ofliquid, but it is often useful to have a direct reading. ter instrument to measure pressure. The principle ofthe bourdon gauge, shown in figure 9.14, is that a metal tube of oval cross-section tends to ighten out when the pressure inside itis increased. tube straightens out the toothed quadrant ro- ‘and turns the pointer round the scale. The scale ‘as tobe calibrated in the first place by using a series known pressures measured by a manometer. liptical metal tube toothed quadrant ‘connecting rod Pressure 79 EXERCISE 9 In questions 1-3 select the most suitable answer. 1 Below the surface of a liquid the pressure acting in the liquid ‘decreases as the depth increases increases as the depth increases is independent of the depth fs the same for all liquids at a particular depth depends only on the temperature of the liquid at a particular depth mone, 2.A diving bell is to be used at great depths and so its ‘walls are made very thick. The main reason for this is that ‘A the water is much colder at great depths B water pressure increases with the depth of the water C the density of the water is much greater at great depths Dice forms in deep water and could crush the bell E a thin-walled vessel would float up to the surface 3 The hydrostatic pressure on the dam wall in figure 9.15 at the bottom of a deep reservoir depends upon the A depth of water B surface area of the water € length of reservoir D thickness of the dam wall E density of the material of the dam wall 4 a What average pressure is exerted on the ground by ‘a man weighing 65 kg if the area of his boots in contact with the ground is 200 cm? bb Ihe is wearing ice skates with a blade area in contact, with the ice of 5 em’, what pressure is exerted on the ice when he is skating on one foot? Sa (i) Define the term pressure. i) Give the SI unit of pressure. 'b A motor vehicle weighing 10 000 N is supported on the road on four tyres. If the area of each tyre in ‘contact with the road surface is Tas m", calculate the pressure in each tyre 6 & A force pump raises 60 m? of water to a height of 10m. How much work is done? (density of water 1000 kg/m?) bb If water is held ina rectangular container Sm x 4 m x 3 m deep, what is the pressure in Nim? exerted by ‘the water on the bottom of the container?rubber tube funnel with rubber membrane fig. 9.16 7 Look at figure 9.16 2 Why isthe liquid in the U-tube likely to be water and rot mercury? bb Why does the water not flow into the funnel? € What is the pressure, relative to atmospheric p sure, exerted at i) X? (i) ¥? (ii) 2? @ State what, if anything, would happen to the liquid levels in the U-tube ifthe funnel were (i) moved from side to side atthe same horizontal level, or (i) moved Tower into the liquid © Ifa larger funnel were attached and held at the same horizontal level as in part d (i), what difference, if any, would be seen in the levels of the liquid in the U-tube? £ The weight of water in the container is 100 N and the base is square, measuring 0.2 m by 0.2 m. (i) What will be the pressure due to the water exerted on the base? (ii) What will be the depth of water in the container? (density of water = 1000 kp'm?, gravita- tional force = 10 Nikg) 4 fig. 9.18 brake Huis 100N Targe cylinder a fig. 9.17 operate ional) of 8 Figure 9.17 shows a simple mechanism used the brakes of a motor car. The area (cross the small cylinder is 2 em and of the large cy 10 em?. The system is filled with brake fluid fa If the brake pedal pushes against the piston in the small eylinder with a force of 100 N, what is the pressure exerted on the brake fuid? bb What is the force exerted by the brake fluid on te piston in the large cylinder? Tf the piston in the large cylinder moves 0.1 em, how far would the piston in the small cylinder move? 4. State the mechanical advantage of the system, fe What is the name given to this type of braking sy tem? Figure 9.18 shows the hydraulic braking system in, car. Write down the numbers Ito 6. Write down th ‘name of each part labelled in the diagram beside th appropriate number. bb The brake pedal acts like a lever. Caleulate the for applied by the foot in the situation shown in figuf 9.19, © What is the important physical property of bri fluid? fig. 8.19 v a] 200 mm » 2 1200 NPressure 81 pivots ~ master cylinder force exerted by driver's foot, piston piston slave cylinder brake pedal brake fluid fe piston in hati 20 10 Figure 9.20 shows the brake pedal arrangement, the (i) Ifthe master cylinder piston acts on a total surface er cylinder, and the slave cylinder for a motor-car area of 20 em, calculate the pressure it exerts on the king system. When the brake pedal is pressed down brake fluid. (i) The slave cylinder piston has a surface the driver's foot the piston in the slave eylinder area of 2 em* in contact with the brake fluid, Caleu- oves and operates the brake late the value of the force acting on this piston (i) Which way will the piston in the slave cylinder __€ Explain why the brakes would not work properly if ‘move when the driver’s foot is pressed down? (ji) some air bubbles were accidentally left inside the sming that the driver's foot exerts a force of ‘connecting pipe. 100 N, caleulate the force acting on the piston of the _ Give fwo other uses of hydraulic systems. “master cylinder. (il) Explain why a force is trans- "mitted to the slave cylinder piston, |