Fig. 4.

ells & Organelles

Recommended reading:
Mader Chapter 4, pages 60-84
Ebook chapter link:
Connect website

s and organelles what you need to know

Differences between eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells
Key differences between bacteria and
archaea
Differences between animal cells and
plant cells
Structure and function of key organelles
Understand the different levels of
biological organisation
2

Quiz on Living Things

1.

What 4 chemical elements make up over 96% of living

organisms?

2.

What are all living organisms made up of?

3.

Name 4 characteristics shared by all living things:

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

4.

Are these living organisms?

(a) bacteria Yes/No
(b) virus
Yes/No
(c) tree Yes/No
(d) rabbit
Yes/No
(e) chloroplast
Yes/No
(f) car Yes/No
(g) nucleus Yes/No

Living Things Summary

Biology is the study of living organisms
Living things:
1) are made from C, H, O and N
2) are made from cells
3) are organised
4) need energy/nutrients (respire/metabolise)
5) produce waste products/excrete
6) respond to stimuli (move)
7) reproduce, develop and grow
8) contain DNA
9) are homeostatic (remain constant)
10) adapt / evolve
11) die

What is a NOT a living

thing?
Viruses cause diseases in plants and animals

(e.g. HIV, polio, rabies, ebola, avian influenza,

colds)
Viruses have DNA or RNA genomes.
BUT they CANNOT reproduce on their own.
Viruses need to use the machinery of the host cell
to reproduce.
Therefore they are not true cells.

Cells
Cells are the smallest unit of living matter
The internal structure of cells can be seen using a microscope
- Light microscope or electron microscope
2 main types of cell: Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
All cells have 3 major features:
1) A plasma membrane
2) contain DNA
3) Cytoplasm

Cell membrane Separates cell from the environmen

It controls what enters & leaves cell.

Cytoplasm Semi-fluid. Contains all the chemicals the

cell needs to do its daily activities
(eg sugars, amino acids etc)
6
DNA Genetic information. Blueprints for the cell.

Viewing Cells microscopes Electron microscope

Light microscope
See structures as small
as 0.5 m limited by
wavelength of light
Staining
Live specimens inc. video

Invented 1930s
See structures as small as
2nm
Includes large
macromolecules
Dead, thin sections only

7
See page 63 & 64 of textbook for more details

Cells
Cell Theory:
1) All living things are made up of cells
2) Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function
3) Cells come only from pre-existing cells
because cells
are self-reproducing

Cells are small because:

They need a large surface-area-to-volume ratio

so that they can rapidly exchange substances with
the environment. This is important to
- get enough nutrients/energy into the cell
- get waste products out of the cell
8

Cells
One cell on its own (eg bacteria/protozoa)
= single celled or unicellular organism

Reproduces/divides:
1 cell/organism 2 cells/organisms

Many cells working together (eg human)

= multicellular organism

Many cells divide = growth

Specialised cell division for reproduction (meiosis)
9

Differences between the 2 basic

types of cell
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
(Pro = before, karyon=nucleus)

Bacteria and Archaea

Small (e.g. ~1m)

(Eu = true, karyon=nucleus)

All other cells

Larger (40 - 100 m)

No nucleus
(but do have DNA)

Nucleus with chromosomes

No membrane bound
organelles

Membrane bound organelles

Large ribosomes

Small ribosomes

Animal

Plant

Bacteria
10

Archaea

Inside a prokaryotic cell

Fig. 4.4, page 66

11

Archaea
Prokaryotes (no proper nucleus)
Diverse in shape and size
Cell wall is made of different sugars and proteins
to bacteria (NOT peptidoglycan)
Live in extreme environments all over Earth
(eg very salty, very hot environments)

Deep sea vent

12

Bacterial Cell Cell Envelope

Cell
membran
e

Nucleoi
d (DNA)

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

-Glycocalyx
Cell envelope: -Cell wall
-Cell membrane
Flagellu
m
Capsule (glycocalyx):
Cell wall
- capsule or slime layer (sugars)
- protects against drying out
Sex pili
- helps bacteria to attach

Fimbriae
Glycocaly
x
(capsule)

Cell walls:
-are strong
-are made of peptidoglycan (sugar)
-protect the cell (shape & water)

Cell (plasma) membrane:

- barrier between cell & environment
- controls what can enter & leave cell
(eg O2, H2O, nutrients, waste)
- made of 2 sheets of lipid molecules
with proteins in/through it. 13

Bacterial Cell - Inside

Cell
membrane

Flagellu
m
Cell wall
Sex pili

Nucleoi
d
region
(DNA)
Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm:
- semifluid substance
- contains molecules needed by cell
eg H2O, sugars, enzymes, amino acids et
Cytoplasm also contains:
- DNA (single coiled up chromosome =
nucleoid region)
- Ribosomes:

make proteins

Fimbriae - Plasmids: extra circles of DNA

extra genes
only sometimes present
Glycocalyx
(capsule)

14

Bacterial Cell - Appendages

Cell
membrane

Flagellu
m
Cell wall

Sometimes bacteria have flagella:

- rotate to help bacteria move
- sometimes used in feeding

Bacteria moving

Fimbriae:
- small fibres on surface
- help bacteria stick to surfaces

Pili:
- small tubes
- allow DNA to pass between
bacterial cells or from environment

Sex pili

Nucleoi
d (DNA)

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Fimbriae
Glycocalyx
(capsule)

15

Please note that due to differing

operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the Normal or Slide Sorter views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

G_________

A________
B__________
C___________

E_______

H________

D________

F___________

17

Prokaryotic cells Summary

CapsuleJelly-like layer outside of the cell wall.
Helps bacteria stick to surfaces

Cell wallRigid structure made of peptidoglycan (sugar),

surrounds, supports and protects cell

Fimbriae
Surface appendages that allow bacterium to stick to a sur

Sex pili Small tubes that allow DNA to pass between bacterial cell
Plasma

Selective barrier allows certain molecules,

nutrients and wastes to pass between cell
membrane
and the environment

Ribosomes

Make proteins

Nucleoid region This is where the cells DNA is found

the DNA contains genes that control the ce

Plasmid Additional circular DNA molecule in cytoplasm

18

Eukaryotic cells
All other cells are eukaryotic
e.g. protozoa, fungi, plants, animals
EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE A NUCLEUS

A nucleus contains a cells DNA.

It is a compartment in the
cytoplasm that is surrounded by a
double membrane.

19

Nucleus
The cell nucleus is made of
several parts

The nucleus contains:

Chromatin is semifluid with strands.
- mainly DNA and protein.
- coils up tightly to form chromosomes.
Nucleolus is a dark region of chromatin
where rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is made and
combines with protein to make ribosoma
subunits.
The nuclear envelope separates the
nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Nuclear pores are holes in the

envelope. These allow ribosomal subunit
to leave the nucleus and communicate
with the rest of the cell using mRNA
(messenger RNA)

Plant cells you can clearly see the nucleus

each cell (the small black dots!) 20

Ribosomes
The "factories" of the cell - involved in making proteins
Are free in cytoplasm or attached to ER
(ribosomes+ER = RER)
Made up of two subunits, the large and the small subunit

Both subunits are made of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA

Ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes.

21

Mitochondria
Mitochondria make ATP. They
convert energy from sugars (eg
glucose) into ATP. ATP is the kind of
chemical energy that the cell can use
to carry out all of its functions.
[We will study this in more detail in
Week 7]

Mitochondria = plural, mitochondrion = singular

Fig. 4.17

22

Endomembrane System

Fig. 4.10

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): is a network of many membranes.

Substances are transported around in the spaces between them.
The smooth ER (SER) helps make and transport lipids.
The rough ER (RER) is dotted with ribosomes.
- Makes & modifies proteins.

23

Endomembrane system
Golgi apparatus - flattened stack of sacs
(each surrounded by membrane).
- modifies, stores and repackages important
substances from the ER, mostly for
secretion (delivering outside of the cell).
Vesicles - small sacs (surrounded by a
membrane) containing substances
eg enzymes, proteins, lipids etc.
- store or transport substances around
cell or to outside of cell.
http://www.biologymad.com/resources/go
lgi.swf

24

Please note that due to differing

operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the Normal or Slide Sorter views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

Eukaryotic
cells
Animal cell

Plant cell
Chloroplast

Cell
membran
e

Rough endoplasmic
reticulum (RER)
with ribosomes

Centrioles

Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
NucleusNuclear pore

Lysosomes
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
SER
(SER)

Mitochondrion
Cytoplas
m
Golgi

apparatus

Mitochondri
on

Vacuole

Cell wall

Cell membra

Rough endoplasmic
reticulum (RER)
with ribosomes
26

Animal cells also have:

Lysosomes: special vesicles that contain digestive enzymes.
The enzymes help to break down & recycle nutrients & cell parts
and destroy bacteria.
Centrioles: where microtubules are initiated for cell division
(mitosis).
Flagella: organelle to help cells move. Is present in some animal
cells made of microtubules.

Cytoskeleton:
(microtubules, centrioles,
fibres) protein fibres that
support the cell. Provide
network for organelles to
move around on.
Cilia: hair like projections
often used in moving or
moving liquids/
particles over a cell surface.

27

Plant cells also have:

Chloroplasts: organelles involved in photosynthesis.
Convert energy from sunlight into chemical energy which
is then stored as sugar molecules.
Large vacuole: storage, structural support, breakdown
of waste products
Cell wall: made from cellulose. Maintains cells shape
and protects cell from mechanical damage.

Plasmodesmata:
thin tubes of
cytoplasm through
the cell wall.
Connects the
cytoplasm of
neighbouring plant
cells.

28

Cell Quiz
1. All eukaryotic cells have:
a) chloroplasts
True/False
b) mitochondria
True/False
c) a nucleus
True/False
2. Prokaryotic cells have:
a) nuclei
True/False
b) mitochondria
True/False
c) chloroplasts
True/False
3. Prokaryotic cells are larger than
eukaryotic cells.True/False

29

Cell Quiz
4. What are the 3 features that ALL cells have in common?
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
5.

List 3 of the features that plant cells have but animal

cells do not:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

6. What type of cell are Bacteria and Archaea?

7. What do animal and plant cells have in common?

30

After studying this topic,

you should know
What defines a living thing (what makes it alive)
Why cells are the basic unit of life
The differences between eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells
The differences between bacteria and Archaea
The features shared by animal and plant cells and
the unique features of each
The function of key membrane-bound organelles
and how their structure facilitates these functions
Why cells are small!
31

Extra help and support

Connect website

Cells Alive!

Remember to check Blackboard for help and

worksheets
32

Thuyt ni cng sinh lin quan n ngun gc ca ty th v th ht (th

ht c cha dip lc a v b gi l lc lp, mt s th ht khc c gi
l cyanelle v rhodoplast), hai trong s nhng bo quan ca t bo sinh
vt nhn chun. Theo thuyt ny, nhng bo quan c ngun gc t
nhng sinh vt nhn s Prokaryotic sng bn trong cc t bo nhn
chun Eukaryotic nh mt sinh vt cng sinh bn trong (ni cng
sinh). Ni cch khc, thuyt ni cng sinh a ra gi thuyt l nhng t
bo nhn chun xut hin ln u tin khi mt t bo nhn s b hp th
vo trong mt t bo khc m khng b tiu ho. Gi thuyt ny cng
mc nhn rng ty th tin ho t mt nhm vi khun hiu kh (c l l
Proteobacteria, c lin quan n trng rn rickettsias), v cho rng lc
lp tin ho t mt loi vi khun lam ni cng sinh (sinh vt nhn nguyn
thu quang t dng). Bng chng ca thuyt ny thuyt phc c
hu ht cc nh khoa hc v ngy nay ang c chp nhn mt cch
rng ri.

33