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Acid Acid 92 85
Acid Glucoamylase 95 91
Acid/α-amylase Glucoamylase 96 92
α-Amylase/High pressure Glucoamylase 97 93
cooking/ α-amylase
α-Amylase (thermostable) Glucoamylase 97 94
α-Amylase (thermostable) Glucoamylase 97-98.5 95-
97.5
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ChuyÓn ®æi Glucose thµnh Fructose
HO
OH HO OH
O glucose O
isomerase
OH HO
OH
HO
OH
OH
Qu¸ tr×nh Deacylation Penicillin
ho¸ häc & enzyme thµnh 6-APA
H
R C N S CH3 S CH3
Penicillin acylase NH2
CH3 CH3
O
N Alkaline N
O COOH [Enzymatic] O COOH
Penicillin V or G (6-APA)
[R=Ph or PhO]
[Chemical] PCl5
Pyridine
Me3SiCl ROH
H2O
H
R C N S CH3
CH3
O
N
O COOSiMe3
C¸c enzyme:
Penicillin G acylase (PGA)- Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium,
Streptomyces lavendulae
Penicillin V acylases (PVA)- Beijerinckia indica var. Penicillium,
Fusarium sp., Pseudomonas acidovorans
H
R C N S CH3 S CH3
Penicillin acylase NH2
CH3 CH3
O
N Alkaline N
O COOH [Deacylation] O COOH
Penicillin V or G (6-APA)
Penicillin acylase
[Acylation] Acidic
Semisynthetic Penicillins
Tæng hî p Acrylamide
Copper-catalysed process
Microbial process
ChÝnh x¸c enantiomer ®¬n cña mçi chÊt ph¶n øng ph¶i
®îc sö dông ®Ó ®îc ho¸ häc kh«ng gian stereochemistry mong
muèn cña aspartame (beta-aspartame cã vÞ ®¾ng)
Ph¬ng ph¸p enzyme:
HO2C Ph
+ thermolysin
PhCH2OCNH CO2H H2 N CO2Me
O
H2O
N-Cbz-aspartic acid D,L-phenylalanine
Methyl ester HO2C Ph
O O
Cbz-aspartame
Cbz, benzyloxycarbonyl
L-Carnitine
HO O
H
Me3N
OH
L-carnitine
O hydroxylase HO O
H
Me3N Me3N
OH OH
-butyrobetaine L-carnitine
T æn g h î p N a p r o x e n e
C O 2H
b io c a ta ly s ts *
C H 3O C H 3O
C O 2H C O 2H
m u ltis te p * r e s o lu tio n *
(D /L )
C H 3O C H 3O C H 3O
O 1) T a r ta r ic a c id C O 2H
2) B r2
C C H 2C H 3
3) H y d r o ly s is *
C H 3O C H 3O
Tæng hî p Calcium – Antagonist Drug
Diltiazem
OMe OMe
O O
(R,R)
esterase
MeO2C HO2C
racemate
OMe
S (S, S)
O
Diltiazem
N O
H O
T æ n g h î p L -m a lic A c id v µ L -A s p a r tic A c id
T õ F u m a r ic A c id
H O 2C fu m a ra s e H O 2C
H
C O 2H H 2O H O C O 2H
fu m a r ic a c id L -m a lic a c id
H O 2C a s p a rta s e H O 2C
H
C O 2H N H 3 H O C O 2H
fu m a r ic a c id L -a s p a r tic a c id
T æn g h î p C a t e c h o l t õ G l u c o s e
T ¬ n g t h Ýc h m « i t r ê n g
a c e to n e
h y d r o q u in o n e
a b
HO c
benzene cum ene phenol
OH C O 2H C O 2H
HO
OH OH
O d
d d c a te c h o l
HO OH O OH HO
OH OH OH
D - g lu c o s e 3 -d e h y d r o s h ik im ic p r o to c a te c h u ic
a c id a c id
(a ) p r o p y le n e , s o lid H 3 P O 4 c a t a ly s t , 2 0 0 -2 6 0 ° C , 4 0 0 - 6 0 0 p s i.
(b ) O 2, 8 0 -1 3 0 °C th e n S O 2, 6 0 -1 0 0 °C .
(c ) 7 0 % H 2O 2, E D T A , F e 2+ o r C o 2, 7 0 -8 0 °C .
D ra th s a n d F ro s t, 1 9 9 5
(d ) E . c o li A B 2 8 3 4 /p K D 1 3 6 /p K D 9 .0 6 9 A , 3 7 °C .
Khö ®¾ng c¸c protein thuû ph©n
Xö lý b»ng carbon ho¹t tÝnh
TriÕt t¸ch b»ng cån
KÕt tña ®ång ®¼ng ®iÖn
T¸ch b»ng s¾c ký
Bao phñ vÞ ®¾ng
Thuû ph©n enzyme c¸c peptide ®¾ng
• b»ng aminopeptidase
• b»ng alkaline/neutral protease
b»ng
carboxypeptidase
• C¸c ph¶n øng trïng ngng sö dông protease
Xylanase-trî gióp xö lý lµm tr¾ng
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Sequence after Pulp Total active chlorine
Enzyme treatment consumption
decrease (%)
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(CD)EDED Softwood kraft 21
(CD)EoDED Pine kraft 18.4
(CD)EpDEpD Birch kraft 18
(CD)EopDEpD Pine kraft 12
DEopDED Softwood kraft 15
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C, elemental chlorine (Cl2), D, chlorine dioxide (ClO3), E,
alkaline extraction (NaOH), Eo/Ep, oxygen/hydrogen peroxide
Mannitol
Phô gia thùc phÈm
• T¹o c«ng thøc dîc phÈm cña c¸c viªn ngËm vµ h¹t
bét.
C O HC OH HO CH
HO CH HO CH HO CH
H2, catalyst +
HC OH HC OH HC OH
HC OH HC OH HC OH
H2C OH H2 C OH H2 C OH
Glucose – 6-P
NADP+
NADPH + H+
6 - Phosphogluconate
NADP+
CO2 NADPH + H+
Ribulose – 5-P
Xylulose – 5-P
CH2OH CH2OH
O HO H
HO H Mannitol 2-Dehydrogenase HO H
H OH H OH
NAD(P)H NAD(P)
H OH H OH
CH2OH CH2OH
D-fructose Mannitol
Sù chuyÓn ®æi Fructose thµnh Mannitol
b»ng enzyme víi sù t¸i t¹o cofactor liªn tôc
Mannitol Dehydrogenase
D-Fructose Mannitol
NADH NAD+