LP TRNG PH BNH TN GIO CA VOLTAIRE

Sinh vin: Batlm Nguyn Anh Huy SJ

Trit sinh nm th nht
Mn hc: Seminar V Thn
Gio s: Gioan Nguyn Ngc Hi, C.Ss.R.

Hc Vin Thnh Giuse

Dng Tn Th c
Ngy 13.10.2015

LP TRNG PH BNH TN GIO CA VOLTAIRE

Dn nhp
Voltaire sinh ti Paris (1694), v cng mt Paris (1777). ng c bit n nh mt
nh vn, nh th, nh bin kch, s gia v ngi sng lp tro lu Khai Sng Php.i Ngoi
ra, ng cn nghin cu trit hc v Kinh Thnh. Vi thi quen hoi nghi, suy lun v tranh
bin, Voltaire vit khng t nhng bi bnh lun mang tnh chm bim ch trch Gio
Hi v Nh nc Php thi . Thi i ca ng chng kin s ln ngi r rt ca nhng tin
b khoa hc-k thut, ng thi si sc bu khng kh ca ch ngha duy l do Ren
Descartes khi xng.ii Nhn danh l tr, ngi ta khng ngi cho ln da nhng tp tc,
truyn thng cht chm.iii Th nn khng l g khi c s i khng, d chnh ng hay
khng, gia cch hiu v ch gii Kinh Thnh ca Gio Hi v cc khm ph khoa hc tn
thi. Bn cnh , nhiu xung t v s tranh ginh nh hng cng din ra trn bnh din
tn gio gia Cng gio v phong tro Ci cch Tin lnh, phi Jansnisme ( Php) v ch
quyt bt kh tri (Agnosticism). Trong mt bi cnh o-i nh th, xem ra Voltaire khng
trnh khi nim khao kht thot khi nhng c l hay rng buc ca t l qu thi. Bi
vit s ln lt trnh by mt s nn tng l lun v ni dung ca lp trng ph bnh tn gio
ca Voltaire, qua a ra vi lng gi mang tnh c nhn v mt tch cc v hn ch ni
ph bnh ca ng.
I. NN TNG PH BNH
Nh ni qua phn dn nhp, lp trng ph bnh tn gio ca Voltaire hn phi
m p t nhiu tinh thn thi i m ng sinh sng, hc tp v lm vic: cao vai tr l tr,
t do c nhn v l tng dung nhn (tolerance).iv i km ngi bt ca mt vn s v thi s,
Voltaire ph bnh tn gio bng t duy ph phn ca mt t tng gia ng ngha. Ngoi
ra, dng nh ng cn chu nh hng ca t tng t do v ng li khoa hc thc nghim
trong thi gian hc tp Anh.v Mt khi qu cao l tr v t do con ngi, tt c nhng g
i ngc li nn tng ny u b ngi bt ca Voltaire chm chch.

Khi xc nh i tng ca tri thc hp l l cc s kin,vi Voltaire ch trng

phn bit lch s th gii v lch s cu . ng da vo nhng s kin ri rc, phin din v
bt ho kt n Gio Hi. Trong cun Candide - Chng Ngy Th,vii Voltaire khng ngng
ln n thi gi hnh v v thn thc tinviii ca nhiu gio s. ng cm th thi lm quyn
trc li ca nhiu tu s trong cc ta n tn gio. ng mit mi vch trn nhng b bi nghch
vi i sng kh ngho v khit tnh ca mt s tu s.ix C th ni, Voltaire ln n v t co
mt th tn hu sng v lun nh cha h c c tin; ri t , xem qu bit cy, Voltaire
khng ngi kt lun nhng nghi l v gio thuyt Kit gio l lc hu, m tn v lm lc.
t vn v quyn t do, t lp ni con ngi, cng nh chng kin bit bao s d
v thin tai nhan nhn trc mt,x Voltaire khng tin Thin Cha ton nng: Ti khng cn
g n mt hu th m t mnh khng th lm c vic g, m li l n l cho nh mnh ca
mnh nh chnh ti cng l n l ca s mnh ti. Hu th m hin hu th c bit bao iu
ti mun trch Ngi: ti s bt buc phi gi Ngi l hn yu hay c c.xi C l ng
tng t hi: Tri Xanh c mt? Cu tr li bt mn dn ng n vi mt th t nhin thn
gio (deism) ch da trn l tr v ph nhn tt c nhng g nhum mu siu nhin nh mc
khi, php l, tin tri Trong th tn gio y r rng khng c ch cho mt Thin Cha Mc
Khi theo nh Kit gio n nhn v quan nim vo thi y cng nh by gi.xii
II. NI DUNG PH BNH
Voltaire t co s m tn, cung tn, bt khoan dung nhiu khi xut hin ni Kit gio
lc by gi: Ki-T gio l tn gio l bch nht, v l nht v m mu nht lm nhim c
th gii.xiii ng khng cho rng [] mt Thin Cha ring bit sn sng thay i nh lut
ca v tr lm va lng mt c nhn;xiv v bi tn gio ch l th chiu tr do bn cai
tr rnh hi by ra m tn ha dn chng hu tin b tc oai tc qui. ng cho rng thi
th nghch v hnh vi xung t tn gioxv l hu qu rnh rnh ca s cung tn v l phn
chng khng th chi ci ca gio thuyt cng nh li rao ging Kit gio: Tr li th no
i vi mt ngi ni vi bn rng anh ta tun phc Cha hn l vi ngi khc v cho rng
2

anh ta chc chn s c ln thin ng khi ct c bn?xvi im ny, ng cho rng cc tn

hu ch l mt m cung tn, thc t cn t hn nhng ngi v thn: [] v nhng ngi
v thn vn l trit gia c th c mt np sng rt c v hnh phc di bng cc lut
l : chc chn l h s d dng sng vi nhau trong cng mt x hi hn l mn m tn cc
oan.xvii Ch ngha v thn v no trng cung tn l hai qui vt c th nut chng x hi;
nhng ngi v thn d lm lc vn gi c l tr ca mnh ct b nanh vut ca qui
vt, ch ngi cung tn l mt k mc chng in lin tc, nh vy m nanh vut qui vt
cng thm sc bn.xviii ng ln n s kt n m Gio Hi dnh cho nhng ai i ngc Kinh
Thnh hay gio l, nht l thi bt bao dung ca gio quyn i vi nhng ngi ri b
Kit gio i theo o khc: Th mo him cu vt mt k phm ti cn hn ln n mt
ngi v ti.xix C l ng bc xc v cho rng Gio Hi vi phm nghim trng l tr v t
do con ngi iu vn l nn tng cho lp trng ph bnh tn gio ca ng. ng mun p
Kit gio v coi l tn gio ca bn lu manh: C bp qun hn cho ta!
(Ecrasez linfme!).xx
Lp trng ca Voltaire v Thin Cha kh r: ng tha nhn s hin hu ca Thin
Cha, chp nhn cn phi c Thin Cha, nhng Thin Cha y khng phi l mt Thin
Cha c v. Mt Thin Cha nh th chng th i vo mi tng quan c ngha vi con
ngi: [] phm ai tng tri v bit quan st u bit rng tri thc v mt Thin Cha, v
s hin din v c cng chnh ca Ngi khng my may nh hng n cc chin tranh,
hip c, n nhng iu m tham vng, quyn li v dc vng ca ngi ta kht khao.xxi
Th nn Thin Cha khi y khng khc g bc th ch ra ci ng h (l th gii), vn dy ct
(vn hnh) ri em con b ch, tc con ngi t suy ngh v hnh ng.xxii Theo
Voltaire, nim v Thin Cha n t tm tnh v t h l lun t nhin pht trin vi tui
tc ngay c ni nhng ngi th thin nht. Bn cnh , Thin Cha theo Voltaire quan
nim l mt th lc siu nhin c thng pht b tr, hay ng hn, l th cng c cn
thit gn gi trt t v o l trong x hi.xxiii
3

Mc du Voltaire kh gay gt v chm bim khi kch nhng ngi v thn,xxiv

ti cho rng Voltaire cng l mt trong s . Vn l v thn loi no v n mc no.
R rng, Voltaire khng nhng khng phi m cn rt ght nhng ngi v thn thc tin.
ng thng thn t chi tun theo nhng nghi l v gio thuyt Kit gio,xxv nhng li khng
hon ton chi b s hin din ca Thin Cha: Thin Cha m khng hin hu th cng
phi to ra Ngi.xxvi Nh vy, Voltaire thuc kiu v thn l thuyt tng i.xxvii
III. LNG NH PH BNH
Trc ht ti nhn nhn mt vi nt tch cc trong lp trng ph bnh tn gio ca
Voltaire nh sau:
1) ng cao vai tr dn ng ca l tr so vi nhng hng dn mang tnh gio
iu ca nhng c ch v phm trt trong Gio Hi ln x hi. Chng ta khng th
no ph nhn l tr l mn qu c bit Thin Cha ban tng cho con ngi.
2) D vi ging vn chm bim v kch, ng vch trn mt cch thng thn phn
no nhng tiu cc cn phi loi tr ang m tn ti trong gio quyn ln th quyn
ng thi, t nht cng ging ln mt hi chung cnh tnh.
3) ng gp phn phn chia a ht gia tn gio vi trit hc v khoa hc, gia gio
quyn vi th quyn, gia t nhin vi siu nhin. S nhp nhng v gim chn gia
cc lnh vc v bnh din ni trn tng gy nhiu hiu lm v rn nt khng ng c.
Bn cnh , lp trng ph bnh tn gio ca Voltaire cng c nhiu im hn ch:
1) ng loi b Thin Cha ca nim tin Kit gio v cao quyn t lp ca con ngi,
nh th sm mun g cng phi chm trn nhng bt lc mun thu. Bi l, trong
thc t, t do ca con ngi v n sng ca Thin Cha khng loi tr ln nhau.
2) Th tn gio t nhin m ng theo ui thc ra cha phi l tn gio (religio) ng
ngha, v loi tr mi tng quan thing ling gn kt con ngi vi thn linh. Trong

thc t, con ngi kh c th hon ton chi b (nhu cu v) Thin Cha nh Ngi l
(khc vi Thin Cha do thc con ngi t v nn).
3) V mt lun l, xem ra ng ngy bin kiu trng mt m bt hnh dong: da vo
ci thnh phn kt lun v ci ton th; ly hin tng bn ngoi kt lun v bn
cht. Hn na, r rng Voltaire nh tro lnh vc (trit-khoa hc # thn hc), vt
phm vi (lun l # tn gio), nhy bnh din (nhn bn # siu nhin).
4) Mc d c th c nhng nh hng tch cc, ph phn ca ng mang hng ph
hn l xy dng, th nn cha qun bnh.
5) Cui cng, trong kinh nghim tn gio, liu c th tch ri li hiu v Thin Cha v
nhng thc hnh phng t hay lun l nh Voltaire lm hay khng? Hay ni
khc i, nu Voltaire c chm chm ph bnh i sng Gio Hi th iu y c lin
quan g n Thin Cha theo nh ng quan nim hay chng?
Kt lun
kt, thit ngh khng g tt hn l lp li chnh li ca Voltaire trong mt din t:
i vi ti th chi l Thin Cha khng hin hu cn hn l chi ra Ngi. Xin c sng
n cng, theo kh nng ca chng ta, cuc sng khn kh ny, m khng cn phi da vo
mt ng hoang ng tng tng m cha c ai trng thy bao gi, m nu ng c
hin hu i na, th Ngi cng chng tha thit g nhiu v vic chng ta tin hay khng tin
Ngi. C cho l Ngi hin hu i, th iu ti ngh v Ngi khng th lm Ngi bn tm,
nh iu Ngi ngh v ti, m ti khng bit, cng chng lm ti nhc lng. Ngi v ti
chng h quan h, chng h lin lc vi nhau, chng h quan tm n nhau. Hoc l Ngi
khng hin hu, hoc l Ngi hon ton xa l i vi ti. Ta hy lm nh chn trm chn
mi chn trn mt ngn ngi thng lm: h gieo ging, trng trt, lao ng, h sinh con
ci, n ung, ng ngh, h chu kh chu cc ri cht i m khng bn n siu hnh, m
khng bit l c siu hnh.xxviii Lp trng ph bnh tn gio ca Voltaire ch th l th .

TH MC THAM KHO
Sch
Copleston, F. C. A History of Philosophy. Vol. 06. New York: Doubleday,
1994.
Durant, W. Cu truyn trit hc. Tr Hi v Bu ch chuyn ng. H Ni:
NXB Vn Ha Thng Tin, 2008.
Nguyn, N. H. Tng qut v v thn. Th c: Hc Vin Thnh Giuse
Dng Tn, ti liu ni b dng cho kha Seminar, 10-2015.
Voltaire. Candide - Chng Ngy Th. T Xuyn chuyn ng. H Ni: NXB
Tri Thc, 2008.
Weger, K. Religionskritik. Graz: Verlag Styria, 1991. Bn Vit ng: Ph
bnh tn gio qua cc tc gi. Si Gn: i Chng Vin Thnh
Giuse, ti liu ni b.
Internet
LaPhilosophiecom. http://la-philosophie.com
PREPABAC. http://www.prepabac.org
Thinkexist.com. http://thinkexist.com/quotation/

x. Karl-Heinz Weger, Ph Bnh Tn Gio Qua Cc Tc Gi, khng r ngi dch (Si Gn:

i Chng Vin Thnh Giuse, lu hnh ni b), 51.

ii

x. Frederick Copleston, A History of Philosophy, Vol. 06: Modern Philosophy From the
French Enlightenment to Kant (New York: DoubleDay Publishing Group, 1994), 3.
iii

x. ibid.

iv

x. Karl-Heinz Weger, op. cit., 51; Nguyn Ngc Hi, Tng qut v v thn (ti liu ni b
dng trong kha seminar V Thn ti Hc vin Dng Tn, Th c, 10-2015), 11-13.
v

x. Will Durant, Cu truyn trit hc, Tr Hi v Bu ch chuyn ng (H Ni: NXB Vn

Ha Thng Tin, 2008), 57-60.
vi

x. Nguyn Ngc Hi, op. cit., 12.

vii

x. Voltaire, Candide - Chng Ngy Th, T Xuyn chuyn ng (H Ni: NXB Tri Thc,
2008), cc chng VI, XVIII, XXIV.
viii

V thn thc tin l v thn ca nhng con ngi, tha nhn hay khng tha nhn Thng
trong thc, sng v c x nh l Thng khng hin hu: t chi Thng trong
hnh vi sng ca h. (Nguyn Ngc Hi, op. cit., 6).
6

ix

x. Karl-Heinz Weger, op. cit., 52.

x. Voltaire, op. cit., cc chng IV, V, VI.

xi

x. Karl-Heinz Weger, op. cit., 55.

xii

x. ibid., 52.

xiii

Christianity is the most ridiculous, the most absurd, and bloody religion that has ever
infected the world. ("Voltaire Quotes." Thinkexist.com.
http://thinkexist.com/quotation/christianity_is_the_most_ridiculous-the_most/176479.html.
Truy cp ngy 13/10/2015)
xiv

Will Durant, op. cit., 195.

xv

x. ibid., 193.

xvi

Que rpondre un homme qui vous dit quil aime mieux obir Dieu quaux hommes et
qui, en consquence, est sr de mriter le ciel en vous gorgeant? ("Article Fanatisme,
Dictionnaire Philosophique, Voltaire." PREPABAC. http://www.prepabac.org/pages/lescorriges-du-bac/corriges-bac-francais-les-commentaires-pages-cachees/tous-les-corriges-dubac-sur-voltaire-candide-micromegas-zadig-l-ingenu-sequence-argumentation/articlefanatisme-dictionnaire-philosophique-voltaire.htm. Truy cp ngy 13/10/2015)
xvii

x. Karl-Heinz Weger, op. cit., 52.

xviii

x. ibid., 52-53.

xix

Il vaut mieux hasarder de sauver un coupable plutt que de condamner un innocent.

("Citations De Voltaire : Religion, Libert Et Politique." LaPhilosophiecom. ng ngy
04/04/2012. http://la-philosophie.com/citations-voltaire. Truy cp ngy 13/10/2015)
xx

x. Karl-Heinz Weger, op. cit., 51.

xxi

x. ibid., 52.

xxii

ibid.; Frederick Copleston, op. cit., 20.

xxiii

ibid.

xxiv

Hy nghe li tuyn tn ca Voltaire: Chng ti ln n ch ngha v thn, chng ti ght

b m tn man r, chng ti yu mn Thin Cha v nhn loi: l tn iu ca chng ti.
(trch li trong Karl-Heinz Weger, op. cit., 55)
xxv

x. Karl-Heinz Weger, op. cit., 51.

xxvi

x. ibid., 51-52.

xxvii

V thn l thuyt tng i khng chp nhn s hin hu ca Thng c v, nhng

tha nhn s hin hu ca tnh thn linh. Chng hn nh thuyt phim thn (panteismo) hay
t nhin thn gio (deismo). (Nguyn Ngc Hi, op. cit., 7)
xxviii

Karl-Heinz Weger, op. cit., 55-56.