Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tp 1
Nguyn Thy Thanh
NXB i hc quc gia H Ni 2006, 276 Tr.
T kho: S phc, a thc v hm hu t, Ma Trn, nh thc, H phng trnh
tuyn tnh, Khng gian Euclide, Dng ton phng.
Ti liu trong Th vin in t H Khoa hc T nhin c th s dng cho mc
ch hc tp v nghin cu c nhn. Nghim cm mi hnh thc sao chp, in n
phc v cc mc ch khc nu khng c s chp thun ca nh xut bn v
tc gi.
THANH
N THUY
NGUYE
` TA
P
BAI
.
CAO CA
P
TOAN
Ta.p 1
Da.i so tuyen tnh
v`a H`nh ho.c giai tch
H`
a N
o.i 2006
Mu.c lu.c
`au . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L`
o.i n
oi d
1 S
o ph
u.c
- i.nh ngha so ph
1.1 D
u.c . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Da.ng d a.i so cua so ph
u.c . . . . . . . . .
e n h`nh ho.c. Mod un v`a acgumen
1.3 Bieu di
e n so ph
1.4 Bieu di
u.c du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
- a th
a h`
am h
u.u ty
2 D
u.c v`
- a th
2.1 D
u.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- a th
u.c C
2.1.1 D
u.c tren tru.`o.ng so ph
- a th
2.1.2 D
u.c tren tru.`o.ng so thu..c R
2.2 Phan th
u.c h
u.u ty . . . . . . . . . . . .
- i.nh th
3 Ma tr
a.n. D
u.c
3.1 Ma tra.n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- i.nh ngha ma tra.n . . . . . .
3.1.1 D
3.1.2 Cac phep toan tuyen tnh tren
3.1.3 Phep nhan cac ma tra.n . . . .
3.1.4 Phep chuyen vi. ma tra.n . . .
- .inh th
3.2 D
u.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 Nghi.ch the . . . . . . . . . . .
- i.nh th
3.2.2 D
u.c . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3 Tnh chat cua di.nh th
u.c . . .
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66
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85
85
85
88
MU
. C LU
.C
3.3
3.4
en tnh
4 H
e. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuy
u.c
4.1 He. n phu.o.ng tr`nh vo.i n an co di.nh th
4.1.1 Phu.o.ng phap ma tra.n . . . . . .
4.1.2 Phu.o.ng phap Cramer . . . . . .
4.1.3 Phu.o.ng phap Gauss . . . . . . .
4.2 He. t`
uy y
cac phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh . .
`an nhat .
4.3 He. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh thu
khac
. . .
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89
109
109
109
118
118
119
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132
132
133
134
134
143
165
n
5 Kh
ong gian Euclide R
- i.nh ngha khong gian n-chi
`eu v`a mo.t so khai nie.m co.
5.1 D
`e vecto. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ban v
- oi co. so. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Co. so.. D
5.3 Khong gian vecto. Euclid. Co. so. tru..c chuan . . . . . .
5.4 Phep bien d oi tuyen tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- .inh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.1 D
5.4.2 Ma tra.n cua phep bdtt . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.3 Cac phep toan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.4 Vecto. rieng v`a gia tri. rieng . . . . . . . . . . . .
au
.ng du.ng d
6 Da.ng to`
an phu.o.ng v`
e
v`
a m
a.t b
a.c hai
6.1 Da.ng to`an phu.o.ng . . . . . . . . .
6.1.1 Phu.o.ng phap Lagrange . . .
6.1.2 Phu.o.ng phap Jacobi . . . .
177
177
188
201
213
213
213
215
216
o.ng
nh
a.n da.ng du.`
236
. . . . . . . . . . . 236
. . . . . . . . . . . 237
. . . . . . . . . . . 241
MU
. C LU
.C
6.2
`au
L`
o.i n
oi d
Giao tr`nh B`
ai t
a.p to
an cao c
ap n`ay du.o..c bien soa.n theo Chu.o.ng
tr`nh To
an cao c
ap cho sinh vien cac ng`anh Khoa ho.c Tu.. nhien cua
Da.i ho.c Quoc gia H`a No.i v`a da du.o..c Da.i ho.c Quoc gia H`a No.i thong
qua v`a ban h`anh.
Mu.c dch cua giao tr`nh l`a gi
up do. sinh vien cac ng`anh Khoa ho.c
u.ng v`a va.n du.ng du.o..c cac phu.o.ng phap giai toan cao
Tu.. nhien nam v
uc cua giao tr`nh. Trong
cap. Mu.c tieu n`ay quyet di.nh to`an bo. cau tr
`au tien ch
mo i mu.c, d
ung toi tr`nh b`ay tom tat nh
u.ng co. so. l
y thuyet
.
.
`an C
`an thiet. Tiep do, trong ph
ac v du.
u c c
v`a lie.t ke nh
u ng cong th
ch
ung toi quan tam da.c bie.t to.i vie.c giai cac b`ai toan ma u ba`ng cach
`an B`
ung, l`a ph
ai
y thuyet da tr`nh b`ay. Sau c`
va.n du.ng cac kien th
u.c l
.
.
.
.
.
`e
u ng nhom theo t`
u ng chu d
t
a.p. O day, cac b`ai ta.p du o. c go.p th`anh t`
`eu
`an v
`e do. kho v`a mo i nhom d
v`a du.o..c sap xep theo th
u. tu.. tang d
`e phu.o.ng phap giai. Ch
ung toi hy vo.ng r`ang vie.c
co nh
u.ng ch da n v
.
.
`an C
ac v du. se gi
up ngu.`o.i ho.c
l`am quen vo i l`o i giai chi tiet trong ph
nam du.o..c cac phu.o.ng phap giai toan co. ban.
Giao tr`nh B`
ai t
a.p n`ay co the su. du.ng du.o.i su.. hu.o.ng da n cua
`eu co dap so, mo.t
giao vien hoa.c tu.. m`nh nghien c
u.u v` cac b`ai ta.p d
.
.
`an C
ac v du.
so co ch da n v`a tru o c khi giai cac b`ai ta.p n`ay da co ph
`e ma.t phu.o.ng phap giai toan.
tr`nh b`ay nh
u.ng ch da n v
`ay giao: TS. Le D`nh
Tac gia giao tr`nh chan th`anh cam o.n cac th
e n Minh Tuan da do.c k
y ban thao v`a dong
Ph`
ung v`a PGS. TS. Nguy
Co. so. l
y thuyet h`am bien ph
u.c
`eu y
`e cau tr
gop nhi
kien qu
y bau v
uc v`a no.i dung v`a da gop y
cho tac
.
`e nh
gia v
u ng thieu sot cua ban thao giao tr`nh.
`au, Giao tr`nh kho tranh khoi sai sot. Ch
`an d
Mo.i xuat ban l
ung
u.ng
toi rat chan th`anh mong du.o..c ba.n do.c vui l`ong ch bao cho nh
thieu sot cua cuon sach de giao tr`nh ng`ay du.o..c ho`an thie.n ho.n.
H`
a N
o.i, M`
ua thu 2004
T
ac gia
Chu.o.ng 1
S
o ph
u.c
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.1
- i.nh ngha s
D
o ph
u.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Da.ng d a.i s
o cua s
o ph
u.c . . . . . . . . . . .
6
8
Bi
eu di
e n h`nh ho.c. M
od un v`
a acgumen . 13
Bi
eu di
e n s
o ph
u.c du.
o.i da.ng lu.o..ng gi
ac . 23
- i.nh ngha s
D
o ph
u.c
Mo i ca.p so thu..c co th
u. tu.. (a; b) a R, b R du.o..c go.i l`a mo.t so
ph
u.c neu tren ta.p ho..p cac ca.p do quan he. ba`ng nhau, phep co.ng v`a
phep nhan du.o..c du.a v`ao theo cac di.nh ngha sau day:
(I) Quan he. ba`ng nhau
a = a ,
1
2
(a1, b1) = (a2, b2 )
b1 = b2.
(II) Phep co.ng
- .inh ngha so ph
1.1. D
u.c
7
def
t cua t`
def. l`
a c
ach viet t
a
u. tieng Anh definition (di.nh ngha)
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
1.2
Da.ng da.i s
o cua s
o ph
u.c
(1.1)
z2
a1 a2 + b1b2
a1b2 a2 b1
=
+i 2
2
2
z1
a1 + b1
a1 + b21
VI DU
CAC
.
V du. 1. 1+ Tnh in . T`
u. do ch
u.ng minh r`ang
a) in + in+1 + in+2 + in+3 = 0;
b) i i2 i99 i100 = 1.
2+ T`m so nguyen n neu:
a) (1 + i)n = (1 i)n ;
1 + i n 1 i n
b)
+
= 0.
2
2
Giai. 1+ Ta co i0 = 1, i1 = i, i2 = 1, i3 = i, i4 = 1, i5 = i v`a
`au la.p la.i. Ta khai quat hoa. Gia su. n Z v`a
gia tri. l
uy th`
u.a bat d
n = 4k + r, r Z, 0 6 r 6 3. Khi do
in = i4k+r = i4k ir = (i4 )k ir = ir
(v` i4 = i). T`
u. do, theo ket qua tren ta co
in =
neu n = 4k,
neu n = 4k + 1,
1 neu n = 4k + 2,
i neu n = 4k + 3.
(1.2)
= 1.
1 + i n
1+i
.
= i nen
= in = 1 n = 4k, k Z.
Nhu ng
1i
1
i
1 + i n
1 + i n 1 i n
b) T`
u. dang th
u.c
+
= 0 suy ra`ng
= 1
1i
2
2
v`a do do in = 1 n = 4k + 2, k Z. N
V du. 2. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang neu n l`a bo.i cua 3 th`
1 + i3 n 1 i3 n
+
=2
2
2
v`a neu n khong chia het cho 3 th`
1 + i3 n
2
1 i3 n
2
= 1.
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
10
2+ Neu n = 3m + 1 th`
h 1 + i3 3im 1 + i3 h 1 i3 3 im 1 i3
S=
+
2
2
2
2
1 + i 3 1 i 3
+
= 1.
=
2
2
Tu.o.ng tu.. neu n = 3m + 2 ta c
ung co S = 1. N
V du. 3. Tnh bieu th
u.c
1 + i 22 i h
1 + i 2n i
1 + i 2 ih
1 + i h
= 1+
1+
1 +
.
1+
2
2
2
2
1+i
Giai. Nhan v`a chia bieu th
u.c da cho vo.i 1
ta co
2
h 1 + i i2n 2
h 1 + i i2n+1
1
1
2
2
=
=
1+i
1+i
1
1
2
2
`an tnh
Ta c
1 + i 2n+1
2
h 1 + i 2 i2n
2
i 2n
2
i2
1
= 2n = 2n
2
2
Do do
1
1
2
1
22n =
22n 1 + i
=
1+i
1i
1+i
1
2
1
= 1 2n (1 + i) N
2
e n so ph
V du. 4. Bieu di
u.c 4 3i du.o.i da.ng da.i so.
`an t`m so ph
u.c w sao cho w2 = 4 3i.
Giai. Theo di.nh ngha ta c
Neu w = a + bi, a, b R th`
1
4 3i = (a + bi)2 = a2 b2 + 2abi.
11
T`
u. do
a2 b2 = 4,
(1.3)
2ab = 3.
(1.4)
3
T`
u. (1.4) ta co b = . The v`ao (1.3) ta thu du.o..c
2a
4u2 16u 9 = 0, u = a2
8 + 10
18
9
8 + 100
"
=
=
= ,
u1 =
4
4
4
2
8 10
1
8 100
u2 =
=
=
4
4
2
V` a R nen u > 0 u =
9
v`a do va.y
2
3
1
a = b =
2
2
T`
u. do ta thu du.o..c
3
1
w1,2 = i
N
2
2
e n so ph
V du. 5. Bieu di
u.c
5 + 12i 5 12i
z=
5 + 12i + 5 12i
x2 y 2 = 5,
2xy
= 12.
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
12
`eu kie.n, ph
`an
He. n`ay co hai nghie.m l`a (3; 2) v`a (3; 2). Theo di
.
.
.
.
thu. c cua 5 + 12i am nen ta co 5 + 12i = 3 2i. Tu o ng tu. ta
2
3 2i (3 + 2i)
= i N
3 2i + (3 + 2i)
3
z1
l`a
u.ng minh r`ang w =
V du. 6. Gia su. z = a + ib, z = 1. Ch
z+1
`an ao khi v`a ch khi a2 + b2 = 1.
so thu
Giai. Ta co
w=
a2 + b2 1
2b
(a 1) + ib
=
+i
2
2
(a + 1) + ib
(a + 1) + b
(a + 1)2 + b2
(1 i)8 + 1
2.
(DS.
(1 + 2i)3 + (1 2i)3
(2 i)2 (2 + i)2
15
)
17
(DS.
11
i)
4
(3 4i)(2 i) (3 + 4i)(2 + i)
14
(DS. )
2+i
2i
5
2
1 i 2 i h
1 i 2n i
1 i 2ih
1 i h
1+
1 +
.
4.
1+
1+
2
2
2
2
(DS. 0)
3.
Ch d
a n. Ap
5. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang
a) z1 + z2 = z1 + z 2 ; b) z1 z2 = z1 z 2 ; c)
z
1
z2
z1
;
z2
1) 5 12i.
(DS. (2 3i))
(DS. (5 + i))
2) 24 + 10i.
(DS. (5 i))
3) 24 10i.
p
p
(DS. 6, i 2)
4) 1 + i 3 + 1 i 3.
9. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang
1) 1 C82 + C84 C86 + C88 = 16;
2) 1 C92 + C94 C96 + C98 = 16;
3) C91 C93 + C95 C97 + C99 = 16.
du.ng cong th
1.3
Bi
eu di
e n h`nh ho.c. M
odun v`
a acgumen
13
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
14
r = |z| =
a2 + b2 =
z z.
Goc gi
u.a hu.o.ng du.o.ng cua tru.c thu..c v`a vecto. z (du.o..c xem l`a goc
`eu kim d
`ong h
`o) du.o..c go.i l`a
du.o.ng neu no co di.nh hu.o.ng ngu.o..c chi
acgumen cua so z 6= 0. Doi vo.i so z = 0 acgumen khong xac di.nh.
u.c xac di.nh khong do.n tri., no
Khac vo.i modun, acgumen cua so ph
xac di.nh vo.i su.. sai khac mo.t so ha.ng bo.i nguyen cua 2 v`a
Arg z = arg z + 2k,
k Z,
`eu
trong do arg z l`a gi
a tri. chnh cua acgumen du.o..c xac di.nh bo.i di
kie.n < arg z 6 hoa.c 0 6 arg z < 2.
e n qua
`an ao cua so ph
`an thu..c v`a ph
u.c z = a + ib du.o..c bieu di
Ph
modun v`a acgument cua no nhu. sau
a = r cos ,
y = r sin .
,
cos = 2
a + b2
b
sin =
a2 + b2
VI DU
CAC
.
2
x y 2 + 2xyi
p
V du. 1. T`m modun cua so z =
xy 2 + i x4 + y 4
Giai. Ta co
p
(x2 y 2 )2 + (2xy)2
x2 + y 2
|z| = q
=
= 1. N
p
x2 + y 2
2
4
4
2
(xy 2) + ( x + y )
`eu co:
V du. 2. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang z1, z2 C ta d
(i) |z1 + z2| 6 |z1 | + |z2|; (ii) |z1 z2| 6 |z1| + |z2|;
(iii) |z1 + z2| > |z1 | |z2 |; (iv) z1 z2 | > |z1| |z2.
Giai. (i) Ta co
|z1 + z2|2 = (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 ) = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2Re(z1z 2 ).
V` |z1z2 | 6 Re(z1 z 2) 6 |z1z2| nen
|z1 + z2|2 6 |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2|z1 ||z2| = (|z1| + |z2|)2
|z1 + z2| 6 |z1| + |z2 |.
(ii) V` |z2 | = | z2| nen
|z1 z2 | = |z1 + (z2)| |z1| + | z2| = |z1 | + |z2|.
du.ng (ii) cho z1 = (z1 + z2 ) z2 v`a thu du.o..c
(iii) Ap
|z1| 6 |z1 + z2 | + |z2| |z1 + z2| > |z1| |z2|.
15
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
16
z2
1
z3 z2
= arg
z3 z1
2
z1
Giai. Theo gia thiet, cac diem z1 , z2 v`a z3 na`m tren du.`o.ng tr`on
n`ao do vo.i tam ta.i goc to.a do.. Ta xet cac vecto. z3 z2; z3 z1, z1 v`a
z2 (hay ve h`nh).
17
e thay r`ang
B`ang nh
u.ng nguyen do h`nh ho.c, d
arg
z3 z2
= arg(z3 z2 ) arg(z3 z1)
z3 z1
v`a goc n`ay nh`n cung tr`on noi diem z1 v`a z2 v`a goc o. tam
arg
z2
= argz2 argz1
z1
c
ung chan chnh cung tr`on do. Theo di.nh l
y quen thuo.c cua h`nh ho.c
.
so cap ta co
arg
z3 z2
z2
1
= arg
z3 z1
2
z1
V du. 5. Ch
u.ng minh ra`ng neu |z1| = |z2| = |z3 | = 1 v`a z1 +z2+z3 = 0
`eu no.i tiep trong
th` cac diem z1, z2 v`a z3 l`a cac dnh cua tam giac d
du.`o.ng tr`on do.n vi..
Giai. Theo gia thiet, ba diem z1, z2 v`a z3 na`m tren du.`o.ng tr`on
do.n vi.. Ta t`m do. d`ai cua cac ca.nh tam giac.
1+ T`m do. d`ai |z1 z2|. Ta co
|z1 z2|2 = (x1 x2)2 + (y1 y2 )2
= x21 + y12 + x22 + y22 (2x1 x2 + 2y1 y2)
= 2(x21 + y12) + 2(x22 + y22 ) [(x1 + x2 )2 + (y1 + y2 )2]
= 2|z1 |2 + 2|z2 |2 2|z1 + z2 |2.
Nhu.ng z1 + z2 = z3 v`a |z1 + z2| = |z3|. Do do
|z1 z2|2 = 2|z1 |2 + 2|z2|2 |z3|2 = 2 1 + 2 1 1 = 3
v`a t`
u. do
|z1 z2| = 3 .
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
18
k = 0, 1.
T`
u. do suy ra
arg
z1 z2
= arg(z1 z2 ) arg(z1 z3) = k,
z1 z3
k = 0, 1.
z1 z2
u.c
co acgumen ba`ng 0 hoa.c b`ang , t
u.c l`a so
Nhu. va.y so ph
z1 z3
z1 z2
`eu kie.n thu du.o..c l`a di
`eu kie.n c
`an.
l`a so thu..c. Di
z1 z3
`eu kie.n du. Gia su.
2+ Ta ch
u.ng minh r`ang do c
ung l`a di
z1 z2
= ,
z1 z3
Khi do Im
R.
z1 z2
= 0. He. th
u.c n`ay tu.o.ng du.o.ng vo.i he. th
u.c
z1 z3
x1 x3
y1 y3
=
y1 y2
x1 x2
(1.5)
Phu.o.ng tr`nh du.`o.ng thang qua diem (x1, y1) v`a (x2, y2 ) co da.ng
x x1
y y1
=
y2 y1
x2 x1
(1.6)
T`
u. (1.5) v`a (1.6) suy ra diem (x3 , y3) n`am tren du.`o.ng thang do. N
u.c thoa man cac
V du. 7. Xac di.nh ta.p ho..p diem tren ma.t phang ph
`eu kie.n:
di
p
x2 + y 2 = x + 1 y 2 = 2x + 1.
19
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
20
1
Do l`a phu.o.ng tr`nh parabon vo.i dnh ta.i diem ; 0 vo.i tru.c doi
2
x
u.ng l`a tia
n
o
1
= (x, y) R2 : x > , y = 0 .
2
`eu kie.n da cho suy ra:
u. di
2) Gia su. z = x + iy. Khi do t`
|x 1 + iy| > 2|x + i(y 1)|
p
p
(x 1)2 + y 2 2 x2 + (y 1)2
1 2
4 2 8
x+
+ y
6
3
3
9
1 4
`eu kie.n da cho xac di.nh h`nh tr`on tam z0 = +i
T`
u. do suy ra ra`ng di
3 3
2 2
v`a ban knh
.
3
`eu kie.n da cho
3) V` tam th
u.c ba.c hai (doi vo.i u) o. ve trai cua di
u.c l`a
du.o.ng u R nen bie.t so cua no am, t
|z 2 + i|2 |z 2 + i| < 0
|z 2 + i| < 1.
Do l`a h`nh tr`on vo.i tam ta.i z0 = 2 i v`a ban knh ba`ng 1.
`eu kie.n da cho ta thu du.o..c
4) T`
u. di
2 + |z 2 + i|
log3
=0
2 + |z 2 i|
2 + |z 2 + i|
= 1 v`a |z 2 + i| = |z 2 i|.
2
2 + |z i|
T`
u. do suy ra`ng z 2 l`a so thu..c bat k`
y. Nhu.ng khi do z l`a so thu..c bat
`an ao bat k`
k`
y hoa.c so thu
y. Nhu. va.y ch co cac diem na`m tren cac
`eu kie.n da cho. N
tru.c to.a do. l`a thoa man di
` TA
. P
BAI
21
1. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang
1) |z1 z2| = |z1 | |z2 |;
2) |z1 z2 | 6 |z1| + |z2|;
3) |z1 z2 | > |z1| |z2|.
e n h`nh ho.c, ch
2. Xuat phat t`
u. cac bieu di
u.ng minh:
z
1) 1 6 |argz|;
|z|
2) |z 1| 6 |z| 1 + |z||argz|.
3. Ch
u.ng minh ra`ng neu gia tri. chnh argz = arg(a + ib) thoa man
`eu kie.n < argz 6 th` no du.o..c tnh theo cong th
u.c
di
arctg
neu a > 0,
b
arg(a + ib) = arctg + neu a < 0, b > 0,
arctg
b
arg(a + ib) = arctg + 2
arctg b +
a
b
.
.
rang gia tri. chnh cua arctg ,
Ch d
a n. Lu u y
a
2 2
5. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang |a + b|2 + |a b|2 = 4|a|2 neu |a| = |b|.
`ong nhat th
6. Ch
u.ng minh d
u.c
|1 ab|2 |a b|2 = (1 + |ab|)2 (|a| + |b|)2,
a C, b C.
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
22
`ong nhat th
7. Ch
u.ng minh d
u.c
1) |a + b|2 = (|a| + |b|)2 2 |ab| Re(ab) .
2) |ab + 1|2 + |a b|2 = (|a|2 + 1)(|b|2 + 1).
1 + ti
,
1 ti
t R.
e n t qua z v`a ch
Ch d
a n. Bieu di
u.ng minh t = t.
1 + |a|
9. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang neu Rea > 0 th` |1 + a| >
2
.
.
u ng.
Ch d
a n. Co the ch
u ng minh ba`ng phan ch
`eu kie.n
10. Trong cac so ph
u.c thoa man di
|z 25i| 6 15
hay t`m so co acgument du.o.ng nho nhat.
11. T`m acgumen cua cac so ph
u.c sau day
1) cos i sin
(DS. )
6
6
6
2
2) cos + i sin
(DS. )
3
3
3
3) cos i sin .
(DS. )
4) cos i sin .
5) sin + i cos .
6) sin i cos .
7) sin i cos .
(DS. + )
(DS. )
2
(DS. )
2
(DS. )
2
e n so ph
1.4. Bieu di
u.c du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
1.4
23
(1.7)
trong do r = |z| = a2 + b2, l`a mo.t trong cac acgumen cua no.
e n do du.o..c go.i l`a da.ng lu.o..ng gi
ac cua so ph
u.c z. De
Phep bieu di
`an t`m modun
chuyen t`
u. da.ng da.i so sang da.ng lu.o..ng giac ta ch c
v`a mo.t trong cac acgument cua no. V` modun v`a acgumen cua tong
e n qua modun v`a acgumen cua
(hie.u) hai so ph
u.c kho co the bieu di
cac so ha.ng nen phep co.ng v`a phep tr`
u. du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac l`a khong
uy th`
u.a v`a
kha thi. Ngu.o..c la.i, phep nhan, phep chia, phep nang len l
khai can du.o..c thu..c hie.n rat tie.n lo..i du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac.
Gia su. z1 = r1(cos 1 + i sin 1 ), z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2),
z = r(cos + i sin ). Khi do
1+ z1z2 = r1 r2 [cos(1 + 2 ) + i sin(1 + 2 )]
r1
z1
= [cos(1 2 ) + i sin(1 2 )], r2 6= 0.
2+
z2
r2
+ n
3 z = rn [cos n + i sin n], n Z.
h
+ 2k i
+ 2k
+
n
+ i sin
, k = 0, n 1.
4 wk = r cos
n
n
T`
u. 3+ suy ra
[cos + i sin ]n = cos n + i sin n.
(1.8)
u.c Moivre.
Cong th
u.c (1.8) du.o..c go.i l`a cong th
u.c z = x + iy du.o..c di.nh ngha
Phep toan nang so e len lu
y th`
u.a ph
u.c
bo.i cong th
def
(1.9)
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
24
(1.10)
(1.11)
e n
trong do r = |z|, l`a mo.t trong cac acgumen cua no. Phep bieu di
u cua s
o ph
u.c. C
ung nhu. doi vo.i da.ng lu.o..ng
(1.11) du.o..c go.i l`a da.ng m
giac ta co:
1/ neu z1 = r1 ei1 , z2 = r2 ei2 th`
z1z2 = r1 r2 ei(1+2 ) ,
r1
z1/z2 = ei(1 2 ) ,
r2
(1.12)
(1.13)
+2k
n
z = n rei n ,
(1.14)
k = 0, n 1
VI DU
CAC
.
.
e n cac so ph
V du. 1. Bieu di
u c sau day du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
1) 1 + i 3; 2) 2 + 3 + i.
u.c da cho:
Giai. 1) T`m modun v`a acgumen cua so ph
q
r = (1)2 + ( 3)2 = 2; tg = 3 .
(1.15)
e n so ph
1.4. Bieu di
u.c du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
2
. V` so ph
u.c da
T`
u. do hoa.c = /3, hoa.c = + =
3
3
2
`an tu. II nen ta cho.n =
. T`
u. do 1 + i 3 =
cho thuo.c goc ph
3
2 i
h
2
i sin
.
2 cos
3
3
2) T`m modun v`a acgumen:
q
q
q
2
|2 + 3 + i| = (2 + 3) + 1 = 8 + 4 3 = 2 2 + 3.
Neu = arg(2 +
3 + i) th`
v
v
u
u
3
u
p
u 1 + cos
t1
+
2+ 3
2+ 3
2 =t
6 = cos
cos = p
=
=
2
2
2
12
2 2+ 3
T`
u. do suy ra`ng
q
h
+ i sin
N
2 3 + i = 2 2 + 3 cos
12
12
e n cac so ph
V du. 2. Bieu di
u.c du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
1) 1 + cos + i sin , < < .
2) 1 + cos + i sin , < < 2.
1 + cos + i sin
3) w =
, 0<<
1 + cos i sin
2
Giai. 1) Ta co
p
|z| = 2(1 + cos ) = 2 cos = 2 cos
2
2
1 + cos
cos =
= cos 2 ,
2 cos
i
h
2
cos
+
i
sin
.
z = 2 cos
sin
2
2
2
sin =
= sin 2
2 cos
2
25
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
26
r = |z| = 2(1 + cos ) = 2 cos = 2 cos
2
2
v`
1 + cos
cos =
= cos 2 = cos 2 ,
2 cos
2
sin
sin =
= sin 2 = sin 2 .
2 cos
2
T`
u. do suy ra`ng
1 + cos + i sin = 2 cos
i
h
cos
+ i sin
.
2
2
2
|z2| =
e n so ph
1.4. Bieu di
u.c du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
T`
u. do thu du.o..c
i
h
p
z2 = 2(1 + cos ) cos
+ i sin
2
2
v`a do va.y
p
+
i
sin
cos
2(1 + cos )
2
2
w=p
. T`
u. do ap du.ng cong
Giai. 1) Ta co 3 + i = 2 cos + i sin
6
6
th
u.c Moivre ta thu du.o..c:
h
126 i
126
( 3 + i)126 = 2126 cos
+ i sin
6
6
126
= 2 [cos + i sin ] = 2126 .
2) Ta co
w = z 4 z 2 = cos 4 + i sin 4 [cos 2 i sin 2]
= cos 4 cos 2 + i(sin 4 + sin 2)
= 2 sin 3 sin + 2i sin 3 cos
= 2 sin 3[ sin + i cos ].
(2k + 1)
2k
(i) Neu sin 3 > 0 (t
u.c l`a khi
<<
, k Z) th`
3
3
i
h
+ + i sin
+ .
w = 2 sin 3 cos
2
2
2k
(2k 1)
(ii) Neu sin 3 < 0 (t
u.c l`a khi
<<
, k Z) th`
3
3
w = (2 sin 3)[sin i cos ].
27
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
28
Ta t`m da.ng lu.o..ng giac cua v = sin i cos . Hien nhien |v| = 1.
Ta tnh argv
cos
argv = arctg
= arctg(cotg)
sin
i
h
i
= arctg tg
= arctg tg
2
2
=
2
Nhu. va.y neu sin 3 < 0 th`
h
i
+ i sin
.
w = (2 sin 3) cos
2
2
k
w = 0.
(iii) Neu sin 3 = 0 =
3
Nhu. va.y
2k
(2k + 1)
+
neu
<<
,
3
3
2
k
argw = khong xac di.nh neu =
,
(2k 1)
2k
neu
<<
2
3
3
V du. 4. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang
3
5
7
1
+ cos
+ cos
= .
1) cos + cos
9
9
9
9
2
2) cos + cos( + ) + cos( + 2) + + cos( + n)
n
(n + 1)
cos +
sin
2
2
=
sin
2
Giai. 1) Da.t
3
7
+ cos
+ + cos
,
9
9
9
3
7
T = sin + sin
+ + sin
,
9
9
9
z = cos + i sin .
9
9
S = cos
e n so ph
1.4. Bieu di
u.c du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
Khi do
z(1 z 8)
1 z2
9
1
zz
z+1
1
=
=
=
=
1 z2
1 z2
1z
i sin
1 cos
9
9
1 cos
sin
+ i sin
9
9 =1+
9
=
2
2 1 cos
1 cos
+ sin2
9
9
9
S + iT = z + z 3 + z 5 + z 7 =
1
Do do S =
2
y hie.u
2) Tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. trong 1) ta k
S = cos + cos( + ) + + cos( + n),
T = sin + sin( + ) + + sin( + n),
z = cos + i sin ,
c = cos + i sin .
Khi do
c(1 z n+1 )
1z
(cos + i sin )[1 cos(n + 1) i sin(n + 1)]
=
1 cos i sin
(n + 1)
(n + 1) i
(n + 1) h
cos
+ i sin
(cos + i sin )2 sin
2
2
2
=
i
h
cos
+ i sin
2 sin
2
2
2
n
n
(n + 1)
(n + 1)
cos +
sin +
sin
sin
2
2 +
2
2 i.
=
sin
sin
2
2
`an thu..c v`a ph
`an ao ta thu du.o..c ket qua. N
T`
u. do so sanh ph
B`ang phu.o.ng phap tu.o.ng tu.. ta co the tnh cac tong da.ng
S + iT = c + cz + + cz n =
29
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
30
neu cac acgumen b1, b2, . . . , bn la.p nen cap so co.ng c`on cac he. so
a1 , a2, . . . , an la.p nen cap so nhan.
V du. 5. Tnh tong
1) Sn = 1 + a cos + a2 cos 2 + + an cos n;
2) Tn = a sin + a2 sin 2 + + an sin n.
Giai. Ta la.p bieu th
u.c Sn + iTn v`a thu du.o..c
= Sn + iTn = 1 + a(cos + i sin ) + a2 (cos 2 + i sin 2) + . . .
+ an (cos n + i sin n).
u.c Moivre ta co:
Da.t z = cos + i sin v`a ap du.ng cong th
an+1 z n+1 1
az 1
a
(nhan tu. so v`a ma u so vo.i 1)
z
a
n+2 n
n+1 n+1
a z a z
+1
=
2
1
+1
a2 a z +
z
1
(do z + = 2 cos )
z
n+2
a (cos n + i sin n) an+1 [cos(n + 1) + i sin(n + 1)]
=
a2 2a cos + 1
a cos + ai sin + 1
+
a2 2a cos + 1
an+2 cos n an+1 cos(n + 1) a cos + 1
+
=
a2 2a cos + 1
an+2 sin n an+1 sin(n + 1) + a sin
+i
a2 2a cos + 1
= 1 + az + a2z 2 + + an z n =
e n so ph
1.4. Bieu di
u.c du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
e n tuyen tnh sin5 qua cac h`am sin cua goc bo.i cua .
2) Bieu di
e n cos4 v`a sin4 cos3 qua h`am cosin cua cac goc bo.i.
3) Bieu di
sin 5
e n sin 5 v`a cos 5
`an bieu di
Giai. 1) V` tg5 =
nen ta c
cos 5
qua sin v`a cos . Theo cong th
u.c Moivre ta co
cos 5 + i sin 5 = (cos + i sin )5 = sin5 + 5i cos4 sin
10 cos3 sin2 10i cos2 sin3
+ 5 cos sin4 + i sin5 .
`an ao ta thu du.o..c bieu th
`an thu..c v`a ph
u.c doi vo.i sin 5 v`a
Tach ph
cos 5 v`a t`
u. do
tg5 =
1 10tg2 + 5tg4
z k = cos k i sin k.
Do do
z z 1
z + z 1
, sin =
cos =
2
2i
k
k
k
k
z + z = 2 cos k, z z = 2i sin k.
du.ng cac ket qua n`ay ta co
Ap
z z 1 5 z 5 5z 3 + 10z 10z 1 + 5z 3 z 5
sin5 =
=
2i
32i
5
5
3
3
(z z ) 5(z z ) + 10(z z 1 )
=
32i
2i sin 5 10i sin 3 + 20i sin
=
32i
sin 5 5 sin 3 + 10 sin
=
16
31
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
32
2+
sin4 cos3 =
ei ei 4 ei + ei 3
2i
2
1
2i
2i 3 i
e e
=
e ei
128
1 6i
=
e 3e2i + 3e2i e6i ei ei
128
1 h 7i
=
e e5i 3e3i + 3ei + 3ei 3e3i
128
i
e5i + e7i
3
1
1
3
cos
cos 3
cos 5
cos 7. N
64
64
64
64
V du. 7. 1) Giai cac phu.o.ng tr`nh
1+ (x + 1)n (x 1)n = 0
2+ (x + i)n + (x i)n = 0, n > 1.
2) Ch
u.ng minh r`ang mo.i nghie.m cua phu.o.ng tr`nh
=
1 + ix n
1 ix
1 + ai
,
1 ai
n N, a R
2k
x+1
2k
n
= 1 = cos
+ i sin
= k ,
=1
x1
x1
n
n
k = 0, 1, . . . , n 1.
e n so ph
1.4. Bieu di
u.c du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
T`
u. do suy ra`ng
x + 1 = k (x 1) x(k 1) = 1 + k .
Khi k = 0 0 = 1. Do do vo.i k = 0 phu.o.ng tr`nh vo nghie.m. Vo.i
k = 1, n 1 ta co
(k + 1)(k 1)
k k + k k 1
k + 1
=
=
k 1
k 1)(k 1)
k k k k 1
2k
2k
sin
2i sin
k
n = i
n
= icotg , k = 1, 2, . . . , n 1.
=
2k
2k
n
2 2 cos
1 cos
n
n
x=
2+ C
ung nhu. tren, t`
u. phu.o.ng tr`nh da cho ta co
x + i n
xi
= 1
+ 2k
x+i
+ 2k
= n 1 = cos
+ i sin
xi
n
n
hay l`a
x+i
(2k + 1)
(2k + 1)
= cos
+ i sin
xi
n
n
(2k + 1)
= cos + i sin ,
=
n
Ta bien doi phu.o.ng tr`nh:
x+i
1 = cos + i sin 1
xi
2i
xi
2
2
i
2
h
i
= sin
cos + i sin
.
2
2
2
33
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
34
T`
u. do suy ra
i
cos
+
i
sin
sin
2
2
2
cos i sin
2
2 = cotg i.
=
2
sin
2
xi=
Nhu. va.y
x i = cotg
(2k + 1)
i x = cotg = cotg
,
2
2
2n
k = 0, n 1.
r
n
+ 2k
+ 2k
1 + ai
= cos
+ i sin
,
1 ai
n
n
k = 0, n 1.
+ 2k
th`
T`
u. do neu da.t =
n
x=
cos 1 + i sin
+ 2k
= tg = tg
,
i[cos + 1 + i sin ]
2
2n
k = 0, n 1.
Ro r`ang do l`a nh
u.ng nghie.m thu..c khac nhau. N
e n cac so ph
u:
V du. 8. Bieu di
u.c sau day du.o.i da.ng m
i sin
( 3 + i) cos
12
12
1) z =
1i
p
2) z =
3 + i.
e n so ph
1.4. Bieu di
u.c du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
z1 = 2e 6 i ;
i sin
= cos
+ i sin
= e 12 i ;
z2 = cos
12
12
12
12
4 i
z3 = 2e .
T`
u. do thu du.o..c
5
2e 6 i e 12 i i
z = i = 2e .
2e 4
e n so ph
u.c z1 = 3 + i du.o.i da.ng m
u. Ta co
2) Tru.o.c het bieu di
|z1| = 2; = arg( 3 + i) = ,
6
do do 3 + i = 2e 6 i . T`
u. do thu du.o..c
q
(
4
6 +2k)
4
wk =
3 + i = 2ei 4
(12k+1)
4
= 2ei 24 , k = 0, 3. N
V du. 9. Tnh cac gia tri.
1) can ba.c 3: w = 3 2 + 2i
2) can ba.c 4: w = 4 4
s
5
3i
.
3) can ba.c 5: w =
8 + 8i
u.c l`a bieu
Giai. Phu.o.ng phap tot nhat de tnh gia tri. cac can th
e n so ph
`oi
di
u.c du.o.i dau can du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac (hoa.c da.ng m
u) r
.ng.
ap du.ng cac cong th
u.c tu.o.ng u
e n z = 2 + 2i du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac. Ta co
1) Bieu di
35
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
36
Do do
3
3
q
+ 2k
+ 2k i
3 h
4
4
+ i sin
,
wk =
8 cos
3
3
k = 0, 2.
T`
u. do
w0 = 2 cos + i sin
= 1 + i,
4
4
h
11 i
11
+ i sin
,
w1 = 2 cos
12
12
i
h
19
19
w2 = 2 cos
+ i sin
.
12
12
2) Ta co
4 = 4[cos + i sin ]
v`a do do
h
+ 2k i
+ 2k
4
+ i sin
,
wk = 4 cos
4
4
k = 0, 3.
T`
u. do
w0
w1
w2
w3
= 1 + i,
= 2 cos + i sin
4
4
3
3
+ i sin
= 1 + i,
= 2 cos
4
4
5
5
+ i sin
= 1 i,
= 2 cos
4
4
7
7
+ i sin
= 1 i.
= 2 cos
4
4
3) Da.t
z=
3i
8 + 8i
1
3+1
Khi do |z| =
= . Ta tnh argz. Ta co
64 + 64
4 2
5
argz = arg( 3 i) arg(8 + 8i) = =
6
4
12
e n so ph
1.4. Bieu di
u.c du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
37
Do va.y
5
5
s
"
#
5
+ 2k
+ 2k
1
wk =
cos 12
+ i sin 12
5
5
4 2
2k
2k i
1 h
+
+ i sin
+
,
= cos
12
5
12
5
2
k = 0, 4. N
1 = cos
2k
2k
+ i sin
,
n
n
k = 0, n 1.
T`
u. do
2
2
+ i sin
,
n
n
2k
2k
k = cos
+ i sin
n
n
2 k
2
+ i sin
= cos
= k , k = 1, 2, . . . , n 1.
n
n
0 = 1,
1 = = cos
Nhu. va.y mo.i nghie.m cua can ba.c n cua 1 co the viet du.o.i da.ng
1, , 2 , . . . , n1 .
Bay gi`o. ta tnh
S = 1 + + 2 + + n1 =
Neu n > 1 th` n = 1 v`a do do
S=
1 n
= 0.
1
1 n
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
38
v` n = 1.
Nhu. va.y
(1 )S = n S =
n
1
neu 6= 1.
Neu = 1 th`
S = 1 + 2 + + n =
n(n + 1)
3) Gia su. 0 l`a mo.t trong cac gia tri. can cua . Khi do (vo.i
e n du.o.i da.ng tch 0k ,
6= 0) mo.i can ba.c n cua co the bieu di
2k
2k
k = 1, 2, . . . , n 1, trong do k = cos
+ i sin
l`a can ba.c n
n
n
cua 1.
`an t`m S ba`ng
T`
u. do tong c
S = 0k + (01 )k + (02 )k + + (0 n1 )k
= 0k (1 + k1 + k2 + + kn1 )
!
k
mk
2m
2
2m
2
+ i sin
+ i sin
km = cos
= cos
n
n
n
n
h
i
(n1)k
.
= 0k 1 + k1 + 2k
1 + + 1
u.c l`a
Bieu th
u.c trong dau ngoa. c vuong l`a cap so nhan. Neu k1 6= 1, t
k khong chia het cho n th`
S = 0k
1 nk
11
1
= 0k
= 0 (v` n1 = 1).
k
1 1
1 k1
e n so ph
1.4. Bieu di
u.c du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
39
Neu k1 = 1 t
u.c l`a k chia het cho n, k = nq th`
S = 0nq [1 + 1 + + 1] = 0nq n = nq
(v` 0n = ).
Nhu. va.y
S=
nq
` TA
P
BAI
.
e n cac so ph
1. Bieu di
u.c sau day du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
2
2
1) 1 + i 3
+ i sin
)
(DS. 2 cos
3
3
11
11
+ i sin
)
(DS. 2 cos
2) 3 i
6
6
7
7
+ i sin
)
(DS. 2 cos
3) 3 i
6
6
3 i
+
(DS. cos + i sin )
4)
2
2
6
6
5
5
3 1
+ i
(DS. cos
+ i sin )
5)
2
2
6
6
5
5
3
1
(DS. cos
+ i sin )
6) i
2
2
3
3
4
4
3
1
(DS. cos
+ i sin )
7) i
2
2
3
3
p
h
23 i
23
+ i sin
)
(DS. 2 2 + 3 cos
8) 2 + 3 i
12
12
p
h
19 i
19
+ i sin
)
(DS. 2 2 3 cos
9) 2 3 i
12
12
e n cac so ph
2. Bieu di
u.c sau day du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
1) cos + i sin
(DS. cos( ) + i sin( ))
2) sin + i cos
(DS. cos
+ + i sin
+ ))
2
2
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
40
3) cos i sin
(DS. cos() + i sin())
4) cos i sin
(DS. cos( + ) + i sin( + ))
B`ang cach da.t = + 2k, trong do 0 6 < 2, ta co:
i .
h
cos +i sin
vo i 0 6 < ;
5) 1+cos +i sin
(DS. 2 cos
2
2
2
h
i
+ 2
+ 2
cos
+ i sin
vo.i 6 < 2)
2 cos
2
2
2h
6) 1 cos + i sin
(DS. 2 sin
cos
+ i sin
)
2
2
2
7) sin + i(1 + cos )
i .
h
(DS. 2 cos
cos
+ i sin
vo i 0 6 < ;
2
2
2 i
h
3
3
cos
+ i sin
vo.i 6 < 2)
2 cos
2
2
2
8) sin + i(1 + cos )
+
+ i .
h
cos
+ i sin
vo i 0 6 < ;
(DS. 2 cos
2
2
2 i
h
3 +
3 +
cos
+ i sin
vo.i 6 < 2)
2 cos
2
2
2
3. Tnh:
100
1
3
1) cos i sin
)
(DS. i
6
6
2
2
4 12
2)
(DS. 212 )
3+i
( 3 + i)6
3)
(DS. 3, 2)
(1 + i)8 (1 + i)4
(i 3)15 (i + 3)15
4)
+
(DS. 64i)
(1 i)20
(1 + i)20
5)
(1 + i)100
(1 i)96 + (1 + i)96
(DS. 2)
(1 + icotg)5
(DS. cos( 10) + i sin( 10))
1 icotg)5
(1 i 3)(cos + i sin )
7)
2(1 i)(cos
h i sin )
i
2
cos 6
+ i sin 6
)
(DS.
2
12
12
6)
e n so ph
1.4. Bieu di
u.c du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
(1 + i 3)3n
8)
(1 + i)4n
(DS. 2)
1
1
4. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang z + = 2 cos z n + n = 2 cos n.
z
z
5. Hay bieu dien cac h`am sau day qua sin v`a cos
1) sin 3
(DS. 3 cos2 sin sin3 )
2) cos 3
(DS. cos3 3 cos sin2 )
3) sin 4
(DS. 4 cos3 sin 4 cos sin3 )
4) cos 4
(DS. cos4 6 cos2 sin2 + sin4 )
e n cac h`am sau qua tgx
6. Hay bieu di
4tg 4tg3
1) tg4
(DS.
)
1 6tg2 + tg4
6tg 20tg3 + 6tg5
2) tg6
(DS.
)
1 15tg2 + 15tg4 tg6
7. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang
n
4
n
n
Ch d
a n. Tnh (1 + i)n ba`ng cach su. du.ng cong th
u.c Moivre v`a
`oi so sanh ph
`an thu..c v`a ph
`an
u.c nhi. th
u.c Newton r
su. du.ng cong th
.
.
ao cac so thu du o. c.
8. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang
3
1
+ cos
=
5
5
2
3
5
1
+ cos
=
cos + cos
7
7
7
2
4
1
2
+ cos
=
cos
5
5
2
2
4
6
1
cos
+ cos
+ cos
=
7
7
7
2
2
4
6
8
1
cos
+ cos
+ cos
+ cos
=
9
9
9
9
2
1) cos
2)
3)
4)
5)
41
Chu.o.ng 1. So ph
u.c
42
9. Giai phu.o.ng tr`nh
i x n
i+x
cotg + i
,
cotg i
n N, R.
+ k
, k = 0, n 1)
n
u.c co modun = 1 th` mo.i nghie.m
10. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang neu A l`a so ph
cua phu.o.ng tr`nh
1 + ix n
=A
1 ix
(DS. x = tg
, k = 0, n 1)
k 2 1
Ch d
a n. D`
ung cong th
u.c nhi. th
u.c Newton de du.a phu.o.ng tr`nh
`e da.ng xn = (x + a)n xn .
v
12. Giai phu.o.ng tr`nh
(DS. xk =
x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0.
k
k
(DS. xk = cos
+ i sin
, k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
3
3
13. Giai phu.o.ng tr`nh
x5 + x4 + 2 x3 + 3 x2 + 4 x + 5 = 0,
C, 6= 0.
h
k i
k
(DS. xk = cos
+ i sin
, k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
3
3
Ch d
a n. Ve trai l`a tong cap so nhan vo.i cong bo.i ba`ng .
x
14. Gia su. n N, n > 1, c 6= 0, c R. Giai cac phu.o.ng tr`nh sau
day
e n so ph
1.4. Bieu di
u.c du.o.i da.ng lu.o..ng giac
1) (x + c)n (x c)n = 0
2) (x + ci)n (x ci)n = 0
k
, k = 1, n 1)
n
k
, k = 1, n 1)
(DS. x = cicotg
n
(DS. x = ccotg
16. 1) Bieu dien cos 5x v`a sin 5x qua cos x v`a sin x.
2
2
2) Tnh cos
v`a sin .
5
5
(DS. 1) cos 5x = cos5 x 10 cos3 x sin2 x + 5 cos x sin4 x,
sin 5x = 5 cos4 x sin x 10 cos2 x sin3 x + sin5 x.
p
2
10 + 2 5
51
2
=
, cos
=
)
2) sin
5
4
5
4
2
43
Chu.o.ng 2
- a th
D
u.c v`
a h`
am h
u.u ty
2.1
2.2
2.1
- a th
D
u.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.1.1
- a th
D
u.c tren tru.`
o.ng s
o ph
u.c C . . . . . . . 45
2.1.2
- a th
D
u.c tren tru.`
o.ng s
o thu..c R . . . . . . . 46
Ph
an th
u.c h
u.u ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
- a th
D
u.c
e n do.n tri.
Da th
u.c mo.t bien vo.i he. so thuo.c tru.`o.ng so P du.o..c bieu di
u.u ha.n
du.o.i da.ng tong h
Q(x) = a0z n + a1z n1 + + an1 z + an
(2.1)
`eu
trong do z l`a bien, a0, a1 , . . . , an l`a cac so; v`a mo i tong da.ng (2.1) d
.
u c.
l`a da th
K
y hie.u: Q(z) P[z].
u.c tren
Neu a0 , a1, . . . , an C th` ngu.`o.i ta noi ra`ng Q(z) l`a da th
u.c: Q(z) C[z]. Neu a0 , a1, . . . , an R th` Q(z) l`a da
tru.`o.ng so ph
th
u.c tren tru.`o.ng so thu..c: Q(z) R[z].
- a th
2.1. D
u.c
45
2.1.1
- a th
en tru.`
o.ng s
o ph
u.c C
D
u.c tr
u.c
Gia su. Q(z) C[z]. Neu thay z bo.i so th` ta thu du.o..c so ph
Q() = a0n + a1n1 + + an1 + an .
- i.nh ngha 2.1.1. Neu Q() = 0 th` so z = du.o..c go.i l`a nghie.m
D
u.c Q(z) hay cua phu.o.ng tr`nh da.i so Q(z) = 0.
cua da th
- i.nh l
D
y Descate. Da th
u.c Q(z) chia het cho nhi. th
u.c z khi v`
a
u.c P (z) (t
u.c l`
a P () = 0).
ch khi l`
a nghie.m cua da th
- i.nh ngha 2.1.2. So ph
u.c Q(z)
D
u.c l`a nghie.m bo.i m cua da th
neu v`a ch neu Q(z) chia het cho (z )m nhu.ng khong chia het cho
(z )m+1 . So m du.o..c go.i l`a b
o.i cua nghie.m . Khi m = 1, so go.i
.
l`a nghie.m do n cua Q(z).
u.c C du.o..c la.p nen b`ang
Trong tiet 2.1.1 ta biet r`ang ta.p ho..p so ph
cach ghep them v`ao cho ta.p ho..p so thu..c R mo.t nghie.m ao x = i cua
phu.o.ng tr`nh x2 + 1 = 0 v`a mo.t khi da ghep i v`ao th` mo.i phu.o.ng
`eu co nghie.m ph
`an phai
u.c d
u.c thu..c su... Do do khong c
tr`nh da th
sang ta.o them cac so mo.i de giai phu.o.ng tr`nh (v` the C c`on du.o..c go.i
l`a tru.`o.ng dong da.i so).
- .inh l
D
y Gauss (di.nh l
y co. ban cua da.i so).
- a th
Chu.o.ng 2. D
u.c v`a h`am h
u.u ty
46
`eu c
o.ng s
o ph
u.c d
Mo.i da th
u.c da.i s
o b
a.c n (n > 1) tren tru.`
o t
.
nh
at m
o.t nghie.m ph
u c.
T`
u. di.nh l
y Gauss r
ut ra cac he. qua sau.
+
.
`eu co d
u.c d
1 Mo.i da th
u c ba.c n (n > 1) tren tru.`o.ng so ph
ung n
`an ba`ng bo.i cua no, t
u.c l`a
nghie.m neu mo i nghie.m du.o..c tnh mo.t so l
Q(x) = a0 (z 1)m1 (z 2)m2 (z k )mk ,
(2.2)
trong do i 6= j i 6= j v`a m1 + m2 + + mk = n.
Da th
u.c (2.1) vo.i he. so cao nhat a0 = 1 du.o..c go.i l`a da th
u.c thu
go.n.
2+ Neu z0 l`a nghie.m bo.i m cua da th
u.c Q(z) th` so ph
u.c lien ho..p
u.c lien ho..p Q(z), trong do da
vo.i no z 0 l`a nghie.m bo.i m cua da th
th
u.c Q(z) du.o..c xac di.nh bo.i
def
2.1.2
(2.3)
- a th
en tru.`
o.ng s
o thu..c R
D
u.c tr
Gia su.
Q(z) = z n + a1z n1 + + an1 z + an
(2.4)
- a th
2.1. D
u.c
47
- i.nh l
o c
ac nghie.m thu..c b1, b2 , . . . , bm
D
y 2.1.2. Gia su. da th
u.c Q(x) c
o.i tu.o.ng u
.ng 1, 2, . . . , m v`
v
o.i b
a c
ac c
a.p nghie.m ph
u.c lien ho..p a1
v`
a a1 , a2 v`
a a2 , . . . , an v`
a an v
o.i b
o
o.i tu.o.ng u
.ng 1 , 2 , . . . , n . Khi d
Q(x) = (x b1 )1 (x b2 )2 (x bm )m (x2 + p1 x + q1)1
(x2 + p2 x + q2)2 (x2 + pn x + qb )n .
(2.5)
- i.nh l
u.c Q(x) = xn + a1xn1 + + an1 x + an
D
y 2.1.3. Neu da th
`ng 1 c
o nguyen v`
a v
o.i he. s
o cao nh
at b
a
o nghie.m h
u.u ty th`
v
o.i he. s
nghie.m d
o l`
a s
o nguyen.
Doi vo.i da th
u.c vo.i he. so h
u.u ty ta co
`
- i.nh l
(`, m Z, m > 0) l`
a nghie.m
D
y 2.1.4. Neu ph
an s
o t
oi gian
m
n
n1
h
u.u ty cua phu.o.ng tr`nh v
o.i he. s
o h
u.u ty a0x +a1 x + +an1 x+
a u.
a m l`
a u.
o.c cua s
o ha.ng tu.. do an v`
o.c cua he. s
o cao
an = 0 th` ` l`
nh
at a0 .
VI DU
CAC
.
V du. 1. Gia su. P (z) = a0 z n + a1z n1 + + an1 z + an . Ch
u.ng
minh r`ang:
1+ Neu P (z) C[z] th` P (z) = P (z).
2+ Neu P (z) R[z] th` P (z) = P (z).
du.ng cac tnh chat cua phep toan lay lien ho..p ta thu
Giai. 1+ Ap
du.o..c
p(Z) = a0z n + a1 z n1 + + an1 z + an
= a0z n + a1 z n1 + + an1 z + an
= a0 (z)n + a1 (z)n1 + + an1 z + an = P (z).
48
- a th
Chu.o.ng 2. D
u.c v`a h`am h
u.u ty
2+ Gia su. P (z) R[z]. Khi do
P (z) = a0 z n + a1z n1 + + an1 z + an
= a0 z n + a1z n1 + + an1 z + an
= a0 (z)n + a1(z)n1 + + an1 z + an
= a0 (z)n + a1(z)n1 + + an1 z + an = P (z).
ung thu du.o..c P (z) = P (z) v` P (z) = P (z). N
T`
u. do c
u.c
V du. 2. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang neu a l`a nghie.m bo.i m cua da th
P (z) = a0 z n + a1z n1 + + an1 z + an ,
a0 6= 0
th` so ph
u.c lien ho..p a l`a nghie.m bo.i m cua da th
u.c
P (z) = a0 z n + a1z n1 + + an1 z + an
(go.i l`a da th
u.c lien ho..p ph
u.c P (z)).
u.c vo.i da th
Giai. T`
u. v du. 1 ta co
P (z) = P (z).
(2.6)
Q(a) 6= 0
(2.7)
(2.8)
`an ch
Ta c`on c
u.ng minh ra`ng Q(a) 6= 0. Tha.t va.y, neu Q(a) = 0 th`
`an n
u.c mo.t l
u.a ta co
ba`ng cach lay lien ho..p ph
Q(a) = Q(a) = 0
Q(a) = 0.
`eu n`ay vo l
Di
y. Ba`ng cach da.t t = z, t`
u. (2.8) thu du.o..c
P (t) = (t a)m Q(t),
Q(a) 6= 0.
- a th
2.1. D
u.c
49
(2.9)
(2.10)
Q(a) 6= 0.
(2.11)
Tha.t va.y t`
u. (2.9) v`a (2.10) ta co
P (z) = (z a)m Q(z) = (z a)m Q(z)
m
= (z a) Q(z) = (z a)m Q(z)
v` theo (2.9)
Q(z) = Q(z) Q(z) = Q(z).
`an ch
Ta c`on c
u.ng minh Q(a) 6= 0. Tha.t va.y v` Q(a) 6= 0 nen
Q(a) 6= 0 v`a do do Q(a) 6= 0 v` doi vo.i da th
u.c vo.i he. so thu..c th`
Q(t) = Q(t). N
V du. 4. Giai phu.o.ng tr`nh z 3 4z 2 + 4z 3 = 0.
y 4 suy ra`ng cac nghie.m nguyen cua phu.o.ng tr`nh
Giai. T`
u. di.nh l
`eu l`a u.o.c cua so ha.ng tu.. do a = 3. So ha.ng tu.. do
vo.i he. so nguyen d
- a th
Chu.o.ng 2. D
u.c v`a h`am h
u.u ty
50
1
1
3
3
z0 = 3, z1 = i
; z2 = + i
2
2
2
2
e n da th
u.c P6 (z) = z 6 3z 4 + 4z 2 12 du.o.i da.ng:
V du. 5. Bieu di
1+ tch cac th`
u.a so tuyen tnh;
2+ tch cac th`
u.a so tuyen tnh vo.i tam th
u.c ba.c hai vo.i he. so
thu..c.
Giai. Ta t`m mo.i nghie.m cua da th
u.c P (z). V`
z 6 3z 4 + 4z 2 12 = (z 2 3)(z 4 + 4)
nen ro r`ang l`a
z1 = 3,
z2 =
z4 = 1 i,
z5 = 1 + i,
3,
z3 = 1 + i,
z6 = 1 i.
T`
u. do
P6 (z) = (z
3)(z +
y th`
u.a thap nhat sao cho cac
V du. 6. T`m da th
u.c he. so thu..c co lu
so z1 = 3, z2 = 2 i l`a nghie.m cua no.
- a th
2.1. D
u.c
51
k
,
n
k = 1, 2, . . . , n 1.
Do do
(x + 1)n (x 1)n
2
(n 1)
x icotg
x icotg
.N
= 2n x icotg
n
n
n
u.a so ta thu.`o.ng
u.c tren tru.`o.ng P th`anh th`
Khi phan tch da th
ga.p nh
u.ng da th
u.c khong the phan tch th`anh tch hai da th
u.c co ba.c
u.ng da th
u.c n`ay du.o..c go.i l`a da
ung tru.`o.ng P do. Nh
thap ho.n tren c`
at kha quy.
th
u.c b
u.c x2 2 l`a kha quy tren tru.`o.ng so thu..c v`:
Chang ha.n: da th
x2 2 = (x
2)(x +
2)
- a th
Chu.o.ng 2. D
u.c v`a h`am h
u.u ty
52
a, b, c, d Q
b
th` b`ang cach da.t x = ta co
a
b2
b
2
=
0
2=
2
a
a
v`a
2 l`a so h
u.u ty. Vo l
y.
sin
.
2k
= 0 2k .. n, 0 6 k < n 1.
n
T`
u. do
.
`eu do (2k .. n) ch xay ra khi k = 0 (v` k < n)
1+ Neu n l`a so le th` di
v`a khi do 0 = 1.
2+ Neu n l`a so cha n (n = 2m) th` nghie.m k ch thu..c khi k = 0
v`a k = m. Do do 0 = 1, m = 1. Doi vo.i cac gia tri. k c`on la.i k
khong l`a so thu..c. Doi vo.i cac gia tri. k n`ay ta co
sin
2k
2k
2(n k)
= sin 2
= sin
n
n
n
v`a do do
nk = k 1 = n1 ,
2 = n2 , . . .
- a th
2.1. D
u.c
53
Ma.t khac
(x k )(x k ) = x2 (k + k )x + k k = x2 x 2 cos
2k
+ 1.
n
Do do
n1
2
Q
2k
x2 x 2 cos
+ 1 neu n l`a so le,
(x 1)
n
k=1
n2
n
2
Q
x 1=
2k
(x 1)(x + 1)
+1
x2 x 2 cos
k=1
P4 (z) = 3z 4 5z 3 + 3z 2 + 4z 2.
T`m cac nghie.m c`on la.i.
1 + 13
1 13
(DS. z1 = 1 i, z2 =
, z3 =
)
6
6
u.c
2. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang so z0 = i l`a nghie.m cua da th
P4 (z) = z 4 + z 3 + 2z 2 + z + 1.
1 + 3i
1 i 3
(DS. z1 = i, z2 =
, z3 =
)
2
2
3. Xac di.nh bo.i cua nghie.m z0 = 1 cua da th
u.c
P4 (z) = z 4 5z 3 + 9z 2 7z + 2.
(DS. 3)
(DS. 3)
- a th
Chu.o.ng 2. D
u.c v`a h`am h
u.u ty
54
y th`
u.a thap nhat sao cho so z1 = i l`a
5. T`m da th
u.c he. so thu..c co lu
nghie.m kep v`a z2 = 1 i l`a nghie.m do.n cua no.
(DS. z 6 + 2z 5 + 4z 4 + 4z 3 + 5z 2 + 2z + 2)
u.c da cho th`anh tch cac th`
u.a so tuyen tnh
6. Phan tch cac da th
1) z 3 6z 2 + 11z 6
2) 6z 4 11z 3 z 2 4
1 + i 3
1 i 3
2
z
z
.
(DS. 6(z 2) z +
3
2
2
2
2
4
2
3) 3z 23z 36
z + i )
(DS. 3(z 3)(z + 3) z i
3
3
n
(DS. (z 0 )(z 1) (z n1 ),
4) z 1
2k
2k
k = cos
+ i sin
, k = 0, n 1)
n
n
(DS. (z 1 i)(z 1 + i)(z + 1 i)(z + 1 + i))
5) z 4 + 4
6) z 4 + 16
1 i 7
1 + i 7
3
8) z + z + 2
z
)
(DS. (z + 1) z
2
2
u.c tren tru.`o.ng so thu..c th`anh cac da th
u.c bat
7. Phan tch cac da th
kha quy tren c`
ung tru.`o.ng do.
(DS. (x + 1)(x2 x + 2))
1) x3 + x + 2
Q
8k + 1
+ 52 )
5) x10 2x5 + 2 (DS.
x2 2 10 2 cos
20
k=0
6) x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
2.2. Phan th
u.c h
u.u ty
55
5
1
5+1
x + 1 x2 +
x+1 )
(DS. x2
2
2
`oi d`
ung phep doi bien y =
u.a so chung r
Ch d
a n. Da.t x2 l`am th`
1
x+
x
n1
Q 2
k
+ 1))
(DS. (x2 1)
(x 2x cos
7) x2n 1
n
k=1
n
Q
2k
x2 2x cos
8) x2n+1 1
+1 )
(DS. (x 1)
2n + 1
k=1
u.u ty
Ph
an th
u.c h
2.2
P (x)
,
Q(x)
Q(x) 6= 0.
(2.12)
P1 (x)
trong do W (x) l`a da th
l`a phan th
u.c h
u.c, c`on
u.u ty thu..c su...
Q(x)
`e sau ta ch xet cac phan th
u.c
u.u ty l`a thu.o.ng cua hai da th
V
u.c h
u.c nhu. va.y du.o..c go.i l`a phan th
u.c h
u.u
da.i so vo.i he. so thu..c (phan th
ty vo.i he. so thu..c).
u.c co. ban) l`a
Phan th
u.c thu..c do.n gian nhat (c`on go.i l`a phan th
e n toi gian bo.i mo.t trong hai da.ng sau
nh
u.ng phan th
u.c du.o..c bieu di
day
I.
A
;
(x )m
II.
(x2
Bx + C
;
+ px + q)m
A, B, C, p, q R.
- a th
Chu.o.ng 2. D
u.c v`a h`am h
u.u ty
56
T`
u. di.nh l
y Gauss v`a cac he. qua cua no ta co
P (x)
- i.nh l
(2.13)
e n du.
`eu c
o the bieu di
o.i da.ng t
ong h
u.u ha.n c
ac ph
an th
u.c co. ban
d
da.ng I v`
a II
A
B
C
P (x)
=
+
+
+ +
r
r1
Q(x)
(x )
(x )
x
D
E
F
+
+
+
+ +
s
s1
(x )
(x )
x
...
...
`
ang s
o thu..c.
trong d
o A, B, . . . l`
a nh
u.ng h
Nhu. va.y cac phan th
u.c co. ban o. ve phai cua (2.14) sap xep theo
.ng vo.i cac th`
u.a so o. ve phai cua (2.13), trong do
t`
u.ng nhom tu.o.ng u
u.a so tu.o.ng
so so ha.ng cua mo i nhom ba`ng so m
u cua lu
y th`
u.a cua th`
u
.ng.
`an lu.u y
C
ra`ng khi khai trien phan th
u.c cu. the theo cong th
u.c
(2.14) mo.t so he. so co the ba`ng 0 v`a do do so so ha.ng trong mo i nhom
u cua th`
u.a so tu.o.ng u
.ng.
co the be ho.n so m
Trong thu..c h`anh, de tnh cac he. so A, B, . . . ta se su. du.ng cac
phu.o.ng phap sau.
2.2. Phan th
u.c h
u.u ty
57
u.c l`a
I. Gia su. da th
u.c Q(x) ch co cac nghie.m thu..c do.n, t
n
Y
Q(x) =
(x aj ), ai 6= aj i 6= j.
j=1
Khi do
P (x) X Aj
=
Q(x)
x
a
j
j=1
n
(2.15)
De xac di.nh Ak ta nhan hai ve cua (2.15) vo.i x ak v`a thu du.o..c
P (x)
n
Q
(x aj )
= Ak +
h A
Ak1
1
+ +
x a1
x ak1
j=1
j6=k
Ak+1
An i
(x ak ). (2.16)
+ +
x ak+1
x an
P (ak )
(2.17)
(ak aj )
j=1
j6=k
Ak
u.c
ta xoa th`
u.a so
Nhu. va.y de tnh he. so Ak cua phan th
x ak
P (x)
v`a tiep theo l`a thay x = ak v`ao bieu
(x ak ) khoi ma u so cua
Q(x)
ap x
oa.
th
u.c c`on la.i. V` va.y phu.o.ng phap n`ay du.o..c go.i l`a phu.o.ng ph
.
.
II. Neu Q(x) co nghie.m bo.i th` cong th
u c (2.17) khong c`on su du.ng
du.o..c. Gia su. Q(x) = g m , trong do hoa.c g = x hoa.c g l`a tch cac
u.c ba.c hai vo.i hai bie.t so am. Trong tru.`o.ng ho..p
th`
u.a so l`a tam th
`an khai trien P (x) theo cac lu
n`ay ta c
y th`
u.a cua g:
P (x) = a0 + a1g + a2g 2 + . . .
- a th
Chu.o.ng 2. D
u.c v`a h`am h
u.u ty
58
2x3 + 4x2 + x + 2
,
(x 1)2 (x2 + x + 1)
2)
x2 2x
Giai. 1) V` tam th
u.c ba.c hai x2 + x + 1 khong co nghie.m thu..c nen
B1
B2
2x3 + 4x2 + x + 2
Mx + N
R1 (x) =
=
+
+ 2
2
2
2
(x 1) (x + x + 1)
(x 1) (x 1)
x +x+1
`ong ma u so ta co
Quy d
2x3 + 4x2 + x + 2
(x 1)2 (x2 + x + 1)
B1(x3 1) + B2 (x2 + x + 1) + (Mx + N )(x2 2x + 1)
=
(x 1)2 (x2 + x + 1)
2.2. Phan th
u.c h
u.u ty
59
Can b`ang he. so cua x0 , x1, x2 v`a x3 trong cac tu. so ta thu du.o..c he.
phu.o.ng tr`nh
3
x B1 + B2 + N = 2,
2
x B2 + M 2N = 1,
x1 B2 + N 2M = 4,
x0 B1 + M = 2.
Giai he. phu.o.ng tr`nh ta co B1 = 2, B2 = 3, M = 0, N = 1. T`
u. do
3
2
1
R1 (x) =
+
+ 2
2
x 1 (x 1)
x +x+1
2) Ta co
A2
x2 2x
A1
M1 x + N1 M2 x + N2
+
+
=
+
2
2
2
2
(x 1) (x + 1)
x 1 (x 1)
x2 + 1
(x2 + 1)2
`ong ma u so v`a can b`ang cac tu. so ta co
Quy d
R2 =
T`
u. do suy ra
1
1
1
, A2 = , M1 = ,
2
4
2
1
1
N1 = , M2 = , N2 = 1
4
2
A1 =
- a th
Chu.o.ng 2. D
u.c v`a h`am h
u.u ty
60
v`a do va.y
1
1
1
1
1
x+1
x
x2 2x
4 + 2
4 + 2
= 2 +
x4
;
x4 + 5x2 + 1
2) R2 (x) =
x4 + 1
`au tien
Giai. 1) R1 (x) l`a phan th
u.c h
u.u ty khong thu..c su.. nen d
.
`an thu. c hie.n phep chia:
c
x4
5x2 + 4
=1 4
= 1 + R3 (x).
x4 + 5x2 + 4
x + 5x2 + 4
Ch
uy
r`ang x4 + 5x2 + 4 = (x2 + 1)(x2 + 4), do do
R3 =
M1 x + N1 M2 x + N2
5x2 + 4
=
+
2
2
(x + 1)(x + 4)
x2 + 1
x2 + 4
1
16
1
1
2
3 x +1
3 x +4
2.2. Phan th
u.c h
u.u ty
61
x4
M2 x + N2
M1 x + N1
1
=
+1
x2 + 2x + 1 x2 2x + 1
`ong nhat th
u.c
T`
u. d
1 (M1 x + N1)(x2
2x + 1) + (M + 2x + N2 )(x2 + 2x + 1),
N1 = N2 =
Do do
x+ 2
1
x 2
1
1
=
x4 + 1
2 2 x2 + 2x + 1 2 2 x2 2x + 1
V du. 3. T`m khai trien phan th
u.c
1) R1 (x) =
x+1
x2 + 2x + 6
; 2) R2 (x) =
(x 1)(x 2)x
(x 1)(x 2)(x 4)
x(x 1)(x 2)
x
x1 x2
du.ng cong th
Ap
u.c (2.17) ta du.o..c
x + 1x=0
1
= ;
A1 =
2
(x 1)(x 2) x=0
x+1
x + 1
3
A2 =
= 2, A3 =
=
x(x 2) x=1
x(x 1) x=2 2
Va.y
R1 (x) =
2
3
1
+
+
2x x 1 2(x 2)
- a th
Chu.o.ng 2. D
u.c v`a h`am h
u.u ty
62
2) Tu.o.ng tu.. ta co
R2 (x) =
A1
B
C
x2 + 2x + 6
=
+
+
(x 1)(x 2)(x 4)
x1 x2 x3
7
5
3
x1 x2 x4
Nh
a.n xet. Trong mo.t so tru.`o.ng ho..p da.c bie.t, vie.c khai trien phan
u.u ty co the thu du.o..c do.n gian ho.n v`a nhanh ho.n. Chang ha.n,
th
u.c h
1
u.c 2
th`anh tong cac phan th
u.c co. ban
de khai trien phan th
x (1 + x2)2
ta co the thu..c hie.n nhu. sau:
1
(1 + x2) x2
1
1
2
=
= 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x (x + 1)
x (x + 1)
x (x + 1) (x + 1)2
1
(1 + x2) x2
2
=
2
2
x (x + 1)
(x + 1)2
1
1
1
2
= 2 2
N
x
x + 1 (x + 1)2
V du. 4. Khai trien cac phan th
u.c h
u.u ty sau:
1)
x4 + 5x3 + 5x2 3x + 1
;
(x + 2)5
2)
x5 + 3x4 + x3 2x2 + 2x + 3
(x2 + x + 1)3
Giai. 1) Da.t g = (x + 2). Khi do ba`ng cach khai trien tu. so theo
u.c nhi. th
u.c Newton
cac lu
y th`
u.a cua x + 2 ba`ng cach ap du.ng cong th
2.2. Phan th
u.c h
u.u ty
63
ta thu du.o..c
x4 + 5x3 + 5x2 3x + 1
=
(x + 2)5
[(x + 2) 2]4 + 5[(x + 2) 2]3 + 5[(x + 2) 2]2 3[(x + 2) 2)] + 1
=
(x + 2)5
3 + 5g g 2 3g 3 + g 4
3
5
1
3
1
=
= 5+ 4 3 2+
5
g
g
g
g
g
g
5
1
3
1
3
+
=
5
4
3
3
(x + 2)
(x + 2)
(x + 2)
(x + 2)
x+2
u.c ba.c hai khong co nghie.m
2) Da.t g = x2 + x + 1. Do l`a tam th
du.ng thua.t toan chia co du. ta co
thu..c. Ap
P (x) = x5 + 3x4 + x3 2x2 + 2x + 3
= (x2 + x + 1)(x3 + 2x2 2x 2) + 6x + 5
t
u.c l`a
P = g q1 + r1 ,
q1 = x3 + 2x2 2x 2,
r1 = 6x + 5.
r2 = 4x 3.
Nhu. va.y
P = gq1 + r1 = r1 + g(r2 + gq2)
= r1 + r2 g + q2g 2 .
T`
u. do suy ra
P
r1 r2
1
=
+
+
q
2
g3
g3 g3
g
4x + 3
x+1
6x + 5
N
2
+ 2
= 2
3
2
(x + x + 1)
(x + x + 1)
x +x+1
- a th
Chu.o.ng 2. D
u.c v`a h`am h
u.u ty
64
P
` TA
BAI
.
Trong cac b`ai toan sau day, hay khai trien phan th
u.c h
u.u ty da
u.c co. ban thu..c.
cho th`anh tong h
u.u ha.n cac phan th
2x 3
1.
x(x2 1)(x2 4)
1
5
1
7
3
+
+
)
(DS. +
4x 6(x 1) 6(x + 1) 24(x 2) 24(x + 2)
x+1
2x + 1
2
2. 3
(DS.
)
2
x 1
3(x 1) 3(x + x + 1)
1
3. 3
x (x 1)4
4
6
10
1
10
3
1
+ 2+ 3
+
(DS.
+
)
2
3
x
x
x
x 1 (x 1)
(x 1)
(x 1)4
1
3
1
+
(DS.
4. 4
2
(x 1)
16(x 1) 16(x 1)2
1
1
3
1
+
+
+
+
)
16(x + 1) 16(x + 1)2 4(x2 + 1) 4(x2 + 1)2
2x 1
5.
(x + 1)3 (x2 + x + 1)
1
2
3
2x 1
)
(DS.
2
2
3
x + 1 (x + 1)
(x + 1)
x +x+1
1
x
1
x
x
6.
+
)
(DS.
x(x2 + 1)3
x (x2 + 1)3 (x2 + 1)2 x2 + 1
7.
x2 + 3x + 1
x4(x2 + 1)
8.
x5 + 3x3 x2 + 4x 2
(x2 + 1)3
(DS.
3x
1
3
3
)
+ 3 + 2
4
x
x
x x +1
(DS.
2x 1
x1
x
)
+ 2
+ 2
2
3
2
(x + 1)
(x + 1)
x +1
x5 + 2x3 6x2 3x 9
(x2 + x + 2)3
1
x1
x2
)
(DS. 2
+ 2
+ 2
3
2
(x + x + 2)
(x + x + 2)
x +x+2
2x 1
10.
x(x + 1)2 (x2 + x + 1)2
9.
2.2. Phan th
u.c h
u.u ty
7
3
3x + 2
1
6x + 2
+
2
(DS. +
2
)
2
x x + 1 (x + 1)
x + x + 1 (x + x + 1)2
x2
11. 2
(x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)2
1
1
x
(DS. 2
)
+ 2
2
x + 1 x + x + 1 (x + x + 1)2
1
12. 5
4
3
x x + x x2 + x 1
1 2x + 1
1
1
)
(DS.
2
2
3(x 1) 6 x + x + 1 2(x x + 1)
65
Chu.o.ng 3
- i.nh th
Ma tr
a.n. D
u.c
3.1
Ma tr
a.n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.1.1
- .inh ngha ma tr
D
a.n . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.1.2
C
ac phep to
an tuyen tnh tren ma tr
a.n . . 69
3.1.3
Phep nh
an c
ac ma tr
a.n . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1.4
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.3
. . . . . . . . 85
. . . . . . . . 85
. . . . . . . . 88
. . . . . . . . 89
Ha.ng cua ma tr
a.n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.4
Nghi.ch the . . . . . . . . . .
- .inh th
D
u.c . . . . . . . . . . .
Tnh ch
at cua di.nh th
u.c . . .
Phu.o.ng ph
ap tnh di.nh th
u.c
Ma tr
a.n nghi.ch dao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.4.1
3.1. Ma tra.n
67
3.4.2
3.1
ap t`m ma tr
a.n nghi.ch dao . . . 119
Phu.o.ng ph
Ma tr
a.n
3.1.1
- i.nh ngha ma tr
a.n
D
u. m n so cua P:
Ta xet bang h`nh ch
u. nha.t la.p nen t`
a11
a21
..
.
a12 . . .
a22 . . .
..
..
.
.
a1n
a2n
..
.
A=
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
, hay ..
hay
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
68
hay ngan go.n ho.n
A =
aij
mn = aij mn = aij mn .
y hie.u l`a M(m n).
Ta.p ho..p mo.i (m n)-ma tra.n du.o..c k
a.n vu
ong
Neu m = n th` ma tra.n A =
aij
mn du.o..c go.i l`a ma tr
n
.
.
.
y hieu: A = aij nn = aij 1 ). Doi vo i ma tra.n
c
ap n (thu `o ng k
n .
`an
`an tu. aii , i = 1, n du.o..c go.i l`a nh
u.ng ph
vuong A =
aij
1 cac ph
`an tu. n`ay la.p th`anh du.`o.ng cheo chnh cua ma
tu. du.`
o.ng cheo. Cac ph
tra.n vuong.
`an tu. khong n`am tren du.`o.ng cheo chnh
Ma tra.n vuong m`a mo.i ph
`eu ba`ng 0 (t
d
u.c l`a aij = 0 i 6= j) go.i l`a ma tr
a.n du.`
o.ng cheo:
A=
d1
d2
..
.
..
.
dn
= diag[d1 d2 . . . dn ].
`an tu. d1 = d2 = = dn = 1
Neu trong ma tra.n du.`o.ng cheo A mo.i ph
y hie.u:
th` ma tra.n do du.o..c go.i l`a ma tra.n do.n vi. cap n v`a k
En = E =
..
.
.
..
.
1
1
n
Nhu. va.y En =
ij
1 , trong do ij =
0
1
neu i 6= j
neu i = j.
3.1. Ma tra.n
69
Sau c`
ung, (m n)-ma tra.n da.ng
0 0 ... 0
0 0 . . . 0
Omn = . . .
..
.
.
.
.
.
. .
0 0 ... 0
go.i l`a ma tra.n - khong kch thu.o.c m n. Neu m = n th` k
y hie.u On
n
hay O1 .
ong phai l`a
Nh
a.n xet. 1) Ta nhan ma.nh: ma tra.n A =
aij
mn kh
mo.t so, no l`a mo.t Bang c
ac s
o.
2) Ma tra.n kch thu.o.c (1 n) go.i l`a ma tra.n h`ang
i
h
a1, a2, . . . , an
c`on ma tra.n (m 1) go.i l`a ma tra.n co.t
a1
a2
.
.
.
am
3.1.2
C
ac ph
ep to
an tuy
en tnh tr
en ma tr
a.n
i = 1, m, j = 1, n
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
70
v`a k
y hie.u
C = A+B
[cij ] = [aij + bij ], i = 1, m, j = 1, n .
2. Gia su. A = aij mn v`a P. Ma tra.n C = cij mn du.o..c go.i
l`a tch cua ma tra.n A vo.i so neu
cij = aij
i = 1, m, j = 1, n
v`a k
y hie.u
C = A
A = aij mn ).
A B = A + (B).
3.1. Ma tra.n
3.1.3
71
Ph
ep nh
an c
ac ma tr
a.n
Ma tra.n A du.o..c go.i l`a tu.o.ng thch vo.i ma tra.n B neu so co.t cua ma
tra.n A ba`ng so h`ang cua ma tra.n B (t`
u. su.. tu.o.ng thch cua A vo.i B
noi chung khong suy ra du.o..c ra`ng ma tra.n B tu.o.ng thch vo.i ma tra.n
A).
Cho ma tra.n A = aij mn v`a B = bij np . Ma tra.n C = cij mp
du.o..c go.i l`a tch cua ma tra.n A vo.i ma tra.n B neu
cij =
n
X
ais bsj .
(3.1)
s=1
K
y hie.u C = AB v`a noi r`ang nhan ben phai ma tra.n A vo.i ma
tra.n B hay nhan ben trai ma tra.n B vo.i ma tra.n A.
T`
u. (3.1) suy ra quy tac t`m cac so ha.ng cua tch cac ma tra.n:
`an tu. cij d
u. j cua ma
u.ng o. vi. tr giao cua h`ang th
u. i v`a co.t th
ph
`an tu. h`ang th
tra.n C = AB ba`ng tong cac tch cua cac ph
u. i cua ma
`an tu. tu.o.ng u
.ng cua co.t th
u. j cua ma tra.n
tra.n A nhan vo.i cac ph
B.
..
b
b11 ij b1p
.
c1p
c
... ... ... ...
11
.
.
... ... ... ...
bn1 bij bnp
. cmp
cm1
am1 am2 . . . amn
Ch
u y. 1) Noi chung phep nhan ma tra.n khong co tnh chat giao
hoan.
2) Tch hai ma tra.n khac 0 co the ba`ng ma tra.n khong.
`eu kie.n cac phep toan du.o..c viet ra co ngha, phep nhan
3) Vo.i di
ma tra.n co cac tnh chat sau
I. (AB)C = A(BC) - lua.t ket ho..p.
II. (AB) = (A)B = A(B), P.
III. (A + B)C = AC + BC (lua.t phan bo phep nhan ben phai
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
72
3.1.4
a.n
Ph
ep chuy
en vi. ma tr
Phep toan tren cac ma tra.n m`a trong do cac h`ang chuyen th`anh cac
co.t c`on cac co.t chuyen th`anh cac h`ang du.o..c go.i l`a phep chuyen vi. ma
tra.n.
Cho ma tra.n A = aij mn . Ma tra.n thu du.o..c t`
u. ma tra.n A ba`ng
a.n chuyen vi. doi vo.i ma tra.n
phep chuyen vi. ma tra.n du.o..c go.i l`a ma tr
y hie.u l`a AT . Nhu. va.y: AT l`a (n m)-ma tra.n.
A v`a du.o..c k
Ma tra.n vuong du.o..c go.i l`a ma tr
oi x
u.ng neu AT = A v`a du.o..c
a.n d
n
go.i l`a ma tr
a.n phan x
u.ng neu AT = A. Nhu. va.y neu A = aij 1 l`a
u.ng th` aij = aji i, j = 1, n v`a neu A phan x
u.ng th`
ma tra.n doi x
`an tu. tren du.`o.ng cheo chnh cua ma tra.n
aij = aji . Do do cac ph
phan x
u.ng l`a ba`ng 0.
VI DU
CAC
.
"
#
"
#
1 2
5 6
V du. 1. 1) Co.ng cac ma tra.n
v`a
.
3 4
7 8
"
#
1 2 1
2) Nhan ma tra.n A =
vo.i so = 3.
4 0 1
Giai. 1) Hai ma tra.n da cho co c`
ung kch thu.o.c nen co the co.ng
vo.i nhau. Theo di.nh ngha phep co.ng cac ma tra.n ta co
"
2) A
# "
# "
# "
#
1 2
5 6
1+5 2+6
6 8
+
=
=
.
3 4
7 8
3+7 4+8
10 12
"
#
1 2 1
4 0 1
"
1 3 2 3 1 3
43 03 13
3.1. Ma tra.n
"
73
#
3 6 3
.
12 0 3
h
i
i
b2 h
a1 a2 . . . an . = a1b1 + a2b2 + + an bn = c.
..
bn
2) Ma tra.n co.t A
a1
a2
A=
..
.
am
l`a ma tra.n kch thu.o.c (m 1). Ma tra.n n`ay tu.o.ng thch vo.i ma tra.n
u.c l`a ma tra.n h`ang. Nhu. va.y phep nhan da neu
kch thu.o.c (1 n), t
luon luon thu..c hie.n du.o..c, cu. the l`a
a1
a1b1 a1b2 . . . a1bn
h
i
a2
a2b1 a2b2 . . . a2bn
. b1 b2 . . . bn = .
..
..
..
.
.
. N
.
.
.
.
.
am b1 am b2 . . . am bn
am
74
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
V du. 3. Tnh AB v`a BA neu
"
#
1
3 2 1
1) A =
, B = 3.
0 1 2
3
#
"
1 0
1 4 1
, B = 1 3 .
2) A =
2 0 1
1 1
Giai. 1) Theo quy tac nhan cac ma tra.n ta co
"
# 1
"
# " #
3 2 1
31+23+13
12
AB =
=
.
3 =
0 1 2
01+13+23
9
3
`on ta.i v` ma tra.n B khong tu.o.ng thch vo.i ma
Tch BA khong t
tra.n A.
2) Ta co ma tra.n A tu.o.ng thch vo.i ma tra.n B. Do do
"
# 2 0
1 4 1
AB =
1 3
2 0 1
1 1
#
"
1 (2) + 4 1 + (1)(1) 1 0 + 4 3 + (1) 1
=
2 (2) + 0 1 + (1) (1)
20+03+11
"
#
3 11
=
.
5 1
Tu.o.ng tu.., ma tra.n B tu.o.ng thch vo.i ma tra.n A v`a
2 8 2
BA = 7
4 2 . N
1 4 2
"
#
0 1
V du. 4. 1) Cho ma tra.n A =
. T`m mo.i ma tra.n X giao
0 0
hoan vo.i A (AX = XA).
3.1. Ma tra.n
75
"
#
1
2
2) T`m mo.i ma tra.n giao hoan vo.i ma tra.n A =
.
1 1
3) Tnh tch
"
# "
#
1 1
1
1
.
0 0
1 1
Khi do
"
# "
0 1
AX =
0 0
"
# "
0
XA =
0
# "
0
# "
1
0
=
0
0
xa#c
,
0
#
T`
u. do neu AX = XA = 0, = . Do do mo.i ma tra.n hoan vi.
`eu co da.ng
vo.i ma tra.n da cho d
"
#
X=
.
0
#
x
y
l`a ma tra.n giao hoan
2) Tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. tren, gia su. X =
u v
"
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
76
"
#
1
2
vo.i ma tra.n A =
. Khi do
1 1
"
# "
# "
# "
#
1
2
x y
x y
1
2
=
1 1
u v
u v
1 1
"
# "
#
x + 2u y + 2v
x y 2x y
=
x u y v
u v 2u v
x + 2u = x y
x u = u v
x = u 2v
; u, v t`
uy y
.
y = 2u
y
+
2v
=
2x
y v = 2u v
Va.y ta thu du.o..c
#
u 2v 2u
X=
, u, v t`
uy y
.
u
v
"
# "
# "
#
1 1
1
1
0 0
e d`ang thay ra`ng
3) D
=
. T`
u. v du. n`ay
0 0
1 1
0 0
suy ra ra`ng doi vo.i cac ma tra.n neu AB = O th` khong nhat thiet
A = O hoa.c B = O. N
V du. 5. Ma tra.n S = En , trong do En l`a ma tra.n do.n vi. cap n v`a
a.n v
o hu.
o.ng. Ch
u.ng to ra`ng ma tra.n
l`a mo.t so du.o..c go.i l`a ma tr
ung cap.
vo hu.o.ng hoan vi. vo.i mo.i ma tra.n vuong c`
SA = (En )A = (En A) = A;
AS = A(En ) = (AEn ) = A,
t
u.c l`a AS = SA doi vo.i mo.i ma tra.n vuong A cap n. N
Cho A l`a ma tra.n vuong, k l`a so tu.. nhien lo.n ho.n 1. Khi do tch
y th`
u.a ba.c k cua A v`a k
y hie.u Ak . Theo
k ma tra.n A du.o..c go.i l`a lu
3.1. Ma tra.n
77
Ak = A
{z A}
| AA
`an
k l
A = E.
V du. 6. T`m mo.i lu
y th`
u.a cua
0
0
A=
0
0
Giai. Ta co
0
0
A2 =
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ma tra.n
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
.
1
0
0
0
0 0
=
1 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
,
0
0
e thay r`ang
v`a d
0
0
A3 = A2A =
0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
A4 =
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
1 0 0
0 1 0 0
=
0 0 1 0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
=
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
`eu ba`ng 0.
Cac l
uy th`
u.a tiep theo cua ma tra.n A d
V du. 7. Gia su.
#
"
0 1
, E = E22 .
J=
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
.
0
0
1
0
,
0
0
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
78
Ch
u.ng minh r`ang
1) J 2 = E.
"
#
2) Ma tra.n da.ng Z = E + J =
du.o..c co.ng v`a nhan
vo.i nhau tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. cac so ph
u.c da.ng
Z = + i.
Giai. 1) Ta co
"
# "
# "
#
0
1
0
1
1
0
J2 =
=
= E.
1 0
1 0
0 1
2) Xet Z1 = 1 E + 1J , Z2 = 2 E + 2J . Khi do theo di.nh ngha
cac phep toan tuyen tnh tren ma tra.n c`
ung cac tnh chat cua ch
ung,
mo.t ma.t ta co
Z1 + Z2 = (1 + 2 )E + (1 + 2)J
v`a ma.t khac
# "
# "
#
2 2
1 + 2
1 1
1 + 2
+
=
Z1 + Z2 =
1 1
2 2
(1 + 2) 1 + 2
"
= (1 + 2 )E + (1 + 2)J.
y giai c
ung tu.o.ng tu... N
Doi vo.i phep nhan su.. l
V du. 8. Tnh An neu:
"
#
3 1
1) A =
;
0 3
2)
"
#
4 1
A=
.
0 3
Giai. Du..a v`ao tnh chat cua ma tra.n vo hu.o.ng: ma tra.n vo hu.o.ng
e n ma tra.n da cho th`anh
hoan vi. vo.i mo.i ma tra.n c`
ung cap, ta se bieu di
3.1. Ma tra.n
79
tong ma tra.n vo hu.o.ng co.ng vo.i ma tra.n da.ng da.c bie.t m`a phep nang
len l
uy th`
u.a du.o..c thu..c hie.n do.n gian ho.n.
"
# "
# "
#
3 1
3 0
0 1
1)
A=
=
+
= B + B,
0 3
0 3
0 0
#
"
#m "
m
3
0
3
0
Bm =
(xem b`ai 4. 3) du.o.i day),
=
n
0 3
0 3
"
#
m = 0 0
m > 2.
B
0 0
= BB
nen ta co the ap du.ng cong th
Tiep theo do B B
u.c
n
X
n
ni
Cni B i B
(B + B) =
(3.2)
i=0
= B n + C1n B n1 B
# "
# "
#
"
n3n1
0 1
0
3n 0
=
=
0 0
0 3n
0
n3n1
# "
#
"
# "
0 n3n1
3n 0
3n n3n1
+
.
=
=
0
0
0
3n
0 3n
2) Tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. tren ta co
#
# "
# "
"
1 1
3 0
4 1
= B + B.
+
=
A=
0 0
0 3
0 3
Bm
m
B
#m "
#
3 0
3m 0
,
=
=
0 3
0 3m
#m "
#
"
1 1
1 1
m > 1
=
=
0 0
0 0
"
(3.3)
(3.4)
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
80
= BB
nen ta co the ap du.ng cong th
u.c
Tiep theo do B B
n = B n + Cn1B n1 B
n.
+ Cn2B n2 B
2 + + B
An = (B + B)
(3.5)
n
n
P k nk
P k nk
Cn 3
0+
Cn 3
3n +
.
=
k=1
k=1
n
0
3
V` 3n +
n
P
k=1
n
P
Cnk 3nk =
k=1
3n = 4n 3n , do va.y
#
n
n
n
4
4
3
. N
An =
0
3n
"
` TA
. P
BAI
1. Tnh A + B, AB
"
#
1 2
1) A =
,
3 4
1 1
2) A = 2 1
3 1
v`a BA neu
"
#
4 4
B=
;
0 i
0
2 1 2
1 , B = 0
4 5 .
2
2 3 7
n
P
k=0
Cnk 3nk
3.1. Ma tra.n
81
"
#
"
#
5 2
4 4 + 2i
, AB =
,
(DS. 1) A + B =
3 4+i
12 12 + 4i
"
#
8 8
BA =
;
3 4i
2) A + B = 2
5
BA = 23
17
0 2
1 3 3
5 6, AB = 2 3 16 ,
4 9
2 7 15
1
5
1 14)
12 11
5 2 1
1
3 2
1) 5 2 3 3 4 5.
6 5 2
2
1
3
3 4 9
5
6
4
2) 2 1 6 8
9
7 .
5 3 5
4 5 3
1 2 2
1 3 1 1 2 4
3)
2 3 2.
1 2 5
3 1 4
1 3 2
2
4
4)
2
1
1 3
1
2 1
2 .
1 3
1
2 1
1 3 2
(DS. 5 10 9 )
5 0 7
11
9
13
(DS. 22 27 17)
29
32
26
1 2 0
4
6 6
(DS.
)
12 3 20
1
5 2
1
7
(DS. )
3
9
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
82
1 1
"
#
1 3 3 1
1
2
0
0
5)
)
. (DS.
1 3 5 1 1 1
0 0
1 2
3
2
1
1 h
i
6) 2 3 2 1 . (DS. 6 4 2)
9 6 3
3
"
1 3 0
"
#
2 1 1
5 1 3 1
1) A =
.
(DS. Tch AB
, B =
3 0 2
2 0 1 4
4 1 2
`on ta.#
khong t
i v` ma tra.n A khong tu.o.ng thch vo.i ma tra.n B; BA =
"
10 15 5
)
11 10 10
2 0
1 4
i
h
2) A =
(DS. Tch AB khong
, B = 5 1 0 3 .
3 1
0 1
h
i
.
.
.
`
ton ta.i v` A khong tu o ng thch vo i B; BA = 11 1 )
3) A =
"
"
1
#
1 2 3 4
6
, B =
1
2 1 2 3
3
5 3
8 2
.
2 1
0 1
#
28 27 8
`on ta.i)
, tch BA khong t
15 14 13
"
#
"
#
cos sin
cos sin
4) A =
, B=
.
cos cos
sin cos
(DS. AB =
3.1. Ma tra.n
83
"
#
cos( + ) = sin( + )
)
(DS. AB = BA =
sin( + ) cos( + )
4. Tnh cac lu
y th`
u.a cua ma tra.n An neu:
#
"
#
"
1
n
1 1
. (DS. An =
)
1) A =
0 1
0 1
Ch d
a n. Su. du.ng phu.o.ng phap quy na.p toan ho.c
"
#
"
#
cos sin
cos
n
sin
n
2) A =
. (DS. An =
)
sin cos
sin n cos n
d1
d2
h
i
..
n
n
n
n
.
3) A =
. (DS. A = diag d1 d2 . . . dn )
..
dn
2 2n 1 0
2 1 0
4) A = 0 1 0. (DS. 0
1
0)
0
0
2
0 0 1
5. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang neu AB = BA th`
1) (A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B 2.
2) A2 B 2 = (A + B)(A B).
3) (A + B)n = An + Cn1An1 B + Cn2An2 B 2 + + B n .
Ch d
a n. Su. du.ng phu.o.ng phap quy na.p toan ho.c.
Gia su. cho da th
u.c P (x) = a0 + a1x + + a + kxk . Khi do ma
tra.n vuong
P (A) = a0E + a1 A + + ak Ak ,
x=A
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
84
1 2 3
2) P (x) = 3x2 2x + 5, A = 2 4 1.
3 5 2
21 23 15
13 34 10)
9 22 25
0 1 0
0 0 0
7 0
3
(DS. 0 7 0 )
0
0 7
4) Ch
u.ng minh r`ang ma tra.n
1 2 2
1 0 3
1 3 0
u.c P (x) = x3 x2 9x + 9.
l`a nghie.m cua da th
5) Ch
u.ng minh r`ang ma tra.n
1 0 0
A = 0 1 0
0 0 3
u.c P (x) = x3 5x2 + 7x 3.
l`a nghie.m cua da th
(DS.
- .inh th
3.2. D
u.c
85
8. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang neu A l`a ma tra.n du.`o.ng cheo cap n vo.i cac
`an tu. tren du.`o.ng cheo chnh l`a 1 , 2 , . . . , n th` vo.i mo.i da th
ph
u.c
`an tu. tren
P (x) ma tra.n P (A) c
ung l`a ma tra.n du.`o.ng cheo vo.i cac ph
du.`o.ng cheo chnh l`a P (1 ), P (2 ), . . . , P (n ). Hay xet tru.`o.ng ho..p
khi A l`a ma tra.n vuong cap 3.
9. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang (An )T = (AT )n .
Ch d
a n. Ch
u.ng minh ba`ng phu.o.ng phap quy na.p v`a su. du.ng he.
th
u.c (AB)T = B T AT .
e n du.o.i
`eu co the bieu di
10. Ch
u.ng minh ra`ng mo.i ma tra.n vuong A d
da.ng tong mo.t ma tra.n doi x
u.ng v`a mo.t ma tra.n phan x
u.ng.
1
1
Ch d
a n. Da.t P = (A + AT ), Q = (A AT ), A = P + Q.
2
2
3.2
3.2.1
- i.nh th
D
u.c
Nghi.ch th
e
an vi. ch
a n neu so nghi.ch the
Hoan vi. {1, . . . , n } du.o..c go.i l`a ho
cua no l`a cha n v`a go.i l`a ho
an vi. le neu so nghi.ch the l`a le.
3.2.2
- i.nh th
D
u.c
`eu tu.o.ng u
.ng
Mo i ma tra.n vuong cap n (v`a ch co ma tra.n vuong !) d
vo.i mo.t so - go.i l`a di.nh th
u.c cua no.
86
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
Gia su. cho ma tra.n vuong cap n tren
a11 a12
n a21 a22
A =
aij
1 =
..
..
.
.
an1 an2
. . . a1n
. . . a2n
..
..
.
.
. . . ann
(3.7)
(3.8)
- .inh th
3.2. D
u.c
87
`an cua
u. tu.. tang d
2) Neu ta viet cac th`
u.a so cua tch (3.8) theo th
so hie.u h`ang:
ai1 j1 ai2 j2 ainjn = a11 a22 ann
th`
det A =
(3.9)
(1 ,...,n )
trong do tong lay theo mo.i hoan vi. (1, 2 , . . . , n ) cua cac so
1, 2, . . . , n.
Trong ma tra.n vuong (3.7) ta co di.nh k (k < n) h`ang v`a k co.t n`ao
do. Gia su. do l`a cac h`ang vo.i so hie.u i1 < i2 < < ik v`a cac co.t vo.i
`an tu. na`m tren giao cua h`ang
so hie.u j1 < j2 < < jk . T`
u. cac ph
u.c cap k
v`a cac co.t du.o..c cho.n ta co the la.p di.nh th
a
a
.
.
.
a
i1 jk
i1 j1 i1 j2
ai2 j1 ai2 j2 . . . ai2 jk
.
..
.. .
..
.
.
.
.
.
aik j1 aik j2 . . . aik jk
ap k cua ma tra.n A. K
y
u.c n`ay du.o..c go.i l`a di.nh th
u.c con c
Di.nh th
i1 i2 ...ik
hie.u M j1 j2 jk .
u. i1 , i2, . . . , ik v`a cac co.t th
u. j1, j2 , . . . , jk
Neu ta bo di cac h`ang th
`an tu. c`on la.i cua ma tra.n A se ta.o th`anh mo.t ma tra.n vuong
th` cac ph
u.c cua ma tra.n vuong n`ay l`a di.nh th
u.c con cap
cap n k. Di.nh th
`an b`
u (hay di.nh th
u)
u.c con b`
n k cua ma tra.n A v`a du.o..c go.i l`a ph
i
i
i
1
2
k
i
i
i
1
2
k
cua di.nh th
u.c con M j1 j2 jk v`a du.o..c k
y hie.u l`a Mj1 j2 jk .
.
.
u c con b`
u vo i dau
Di.nh th
(1)(i1 +i2 ++ik )+(j1 +j2 ++jk )
i1 ik
`an b`
du.o..c go.i l`a ph
o cua di.nh th
u.c con M j1 jk .
u da.i s
u.c con b`
u.c con cap
u Mij cua di.nh th
Tru.`o.ng ho..p da.c bie.t: di.nh th
`an b`
`an tu. aij cua A v`a so
u cua ph
1 l`a kaij k cua A du.o..c go.i l`a ph
`an b`
`an tu. aij .
u da.i so cua ph
Aij = (1)i+j Mij go.i l`a ph
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
88
3.2.3
Tnh ch
at cua di.nh th
u.c
Di.nh th
u.c co cac tnh chat sau
I. Qua phep chuyen vi. ma tra.n, di.nh th
u.c cua no khong doi, t
u.c
l`a det A = det AT .
T`
u. tnh chat b`nh dang n`ay gi
u.a cac h`ang v`a cac co.t cua di.nh
`eu khang di.nh n`ao do da d
th
u.c suy ra ra`ng mo.t di
ung vo.i h`ang th`
`an phat
ung vo.i co.t. Do do cac tnh chat tiep theo day ch c
no c
ung d
bieu cho h`ang.
II. Neu doi cho hai h`ang cho nhau th` di.nh th
u.c doi dau.
`an tu. cua mo.t h`ang cua di.nh th
III. Th`
u.a so chung cua mo.i ph
u.c
co the du.a ra ngo`ai dau di.nh th
u.c.
IV. Di.nh th
u.c co mo.t h`ang b`ang 0 l`a ba`ng 0.
V. Di.nh th
u.c co hai h`ang giong nhau l`a ba`ng 0.
VI. Neu di.nh th
u.c co hai h`ang ty le. vo.i nhau th` no ba`ng 0.
`an tu. cua h`ang th
VII. Neu cac ph
u.c D co da.ng
u. i cua di.nh th
u.c D ba`ng tong hai di.nh
aij = bij + ciJ , i = 1, n, j = 1, n th` di.nh th
u.c D1 co h`ang th
u. i l`a (bi1bi2 bin )
th
u.c D1 + D2 , trong do di.nh th
u.c D2 co h`ang th
u. i l`a (ci1 , ci2, . . . , cin ) c`on cac h`ang khac
v`a di.nh th
.ng cua D.
l`a cac h`ang tu.o.ng u
VIII. Neu di.nh th
u.c co mo.t h`ang l`a to ho..p tuyen tnh cua cac
u.c b`ang 0.
h`ang khac th` di.nh th
IX. Di.nh th
u.c khong doi neu them v`ao mo.t h`ang n`ao do mo.t to
ho..p tuyen tnh cua cac h`ang khac.
`an tu. cua mo.t h`ang
X. Di.nh th
u.c ba`ng tong cac tch cua cac ph
`an b`
u da.i so tu.o.ng u
.ng.
n`ao do vo.i ph
det A = ai1Ai1 + ai2Ai2 + + ain Ain =
n
X
aij Aij .
(3.10)
j=1
ung d`
ung tnh chat X n`ay de l`am di.nh ngha
Nh
a.n xet. Ngu.`o.i ta c
u.c.
di.nh th
- .inh th
3.2. D
u.c
89
`an
`an tu. cua mo.t h`ang n`ao do vo.i ph
XI. Tong cac tch cua cac ph
.
.
.
.
`an tu cua h`ang khac l`a b`ang 0:
ng cua cac ph
b`
u da.i so tu o ng u
n
X
aij Akj = 0,
k 6= i; i, k = 1, n.
j=1
Nh
a.n xet. Cac tnh chat I-III l`a nh
u.ng tnh chat co. ban. Cac tnh
chat sau l`a nh
u.ng he. qua cua ba tnh chat ay.
3.2.4
ap tnh di.nh th
Phu.o.ng ph
u.c
I. Di.nh th
u.c cap 1, cap 2 v`a cap 3 du.o..c tnh theo cac cong th
u.c
a11
a21
a31
|a11| = a11;
a
a
11 12
= a11a22 a12a21;
a21 a22
a12 a13
a22 a23 = a11a22a33 + a12a23a31 + a13a21a32
a32 a33
(3.11)
(+)
()
a11
a12
a13
a11
a12
a21
a22
a23
a21
a22
a31
a32
a33
a31
a32
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
90
ap n
u.c c
II. Tnh di.nh th
`an tu. cua mo.t h`ang hoa.c mo.t
1+ Khai trien di.nh th
u.c theo cac ph
co.t (tnh chat XI, (3.10)).
u.c de bien doi di.nh th
u.c da
2+ Su. du.ng cac tnh chat cua di.nh th
`an tu. ai0 j0 6= 0, tat
u. mo.t ph
u.c mo.i sao cho ngoa.i tr`
cho th`anh di.nh th
`eu ba`ng 0. Khi
`an tu. c`on la.i cua h`ang th
u. i0 (hoa.c co.t j0 ) d
ca cac ph
do
det A = (1)i0 +j0 ai0 j0 Mi0 j0 .
u.c cap thap
Tiep theo l`a la.p la.i qua tr`nh do doi vo.i Mi0 j0 l`a di.nh th
ho.n mo.t do.n vi..
u.c de bien doi di.nh th
u.c da
3+ Su. du.ng cac tnh chat cua di.nh th
`an tu. o.
u.c l`a di.nh th
u.c tam giac (t
u.c m`a mo.i ph
cho th`anh di.nh th
`eu ba`ng 0). Khi do di.nh th
mo.t pha cua du.`o.ng cheo chnh d
u.c ba`ng
`an tu. tren du.`o.ng cheo chnh.
tch cac ph
`oi: bien doi, khai trien di.nh th
u.c theo h`ang
4+ Phu.o.ng phap truy h
e n qua cac di.nh
hoa.c theo co.t sao cho di.nh th
u.c da cho co the bieu di
ung da.ng nhu.ng cap thap ho.n.
th
u.c c`
e n di.nh th
5+ Bieu di
u.c da cho du.o.i da.ng tong cac di.nh th
u.c c`
ung
cap.
ung di.nh l
y Laplace: Gia su. trong ma tra.n vuong A cap n ta
6+ D`
cho.n mo.t cach t`
uy y
m h`ang (hay m co.t) 1 6 m 6 n 1. Khi do di.nh
u.c con cap m na`m tren
th
u.c det A ba`ng tong cac tch cua mo.i di.nh th
`an b`
u da.i so tu.o.ng u
.ng cua ch
ung.
cac h`ang du.o..c cho.n nhan vo.i ph
VI DU
CAC
.
V du. 1. 1) Tnh so nghi.ch the trong hoan vi. 5 3 1 6 4 2 .
2) Vo.i nh
u.ng gia tri. n`ao cua i v`a j th` so ha.ng a51a1ia2j a43a32 cua
u.c cap 5 co dau tr`
u..
di.nh th
- .inh th
3.2. D
u.c
91
Giai. 1) De tnh so nghi.ch the tie.n lo..i ho.n ca l`a tien h`anh nhu.
`au tien, tnh co bao nhieu so d
sau: (i) d
u.ng tru.o.c so 1 (gia su. co k1
`oi ga.ch bo so 1 khoi hoan vi.; (ii) tiep den tnh xem co bao nhieu
so) r
`oi ga.ch bo so 2 khoi hoan vi.; v.v... Khi
u.ng tru.o.c so 2 (gia su. k2 ) r
so d
do
inv(1 , 2 , . . . , n ) = k1 + k2 + + kn .
e thay l`a
u.a neu d
B`ang phu.o.ng phap v`
inv(531642) = 2 + 4 + 1 + 2 = 9.
2) Cac ch so i v`a j ch co the nha.n cac gia tri. sau day: (a) i = 4,
j = 5; hoa.c (b) i = 5 v`a j = 4 v` vo.i cac gia tri. khac cua i v`a j tch
`an tu. cua c`
da cho ch
u.a t nhat hai ph
ung mo.t co.t. De xac di.nh dau
u. tu.. tang cua ch
cua so ha.ng ta sap xep cac th`
u.a so cua tch theo th
`oi tnh so nghi.ch the cua hoan vi. cac ch so th
so th
u. nhat r
u. hai. Ta
co
a1ia2j a32a43a51
+) Gia su. i = 4, j = 5 inv(45231) = 8. Do va.y vo.i i = 4, j = 5
so ha.ng da cho co dau (+).
+) Gia su. i = 5, j = 4 inv(54231) = 9. Do do so ha.ng da cho
u. khi i = 5, j = 4. N
co dau tr`
u.. Va.y so ha.ng da cho ch co dau tr`
V du. 2. Tnh cac di.nh th
u.c sau day
0
0
1) 1 =
0
a
41
0
0 a14
0 a23 0
;
0
a32 0
0
0
0
2)
1
2
2 =
3
4
4
3
2
1
2
3
1
1
4
6
2
2
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
92
1
2
3
5
2
3
6
9
3
1
,
4
4
2
1
2) 2 = 1
2
1
0 1
3 1
1 2
2 3
4 0 1 5 .
1 3
1 2
2 1 3 1
- .inh th
3.2. D
u.c
93
1
3
0
1 h2 h1 h02
=
0
4 h3 2h1 h3 0
4 h4 3h1 h4 0
1 1 2
1+1
= 1 (1) 1 2 2
2 3 5
1 1 2
1 1
= 1 2 2 h2 h1 h02 = 0 1
2 3 5
2 3
1 2
= 1 (1)2+2
= 1.
2 5
1
2
3
5
2
3
6
9
1
1
1
2
2 3
1 2
2 2
3 5
2
0
5
0 1
1 2
4 0
1 3
1 3
2 1
0
0
5
4 1
1 5
1+3 1
=
a
A
=
1
(1)
13 13
4
1 5
3
8 1
6
2
1 4 1
4 1 5
1 8 1
2 6
2
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
94
5
3
,
5
8
1 1 3 2 4
0 3 2 0
1
2) 2 = 0 0 4 1 1 .
3
0 6 4 2
1 1 3 2 5
`e
Giai. Ta se tnh cac di.nh th
u.c da cho b`ang phu.o.ng phap du.a v
di.nh th
u.c tam giac.
1) Ta co
1
1 2 1 5
2 1 5
1
0
5
6 3 h2 h1 h2
0 3 7 2
=
1 =
.
1 2 3 5 h3 + h1 h03
0 0 2 10
2
4 2 8 h4 2h1 h04 0 0 0 2
`an tu. tren du.`o.ng cheo chnh
u.c tam giac ba`ng tch cac ph
V` di.nh th
nen
1 = 1 3 2 (2) = 12.
- .inh th
3.2. D
u.c
2)
1 1 3 2 4
1 1 3 2 4
0 3 2 0
0 3 2 0
1
1
2 = 0 0 4 1 1
= 0 0 4 1 1
3 h4 2h2 h04 0 0 0 2
1
0 6 4 2
1 1 3 2 5 h5 h1 h05
0 0 0 0
1
= 1 3 4 2 1 = 24.
1)
2)
3)
a
0 . . . 0 0
0 1 0
a1
x 1 0 . . . 0 0
a2
0
x 1 . . . 0 0
n = .
.. . . .. .. ;
..
..
..
. . .
.
.
.
0
0 . . . 0 1
an1 0
an
0
0
0 ... 0 x
7 4 0 0 . . . 0 0
3 7 4 0 . . . 0 0
n = 0 3 7 4 . . . 0 0
.. .. .. .. . . .. ..
. . .
. . . .
0 0 0 0 . . . 3 7
+
0
...
0
0
1
+
...
0
0
0
1
+ ...
0
0
n = .
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
0
0
. . . +
0
0
0
0
...
1
+
95
96
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
Giai. 1) Khai trien n+1 theo h`ang cuoi (h`ang
a
1 0 . . . 0
0
a1
x 1 . . . 0
n+1
.
+
x
n+1 = (1) an .
.. . .
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
an1
0
0 . . . 1
th
u. n + 1) ta co
1 0 . . . 0
x 1 . . . 0
.. . . ..
..
. .
.
.
0
0 . . . x
Di.nh th
u. nhat o. ve phai l`a di.nh th
u.c th
u.c tam giac (= (1)n ), di.nh
u.c c`
u. hai l`a di.nh th
ung da.ng vo.i 1 nhu.ng cap n. Do va.y
th
u.c th
e n bo.i he. th
`oi sau day:
u.c n+1 co the bieu di
u.c truy h
di.nh th
n+1 = an (1)n (1)n + xn .
De thu du.o..c bieu th
u.c tong quat cua n+1 ta xet 1 v`a 2:
a 1
0
1 = a0; 2 =
= a0 x a1 .
a1 x
Nhu. va.y 1 l`a da th
u.c ba.c 0 vo.i he. so a0, c`on 2 l`a da th
u.c ba.c nhat
vo.i he. so a0 v`a a1.
Ta ch
u.ng to ra`ng n+1 co da.ng tu.o.ng tu..:
n+1 = a0 xn + a1xn1 + + an .
u.ng minh n = a0xn1 + + an1 . Khi do
Gia su. da ch
n+1 = an + xn = an + x(a0xn1 + + an1 )
= a0 xn + a1xn1 + + an1 x + an .
u. nhat ta thu du.o..c he. th
u.c
2) Khai trien di.nh th
u.c theo h`ang th
`oi:
truy h
n = 7n1 12n2 n 3n1 = 4n1 3 4n2
= 4[n1 3n2 ].
- .inh th
3.2. D
u.c
97
T`
u. do suy ra
n 3n1 = 4n2 (2 1)
7 4
1 = 7, 2 =
= 37
3 7
v`a do do
Nhu. va.y
n 3n1 = 4n
n
n 4n1 = 3
n1 = 4n 3n
v`a do do
e n co.t th
3) Ta bieu di
u. nhat du.o.i da.ng cac tong hai so ha.ng + ,
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
98
.
.
.
0
0
n = .
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
0
0
0
. . . +
0
0
0
...
1
+
|
{z
}
D1
0
.
.
.
0
0
0 + . . .
0
0
0
1
.
.
.
0
0
+ .
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
0
0
. . . +
0
0
0
0
...
1
+
|
{z
}
D2
= D1 + D2 .
u. di co.t th
u. hai tr`
u. nhat nhan vo.i , lay co.t
Tnh D1 . Lay co.t th
u. di co.t th
u.a thu du.o..c nhan vo.i , v.v... Ket qua ta
th
u. ba tr`
u. hai v`
thu du.o..c di.nh th
u.c tam giac
1
0
D1 = .
..
0
0
0 0 . . . 0 0
0 . . . 0 0
1 . . . 0 0
n
.. .. = .
.. .. . .
.
. .
. .
0 0 . . . 0
0 0 . . . 1
- .inh th
3.2. D
u.c
99
+
3 3
,
2 =
= 2 + + 2 =
1
+
+
0
3 = 1
+
0
1
+
= 3 + 2 + 2 + 4 =
4 4
;
................
u.c
Ta se ch
u.ng minh r`ang he. th
m+1 m+1
m =
(*)
n+1 n + n n+1
n+1 n+1
n n
=
=
n = n +
n1 =
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
100
u.c () d
Nhu. va.y he. th
ung m N. Do do
n+1 n1
n =
` TA
P
BAI
.
1. Xac di.nh
1) (1 3 5
2) (9 8 7
3) (2 5 8
4) (7 5 4
le. (DS. k = 6, ` = 1)
cha n. (DS. k = 8, ` = 1)
cha n. (DS. k = 6, ` = 3)
le. (DS. k = 5, ` = 8)
- .inh th
3.2. D
u.c
5. Trong cac tch sau day, tch n`ao l`a so ha.ng cua di.nh th
u.c cap tu.o.ng
u
.ng xac di.nh dau cua so ha.ng do.
1) a43a61a52a13a25a34. (DS. Khong phai)
(DS. L`a so ha.ng cua di.nh th
u.c cap 7
2) a27a63a14a56a35a41a72.
vo.i dau +)
3) a15a28a75a36a81a43. (DS. Khong phai)
4) an1 an1 2 . . . a1n.
n(n1)
u.c cap n vo.i dau (1) 2 )
(DS. L`a so ha.ng cua di.nh th
5) a12a23 . . . ak,k+1 . . . an1,n an1 .
u.c cap n vo.i dau (1)n1 )
(DS. L`a so ha.ng cua di.nh th
6) a13a24a35 . . . an2,n an1,1 an2 .
u.c cap n vo.i dau +)
(DS. So ha.ng cua di.nh th
u.c cap 6:
6. Xac di.nh cac so k v`a ` sao cho trong di.nh th
1+ Cac tch sau l`a so ha.ng cua no vo.i dau :
1) a62a35ak3 a44a`6a21. (DS. k = 5, ` = 1)
2) a1k a25a44a6`a52a31. (DS. k = 6, ` = 3)
2+ Cac tch sau l`a so ha.ng co dau +:
3) a63a16a5` a45a2k a31. (DS. k = 2, ` = 4)
4) ak5 a21a34a13a`6a62. (DS. k = 5, ` = 4)
7. Trong di.nh th
u.c cap n
`an tu. cua du.`o.ng cheo chnh l`a so co dau g` ?
1) tch cac ph
(DS. +)
`an tu. cua du.`o.ng cheo phu. co dau g` ?
2) tch cac ph
(DS. Co dau + neu n = 4k hoa.c n = 4k + 1; v`a co dau
neu n = 4k + 2 hoa.c n = 4k + 3)
u.c cap hai:
8. Tnh cac di.nh th
a2 + ab + b2 a2 ab + b2
a2 ab
2)
1)
a+b
ab b2
ab
cos sin
sin cos
3)
4)
sin cos
sin cos
101
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
102
1
log
a
b
5)
loga b
1
a + bi c + di
2
6)
; i 1.
c + di a bi
(1 t)2
2t
2
1 + t2
1
+
t
7)
2
(1
+
t)
2t
1 + t2
1 + t2
2
2
8)
+ i sin .
, = cos
1
3
3
4)
6)
8)
a b c
b c a
c a b
cos sin cos sin sin
sin cos cos cos sin .
0
sin
cos
1
i 1 + i
0 ; i2 = 1,
i 1
1 i 0
1
sin cos 1
sin cos 1
sin cos 1
a + b c 1
b + c a 1
c + a b 1
7)
a2 + 1
ab
ac
5) ab
bc
b2 + 1
ac
bc
c2 + 1
1 1
2
2
2 , = cos
+ i sin
1 1
2
3
3
- .inh th
3.2. D
u.c
10. Tnh di.nh th
u.c Vandermonde
1 1
a b
2 2
a b
a3 b3
103
1
1 1
c d
c2 d2
c3 d3
A. T. Vandermonde (1735-1796) l`
a nh`
a to
an ho.c Ph
ap.
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
104
a
b
3)
c
d
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
(DS. 4a c d)
1
1
`an tu. cua co.t th
u. nhat.
theo cac ph
1
0
(DS. 2a + b c + d)
1
2 1 2
2 1 2 1
`an tu. cua h`ang th
u. ba.
4)
theo cac ph
a
b
c d
2 1 1 2
(DS. 5a 5b 5c 5d)
2
3
5 4
3 5 4
2
`an tu. h`ang th
u. hai.
5)
theo cac ph
4 2
3
5
5
4 2 3
5
1
6)
4
3
(DS. 2858)
1 4 1
4 1 5
`an tu. h`ang th
u. nhat
theo cac ph
1 8 1
2 6
2
(DS. 264)
13. D`
ung di.nh ngha de tnh cac di.nh th
u.c sau
1 0 0
1) 2 2 1.
(DS. 1)
3 3 2
log a 1
0
b
(DS. 1)
2) 0
2
0 .
2
1 loga b
- .inh th
3.2. D
u.c
105
1
3
3)
0
0
0
0
5
7
0
0
6
8
2
4
.
0
0
(DS. 4)
0
0
4)
1
2
0
0
2
1
3
4
0
0
4
3
.
0
0
(DS. 21)
a
0
0
.
.
.
0
1
a1 a1
0
... 0
5) .
.. .
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
an an1 an2 . . . a1
... 0
0 1
. . . 0 2 0
. . . 3 0
0 .
..
..
.
..
. ..
.
.
... 0
0
0
0
0
6) 0
..
.
n
1
0
7) 0
..
.
0
0
0
8) 0
..
.
an
a
a
a .
..
.
0 0 . . . n
a
2
0
..
.
a
a
3
..
.
...
...
...
..
.
... 0 0
. . . 0 a2
. . . a3 a2
. .
..
. .. ..
. . . a3 a2
(DS. an1 )
(DS. (1)
n(n+1)
2
n!)
(DS. n!)
a1
a1
a1.
..
.
a1
(DS. (1)
n(n1)
2
a1a2 . . . an )
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
106
2
1
9)
2
3
1
1
10) 2
3
1
1
2
3
4
0
0
0
0
4
4
.
5
6
(DS. 0)
2 1
1 1
(DS. 0)
0 0.
0 0
0 0
14. Giai cac phu.o.ng tr`nh
1
1
4
4
1 3 x2 3
3
1)
= 0.
7
7
5
5
7
7
6 x2 3
1
2
3
4
2 2 x
1
7
2)
= 0.
3
6
4
+
x
12
4 x 14
2
3
1
1
3)
1
1
2
1
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
0
(DS. x1 = 6; x2 = 5)
x x2 x3
2 4 8
= 0. (DS. x1 = 2, x2 = 3, x3 = 4)
3 9 27
4 16 64
u.c cap n
15. Tnh cac di.nh th
2
2
3 . . . n
3 . . . n
1 0
(DS. n!)
1) 1 2 0 . . . n.
.. . .
..
..
..
. .
.
.
.
1 2 3 . . . 0
u.c bat
Ch d
a n. Them h`ang th
u. nhat v`ao mo.i h`ang cua di.nh th
- .inh th
3.2. D
u.c
`au t`
u. hai.
d
u. h`ang th
1 2 2 . . . 2
2 2 2 . . . 2
(DS. 2(n 2)!)
2) 2 2 3 . . . 2 .
..
.. .. .. . .
. .
. . .
2 2 2 . . . n
Ch d
a n. Lay mo.i h`ang (ke t`
u. h`ang th
u. hai,
u. ba) tr`
u. di h`ang th
u. hai tr`
u. nhat nhan vo.i 2.
u. di h`ang th
sau do lay h`ang th
x a a ... a
1
2
n1 1
a1 x a2 . . . an1 1
a1 a2 x . . . an1 1
3) . . . .
. (DS. (x a1)(x a2) (x an))
..
..
.. .. ..
.
a a a . . .
x
1
1 2 3
a1 a2 a3 . . . an 1
u. di co.t cuoi c`
Ch d
a n. Lay tat ca cac co.t cua di.nh th
u.c tr`
ung
.
.
.
.
ng vo i a1, a2, . . . , an .
nhan tu o ng u
0 1 1 . . . 1
1 0 1 . . . 1
4) 1 1 0 . . . 1 . (DS. (1)n1 (n 1))
.. .. .. . . ..
. .
. . .
1 1 1 . . . 0
nn
Ch d
a n. Them cho co.t th
u. nhat tat ca cac co.t c`on la.i; sau do lay
u. nhat.
u. hai tr`
u. di h`ang th
mo.i h`ang ke t`
u. h`ang th
1 n n . . . n
n 2 n . . . n
(DS. (1)n n!)
5) n n 3 . . . n.
.
.. .. .. . .
. ..
. . .
n n n . . . n
u. hai, ... th
u. n 1 tr`
u. di h`ang
Ch d
a n. Lay cac h`ang th
u. nhat, th
th
u. n.
107
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
108
1 x
1
1 x
1 x1
6) . .
.. ..
1 x1
1 x1
Ch d
a n.
h`ang c`on la.i.
1 2
1 3
1 2
7) . .
.. ..
1 2
1 2
Ch d
a n.
h`ang c`on la.i.
a b
0 a
. .
8) .. ..
0 0
b 0
a0
y1
9) 0
..
.
0
x2 . . . xn1
x2 . . . xn1
x . . . xn1
.
..
. ..
x2 . . .
x
x2 . . . xn1
Nhan h`ang th
u.
xn
xn
xn
. (DS. (xx1)(xx2) (xxn ))
xn
x
`oi co.ng vo.i tat ca cac
nhat vo.i (1) r
(DS. (n 1)!)
.
3 . . . 2n 3
n
3 . . . n 1 2n 1
`oi co.ng vo.i tat ca cac
Nhan h`ang th
u. nhat vo.i (1) r
3
3
5
..
.
...
...
...
..
.
n1
n1
n1
..
.
0 . . . 0 0
b . . . 0 0
.. . . ..
. . .
.
0 . . . a b
0 . . . 0 a
a1 a2
x1 0
y2 x2
..
..
.
.
0
0
n
n
n
(DS. an + (1)n+1 bn )
. . . an1 an
...
0
0
...
0
0 .
..
..
.
.
. . . yn xn
u.c
u.c theo co.t cuoi de thu du.o..c he. th
Ch d
a n. Khai trien di.nh th
`oi.
truy h
2
x
..
.
3
0
..
.
4 ... n 1
0 ...
0
.. . .
..
.
.
.
0 0 0 ...
x
0 0 0 ...
1
109
n
0
..
.
0
x
3.3
3.3.1
Ha.ng cua ma tr
a.n
- i.nh ngha
D
So nguyen r > 0 du.o..c go.i l`a ha.ng cua ma tra.n A neu no thoa man
`eu kie.n sau day:
hai di
u.c con khac 0 cap r.
(i) Ma tra.n A co t nhat mo.t di.nh th
(ii) Mo.i di.nh th
u.c con cap r + 1 v`a cap cao ho.n (neu co) cua ma
`eu ba`ng 0.
tra.n A d
y hie.u l`a r(A), rA hoa.c rank(A).
Ha.ng cua ma tra.n A thu.`o.ng du.o..c k
T`
u. di.nh ngha suy ra:
a) Doi vo.i (m n)-ma tra.n A ta co: 0 6 r(A) 6 min(m; n).
`eu ba`ng
`an tu. cua ma tra.n d
b) r = r(A) = 0 khi v`a ch khi mo.i ph
0.
c) Doi vo.i ma tra.n vuong cap n ta co r(A) = n detA 6= 0.
3.3.2
Phu.o.ng ph
u.c bao) du..a tren di.nh
ap I (phu.o.ng phap di.nh th
`om cac bu.o.c sau day
ngha ha.ng cua ma tra.n, g
u.c con n`ao do khac 0; gia su. do l`a di.nh th
u.c
(i) T`m mo.t di.nh th
r 6= 0.
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
110
A=
1
4
3
0
1
1
2
1
0
1
1
3
2
1
0
111
Giai. Ta t`m ha.ng cua ma tra.n da cho theo phu.o.ng phap I. Hien
nhien ma tra.n A co di.nh th
u.c con
1 0
2 =
= 1 6= 0.
0 1
1
= 0;
1
(2)
u.c bao 3 6= 0. Ta tnh di.nh th
u.c bao cua
Nhu. va.y co mo.t di.nh th
(2)
3 . Ta co
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 2
(1)
4 =
=0
1 1 1 1
4 2 3 1
(ta.i sao ?). T`
u. do suy ra r(A) = 3. N
V du. 2. T`m ha.ng r(A) neu
1 3 2 5
2 4
3 1
A=
0 2 7 11
7 15 7 2
1 1
5 6
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
112
Tat ca cac di.nh th
u.c con bao 2 :
1 3 2
2 4 3 ;
0 2 7
1 3 5
2 4 1 ;
7 15 2
1
2
0
1
2
1
3 5
4 1 ;
2 11
3 2
4 3 ;
1 5
1 3 2
2 4
3 ;
7 15 7
1 3 5
2 4 3
1 1 6
1 0 0
0 1 1
1 2 3 5
1) A = 3 1 4 2; 2) B =
1 1 1
5 3 10 8
4 2 3
3 1 2
cac ma tra.n
1
.
1
0
Giai. 1) Ta thu..c hie.n phep bien doi so. cap theo h`ang v`a thu du.o..c
1 2 3
A = 3 1 4
5 3 10
1 2
3
0 7 5
0 7 5
2 h2 3h1 h02
8 h3 5h1 h03
1 2
3
5
5
0 7 5 17 .
7
0 0
0
0
17 h3 h2 h03
113
2) Ta co
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 2
0 1 1 2
0
0
B=
1 1 1 1 h 3 + h 1 h 3 0 1 1 2 h 3 h 2 h 3
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2
0 1 1 2
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 .
0
0
0
0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1 h5 h3 h05
0 0 0 0
T`
u. do thu du.o..c r(B) = 3. N
V du. 4. Tnh
1
2
1) A =
0
1
2 4 5 2
1
3
3 1 1 3
6
2
; 2) B =
2 5
1 7 9 1
3 11 14 3
1
4
2
9
2
8
0 5
7 12
.
4 5
4 20
1
2
A=
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
1
3 0
1 0
3
0
2
1 2
1 0 1
1 0 0
1
0 0
2 4 5
3 1 1
1 7 9
3 11 14
2
1
1
1
4
7
7
7
5
9
9
9
T`
u. do suy ra`ng r(A) = 2.
2
4
5
1 7 9
1
7
9
1
7
9
4 5 2
"
7 9 1
1
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
2
1
1
1
#
2 4 5 2
1 7 9 1
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
114
2) Ta thu..c hie.n cac phep bien doi
1
3
2
6
B =
2 5
1
4
1 3 2
0 1 6
0 0 5
0 1 6
2
9
2
8
0
4
7
4
0 5
1
7 12 0
4 5 0
4 20
0
5
1 3
15 0 1
2 0 0
15
0 0
T`
u. do suy ra`ng r(B) = 3. N
` TA
P
BAI
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1 2
A = 3 4 .
(DS. r(A) = 2)
5 6
#
1 2 1
.
5. A =
1 4 3
"
(DS. r(A) = 2)
0 5
7 2
4 15
4 15
2 0 5
6 4 15
5 7 2
0 0 0
3
0
1
1
2
5
6
6
115
0 1 3
6. A = 0 3 1.
(DS. r(A) = 2)
0 2 0
1 2 3
(DS. r(A) = 2)
7. A = 2 4 6.
5 1 4
1 3 2
8. A = 2 6 4 .
(DS. r(A) = 1)
1 3 2
1 2 4 0
9. A = 1 3 5 1. (DS. r(A) = 3)
2 1 4 0
Su. du.ng cac phep bien doi so. cap de t`m ha.ng cua ma tra.n:
1 0 3 2
10. A = 2 3 1 3.
(DS. r(A) = 2)
3 6 1 8
2 2 1
3 1 1
11. A =
(DS. r(A) = 3)
.
5
4
1
1
4
9
0 7 2
1 1
6 0 3
12. A =
0 1 2 1 3
4 3 1 9 6
1 3 2 1 3
4
1
2
4 1
13. A =
.
6 9 1 2 6
4
6
1 12 4
(DS. r(A) = 4)
(DS. r(A) = 3)
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
116
2 9 5 2 9 5
4
4
3
7 4 4
.
14. A =
2
3
1
3
3
3
2 1 2 6 2
2
1 1
3 1 1 1
T`m ha.ng cua ma tra.n ba`ng
1 1 0 0 0
2 3 0 0 0
15. A =
0 0 5 0 0.
0 0 0 6 0
0 0 0 0 8
1 2 3 4
1 3 0 1
.
16. A =
2
4
1
8
1
7
6
9
0 10 1 10
1 1 3
3 2
17. A = 2 2 1 1 4
1 1 3
3 2
2
4 2 3 3
18. A = 1 2 1 1 7
1
2 1 4 10
0
19. A =
0
1
1
1
2
0
0
3
3
2 3 1
1 2 2
3 3 3
.
0 4 0
6 12 2
3 5 1
(DS. r(A) = 4)
(DS. r(A) = 5)
(DS. r(A) = 3)
(DS. r(A) = 2)
2 .
3
(DS. r(A) = 2)
(DS. r(A) = 4)
117
0 1
7
A = 3 4 1 ?
(DS. = )
9
1 1 2
22. Vo.i gia tri. n`ao cua th` ha.ng r(A) = 3 neu
1
0
1
A = 2 2 3 ?
1
0
4
(DS. 6= 2)
23. Vo.i gia tri. n`ao cua th` ha.ng r(A) = 3 neu
1 0
A = 2 3 4 ?
0 0 8
(DS. R)
24. Vo.i gia tri. n`ao cua th` ha.ng: 1) r(A) = 1; 2) r(A) = 2;
3) r(A) = 3 neu:
1 2
A = 2 1 4?
4 2 8
(DS. 1) =
1
1
`on ta.i)
; 2) 6= ; 3) Khong t
2
2
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
118
3.4
3.4.1
Ma tr
a.n nghi.ch dao
- i.nh ngha
D
Neu A l`a ma tra.n vuong cap n th` ma tra.n vuong B cap n thoa man
`eu kie.n
di
AB = BA = En
trong do En l`a ma tra.n do.n vi. cap n du.o..c go.i l`a ma tr
a.n nghi.ch dao
1
.
.
.
y hie.u l`a B = A .
doi vo i ma tra.n A v`a du o. c k
Nhu. va.y theo di.nh ngha
AA1 = A1 A = En .
- i.nh l
a ch khi ma
D
y. Ma tr
a.n vu
ong A c
o ma tr
a.n nghi.ch dao khi v`
.
a khi detA 6= 0) v`
a khi d
o
tr
a.n A kh
ong suy bien (t
u c l`
A1 =
1
PA ,
detA
A11 A21
A12 A22
PA =
..
..
.
.
A1n A2n
(3.12)
. . . An1
. . . An2
..
..
.
.
. . . Ann
`an b`
`an tu. aij (i, j = 1, n) cua ma
trong d
o Aij l`
a ph
u da.i s
o cua ph
a ma tr
a.n phu. ho..p cua ma tr
a.n A.
tr
a.n A. Ma tr
a.n PA du.o..c go.i l`
Tnh ch
at
+
1 Neu ma tra.n A co ma tra.n nghi.ch dao v`a m 6= 0 th` ma tra.n
mA c
ung co ma tra.n nghi.ch dao v`a
(mA)1 =
1 1
A .
m
119
`eu co ma tra.n
2+ Neu A v`a B l`a hai ma tra.n vuong c`
ung cap v`a d
nghi.ch dao th`
(AB)1 = B 1 A1 .
3+ Neu A co ma tra.n nghi.ch dao A1 th` A1 c
ung co ma tra.n
nghi.ch dao v`a
A1
3.4.2
1
= A.
ap t`m ma tr
a.n nghi.ch dao
Phu.o.ng ph
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
120
V du. 1. T`m ma tra.n nghi.ch dao doi vo.i cac ma tra.n sau:
3 5 2
1) A = 1 3 2 ;
6 7 3
1
0 2 1 7
5 4
2 0 3
2) A =
1
6
7
8
9
2
6
5
9
2
3 2 1 0 1
A1
5 1 4
2
1
3
=
15 3 8 =
2
10
5
25 9 14
2
1
2
10 5
3
4
.
10
5
9
7
10
5
5
2
7
5
1
9
0
8
9
0
2
3
9 = 0
2
1
121
vo.i ma tra.n
2
0
4
1) A = 1 1 2 ;
1 2
3
2 3 4
2) A = 2 6 8 .
2 6 12
2
0
4 1 0 0
M = 1 1 2 0 1 0 .
1 2
3 0 0 1
1
Nhan h`ang th
u. nhat vo.i ta thu du.o..c
2
1
1
0
2
0
M 1 1 2 0 1
1 2
3 0 0
1
0
1
0
2
21
0 1 4 2 1
1
0
0 2
5
2
1 0 2
h2 (1)h02
0 1 4
0 2 5
0 h2 h1 h02
0
1 h3 + h1 h3
1
0 0
1 0
1
h 2h2 h03
0 1 3
2
1
0 0
1 0 2 2
1
0
0
1
4
21
1
0
h ( 3 ) h3
2 1 3
0 0 3
2
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
122
1
0
2
0 1 4
0 0 1
1
4
2
1
0
0
1 0 0
h1 2h3 h01
2
3
61 53
4
1
1 0 0 1 0
2
6
3
4
1
2
1 h2 4h3 h02
2
1
1
0 0 1
6
3
3
6
3
3
T`
u. do suy ra`ng
1
4
2
6
3
1 53
4
=
6 3
3
1
2
1
6
3
3
A1
2) Ta la.p ma tra.n
2 3 4
M = 2 6 8
2 6 12
1 0 0
0 1 0
.
0 0 1
h2 h1 h02 2 3 4
M 0 3 4
h3 h1 h03 0 3 8
1 0 0
1 1 0
1 0 1
0 0
2 3 4 1
0 3 4 1 1 0
h3 h2 h03 0 0 4 0 1 1
1 1
h1 h3 h01 2 3 0 1
h2 h3 h02 0 3 0 1 2 1
0 0 4 0 1 1
123
h1 h2 h01 2 0 0 2 1 0
0 3 0 1 2 1
0 0 4 0 1 1
1
0
1 0 0 1
h1 ( 12 ) h01
1 2
1
0 1 0
h2 ( 13 ) h02
3
3
3
1
1
1
0
h3 ( 4 ) h4 0 0 1 0
4 4
T`
u. do suy ra`ng
1
1
0
1
1
2
1
A =
3 3
3
1 1
0
4 4
V du. 3. Ch
u.ng minh cac tnh chat sau day cua di.nh th
u.c
1) detA1 = (detA)1 .
2) Neu A v`a B khong suy bien th` tch AB c
ung khong suy bien
v`a
(AB)1 = B 1 A1 .
1
= A.
3) A1
T
1
= A1 .
4) AT
u.c cua tch hai ma
Giai. 1) Ta se ap du.ng cong th
u.c tnh di.nh th
tra.n vuong c`
ung cap A v`a B:
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
124
2) Ta co
(B 1 A1)(AB) = B 1 (A1A)B = B 1 B = E
v`a t`
u. do suy ra B 1 A1 = (AB)1. Tu.o.ng tu.. B 1 A1 (AB) = E v`a
do do ma tra.n B 1 A1 l`a ma tra.n nghi.ch dao cua ma tra.n AB.
1
l`a ma tra.n duy nhat m`a tch cua no nhan vo.i
3) Ta thay A1
ung co tnh chat do. Nhu. va.y 3)
A1 ba`ng E. Nhu.ng ma tra.n A c
u.ng minh.
du.o..c ch
1
T
4) De ch
u.ng minh AT
= A1 ta xet dang th
u.c AA1 = E.
T`
u. do ap du.ng tnh chat cua ma tra.n chuyen vi. ta co
(AA1)T = E (A1 )T AT = E (A1 )T = (AT )1
theo di.nh ngha ma tra.n nghi.ch dao. N
V du. 4. 1) Ch
u.ng minh ra`ng neu A l`a ma tra.n vuong thoa man
`eu kie.n A2 3A + E = O th` A1 = 3E A.
di
2) Ch
u.ng minh r`ang (E A)1 = E + A + A2 neu A3 = O.
`eu kie.n da cho ta co
Giai. 1) T`
u. di
E = 3A A2 = A(3E A).
Do va.y
detA det(3E A) = detE = 1
u.c l`a A co ma tra.n nghi.ch dao. Do
v`a do do detA 6= 0, t
E = A(3E A) A1E = A1 A(3E A)
A1 = 3E A.
ung l`a
2) Ta co the nhan ma tra.n E A vo.i E + A + A2. Neu ch
ma tra.n nghi.ch dao nhau th` ket qua l`a ma tra.n do.n vi.. Ta co
(E A)(E + A + A2) = E A + A A2 + A2 A3 = E A3 = E
125
`eu phai ch
v` theo gia thiet A3 = O. T`
u. do suy ra di
u.ng minh. N
V du. 5. T`m ma tra.n nghi.ch dao doi vo.i ma tra.n
"
#
A=
.
`on ta.i ma tra.n nghi.ch dao ta c
`an gia thiet ra`ng detA =
Giai. De t
.
`an b`
u da.i so: A11 = ;
6= 0. Vo i gia thiet do ta t`m cac ph
A12 = ; A21 = ; A22 = . Do do
"
#
1
A1 =
. N
ut ra quy tac t`m ma tra.n nghi.ch dao vo.i ma
T`
u. v du. n`ay ta r
tra.n cap 2:
Ma tra.n nghi.ch dao cua ma tra.n cap hai b`ang tch cua mo.t so
u.c cua no nhan vo.i ma tra.n m`a du.`o.ng
l`a nghi.ch dao cua di.nh th
`an tu. cua du.`o.ng cheo chnh cua
cheo chnh l`a hoan vi. cua hai ph
`an tu. cua du.`o.ng cheo th
no v`a cac ph
u. hai c
ung chnh l`a cac
.
.
.
.
`an tu cua du `o ng cheo th
u hai cua ma tra.n da cho nhu.ng vo.i
ph
dau ngu.o..c la.i.
"
#
6 5
Chang ha.n, neu A =
th`
2 2
"
#
1 2 5
1
.
A =
2 2 6
V du. 6. 1) Gia su. A l`a ma tra.n khong suy bien. Hay giai cac phu.o.ng
tr`nh ma tra.n:
AX = B,
Y A = B.
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
126
Giai. Nhan ben trai hai ve cua phu.o.ng tr`nh AX = B vo.i A1 v`a
.ng ta co
thu..c hie.n cac phep tnh da.i so tu.o.ng u
A1AX = A1 B EX = A1 B X = A1B.
Tu.o.ng tu..
Y AA1 = BA1 Y E = BA1 Y = BA1.
Ro r`ang l`a neu A1 v`a B khong giao hoan th` X 6= Y .
2) Vo.i
"
#
"
# "
#
7 3
1
3
1
3
1
A=
A1 =
=
detA 2 7
2 1
2 7
T`
u. do
#
# "
# "
1 2
1
5
1 3
X=A B=
=
,
2 7
0 1
2 11
#
"
# "
# "
1 3
3 11
1 2
1
=
.N
Y = BA =
0 1
2 7
2 7
1
"
` TA
P
BAI
.
`on ta.i)
T`m ma tra.n nghi.ch dao cua ma tra.n da cho (neu ch
ung t
"
#
"
#
2 1
1 5 1
)
1.
.
(DS.
13 3 2
3 5
"
#
"
#
0 1
1 2 1
2.
.
(DS.
)
3 3 0
3 2
1 1 3
9 11 5
1
3. 5 1
(DS.
2 .
7 4 13 )
41
1 4 1
19 5 6
127
1 2 3
4. 3 1 5 .
5 3 1
2 3 0
5. 1 1 4.
3 2 5
1 0 1
6. 0 0 2.
1 3 1
1 3 4
7. 0 1 2.
0 1 5
`on ta.i)
(DS. Khong t
13
1
(DS. 17
25
1
6 3
1
(DS. 2 2
6
0
3
15 12
10 8 )
5 1
2 )
0
3 11 2
1
(DS. 0 5 +2)
3
0 1 1
1 12 5
(DS. 1 17 7)
0 2 1
1 0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
.
(DS. 0
)
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
0
2
2
2
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1
10. 2 1 2.
(DS. 2 1 2)
9
2 2 1
2 2 1
1
1
1 2
2
2 1 1
1
3
11. 3 1 2.
(DS. 3
)
2
2
3 1 0
1 1
0
2 2
8. 1
2
9. 0
2 1
1 2 .
2 5
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
128
12. 1
1
13. 1
1
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
1
1
1
1
3
2
1 1
0 1
0 0
0 0
1
1
0
1
1 2
2 5
0 0
0 0
1 1
1
3 6
2
5 2
1
1
(DS. 0
4 1 .
)
2
2
1
2 1
7 3
3
6 2
2
5
2
9
9
9
4 1
1 1
2
(DS.
1 4 .
)
9
9 9
1 2
2 2
1
9 9
9
3 1
17 15 1
(DS. 1 1 0 )
4
1 .
9 2
13 12 1
2
3
4
1 0
0
`on ta.i)
(DS. Khong t
.
5 1 3
0
3
1 1
1 1
1 1
0 1
(DS.
.
0 0
1 1
0 1
0 0
0
1 0 0
0 1 1
1
(DS.
.
1
0 1 1
1
1 1 0
1 2
5
3 5
2
(DS.
.
0
5 4
6 5
0
0
0
1 0
)
1 1
0
1
1 1
0
1 1 0
)
0
0
1
0
1 1
2 5 4
1 11 9
)
0
5 4
0 6 5
1
0
19.
0
0
3 5 7
1 2 3
.
0 1
2
0 0
1
129
1 3 11 38
0 1 2 7
(DS.
)
0 0
1 2
0 0
0
1
0 ... 0
a22 . . . 0
, a11a12 ann 6= 0.
..
.. . .
.
.
.
..
. ann
0
1
0 ...
0
a11
0
.
.
.
0
a22
(DS.
)
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
1
0
0 ...
ann
a11
0
20.
...
21. 0
.
..
1
1
0
..
.
1
1
1
..
.
...
...
...
..
.
.
0 0 0 ..
a a2
1 a
0 1
.. ..
. .
0 0 0
22.
0
..
.
1
.
..
.
1 1 0 . . . 0 0
0 1 1 . . . 0 0
0 0
1 ... 0 0
(DS. .. ..
.. . . .. .. )
. .
. . .
.
0 0
0 . . . 1 1
..
. 0 1
0 0
0
1 a 0 . . .
. . . an
n1
... a
0 1 a . . .
0 0
1 ...
. . . an2
.
(DS.
.. . .
..
.. ..
..
.
.
. .
.
.
0 0
0 ...
...
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 a
0 1
23. Vo.i gia tri. n`ao cua th` cac ma tra.n sau day co ma tra.n nghi.ch
dao:
- .inh th
Chu.o.ng 3. Ma tra.n. D
u.c
130
1 2 2
1) 3 0;
2 1 1
2 0
2) 2 1 .
0 1
9
(DS. 1) 6= ; 2) 6= 0, = 5)
4
24. T`m ma tra.n X thoa man cac phu.o.ng tr`nh
"
#
"
#
"
#
2 1
1 1
1 1 0
1)
X=
. (DS.
)
5 3 5
3 1
0 1
"
#
"
# "
#
5 2
3 1
2 1
)
2) X
=
. (DS.
13 5
2 1
3 1
"
# "
# "
#
"
#
2 1
3 1
1 1
6 3
3)
X
=
. (DS.
)
1 0
1 2
3 0
11 2
4) AX + B = 2C, trong do
1 1 2
1 1 1
A = 0 1 1 , B = 0
3
4 ,
2 0 1
0 0 1
5 16 8
(DS. 4 7 5 )
4 2 1
2 3 0
C = 4 3 5 .
1 1 0
5) XA 2B = E, trong do
1 1 3
1
3 2
A = 2 5 7 ,
B = 1 2
0 .
1 1 2
3 1 4
21 45 156
1
(DS.
21 15 21 )
15
51 20 79
25. Gia su. A l`a ma tra.n cap n v`a (E + A)k = O vo.i so tu.. nhien k
n`ao do. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang ma tra.n A khong suy bien.
Ch d
a n 4+ . Xuat phat t`
u. AAT = E v`a ap du.ng di.nh l
y det(AB) =
detAdetB.
131
Chu.o.ng 4
en tnh
H
e. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuy
4.1
o.i n
an c
o di.nh th
H
e. n phu.o.ng tr`nh v
u.c
kh
ac 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.1.2
Phu.o.ng ph
ap ma tr
a.n . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Phu.o.ng ph
ap Cramer . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.1.3
Phu.o.ng ph
ap Gauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.1.1
4.2
4.3
4.1
H
e. t`
uy y
c
ac phu.o.ng tr`nh tuy
en tnh . . . 143
`an nh
H
e. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuy
en tnh thu
at . . 165
o.i n
an c
o di.nh
H
e. n phu.o.ng tr`nh v
ac 0
th
u.c kh
He. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh tren tru.`o.ng so P du.o..c go.i l`a he. Cramer1
neu so phu.o.ng tr`nh b`ang so an v`a di.nh th
u.c cua ma tra.n co. ban (ma
tra.n he. so) cua he. l`a khac khong.
1
G. Cramer (1704-1752) l`
a nh`
a to
an ho.c Thu.y S.
133
(4.1)
(4.2)
trong do
.
.
.
an1 an2 . . . ann
hoa.c
4.1.1
x1
x2
X =
.. ,
.
xn
h1
h2
H=
..
.
hn
a11
a12
a1n
h1
a21
a
a
h2
. x1 + .22 x2 + + 2n
. .
=
x
n
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
an1
an2
ann
hn
ap ma tr
a.n
Phu.o.ng ph
(4.3)
134
4.1.2
ap Cramer
Phu.o.ng ph
Nghie.m duy nhat cua he. Cramer du.o..c xac di.nh theo cong th
u.c
Cramer:
xj =
det(Aj )
,
detA
j = 1, n
(4.4)
4.1.3
ap Gauss
Phu.o.ng ph
No.i dung chu yeu cua phu.o.ng phap Gauss (hay thua.t toan Gauss) l`a
khu. lien tiep cac an cua he.. Thua.t toan Gauss du..a tren cac phep bien
ap he. phu.o.ng tr`nh. Do l`a cac phep bien doi:
d
oi so. c
1+ Nhan mo.t phu.o.ng tr`nh n`ao do cua he. vo.i mo.t so khac 0.
2+ Them v`ao mo.t phu.o.ng tr`nh n`ao do cua he. mo.t phu.o.ng tr`nh
uy y
.
khac nhan vo.i mo.t so t`
3+ Doi cho hai phu.o.ng tr`nh cua he..
- i.nh l
oi so. c
ap thu..c hie.n tren he. phu.o.ng tr`nh
D
y. Mo.i phep bien d
`eu du.a den m
o.t he. phu.o.ng tr`nh m
o.i tu.o.ng du.o.ng.
(4.1) d
Vie.c thu..c hie.n cac phep bien doi so. cap tren he. phu.o.ng tr`nnh
(4.1) thu..c chat l`a thu..c hie.n cac phep bien doi so. cap tren cac h`ang
cua ma tra.n mo. ro.ng cua he..
Do do sau mo.t so bu.o.c bien doi ta thu du.o..c he. (4.1) tu.o.ng du.o.ng
vo.i he. tam giac
b22x2 + + b2n xn = h2
... ... ...
bnn xn = hn
ut ra xn , xn1 , . . . , x2 , x1.
T`
u. do r
x1 + x2 + x3 = 4,
1)
(4.5)
x1 + 2x2 + 4x3 = 4,
x1 + 3x2 + 9x3 = 2.
3x1 + 2x2 x3 = 1,
(4.6)
2)
x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 2,
1 1 1
A = 1 2 4 ,
1 3 9
x1
X = x2 ,
x3
4
H = 4 .
2
3 3 1
5
3
= 2
2
1
1
1
2
2
A1
v`a do do
3 3 1
x1
4
5 4 3
x2 = 2
4 .
2
1
1
x3
2
1
2
2
135
136
1 12 5
3 2 1
A = 1 1 2 A1 = 1 17 7 .
0 2 1
2 2 5
T`
u. do suy ra`ng
1 12 5
1
8
x1
x2 = 1 17 7 2 = 12
0 2 1
3
1
x3
t
u.c l`a
x1 = 8,
x2 = 12,
x3 = 1. N
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 6,
1)
2x1 x2 + x3 = 2,
3x1 x2 2x3 = 2.
x1 2x2 + 3x3 x4 = 6,
det(Aj )
,
detA
j = 1, 3
(4.7)
(4.8)
2
3
6 0; detA1
1 1 = 30 =
1 2
1
6 3
2 1 = 30; detA3 = 2
3
2 2
6 2
3
= 2 1 1 = 30;
2 1 2
2 6
1 2 = 30.
1 2
T`
u. do suy ra
x1 = 1,
x2 = 1,
x3 = 1.
137
138
1
2
det(A2 ) =
3
1
1
2
det(A3 ) =
3
1
1
2
det(A4 ) =
3
1
6
3 1
7 4 4
= 35,
9 2 2
7 7
6
2 6 1
3 7 4
= 0,
1
9 2
3 7 6
2 3
6
3 4 7
= 70.
1 2 9
3 7 7
Do do
det(A1)
det(A2)
= 2, x2 =
= 1,
detA
detA
det(A3)
det(A4)
= 0, x4 =
= 2. N
x3 =
detA
detA
du.ng phu.o.ng phap Gauss giai cac he. phu.o.ng tr`nh
V du. 3. Ap
1)
x1 =
x1
2x3 = 3,
139
Giai. 1) La.p ma tra.n mo. ro.ng v`a thu..c hie.n cac phep bien doi:
3
1 0 2
0
11
h2 + 2h1 h2
0 1 2
0
4 h3 + h1 h
0 5 6
3
1 0 2 3
0 1 2 5 .
h3 5h2 h03 0 0 16 32
1 0 2
e
A = 2 1 6
1 5 4
3
5
T`
u. do suy ra
x1
2x3 = 3
x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 2.
x2 + 2x3 = 5
16x3 = 32
2) La.p ma tra.n mo. ro.ng v`a thu..c hie.n cac phep bien doi so. cap:
2 1 3 1
1 1 2 4
3 2 1 3
5 2 1 2
9 h1 h0
1 1 2 4
2
0
1
h2 h1
2 1 3 1
0
3 2 1 3
9
5 2 1 2
1 1 2 4
h2 2h1 h02 0 3 7 9
h3 3h1 h03 0 1 5 9
h4 5h1 h04 0 7 11 22
1
9
1
11
h2 h03
3
h3 h02
14
140
1 2 4
1 5 9
0 8 18
0 24 41
1 1
0 1
0 0
0
h4 3h3 h4 0 0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1 2 4
1 5 9
3 7 9
7 11 22
1
3
11 h3 3h2 h03
14 h4 7h2 h04
1
3
2
7
2 4 1
5 9 3
8 18
2
0 13 13
T`
u. do suy ra r`ang x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 2, x4 = 1. N
` TA
P
BAI
.
Giai cac he. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh sau
x1 x2 + 2x3 = 11,
1.
x1 + 2x2 x3 = 11, . (DS. x1 = 9, x2 = 2, x3 = 2)
x1 3x2 4x3 = 4,
2.
2x1 + x2 3x3 = 1, . (DS. x1 = 2, x2 = 2, x3 = 1)
2x1 + 3x2 x3 = 4,
3.
(DS. x1 = x2 = x3 = 1)
x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 = 5, .
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 8,
2x1 + x2 x3 = 0,
+ x3 = 1.
x1
2x1 3x2 x3 + 6 = 0,
x1 + x2 + x3 + 2 = 0.
x2 + 3x3 + 6 = 0,
x1 2x2 x3 = 5, . (DS. x1 = 3, x2 = 0, x3 = 2)
2x1 x2 + x3 + 2x4 = 5,
x1 + 3x2 x3 + 5x4 = 4,
.
5x1 + 4x2 + 3x3 = 2,
x1 2x2 + 3x3 x4 = 8,
9.
10.
1
3
1
(DS. x1 = , x2 = , x3 = , x4 = 3)
2
2
2
x1 x3 + x4 = 3,
2x1 + 3x2 x3 x4 = 2,
.
3x4 = 6
5x1
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 2.
(DS. x1 = 0, x2 = 1, x3 = 1, x4 = 2)
141
142
11.
= 0,
= 0,
.
= 1,
= 24
12.
3x1 + x2 x3 + x4
x4
2x1 + 3x2
x1 + 5x2 3x3
3x2 + 2x3 + x4
= 0,
= 0,
.
= 7,
= 2,
(DS. x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 1, x4 = 1)
13.
x1 2x2 + x3 4x4 x5
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 5x4
x2 2x3 + x4 + 3x5
7x3 + 8x4 x5
x1
5x5
3x1 x2
= 13,
= 15,
= 7, .
= 30,
= 4.
(DS. x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 2, x4 = 2, x5 = 0)
14.
x1 + x2 + 4x3 + x4 x5
x1 2x2 2x3 + 3x5
4x2 + 3x3 2x4 + 2x5
x3 + 3x4 2x5
2x1
5x4 + 3x5
3x1 + 2x2
(DS. x1 =
= 2,
= 0,
.
= 2,
= 2,
= 3.
2
3
4
, x2 = , x3 = , x4 = 0, x5 = 0)
5
5
5
4.2. He. t`
uy y
cac phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh
4.2
143
en tnh
H
e. t`
uy y
c
ac phu.o.ng tr`nh tuy
A = . . . . . . . . . . . .
am1 am2 . . . amn
v`a ma tr
a.n mo. r
o.ng
e
A = . . . . . . . . . . . .
am1 am2 . . . amn
b1
...
bm
e v` mo i di.nh th
`eu l`a di.nh
Hien nhien ra`ng r(A) 6 r(A)
u.c con cua A d
.
.
.
.
e nhu ng khong co di
`eu ngu o. c la.i. Ta luon luon gia thiet
th
u c con cua A
`ong th`o.i ba`ng 0 tat ca.
`an tu. cua ma tra.n A khong d
ra`ng cac ph
u.c con khac 0 cua mo.t ma tra.n m`a
Ngu.`o.i ta quy u.o.c go.i di.nh th
u.c con co. so. cua no.
cap cua no ba`ng ha.ng cua ma tra.n do l`a di.nh th
Gia su. doi vo.i ma tra.n da cho ta da cho.n mo.t di.nh th
u.c con co. so..
ung la.p th`anh di.nh th
u.c
Khi do cac h`ang v`a cac co.t m`a giao cua ch
ang, c
o.t co. so..
con co. so. do du.o..c go.i l`a h`
- i.nh ngha. 1+ Bo. co th
u. tu.. n so (1 , 2 , . . . , n ) du.o..c go.i l`a nghie.m
D
cua he. (4.9) neu khi thay x = 1 , x = 2 , . . . , x = n v`ao cac phu.o.ng
tr`nh cua (4.9) th` hai ve cua mo i phu.o.ng tr`nh cua (4.9) tro. th`anh
`ong nhat.
d
144
2+ He. (4.9) du.o..c go.i l`a tu.o.ng thch neu co t nhat mo.t nghie.m v`a
go.i l`a kh
ong tu.o.ng thch neu no vo nghie.m.
3+ He. tu.o.ng thch du.o..c go.i l`a he. x
ac di.nh neu no co nghie.m duy
`eu ho.n mo.t nghie.m.
nhat v`a go.i l`a he. v
o di.nh neu no co nhi
- i.nh l
D
y Kronecker-Capelli.2 He. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh (4.9)
`ng ha.ng cua
a ch khi ha.ng cua ma tr
a.n co. ban b
a
tu.o.ng thch khi v`
.
.
e
o.ng cua he., t
u c l`
a r(A) = r(A).
ma tr
a.n mo r
Doi vo.i he. tu.o.ng thch ngu.`o.i ta go.i cac an m`a he. so cua ch
ung la.p
.
.
.
.
.
.
u c con co so cua ma tra.n co ban l`a
an co so , cac an c`on
nen di.nh th
an tu.. do.
la.i du.o..c go.i l`a
Phu.o.ng phap chu yeu de giai he. tong quat l`a:
du.ng quy tac Kronecker-Capelli.
1. Ap
`an cac an (phu.o.ng phap Gauss).
2. Phu.o.ng phap khu. d
`om cac bu.o.c sau.
Quy tac Kronecker-Capelli g
e v`a r(A)
e.. Tnh ha.ng r(A)
1+ Khao s
at tnh tu.o.ng thch cua h
e > r(A) th` he. khong tu.o.ng thch.
a) Neu r(A)
e = r(A) = r th` he. tu.o.ng thch. T`m di.nh th
b) Neu r(A)
u.c con
.ng xem nhu. du.o..c
co. so. cap r n`ao do (v`a do va.y r an co. so. tu.o.ng u
`om r phu.o.ng tr`nh
cho.n) v`a thu du.o..c he. phu.o.ng tr`nh tu.o.ng du.o.ng g
`an tu. cua di.nh
u.a cac ph
vo.i n an m`a (r n)-ma tra.n he. so cua no ch
th
u.c con co. so. da cho.n. Cac phu.o.ng tr`nh c`on la.i co the bo qua.
e.m cua h
e. tu.o.ng du.o.ng thu du.o..c
2+ T`m nghi
a) Neu r = n, ngha l`a so an co. so. ba`ng so an cua he. th` he. co
nghie.m duy nhat v`a co the t`m theo cong th
u.c Cramer.
b) Neu r < n, ngha l`a so an co. so. be ho.n so an cua he. th` ta
chuyen n r so ha.ng co ch
u.a an tu.. do cua cac phu.o.ng tr`nh sang
ve phai de thu du.o..c he. Cramer doi vo.i cac an co. so.. Giai he. n`ay ta
e n qua cac an tu.. do.
u.c cua cac an co. so. bieu di
thu du.o..c cac bieu th
2
L. Kronecker (1823-1891) l`
a nh`
a to
an ho.c D
u.c,
A. Capelli (1855-1910) l`
a nh`
a to
an ho.c Italia.
4.2. He. t`
uy y
cac phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh
145
a11x1 + a12x2 +
b22x2 +
...
+ a1n xn
...
+ b2n xn
... ... ...
brr xr + + brn xn
0
...
0
= h1 ,
= h2 ,
...
= hr ,
= hr+1 ,
...
=h .
m
146
= 6,
= 12,
= 6,
= 3,
= 9.
3 1 1
3 1 1 6
1 5 1
1 5 1 12
e = 2 4 0 6
,
A=
A
2
4
0
2
1
3
3
2
1
3
9
5 0 4
5 0 4
e = r(A) = 3. Do do he. tu.o.ng thch.
Ta thu du.o..c r(A)
Ta cho.n di.nh th
u.c con co. so. l`a
1 5 1
= 2 4 0
2 1 3
v` = 36 6= 0 v`a r(A) = 3 v`a cac an co. so. l`a x1, x2, x3 .
4.2. He. t`
uy y
cac phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh
2. He. phu.o.ng tr`nh da cho tu.o.ng du.o.ng vo.i he.
x1 5x2 + x3 = 12,
= 6,
2x1 + 4x2
2x1 + x2 + 3x3 = 3.
So an co. so. ba`ng so an cua he. nen he. co nghie.m duy nhat l`a x1 = 1,
x2 = 2, x4 = 1. N
V du. 2. Giai he. phu.o.ng tr`nh
Giai. T`m
A = 2
5
2 3 4
1
e
A = 2
4 5 1 ,
10
2 3 4 7
4 5 1 2
5 10 7
2 11
hay
2x2 3x3 = 7 x1 4x4 ,
4x2 + 5x3 = 2 2x1 + x4.
147
148
22
22
Do do ta.p ho..p cac nghie.m cua he. co da.ng
n
o
41 11 17 9 12
N
;
; , R
22
11
V du. 3. B`ang phu.o.ng phap Gauss hay giai he. phu.o.ng tr`nh
4x1 + 2x2 + x3
x1 x2 + x3
2x1 + 3x2 3x3
4x1 + x2 x3
= 7,
= 2,
= 11,
= 7.
Giai. Trong he. da cho ta co a11 = 4 6= 0 nen de cho tie.n ta doi cho
`au v`a thu du.o..c he. tu.o.ng du.o.ng
hai phu.o.ng tr`nh d
x1 x2 + x3
4x1 + 2x2 + x3
2x1 + 3x2 3x3
4x1 + x2 x3
= 2,
= 7,
= 11,
= 7.
4.2. He. t`
uy y
cac phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh
Tiep theo ta bien doi ma tra.n mo. ro.ng
1 1 1 2
4 2
0
7
1
h2 4h1 h2
e
A=
2 3 3 11 h3 2h1 h03
4 1 1 7 h4 4h1 h04
1 1 1 2
0 6 3 15
0 5 5 15
0 5 5 15 h4 h3 h04
1 1 1 2
0 6 3 15 h 5 h0
2
2
0 5 5 15 h3 6 h03
0 0
0 0
h3 h2 h03 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 2
0 30 15 75
0 30 15 75
.
0 30 30
0 0 15
90
15
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
T`
u. do thu du.o..c he. tu.o.ng du.o.ng
x1 x2 + x3 = 2
30x2 15x3 = 75
15x3 = 15
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 1,
2x3 + 2x4 x5 = 1,
6x3 + 3x4 x5 = 1.
149
150
Giai. 1) Ba`ng cac phep bien doi so. cap (ch thu..c hie.n tren cac
e du.o..c du.a v
`e ma tra.n ba.c thang
h`ang !) ma tra.n mo. ro.ng A
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 2 1 1 3
A
0 0 0 3 2 4 .
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
2) Ma tra.n n`ay tu.o.ng u
.ng vo.i he. phu.o.ng tr`nh
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 1,
2x3 + x4 x5 = 3,
3x4 2x5 = 4.
he. n`ay tu.o.ng du.o.ng vo.i he. da cho v`a co x1, x3, x4 l`a an co. so., c`on
x2 , x5 l`a an tu.. do.
3) Chuyen cac so ha.ng ch
u.a an tu.. do sang ve phai ta co
x1 + x3 + x4 = 1 x2 x5 ,
2x3 + x4 = 3 + x5,
3x4 = 4 + 2x5.
4) Giai he. n`ay (t`
u. du.o.i len) ta thu du.o..c nghie.m tong quat
3 3x2 x5
,
2
5 x5
4 + 2x5
x3 =
, x4 =
6
3
x1 =
4.2. He. t`
uy y
cac phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh
Giai. Ta thu..c hie.n cac phep bien doi so. cap tren cac h`ang cua ma
tra.n mo. ro.ng:
1 3 5 7 9 1
e=
A
1 2 3 4 5 2 h2 h1 h02
2 11 12 25 22 4 h3 2h1 h03
1 3
5
7
9 1
0 5 2 11 4 1
0
0 5
2
11
4
2 h3 + h2 h3
1 3
5
7
9 1
0 5 2 11 4 1
0 0
0
0
0 3
e = 3; r(A) = 2 v`a do va.y r(A)
e > r(A) v`a he.
T`
u. do suy ra`ng r(A)
da cho khong tu.o.ng thch. N.
V du. 6. Giai v`a bie.n lua.n he. phu.o.ng tr`nh theo tham so :
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1,
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1,
z1 + x2 + x3 = 1.
Giai. Ta co
1 1
+2
151
152
2 1
1
2 1
A = 1 2 1 r(A) = 2
6= 0 ,
1 2
1
1 2
2 1
1 1
e=
A
1 2 1 1 .
1
1 2 1
e ta
B`ang cach thu..c hie.n cac phep bien doi so. cap tren cac ma tra.n A
e = 3.
thu du.o..c r(A)
e > r(A) v`a he. vo nghie.m.
Do do vo.i = 2 th` r(A)
e = r(A) = 1 < 3
e thay r`ang r(A)
3+ Neu = 1 th` detA = 0 v`a d
(so an cua he. l`a 3). T`
u. do suy ra he. co vo so nghie.m phu. thuo.c hai
tham so: x1 + x2 + x3 = 1. N
V du. 7. Giai v`a bie.n lua.n he. phu.o.ng tr`nh theo tham so
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1,
x1 + x2 + x3 = ,
x1 + x2 + x3 = 2 .
u.c cua he. ba`ng
Giai. Di.nh th
1 1
D = 1 1 = ( 1)2 ( + 2).
1 1
Neu D 6= 0 1 6= 1, 2 6= 2 th` he. co nghie.m duy nhat. Ta tnh
4.2. He. t`
uy y
cac phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh
Dx1 , Dx2 , Dx3 :
1 1 1
Dx1 = 1 = ( 1)2 ( + 1),
2
1
1 1
Dx2 = 1 1 = ( 1)2 ,
1 2
1 1
Dx3 = 1 = ( 1)2 ( + 1)2 .
1 1 2
u.c Cramer ta thu du.o..c
T`
u. do theo cong th
+1
1
( + 1)2
, x2 =
, x3 =
x1 =
+2
+2
+2
Ta c`on xet gia tri. = 1 v`a = 2.
Khi = 1 he. da cho tro. th`anh
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1,
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1,
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1.
He. n`ay co vo so nghie.m phu. thuo.c hai tham so. Neu da.t x2 = ,
x3 = th`
x1 =1 ,
, R,
v`a nhu. va.y ta.p ho..p nghie.m co the viet du.o.i da.ng (1
; ; ; , R).
Khi = 2 th` he. da cho tro. th`anh
2x1 + x2 + x2 = 2,
x1 2x2 + x3 = 2,
x1 + x2 2x3 = 4.
153
154
B`ang cach co.ng ba phu.o.ng tr`nh la.i vo.i nhau ta thay ngay he. da cho
vo nghie.m.
V du. 8. Xet he. phu.o.ng tr`nh
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 3,
3x1 x2 x3 = 2,
2x1 + x2 + 3x3 = .
1 2
1 2
3
e=
A = 3 1 ;
A
3 1 2
2 1
3
2 1
3
Ta co
1 2
D = detA = 3 1 = 2 21.
2 1
3
T`
u. do
1+ He. da cho co nghie.m duy nhat khi v`a ch khi
21
detA 6= 0 6=
, t`
uy y
.
2
`au tien no phai thoa man
2+ De he. vo nghie.m d
21
detA = 0 =
2
21
Khi =
th` detA = 0 v`a do va.y
2
r(A) < 3.
4.2. He. t`
uy y
cac phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh
155
1 2
V` di.nh th
u.c
= 7 6= 0 nen:
3 1
r(A) = 2 khi =
21
Theo di.nh l
y Kronecker-Capelli he. da cho vo nghie.m khi v`a ch khi
e > r(A) = 2.
r(A)
e khi
`eu kie.n de he. th
Ta t`m di
u.c n`ay thoa man. Cu. the l`a t`m r(A)
21
= . Ta co
2
21
1 2
3 h1 2 h01
e=
A
3 1 21 2 h2 2 h02
2
2 1
3
2 4
21 6
6 2 21 4 h2 3h1 h02
2 1
3 h3 h1 h03
6
2 4
21
1
0 14 84 14 h2
h02
14
0 3 18 6
2 4
21
0 1
6
0 3 18
2 4 21
6
6
0 1 6
1
1
6 h3 + 3h1 h0
0 0 0 3
3
T`
u. ket qua bien doi ta thu du.o..c
2 neu = 3,
e =
r(A)
3 neu 6= 3,
156
21
2
v`a 6= 3.
= 21 ,
e = r(A) = 2
2
r(A)
= 3.
Khi do he. da cho tu.o.ng du.o.ng vo.i he.
)
2x1 + 4x2 = 6 21, = x3,
6x1 2x2 = 4 + 21.
3
v`a nghie.m cua no l`a 1 + , 1 6, R . N
2
` TA
P
BAI
.
Giai cac he. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh
)
6x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = 3;
1.
3x1 x2 + 2x3 = 5.
7
18 15x1
(DS. x2 = , x3 =
, x1 t`
uy y
)
5
10
)
x1 x2 + x3 = 1,
2.
2x1 + x2 x3 = 5.
(DS. x1 =
4 + 2x3
7 x3
, x2 =
, x3 t`
uy y
)
3
3
4.2. He. t`
uy y
cac phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh
3.
x1 + x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 1,
x1 2x2 x4 = 2.
1
(DS. x3 = (2x1 + x2 1), x4 = x1 2x2 + 2,
2
uy y
)
x1 , x2 t`
4.
2x1 x2 + 2x3 x4 = 0,
5.
2x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 + 5x4 = 1,
6.
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3
3x1 + 2x2 + x3
x1 + x2 + x3
2x1 + 3x2 x3
x1 + x2
= 14,
= 10,
= 6,
= 5,
= 3.
(DS. x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3)
7.
x1 + 3x2 2x3 + x4 + x5 = 1,
= 2.
x1 + 3x2 3x3 x4
8.
5x1 + x2 3x3
2x1 5x2 + 7x3
4x1 + 2x2 4x3
5x1 2x2 + 2x3
= 6,
= 9,
= 7,
= 1.
1
1
3
(DS. x1 = , x2 = , x3 = )
3
6
2
157
158
9.
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4
x1 + x2 2x3 x4
x1 + x2 4x3 + 3x4
x1 + x2 + 7x3 + 5x4
= 1,
= 0,
= 2,
= 3.
2 3x2 2x4
1 2x4
, x3 =
, x2 , x4 t`
uy y
)
3
3
x2 + 2x3 + 3x4 = 1,
= 2,
x1 + 3x3 + 4x4
x1 + x2 + 5x3 + 6x4 = 1.
(DS. x1 =
10.
15
3
13
, x2 = , x3 = , x4 = 2)
4
2
4
= 10.
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4
(DS. x1 =
11.
(DS. x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3, x4 = 4)
12.
5x1 + x2 3x3
2x1 5x2 + 7x3
4x1 + 2x2 4x3
5x1 2x2 + 2x3
= 6,
= 9,
= 7,
= 1.
1
1
3
(DS. x1 = , x2 = , x3 = )
3
6
2
13.
x1 x2 + x3 x4
x1 + x2 + 2x3 + 3x4
2x1 + 4x2 + 5x3 + 10x4
2x1 4x2 + x3 6x4
= 4,
= 8,
= 20,
= 4.
3
1
uy y
)
(DS. x1 = 6 x3 x4, x2 = 2 x3 2x4 , x3 v`a x4 t`
2
2
4.2. He. t`
uy y
cac phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh
14.
15.
= 1,
= 2,
= 5,
= 11.
2
43
, x2 = , x3
3
18
x1 + 2x2 3x3 + 5x4
x1 + 3x2 13x3 + 22x4
3x1 + 5x2 + x3 2x4
2x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 7x4
(DS. x1 =
16.
= 2,
= 3,
= 5,
= 8.
13
7
, x4 = )
9
18
= 1,
= 1,
= 5,
= 4.
uy y
)
(DS. x1 = 17x3 + 29x4 + 5, x2 = 10x3 17x4 2, x3, x4 t`
x1 5x2 8x3 + x4 = 3,
x2 3x3 + 4x4
x
2x3 + 3x4
1
18.
= 5,
= 4,
= 12,
= 5.
(DS. x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 1, x4 = 1)
Khao sat tnh tu.o.ng thch cua cac he. phu.o.ng tr`nh sau day
x1 + x2 + x3 x4
= 0,
19.
= 1,
x1 x2 x3 + x4
159
160
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1,
20.
x1 + x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 0,
x1 + x2 x3 + x4 = 3.
(DS. He. tu.o.ng thch)
x1 2x2 + x3 + x4 = 1,
21.
x1 2x2 + x3 x4 = 1,
x1 2x2 + x3 + 5x4 = 5.
(DS. He. tu.o.ng thch)
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
= 7,
2x1 + x2 x3 + x4
= 1,
2x1 x2 + x3 3x4 = 4.
(DS. He. khong tu.o.ng thch)
= 1,
3x1 + x2 2x3 + x4 x5
25.
2x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 6x4 + 7x5 9x6 = 2,
4.2. He. t`
uy y
cac phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh
Khao sat tnh tu.o.ng thch v`a giai cac he. phu.o.ng tr`nh (neu he.
tu.o.ng thch)
2x1 x2 + 3x3 = 3,
3x1 + x2 5x3 = 0,
26.
4x1 x2 + x4 = 3,
x1 + 3x2 13x3 = 6.
(DS. x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 1)
27.
2x1 x2 + x3 x4
2x1 x2 3x4
3x1 x3 + x4
2x1 + 2x2 2x3 + 5x4
= 1,
= 2,
= 3,
= 6.
5
4
, x4 = )
3
3
= 2,
= 5,
= 7,
= 14.
(DS. x1 = 0, x2 = 2, x3 =
28.
2x1 + x2 + x3
x1 + 3x2 + x3
x1 + x2 + 5x3
2x1 + 3x2 5x3
(DS. x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 2)
29.
7 3x2
, x3 = 1, x4 = 1, x2 t`
uy y
)
2
2
= 2,
6x1 + x2 2x4
= 3,
9x1 + 4x2 + 2x4
(DS. x1 =
30.
(DS. x1 =
7
11
16
, x2 = 4, x3 = , x4 = )
5
5
5
161
162
31.
= 1,
= 4,
= 6,
= 4.
x1 + x2 + 2x3 + 3x4
3x1 x2 x3 2x4
2x1 + 3x2 x3 x4
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 x4
(DS. x1 = x2 = 1, x3 = 0, x4 = 1)
32.
= 6,
= 8,
= 4,
= 8.
(DS. x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 1, x4 = 2)
33.
x2 3x3 + 4x4
x1 2x3 + 3x4
3x1 + 2x2 5x4
4x1 + 3x2 5x3
= 5,
= 4,
= 12,
= 5.
(DS. x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 1, x4 = 1)
34.
x1 + x2 x3 + x4
2x1 x2 + 3x3 2x4
x1 x3 + 2x4
3x1 x2 + x3 x4
= 4,
= 1,
= 6,
= 0.
(DS. x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3, x4 = 4)
35.
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4
x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
x1 + 2x2 + 3x4
x2 + 2x3 + 3x4
x3 + 2x4 + 3x5
= 0,
= 0,
= 2,
= 2,
= 2.
(DS. x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 1, x4 = 1, x5 = 1)
4.2. He. t`
uy y
cac phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh
36.
3x1 x2 + x3 + 2x5
2x1 5x2 + x4 + x5
x4 + 2x5
x1
2x2 + x3 + x4 x5
x1 + x2 3x3 + x4
= 18,
= 7,
= 8,
= 10,
= 1.
(DS. x1 = 5, x2 = 4, x3 = 3, x4 = 1, x5 = 2)
163
164
Giai v`a bie.n lua.n he.
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3
37.
2x1 + 2x2 + 2x3
5x1 + 6x2 + 7x3
phu.o.ng
tr`nh tuyen tnh theo tham so
= 1,
= 3,
= .
2x1 x2 + x3 = 0,
38.
x1 2x2 2x3 = 3,
x1 + x2 + 3x3 = 1.
(DS. a) Neu 6= 1, he. co nghie.m duy nhat
x1 =
5 11
,
3( 1)
x2 =
2 22
,
3( 1)
x3 =
4
;
1
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1,
39.
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1,
x1 + x2 + x3 = 1.
(DS. a) Neu 6= 2, 1 he. co nghie.m duy nhat x1 = x2 = x3 =
1
+2
b) Neu = 2 he. khong tu.o.ng thch;
c) Neu = 1 he. co vo so nghie.m phu. thuo.c hai tham so v`a x1 +
x2 + x3 = 1)
x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 3,
40.
3x1 + 2x2 + 4x3 = a,
`an nhat
4.3. He. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh thu
165
(1 + )x1 + x2 + x3 = 1,
x1 + (1 + )x2 + x3 = ,
x1 + x2 + (1 + )x3 = 2 .
41.
2 2
,
( + 3)
x2 =
2 1
,
( + 3)
x3 =
3 + 22 1
( + 3)
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1,
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1,
42.
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0,
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0.
(DS. a) Khi 6= 3 v`a 6= 1 he. co nghie.m duy nhat;
x1 = 0,
x2 = 0,
x3 =
1
,
1
x4 =
4.3
1
+ x4 ;
4
x2 =
`an
en tnh thu
H
e. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuy
nh
at
`an nh
at neu so ha.ng tu..
He. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh du.o..c go.i l`a he. thu
`eu ba`ng 0.
do cua mo i phu.o.ng tr`nh d
`an nhat co da.ng
He. thu
(4.10)
... ... ... ... ...
166
e1 + e2 = 1 1 + 1 , 1 2 + 2, . . . , n + n )
c
ung l`a nghie.m cua (4.10). T`
u. do: mo.i to ho..p tuyen tnh cac nghie.m
`an nhat (4.10) c
cua he. thu
ung l`a nghie.m cua no.
- i.nh ngha 1. 1+ Cac h`ang e1 , e2, . . . , em du.o..c go.i l`a phu. thu
o.c tuyen
D
`ng 0
`ong th`
ong d
o.i b
a
tnh neu co the t`m du.o..c cac so 1 , 2 , . . . , m kh
sao cho
1 e1 + 2 e2 + + m em = 0.
(4.11)
`on ta.i (t
u.c l`a dang
2+ Neu cac so i , i = 1, m nhu. va.y khong t
th
u.c (4.11) ch thoa man khi 1 = 2 = = m = 0) th` ngu.`o.i ta
o.c l
a.p tuyen tnh.
noi r`ang e1, e2, . . . , em d
- i.nh ngha 2. He. do.c la.p tuyen tnh cac nghie.m
D
e1, e2, . . . , em
`an nhat
4.3. He. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh thu
cua he. phu.o.ng tr`nh (4.10) du.o..c go.i l`a he. nghie.m co. ban cua no neu
`eu l`a to ho..p tuyen tnh cua cac nghie.m
mo i nghie.m cua he. (4.10) d
e1, e2, . . . , em .
- i.nh l
`on ta.i he. nghie.m co. ban). Neu ha.ng cua ma tr
`e su.. t
a.n
D
y (v
cua he. (4.10) be ho.n s
o
an th` he. (4.10) c
o he. nghie.m co. ban.
167
168
ap t`m h
e. nghi
e.m co. ban
Phu.o.ng ph
`au tien c
`an tach ra he. an co. so. (gia su. do l`a x1 , . . . , xr ) v`a thu
1) D
du.o..c he.
(4.12)
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
i = 1, r.
ek = (1 , . . . , (k)
r , 0, . . . , 1),
k = n r.
`an nhat
4.3. He. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh thu
169
3x2 + 2x4
,
6
5
x3 = x 4 .
3
(4.13)
(*)
`an lu.o..t
2) Neu trong (4.13) ta cho cac an tu.. do bo.i cac gia tri. l
`an tu. cua cac co.t di.nh th
ba`ng cac ph
u.c
1 0
(6= 0)
0 1
th` thu du.o..c cac nghie.m
1
1
5
e1 = ; 1; 0; 0
v`a e2 =
; 0; ; 1 .
2
3
3
Do l`a he. nghie.m co. ban cua he. phu.o.ng tr`nh da cho v`a nghie.m tong
e n du.o.i da.ng
quat cua he. da cho co the bieu di
1
1
5
X = e1 + e2 = ; 1; 0; 0 + ; 0; ; 1
2
3
3
170
= 0,
x1 + 2x2 x3
x2 v`a x3 t`
uy y
,
`an nhat
4.3. He. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh thu
trong do v`a l`a cac so t`
uy y
. N
V du. 3. T`m nghie.m tong quat v`a he. nghie.m co. ban cua he. phu.o.ng
tr`nh
x2 + 2x3 + x4 + 3x5 = 0,
= 0.
x4
Ta se cho.n x1 , x2 v`a x4 l`am an co. so.; c`on x3 v`a x5 l`am an tu.. do. Ta
co he.
x2 + x4 = 2x3 3x5 ,
x4 = 0.
Giai he. n`ay ta thu du.o..c nghie.m tong quat l`a
x1 = 3x3 + 5x5 ,
x2 = 2x3 3x5 ,
x4 = 0.
`an lu.o..t cac gia tri. ba`ng x3 = 1, x5 = 0 (khi do
Cho cac an tu.. do l
x1 = 3, x2 = 2, x3 = 1, x4 = 0, x5 = 0) v`a cho x3 = 0, x5 = 1 (khi do
x1 = 5, x2 = 3, x3 = 0, x4 = 0, x5 = 1) ta thu du.o..c he. nghie.m co. ban
e1 = (3; 2; 1; 0; 0),
e2 = (5; 3; 0; 0; 1).
171
172
, R.
`an nhat
4.3. He. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh thu
P
` TA
BAI
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
`an nhat
Giai cac he. phu.o.ng tr`nh thu
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 0,
x1 + x2 + x3 = 0,
3x1 x2 x3 = 0, . (DS. x1 = x2 = x3 = 0)
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 0.
)
3x1 4x2 + x3 x4 = 0,
6x1 8x2 + 2x3 + 3x4 = 0.
4
, x2 = , x3 = , x4 = 0; , R t`
uy y
)
(DS. x1 =
3
)
3x1 + 2x2 8x3 + 6x4 = 0,
x1 x2 + 4x3 3x4 = 0.
+ 4
; , R t`
uy y
)
(DS. x1 = 0, x2 = , x3 = , x4 =
3
x1 2x2 + 3x3 x4 = 0,
x1 + x2 x3 + 2x4 = 0,
x1 + x2 x3 x4 = 0,
= 0.
5x1 + x2 x3
5
+ , x3 = , x4 = ; , R t`
uy y
)
(DS. x1 = , x2 =
4
4
2x1 + x2 + x3 = 0,
5x1 + x2 2x3 = 0.
173
174
(DS. x1 =
9
, x2 =
, x3 = ; R t`
uy y
)
7
7
`an nhat
4.3. He. phu.o.ng tr`nh tuyen tnh thu
T`m nghie.m tong quat v`a he. nghie.m co. ban cua cac he. phu.o.ng
tr`nh
)
9x1 + 21x2 15x3 + 5x4 = 0,
8.
12x1 + 28x2 20x3 + 7x4 = 0.
7
5
(DS. Nghie.m tong quat: x1 = x2 + x3, x4 = 0.
3
3
He. nghie.m co. ban e1 = (7, 3, 0, 0), e2 = (5, 0, 3, 0))
9.
10x1 25x2 + 5x3 + 45x4 = 0,
= 0,
x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 3x5
10.
2x1 + 9x2 + 5x3 + 2x4 + x5 = 0,
x1 + 2x2 2x3 + x4 = 0,
175
176
13.
3x1 + 4x2 + 5x3 + x4 + 2x5 = 0,
Chu.o.ng 5
Kh
ong gian Euclide
5.1
Rn
5.1
- i.nh ngha kh
`eu v`
D
ong gian n-chi
a m
o.t s
o
.
.
`e vecto . . . . . . . . . . 177
kh
ai ni
e.m co ban v
5.2
-o
Co. so.. D
i co. so. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5.3
Kh
ong gian vecto. Euclid. Co. so. tru..c chu
an201
5.4
Ph
ep bi
en d
oi tuy
en tnh . . . . . . . . . . . 213
5.4.1
5.4.2
Ma tr
a.n cua phep bdtt
5.4.3
C
ac phep to
an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
5.4.4
Vecto. rieng v`
a gi
a tri. rieng . . . . . . . . . 216
. . . . . . . . . . . 213
- i.nh ngha kh
`eu v`
D
ong gian n-chi
a
`e vecto.
m
o.t s
o kh
ai ni
e.m co. ban v
`om n
1. Gia su. n N . Ta.p ho..p mo.i bo. co the co (x1, x2, . . . , xn ) g
`eu v`a du.o..c
u.c) du.o..c go.i l`a kh
ong gian thu..c (ph
u.c) n-chi
so thu..c (ph
178
Rn
k
y hie.u l`a Rn (Cn ). Mo i bo. so do du.o..c ch bo.i
x = (x1, x2, . . . , xn )
v`a du.o..c go.i l`a diem hay vecto. cua Rn (Cn ). Cac so x1 , . . . , xn du.o..c
`an cua vecto. x.
o. cua diem (cua vecto.) x hay cac th`anh ph
go.i l`a to.a d
Hai vecto. x = (x1 , . . . , xn ) v`a y = (y1, . . . , yn ) cua Rn du.o..c xem l`a
ba`ng nhau neu cac to.a do. tu.o.ng u
.ng cua ch
ung ba`ng nhau
xi = yi
i = 1, n.
x + y = (x1 + y1, x2 + y2 , . . . , xn + yn ).
(5.1)
2+ tch cua vecto. x vo.i so hay tch so vo.i vecto. x l`a vecto.
def
x = x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ).
(5.2)
x + = + x = x,
`on ta.i vecto. doi x = (1)x = (x1, x2, . . . , xn ) sao cho
IV. T
x + (x) = ,
V. 1 x = x,
.
- .inh ngha khong gian n-chi
`eu v`a mo.t so khai nie.m co. ban v
`e vecto179
5.1. D
VI. (x) = ()x, , R (C),
VII. ( + )x = x + x,
VIII. (x + y) = x + y
trong do v`a l`a cac so, c`on x, y Rn (Cn ).
- i.nh ngha 5.1.1. 1+ Gia su. V l`a ta.p ho..p khong ro ng t`
uy y
vo.i cac
D
`an tu. du.o..c k
y hie.u l`a x, y, z, . . . Ta.p ho..p V du.o..c go.i l`a khong gian
ph
`an
tuyen tnh (hay kh
ong gian vecto.) neu x, y V xac di.nh du.o..c ph
tu. x + y V (go.i l`a tong cua x v`a y) v`a R (C) v`a x V xac
`an tu. x V (go.i l`a tch cua so vo.i ph
`an tu. x) sao
di.nh du.o..c ph
`e I-VIII du.o..c thoa man.
cho cac tien d
`an tu. cua no vo.i cac
Khong gian tuyen tnh vo.i phep nhan cac ph
u.c) du.o..c go.i l`a khong gian tuyen tnh thu..c (tu.o.ng u
.ng:
so thu..c (ph
ph
u.c).
`e khong gian tuyen
Khong gian Rn co the xem nhu. mo.t v du. v
.
.
`e sau. V`a trong giao tr`nh n`ay ta
tnh, cac v du. khac se du o. c xet v
luon gia thiet r`ang cac khong gian du.o..c xet l`a nh
u.ng kh
ong gian thu..c.
`om m vecto. n-chi
`eu
2. Cho he. g
x1 , x2, . . . , xm.
(5.3)
1 , 2, . . . , m R.
(5.4)
180
Rn
A= .
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
am1 am2 . . . amn
- i.nh l
`
D
y. Ha.ng cua he. vecto. (5.3) b
ang ha.ng cua ma tr
a.n A c
ac to.a
o. cua n
o.
d
.
`an la.p ma tra.n
T`
u do, de ket lua.n he. vecto. (5.3) dltt hay pttt ta c
ung v`a tnh r(A):
to.a do. A cua ch
1) Neu r(A) = m th` he. (5.3) do.c la.p tuyen tnh.
2) Neu r(A) = s < m th` he. (5.3) phu. thuo.c tuyen tnh.
VI DU
CAC
.
V du. 1. Ch
u.ng minh ra`ng he. vecto. a1 , a2, . . . , am (m > 1) phu. thuo.c
tuyen tnh khi v`a ch khi t nhat mo.t trong cac vecto. cua he. l`a to ho..p
tuyen tnh cua cac vecto. c`on la.i.
Giai. 1+ Gia su. he. a1 , a2, . . . , am phu. thuo.c tuyen tnh. Khi do
`ong th`o.i ba`ng 0 sao cho
`on ta.i cac so 1 , 2, . . . , m khong d
t
1 a1 + 2 a2 + + m am = .
Gia su. m 6= 0. Khi do
am = 1a1 + 2a2 + + m1am1 ,
i =
i
m
.
- .inh ngha khong gian n-chi
`eu v`a mo.t so khai nie.m co. ban v
`e vecto181
5.1. D
e n tuyen tnh qua cac vecto. c`on la.i.
t
u.c l`a am bieu di
e n tuyen tnh qua
2+ Ngu.o..c la.i, chang ha.n neu vecto. am bieu di
a1, a2, . . . , am1
am = 1 a1 + 2a2 + + m1 am1
th` ta co
1 a1 + 2a2 + + m1 am1 + (1)am = .
u.c tren co he.
Do do he. da cho phu. thuo.c tuyen tnh v` trong dang th
so cua am l`a khac 0 (cu. the l`a = 1). N
V du. 2. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang mo.i he. vecto. co ch
u.a vecto.-khong l`a he.
phu. thuo.c tuyen tnh.
e n du.o..c du.o.i da.ng to ho..p
Giai. Vecto.- khong luon luon bieu di
tuyen tnh cua cac vecto. a1, a2 , . . . , am :
= 0 a1 + 0 a2 + + 0 am
Do do theo di.nh ngha he. , a1, . . . , am phu. thuo.c tuyen tnh (xem v
du. 1). N
u.a hai vecto. ba`ng
V du. 3. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang mo.i he. vecto. co ch
nhau l`a he. phu. thuo.c tuyen tnh.
Giai. Gia su. trong he. a1, a2, . . . , an co hai vecto. a1 = a2. Khi do
ta co the viet
a1 = 1 a2 + 0 a3 + + 0 am
e n du.o.i da.ng to ho..p tuyen tnh
t
u.c l`a vecto. a1 cua he. co the bieu di
cua cac vecto. c`on la.i. Do do he. phu. thuo.c tuyen tnh (v du. 1). N
V du. 4. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang neu he. m vecto. a1, a2, . . . , am do.c la.p
ung do.c la.p tuyen tnh.
tuyen tnh th` mo.i he. con cua he. do c
u.ng
Giai. De cho xac di.nh ta xet he. con a1 , a2, . . . , ak , k < m v`a ch
minh r`ang he. con n`ay do.c la.p tuyen tnh.
182
Rn
Gia su. ngu.o..c la.i: he. con a1, a2, . . . , ak phu. thuo.c tuyen tnh. Khi
u.c vecto.
do ta co cac dang th
1 a1 + 2 a2 + + k ak =
trong do co t nhat mo.t trong cac he. so 1 , 2, . . . , k khac 0. Ta viet
u.c do du.o.i da.ng
dang th
1 a1 + 2 A2 + + k ak + k+1 ak+1 + + m am =
ung n`ay
u.c sau c`
trong do ta gia thiet k+1 = 0, . . . , m = 0. Dang th
ch
u.ng to he. a1 , a2, . . . , am phu. thuo.c tuyen tnh. Mau thua n. N
V du. 5. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang he. vecto. cua khong gian Rn
e1 = (1, 0, . . . , 0),
e2 = (0, 1, . . . , 0),
...
...
...
...
en = (0, . . . , 0, 1)
l`a do.c la.p tuyen tnh.
u.c vecto.
Giai. T`
u. dang th
1 e1 + 2 e2 + + n en =
suy ra r`ang
(1 , 2, . . . , n ) = (0, 0, . . . , 0)
1 = 2 = = n = 0.
...
...
...
.
- .inh ngha khong gian n-chi
`eu v`a mo.t so khai nie.m co. ban v
`e vecto183
5.1. D
Khi do t`
u. dang th
u.c vecto.
x1a1 + x2 a2 + + xn an + xn+1 an+1 =
suy ra
a11x1 + a12x2 + + a1n+1 xn+1
... ... ... ... ...
an1 x1 + an2 x2 + + ann+1 xn+1
= 0,
...
= 0.
a2 = (1, 2, 3, 4);
a3 = (2, 3, 2, 3);
a4 = (2, 4, 5, 6).
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 1 2
1 2 3 4 h h h0
2
2
A=
0
0 1 0
2 3 2 3 h3 2h1 h3
0
0 1 2
3 4 5 6 h4 3h1 h4
1 1 1
1
0 1 2
3
.
0 0 2 3
0 0 0
0
cua no. Ta co
1
3
1 h3 h2 h03
3 h4 h2 h04
T`
u. do suy r`ang r(A) = 3. Theo di.nh l
y da neu ha.ng cua he. vecto.
ba`ng 3. N
184
Rn
a2 = (2, 3, 1, 1);
a3 = (1, 9, 4, 2);
a4 = (1, 6, 5, 1).
Giai. La.p ma tra.n m`a cac h`ang cua no l`a cac vecto. da cho v`a t`m
ha.ng cua no
1 4
1
1
2 3 1 1
S=
r(A) = 2.
1 9
4
2
1 6 5 1
`an tu. cua di.nh th
u.c con
Do do ha.ng cua he. vecto. ba`ng 2. V` cac ph
1 4
=
= 5 6= 0
2 3
`au nen a1 v`a a2 do.c la.p tuyen tnh, c`on a3 v`a a4 bieu
na`m o. hai h`ang d
e n tuyen tnh qua a1 v`a a2. [Lu.u y
`eu
r`ang mo.i ca.p vecto. cua he. d
di
u.c con cap hai sau day 6= 0:
do.c la.p tuyen tnh v` ta co cac di.nh th
1 4
1 4
2 3
2 3
1 9
,
,
,
,
.]
1 9
1 6
1 9
1 6
1 6
e n a3 v`a a4 qua a1 v`a a2.
Ta t`m cac bieu th
u.c bieu di
Ta viet
a3 = 1 a1 + 2 a2
hay l`a
(1, 9, 4, 2) = 1 (1, 4, 1, 1) + 2 (2, 3, 1, 1)
(1, 9, 4, 2) = (1 + 22 , 41 + 32 , 1 2 , 1 + 2 )
.
- .inh ngha khong gian n-chi
`eu v`a mo.t so khai nie.m co. ban v
`e vecto185
5.1. D
v`a thu du.o..c he. phu.o.ng tr`nh
1 + 22
41 + 32
1 2
1 + 2
= 1,
= 9,
= 4,
= 2.
`au. Di.nh th
u.c cua cac he. so cua hai
Ta ha.n che hai phu.o.ng tr`nh d
phu.o.ng tr`nh n`ay chnh l`a di.nh th
u.c chuyen vi.. V` 6= 0 nen he.
hai phu.o.ng tr`nh
1 + 22 = 1
41 + 32 = 9
co nghie.m duy nhat l`a 1 = 3, 2 = 1. Do do
a3 = 3a1 a2.
Tu.o.ng tu.. ta co
a4 = 2a2 3a1. N
` TA
P
BAI
.
1. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang trong khong gian R3 :
1) Vecto. (x, y, z) l`a to ho..p tuyen tnh cua cac vecto. e1 = (1, 0, 0),
e2 = (0, 1, 0), e3 = (0, 0, 1).
2) Vecto. x = (7, 2, 6) l`a to ho..p tuyen tnh cua cac vecto. a1 =
(3, 1, 2), a2 = (5, 2, 3), a3 = (1, 1, 1).
2. Hay xac di.nh so de vecto. x R3 l`a to ho..p tuyen tnh cua cac
vecto. a1 , a2, a3 R3 neu:
1) x = (1, 3, 5); a1 = (3, 2, 5); a2 = (2, 4, 7); a3 = (5, 6, ).
186
Rn
(DS. 6= 12)
2) x = (7, 2, ); a1 = (2, 3, 5); a2 = (3, 7, 8); a3 = (1, 6, 1).
(DS. = 15)
3) x = (5, 9, ); a1 = (4, 4, 3); a2 = (7, 2, 1); a3 = (4, 1, 6).
(DS. R)
3. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang trong khong gian R3 :
1) He. ba vecto. e1 = (1, 0, 0), e2 = (0, 1, 0), e3 = (0, 0, 1) l`a he. dltt.
y v`ao he. th` he.
2) Neu them vecto. x R3 bat k`
{e1, e2, e3, x}
l`a phu. thuo.c tuyen tnh.
`om bon vecto. bat k`
y cua R3 l`a pttt.
3) He. g
4. Cac he. vecto. sau day trong khong gian R3 l`a dltt hay pttt:
1) a1 = (1, 2, 1); a2 = (0, 1, 2); a3 = (0, 0, 2). (DS. Dltt)
2) a1 = (1, 1, 0); a2 = (1, 0, 1); a3 = (1, 2, 0). (DS. Dltt)
3) a1 = (1, 3, 3); a2 = (1, 1, 1); a3 = (2, 4, 4). (DS. Pttt)
4) a1 = 1, 3, 0); a2 = (3, 3, 1); a3 = (2, 0, 1). (DS. Pttt)
5) a1 = (2, 3, 1); a2 = (1, 1, 1); a3 = (1, 2, 0). (DS. Pttt)
5. Gia su. v1, v2 v`a v3 l`a he. do.c la.p tuyen tnh. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang he.
sau day c
ung l`a dltt:
1) a1 = v1 + v2 ; a2 = v1 + v3; a3 = v1 2v2 .
2) a1 = v1 + v3 ; a2 = v3 v1; a3 = v1 + v2 v3 .
6. Ch
u.ng minh ra`ng cac he. vecto. sau day l`a phu. thuo.c tuyen tnh.
Doi vo.i he. vecto. n`ao th` vecto. b l`a to ho..p tuyen tnh cua cac vecto.
c`on la.i ?
1) a1 = (2, 0, 1), a2 = (3, 0, 2), a3 = (1, 0, 1), b = (1, 2, 0).
(DS. b khong l`a to ho..p tuyen tnh)
2) a1 = (2, 0, 1), a2 = (1, 1, 0), a3 = (0, 1, 2); b = (2, 3, 6).
(DS. b l`a to ho..p tuyen tnh)
.
- .inh ngha khong gian n-chi
`eu v`a mo.t so khai nie.m co. ban v
`e vecto187
5.1. D
7. T`m so cu..c da.i cac vecto. dltt trong cac he. vecto. sau day
1) a1 = (2, 3, 1, 4); a2 = (1, 1, 2, 0); a3 = (0, 0, 1, 1);
a4 = (1, 4, 1, 4); a5 = (2, 3, 0, 5). (DS. = 3)
2) a1 = (1, 0, 0, 0); a2 = (0, 1, 0, 0); a3 = (0, 0, 1, 0)
a4 = (0, 0, 0, 1); a5 = (1, 2, 3, 4). (DS. = 4)
3) a1 = (1, 1, 1, 1); a2 = (1, 1, 1, 0); a3 = (1, 1, 0, 0);
a4 = (1, 0, 0, 0); a5 = (1, 2, 3, 4). (DS. = 4)
Ch d
a n. La.p ma tra.n cac to.a do. m`a mo i co.t cua no l`a to.a do. cua
`oi tnh ha.ng cua ma tra.n.
vecto. cua he. r
8. Cac he. vecto. sau day trong khong gian R4 l`a dltt hay pttt
1) a1 = (1, 2, 3, 4), a2 = (1, 2, 3, 4). (DS. Pttt)
2) a1 = (1, 2, 3, 4), a2 = (1, 2, 3, 4). (DS. Pttt)
3) a1 = (1, 2, 3, 4), a2 = (3, 6, 9, 12). (DS. Pttt)
4) a1 = (1, 2, 3, 4), (a2 = (1, 2, 3, 5). (DS. Dltt)
5) a1 = (1, 0, 0, 0), a2 = (0, 1, 0, 0), a3 = (0, 0, 1, 0), a4 = (0, 0, 0, 1)
uy y
cua R4 . (DS. Pttt)
v`a a l`a vecto. t`
6) a1 = (1, 1, 1, 1), a2 = (0, 1, 1, 1), a3 = (0, 0, 1, 1), a4 = (0, 0, 0, 1).
(DS. Dltt)
7) a1 = (1, 2, 3, 4), a2 = (3, 6, 9, 12), a3 = (1, 2, 3, 6). (DS. Pttt)
9. Cac he. vecto. sau day dltt hay pttt. Trong tru.`o.ng ho..p pttt hay ch
ra mo.t su.. pttt. Hay ch ra mo.t he. con cu..c da.i n`ao do l`a dltt.
1) a1 = (2, 1, 2, 1), a2 = (9, 5, 6, 21), a3 = (2, 5, 1, 3),
a4 = (1, 1, 1, 5), a5 = (1, 2, 3, 4).
(DS. a1 + a2 + a3 3a4 2a5 = ; a1, a2, a3, a4)
2) a1 = (1, 1, 1, 1), a2 = (2, 0, 1, 1), a3 = (3, 4, 0, 1),
a4 = (13, 10, 3, 2). (DS. 2a1 + a2 + 3a3 a4 = ; a1, a2, a3)
3) a1 = (1, 1, 1, 1), a2 = (2, 0, 1, 1), a3 = (3, 1, 1, 1),
a4 = (4, 2, 1, 2). (DS. He. do.c la.p tuyen tnh)
4) a1 = (1, 2, 2, 1), a2 = (1, 0, 2, 1), a3 = (0, 1, 0, 1),
a4 = (3, 6, 0, 4). (DS. He. do.c la.p tuyen tnh)
188
Rn
10. Tnh ha.ng r cua he. vecto. v`a ch ro he. da cho l`a pttt hay dltt:
1) a1 = (1, 2, 2, 8, 2), a2 = (1, 2, 1, 5, 3), a3 = (1, 2, 4, 7, 0).
(DS. r = 3, he. do.c la.p tuyen tnh)
2) a1 = (2, 3, 1, 1), a2 = (3, 1, 4, 2), a3 = (1, 2, 3, 1),
a4 = (1, 4, 7, 5). (DS. r = 3, he. pttt)
3) a1 = (2, 1, 3, 2, 6), a2 = (1, 5, 2, 3, 4), a3 = (3, 4, 1, 5, 7),
a4 = (3, 7, 4, 1, 7), a5 = (0, 11, 5, 4, 4). (DS. r = 3 he. pttt)
4) a1 = (2, 1, 4, 4, 17), a2 = (0, 0, 5, 7, 9), a3 =
(2, 1, 6, 10, 11),
a4 = (8, 4, 1, 5, 11), a5 = (2, 2, 9, 11, 10). (DS. r = 5, he. dltt)
5.2
-
oi co. so.
Co. so.. D
(5.5)
trong do x1 , x2, . . . , xn l`a to.a do. cua vecto. x trong co. so. E1 , E2 , . . . , En
v`a (5.5) go.i l`a khai trien vecto. x theo co. so. E1, E2 , . . . , En .
ngha co. ban cua khai nie.m co. so. l`a: cac phep toan tuyen tnh
Y
tren cac vecto. trong co. so. cho tru.o.c chuyen th`anh cac phep toan tren
ung.
cac so l`a to.a do. cua ch
- i.nh l
D
y 5.2.1. Trong kh
ong gian Rn :
o. cua m
o.t vecto. d
oi v
o.i m
o.t co. so. l`
a duy nh
at.
1) To.a d
- oi co. so.
5.2. Co. so.. D
189
`om n vecto. d
`eu l
2) Mo.i he. dltt g
a.p th`
anh co. so. cua kh
ong gian
n
R .
`e: Khi co. so. thay doi th` to.a do. cua mo.t vecto. trong
Ta xet van d
khong gian Rn thay doi the n`ao ?
Gia su. trong khong gian Rn co hai co. so.
u
E :E1 , E2, . . . , En - co. so. c
E :E1, E2 , . . . , En - co. so. mo.i
(5.6)
(5.7)
V` E1 , E2, . . . , En Rn nen
...
... ... ... ...
(5.8)
u. co. so. E1 , E2 , . . . , En
Co the noi ra`ng co. so. E1, . . . , En thu du.o..c t`
nh`o. ma tra.n
TEE = .
(5.9)
.. . .
..
.
.
.
.
.
tn1 tn2 . . . tnn
trong do co.t th
u. i cua ma tra.n (5.9) chnh l`a cac to.a do. cua vecto. Ei
trong co. so. (5.6).
a.n chuyen t`
u. co.
Ma tra.n T = TEE trong (5.9) du.o..c go.i l`a ma tr
so. (5.6) den co. so. (5.7). Di.nh th
u.c cua ma tra.n chuyen detT 6= 0
v` trong tru.`o.ng ho..p ngu.o..c la.i th` cac vecto. co.t (v`a do do cac vecto.
E1, . . . , En ) l`a phu. thuo.c tuyen tnh.
`au
u. co. so. c
u sang co. so. mo.i d
Nhu. va.y de t`m ma tra.n chuyen t`
`an khai trien cac vecto. cua co. so. mo.i theo co. so. c
u. Tiep do
tien ta c
u. i cua
ta la.p ma tra.n m`a co.t th
u. i cua no l`a cac to.a do. cua vecto. th
u. Do chnh l`a ma tra.n chuyen.
co. so. mo.i trong co. so. c
190
Rn
...
... ... ... ...
x1
x2
X=
.. ,
.
xn
(5.11)
y1
y2
Y =
..
.
yn
T`
u. do c
ung suy ra
1
Y = TEE
X.
(5.11*)
VI DU
CAC
.
V du. 1. Trong khong gian R3 he. cac vecto. E1 (1, 0, 0), E2 (0, 2, 0),
E3 (0, 0, 3) l`a co. so. cua no.
Giai. 1) He. vecto. E1 , E2 , E3 l`a he. do.c la.p tuyen tnh. Tha.t va.y,
u.c vecto.
dang th
1 E1 + 2 E2 + 3 E3 = (0, 0, 0)
1 (1, 0, 0) + 2 (0, 2, 0) + 3 (0, 0, 3) = (0, 0, 0)
(1 , 22 , 33 ) = (0, 0, 0)
1 = 2 = 3 = 0.
- oi co. so.
5.2. Co. so.. D
191
x = 1 (1, 0, 0) +
t
u.c l`a x l`a to ho..p tuyen tnh cua E1 , E2, E3 . N
V du. 2. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang trong khong gian R3 cac vecto. E1 =
(2, 1, 1), E2 = (1, 3, 1), E3 = (2, 1, 3) la.p th`anh mo.t co. so.. T`m to.a
do. cua vecto. x = (2, 4, 2) theo co. so. do.
Giai. 1) He. E1 , E2 , E3 l`a dltt. Tha.t va.y gia su. 1 E1 + 2E2 + 3E3 =
21 + 2 23 = 0,
1 + 32 + 3 = 0,
1 + 2 + 33 = 0.
`an nhat nen no ch co nghie.m t
`am
He. n`ay co detA 6= 0 v`a l`a he. thu
thu.`o.ng 1 = 2 = 3 = 0 v`a do do E1 , E2 , E3 do.c la.p tuyen tnh. Theo
`an 2) cac vecto. n`ay la.p th`anh co. so. cua R3 .
y 1 (ph
di.nh l
2) De khai trien vecto. x = (2, 4, 2) theo co. so. E1 , E2 , E3 ta da.t
x = 1 E1 + 2 E2 + 3 E3
v`a t`
u. do
21 + 2 23 = 2,
1 + 32 + 3 = 4,
1 + 2 + 33 = 2.
He. n`ay co nghie.m l`a 1 = 1, 2 = 2, 3 = 1. Va.y trong co. so.
E1 , E2, E3 vecto. x co to.a do. l`a (1, 2, 1). N
V du. 3. Ch
u.ng minh ra`ng ba vecto. E1 = (1, 0, 2), E2 = (4, 1, 5),
E3 = (1, 3, 4) la.p th`anh co. so. cua R3 .
192
Rn
1 0 2
1 0 2
1 0 2
4 1 5 0 1 13 0 1 13 .
1 3
4
0 3
6
0 0 45
T`
u. do suy ra r`ang ha.ng cua he. vecto. da cho b`ang 3 v`a do va.y he. do
y 1 no la.p th`anh mo.t co. so.. N
l`a do.c la.p tuyen tnh. Theo di.nh l
V du. 4. Gia su. trong co. so. E1 , E2 vecto. x co to.a do. l`a 1; 2. T`m
to.a do. cua vecto. do trong co. so. E1 = E1 , E2 = E1 + E2 .
`au tien ta viet ma tra.n chuyen t`
Giai. D
u. co. so. E1 , E2 den E1 , E2.
Ta co
E1 = 1 e1 + 0 e2,
E2 = 1 e1 + 1 e2.
Do do
"
#
"
#
1 1
1
1
T =
T 1 =
.
0 21
0 1
du.ng cong th
Ap
u.c (11*) ta co
" #
" # "
#" # " #
y1
1 1
1
3
1 x1
=T
=
=
.
y2
x2
0 1
2
2
Do do y1 = 3, y2 = 2. N
u.c bien doi cac
V du. 5 (phep quay tru.c to.a do.). Hay da n ra cong th
u. co. so. chnh
to.a do. cua vecto. trong R2 trong mo.t co. so. thu du.o..c t`
tac e1 = (1, 0), e2 = (0, 1) sau phep quay tru.c to.a do. goc .
- oi co. so.
5.2. Co. so.. D
193
H`nh 5.1
Giai. T`
u. h`nh ve suy ra ra`ng vecto. e1 la.p vo.i cac vecto. e1 v`a e2
"
#
cos sin
=
sin cos
"
#
cos sin
=
.
sin cos
194
Rn
V du. 6. Gia su. x = (3, 1, 0) l`a vecto. cua R3 vo.i co. so. E1 , E2 , E3 .
T`m to.a do. cua x doi vo.i co. so.
E1 = 2E1 E2 + 3E3 ,
E2 = E1 + E3 ,
E3 = E2 + 2E3 .
Giai. T`
u. cac khai trien E1, E2 v`a E3 theo co. so. E1 , E2 , E3 ta co ma
tra.n chuyen
2 1 0
T = 1 0 1
3 1 2
t`
u. co. so. E1 , E2 , E3 sang co. so. E1 , E2, E3 .
Ta k
y hie.u x1 , x2, x3 l`a to.a do. cua x trong co. so. E1 , E2 , E3. Ta co
3
x1
1
x2 = T 1
x3
0
V` T 1
1 2 1
= 1 4
2 nen
1 1
1
1 2 1
x1
3
5
2 1 = 7 .
x2 = 1 4
x3
1 1
1
0
4
- oi co. so.
5.2. Co. so.. D
1+ Ch
u.ng minh r`ang E1 , E2 la.p th`anh co. so. cua R2 .
2+ T`m to.a do. vecto. x trong co. so. E1 , E2 .
3+ T`m to.a do. cua vecto. x trong co. so. E2, E1 .
Giai. 1+ Ta la.p ma tra.n cac to.a do. cua E1 v`a E2 :
"
#
1 2
A=
detA = 5 6= 0.
2 1
`eu R2 nen no
Do do he. hai vecto. E1 , E2 l`a dltt trong khong gian 2-chi
la.p th`anh co. so..
2+ Trong co. so. da cho vecto. x co to.a do. l`a (3, 4). Gia su. trong
u. co.
co. so. E1 , E2 vecto. x co to.a do. (x1, x2 ). Ta la.p ma tra.n chuyen t`
so. E1 , E2 den co. so. E1 , E2 :
"
#
"
#
1 2
1
2
1
T =
T 1 =
5 2 1
2 1
Khi do
11
" #
"
#" #
" #
" #
" #
x1
1
2
3
11
3
x
1
1
1
=
= 5 .
= T 1
=
2
5 2 1
5 2
x2
x2
4
4
5
11
+2
Va.y x1 =
, x2 =
.
5
5
ung l`a co. so. cua R2 . Ma
3+ V` E1 , E2 l`a co. so. cua R2 nen E2 , E1 c
tra.n chuyen t`
u. co. so. E1 , E2 den co. so. E2 , E1 co da.ng
2
"
#" #
"
#
"
#
2
1
3
1
2
2
1
1
A =
=
=5
, A1 =
11
5 1 2
5 11
4
1 2
5
2
11
trong co. so. E2 , E1.
Do do x1 = , x2 =
5
5
V du. 8. Trong khong gian R3 cho co. so. E1 , E2 , E3 n`ao do v`a trong
co. so. do cac vecto. E1 , E2 , E3 v`a x co to.a do. l`a E1 = (1, 1, 1); E2 =
(1, 2, 2), E3 = (1, 1, 3) v`a x = (6, 9, 14).
195
196
Rn
1+ Ch
u.ng minh r`ang E1 , E2 , E3 c
ung la.p th`anh co. so. trong R3 .
2+ T`m to.a do. cua x trong co. so. E1, E2 , E3 .
Giai. 1+ tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. trong v du. 7, ha.ng cua he. ba vecto.
E1 , E2 , E3 ba`ng 3 nen he. vecto. do do.c la.p tuyen tnh trong khong
`eu nen no la.p th`anh co. so. cua R3.
gian 3-chi
2+ De t`m to.a do. cua x trong co. so. E1 , E2 , E3 ta co the tien h`anh
theo hai phu.o.ng phap sau.
(I) V` E1 , E2, E3 la.p th`anh co. so. cua R3 nen
x = x1 E1 + x2E2 + x3E3
(6, 9, 14) = x1 (1, 1, 1) + x2(1, 2, 2) + x3(1, 1, 3)
v`a do do x1, x2, x3 l`a nghie.m cua he.
x1 + x2 + x3 = 6,
1
5
x1 = , x2 = 3, x3 =
x1 + 2x + x3 = 9,
2
2
4
1 1 1
1
1
TEE = 1 2 1 TEE = 2
2
0
1 2 3
1 1
2
0 .
1 1
Do do
1
6
x1
1
1 2
1
x2 = TEE 9 = 6 = 3
2
5
14
x3
5
2
v`a thu du.o..c ket qua nhu. tronng (I). N
` TA
P
BAI
.
- oi co. so.
5.2. Co. so.. D
197
1. Ch
u.ng minh ra`ng cac he. vecto. sau day l`a nh
u.ng co. so. trong khong
gian R4 :
1) e1 = (1, 0, 0, 0); e2 = (0, 1, 0, 0); e3 = (0, 0, 1, 0); e4 = (0, 0, 0, 1).
2) E1 = (1, 1, 1, 1); E2 = (0, 1, 1, 1); E3 = (0, 0, 1, 1); E4 = (0, 0, 0, 1).
2. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang he. vecto. do.n vi.:
e1 = (1, 0, . . . , 0); e2 = (0, 1, 0, . . . , 0), . . . , en = (0, 0, . . . , 0, 1)
| {z }
| {z }
n1
n1
la.p th`anh co. so. trong Rn . Co. so. n`ay du.o..c go.i l`a co. so. chnh t
ac.
3. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang he. vecto.
E1 = (1, 0, . . . , 0),
E2 = (1, 1, . . . , 0),
...
...
...
En = (1, 1, . . . , 1)
l`a mo.t co. so. trong Rn .
4. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang he. vecto.
E1 = (1, 2, 3, . . . , n 1, n),
E2 = (1, 2, 3, . . . , n 1, 0),
...
...
...
...
...
En = (1, 0, 0, . . . , 0, 0)
la.p th`anh co. so. trong khong gian Rn .
5. Hay kiem tra xem mo i he. vecto. sau day co la.p th`anh co. so. trong
khong gian R4 khong v`a t`m cac to.a do. cua vecto. x = (1, 2, 3, 4) trong
mo i co. so. do.
1) a1 = (0, 1, 0, 1); a2 = (0, 1, 0, 1); a3 = (1, 0, 1, 0);
a4 = (1, 0, 1, 0). (DS. 3, 1, 2, 1)
2) a1 = (1, 2, 3, 0); a2 = (1, 2, 0, 3); a3 = (1, 0, 2, 3);
198
Rn
1 1
2
a4 = (0, 1, 2, 3). (DS. , , , 1)
3
6 2
3) a1 = (1, 1, 1, 1); a2 = (1, 1, 1, 1); a3 = (1, 1, 1, 1);
1
3
a4 = (1, 1, 1, 1). (DS. , , 1, 1)
2
2
4) a1 = (1, 2, 3, 4); a2 = (4, 1, 2, 3); a3 = (3, 4, 1, 2);
7
13
17
13
a4 = (2, 3, 4, 1). (DS. , , , )
10
10
10
10
ung de
Nh
a.n xet. Ta nhac la.i r`ang cac k
y hie.u e1, e2 , . . . , en du.o..c d`
ch cac vecto. do.n vi. cua tru.c xi (i = 1, 2, . . . , n):
ei = (1, 0, . . . , 0), e2 = (0, 1, 0, . . . , 0), . . . , en = (0, . . . , 0, 1)
| {z }
| {z }
n1
n1
(DS. 1 0 0)
0 1 0
7. T`m ma tra.n chuyen t`
u. co. so. e1, e2, e3, e4 den co. so. e3 , e4, e2, e1.
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
(DS.
)
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
"
#
1 1
l`a ma tra.n chuyen t`
u. co. so. e1 , e2 den co. so.
8. Cho ma tra.n
2 0
E1 , E2 . T`m to.a do. cua vecto. E1 , E2 .
(DS. E1 = (1, 2); E2 = (1, 0))
9. Gia su.
1 2 1
3 1 0
2 0 1
- oi co. so.
5.2. Co. so.. D
199
2
3 0
(DS. 1 1 0)
1 1 1
11. T`m ma tra.n chuyen t`
u. co. so. e1, e2, e3 den co. so.
E1 = e2 + e3; E2 = e1 + 2e3; E3 = e1 + e2.
0 1 1
(DS. 1 0 1)
1 2 0
12. T`m ma tra.n chuyen t`
u. co. so. e1, e2, e3 , e4 den co. so.
E1 = 2e2 + 3e3 + e4; E2 = e1 2e2 + 3e3 e4 ; E3 = e1 + e4 ;
E4 = 2e1 + e2 e3 + e4.
0 1 1 2
2 2 0 1
(DS.
)
3 3 0 1
1 1 1
13. Cho
"
#
2 1
1 2
Ch d
a n. T`
u ma tra.n da cho t`m khai trien E1 , E2 theo co. so. e1, e2.
T`
u. do t`m khai trien e1, e2 theo co. so. E1 , E2.
200
Rn
1 1 3
2
5 1
1 4 1
l`a ma tra.n chuyen t`
u. co. so. e1 , e2, e3
vecto. e2 trong co. so. E1 , E2, E3 .
11
4
5
, ,
)
(DS. e2 =
41
41
41
15. Cho ma tra.n
1 0
0 0
1 3
2
1
5.3
Kh
ong gian vecto. Euclid. Co. so. tru..c
chu
an
Khong gian tuyen tnh thu..c V du.o..c go.i l`a khong gian Euclid neu trong
`an tu.
u.c l`a neu vo.i mo i ca.p ph
V du.o..c trang bi. mo.t tch vo hu.o.ng, t
`eu tu.o.ng u
x, y V d
.ng vo.i mo.t so thu..c (k
y hie.u l`a hx, yi) sao cho
.
.
.
`e sau
ng do thoa man cac tien d
x, y, z V v`a so R phep tu o ng u
day
(I) hx, yi = hy, xi;
(II) hx + y, zi = hx, zi + hy, zi;
(III) hx, yi = hx, yi;
(IV) hx, xi > 0 neu x 6= .
Trong khong gian vecto. Rn doi vo.i ca.p vecto. a = (a1, a2, . . . , an ),
201
202
Rn
n
X
ai bi = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + + an bn
(5.12)
i=1
hx, yi
co the xem nhu. cosin cua goc n`ao do. Goc m`a
kxk kyk
cos =
hx, yi
,
kxk kyk
066
(5.14)
hai , ai i = ij =
0
1
neu i 6= j
neu i = j
- i.nh l
`eu l`
D
y 5.3.1. Mo.i he. tru..c giao c
ac vecto. kh
ac kh
ong d
a he. d
o.c
l
a.p tuyen tnh.
`om n vecto. E1 , E2 , . . . , En Rn du.o..c go.i l`a co. so. tru..c giao
He. g
`om cac vecto. tru..c giao t`
neu no l`a mo.t co. so. g
u.ng doi mo.t.
`on ta.i nh
Trong khong gian Rn t
u.ng co. so. da.c bie.t tie.n lo..i du.o..c
an (vai tr`o nhu. co. so. Decac vuong goc
go.i l`a nh
u.ng co. so. tru..c chu
trong h`nh ho.c giai tch).
`om n vecto. E1 , E2 , . . . , En Rn du.o..c go.i l`a mo.t co. so. tru..c
He. g
u.ng doi mo.t tru..c giao v`a do. d`ai cua
chu
an cua Rn neu cac vecto. n`ay t`
`eu ba`ng 1, t
u.c l`a
mo i vecto. cua he. d
0 neu i 6= k,
(Ei , Ek ) =
1 neu i = k.
- i.nh l
`eu t
`on ta.i co.
`eu d
D
y 5.3.2. Trong mo.i kh
ong gian Euclid n-chi
an.
so. tru..c chu
`eu do ta co the su. du.ng phep tru..c giao hoa Gram-Smidth
De co di
`e co. so. tru..c chuan. No.i dung cua thua.t toan do nhu.
du.a mo.t co. so. v
sau
Gia su. E1 = a1. Tiep do phep du..ng du.o..c tien h`anh theo quy na.p.
203
204
Rn
i
X
j aj ,
j=1
trong do
j =
hai+1 , Ej i
,
hEj , Ej i
j = 1, i
Giai. Ta t`m to.a do. cua cac vecto. AB, AC v`a BC. Ta co
kABk = 02 + (2)2 + 42 + 42 = 36 = 6
u.c (5.14) ta co
v`a tu.o.ng tu.. kACk = 6, kBCk = 6 2. Theo cong th
hAB, ACi
0 4 + (2) 4 + 4 0 + 4 2
cos A =
=
= 0.
kABk kACk
66
b = . N
Do do A
2
u.c Cauchy-Bunhiakovski
V du. 3. Ch
u.ng minh ra`ng trong bat dang th
|ha, bi| 6 kak kbk dau ba`ng = da.t du.o..c khi v`a ch khi a v`a b phu.
thuo.c tuyen tnh.
Giai. 1) Neu a = b th`
|ha, bi| = |hb, bi = || kbk2 = kbk kbk = kak kbk.
Ngu.o..c la.i, neu |ha, bi| = kak kbk th`
D
ha, bi
ha, bi E
ha, bi
ha, bi2
2
a
b,
a
b
=
kak
2
ha,
bi
+
kbk2 =
kbk2
kbk2
kbk2
kbk4
kak2kbk2 kak2 kbk2kbk2
2
= kak 2
+
= 0.
kbk2
kbk4
Nhu.ng tch vo hu.o.ng hx, xi = 0 x = . T`
u. do suy ra ra`ng a =
ha, bi
b, t
u.c l`a a, b phu. thuo.c tuyen tnh. N
kbk2
V du. 4. He. cac vecto. do.n vi. trong Rn vo.i tch vo hu.o.ng (5.12)
e1 = (1, 0, 0, . . . , 0)
e2 = (0, 1, 0, . . . , 0)
...
...
...
...
en = (0, 0, 0, . . . , 1)
205
206
Rn
`e co. so. tru..c chuan trong Rn . Co. so. n`ay go.i l`a co. so.
l`a mo.t v du. v
chnh t
ac trong Rn .
u. do
Giai. Hien nhien hei , ej i = 0 i 6= j, kej k = 1 j = 1, n. T`
`eu c
`an ch
u.ng minh. N
thu du.o..c di
V du. 5. To.a do. cua vecto. a Rn bat k`
y doi vo.i co. so. tru..c chuan
.ng.
ba`ng tch vo hu.o.ng cua vecto. do vo.i vecto. co. so. tu.o.ng u
Giai. Gia su. a Rn v`a E1 , E2 , . . . , En l`a mo.t co. so. tru..c chuan cua
Rn . Khi do
a=
n
X
i Ei .
i=1
k = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Do do
a=
n
X
ha, Ei iEi
a Rn .
i=1
Do do
1
1
1
, 0, .
E2 = (1, 1, 0) (1, 2, 1) =
2
2
2
Tiep theo da.t
E3 = E3 + E1 + E2
`eu kie.n
sao cho hE3 , E1 i = hE3 , E2i = 0. Tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. tren, t`
u. di
1
`eu kie.n hE3 , E2 i = 0 ta co = 2.
hE3 , E1i = 0 ta co = v`a t`
u. di
3
Do do
2
2 2
1
, ,
E3 = E3 E1 2E2 =
3
3
3 3
v`a thu du.o..c co. so. tru..c giao
1
2
1
2 2
, 0, , E3 =
, , .
E1 = (1, 2, 1), E2 =
2
2
3
3 3
`au tien ta da.t
`an 1), d
2) Tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. ph
E1 = E1 = (1, 1, 1)
E2 = E2 + E1
sao cho hE2 , E1 i = 0. T`
u. do thu du.o..c
=
hE1 , E2 i
2+3+4
=
= 3,
hE1 , E1 i
3
v`a do do
E2 = (1, 0, 1).
207
208
Rn
hE1 , E3 i
= 2;
hE1 , E1 i
hE2 , E3 i
= 2.
hE2, E2 i
Nhu. va.y
E3 = (2, 4, 2).
Sau c`
ung ta chuan hoa cac vecto. E1, E2 , E3 v`a thu du.o..c co. so. tru..c
chuan
1
1
1
1
1
e1 = , , , e2 = , 0, ,
3
3
3
2
2
1
2
1
e3 = , , . N
6
6
6
`om ba vecto. trong R4 :
V du. 7. Hay bo sung cho he. tru..c giao g
1 1
7 7
b1 = (1, 1, 1, 1), b2 = (2, 2, 2, 2), b3 = , , ,
2 2
2 2
de thu du.o..c co. so. tru..c giao trong khong gian do.
Giai. Ta co the bo sung b`ang hai cach
`eu cua khong
1+ V` so vecto. cua he. da cho nho ho.n 4 (l`a so chi
gian R4 ) nen trong khong gian R4 ta co the cho.n vecto. a4 sao cho he.
vecto. b1, b2 , b3, a4 do.c la.p tuyen tnh v`a sau do ap du.ng phep tru..c giao
hoa Gram-Smidth.
`ong th`o.i tru..c giao vo.i
2+ Ta co the cho.n vecto. x = (x1, x2, x3, x4 ) d
u.c l`a thu du.o..c he. phu.o.ng tr`nh
cac vecto. b1 , b2, b3, t
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0,
2x1 + 2x2 2x3 2x4 = 0,
1
7
7
1
x1 + x2 x3 + x4 = 0.
2
2
2
2
hx4 , x2i = 0,
hx4 , x2i = 0.
T`
u. do
+ + + 2 = 0,
+ + 3 3 = 0,
2 +
= 0.
T`
u. do thu du.o..c x4 = (25, 4, 17, 6). Nhu. va.y ta da bo sung them
hai vecto. x3, x4 v`a thu du.o..c he. vecto. tru..c giao x1, x2, x3 , x4 trong
`eu. Do l`a co. so. tru..c giao. N
khong gian 4-chi
` TA
P
BAI
.
209
210
Rn
cb) = 5 ,
(DS. 1) kak = 2, kbk = 6, ka + bk = 2 15, cos(a,
6
7
13
\
\
cos(a, a + b) = ; cos(b, a + b) = ; 2) kak = 2, kbk = 6,
2 15
6 15
1
cb) = 0, cos(a,\
a + b) =
a + b) = , cos(b,\
ka + bk = 2 10, cos(a,
10
3
cb) = 7 ,
; 3) kak = 5, kbk = 5, ka + bk = 6, cos(a,
25
10
4
4
cos(a,\
a + b) = , cos(b,\
a + b) = )
5
15
.
4. Ch
u ng minh r`ang trong khong gian Euclide
1) a a a = .
2) Neu vecto. a bi i = 1, s th` a tru..c giao vo.i mo.i to ho..p tuyen
tnh cua b1, . . . , bs.
Ch d
a n. Su. du.ng bat dang th
u.c Cauchy-Bunhiakovski.
6. Ch
u.ng minh r`ang trong h`nh b`nh h`anh du..ng tren hai vecto. a v`a b
tong cac b`nh phu.o.ng do. d`ai cua cac du.`o.ng cheo b`ang tong cac b`nh
phu.o.ng do. d`ai cac ca.nh
ka + bk2 + ka bk2 = 2kak2 + 2kbk2.
7. Ch
u.ng minh ra`ng neu cac vecto. a1, a2, . . . , am cua khong gian
Euclide l`a t`
u.ng doi mo.t tru..c giao th`
ka1 + a2 + + am k2 = ka1k2 + ka2k2 + + kam k2 .
Ch d
a n. Xet tch vo hu.o.ng
ha1 + a2 + + am , a1 + a2 + + am i
du.ng qua tr`nh tru..c giao hoa doi vo.i cac he. vecto. sau day cua
8. Ap
Rn :
1) a1 = (1, 2, 2), a2 = (1, 0, 1), a3 = (5, 3, 7).
211
212
Rn
2
1
2
(DS. E1 = a1 = (1, 2, 2); E2 = , , ; E3 = (6, 3, 6))
3
3
3
2) a1 = (1, 1, 1, 1), a2 = (3, 3, 1, 1), a3 = (2, 0, 6, 8).
E3 =
,
,
,
)
78 3 78 3 78 3 78
10. Ch
u.ng to ra`ng cac he. vecto. sau day trong R4 l`a tru..c giao v`a bo
sung cho cac he. do de tro. th`anh co. so. tru..c giao:
1) a1 = (1, 2, 1, 3), a2 = (2, 1, 3, 1)
(DS. Chang ha.n, cac vecto. a3 = (1, 1, 1, 0), a4 = (1, 1, 0, 1))
2) a1 = (1, 1, 1, 3), a2 = (4, 1, 5, 0).
(DS. Chang ha.n, cac vecto. a3 = (2, 3, 1, 0) v`a a4 = (1, 1, 1, 1))
11. Ch
u.ng to ra`ng cac vecto. sau day trong R4 l`a tru..c giao v`a bo sung
cho cac he. do de tro. th`anh co. so. tru..c giao v`a chuan hoa cac co. so. do
1) a1 = (1, 1, 1, 1), a2 = (1, 1, 1, 1).
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
(DS. E1 =
, , , , E2 =
, , , , E3 =
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
1
, 0, , 0 ,
2
2
, 0,
)
E4 = 0,
2
2
2) a1 = (1, 1, 1, 3), a2 = (1, 1, 3, 1)
1
3
1
1
, , ,
,
E1
=
(DS.
2 3 2 3 2 3 2
1
1
1
3
, ,
, ,
2
2 3 2 3
2 3
1
1 2
2 1 1
E3 = , , , 0 , E4 = , , 0, )
6 6 6
6 6
6
213
5.4
5.4.1
E2
Ph
ep bi
en d
oi tuy
en tnh
- i.nh ngha
D
Anh
xa. L : Rn Rn bien khong gian Rn th`anh chnh no du.o..c go.i l`a
mo.t phep bien d
oi tuyen tnh (bdtt) cua khong gian Rn neu no thoa
`eu kie.n sau day
man hai di
y
(i) Vo.i hai vecto. a v`a b Rn bat k`
L(a + b) = L(a) + L(b).
(5.15)
(5.16)
5.4.2
Ma tr
a.n cua ph
ep bdtt
Gia su. trong khong gian Rn ta co di.nh mo.t co. so. (E) n`ao do:
E = {E1 , E2 , . . . , En }.
(5.17)
214
Rn
y a21 a22 . . .
2
= .
.. . .
..
.
.
yn
(5.18)
xn
...
...
...
...
...
(5.19)
...
... ... ... ...
(5.20)
T`
u. cac to.a do. trong (5.20) ta la.p ma tra.n A sao cho to.a do. cua vecto.
215
a11 a12 . . .
a21 a22 . . .
A=
.. . .
..
.
.
.
an1 an2
a1n
a2n
..
.
. . . ann
(5.21)
1
A = TEE 0 BTEE
0
(5.22)
hay l`a
5.4.3
C
ac ph
ep to
an
Gia su. A v`a B l`a hai phep bdtt cua khong gian Rn vo.i ma tra.n tu.o.ng
uy y
.
u
.ng l`a A = kaij k v`a B = kbij k t`
+
1 Tong A + B l`a phep bien doi C sao cho
C(x) = A(x) + B(x) x Rn
vo.i ma tra.n tu.o.ng u
.ng l`a C = A + B = kaij k + kbij k.
216
Rn
2+ Tch cac phep bien doi tuyen tnh A vo.i so thu..c R l`a phep
bien doi A sao cho
(A)(x) = A(x)
vo.i ma tra.n l`a kaij k.
3+ Tch AB l`a phep bien doi
C(x) = A(B(x))
vo.i ma tra.n l`a C = A B.
5.4.4
eng
eng v`
a gi
a tri. ri
Vecto. ri
Vecto. khac khong x Rn du.o..c go.i l`a vecto. rieng cua phep bien doi
u.c sau thoa man
tuyen tnh L neu t`m du.o..c so sao cho dang th
L(x) = x.
(5.23)
(5.24)
v`a khi do: mo.i co.t khac khong thoa man (5.24) du.o..c go.i l`a vecto. rieng
.ng vo.i gia tri. rieng .
cua ma tra.n A tu.o.ng u
217
= 0,
= 0,
...
= 0.
(5.25)
218
Rn
#
1 1
A=
. N
2 0
V du. 2. Xet khong gian R3 vo.i co. so. E: E1 = (1, 1, 1), E2 = (0, 1, 1),
u.c
E3 = (0, 0, 1) v`a phep bien doi L : R3 R3 xac di.nh bo.i dang th
L[(u1 , u2, u3)] = (u1, u2 u1 , u3 u1) u = (u1 , u2, u3 ) R3 .
1+ Ch
u.ng minh r`ang L l`a phep bdtt.
2+ T`m ma tra.n cua L trong co. so. da cho.n.
= x1 + y1, x2 + y2 x1 y1, x3 + y3 x1 y1
= x1 , (x2 x1), (x3 x1) + y1, (y2 y1), (y3 y2)
= (x1, x2 x1 , x3 x1 ) + (y1, y2 y1, y3 y1 )
= L(x) + L(y).
Va.y L l`a phep bien doi phan tuyen tnh.
2+ De t`m ma tra.n cua L doi vo.i co. so. E1 , E2 , E3 ta co
L(E1 ) = L(1, 1, 1) = (1, 1 1, 1 1) = (1, 0, 0) = E1 + 0 E2 + 0 E3 ,
L(E2 ) = L(0, 1, 1) = (0, 1, 1) = 0 E1 + 1 E2 + 1 E3 ,
L(E3 ) = L(0, 0, 1) = (0, 0, 1) = 0 E1 + 0 E2 + 1 E3 .
T`
u. do suy ra`ng ma tra.n cua L doi vo.i co. so. da cho l`a
1 0 0
A = 0 1 0 . N
0 1 1
V du. 3. Trong khong gian R3 cho co. so. chnh tac e = {e1, e2, e3} v`a
E = {E1 , E2 , E3 }, E1 = 2e1 e2 + 3e3 , E2 = e1 + e3, E3 = e2 + 2e3 l`a
mo.t co. so. khac v`a gia su. L : R3 R3 l`a anh xa. du.o..c xac di.nh theo
co. so. {e1, e2 , e3} nhu. sau
x = (x1, x2, x3 ) 7 f (x) = (x, x1 + x2 , x1 + x2 + x3)
1+ T`m to.a do. cua vecto. x = 3e1 e2 = (3, 1, 0) doi vo.i co. so.
(E1 , E2, E3 ).
u.ng minh r`ang L l`a phep bdtt.
2+ Ch
219
220
Rn
3+ T`m ma tra.n cua L theo co. so. {e1 , e2, e3} v`a {E1 , E2 , E3 }.
Giai. 1+ Ma tra.n chuyen t`
u. co. so. {e1, e2 , e3} den co. so. (E1 , E2 , E3 }
l`a:
1 2 1
2 1 0
1
= 1 0 1 TeE
2 .
1 4
1 1
1
3 1 2
TeE
Gia su. (x1 , x2, x3) l`a to.a do. cua x doi vo.i co. so. {E1 , E2 , E3 }. Khi
do
x1
x1
1 2 1
3
5
1
2 1 = 7 .
x2 = TeE x2 = 1 4
x3
x3
1 1
1
0
4
Va.y to.a do. cua x doi vo.i co. so. E1 , E2 , E3 l`a (5, 7, 4) v`a do do x =
5E1 7E2 4E3 .
2+ Vie.c ch
u.ng minh L l`a phep bdtt du.o..c tien h`anh tu.o.ng tu.. nhu.
v du. 2.
3+ Gia su. f (x) = (y1 , y2, y3). Khi do ap du.ng (5.18) ta co
f (x1 , x2, x2 ) = (x1 , x1 + x2, x1 + x2 + x3 ) = (y1 , y2, y3).
Do va.y trong co. so. chnh tac ta co
x1
1 0 0
x1
y1
y2 = x1 + x2 = 1 1 0 x2
y3
x1 + x2 + x3
x3
1 1 1
v`a do do
1 0 0
A = 1 1 0 .
1 1 1
1 2 1
1 0 0
2 1 0
1
B = TeE
ATeE = 1 4
2 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1
1
1 1 1
3 1 2
4 3 1
= 10 7 2 . N
3
2
0
V du. 4. Gia su. L : R3 R3 v`a L : R3 R3 l`a hai phep bien doi
tuyen tnh cua R3 , trong do
L(x1 , x2, x3) = (x2 + x3 , 2x1, x1 + x2 ),
L (x1 , x2, x3) = (c1 x2 , 2x3, 2x2 + x3 ).
ung.
T`m L + L , L L , L L v`a ma tra.n cua ch
Giai. Ta co:
1) (L + L )(x1 , x2, x2) = L(x1, x2 , x3) + L (x1 , x2, x3)
= (x2 + x3, 2x1 , x1 + x3) + (x1 x2, 2x3 , 2x2 + x3)
= (x1 + x3, 2(x1 x3 ), x1 + 3x2 + x3 ).
u.c
T`
u. do phep bien doi L + L co the du.o..c cho bo.i cong th
y1 = x1 + x3 ,
y2 = 2x1 + 2x3,
y3 = x1 + 3x2 + x3
v`a ma tra.n AL+L cua L + L co da.ng
1 0 1
AL+L = 2 0 2 .
1 3 1
221
222
Rn
Ta lu.u y
r`ang t`
u. cac cong th
u.c cho L v`a L ta co
0 1 1
1 1 0
AL = 2 0 0 , AL = 0 0 2
1 1 0
0 2 1
v`a thu du.o..c AL+L ba`ng phep co.ng AL vo.i AL .
2) Ta co
(L L )(x) = L[L (x)] = L x1 x2, 2x3 , 2x2 + x3)
=
0
2 3
= 2 2 0
1 1 2
(Lu.u y
r`ang ALL = AL AL ).
3) Tru.`o.ng ho..p L L du.o..c giai tu.o.ng tu.. 2). N
V du. 5. 1) Ch
u.ng minh ra`ng trong co. so. e = {e1, e2} cua khong
gian R2 vecto. x = e1 3e2 l`a vecto. rieng cua phep bdtt L co ma tra.n
trong co. so. e l`a
#
"
2 1
A=
3 0
v`a vo.i gia tri. rieng = 1.
2) T`m gia tri. rieng v`a vecto. rieng cua phep bdtt xac di.nh bo.i cac
phu.o.ng tr`nh y1 = 5x1 + 4x2 , y2 = 8x1 + 9x2 .
r`ang vecto. x 6= .
Giai. 1) Tru.o.c het ta lu.u y
`an ch
Ta c
u.ng to L(x) = x. Tha.t va.y, ta co
#" # " #
" #
"
1
1
1
2 1
=
=
= x.
L(x) =
3
3
3 0 3
2 = 13.
`eu l`a cac gia tri. rieng.
2+ Ca hai gia tri. = 1 v`a = 13 d
3+ De t`m to.a do. cua cac vecto. rieng ta co hai he. phu.o.ng tr`nh
tuyen tnh
(
(
(5 2 )1 + 42 = 0,
(5 1 )1 + 42 = 0,
(II)
(I)
81 + (9 1 )2 = 0.
81 + (9 2 )2 = 0.
i) V` 1 = 1 nen he. (I) co da.ng
41 + 42 = 0,
81 + 82 = 0.
T`
u. do suy ra 2 = 1 , do do nghie.m cua he. n`ay co da.ng 1 = 1,
uy y
. V` vecto. rieng khac khong
2 = 1, trong do 1 l`a da.i lu.o..ng t`
.ng vo.i gia tri. rieng 1 = 1 l`a cac vecto. u(1, 1),
nen cac vecto. u
uy y
.
trong do 1 6= 0 l`a t`
ii) Tu.o.ng tu.. khi 2 = 13 he. (II) tro. th`anh
81 + 42 = 0,
81 42 = 0,
223
224
Rn
t
u.c l`a 2 = 21 . Da.t 1 = 2 = 2. Va.y he. (II) co nghie.m l`a
.ng
1 = , 2 = 2. V` vecto. rieng khac khong nen cac vecto. rieng u
vo.i gia tri. 2 = 13 l`a cac vecto. v(, 2). N
V du. 6. T`m gia tri. rieng v`a vecto. rieng cua phep bien doi tuyen
tnh L vo.i ma tra.n
"
#
1 2
A=
.
5 4
u.c da.c tru.ng cua phep bien doi L
Giai. Da th
1
2
P () =
= 2 5 6.
5
4
No co hai nghie.m thu..c 1 = 6, 2 = 1. Cac vecto. da.c tru.ng du.o..c
t`m t`
u. hai he. phu.o.ng tr`nh
(
(1 i )1 + 22 = 0,
i = 1, 2.
51 + (4 i )2 = 0,
`e mo.t phu.o.ng tr`nh.
V` di.nh th
u.c cua he. = 0 nen mo i he. ch thu v
1
2
1+ Vo.i 1 = 6 ta co 51 22 = 0
= v`a do do ta co the
2
5
lay vecto. rieng tu.o.ng u
.ng l`a u = (2, 5) (hoa.c mo.i vecto. u, R,
6= 0)
1
= 1 v`a vecto. rieng tu.o.ng
2+ Vo.i 2 = 1 ta co 1 + 2 = 0
2
u
.ng l`a v = (1, 1) (hay mo.i vecto. da.ng v, 6= 0). N
V du. 7. T`m cac gia tri. rieng v`a vecto. rieng cua phep bien doi tuyen
tnh L tren R3 vo.i ma tra.n theo co. so. chnh tac l`a
1 1 4
A = 2 0 4
1 1 5
225
Giai. Ta co da th
u.c da.c tru.ng cua ma tra.n A l`a
1 1
4
det(A E) = 2
4 = 3 + 62 11 + 6
1
1 5
v`a
1 = 1,
det(A E) = 0 2 = 2,
3 = 3.
Gia su. x = (1 , 2 , 3 ) 6= 0 l`a vecto. rieng u
.ng vo.i gia tri. rieng .
`an nhat
Khi do x l`a nghie.m cua he. thu
(1 )1 + 2 + 43 = 0,
(*)
= 0,
21 2 43
1 + 2 + (5 )3 = 0.
1+ Khi = 1 ta co
= 0,
2 + 43
() 21 2 43 = 0,
1 + 2 + 43 = 0.
nghie.m tong quat l`a (0, 4, ), 6= 0 t`
uy y
.
.ng vo.i no l`a
Va.y vo.i gia tri. rieng 1 = 1 ta co cac vecto. rieng u
(0, 4, ), R, 6= 0.
2+ Khi = 2 ta co
1 + 2 + 43 = 0,
() 21 22 43 = 0,
1 + 2 + 33 = 0
.ng
he. co nghie.m tong quat l`a (, , 0), 6= 0 v`a do do vecto. rieng u
vo.i = 2 l`a (, , 0), 6= 0.
226
Rn
7 12 6
A = 10 19 10 .
12 24 13
Giai. Phu.o.ng tr`nh da.c tru.ng
7
12
6
P () = 10
19
10 = 0
12
24
13
co nghie.m 1 = 2 = 1, 1 = 1. Cac vecto. da.c tru.ng du.o..c xac di.nh
t`
u. hai he. phu.o.ng tr`nh
(7 i ) 12 + 6 = 0,
10 (19 + i ) + 10 = 0,
12 24 + (13 i ) = 0;
i = 1, 2.
1+ Khi = 1 ta co
6 12 + 6 = 0,
10 20 + 10 = 0,
12 24 + 12 = 0.
Ha.ng cua ma tra.n (go.i l`a ma tra.n da.c tru.ng) (A 1 E) cua he. n`ay
l`a ba`ng r = 1. Do do he. tu.o.ng du.o.ng vo.i mo.t phu.o.ng tr`nh
2 + = 0.
T`
u. do suy ra`ng he. co hai nghie.m do.c la.p tuyen tnh, chang ha.n
u = (4, 5, 6),
v = (3, 5, 7).
227
2+ Khi 2 = 1 ta co
8 12 + 6 = 0,
10 18 + 10 = 0,
12 24 + 14 = 0.
Ha.ng cua ma tra.n (A3 E) cua he. ba`ng r = 2. Do do he. tu.o.ng du.o.ng
vo.i he. hai phu.o.ng tr`nh. Nghie.m rieng cua no co da.ng w = (3, 5, 6).
Nhu. va.y u, v, w l`a cac vecto. rieng cua phep bdtt da cho.
V du. 9. Cho ma tra.n
"
#
0 1
A=
.
1 0
` TA
. P
BAI
Trong cac b`ai toan (1 - 11) hay ch
u.ng to phep bien doi da cho l`a
ung theo co. so. chnh tac.
phep bdtt v`a t`m ma tra.n cua ch
1. Phep bien doi L l`a phep quay mo.i vecto. cua ma.t phang xOy xung
`ong h
`o.
`eu kim d
quanh goc to.a do. mo.t goc ngu.o..c chi
"
#
cos sin
)
(DS. AL =
sin cos
228
Rn
cos sin 0
1 0 0
(DS. 0 1 0)
0 0 0
4. Phep bien doi L l`a tch vecto. y = [a, x], trong do a = a1 x1 + a2x2 +
a3 x3 l`a vecto. co di.nh cua R3 .
0 a3 a2
(DS. a3
0 a1)
a2 a1
0
e n tch vecto. du.o.i da.ng di.nh th
u.c.
Ch d
a n. Su. du.ng phep bieu di
`ong nhat trong khong gian
5. Phep bien doi L l`a phep bien doi d
`eu Rn trong mo.i co. so..
n-chi
1 0 ... 0
0 1 . . . 0
(DS. E =
.. .. . . . .. )
.
.
.
0 0 ... 1
6. L l`a phep
0
(DS.
..
.
0 ... 0
. . . 0
.. . .
. )
. ..
.
0 0 ...
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
(DS.
)
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
`eu len
8. Phep bien doi L l`a phep chieu vuong goc khong gian 3-chi
.
.
.
\
u ng goc ba`ng nhau, t
u c l`a (Ox, ) =
tru.c la.p vo i cac tru.c to.a do. nh
\
\
(Oy,
) = (Oz,
) = .
1 1 1
3 3 3
1 1 1
(DS.
)
3 3 3
1 1 1
3 3 3
Ch d
a n. Su. du.ng tnh chat cua cosin ch phu.o.ng cua goc bat k`
y
2
2
2
cos + cos + cos = 1.
9. Phep bien doi L l`a phep chieu R3 theo phu.o.ng song song vo.i ma.t
phang vecto. e2, e3 len tru.c to.a do. cua vecto. e1
1 0 0
(DS. 0 0 0)
0 0 0
2
10. Phep bien doi L l`a phep quay R3 mo.t goc =
xung quanh
3
3
du.`o.ng thang cho trong R bo.i phu.o.ng tr`nh x1 = x2 = x3 .
0 0 1
0 1 0
b) 0 0 1 neu quay t`
u. e2 den e1 )
1 0 0
229
230
Rn
Trong cac b`ai toan (12-22) cho hai co. so. (e) : e1, e2 , . . . , en v`a
(E) : E1 , E2, . . . , En cua khong gian Rn v`a ma tra.n AL cua phep bien
doi tuyen tnh L trong co. so. (e). T`m ma tra.n cua L trong co. so. (E).
u. co. so. (e) den co.
Phu.o.ng phap chung l`a: (i) t`m ma tra.n chuyen T t`
so. (E); (ii) T`m ma tra.n T 1; (iii) T`m BL = T 1 AT .
"
#
"
#
17 6
5 0
11. AL =
, E1 = e1 2e2, E2 = 2e1 + e2). (DS.
)
6 8
0 20
"
#
"
#
3 1
2 3
, E1 = e2 , E2 = e1 + e2. (DS.
)
12. AL =
2 1
1 2
"
#
"
#
2 4
3 14
, E1 = e2 2e1 , E2 = 2e1 4e2. (DS.
)
13. AL =
3 3
3 8
"
#
"
#
1 0
5
6
14. AL =
, E1 = 3e1 + 2e2 , E2 = 2e1 + 2e2 . (DS.
)
2 4
6 8
0 2 1
E3 = e1 + 2e2 + 5e3 .
85 59 18
15 11 5
1 0 0
2 1 0
E3 = 3e1 + e3.
2 11
7
(DS. 4 14
8 )
5 15 8
"
#
"
#
2 1
3 3
, e1 = 3E1 E2 , e2 = E1 + E2 . (DS.
)
18. AL =
0 3
0 2
"
#
"
#
1 4
2 7
19. AL =
, e1 = E1 + E2 , e2 = 2E1 . (DS.
)
5 0
2 3
1 2 3
1 18 3
(DS. 1 8 0 )
2 10 2
2 1 0
3 10 8
e3 = 3E1 + E2 . (DS. 1 8
5 )
2 13 7
u. R3 R3 phep bien doi n`ao
22. Trong cac phep bien doi sau day t`
l`a tuyen tnh (gia thiet x = (x1, x2 , x3) R3)
1) L(x1 , x2, x3) = (x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 , 4x1 + 5x2 + 6x3 , 7x1 + 8x2 + 9x3 );
2) L(x1 , x2, x3) = (x1 +3x2 +4, 5x3 ; 6x1 +7x2 +9x3; 10, 5x1 +12x2 +
13x3 )
3) L(x1 , x2, x3 ) = (x2 + x3, x1 + x3, x1 + x2 ).
4) L(x1 , x2, x3 ) = (x1 , x2 + 1, x3 + 2).
5) L(x1 , x2, x3 ) = (x2 + x3, 2x1 + x3, 3x1 x2 + x3 ).
6) L(x1 , x2, x3 ) = (2x1 + x2 , x1 + x3, x23 ).
7) L(x1 , x2, x3 ) = (x1 x2 x3, x3 , x2).
231
232
Rn
(DS. 1), 2), 3), 5), 7) l`a phep bdtt; 4), 6) - khong)
a.c tru.ng v`a s
a.c tru.ng cua phep bdtt L
o d
23. T`m phu.o.ng tr`nh d
neu
1) L(e1 ) = 2e1; L(e2 ) = 5e1 + 3e2 ; L(e3 ) = 3e1 + 4e2 6e3 , trong
do e1, e2 , e3 l`a co. so. cua khong gian. (DS. ( + 6)( 2)( 3) = 0)
2) L(e1) = e1, L(e2) = 2e1 + 5e2, L(e3 ) = 2e1 e2 + 3e3 + 5e4 ,
L(e4 ) = e1 + 7e2 + 4e3 + 6e4 , trong do e1, e2 , e3, e4 l`a co. so. cua khong
gian.
(DS. ( + 1)( 5)(2 9 2) = 0)
3) L(e1 ) = 2e1 + 2e3 , L(e2 ) = 2e1 + 2e2 , L(e3 ) = 2e2 + 2e3 ;
e1 , e2, e3 l`a co. so. cua khong gian. (DS. 3 62 + 12 = 0)
24. Gia su. trong co. so. e = {e1 , e2} phep bdtt L co ma tra.n l`a
"
#
3 5
AL =
1 4
c`on trong co. so. E = {E1 , E2 }, E1 = e1 e2, E2 = e1 + 2e2 phep bdtt
L co ma tra.n
"
#
0 2
AL =
.
1 1
T`m ma tra.n cua cac phep bien doi:
1) L + L trong co. so. e1, e2;
2) L + L trong co. so. E1 , E2 .
"
#
"
#
1 1 13
1 10 13
; 2)
)
(DS. 1)
3 5 14
3 3 23
25. Gia su. trong co. so. e = {e1 , e2, e3} phep bdtt L co ma tra.n
2 0 2
AL = 1 1 0
3 0 1
AL = 0
1
T`m ma tra.n cua phep bien doi:
233
= e1 +2e2 , E2 = e1 e3, E3 = e2 +e3
3 0
1 2 .
2 0
6 2 2
2 4 4
234
Rn
"
#
7
10
1
)
4) L L trong co. so. E. (DS.
3 1 4
"
#
2
1
trong co. so. E =
27. Gia su. phep bdtt L co ma tra.n
5 3
{E1 , E2 }, E1 = (3, 7), E2 = (1, 2) v`a trong co. so. E "= {E#1 , E2 },
1 3
. T`m
E1 = (6, 7), E2 = (5, 6) phep bdtt L co ma tra.n l`a
2 7
ma tra.n cua L L trong co. so. m`a cac vecto. tren du.o..c cho.
"
#
109 93
)
(DS.
34 29
Ch d
a n. T`m cac ma tra.n chuyen co. so. Tea , Teb v`a ap du.ng
u. do
cong th
u.c (5.22) de t`m ma tra.n AL v`a AL trong co. so. e. T`
ALL = AL AL .
Trong cac b`ai toan (28-31) hay xac di.nh trong cac vecto. da cho
vecto. n`ao l`a vecto. rieng cua phep bdtt vo.i ma tra.n da cho (trong co.
so. n`ao do).
#
"
" #
" #
" #
1 0
1
0
0
; x1 =
28. A =
, x2 =
, x3 =
. (DS. x2 v`a x3 )
2 1
2
3
1
" #
" #
" #
"
#
1
2
1
1 1
, x2 =
, x3 =
.
29. A =
; x1 =
3
4
2
6 2
(DS. x1 v`a x3 )
1
1
2
0 0 2
0 1 0
1
1
4
Trong cac b`ai toan (32-35) hay t`m cac vecto. rieng cua phep bien
doi tuyen tnh du.o..c cho trong mo.t co. so. n`ao do bo.i ma tra.n A.
32.
33.
34.
35.
"
#
" # " #
2
4
4
1
A=
. (DS.
,
vo.i 6= 0, 6= 0 bat k`
y)
1 3
1
1
"
#
" # " #
3 4
2
1
y)
A=
. (DS.
,
vo.i 6= 0, 6= 0 bat k`
2 1
1
1
1 2 2
2
0
6
A = 1 0 3 . (DS. 1 , 1 , 7 ,
1 3 0
1
1
5
6= 0, 6= 0, 6= 0 bat k`
y)
1 0 2
2
0
A = 0 3 0. (DS. 0 , 1 ; 6= 0, 6= 0 bat k`
y)
0 0 0
1
0
2 1 1
A = 1 2 1
0
0
1
(DS. 1 = 2 = 1, u = (, ), 6= 0; 3 = 3, v = (, ), 6= 0) .
235
Chu.o.ng 6
Da.ng to`
an phu.o.ng v`
au
.ng
du.ng d
e nh
a.n da.ng du.`
o.ng v`
a
m
a.t b
a.c hai
6.1
Da.ng to`
an phu.o.ng
Da th
u.c dang cap ba.c hai cua cac bien x1, x2 , . . . , xn du.o..c go.i l`a da.ng
to`an phu.o.ng cua n bien do:
(x1, . . . , xn ) =
n X
n
X
i=1 j=1
aij xi xj =
n
X
aij xi xj .
(6.1)
i,j=1
x1
a11 a12 . . . a1n
x2
a21 a22 . . . ann
X = . , A = .
.. . .
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
xn
237
(6.2)
- i.nh l
D
y. Neu C l`
a ma tr
a.n cua phep bdtt thu..c hie.n tren c
ac bien
o.i ma tr
a.n A th` da.ng to`
an phu.o.ng m
o.i
cua da.ng to`
an phu.o.ng (6.1) v
o ma tr
a.n l`
a C T AC.
thu du.o..c c
Da.ng to`an phu.o.ng da.ng
1x21 + 2 x22 + + n x2n
(6.3)
khong ch
u.a cac so ha.ng vo.i tch cua cac bien khac nhau (v`a do do no
an phu.o.ng cheo hay da.ng
co ma tra.n du.`o.ng cheo) du.o..c go.i l`a da.ng to`
chnh t
ac.
Tiep theo ta tr`nh b`ay no.i dung cua cac phu.o.ng phap du.a da.ng
`e da.ng chnh tac.
to`an phu.o.ng v
6.1.1
ap Lagrange
Phu.o.ng ph
- i.nh l
`
D
y Lagrange. B
ang phep bien d
oi tuyen tnh kh
ong suy bien
.
.
.
`eu du.a du.o..c v
`e
oi v
o i c
an phu o ng d
ac bien x1 , . . . , xn mo.i da.ng to`
d
da.ng chnh t
ac.
`an co. ban cua phu.o.ng phap Lagrange l`a nhu. sau.
Tinh th
1+ It nhat mo.t trong cac he. so aii khac khong.
Khong giam tong quat, co the cho ra`ng a11 6= 0 (neu khong th`
u. cu.m tat
danh so la.i). Khi do ba`ng phep trch mo.t b`nh phu.o.ng du t`
ca cac so ha.ng ch
u.a x1 ta co
() = y12 + 2(x2 , x3, . . . , xn )
y1 = 1 x1 + 2 x2 + + n xn
trong do 1 , 2 , . . . , n l`a cac ha`ng so, 2 (x2 , . . . , xn ) l`a da.ng to`an
phu.o.ng ch c`on n 1 bien (khong c`on x1 ). Doi vo.i 2 (x2, . . . , xn ) ta
u.a tr`nh b`ay,...
la.i thu..c hie.n thua.t toan nhu. v`
238
y1 = x1 + 2x2 + 2x3
x1 = y1 2y2
2
y2 =
x2 + x3 x2 =
y2
3
y3 =
x3
x3 =
ta thu du.o..c
5
() = y12 3y22 y32 . N
3
V du. 2. Du.a da.ng to`an phu.o.ng
(x1, x2 , x3) = x1x2 + 2x1 x3 + 4x2 x3
2
y3
3
2
y3
3
y3
239
x1 = y1
(6.4)
x2 = y1 + y2
x3 =
y3
v`a thu du.o..c
() = y1(y1 + y2) + 2y1y3 + 4(y1 + y2)y3
= y12 + y1 y2 + 6y1 y3 + 4y2 y3.
Xuat phat t`
u. da.ng to`an phu.o.ng mo.i thu du.o..c, tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. trong
v du. 1 ta co
2 1
2
1
y2 + 3y3 + 4y2 y3
() = y1 + y2 + 3y3
2
2
2
1
1
= y1 + y2 + 3y3 y 2 + y2y3 9y 3.
2
4
Thu..c hie.n phep bien doi khong suy bien
1
z1 = y1 + y2 + 3y3 ,
2
z2 =
y2,
z3 =
y3
y1 = z1 z2 3z3 ,
2
y2 =
z2 ,
z3
y3 =
ta thu du.o..c
1
() = z12 z22 + z2z3 9z32 .
4
(6.5)
240
u1 = z1,
z1
u2 = z2 2z3 , z2
z3
u3 =
z3
bien
= u1 ,
= u2 + 2u3 ,
=
u3
(6.6)
Sau ba phep bien doi lien tiep (6.4)-(6.6) da.ng da cho co da.ng du.`o.ng
cheo
De t`m ma
(6.4), (6.5)
1 0
1 1
0 0
1
() = u21 u22 8u23 .
4
`an nhan cac ma tra.n cua
tra.n cua phep bien doi ho..p ta c
v`a (6.6). Ta co
1
1
4
1 0 0
0
1
3
1
0 1 2 =
= C.
0
0
2
1
0 1
2
0 0 1
1
0 0
1
0 0
1
x1 = u1 u2 4u3 ,
2
1
x2 = u1 + u2 2u3 ,
x3 =
u3 .
De kiem tra ta tnh tch C T AC.
1
1
1 0
0
1 1
1
C T AC =
0
0
2 2
2
4 2 1
1 2
Ta co
1
1 0
0
1
1
4
0
2 1
2
4
2
0 0 8
0
0 0
1
6.1.2
241
ap Jacobi
Phu.o.ng ph
chnh cua
a1n
a2n
.. 6= 0.
.
ann
(6.7)
Cu. the ta co
- i.nh l
D
y. Neu da.ng to`
an phu.o.ng
(x1, . . . , xn ) =
n
X
aij xi xj
i,j=1
`eu kie.n v`
`on
thoa m
an di
u.a neu: i 6= 0 i = 1, n th` t
ac bien x1, . . . , xn
oi tuyen tnh kh
ong suy bien t`
u. c
d
y1, . . . , yn sao cho
() =
1 2 2 2
n 2
y1 +
y2 + +
y ,
0
1
n1 n
0 1.
y Jacobi co da.ng
Phep bien doi neu trong di.nh l
x1 = y1 + 21y2 + 31y3 + + n1 yn ,
y2 + 32y3 + + n2 yn ,
x2 =
...
... ... ... ...
yn
xn =
(6.8)
trong do cac he. so ji cua phep bdtt (6.8) du.o..c xac di.nh theo cac cong
th
u.c
ij = (1)j+i
Dj1,i
j1
(6.9)
242
A = 2
1
u.c con chnh
vo.i cac di.nh th
1 = 2,
co da.ng
2 1
3 1
1 1
2 = 2,
3 = 1.
x1 = y1 + 21 y2 + 31 y3,
(6.11)
y2 + 32 y3,
x2 =
y3.
x3 =
Ta t`m cac he. so cua (6.11) theo cong th
u.c (6.9). Ta co
2
D1,1
21 = (1)3
= 1,
=
1
2
2 1
3
1
1
D
2,1
= ,
31 = (1)4
=
2
2
2
2
1
2 1
5 D2,2
32 = (1)
= 0.
=
2
2
243
Nhu. va.y
x1
x2
x3
1
= y1 + y2 y3 ,
2
=
y2 ,
=
y3 .
3
A=
2
2
3
2
2
1 0
0 1
1
2 = ,
4
3 =
17
x1 = y1 + 21y2 + 31y3,
y2 + 32y3,
x2 =
y3
x3 =
244
D1,1
1
31 = (1)4
D2,1
2
32 = (1)4
D2,2
2
3
3
= 2 = ,
2 4
3
2 2
1 0
= 8,
=
1
4
2 2
3
0
2
= 12.
=
1
x1 = y1 y2 + 8y3 ,
4
y2 12y3 , . N
x2 =
y3
x3 =
6.1.3
ap bi
en d
Phu.o.ng ph
oi tru..c giao
245
Ma tra.n T chuyen t`
u. co. so. tru..c chuan (e) den co. so. tru..c chuan (E)
u.ng (vo.i ma tra.n
la.p nen t`
u. cac vecto. rieng cua phep bien doi doi x
`eu tru..c chuan.
A) l`a ma tra.n tru..c giao v` ca hai co. so. d
u.ng thu..c A co the t`m mo.t
Nhu. va.y doi vo.i mo.i ma tra.n doi x
ung cap sao cho B = T 1AT l`a ma tra.n cheo.
ma tra.n tru..c giao T c`
ung chnh l`a ma tra.n cua da.ng to`an phu.o.ng da cho trong co. so.
Do c
(E). T`
u. do ta co quy tac t`m phep bien doi tru..c giao du.a da.ng to`an
`e da.ng chnh tac.
phu.o.ng v
1) Viet ma tra.n A cua da.ng to`an phu.o.ng v`a t`m cac so da.c tru.ng
cua no.
2) T`m he. vecto. rieng tru..c chuan cua A.
3) La.p phep bien doi tru..c giao.
V du. 5. Du.a da.ng to`an phu.o.ng
(x1 , x2) = 27x21 10x1 x2 + 3x23
`e da.ng chnh tac.
v
Giai. 1+ Viet ma tra.n A cua da.ng
"
#
27 5
A=
.
5 3
La.p phu.o.ng tr`nh da.c tru.ng
27 5
|A E| =
= 0 2 30 + 56 = 0.
5
3
Giai phu.o.ng tr`nh da.c tru.ng ta co 1 = 2, 2 = 28.
2+ T`m cac vecto. rieng chuan tac. De t`m to.a do. cua cac vecto.
`an lu.o..t giai cac he. phu.o.ng tr`nh
rieng ta l
(27 i )1 52 = 0,
51 + (3 i )2 = 0
246
5
1
26
26
5
1
26
26
`eu l`a nh
V` (e) v`a (E) d
u.ng co. so. tru..c chuan nen T l`a ma tra.n tru..c
.ng vo.i phep bien doi tru..c giao cua cac bien x1 v`a x2:
giao. No tu.o.ng u
1
x1 = x01
26
5 0
x2 = x1 +
26
5
x02,
26
1
X20 .
26
247
T`
u. do ta co
2
5
1
1
5
5
1
() = 27 x01 x02 10 x01 x02 x01 + x02
26
26
26
26
26
26
2
5
1
2
2
+ 3 x01 + x02 = 2x01 + 28x02 .N
26
26
ung co the thu du.o..c ba`ng cach t`m ma
Nh
a.n xet. He. th
u.c cuoi c`
tra.n B cua da.ng to`an phu.o.ng trong co. so. tru..c chuan (E). Ta co
#
"
2
0
B = T 1AT = T T AT =
0 28
v`a do do
2
() = 2x01 + 28x02 .
V du. 6. Du.a da.ng to`an phu.o.ng
(x1, x2 , x3) = 3x21 + 2x22 + x23 + 4x1 x2 + 4x2 x3
`e da.ng chnh tac.
v
Giai. 1+ La.p v`a giai phu.o.ng tr`nh da.c tru.ng
3
2
0
2
2
2 = 0 1 = 2, 2 = 1, 3 = 5.
0
2
1
`an lu.o..t giai cac he. phu.o.ng
2+ De t`m to.a do. cac vecto. rieng ta l
tr`nh
(3 i )1 + 22 + 0 3 = 0,
(6.12)
21 + (2 i )2 + 23 = 0,
0 1 + 22 + (1 i )3 = 0
vo.i 1 = 2, 2 = 1 v`a 3 = 5.
248
1 2 0
A 2E = 2 0 2
0 2 1
`an nhat
cua he. phu.o.ng tr`nh thu
1 + 22
= 0,
21 + 23 = 0,
22 3 = 0
(6.13)
4 2 0
A + E = 2 3 2
0 2 2
`an nhat
cua he. phu.o.ng tr`nh thu
41 + 22
= 0,
21 + 32 + 23 = 0,
22 + 23 = 0
(6.14)
249
= 0,
21 + 22
21 32 + 23 = 0,
22 43 = 0
.ng co da.ng
ta co 1 = 2, 2 = 2, 3 = v`a vecto. rieng tu.o.ng u
u3 (2, 2, ),
`
T`
u cac khai trien cua E1 , E2 , E3 suy rang ch
ung la.p th`anh mo.t co.
so. tru..c chuan cua khong gian R3.
Ma tra.n cua phep bien doi tru..c giao co da.ng
1 2
2
3
3 3
2 2
1
T =
3
3 3
1 2 1
3 3 3
.
.
vo i cac cong th
u c bien doi to.a do.
2
1
2
x1 = x01 + x02 + x03,
3
3
3
1 0
2 0 2 0
x2 = x1 x2 + x3 ,
3
3
3
2 0
2 0 1 0
x3 = x1 + x2 + x3 .
3
3
3
250
(6 i )1 + 22 + 24 = 0,
21 + (3 i )2 43 = 0,
21 42 + (3 i )3 = 0
`an lu.o..t vo.i 1 = 2 = 7, 3 = 2.
l
a) Gia su. = 7. Ha.ng cua ma tra.n A 7E cua he.
1 + 22 + 23 = 0,
21 42 43 = 0,
21 42 43 = 0
(6.15)
`e mo.t
l`a ba`ng 1 nen he. co hai nghie.m co. ban. He. (6.15) du.o..c du.a v
phu.o.ng tr`nh
1 = 22 + 23 .
Do do nghie.m tong quat cua he. (6.15) co da.ng 1 = 2 + 2, 2 = ,
3 = :
(2 + 2, , ),
(6.16)
251
t
u.c l`a ho. cac vecto. rieng phu. thuo.c hai tham so v`a .
Ta lay ra hai vecto. tru..c giao n`ao do cua ho. u = 2( + )e1 + e2 +
e3. Chang ha.n da.t = 0, = 1 th` thu du.o..c vecto. rieng
u1(2, 0, 1)
v`a sau khi chuan hoa ta du.o..c
2
1
E1 =
, 0,
.
5
5
`an cho.n v`a sao cho hu1 , u2i = 0 t
u.c
u. hai u2 ta c
De co vecto. th
l`a
2 2( + ) + = 0 4 + 5 = 0.
Ta co the cho.n = 5, = 4 v`a t`
u. (6.16) ta co
u2 (2, 5, 4)
v`a sau khi chuan hoa ta co
2 5 4
E2 = ,
, .
3 5 3 3 5
b) Gia su. = 2. Ta co
81 + 22 + 23 = 0,
21 + 52 43 = 0,
21 42 + 53 = 0
`om mo.t nghie.m.
Ha.ng cua ma tra.n cua he. ba`ng 2 nen he. co. ban ch g
2
Chang ha.n giai hai phu.o.ng tr`nh cuoi ta co 2 = 3 v`a 1 = v`a
2
3
1
do do 1 = = .
2
2
Da.t 1 = ta co ho. vecto. rieng phu. thuo.c mo.t tham so
u3(, 2, 2),
252
1 2 2
,
,
.
3 3 3
Ro r`ang l`a E1 , E2 , E3 l`a mo.t co. so. tru..c chuan cua khong gian R3 v`a
`e co. so. mo.i n`ay l`a ma tra.n tru..c giao da.ng
ma tra.n chuyen v
2
2
1
5 3 5
3
2
5
T =
3
3
1
4
2
3
5
3 5
T`
u. do thu du.o..c da.ng to`an phu.o.ng trong co. so. mo.i E1 , E2 , E3 l`a
7 0 0
B = T T AT = 0 7 0
0 0 2
t
u.c l`a
2
2
5 0
x2 x03,
x2 =
3
3
1 0
4 0
2
x3 = x1 x2 x03. N
3
5
3 5
V du. 8. T`m phep bien doi tru..c giao du.a da.ng to`an phu.o.ng
(x1, x2 , x3) = x21 8x1 x2 16x1 x3 + 7x22 8x2 x3 + x23
`e da.ng chnh tac.
v
253
1 4 8
A = 4 7 4
8 4 1
T`
u. do ta co
1 4
8
|A E| = 4 7 4 = 0 1 = 9, 2 = 3 = 9
8
4 1
(1 i )1 42 83 = 0,
(6.17)
41 + (7 i )2 43 = 0,
81 42 + (1 i )3 = 0
`an lu.o..t vo.i 1 = 9, 2 = 3 = 9.
l
u. (6.17) ta co
a) Gia su. 1 = 9. Khi do t`
101 42 83 = 0,
41 + 162 43 = 0,
81 42 + 103 = 0
hay l`a
51 22 43 = 0,
1 42 + 3 = 0,
41 + 22 53 = 0.
V` ha.ng cua ma tra.n cua he. ba`ng 2 nen he. co nghie.m khac 0. Ta giai
`au
he. hai phu.o.ng tr`nh d
51 22 43 = 0,
1 42 + 3 = 0
254
R.
81 42 83 = 0,
41 22 43 = 0,
81 42 83 = 0
hay l`a
21 + 2 + 23 = 0,
21 + 2 + 23 = 0,
22 + 2 + 23 = 0.
`om
Ha.ng cua ma tra.n cua he. ba`ng 1 nen he. nghie.m co. ban cua no g
hai nghie.m. Nghie.m tong quat cua he. co da.ng
v(, 2 2, ),
, R, 2 + 2 6= 0.
(6.18)
(6.19)
`an xac di.nh v`a trong (6.18) sao cho thoa man di
`eu
De t`m v2 ta c
.
.
.
.
u c l`a hv1 , v2i = 0. T`
u (6.18) v`a (6.19)
u a v1 v`a v2, t
kie.n tru. c giao gi
ta co
4
+ 4 + 4 = 0 = .
5
255
4
1
3
5
3 5
1
2
2
T =
3 5 35
2
5
0
3
3
vo.i phep bien doi tu.o.ng u
.ng l`a
2
x1 = y1 +
3
1
x2 = y1
3
2
x3 = y1
3
1
y2
5
2
y2
5
4
y3,
3 5
2
y3 ,
3 5
5
y3 . N
+
3
256
` TA
. P
BAI
Trong cac b`ai toan sau day hay viet ma tra.n cua da.ng to`an phu.o.ng
co bieu th
u.c to.a do. sau trong khong gian R3 (1-4) v`a trong R4 (5-6).
1
3/2 0
2 2 3
(DS. 2 3 5 )
3 5 1
3. x21 + x22 + x23 + 4x1 x2 + 4x2 x3 + 4x1 x3.
1 2 2
(DS. 2 1 2)
2 2 1
4 2 6
(DS. 2 1 3)
6 3 9
5. 4x21 + x23 2x24 x1x2 + 8x1 x4 5x2x4 .
1
4
0 4
5
1
0 0
2
2 )
(DS.
0
0
1
0
5
4
0 2
2
6. 2x1x2 6x1 x3 6x2 x4 + 2x3 x4 .
257
0
1 3 0
1
0
0 3
(DS.
)
3 0
0
1
0 3 1
0
7
"
#" #
1
i 1 3 x
h
1
2 )
(DS.
7. x1 x2
7
4 5 x2
5
2
1 1
x1
h
i 1 0 2
8. x1 x2 x3 2 4 1 x2 . (DS. 1 4
5 1
3 0 1
x3
2
to`an phu.o.ng
5
2
1
2
2
9. Cho cac da.ng to`an phu.o.ng sau day du.o..c viet du.o.i da.ng ma tra.n.
Hay viet cac da.ng to`an phu.o.ng do du.o.i da.ng thong thu.`o.ng
x1
0 1
h
i 3
1) x1 x2 x3 0 2 1 x2
1 1
2
x3
(DS. 3x21 2x1x3 2x22 + 2x2x3 + 2x23 )
0
x1
i 4 1
h
2) x1 x2 x3 1 3 1 x2.
x3
0 1 1
(DS. 4x21 + 2x1 x2 + 3x22 2x2 x3 x23)
10. Viet cac da.ng to`an phu.o.ng sau day du.o.i da.ng ma tra.n.
1 " #
i 3
h
2 x1 )
1) 3x21 + x22 x1x2 . (DS. x1 x2
1
x2
1
2
2) x21 + x23 2x1 x2 + 5x1 x3.
258
5
1 1
x1
h
i
2
(DS. x1 x2 x3 1 0 0 x2)
5
x3
0 1
2
3) 2x21 + 3x22 2x23 + x1x2 + 2x1 x3 + 3x2 x3.
1
1
2
x
2
i
h
1
1
3
(DS. x1 x2 x3
2 3 2 x2 )
3
x3
2
1
2
Trong cac b`ai toan sau day (11-14) t`m da.ng to`an phu.o.ng thu
u. da.ng da cho bo.i phep bien doi da ch ra
du.o..c t`
259
16. (x1, x2, x3 ) = 9x21 + 6x22 + 6x23 6x1 x2 6x1 x3 + 12x2 x3.
(DS. () = (3x1 x2 x3 )2 + 5(x2 + x3 )2
(y1, y2 , y3) = y12 + 5y22 + 0 y32)
17. x21 + 5x22 4x23 + 2x1 x2 4x1 x3.
(DS. = (x1 + x2 2x3 )2 + 4x22 8x23
(y1, y2 , y3) = y12 + 4y22 8y32 )
18. x1 x2 + 2x1 x3 + 4x2 x3 .
ung
(Ch da n v`a Dap so: D`
1
x2
x3
y3
x1
x2
x
3
260
x1
x2
x3
11 2
y nh`o. phep bien doi
2 3
2
= y1 y2,
3
1
=
y2 + y3 ,
2
=
y3 .)
1
1
x1 = y1 + y2 y3 ,
5
2
1
y2 y3,
x2 =
x3 =
y3 .)
22. x21 + 5x22 + 2x32 + 4x1 x2 + 2x1 x3 + 4x2x3 .
(DS. () = y12 + y22 + y32 nh`o. phep bien doi:
x1 = y1 2y2 y3 ,
x2
x3
=
=
y2,
y3 .)
x = y1 y2 y3 ,
1
5
x
=
y
2
2 + 3y3 ,
x =
y .)
3
261
x = y1 + 2y2 + y3,
1
x2 =
y2,
x3 =
y3 .)
25. 3x21 + 2x1 x2 2x1 x3 + x23 + 4x2 x3
1
(DS. () = 3y12 y22 + 17y32 nh`o. phep bien doi
3
x1 = y1 y2 2y3 ,
3
x2 =
y2 + 7y3 ,
x =
y .)
3
Trong cac b`ai toan sau day (26-35) t`m phep bien doi tru..c giao du.a
`e da.ng chnh tac v`a viet da.ng chnh
mo i da.ng to`an phu.o.ng da cho v
tac do.
26. 2x21 4x1x2 + 5x22 .
2
1
x1 = y1 + y2
5
5
2
2
(DS.
1
2 () = y1 + 6y2 )
x2 = y1 + y2
5
5
27. x21 + x22 + 4x1 x2.
1
1
x1 = y1 + y2 ,
2
2
(DS.
() = 3y12 y22)
1
1
x2 = y1 y2
2
2
28. 5x21 + 12x1 x2.
3
2
x1 = y1 y2,
13
13
(DS.
() = 9y12 4y22 )
2
3
x2 = y1 + y2
13
13
262
3
5
x1 = y1 +
y2
14
14
r
(DS.
() = 12y12 2y22 )
3
5
y1 y2
x2 =
14
14
2
5
y2
x1 = y1 +
3
3
(DS.
() = 7y12 2y22 )
2
5
y1 + y2
x2 =
3
3
31. (x1, x2) = 4x1 x2
1
1
x1 = y1 y2
2
2
2
2
(DS.
1
1 (y1, y2 ) = 2y1 2y2 )
x2 = y1 + y2
2
2
2
2
32. 3x1 + 6x1x2 + 3x2 .
1
1
x1 = y1 y2,
2
2
(DS.
() = 6y12)
1
1
x2 = y1 + y2
2
2
2
2
2
33. 6x1 + 5x2 + 7x3 4x1 x2 + 4x1 x3
2
1
2
x1 = y1 y2 + y3,
3
3
3
1
2
2
(DS. x2 = y1 + y2 + y3 , () = 9y12 + 6y22 + 3y32 )
3
3
3
2
2
1
x3 = y1 + y2 y3
3
3
3
- u.a phu.o.ng tr`nh tong quat cua du.`o.ng ba.c hai v`a ma.t ba.c hai v
`e
6.2. D
6.2
chnh t
ac
(6.20)
`au tien
Tong cua ba so ha.ng d
(x, y) = a11x2 + 2a12xy + a22y 2
(6.21)
an
l`a da.ng to`an phu.o.ng cua cac bien x v`a y v`a du.o..c go.i l`a da.ng to`
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
phu o ng u
ng v
o i phu o ng tr`nh (6.20). Ma tra.n cua da.ng to`an phu o ng
n`ay co da.ng
#
"
a11 a12
.
A=
a12 a22
1+ Neu detA > 0 th` (6.20) l`a phu.o.ng tr`nh cua du.`o.ng da.ng eliptic.
2+ Neu detA < 0 th` (6.20) l`a phu.o.ng tr`nh du.`o.ng da.ng hypecbolic.
3+ Neu detA = 0 th` (6.20) l`a phu.o.ng tr`nh du.`o.ng da.ng parabolic.
Trong tru.`o.ng ho..p khi detA 6= 0 th` (6.20) xac di.nh du.`o.ng co tam
diem. Neu detA = 0 th` (6.20) l`a phu.o.ng tr`nh du.`o.ng khong co tam
diem. Hu.o.ng cua cac vecto. rieng tru..c giao cua ma tra.n da.ng to`an
.ng vo.i phu.o.ng tr`nh (6.20) go.i l`a hu.
o.ng chnh cua
phu.o.ng tu.o.ng u
du.`o.ng xac di.nh bo.i phu.o.ng tr`nh (6.20).
`on ta.i he. to.a do. Decac vuong goc m`a
u.ng minh r`ang t
Ngu.`o.i ta ch
.
.
trong do phu o ng tr`nh tong quat (6.20) cua du.`o.ng ba.c hai co da.ng
chnh tac.
De t`m he. to.a do. do ta tien h`anh nhu. sau.
264
an phu.o.ng v`
au
.ng du.ng
Chu.o.ng 6. Da.ng to`
.ng
1+ T`m phep bien doi tru..c giao du.a da.ng to`an phu.o.ng tu.o.ng u
`e da.ng chnh tac.
vo.i phu.o.ng tr`nh da cho v
+
.
2 Du. a theo phep bien doi n`ay ta t`m cac hu.o.ng chnh cua du.`o.ng,
t
u.c l`a t`m cac vecto. rieng tru..c chuan E1 v`a E2 cua ma tra.n da.ng to`an
phu.o.ng (6.21).
3+ T`m phu.o.ng tr`nh cua du.`o.ng da cho trong he. to.a do. OE1 E2 .
4+ Trong phu.o.ng tr`nh thu du.o..c ta bo sung de thu du.o..c b`nh
`oi t`m cac to.a do. cua diem O0 l`a goc cua he. to.a do. c
`an
phu.o.ng du r
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
t`m. Trong he. to.a do. t`m du o. c O E1 E2 phu o ng tr`nh cua du `o ng da
cho co da.ng chnh tac.
2 . Xet phu.o.ng tr`nh tong quat cua ma.t ba.c hai
a11x2 + a22y 2 + a33z 2 + 2a12xy + 2a13xz + 2a23yz + bx + by + ez + f = 0,
(6.22)
trong do t nhat mo.t he. so aij 6= 0, i = 1, 3, j = 1, 3.
`au cua phu.o.ng tr`nh
Tong cua sau so ha.ng d
(x, y, z) = a11x2 + a12y 2 + a33z 2 + 2a12 xy + 2a13xz + 2a23yz
(6.23)
an phu.o.ng
l`a da.ng to`an phu.o.ng ba bien x, y, z v`a du.o..c go.i l`a da.ng to`
.ng v
o.i phu.o.ng tr`nh (6.22). Ma tra.n cua da.ng l`a
tu.o.ng u
`e da.ng chnh t
ong qu
at ... v
ac
6.2. Du.a phu.o.ng tr`nh t
VI DU
CAC
.
V du. 1. Du.a phu.o.ng tr`nh
17x2 + 12xy + 8y 2 + 20 5x + 20 = 0
`e da.ng chnh tac v`a du..ng du.`o.ng xac di.nh bo.i phu.o.ng tr`nh do.
v
Giai. 1+ Da.ng to`an phu.o.ng
(x, y) = 17x2 + 12xy + 8y 2
.ng vo.i phu.o.ng tr`nh da cho co ma tra.n
tu.o.ng u
#
"
17 6
A=
.
6 8
No co cac so da.c tru.ng l`a 1 = 20, 2 = 5. Ta t`m to.a do. cac vecto.
rieng cua A ba`ng cach giai he. phu.o.ng tr`nh
(17 i )1 + 62 = 0,
61 + (8 i )2 = 0
`an lu.o..t vo.i 1 = 20 v`a 2 = 5.
l
Vo.i 1 = 20 ta co
)
31 + 62 = 0
1 = 22 .
61 122 = 0
.ng vo.i 1 = 20 co da.ng
Do do vecto. rieng u
u(2, ),
265
an phu.o.ng v`
au
.ng du.ng
Chu.o.ng 6. Da.ng to`
266
Vo.i 2 = 5 ta co
121 + 62 = 0,
61 + 32 = 0
2 = 21 .
2
1
5
5
T =
1
2
5
5
`an t`m co da.ng
v`a do va.y phep bien doi tru..c giao c
1 0
2 0
x = x y ,
5
5
1
2
y = x 0 + y 0 .
5
5
(6.24)
1 = 20x0 + 5y 0 .
2+ Cac vecto. co. so. E1 v`a E2 thu du.o..c t`
u. cac vecto. co. so. e1 , e2
ba`ng phep bien doi tru..c giao du.o..c cho bo.i cong th
u.c
2
1
E1 = e1 + e2,
5
5
(6.25)
1
2
e
e
E2 =
1+
2 .
5
5
`e da.ng chnh t
ong qu
at ... v
ac
6.2. Du.a phu.o.ng tr`nh t
267
3+ Thay (6.24) v`ao phu.o.ng tr`nh da cho ta thu du.o..c phu.o.ng tr`nh
cua du.`o.ng trong he. to.a do. OE1 E2 :
2
(6.26)
4+ Thu..c hie.n phep d`o.i he. to.a do. OE1 E2 theo vecto. OO0 = E1 +2E2
ta thu du.o..c he. to.a do. O0 E1 E2 v`a trong he. do phu.o.ng tr`nh (6.26) co
da.ng
x002 y 002
+
= 1.
1
4
(6.27)
Nhu. va.y phu.o.ng tr`nh da cho xac di.nh elip (h`nh 6.1)
H`nh 6.1
T`
u. l`o.i giai v`a h`nh ve tr`nh b`ay suy ra cach du..ng elip (6.27) trong
`au tien du..ng he. to.a do. OE1 E2 (thay cho E1 v`a E2 co the
he. O0 E1 E2 . D
du..ng cac vecto. OM10 = 2e1 + e2, OM20 = e1 + 2e2); tiep den thu..c
hie.n phep ti.nh tien song song he. do mo.t vecto. OO0 = e1 + 2e2 den
ung l`a du..ng elip (6.27).
O0 . Sau c`
an phu.o.ng v`
au
.ng du.ng
Chu.o.ng 6. Da.ng to`
268
1 1
A=
1 1
`e da.ng chnh t
ong qu
at ... v
ac
6.2. Du.a phu.o.ng tr`nh t
269
1
e2,
2
1
e2
2
1
1
2
2
T =
1
1
2
2
v`a phep bien doi tru..c giao tu.o.ng u
.ng
1 0
1 0
x =
x +
y,
2
2
(6.28)
1
1
y = x 0 + y 0 .
2
2
De t`m da.ng cua phu.o.ng tr`nh du.`o.ng da cho trong he. to.a do. OE1 E2
ta thay (6.28) v`ao phu.o.ng tr`nh tong quat da cho v`a thu du.o..c
4
16
2
2x0 x0 y 0 + 25 = 0
2
2
(6.29)
an phu.o.ng v`
au
.ng du.ng
Chu.o.ng 6. Da.ng to`
270
hay l`a
0 3 2
1 2
x
.
=4 2 y
2
2
0
Sau
phep ti.nh tien song song cac tru.c to.a do. den goc mo.i O0 =
2 32
,
, phu.o.ng tr`nh (6.29) trong he. to.a do. O0 XY co da.ng chnh
2
2
tac X 2 = 4 2Y . Su.. sap xep cua parabon du.o..c ch ra tren h`nh 6.2.
`e da.ng chnh t
ong qu
at ... v
ac
6.2. Du.a phu.o.ng tr`nh t
H`nh 6.2
V du. 3. Du.a phu.o.ng tr`nh tong quat cua ma.t ba.c hai
9 0
0
A = 0 20 20 .
0 20 20
Ma tra.n n`ay co ba so da.c tru.ng l`a 1 = 9, 2 = 40, 3 = 0. Do do
da.ng chnh tac cua da.ng to`an phu.o.ng () l`a
2
1 () = 9x0 + 40y 0 .
`an t`m phep bien doi tru..c giao du.a da.ng to`an phu.o.ng tu.o.ng
Ta c
`e da.ng chnh tac. To.a do. cua cac vecto.
u
.ng vo.i phu.o.ng tr`nh da cho v
271
an phu.o.ng v`
au
.ng du.ng
Chu.o.ng 6. Da.ng to`
272
R, 6= 0
R, 6= 0
`e da.ng chnh t
ong qu
at ... v
ac
6.2. Du.a phu.o.ng tr`nh t
273
.ng l`a
c) Vo.i 3 = 0 ta co vecto. rieng tu.o.ng u
w(0, , ),
R, 6= 0
1
0
0
1
0 1
.
T =
2
2
1
1
0
2
2
Nhu. va.y phep bien doi tru..c giao du.a da.ng to`an phu.o.ng tu.o.ng
`e da.ng chnh tac co da.ng
u
.ng vo.i phu.o.ng tr`nh da cho v
x = x0 ,
1 0
1 0
y = y + z,
(6.30)
2
2
1 0
1 0
z = y + z .
2
2
Phep bien doi n`ay bien cac vecto. co. so. e1 , e2, e3 th`anh
E1 = e1,
1
1
E2 = e2 e3,
2
2
1
1
E3 = e2 + e3 .
2
2
(6.31)
De t`m phu.o.ng tr`nh cua du.`o.ng da cho trong he. to.a do. mo.i
OE1 E2 E3 ta the (6.30) v`ao phu.o.ng tr`nh tong quat da cho v`a thu
du.o..c
2
an phu.o.ng v`
au
.ng du.ng
Chu.o.ng 6. Da.ng to`
274
hay l`a
mo.t vecto. OO0 = 2E1 + 0, 1E2 v`a thu du.o..c he. O0 E1 E2 E3 , trong he. do
phu.o.ng tr`nh da cho co da.ng
x002 y 002
+ 2 = 1,
a2
b
a=
p
3, 6, b = 0, 9.
Phu.o.ng tr`nh n`ay (v`a do do phu.o.ng tr`nh da cho) xac di.nh ma.t tru.
eliptic vo.i du.`o.ng sinh k E3 .
ung vo.i he. to.a do. Oe1 e2e3 ta du..ng he. to.a
Du..ng ma.t tru. eliptic: c`
do. O0 E1 E2 E3 , trong do thay cho vie.c du..ng cac vecto. (6.31) ta co the
du..ng cac vecto.
OM1 = e1,
OM2 = e2 e3,
OM3 = e2 + e3.
Su.. sap xep cua ma.t da cho du.o..c ch ro tren h`nh 6.3
H`nh 6.3
`e da.ng chnh t
ong qu
at ... v
ac
6.2. Du.a phu.o.ng tr`nh t
` TA
P
BAI
.
`e da.ng chnh
Du.a phu.o.ng tr`nh tong quat cua cac du.`o.ng ba.c hai v
tac v`a nha.n da.ng ch
ung.
1. 3x2 2xy + 3y 2 + 2x 4y + 1 = 0.
32 02 16 0 2
x + y = 1)
(DS. Du.`o.ng elip, phu.o.ng tr`nh chnh tac
3
3
2
2
2. x + 2xy y 6x + 4y 3 = 0.
y02
x0 2
+
= 1)
(3/ 7)2 ( 3)2
6. 11x2 + 24xy + 4y 2 15 = 0.
y 02
x0 2
= 1)
(DS. Du.`o.ng hypecbon, phu.o.ng tr`nh chnh tac
( 3/2)2 ( 3)2
7. 2x2 + 4xy + 5y 2 24 = 0.
y 02
x0 2
+ 2 = 1)
(DS. Du.`o.ng elip, phu.o.ng tr`nh chnh tac
2
( 24)2
8. x2 8xy + 7y 2 36 = 0.
x0 2 y 0 2
(DS. Du.`o.ng hypecbon, phu.o.ng tr`nh chnh tac 2 2 = 1)
2
6
.
.
.
`e da.ng chnh
Du a phu o ng tr`nh tong quat cua cac ma.t ba.c hai v
tac v`a nha.n da.ng ch
ung.
275
276
an phu.o.ng v`
au
.ng du.ng
Chu.o.ng 6. Da.ng to`
9. 6x2 2y 2 + 6z 2 + 4xz + 8x 4y 8z + 1 = 0.
x0 2
y 02
z02
`ang; p
(DS. Du.`o.ng paraboloid mo.t t
+ p
p
= 1)
( 5/4)2 ( 5/8)2 ( 5/2)2
10. 4x2 + 3y 2 + 2z 2 + 4xy 4yz + 4x 2y 4z 3 = 0.
x0 2
y 02
+
= 1)
(DS. Ma.t tru. eliptic;
1
( 2)2
11. x2 + 2y 2 3z 2 + 2x + 8y + 18z 54 = 0.
x0 2 y 0 2 Z 0 2
+
= 1)
36
18
12
12. 2x2 + y 2 4xy 4yz = 0.
`ang;
(DS. Hypecboloid 1-t
x0 2
y 02
02
+z =
)
(DS. Ma.t non,
4
2
13. 2x2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2 + 4xy + 2xz + 2yz 4x + 6y 2z + 3 = 0.