn tc sng trn t nc
Vit Nam u c bnh ng v quyn li v ngha v,... Ci thin i sng cho cc dn tc t
ngi, gip h tin b v mi mt, bo m h tham gia chnh quyn v dng ting m
trong vic gio dc cc a phng".
Hin php nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho thng qua ngy 9/11/1946, c vit:
" cc trng s hc a phng, quc dn thiu s c quyn hc bng ting ca mnh" (iu
th 15).
"Quc dn thiu s c quyn dng ting ni ca mnh trc to n" (iu th 66).
Hin php nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho c Ch tch nc cng b ngy 01/01/1960, vit
chi tit hn:
"Cc dn tc c quyn duy tr hoc sa i phong tc tp qun, dng ting ni, ch vit, pht
trin vn ho dn tc ca mnh" (iu 3).
"To n nhn dn bo m cho cng dn nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho thuc cc dn tc
thiu s c th dng ting ni v ch vit ca mnh trc To n" (iu 102).
Hin php nc Cng ho X hi ch ngha Vit Nam nm 1980, vit:
"Cc dn tc c quyn dng ting ni, ch vit, gi gn v pht huy nhng phong tc, tp
qun, truyn thng v vn ho tt p ca mnh" (iu 5).
"To n nhn dn bo m cho cng dn nc Cng ho X hi ch ngha Vit Nam thuc cc
dn tc quyn dng ting ni v ch vit ca dn tc mnh trc to n" (iu 60).
Hin php nc Cng ho X hi ch ngha Vit Nam, nm 1992 b sung thm nh sau:
"Cc dn tc c quyn dng ting ni, ch vit, gi gn bn sc dn tc v pht huy nhng
phong tc, tp qun, truyn thng v vn ho tt p ca mnh" (iu 5).
"To n nhn dn bo m cho cng dn nc Cng ho X hi ch ngha Vit Nam thuc cc
dn tc quyn dng ting ni v ch vit ca dn tc mnh trc To n" (iu 133).
Lut Ph cp gio dc tiu hc ban hnh ngy 06/8/1991, khng nh:

 "Cc dn tc thiu s c quyn s dng ting ni, ch vit ca dn tc mnh cng vi ting
Vit thc hin gio dc tiu hc".
Lut Gio dc tiu hc ngy 10/12/1998 vit r hn: "Nh nc to iu kin ngi dn tc
thiu s c hc ting ni, ch vit ca dn tc mnh. Vic dy v hc ting ni, ch vit ca dn
tc thiu s c thc hin theo quy nh ca Chnh ph".
Cc ch th,ngh quyt ca ng v Chnh ph u nhm vo thc hin ba vn :
A. Ci tin v xy dng ch vit cho cc dn tc thiu s.
Quyt nh ca Ph Th tng s 153-CP ngy 20/8/1969 ghi r:
"Dn tc thiu s no cha c ch vit ring nu c iu kin cn thit sau y th c xy
dng v s dng ch vit ca dn tc mnh:
a) Dn s tng i ng, so vi cc dn tc anh em khc.
b) C tr tng i tp trung.
c) C nhiu kh khn trong vic tip thu kin thc trc tip bng ting, ch ph thng, c yu
cu xy dng ch vit ring pht trin s nghip gio dc, vn ho trong dn tc mnh.
d) C vn t ng tng i phong ph.
Dn tc thiu s no c ch vit ring nhng nu xt th ch vit khng thun li cho s tin
b ca mnh, th c th ci tin ch vit c, hoc xy dng ch vit mi thch hp hn.
Dn tc thiu s no khng iu kin xy dng ch vit ring nhng thy cn thit c ch
ghi ting ni ca mnh, th c th dng ch ph thng phin m".
Quyt nh ca Hi ng Chnh ph v ch trng i vi ch vit ca cc dn tc thiu s, s
53-CP ngy 22/02/1980 vit:
"Nhiu dn tc thiu s cha c ch vit c yu cu xy dng b vn ch ring c th ghi
ting ni ca dn tc mnh. Mt s dn tc thiu s c ch vit li c mun c ch vit mi theo
ch ci Latin cho gn gi vi ch ph thng. Nhng yu cu ny cn c coi trng, v tng bc
gii quyt".
" vic dy v hc ch dn tc v ch ph thng c d dng, nhanh chng, thun tin cho c
ng bo dn tc thiu s v ng bo ngi Kinh mun hc ch dn tc, cn xy dng mi hoc
ci tin ch vit dn tc theo b vn gn gi vi b vn ch vit ph thng".
B. S dng ting ni v ch vit dn tc sao cho thch hp, hiu qu.
Quyt nh ca Ph Th tng s 153-CP, ngy 20/8/1969 quy nh r:
"Ch dn tc cn c s dng trong phm vi v vi mc sau:
a) Trong vic xo nn m ch v b tc vn ho vng ngi dn tc c ch vit ring.
Trong b tc vn ho, ni no khng bit hoc t bit ting ph thng th cho hc xen k ch dn tc
vi ting v ch ph thng cc lp cp 1. T cp II tr ln th hc hon ton bng ting Vit v
ch ph thng. Ni no qun chng mun v c th hc thng ting v ch vit ph thng th trong
xo nn m ch cng nh trong b tc vn ho nn dy ting v ch ph thng, nhng ch ging
bng ting dn tc ngi hc hiu mau v chc, ng thi nn cho h hc thm b vn ch dn
tc h c c sch bo vit bng ch dn tc.
b) Cc trng ph thng trong vng dn tc c ch vit ph thng cn cho hc sinh lp v lng
v cp I hc xen k ch dn tc vi ting v ch ph thng v ch cho hc sinh lm quen vi ting
v ch ph thng cng sm cng tt. cp II v III, ch yu l dy ting v ch ph thng, ng
thi c dy mn ng vn dn tc.

c) Trn cc lnh vc vn ho, vn ngh, thng tin bo ch v.v... nn s dng rng ri ting v ch
dn tc nhng ni c ng o ng bo dn tc.
d) Nhn dn cc dn tc thiu s c ch vit ring th c quyn dng ch dn tc trong vic
ghi s sch, vit th v lm n t gi cc c quan Nh nc; nhng ni m hu ht ng bo
thuc mt dn tc, v cn b nhn dn bit ch dn tc th cng vn giy t t huyn xung x
nn dng ch dn tc".
Quyt nh ca Hi ng Chnh ph s 53-CP, ngy 22/02/1980 ra nhim v c th hn:
"Trong cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn v cng tc vn ho ca Nh nc vng ca ng bo
dn tc thiu s phi c gng kt hp s dng ting, ch dn tc, gip cho ng bo tip thu c
d dng, nhanh chng.
Trong giao dch th tn v trong n t quan h vi cc c quan Nh nc ng bo dn tc
thiu s c dng ch vit dn tc, cc c quan nh nc c trch nhim tip nhn v gii quyt
tt nhng n t ".
Ch th ca Th tng Chnh ph v mt s ch trng, bin php tip tc pht trin kinh tx
hi min ni, s 525-TTg ngy 02/11/1993 vit: "Tip tc pht trin pht thanh v truyn hnh
min ni v vng dn tc: ht nm 1995, hon chnh vic ph sng truyn hnh cho cc huyn. Nng
cao cht lng cc bui pht thanh bng ting dn tc.".
C. Duy tr bo v ngn ng v vn ho dn tc.
Trong bi Cc ngn ng nguy cp v vic bo tn s a dng vn ho, ngn ng tc ngi
Vit Nam ng trn tp ch Ngn ng, s 4 (nm 1999), Nguyn Vn Li cho bit trong s 6.500
ngn ng ang tn ti trn th gii, ch c chng 300 n 400 ngn ng c truyn li cho cc th
h tip theo, cc ngn ng cn li hoc ch c truyn li mt b phn nh, hoc khng c
truyn li, ang nm bn b ca s tiu vong. Cn c vo sc sinh tn, nhng iu kin x hi-ngn
ng hc, ng chia cc nhng nguy cp Vit Nam thnh 5 nhm:
Nhm th nht bao gm cc ngn ng hu nh b mt, hin nay ch cn rt t ngi s dng
(trn di 10 ngi). l cc ngn ng nh: ting Clao Trng Sn, Hong SuPh (ngi
Clao chuyn sang ni ting Quan Ho); Ting Tng huyn Yn Sn, tnh Tuyn Quang
(ngi Tng hin c xp vo dn tc Dao); Ting Thu Chim Ho, Tuyn Quang (ngi Thu
cng c coi l thuc dn tc Dao); Ting u Con Cung, tnh Ngh An (hu ht ngi u
chuyn sang ni ting Thi, Kh m, hin ch cn vi ngi nh ngn ng ny); Ting Tu D (B
Y) huyn Mng Khng, tnh Lo Cai (ngi Tu D chuyn sang ni ting Quan Ho).
Nhm th hai gm cc ngn ng nguy cp thc s, hin ch cn trn, di 100 ngi s dng.
l: ting Pu Po, ting Clao Trng ng Vn H Giang; ting La Ch Hong Su Ph H
Giang; ting Laha Thun Chu Sn La; ting Ta Mit Than Uyn Lo Cai; ting Nng Vn
H Qung Cao Bng ; ting an Lai, Li H, Ty Poong Con Cung Tn K Ngh An; ting
M Ling, Ci (Krih) Hng Kh H Tnh; ting Rc, My, Sch Tuyn Ho Qung Bnh;
ting Arem B Trch Qung Bnh.
Nhm th ba gm cc ngn ng c s ngi s dng trn di mt ngn ngi, phm vi s
dng tng i hp, ch yu trong giao tip gia nh, c xu th b mt th h tr, chu p lc r rt
t cc ngn ng c v th cao hn. l cc ngn ng nh Mng, Khng, Xinh Mun thuc dng
Mon-Khmer v cc ngn ng thuc h Tng Min nh: Cng, Sila, X Ph, Ph L, La H.
Nhm th bn gm cc ngn ng c s lng ngi s dng t vi ngn n chc ngn ngi,
ch yu c s dng trong giao tip gia nh thuc mi th h, nhng mt b phn c xu th thay
10

bng ngn ng khc. l ting N Mo Trng nh tnh Lng Sn v Sn Dng tnh Tuyn
Quang; ting P Thn Chim Ho tnh Tuyn Quang v Bc Quang tnh H Giang; ting Ll
Bo Lc tnh Cao Bng v ng Vn, Mo Vc tnh H Giang.
Nhm th nm gm cc ngn ng c t mt chc ngn n vi ba chc ngn ngi s dng, vn
c cc thnh vin trong cng ng s dng trong giao tip hng ngy v truyn li cho th h sau.
Tuy nhin, cc ngn ng ny c xu th d b "ho" vo cc ngn ng c v th cao hn. l cc
ngn ng nh H Nh, Giy, Kh m, Chro, Churu, Pak, T i.
Ngn ng dn tc l biu hin ca bn sc vn ho dn tc. Duy tr v bo v ngn ng cc dn
tc l duy tr v bo v bn sc vn ho dn tc, mt cng vic c ngha nhn bn su sc, Nguyn
Vn Li vit: "Mt i s a dng ngn ng cng c ngha mt i s a dng v tr tu. Mi mt
ngn ng l cng c c nht v nh phn tch, tng hp, tri nhn th gii bn ngoi, to nn tri
thc, s nh gi ca cng ng ngi ni v th gii. Chng ta qu trng v tm mi cch gi gn
cc ngun gien qu ca cc loi sao la, b xm, t gic mt sng,... Vit Nam, chng ta cng qu
trng v ra sc gi gn ngn ng cc dn tc, nhng ngun gien qu ca kho tng ngn ng, vn
ho, vn minh nhn loi. Bo v mi trng, sinh thi t nhin l nhim v cp bch; bo v mi
trng, sinh thi vn ho cng v cng quan trng. i vi loi ngi, cc ngn ng u c gi tr
nhn vn nh nhau: Kho tng cc ngn ng th gii l ti sn qu bu ca nhn loi" (Bi dn,
trang 49).
Quyt nh ca Hi ng Chnh ph v ch trng i vi ch vit ca cc dn tc thiu s, s
53-CP ngy 22/02/1980 vit: "Ting ni v ch vit ca mi dn tc thiu s Vit Nam va l vn
qu ca cc dn tc , va l ti sn vn ho chung ca c nc".
Ch th ca Th tng Chnh ph v mt s ch trng, bin php tip tc pht trin Kinh t
X hi min ni, s 525-TTg ngy 02/11/1993 cng vit: "Tip tc duy tr tng bc pht trin nng
cao cc hot ng vn ho, vn ngh qun chng, khai thc v bo tn vn ho lu i ca cng
ng cc dn tc. Nghin cu khi phc v nng cao cc l hi truyn thng lnh mnh".
Ngh quyt Trung ng V, kho VIII ca ng v "Xy dng v pht trin nn vn ho Vit
Nam tin tin, m bn sc dn tc" khng nh: "Nn vn ho Vit Nam l nn vn ho thng
nht m a dng trong cng ng cc dn tc Vit Nam... Bn sc dn tc ca vn ho Vit Nam
bao gm nhng gi tr bn vng, nhng tinh hoa c vun p nn qua lch s ngn nm u tranh
dng nc v gi nc, to thnh nhng nt c sc ca cng ng cc dn tc Vit Nam, con
ngi Vit Nam".
Nh ta bit, mun duy tr v bo v ngn ng, vn ho dn tc th trc ht phi duy tr v bo
v chnh nhng tc ngi ni nhng ngn ng . V vy, vn duy tr v bo v ngn ng vn
ho khng th tch ri vn pht trin dn tc m mun duy tr v pht trin dn tc th trc ht
phi pht trin kinh t. Trong bi "Tnh hnh mt s ngn ng dn tc nguy cp Vit Nam v
nhng lun c chnh sch i vi cc ngn ng y"(11) sau khi phn tch tnh hnh mt s ngn ng
dn tc c coi l nguy cp, Trn Tr Di cho rng:
"Vic thc y nn kinh tx hi ca cc dn tc v nhm tc ngi c ngn ng b suy gim
l mt nhu cu bc bch. Mun cho tc ngi Arem chng hn khng suy gim dn s vi t l 1%
nm, l vn sn xut, l vn y t v.v... m c cng ng phi gii quyt. Cng vy, mun
nhng ngi u c iu kin duy tr ting m ca mnh, cng ng nh b ca h hin nay phi
c pht trin, pht trin ti mc h c nhu cu dng ting m trong giao tip hng ngy.

11

 Phi nng cao cht lng ting m ca h trong giao tip cng ng. Cch tt nht lm
c iu ny l duy tr ting m trong hot ng vn ho ca c dn tc... Chnh vn ho truyn
thng hay bn sc vn ho ca cc dn tc l ci nn tt nht lu gi ngn ng ca h. V th,
m bo ngn ng ca cc dn tc c nguy c b suy thoi khng b mai mt, mt cng vic tt nht
l khi dy v lm sng li hot ng vn ho truyn thng ca chnh h" (Sch dn, trang 98).
Ti hi ngh quc t v bo v di sn vn ho phi vt th cc dn tc do UNESCO t chc ti H
Ni, thng 3/1993, cc i biu a ra mt s khuyn ngh i vi Chnh ph Vit Nam v bo
tn v pht huy vn ho cc dn tc thiu s:
Cung cp ti chnh kp thi cho chng trnh quc gia: "Kho tng chung di sn vn ho phi vt
th ca cc tc ngi Vit Nam".
cp nh nc, bo v, gi gn, pht trin v khi phc kho tng vn ho phi vt th ca
cc dn tc thiu s. Nhng lnh vc cn c tp trung ch l: khi phc cc l hi ca cc dn
tc thiu s, thu thp vi s tr gip ca cc phng tin k thut nghe nhn t liu v m nhc,
ma, vn ho dn gian ca cc dn tc.
Khi phc li vic dy ngn ng v ch vit cc dn tc m b ngng tr do chin tranh,
cc trng trung hc v tiu hc.
Dy tr em dn tc v lch s v vn minh ca cc tc ngi.
M rng cc chng trnh truyn thanh, truyn hnh v vn ho dn tc thiu s; t chc pht
thanh bng cc ngn ng dn tc thiu s.
Tip tc thu thp, bo tn v ph bin cc vn bn vit bng ch c ca cc dn tc thiu s.
R rng, chnh sch ca ng Cng sn v Nh nc Vit Nam i vi ngn ng ca cc dn
tc thiu s khc hn chnh sch ca bn thc dn v nhng chnh quyn thn Php, thn M trc
y. Nh ta bit, thc dn Php khi cai tr nc ta, to ch vit cho mt s dn tc Ty Nguyn
nh: ch , ch Ba Na, ch Gia Rai,... Nhng mc ch ca thc dn Php l chia tr, l ng
ho cc dn tc Vit Nam phi theo Php cho nn chng t chc dy ch dn tc cho ngi dn
tc m khng cho h hc ting Vit, khng cho hc ting Vit nhng li bt h hc ting Php.
Chnh quyn Ng nh Dim th ngc li, buc cc dn tc thiu s hc ting Vit m khng cho
h hc ting ca h. Chnh quyn Nguyn Vn Thiu, nghe theo li M, t chc ch gio dc
song ng. Vin Ngn ng hc ma h (SIL(12)) to ra nhiu ch vit theo mu t La tinh cho cc
dn tc thiu s nh: Gia Rai, C Ho, Raglai, Mnng, BruVn Kiu, Katu, GiTring, T i, M,
Co, Chro, Churu. Tuy nhin, mc ch chnh ca M Thiu l tuyn truyn chng cng v truyn
b o Tin Lnh.
Nhn chung, c th khng nh rng chnh sch ca ng Cng sn v Nh nc Vit Nam i
vi ngn ng cc dn tc thiu s l ng v cn bn. N p ng c cc vn dn tc v
ngn ng Vit Nam trong cng cuc gii phng dn tc v xy dng t quc. Tuy nhin trong qu
trnh thc hin vn cn nhiu iu bt cp. Nguyn Nh trong bi Nhng vn chnh sch ngn
ng Vit Nam, vit: "Cc ch trng ca ng v Nh nc v ngn ng dn tc thng ch
dng li nhng t tng, nhng lun im chung nht, thiu hn cc k hoch, cc chng trnh
mc tiu v h thng cc bin php c th cng cc hnh thc t chc thc hin thch hp vi tng
khu vc, tng dn tc, c bit l thiu hn mt i ng cn b c chun b v kin thc v
phng php, sau cng l mt ch kim tra, nh gi cp Nh nc, trin khai".(13)
T kinh nghim ca mt s quc gia trn th gii, Trn Tr Di rt ra l vn gio dc ngn
ng "phi c t trong nhu cu li ch ca ngi th hng nn gio dc y. Chnh nhu cu li
12

ch ca ngi th hng gio dc song ng nhiu khi l yu t quyt nh chi phi hot ng gio
dc song ng. Trong thc hin gio dc song ng, khi ngn ng th hai l ting m ca ngi
th hng th li ch vn ho l li ch ni tri nht. Nu khng nm bt y li ch ny nhn
bit y tnh a dng ca mc ch th hng th vic xy dng mt chng trnh gio dc ngn
ng s t kh nng thu c thnh cng".(14)
Sau khi nghin cu thc trng gio dc ngn ng vng dn tc min ni ba tnh pha Bc Vit
Nam, Trn Tr Di a ra mt s nhn xt ng ch : "... ting Thi ca ngi Thi Vit Nam
l mt ngn ng ca mt dn tc thiu s ch khng phi l mt ngn ng c chc nng ngn ng
quc gia. V th, s pht trin a dng ca n theo tng phng ng l iu tt yu v khng ai c
quyn ngn cn n. Do , vic thng nht ch vit trong s a dng phng ng l mt iu kh
c th tr thnh hin thc"(15). ng vit tip: "... Khi by t kin th hin mc ch tip nhn gio
dc ting m , ngi Thi cho rng h hc l gp phn bo v v gi gn bn sc vn ho dn
tc... Bi v ch c ch c truyn thng ca ngi Thi mi l th vn t tho mn ch thc vai tr
. Chng ti ngh rng, cc kiu ch c truyn hin c cc Mng Thi, ch cn b sung thm
mt vi chi tit, s l vn t tt nht c s dng trong gio dc ting m ca dn tc Thi"
(Sch d dn, trang 231). Cui cng, ng kin ngh:
Cc cp chnh quyn t trung ng n a phng phi c k hoch tng bc n nh, pht
trin kinh tx hi vng dn tc min ni.
Thay v ly tiu ch ngoi ng c tnh hnh thc thng ngch cn b cng chc, Nh nc
c th coi trnh s dng ting dn tc ni h cng tc lm chng ch thay th khi thc hin cng
vic t chc ny. Ngoi ra, cng nn coi vic ngi cn b vng dn tc thiu s s dng c
nhiu ngn ng dn tc khc nhau l mt thnh tch cn c khuyn khch trong hot ng ca h.
Xy dng mt k hoch kh thi trong hot ng gio dc ting m cho ng bo dn tc m
trc ht l chun b mt i ng gio vin sn sng p ng cho cng vic y.
Xy dng mt ti nghin cu xc lp ch thuyt khoa hc cho vn dy ting m
cho ng bo dn tc thiu s.
2.3. Chnh sch i vi ting Vit
1. Tuy l quc gia a dn tc, nhng ngi Kinh chim 85% dn s c nc, cc dn tc Vit
Nam li vn c truyn thng on kt cng nhau. V th, sau khi ginh c quyn c lp dn tc,
nh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho khng nh ngay v th ca ting Vit trong nc Vit Nam
mi. Nh ta bit, trc Cch mng thng Tm, ting Php gi v tr ngn ng chnh thc Vit
Nam, c s dng trong hnh chnh, v gio dc. Ting Vit tuy pht trin nhng cng ch c
dng trong bo ch, vn hc ngh thut m thi.
Cch mng Thng Tm thnh cng, nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho ra i, ting Vit vn
ln v th ca ngn ng quc gia, ngn ng chnh thc ca Vit Nam. T y, ting Vit c s
dng tt c cc lnh vc hot ng ca ngi Vit Nam, t cng vn, giy t hnh chnh trung
ng v a phng n gio dc, vn ho v khoa hc, t cng s, trng hc n to n, qun i
u s dng ting Vit. c bit l, ngay t u, cc trng i hc u dng ting Vit ging
dy v hc tp. Tuy nhin, ng Cng Sn v Nh nc Vit Nam thc r rng "nhng nhu cu
v kinh t s t quyt nh ra mt ngn ng chung cho ton quc, ngn ng m a s ngi v li
ch lin h mu dch s thy l c li nu bit c ngn ng "(16). V vy, ng Cng Sn v Nh
nc Vit Nam rt thc t trong lp php ngn ng. Trong Hin php ca nc ta cha h s dng

13

thut ng ngn ng quc gia. Nhng v th y ca ting Vit c th hin nhng vic lm c th
sau:
Bn Tuyn ngn c lp c Ch tch H Ch Minh vit v c bng ting Vit.
iu th 18 trong Hin php nm 1946 quy nh: "Ngi ng c phi l ngi c quyn bu
c, phi t ra l 21 tui, v phi bit c, bit vit ch quc ng".
Sc lnh 19 ca Ch tch Chnh ph lm thi Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho ngy 08/9/1945, ra
lnh: "Vic hc ch quc ng t nay bt buc v khng mt tin cho tt c mi ngi. Hn trong
mt nm, ton th dn chng Vit Nam trn 8 tui phi bit c, bit vit ch quc ng. Qu hn
, mt ngi dn Vit Nam trn 8 tui m khng bit c v bit vit ch quc ng s b pht
tin".
Sc lnh 20 ca Ch tch Chnh ph lm thi Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho, ngy 08/9/1945 ra
lnh: "Trong ton ci Vit Nam, s thit lp cho nng dn v th thuyn nhng lp hc bnh dn
bui ti. Trong hn 6 thng, lng no v th no cng phi c t ra l mt lp hc dy t nht l 30
ngi".
Khng dng thut ng ngn ng quc gia, cc vn bn ca nh nc ch gi ting Vit v ch
quc ng l ting v ch ph thng. Quyt nh ca Hi ng Chnh ph, s 53-CP ngy
22/02/1980 vit: "Ting v ch ph thng l ngn ng chung ca cng ng dn tc Vit Nam. N
l phng tin giao lu khng th thiu c gia cc a phng v cc dn tc trong c nc,
gip cho cc a phng v cc dn tc c th pht trin ng u cc mt kinh t, vn ho, khoa
hc k thut, v.v... tng cng khi i on kt ton dn v thc hin quyn bnh ng dn tc. V
vy, mi ngi dn Vit Nam u c ngha v v quyn li hc tp v s dng ting v ch vit ph
thng".
Mc d sau cch mng nh nc ch o "tt c cc khoa hc u dy bng ting Vit", t ph
thng n i hc, nhng v lp php ngn ng th Lut Ph cp gio dc tiu hc (ngy 06/8/1991)
mi quy nh:
"Gio dc tiu hc c thc hin bng ting Vit. Cc dn tc thiu s c quyn s dng ting
ni, ch vit ca dn tc mnh cng vi ting Vit thc hin gio dc tiu hc".
Thut ng "ngn ng chnh thc" ch c dng trong Lut gio dc tiu hc ngy 10/12/1998:
"Ting Vit l ngn ng chnh thc dng trong nh trng".
2. Xc lp v th ngn ng quc gia ca ting Vit, ng v Nh nc ta ng thi ch ra
phng hng pht trin ca ting Vit. l dn ch ho, qun chng ho.
Ch tch H Ch Minh thi bng nim t ho v tnh yu i vi ting Vit. Ngi vit ;
"Ting ni l th ca ci v cng lu i v v cng qu bu ca dn tc. Chng ta phi gi gn n,
qu trng n nhm lm cho n ph bin ngy cng rng khp. Ca mnh c m khng dng, li i
mn ca nc ngoi, chng l u c hay li hay sao?"(17)
Thm nhun li dy ca Ch tch H Ch Minh, Vit Nam c nhiu cuc vn ng nhm pht
trin ting Vit. Trc ht, l cuc vn ng ci tin ch quc ng. cng vn ho Vit Nam
ca ng Cng sn ng Dng coi ci tin ch quc ng l "nhim v cn kp ca nhng nh vn
ho Mc-xt ng Dng v nhng nh vn ho Vit Nam". Thng 9 nm 1960, Hi ngh v vn
ci tin ch quc ng c t chc ti H Ni. Hi ngh thnh lp Ban nghin cu ci tin
ch quc ng. Tuy nhin, cho n nay, vn c nn ci tin ch Quc ng hay khng v nu ci
tin th ci tin nh th no vn cn ang c tranh lun.

14

Th hai l cuc vn ng gi gn s trong sng ca ting Vit ngay khi ang tin hnh cuc
chin tranh thng nht t nc, Nh nc t chc Hi ngh bn v vn gi gn s trong sng
ca ting Vit t ngy 0710/02/1966. Ba khu cn phi lm gi gn s trong sng ca ting Vit
l:
Gi gn v pht trin vn ch ca ting ta
Ni v vit ng php tc ca ting ta
Gi gn bn sc, tinh hoa, phong cch ca ting ta trong mi th vn (vn ngh, chnh tr, khoa
hc, k thut,...).
Th tng Phm Vn ng nhn nh: "y l mt cng vic lu di, phi kin tr, phi nhn xa,
thy rng, phi lm tng bc vi tt c thc trch nhim ca mi ngi chng ta, vi lng t ho
v ting ni ca dn tc v vi lng phn khi v tin tng ang gp phn ca mnh vo mt cng
vic va quan trng va tt p v cng"(18).
Th ba l cuc vn ng chun ho ting Vit. Sau khi t nc thng nht, cui nm 1979 u
nhng nm 1980, U ban Khoa hc X hi Vit Nam phi hp vi Vin Khoa hc Gio dc, B
Gio dc t chc mt s cuc hi tho v vn chun ho ting Vit v thnh lp hai Hi ng:
Hi ng chun ho chnh t do Gio s Phm Huy Thng lm ch tch v Hi ng chun ho
thut ng do Gio s Nguyn Cnh Ton lm ch tch. Kt qu l Quyt ngh ca Hi ng chun
ho chnh t v Hi ng chun ho thut ng c ban hnh ngy 01/7/1983. Trc , U ban
Khoa hc X hi Vit Nam v B Gio dc cng thng qua Mt s quy nh v chnh t trong
sch gio khoa ci cch gio dc (ngy 30/11/1980). Trn c s , ngy 05/3/1984, B trng B
Gio dc ra quyt nh s 240-Q ban hnh Quy nh v chnh t ting Vit v v thut ng ting
Vit p dng cho cc sch gio khoa, bo v vn bn ca ngnh gio dc.
bo v ting Vit, Nh nc cng c nhng vn bn nhm un nn nhng cch s dng ting
Vit cha hp l. Ngh nh ca Chnh ph s 194-CP ngy 31/12/1994 v hot ng qung co trn
lnh th Vit Nam quy nh:
Ting ni v ch vit trong qung co phi l ting ni v ch vit Vit Nam, tr cc trng
hp:
a) Nhng sch bo, n phm c php xut bn bng ting nc ngoi.
b) Nhng chng trnh pht thanh, truyn hnh bng ting nc ngoi.
c) Nhng nhn hiu hng ho vit tt v vit bng ting nc ngoi. Tn giao dch quc t ca
cc c s sn xut kinh doanhdch v c cc c quan Nh nc c thm quyn cho php.
Nhng t ng c quc t ho hoc nhng t ng m ting Vit khng thay th c.
d) Nu dng c ting ni v ch vit nc ngoi phi:
Vit ch Vit Nam trc, pha trn, kch thc ln hn ch nc ngoi.
c ting Vit Nam trc, ting nc ngoi sau.
Quy ch lu hnh, kinh doanh phim, bng a hnh, bng a nhc, cho thu xut bn phm, hot
ng vn ho v dch v vn ho ni cng cng, qung co, vit, t khu hiu ban hnh km theo
Ngh nh s 87-CP ngy 12/12/1995 c iu 29 nh sau:
"Bin hiu c th hin di cc hnh thc bng, biu, hp n, li n hoc cc hnh thc
khc. Trn bin hiu phi ghi y tn gi bng ch Vit Nam ng vi quyt nh thnh lp hoc
giy php kinh doanh ca c quan c thm quyn, khng c vit tt v phi c nhng ni dung
ch yu theo quy nh ti cc iu 30, 31. Quy ch ny cho tng loi bin hiu. i vi cc t chc

15

kinh t mun th hin tn vit tt, tn giao dch quc t, tn ch nc ngoi phi ghi pha di,
kch thc nh hn ch Vit Nam, mu sc, nh sng khng c ni bt hn ch Vit Nam".
3. Xc lp v th ngn ng quc gia ca ting Vit, ng v Nh nc ta cn ra nhim v dy
v hc ting Vit cho ngi Vit v ngi cc dn tc khc.
Cng ngy 8 thng 2 nm 1945, ngoi hai sc lnh 19 v 20 ni trn, Ch tch Chnh ph
lm thi Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho cn ra sc lnh s 17, thnh lp Nha bnh dn hc v, chuyn
lo vic hc cho nhn dn, trc thuc b gio dc. Sau khi Lut ph cp gio dc tiu hc c ban
hnh, B Gio dc v o to c Thng t s 14-GDT ngy 05/8/1997 hng dn tiu chun v
th thc kim tra, nh gi kt qu chng m ch v ph cp gio dc tiu hc.
Theo UNESCO, nn gio dc Vit Nam gip cho trn 15,5 triu ngi thot nn m ch.
UNESCO nh gi thnh tu ny nh sau: "Vic thanh ton c nn m ch l mt thnh tu ni
bt Vit Nam. l kt qu ca cc hnh ng, chnh sch, chin lc khng ngng cch mng
ca cch mng x hi ch ngha Vit Nam"(19).
i vi ng bo cc dn tc thiu s, ng v Nh nc Vit Nam cn quan tm nhiu hn
na. Quyt nh ca Ph th tng s 153-CP ngy 20/8/1969 vit:
"Tt c cc dn tc sng trn lnh th Vit Nam u cn hc v dng ting, ch ph thng l
ngn ng chung ca c nc. Nh nc cn ra sc gip nhn dn cc dn tc thiu s hc bit
nhanh ting, ch ph thng".
Ngay khi mi thnh lp (1956), i hc Tng hp H Ni c b phn chuyn dy ting
Vit cho ngi nc ngoi, sau pht trin thnh Khoa ting Vit v Vn ho Vit Nam cho ngi
nc ngoi i hc Quc gia H Ni v i hc Quc gia TP H Ch Minh. Ngoi ra, nhiu
trng i hc v Vin nghin cu Vit Nam cng m cc Trung tm dy ting Vit cho ngi
nc ngoi.
Trn i truyn hnh Vit Nam cng c chng trnh dy ting Vit cho ng bo Vit Nam
xa T quc.
Nh vy, ng v Nh nc ta rt quan tm n vic dy v hc ting Vit cho ngi Vit
trong nc cng nh Kiu bo xa T quc, cho ng bo thuc cc dn tc thiu s Vit Nam
cng nh ngi nc ngoi.
2.4. Chnh sch i vi ting nc ngoi
Sau Cch mng thng Tm, Nh nc ta vn duy tr vic dy v hc ting Php, ting Anh, ng
thi o to i ng gio vin ngnh gio dc dy ting Nga, ting Hn nh trng. Nm 1968,
th tng Phm Vn ng ra ch th 43-TTg v tip , nm 1972 li ra quyt nh 251-TTg v
vic tng cng cng tc dyhc ngoi ng trong cc trng ph thng. Nh nc chnh thc
xc nhn ngoi ng l "mt mn hc ph thng c bn trong h thng chng trnh hc ca cc
trng ph thng t cp 2 tr ln". Quan im ny hon ton ph hp vi xu th chung ca s pht
trin nn gio dc ph thng hin i. Theo Bi Hin, trn th gii, ngi ta cho rng "ngoi ng
cng vi ting m v ton hc hp thnh ba mn tr ct trong chng trnh gio dc ph thng,
bi v c ba mn hc ny chng nhng t n c chc nng v nhim v trang b cho hc sinh nhng
c s khoa hoc, nhng tri thc cn thit v cc i tng nhn thc trong th gii khch quan thuc
lnh vc chuyn ngnh y, m cc mn hc ny cn l phng tin, l cng c rt quan trng gip
cho hc sinh i su hn, nm chc hn cc tri thc c s ca cc chuyn ngnh khc, gip cho vic
pht trin nng lc tr tu ca hc sinh c thun li hn. Tht vy, vi ton hc v ting Vit ai
cng thy trnh hiu bit v hai mn ny cng su v cng rng bao nhiu th kh nng tm hiu
16

v khm ph chim lnh nn tng khoa hc ca cc i tng t nhin v x hi ni chung cng

ln by nhiu, bi v chng chnh l nhng cng c hng u ca nhn thc i vi th gii. Cn
ngoi ng, ngha l ting ni ca nhng dn tc khc (m thng li l nhng ngn ng pht
trin cao ca cc dn tc c nn vn ho ln c nhng cng hin v i cho nn vn ho ca c nhn
loi nh ting Nga, ting Anh, ting Php,...) c xp ngang hng vi ting m v ton
hc,..."(20). Trc nm 1973, Nh nc cho thnh lp hai trng i hc dy ngoi ng v mt
trung tm nghin cu vic dy ngoi ng. Hin nay, c cc trng i hc ngoi ng l: i hc
Ngoi ng H Ni trc thuc B Gio dc v o to; i hc Ngoi ng thuc i hc Quc gia
H Ni; i hc Ngoi ng qun s, i hc Ngoi ng Nng, i hc Ngoi ng TP. H Ch
Minh v nhiu khoa ngoi ng cc trng i hc v cao ng khc. Nh nc cng cho php
nhiu trung tm o to ting ca nc ngoi hoc lin kt vi nc ngoi hot ng. Theo Trn Th
Lan(21), H Ni v TP. H Ch Minh, ch ring ting Anh con s ny cng c ti vi chc c 100%
vn nc ngoi hot ng (Hi ng Anh, ACET, Apollo, Language Link, v.v...). Khng nhng
ting Anh, ting Php, ting Nga, ting Hn c dy vi t cch l ngoi ng m nhiu th ting
khc cng ang c dy cc trng i hc v trung tm ngoi ng Vit Nam, nh: ting c,
ting Nht, ting Hn, ting Italy, ting Ty Ban Nha, ting Malayu, ting Indonesia, ting Thi Lan,
thm ch c ting Arp na.
Vic dy hc ngoi ng trng ph thng Vit Nam c th chia thnh hai giai on:
T 1956 n nm 1975: min Bc, ting Nga v ting Trung Quc c dy hc ph bin
trong cc trng cp III v mt s trng cp II, ting Anh v ting Php cng c a vo
ging dy trong nh trng, nhng vi quy m nh hn; min Nam, ting Anh v ting Php c
dy hc trong cc trng ph thng, ch yu cc thnh ph ln, ting Trung Quc cng c dy
nhng vi quy m nh.
T nm 1975 n nay: C 4 th ting trn c dy hc trng Trung hc c s (cp II) v
trng Trung hc ph thng (cp III) theo chng trnh thng nht trn phm vi c nc(22).
V th ca ting Anh trn th gii cng ngy cng c cao. Ting Anh l ngn ng chnh
thc ca hn 70 quc gia v vng lnh th trn th gii. Theo David Crystal trong cun English as
Global Language, s ngi ni ting Anh l ngn ng th nht l 337 triu ngi, nhng ngi
dng ting Anh l ngn ng th hai l 235 triu. Cn theo Eddie Ronowiez v Collin Yallop trong
cun English: One language, different cultures th tng s ngi ni ting Anh bn ng v khng
bn ng l khong hn 2 t ngi(23). Do nhu cu giao lu, hi nhp vi th gii, t nhng nm
19851986 Vit Nam bng ln phong tro hc ting Anh. Nm 1994, Th tng Chnh ph
ra ch th 422-TTg v o to ngoi ng cho cn b cng chc chnh ph. Chng trnh th im
c tin hnh trong hai nm ti H Ni di s ch o trc tip ca B Ni V, Hc vin Hnh
chnh Quc gia v i hc Ngoi ng H Ni, sau c trin khai rng ri ti hu ht cc tnh
thnh trong c nc di s gim st trc tip ca Ban t chc chnh quyn cc tnh hoc v o to
ca cc b (xem thm: Trn Th Lan, 2006). Hin nay, Vit Nam c chng trnh thi cng chc: thi
tuyn cng chc, thi nng ngch cng chc, thi chuyn vin chnh, thi chuyn vin cao cp, trong
ngoi ng (ch yu l ting Anh) l mt trong ba mn thi.
Vn t ra hin nay l cn phi nghin cu k nhu cu s dng ngoi ng Vit Nam hin
nay v tng lai, trn c s xy dng quy hoch tng th trong gio dc ngoi ng. Cn cn c
vo yu cu pht trin kinh tx hi ca c nc v c im khc nhau ca cc vng min m
iu chnh c cu ngoi ng, trnh khuynh hng ch dy mt ngoi ng. Vi gio dc ph thng,
17

nn chn ngoi ng no v bt u cho hc ngoi ng t lp my. Nhng vn o to i ng

gio vin dy ngoi ng; xy dng chng trnh, gio trnh; phng php kim tra nh gi; phng
n trang b c s vt cht v thit b dy hc ngoi ng; quy nh v phn cp qun l vic dy hc,
kim tra, nh gi v cp vn bng chng ch cng nhn trnh ngoi ng... cn phi nghin cu
v trin khai thc hin.Trong h thng gio dc ca nh nc, t ph thng n i hc phi s
dng ting Vit lm phng tin ging dy. Tuy nhin, c th dng mt ngoi ng no ging
dy mt s mn hc hoc chuyn trong mt s loi lp hc, kho hc no , nhng c cn a
vn ny vo Lut gio dc hay khng th phi cn nhc k.
______________
(1)
Nguyn Ti Cn. nh hng Hn vn L Trn qua th v ngn ng th Nguyn Trung Ngn.
Nxb Gio dc, H., 1998.
(2)
Nguyn Thin Gip: T vng ting Vit, Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni xut bn, nm
1978, trang 110. Nm 1985, gio trnh ny c sa cha, b sung v vi tn mi l T vng
hc ting Vit, c Nxb i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip xut bn nm 1985, Nxb Gio dc
ti bn cc nm 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2005.
(3)
L Xo Bnh & Vi Th Quan. Mi quan h gia m Hn Vit v phng ng ting Hn nhn
t c im m u. Tp ch Ngn ng, s 10/2005, trang 2534.
(4)
Phan Huy Ch. Lch triu hin chng loi ch. Khoa mc ch. (bn dch, tp 3). Nxb S
hc, H., 1961.
(5)
Ph cha Trnh.
(6)
Tp truyn l cc truyn Nm lc bt. B ng l tc ng ca dao
(7)
Dn theo inh Gia Khnh; Bi Duy Tn & Mai Cao Chng: Vn hc Vit Nam th k th
Xna u th k XVIII, (tp 2), Nxb i hc v Gio dc chuyn nghip, H., 1992, trang 35.
(8)
Dn theo Sn tng Hong Thc Trm: Quc vn i Ty Sn, Nxb Vnh Bo, Si Gn,
1950. Tuy bc chiu ny cn ln nhn ting Vit v ting Hn, nhng l mt bng chng qu bu
v vn bn u tin dng ting Vit trong cng vn ca nh nc. Theo ngn ng hin i th, y
l:
"Chiu
truyn
cho
thy
La
Sn
Nguyn
Thip
c
bit.
Ngy trc giao cho thy v Ngh An xem t lm kinh cho kp dp ny (ta) tr v. Sao v ti
cha thy xong vic nh? Cho nn (ta) hy v kinh thnh Ph Xun cho qun lnh ngh ngi .
Vy (khi tip c) chiu (ny) ban xung, thy nn sm cng tc vi Trn Th Thn lo liu vic
, xem t xy dng kinh hnh cung Ph Thch (th) sao cho pha sau gn ni, chnh gia
(th) ln vi dn, hay l u l t tt c th xy dng kinh (th) tu con mt o php ca thy
nh ot, sm sm lm cho chng xong. Giao cho Trn th Thn sm dng cung in, trong vng
ba thng phi xong, (ta) tin ng v. Thy ch l l vic y.
Knh
vy
thay!
(Nay
xung)
chiu
c
bit.
Ngy mng 1 thng 6 nm Thi c th 11 (Thi c l nin hiu ca Nguyn Nhc t 1778 n
1793).
(9)
Dn theo Nguyn Ph Phong: Vit Nam: Ch vit, Ngn ng v X hi, i hc S phm TP
H Ch Minh, 2005, trang 5859
(10)
Nguyn Kim Thn; Nguyn Trng Bu & Nguyn Vn Tu. Ting Vit trn ng pht
trin. Nxb Khoa hc X hi, 1982, trang 8.
(11)
Trn Tr Di. Ngn ng v s pht trin vn ho x hi. Nxb Vn ho Thng tin, H Ni.

18

(12)

SIL: dng tt ca Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Vietnam

Branch.
(13)
Vin Ngn ng hc. Nhng vn chnh sch ngn ng Vit Nam. Nxb Khoa hc X hi,
H., 1993, trang 30.
(14)
Trn Tr Di. Chnh sch ngn ng vn ho dn tc Vit Nam. Nxb i hc Quc gia H
Ni, 2003, trang 5657.
(15)
Trn Tr Di. Thc trng gio dc ngn ng vng dn tc min ni ba tnh pha Bc Vit
Nam: Nhng kin ngh v gii php. Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni, 2004, trang 225.
(16)
Mc, Angghen, Lnin bn v ngn ng. Nxb S tht, H Ni 1962, trang 95.
(17)
H Ch Minh. V cng tc vn ho vn ngh. Nxb S tht, H., 1971, trang 60.
(18)
Phm Vn ng. T quc ta, nhn dn ta, s nghip ta v ngi ngh s. Nxb Vn hc, H.,
1973, trang 159.
(19)
Dn theo Joseph Lo Bianco: Viet Nam: Quoc ngu, Colonialism and Language Policy, in
trong Language planning and policy: East Asian perspectives, Nxb Curzon, 2002 (bn dch: Phm
Vn Lam)
(20)
Bi Hin. Phng php hin i dyhc ngoi ng. Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni, 1997,
trang 24.
(21)
Trn Th Lan. Tng quan v phng php ging dy ngoi ng v s lc tnh hnh ging
dy ngoi ng ti Vit Nam. In trong Nhng vn ngn ng hc. Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni,
2006
(22)
L Anh Tm. Dy hc ngoi ng trng ph thng: thc trng v gii php. Tp ch
Ngn ng v i sng, s 4/2005.
(23)
Phan Vn Qu. Ting Anh c tr thnh mt ngn ng ton cu?. Ti liu Hi tho khoa hc
Dng ting nc ngoi lm chuyn ng (ngn ng ging dy) trong qu trnh hi nhp. Vin i
hc M H Ni, 2005.
Th mc nghin cu
1.
inh L Th (ch bin); Trn Thanh Pn; Nguyn Khc Cnh & inh L Giang. Vn
gio dc vng ng bo Khmer ng bng sng Cu Long. Nxb i hc Quc gia TP. H Ch
Minh, 2005.
2.
on Thin Thut; Mai Ngc Ch. Ting Dao. Nxb Khoa hc X hi, H., 1991.
3.
on Vn Phc. Ng m ting . Nxb Khoa hc X hi, H., 1996.
4.
on Vn Phc. T vng cc phng ng . Nxb TP. H Ch Minh, 1998.
5.
Hong Vn Ma, Lc Vn Po & Hong Ch. Ng php ting Ty Nng. Nxb Khoa hc X
hi, H., 1971.
6.
Hong Vn Ma & Solnceva, N.V.. Ting La Ha, 1986 (bng ting Nga).
7.
Hong Vn Ma; Nguyn Vn Ti & Hong Tu. Cc dn tc thiu s Vit Nam v
chnh sch ngn ng. Nxb Khoa hc X hi, H., 1984.
8.
Hong Vn Ma & V B Hng. Ting Pu Po. Nxb Khoa hc X hi, H., 1992.
9.
Hong Vn Ma & T Vn Thng. Ting Bru Vn Kiu. Nxb Khoa hc X hi, H., 1998.
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