Chll'O'ng 3.

NGUY~N DAM, TieD pllAN vA UNG D~NG

11. . NGUYiNHAM

12. MOT 56 PHUONG plfAp TIM NGUYiN HAM

13. TicH .... AN

14. MOT 56 PHUONG PHAP TiNH TiCH PHAN

. A. TRQNG TAM KIEN THlrC

I. NGUYEN HAM

1. Kha] ni~m nguyen ham

a) Djnh nghia. Cho ham ·s6 f(x) lien tuc tren khoang I. Ham s6 F(x) duoc goi la nguyen ham cua f(x) tren I , n~u F'(x) = f(x) voi moi x thuQc I.

b) Djnh Ii. Gia Slr ham s6 F(x) la mQt nguyen ham cua ham s6 f(x) tren

khoang I . Khi do : .

• Voi mlii h~ng s6 c, ham s6 G(x) = F(x) + C cling la mQt nguyen ham cua

f(x) tren I.

• Ngiroc lai, voi mlii nguyen ham G(x). cua f(x) tren I thi tAn tai h~ng s6 C sao cho G(x) = F(x) + C vci moi x thuoc I.

Nhlrv~y :

• N~u ham s6 co mQt nguyen ham, thi no co vo s6 nguyen ham. Tuy nhien hai nguyen ham cua cung mQt ham s6 chi saikhac nhau mot h~ng s6 ..

• Nguoi ta dung ki hieu J f(x)dx d~ chi t~t ca cac nguyen ham cua f(x) . N~u

F(x) la mQt nguyen ham cua f(x), thi t~t ca cac nguyen ham cua f(x) la t~p

hQ'P: If(x)dx = {F(x) + c}.

• Ta co m6i quan M sau day :

J f(x)dx = F(x) + C *> F'(x) = f(x) *> dF(x) = f(x)dx.

2. Nguyen ham eua mQt sa ham sa thU'O'ng gip

X"+l

1. JOdx=C, J dx=x+C; 2. J x"dx= a+l+C (a:;zt-l);

162

11.TTGT12·B

3.JdX=lnlxl+c;

x

4. V oi k la hang s6 khac 0

J . coskx

a) sin kxdx = - -k- + C ;

ku:

J -« e C

c)e ,1.: = -+ ;

k

J dx

5. a) --2-·= tan z + C

cos x

J sinkx

b) coskxdx = -- + C ;

k

a:r

d) Ja·"dx = - + C, 0 < a:;z';: 1 ; Ina

b) J . d~ = J - cot x + C .

sm ·X

·3. M9t s6 tinh ch~t co ban cua nguyen ham

N~u f(x) va g(x) la hai ham s6 lien tuc tren I thi:

a) J(J(x)+ g(x))dx= J f(x)dx+ J g(x)dx;

J (f(:J:) - g(x))dx = J f(x)dx - J g(x)dx ;

b) J kf(;r)d.T = k J f(x)dx,cr day k la s6 thirc khac O.

II. MQT so PHUONG PHAp TiM NGUYEN HAM 1. Phuong phap d8i bi~n s6

Cho ham s6 u = u(x) co dao ham lien tuc tren I va ham s6 y ;::: f(u) lien tuc sao cho y = f[u(x)] xac djnh tren I. Khi do, neu F la mot nguyen ham cua

f, tire la J f(u)du = F(u) + C· thi J f[u(x)lu'(x)dx =F[u(x)] + C.

2. Phuong phap I~y nguyen ham tirng phin

N~u u, v 13. hai ham s6 co dao ham lien tuc tren I thi

J u(x)v'(x)dx = u(x)v(x) - J v(x)u'(x)dx

hay:

III. rtcn PHAN

1. Khai ni~m tich phan

D;nh nghla. Cho ham s6 f lien tuc tren I va a, b la hai so bat ki thuoc I. N~u F la m<)t nguyen ham cua f tren I thi hi~u s6 F(b) - F(a) diroc goi la

J udv = uv - J vdu .

, J'I!

tich phdn cua f ttl' a den b va ki hi~u la f(x)dx.

II

Gill sir, tren (a; b) ham s6 f(x) co nguyen ham la F(x). Khi do ta dinh nghia :

JI!

f(:D)dx == F(b) - F(a).

II

163

Chu y rAng vi moi nguyen ham cua f(x) chi khac nhau mQt hang s6 C, do do trong djnh nghia tren lAy F(x) ·Ia bAt ki nguyen ham nao cua f(x) cling duoc.

Ngiroi ta con dung ki hieu F(x)l: d~ chi hieu s6 F(b) - F(a). Nhir v~y n€u F

la mQt nguyen ham cua f tren I thi r f(x)dx = F(x)l: = F (b) - F(a). Djnh Ii. Cho ham s6 y ='f(x) lien tuc, khong am tren I ; a va b la'hai di~m thuoc I (a < b). Khi do dien tich S cua hinh thang cong gioi han boi de, th] ham s6 y = f(x) , true hoanh va hai direng thfutg x = a, x = b la

S = i" f(x)dx.

2. Tinh chit ciia tich phin

Gift sir cac ham s6 f, 9 lien tuc tren I va a, b, c la ba s6 bAt ki thuec I. Khi do, ta co:

a) ia f(x)dx = 0 ;

b) r"I(x)dx = - ra f(x)dx ;

J" J"

c) r f(x)dx + rc g(x)dx = rc f(x)dx ;

s. J" J"

d) f,I'[f(x) + g(x)]dx = i" f(x)dx + r g(x)dx ;

f,I'[f(X) - g(x)]dx = r f(x)dx - f,h ~(x)dx ;

e) r kf(x)dx = k r f(x)dx, voi k E IR.

g) N~u f(x) ~ g(x) , Vx E [a ; b] va f(x) , g(x) d~u kha tich tren [a; b], thi

r f(x)dx s i"g(x)dx.

IV. MQT so PHUONG PHAp TiNH rtca PHAN 1. PhU'O'llg phap ctai bi~n sa

Cong thirc d6i bi~n s6: r f[u(x)]u'(x)dx = JU(I') f(u)du,

J.. uta)

Trong do ham s6 u = u(x) co d~o ham lien tuc tren I, ham s6 y = f( u) lien

tuc va sao cho hamhop f[u(x)] xacdinhtren I; a va.b la hai so thuoc 1.

2. PhU'O'llg phap tich phin tirng phin

Tirong nr nhir phuong phap lAy nguyen ham tung phdn, ta co cong thirc sau :

f," u(x)v'(x)dx = u(x)v(x)I:: - r v(x)u'(x)dx.

Trong do, cac ham s6 u, v co d~o ham lien tuc tren I va a, b la hai s6 thuQc I .

164

Dang 1.

B. cAc D~NG ToAN CO BAN PHUONG PHAp BANG NGUYEN HAM

Phuong phdp gid!

f)~ sir dung duoc phuong phap OIlY, cac ban ngoai vi~c sir dung thanh thao bang nguyen ham con cAn n~m vii'ng cac phep tinh vi phdn, va bi~n d6i thanh thao cac d~ng thtrc v~ vi phan,

Vi dfll.

T' A h' I· J (sin x + cosx)dx

im nguyen am = ~ .

3 •

smx-cosx

Giiii

1

Taco: 1= J(sinx-cosxf3d(sinx-cosx)

_'!'+1

(sin x - cos x) a, 3

= +c= +C.

-.!+1 2~(smx-cosx)2

3

Liru y r~ng : (sin x + cos x) dx = d (sin x - cos x).

Vi dfll.

, , A 11 x:3dx

Tinh tlch phan : I = -.-- .

o x2 + 1

Giiii

Ta co: 1= f1[X _ -.-x-JdX = f1 xdx _ f1 xdx

J () x2 + 1 J lJ J 0 . x2 + 1

= .! x21~ _.! fl d (x2 + 1) =.! _.! In (x2 + It =.! -.! In 2.

2 2 J o x2 + 1 2 2 o 2 2

Nh(in xet : Ta da sir dung xdx = .! d (x2 + 1).

. 2

Vi dfl3.

Tinh tich phan : I = r ~ . s, 1 + eX

Giiii

111 + e'" -. eX 11 11 e"'dx

Ta co : I = dx = dx - --

o 1 + e·C 0 0 1 + eX

11 d (1 + e") ()11

= 1- = I-In 1 + e" () = 1- (In (1 + e)-In 2)

o 1 +e1· .

165

= In e + In 2 - In (1 + e) = In ~ . l+e

Nh(in xet: Ta dii Slr dung phep them bot d~ quy tich phan cAn tinh thanh tlmg (hoac hieu) cac tich ph an mad~ tinh chung d~ dang Slr dung bang nguyen ham.

Vi d(l4.

T' h lch h'; I 1% sin2xdx

m tIC p an: = .

o cosx+1

Giiii

Taco:

I = 2 r% sin x cos xdx = 2 ri sin x (cos x + 1) - sin x dx

J 0 cos x + 1 J 0 cos x + 1

- 21%' d 21% sinxdx - 2 1% 21% d(cosx + 1)

- . sm x x - - - cos x 0 +

() () cosx+1 0 cos z -l-J

7r

=2+2In(1+cosx)lg =2/-2In2.

Vi d(lS.

Tim nguyen ham sau :

I =JIn[(x+a)'"+" (x +br+11j ( )( )'

x+a x+b

out

B'~ d~' h I I(:r+a)In(x+a)+(x+b)In(x+b)d

len 01 n tr sau : = () () x

x+a x+b

== I[In (x + a) + In(x + b)[dX

x+b x+a

= I[In (x + a)d (In (x + b)) + I~ (x + b)d(In (x + a))]

= I d [In (x + a) In (x + b) 1 = In (x + a)In (x + b) + C .

Nh(in xet : Phuong phap don gian dung bang nguyen ham lai la thich hop nh&t d~ giai vi du plurc tap tren.

Vi d(l6.

, 'A r!:_ sin xdx

Tinh tich phan : I = J n·l. .'

'4 cos2 x~l + cos2 x

Giiii

Ta co: 1= f* sin xd(tan x) = f* tan xd(tan x) = f% tan xd(tan x)

~ ~1 + cos2 x ~ J1 + __ .1 ~ ~2 + tan2 x

, cos2 X

166

4

4

PHUONG PHAp not BIEN so

Phuong phap giiii -

D6i bien s6 la mQt trong nheng phuong phap quan trQn~ nhAt d~ tinh nguyen ham va tich phan, Phep d6i bi8n s6 dua tren hai menh de sau :

4'Minh d21. Cho y = f(u) va u = g(x). N~u J f(x)dx = F(x) + C, thi

J f(g(x))g'(x)dx = J f(u)du = F(u) + C .

4' Minh ttJ 2. Cho y = f(x) lien tuc tren [a; b]' ham x = 'P(t) kha vi, lien

tuc tren doan [m;M] va co mien gia tri la [a;b]' 'P(m)=a, 'P{M)=b.

Khido ta co : ibf(x)dx= l.~ f['P(t)]'P'(t)dt. (1)

Y nghia cga vifC d6i bi~n sa

• Gi6ng nhu trong phep d6i bi~n s6 trong nguyen ham, y nghia cua cong

thirc (I) la a ch6 sau khi d6i bi~n x = 'P(t), thi r f(x)dx tro thanh

J,,~ f['P(t)j'P'(t)dt va tich phan thrr hai nay co ham dmri dAu tich phan f['P(t)j'P'(t) co dang don gianhon va tinh nguyen ham d~ hon so voi nguyen ham cua f(x) ban dAu.

• CAn hru y r~ng sau khi thay bi~n x = 'P(t) ta phai dM c~n.IAy tich phan vi x E [a; b], con t E [m ; M]. Noi mQt each nom na : D6i bien thi d6i c~n.

LOfi 1. Phep thay bitn t= ~f(x)

PhuO'ng phap giiii

Khi ham duoi dAu tich phan co chua bi~u thirc dang ~f(x) . Luc do trong nhi~u tnrong hQ1> (chir khong phai trong moi tnrong hQ1», ta co th~ sir dung phep thay bien sau : t = ~ f(x) .

Vi du l,

rln3 e"'dx

Tinh tich phan : 1= J, J .

o (e-' + It

167

Giiii

Ta bi~n d6i : I = lIn:! el'~ , (1)

IJ (e'" + 1) e" + 1 '

D~t t = Je'J' + 1. Khi x =0 ,thi t = J2 ; khi x = In 13 thi t = 2, Ta co : e = e" + 1 => 2tdt = eX dx ,

2

re (1) suy ra : I = f: 2t~t = 2f: ~t = - ~I = -1 + J2 "

, \/2 f! \/2 t2 t J2 "

Nhiinxet:

. • each giai tren la each giai theo phuong phap d6i bien.

• Bay gio' ta thir xem n~u dung "bang nguyen ham" thi each giai ra sao? :l

_!a co: 1= r (ex + 1f"2 d (eJ: + 1)

Vi dl! 2.

rlnc. e2:rdx

Tinh tich phan : 1= JI ~'

In2 "e'" -1

Giiii

D~t t = J e'" - 1 , Khi :1: = in 2 thi t = 1 ; khi x = In 5 thi t == 2 , Ta co: t2 = e' -1 => e" = e + 1 => e'da: = 2tdt,

J:2 (e + 1) 2tdt J:2 2 1,2

V~y: I = = 2 t dt + 2 dt

1 til

2 '112 (8 1) 20

=-t' 1 +2=2 --- +2=-,

3 3 3 3

Nh{in xet :

• Di nhien co th~ lam theo phirong phap "bang nguyen ham" nhir sau :

lln5 eJ' (e'r. -1 + l)dx J:lnf''--;---: ,( x ) J:h,'5 d(e' -1)

I = = "e" - 1d e - 1 +

In2 .Je'" -1 In2 In2 .Jex -1

Illo! Ini'> ---~

= r (eJ' _ 1)2 d (ex - 1) + r (e'" _ 1) 2 d (e'" - 1)

J~2 J~2

, ;j Iln!i' 11111"

== ~ (el' _1)'2 1112 + 2 (e'" _1)2 IIIZ 3

168

') [ '~l [_!_ 1 ') ')0

=.:. 42 -1 +242 -1 =":::'·7+2=':'__.

~l 3 3

• V ~ ban ch~t hai phuong phap nay la mot. Xem ra trong vi du nay dung d6i bi~n thi loi giai "gon hon" ti chut rna thoi.

~ x:ldx

Tlnh tich phan r = f " ~.

Jo 1 + ;J X4 + 1

Vi dfl3.

Giiii

O~t : t = ~X4 + 1 . Khi x = 0 thi t = 1 ; khi x = ii thi t = 2. Ta co t3 = X4 + 1 =} 4x:3dx = 3edt .

vs : I = ~ f2 t'2dt = ~ f2t2 -1 + 1 = ~ f2 (t -1) dt + ~ f2 __!!_

.Y 4J11+t 4J1 t+1 4J1 ' 4J1 t+l

= ~ [.!. t21~ -1] + ~ In (1 + t )12 = ~ . .!. + ~ In ~ = ~ + ~ln ~ .

42 4 14242842

Nh{in xet :

Phuong phap dung "bang nguyen ham" khong thich hQ'IJ trong vi du nay!

.fi ['+2 ;J

Tinh tich ph an : I = 10 ~ dx.

x2 + 1

Vi d{l4.

Giiii

O~t t = ~ x2 + 1 . Khi x = 0 thi t = 1 ; khi x = J3 thi t = 2 . Ta co : t2 =x'2 + 1 =} tdt = xdx . Do do :

l.fi X4 + 2X2 l' '2 (e - d +,2(t2 -1)

1= xdx = ' tdt

, 0 ~X2 + 1 1 f

Vi d{l5.

• 1r

Tinh tich phan : I = f'i ~1- cos" X sin x cos" xdx .

Jo

Giiii

Oat t = ~1 - cos" x . Khi x = 0 thi t = 0 ; khi x = 7r thi t = 1.

. 2

Ta co: tG = 1- cos" X =} 6t5dt = 3 cos'2 x sin xdx

¢:} 2fJ dt = cos'2 x sin xdx .

169

V~y :

J!_ Vj 'j (2 )

I = 2 1- cos' x. cos' x cos x sin xdx ()

Vi dfl6.

il115 eXdx

Tinh tich ph an : I = ( . ) ~.

1112 10 _ eX '\jex-1

Giai

f)~t: t = ~ex-1 . Khi x = In 2 thi t = 1 ; khi x = In 5 thi t = 2. Ta co: t2 = e" -1,* 2tdt = ei d»,

Do vay' 1= f2 2tdt = 2 f2 dt

.' J1 (9-t2)t J1 (3-t)(3+t)

=3. f2(3-t)+(3+t)dt=~ f2_!!!_+~ r.s:

6Jl (3-t)(3+t) 3J13-t 3JI 3+t

Nh(ih xet :

• ReS rang trong cac Vi du 4, Vi du 6, phirong phap "d6i bien" co tac dung thirc su hon plnrong phap "bang nguyen ham".

• Nhir v~y d6i voi tich phan rna bi~u thirc diroi dAu tich phan co chua ham can thirc v~ nguyen t~c co th~ sir dung phep bi~n d6i true ti~p bAng "bang nguyen ham" hoac dung phep thay bien, Qua cac vi du tren chac cac ban da ttr rut ra cho minh kinh nghiem chon phirong phap nao thich hQ1> nhAt d~ tinh tich phan voi ham duoi dAu tich phan chua can thirc.

LOflli 2. Phep thay biin x = -t

PhU'O'1Ig phap giai

Phep that bi~n x = -t rAt thich hQ'P trong hai dang toan sau day :

• Khi bieu thirc duoi d~u tich phan hi ham ch~n, hoac le va tich phan dn tinh

co dang : J~~ f(x)dx. Ta sir dung k~t qua sau day:

C3' N~u f(x) la ham s6 le va kha tich tren [-a; a], thi : J-~, f(x)dx = O. Gr N€u f(x) lit ham s6 ch~n va kha tich tren [-a; a] thi:

170

Ju f(x)dx = 2j'U f(x)dx.

-0 0

• Khi tich phan CO dang : Jk f(x)dx . Trong do f(x) la ham s6 chAn tren -k a.l + 1

doan [-k; k]. Voi cac bai toan thuoc loai nay, phep d6i bi~n x = -t la rAt

thich hop.

Tinh tich phan : 1= J_1l In (x + ~X2 + l)dx.

Giili

Taco: 1= J~>n(x+~x2+1)dX+ folln(x+~x2+1)dX. (1)

Vai tich phan : J_oI In (x + ~ x2 + 1) dx , ta dung phep thay bien x = -t . Khi x = -1 thi t = 1 ; khi x = 0 thi t = O.

Tt'r 'x = -t ~ dx = -dt.

Khi do: I ~ - J: In ( J t' + 1 - t) dt ~ l' In~- t' dt

1 0 e+1+t

=/iin ~ . dt=-{Iln(t+~e+1)dt. (2)

Jo e+1+t Jo

Thay (2) vao (1), ta diroc : 1= O. ,

ChIlY: Xin hru y: {lin (t + ~t2 + l)dt = {lin (x + ~X2 + l)dx.

Jo Jo

(Tich phan khong phu thuoc vao each ki hieu bien la x , la t hay la u, ... ).

Nh{i.n xet : D~ y r~ng ham s6 f(x) = In (x + ~X2 + 1) xac dinh tren JR. Ngoai ra voi moi x E JR, ta co :

. f(-x) ~ In (Jx' + 1- x) ~ In ~- x' ~ -In(x + Jx' + 1) ~ -f(x).

x2 + 1 + x '

V~y f(x) la ham Ie tren JR, noi rieng la ham Ie tren (-1; 1). Nen dinhien

Vi dul,

1=0.

Vi d{l2.

, 7r

T' h Ich h~ I J"2 x + cos x d

In ttc P an: = x .

7r • 2

_- 4 - sm x

2 '

Giiii

B·~ dA. ich h~ ~. h I J% xdx J% cosxdx (1)

len 01 tic p an tren n ir sau: = + .

.: 4 - sin 2 x .s. 4 - sin 2 x

2 2

171

Ji :J.;d;t = JO xdx + f% xdx 0

IT 2 IT 2 0 2

-i 4 - sin x -2 4 - sin x 4 - sin x

,0 JO xdx h hO, h' h bOA ,

VO'l " " t uc ten p ep t ay len x = -t , ta co :

-'24 - sin" x

Jo xdx = fO -t{-dt) = _ f%tdt = _ f1 xdx 0

-%4-sin2x J% 4-sin2t ° 4-sin2t 04-sin2x

Taco:

(2)

Thay

lai vao (2), ta diroc :

'J%xdx = 00

-.:: 4 - sin2 x

2

L 0 'J;2 cosxdx JO cosxdx f'''2- cosxdx

alco: = + 0

o "0 2 " 0 2 0 2

'-'2 4 - sm x -2 4 - sin x ° 4 - sin x

(3)

(4)

D~ - '0 JO cos xdx _ r cos t( -dt) _ r% cos tdt

~t x - -t , ta co 0" , - J '!' ,- J r ,0

-i 4 - sin" x 2 4 - sin" t n 4 - sin ' t

Tir do thay vao (4) ta dircc :

J% cosxdx = 2 f% cosxdx = 2 f% d(sinx)

-'::4-sin2x Jo 4-sin2x Jo 4-sin2x

2

= 2 fl ~ = ~ fl (2 + u) + (2 - u) au s; 4-u2 2Jo (2+u)(2-u)

. 11

1 2+u 1 1 .

= -In -- = - (In 3 - In 1) = -In 3 0

2 2-uo 2 2

Thay (3) va (5) vao (1), ta diroc ; I = ~ln3 0

2

(5)

Nh(in xet : D€ thAy tren [-1; 1] thi ~ 2

4-sm x

s6 ch~no

Vi duB, Tinh tich phan : I = II x4dx 0

-I2J' + 1

Giiii

I, h' /.. 1" cos x la ham

a am so e con ----

4 - sin" x

r , IO x4dx 11 x4dx

Bien doi I nhir sau : 1= -, -+ --0

- 1 2J' + 1 () 2'c + 1

,0, "I' 0 x4dx, , O/.. ,

VO'l tich phan -- , dung phep thay bien x = -t , ta co :

-12'" + 1

(1)

172

·0 t4 (-dt) lt4 t . 1 2' X4

I = J = r -_ 2 dt = r - dx . (2)

- 1 2-1 + 1 J 02' + 1 J () 2' + 1

, J:l X4 (2" + 1) dx J:l 1 r 11 1

Thay (2) vao (1), ta diroc : 1= . = x4dx = -x" = -.

u 2" + 1 0 5 () 5

Chuy: Trong vi du nay, f(x) = X4 la ham s6 ch~n tren [-1; 1].

Vi dfl4.

r , ~ J" sin2 xdx

Tinh tlch phan : I = -.-- .

-" 3.1 + 1

Gil';

B'~ d~' lch h~ h I JO sin2 xdx J:" sin2 xdx

len 01 tIC P an n u sau: = . + .

-" 3x + 1 () 3x + 1

D~t x = -t , ta co :

Io sin2 t(-dt) i"sin2 t 't i" 3.:1 sirr' x

I = = -- 3 dt = dx.

" 3-1 + 1 0 31 + 1 () 3:' + 1

Thay (2) vao (1) ta dtroc :

I J:7r sin" x (3:' +.1)d 1'" 2 d

= x = sin x x

() 3x + 1 . °

(1)

(2)

i7r 1 - cos 2x 1 i" 1111'

= dx = - dx - - cos 2xdx

o 2 2 0 2 0

7r 1. 2 '1" 7r

= 2" - 4: Sill X 0 = 2" .

l\TLA , V'" h h~ ~ 'I JU f(x)dx 1k f(x)dx

HII(ln xet : 0'1 tIC P an tren, ta co : = .. + . .

-k a' + 1 U a" + 1

D~t x = -t , ta duoc :

Jo f(x)dx 1:0 f(t)(-dt) lk I f(t)dt 1k J' f(x)dx . ,

. = = a -- = a .. . Thay I~I vao

--k a' + 1 ~: o:' + 1 () at + 1 () a' + 1

1k f(x)(a" + 1) 1k

1= '. .. dx = ·f(x)dx.

o a' + 1 ()

(*)

(*) ta co:

Nhir th~ viec tich phan ban dAu quy v~ vj~c tinh r f(x)dx. Do la ll do vi Jo

sao ta lal chon phep thay bien x = -t trong loai toan nay!

LOfi 3. Phep thay bi6n :z: = a - t

Phltl1ng phdp giiii

cho mot s6 16'

han cocan tren

173

la a, trong do ham .duoi dau tich phan thirong chua cac bieu tlurc hrong giac va cac bi~u thirc nay co lien quan d8n c?n tren a (theo nghTa chung co m6i lien h¢ ham s6 hrong giac cua cac goc lien quan d~c biet), Vi th8 cac tich

phan nay thirong co c?n tren la tt , 2Tf, ;, ...

n « 1 T' h ' h h~ 1 1" xsinxdx

" I {I. m tiC p an : = .

o 4 - cos ' X

Gitii

Dung phep thay bien : x = Tf - t , ta co dx = -dt . Khi do : 1 = IO -(Tf - t)sin tdt = 1" (Tf - t)sintdt

" '4 - cos2 t 0 4 - cos'' t

1" sin tdt 1" t sin tdt = Tf 0 4 _ cos2 t - 0 4 - cos2 t

1 = Tf 1" sintdt = _ Tf 1" d(cost)

2 0 4 -cos2 t 2 ,0 4 - cos2 t .

= _ Tf (-1 ~ = Tf (1 (2 + u) + (2 - U) du

2J1 4-u2 8Jl (2+u)(2-u)

Hay

11 ( )

Tf 2+u Tf 1 tt

= -In-- = - In3 -In- = -ln9.

8 2 - U -1 8 3 8

Vi d{l2.

" . ;l

T' h ' h h~ 1 12 sin x d

in .tic p an: = . x.

() sin" x + cos" X

Gitii

Dung phep thay bien x = Tf - t =} dx = -dt , ta co :

, 2

o cos:l t '~cos:! xdx

1 = - ( dt = 12 .

J % cos" t+ sin 3 to sin" x + cos" X

" • :l :J "

T' d' 21 (2 sm ,x + cos x d (2 d tt

ir 0 suy ra : = J (i 3 'I X = J [ x = - .

e sin x + cos' x 0 2

, , ~ l~ 1 + sin x

Tinh tich phan : 1 = 2 In ' dx .

o l+cosx

Giti;

Dat x = !!.. - t =} dx = -dt . Khi do :

. 2

Vi d{l3.

174

I = _ ~:) In 1 + c~s t dt = f} In (1 + sin t )-1 dt

J ~- 1 + sin t J () 1 + cos t

= _ f % In 1 + sin t dt = _ r} In 1 + sin x dx = -I .

Jo l+cost Jo l+cosx

Tit do, ta co : 2I = 0 {:} I = 0 .

Vi dl! 4.

"

Tinh tich phan : I = fo4In (1 + tan x) dx .

Giiii

Dung phep thay bien, D~t x = : - t ~ dx = -dt .

, ('IT) 1 - tan t 2

Ta co : 1 + tan x = 1 + tan "4 - t = 1 + 1 + tan t = 1 + tan t .

o 2 !!_ !!_

Dod6: I=_f"In . dt= f4In2dt- f4In(1+tant)dt.

J ~ 1 + tan t J 0 J 0

'IT 'IT

Hay I = -In 2 - I {:} I = -In 2 .

4 8

Nh{in xet : Trong cac VI du 1, VI du 3, c~n tren a = ; hoac 'IT (do la nhirng e~n hay g~p nhfrt cua cac tich phan loai nay). Trong VI du nay e~n tren a = : va la VI du hi~m hoi g~p phai.

Loal 4. Ham dU'c7i dAu tich phan chLPa cac bil}u thLPC co d,ng ~a2 - x2 , a> 0

Phuong phap giiii

V oi cac tich PRan nay ngirci ta e6 th~ Slr dung phep bi~n d6i sau : x = a sin t hoac x = a cos t .

Vi dl! 1.

.fj

T' h lch h" I J-2 dx

In tic p an : = 1 ~ . •

-:2 (1- X2),3

Giiii

D~t x = sin t ~ dx = cos tdt .

175

Khi x = - ~ =? t = - 7r . khi x = J3 =? t = 7r .

2 6 ' 2 3

I = J~ costdt .

-~ ~cos{) t

Khi do:

(I}

T' 7r 7r 0 d d ,r-(J" 'I

ir -- < t < - suy ra cos t > , 0 0: 'l/cos" t = cos' t.

6 - - 3 ,

Thay lai vao (I) , ta ducc :

7T 7T () r: . t:

~ dt -;- 7r 7r ,,3 4,,3

1= J.I -- = tantl·l = tan- - tan -- = J3 +- = --.

-~ cos2 t -~ 3 6 3 3

6 ()

Vi dfl2.

J2 2

T' h lch h~ I 1'2 x dx

In tic P an: = ~ .

() 'l/l-x2

Gild

D~t : x = cos t =? dx = - sin tdt. Khi x = 0 thi t = 7r , khi 2

t = 7r . Ta co: ~1- x2 = ~sin2 t = sin t (do t E [7r ; ~l). Do do:

4 4 2

J2

x=- thi

2

, 7T 2 • 7T

I = _ f4 cos t sm tdt = f"2 1 + cos 2t dt

J~ ~nt J~ 2

2 4

1 J:~ 1 J:~ 7r 1 I:'. 7r 1

= - 2 dt + - 2 cos 2tdt = - + - sin 2t 2 = - - - .

2~ 2~ 84::" 8 4

4 4 4

Vi dfl3. Tinh tich phan : 1= fu2 x~2x - x2dx.

Gidi

Bi~n d6i tich phan nhu sau :

12 I 2 11 I 2 12 I 2

1= xVl-(l-x) dx= xVl-(l-x) dx+ xVl-(x-l) dx

o 0 1

= 11 + 12, (*)

V6i tich phan II = ful x~l- (1- X)2 dx.

D~t : 1- x = cos t =? -dx = - sin tdt <=> dx = sin tdt .

Khi x = 0 thi t = 0 ; khi x = 1 thi t = 7r • Khi do :

2

176

II = r% (1- cos t) Jsin2 tsin tdt -= r% sirr' t{1- cos t) dt

Jo Jo

1< 1<

= fo'2 sin" tdt - fo'2 sin2 t cos tdt.

V6i tich phan 12 = ~2 xJ1- (X _1)2 dx. D~t: x-1=cost*dx=-sintdt. Khi x=2 thi t=O; khi x=1 thi

t = 7r • Do do : 12 = - fO (1 + cos t) sin t sin tdt= J% sin" t (1 + cos t) dt

2 '2 0

(1)

1< 1<

= fo'2 sin2 tdt + fo'2 sin2 tcost.

Thay (1), (2) vao (*), ta diroc :

(2)

1< 1<

1= 2 fo"2 sin2 tdt = fo'2 (1- cos 2t) dt

.'!_.'!_ 7r 1 .'!_ 7r

= r 2 dt - r 2 cos 2tdt = - - - sin 2tl2 = - .

s, s, 2 2 0 2

Lo,i 5. Ham dU'oi dAu tich phin ch(ra cac bi~u th(rc co d,ng{t + x2 t

Phuong pluip giai

Trong tnrong hop nay ta co th~ Slr dung phep d6i bi~n : x = tan t hoac x = cot t .

Giai

D~t : x = tan t ::::} dx = ~ . Khi x = -J3 thi t = - 7r ; khi x = 1 thi

cos2t . 3

7r T ' I = J~ dt . . (1)

t=4· aco: _2 ~1

3 cos2 t --6

cos t

T' 7r 7r 0 d de ~ 1

ir - - :::; x :::; - , suy ra cos t > , 0 0 --6- = --3- .

3 4 ~t ~t

12.TTGT12-A 177

T' (1) 'I J~ td . ~ . 7r . (7r) 12 + J3

u ta co : = cos t = 8m t = sm - - sm - - = .

_2:. _~ 4 3 2

3 3

Lo,i 6. Ham dU'ai dAu tieh phin eh(ra biAu th(re co d,ng ~Z2 - a2 , a> 0

PhU'lIIfg phtip giiii

D' he dA' b·1. a h a

ung p ep 01 len: x = -.- o~c x = -- .

smt cost

VldfL

2 d

Tinh tich phan : I = J .z, ~.

.[3x x -1

Giili

f);.: 1 d - cos tdt Khi

\'t: x=--=? X= . I

sin t sin2 t

khi 2 . 1 7r T '

1. x = =? sm t = - =? t = -. a co

2 6

1= J,* - cos tdi = J} cos tdt (1)

3" sin! t. _1_ .J 1 -1 "6 sin t. COS2~

sin t sin2 t sin2 t

Vi t E [7r ; 7r 1 nen sin t > 0 va' cos t > 0 . Do do, tir (1) ta co : 63'

2 . J3 7r

X = J3 =? sm t = 2" =? t = 3"

I = f,~ cos tdt =f,~ dt = 7r .

~. cost ~ 6

6 smt.-- 6

sin t

Nhpn xet chung :

<7 Sau loai ~ai t~p tren la nheng dang thong dung nhAt cua phep d6i bien,

C3" Chu y rang trong cac vi du nay, ta deu sir dung phep thay bi~n dang : x = cp(t) , cp(t) diroc xac dinh ra trong tirng loai.

C3" Trong phAn ti~p theo chung t6i trinh bay cac phep bi~n d6i dang t = cp( x).

Lo,i 7. Ham dll'ai dAu tieh phin eh(ra cae bi6u thlPe b,e nhAt ella sin z , cos z .

PhUY1ng phtip giiii .

V oi cac tich ph an thuQc loai nay, ta co th~ sir dung phep thay bien t = tan':' 2

178

12.TTGT12·B

K"h· d' d 1 dx 1 [1 2 X)d 'd' d 2dt

I 0: t = -. -- = -. + tan - X, tir 0 x = --" .

2 2X 2 2 1+£2

cos -

2

, 'A' • ~. 2t 1 - t2 ,

Ap dung eae eong thirc quen biet sin x = --, ; cos x = --, ta quy tich

1 + t2. 1 + t2

phan eAn tinh v~ tich phan eo ·ham duoi ddu tich phan Ia cac bi~u thirc hiru ti

cua t : fb P(t) dt.

, a Q(t)

Vi du I,

T' A h' I f dx

un nguyen am: = -.- .

- smx

Giai

D~t: t = tan':' . Ta eo : dx = __3!:!__ . Khi do :

2 1 + t2

I = f 2dt = f dt = In It I + C .

(l+e).~ t

1 + t2

Vi d{l2.

Tinh tich ph an : I = 1% . dx .

o l+smx+cosx

Giai

D~ x T 'd 2dt Khi tt hi 1 khi 0 hi

at : t = tan -. a eo: x = -- . 1 X = - tit = ; 1 X :;::: t I

. 2 l+e 2

t = O. Ta co :

1=1' [2dt. )=11~=In(1+t)I~=ln2.

o ( 2) 2t 1 - t2 0 t + 1

l+t 1+-.-+--

1 + t2 1 + t2 ,

LO\li 8. Bi6u th(rc dU'ai dAu tich phin co ch(ra ham 1U'Q'ng giac

Phuang phap giai

Thong thirong voi cac dang tich phan nay, cac phep d6i bi~n thong dung Ia :

Di)t t = sin x ho~e t = cos x .

179

Vi dfll.

T' h lch hA I l~ cosxdx

In tic p an: = ~ .

o 7 + cos2x

Giai

Bat t = sin x => dt = cos xdx . Khi x = 0 thit = 0 ,. khi x = !!.. thi t = 1 .

. , . 2

Do cos2x = 1- 2sin2 x = 1- 2t2, nen taco:

t' dt 1 t' dt

1= s, ~8 _ 2t2 = J2 Jo ~4 _t2 • (1)

Lai d~t t = 2sinu => dt = 2cosudu. Khi t = 0 thi u = 0 ; khi t = 1 thi

u = 7r • Tit (l) suy ra :

6

I = -1-1~ 2 cos udu = _1_ f~ 2 cos udu = -1-1~ du = _!!__ .

J2 0 ~ 4 _ 4 sin 2 u J2 J 0 2 cos u J2 0 6J2

Vi dfll.

11" • 3

T' , h lch hA I J"2smxcos xdx

In tic p an: = .

o 1 + cos'' x

cuu

B~t t = cos x => dt = - sin xdx. Khi x = 0 thi t = 1

khi 7r hi

x =- t 1

2

t = o. Ta co : I = _ r t3dt = fl t{t2 + 1) - t dt

J 1 1 + t2 J 0 1 + t2

= f,1tdt_ fl~=..!.t21~_.! f1d(1+e)

Jo J 0 1 + t2 2 2 J 0 1 + t2

1 1 ( 2 )11 1 1

=---In l+t =---ln2.

2 2 0 2 2

Nh{ln xel : Qua cac vi du tren, ta thAy khi tinh mot tich phan co th€ phai sir dung nhieu phtrong phap :

c3" Trong Vi du 7, dung hai phep d6i bien ;

G- Trong Vi du 8, dung mQt phep d6i bien va mQt phep dung "bang nguyen ham".

Lo,i 9. Them bat vio bi6u th(rc dU'ai dAu tich phin rai (f6i bi6n

PhU'Ultg phap giai

Trong cac tich phan loai nay, ta thirong dtra vao phep d6i bi~n rna them bot mQt bi€u thirc thich hop vao bieu thirc duoi dAu tich phan,

180

Vi dfll.

T' ~ h' I I dx

1m nguyen am: = . 2 .

X (xlO + 1)

Vi dfl2.

. I X4 -3

Tim nguyen ham: 1.= . ( ) dx.

X x8 +3x4 +2

Giiii

. Bi8n d6i nguyen ham ve dang :

I - I x3dx -3I·· dx

x8 + 3x4 + 2 x(x8 + 3x4 + 2)

I x3dx I x3dx

=x8 + 3x4 + 2 - 3 X4(X8 + 3x4 + 2) .

D~t: t = X4 * dt = 4x3 dx . Til (l), ta co :

I = ~ I (t + 1f(t + 2) - ~ I t (t + ~t{t + 2)

= _!_ I (t + 2) - (t + 1) dt _ ~ I (t +2) - (t + 1) dt

4 (t + l)(t + 2) 4 t (t + 1)(t + 2)

1 I dt 1 I dt 3 I dt 3 I dt

= '4 t + 1 - '4 t + 2 - '4 t{t + 1) + '4 t (t+ 2)

= _!_ In t + 1 _ ~II (t + 1) - t - + ~II (t + 2) - t dtj

4 t+24 t{t+1) 8 t{t+2)

(1)

(1)

181

= .!In t + l_~ln_t_+~ln_t_ + O. 4 2+t 4 t+1 8 t+2

1 X4 + 1 3 X4 3 X4

Vay: I=-ln --In--+..-ln +0.

. 4 X4 + 2 4 X4 + 1 8 X4 + 2

M~~~~:.

• Qua ph An trinh bay a tren, cac ban dii thAy ro vai tro cua phep d6i bi~n trong viec lAy nguyen ham va tinh tich phan,

• Xin hru y cac ban di~u sau day : Khi d6i bi~n cac ban phai quan tarn xem phep d6i bi~n cua ta co nghia khong, Vi n~u phep d6i bi~n Iakhong co nghia tir dAu, thi moi tinh toan ti~p theo la vo nghia,

Tlnh tich phan : I = f" d~ s, 1 -l-sm z

Giiii

Ta co nh~ xet sau day: Ham s6 f{x) = 1. lil lien t\1C tren [0; 7I"J,

l+smx

nen tich phan tren t6n tai, Theo gQ'i y bai toan nay thuoc loai ~'Bieu thee ducri ddu tich phan la cac ham b~c nhAt cua sin x va cos x ", nen ta nghl ngay den phep d6i

bien t = tan ~ . Tuy nhien phep d6i bi8n nay khong co nghia a ch6 : Khi x = 71"

2

Vi dfl3.

thi t = tan; khong xac dinh. Vb khong the sir dung phep thay bi8n nay dircc.

Tich phan dy tinh nhtr th8nilo ? No diroc tinh don gian nhir sau :

I~J: [~(f 2~ x(J: d\1:~ll

l+cos ""i-x. 2 cos "4-2" cos 2"-"4

= tan (~ - :)[ = tan : - tan (- :) = 2 .

Nhpn xet : Vi du tren lil mQt vi du hay cho vi~c phai th~ tr?ng khi dung phep d6i bi8n. No cling lil mQt vi du de chimg to rAng, cac phep doi bi~n noi tren chi lil nhtrng goi y, no khong phai lil di~u tuy~t d6i phai nghe theo !

Tinh tich phan : 1 = f~ . dx . .

J 0 3 sin 2 x + cos2 X

Vi dfl4.

Giiii

• Hilm diroi dAu tich phan 1 lil ham lien t\1C tren [0; 71"2].

3 sin2 x + cos'' X

V~y tich phan tren chac ch~n lil t6n tail

182

• Ngiroi ta thtrong nghi ngay d~n cac phep d6i bi~n t = tan x hoac t = cot x . Nhan thAy :

r3' Phep thay bi~n t = tan x hi khong ap dung duoc (vi khi x = 71' thi 2

t = tan ~ khong xac dinh).

C3" Phep thay bi~n t = cot x cling khong dung duoc (vi khi t = cot 0 khong xac dinh).

• V~y him th~ nao de tinh I ? Vi~t lai I diroi dang :

I = f~ dx f,%. dx = I J

Jc . 2 2 +J. . 2 2 1 + 2'

o 3 sin x + cos x "4 3 sm x + cos x

x = 0, thi

(1)

V &i II dung phep d6i bi~n t = tan x (Khi x = 0 thi t = 0 ; khi x = 71' thi 4

t = 1) phep d6i bi~n nay hoan toan xac dinh, Ta c6 : dt = ~ . Khi d6 :

cos x

f?!' 1 . dx f?!' d(tanx) fi dt

II =Jo41+3tan2xcos2x = Jr/ 1+3tan2x = Jo 1+3t2'

1 du

D~t : t = J: tan u :::} dt = ~

,,3 3cos2 u

Khi t=O:::}u=O

khi t = 1

:::} tan u = J3 :::} u = 71' • V~y : 3

I = l~ du= _}_ f~ du = ___2:_ = 7l'J3 .

1 0 J3 cos2 u._l_ J3 0 3J3 9

cos'' u

V&i 12 dung phep d6i bi~n t = cot x (khi x = 71' thi t = 1 ; khi x = 71' thi

4 2

I , -dx

t = 0) phep doi bien nay cling hoan toan xac dinh. Ta co : dt = -.-2 -. Khi

sm x

dx

,,- "()

«t =):2 sin2 x = _):2 d cotx = fi __!!!_.

2 ?!. 3 + cot2 x ?!. 3 + cot2 x J 0 t2 + 3

4 4

J: J3du.

D~t : t = "J tan u :::} dt = --. Khi t = 0 thi u = 0 ; khi t = 1 thi

cos2 u

1 71' Khi d'

tan u = J3:::} u = '6' . 1 0:

183

r~ J3du J3 r~ 7rJ3

12 = Jr G == -Jr 6 du = --. Thayvao (1) suy ra :

o cos'' u.3 ._1_ 3 0 18

cos'' u

. 7rJ3

I = 'II + 12 = -- . 6

K~t [u{in : Nhu the v~n la cac phep d6i bien x = tan t, x = cot t khong

dung duQ'c cho I nhirng lai dung duoc cho II' 12,

PHUONG PHAP TicH PHAN tUNG plIAN

PhUWIg phap giai

• Dua vao cong thirc d (uv) = udv + vdu ta di den cac cong thee quan trong sau day v~ nguyen ham vll tich phan.

I udv = uv - I vdu (1)

ib udv = uvl~ - ib vdu (2)

• Cac cong thirc (1), (2) co ten goi III cong thUe tich phdn timg ph&n. Phuong ph4p sir dung (1), (2) cling goi III phuong phap tich pha!! timg ph&n .

• Y nghia cua cong thirc tich phan tirng phan III 6 cho : Thay cho viec tinh

Jb -

mQt tich phan kho a udv, ta di tfnh mQt tich phan de hon (do III tich phan

ib vdu).

• Nhu v~y viec tinh mQt tich phan tirng phAn, thuc chAt III viec xac dinh u, v mQt each thich hQ'P nhAt.

Lo,i 1. Tich phin co d,ng I: P(z)e°:lldz (P(z) 18 (fa thLPc)

PhUWIg phap gidi

D~t u = P(i) ; dv = eaxdx.

Vi d(ll.

Tinh rich phan : I = Ll x3 ex2dx .

Gidi

11 3 2 111 2 2 2 111 t

Ta co : I = x e" dx = - x eX d( x ) = - te dt .

o 2 0 2 0

(1)

184

jU::::; t jdU::::; dt

f)~t d _ tdt =:} _ t Do do :

v-e v-e.

fIt t 11 r • t 11 ()

J 0 te dt ::::; t. e 0 - Joe dt ::::; e - eo::::; e - e - 1 ::::; 1 .

1

duoc : 1::::;-

2

Thay vao (1) ta

Vi dfl2.

Giiii

Ta co: I::::; % 101 [(2x)2 _ 2x _1].e2xd(2X)::::; % 102(t2 - t -l)etdt. (1)

ju ::::; t2 - t - 1 jdU ::::; (2t - 1) dt

f)~t : t =:} J t t

dv::::; e dtv ::::; edt::::; e .

2 ( ) 12 2

Khi d6: 10 t2 - t -l)etdt ::::; (t2 - t -1 et 0 - 10 (2t -l)etdt

::::; e2 + 1- fu2(2t :-l)etdt.

(2)

ju ::::; 2t - 1 jdU ::::; 2dt

Lai d~t: d - tdt:::} - J tdt _ t

v-ev- e -e.

Khi d6: 102(2t -l)etdt::::; (2{-1)etl~ - 2102 etdt

::::; 3e2 + 1 - 2( e2_ 1) ::::; e2 + 3 .

Thay (3) vao (2), ta c6: 102 (t2 - t -l)etdt ::::; -2. Thay (4) vao (I), ta diroc 1::::;-1.

(3) (4)

Lo,i 2. Tich phan co d,ng f: P(x)sinaxdx ho.c f: P(x) cos axdx (P(x) 1& da thLPc)

PhUYYng phtip giiii

D~t U ::::; P( x) va dv = sin axdx (hoac dv = cos xdx ).

sr-

Vi dfl. Tinh tich phan : I ::::; 102 (x + 1) sin 2xdx .

185

Giiii

DiU: IUd = x :- 12 d '* jdU = d~ . Do do :

. v = sin x x v = -2" cos 2x.

1 ~ 1 ~ .

I = --{x + 1)cos2xla + - f 2 cos2xdx

2 2Jo

= -.!. (1f + 1) (-1) + .!. + 1. sin 2xl%

2 2 2 4 0

1f 1 1 1 ( . . 0) 1 1f

= - + - + - + - sm 1f - sm = + - .

4 2 2 4 4

Logi 3. Tich phan co d,ng t: eaz cos b::cd::c

f{3 .

ho.c a eaz sinb::cd::c (P(::c) 18 (fa th(rc)

Phwng phdp giii;

D~t .u = e" , dv = cos bxdx (hoac dv = sin bxdx ).

Ciing co the d~t: U = cos bx (ho~c U = sin bx), dv = eax dx.

"

VI dfl. Tinh tich phan : I = fo2" e3x sin 5xdx.

Giiii

{u = eax jdU = 3e3x dx

D~t: d . 5 d '* f 1 Ta co :

v = sin x x v = sin5xdx = -5"cos5x.

"

1 12" 3 ~ 1 3 ~

1=--(e3x.cos5x) +- f2e3xcos5xdx=-+- f2e3Xcos5xdx. (1)

5 0 5Jo 5 5Jo

!u = eax j du = 3e3xdx

D~t : '* fl. Khi do :

, dv = cos 5xdx v = cos 5xdx = 5" sin 5x.

"

f% 3x 1 (3X . . )12" 3 f% 3x . 1 3" 3

e cos5xdx=- e sm5x -- . e sm5xdx=-,e2 --I. (2)

o 5 050 5 5

Thay (2) vao (1), ta diroc :

186

5 3 37r 5+3e2

V~y: 1 = - + - e 2 =

34 34 34

Nh~n xet : Trong vi du filly, ta dii chon each d~t u = e3x • cAn chu y r~ng, n~u d~t u = e3x thi trong IAn sir dung tieh phan tirng phAn IAn th(r hai ciing phai d~t u = e3x (con n~u nh~ trong IAn dAu chon dv = e3x dx , thi trong IAn sir dung tieh phan timg phAn IAn thir hai cling phai chon dv = e3x dx). N~u khong nhu v~y, thi di€u gi se xay ra ? Gia sir sau IAn thir nhAt d~t u = e3x , ta ,di d~n (1). Bay gio- dang Ie trong IAn th(r hai cling phai d~t u = e3x ~ ta lai d~t :

lu = cos 5x !dU =. -5 sin 5xdx ,

d 3xdx ::::} f 3x 1 3x Ta co :

v=e v= e dx=-e .

3

7r

~ 1. 12" 5 ~ 1 5

f2 e3x cos5xdx = -(cos5xe3x) +- f2 e3x sin5xdx = -- +-1. (3)

s, 3 0 3Jo 3 3

Thay (3) vao (1), ta duoc : 1 =! + ~ (-! + ~ 1). Hay 1 = 1. (4)

,.5 5 3 3

Nhir vb (4) eho ta thAy sau hai IAn bi~n d6i, ta quay tro lai tieh phan ban dAu (ttrc la "d~m chan tai eh6"); Hien nrong (4) goi hI xoay vong, Do la hien nrong hay g~p phai khi ap dung phirong phap tieh phan,

Vb voi tieh phan loai 3, ta co th~ co hai each chon u, nhimg nen nho n~u dii chon U nhir th~ nao trong tieh phan tirng phAn IAn thir nhAt, thi cling ph iii sir dung each Ay trong IAn sir dung tieh phan IAn thir hai,

Lo~li 4. Tich phao co d,og f: P(x) Ink xdx (k E N)

PhUYTng phap giai

D~t U = Ink x; dv = P(x)dx.

VI dfll.

Tinh tich phan : 1 =J,e x2 + lIn xdx. 1 x

Giai

V· ~ lch h~ d:>l: h d r » dan 1 J,e 1 d J,e In xdx

let tic p an a e 0 UO'I ~ng: = x n x X + . -- .

1 1 X

(1)

187

(2)

e lu = In x jdU = dx

• r x In xdx . D~t: d d => X 2 Do v~y :

JI v = X x J d x

V= x X=-.

2

. re x In xdx = ~ x2 In xl~ _ ~ re xdx

J1 2 2 J1

= ~ e2 _ ~ x21~ == ~ e2 _ _!_ e2 + _!_ = ~ e2 + ~ . (3)

24 24444

e2 + 3

Thay (2), (3) vito (1), ta duoc : 1= _-

4

Vi d(l2.

Tinh tich phan : 1= J:e x2In2 xdx.

Glal

lu = ln2 x jdU = 2lnxdx

D~t: d 2d => . x . 3 Ta co :

v = x x J 2d x

V= x X=-.

3

I = ~x3In2 xl~ .,.. ~ t' x2lnxdx = ~e3 _ ~ t' x2lnxdx.

3 3 J1. 3 3 J1

dx J x3

L\li d~t : U = lnx => du = - ; dv = x2dx => v = x2dx = -.

. x 3

'. , 1:e 2 1 3. Ie l1:e 2 1 3 1 31e

Khl do : x In xdx = - x In x 1 - - x dx = - e - - x 1

1 3 3 1 3 9

13131231

= -e --e +- = -e +-. (2)

3 9 9 9 9

Thay (2) vito (1), ta diroc :

1= i e3 - ~ (%e3 + i) = % e3 - 2~e3 - :7 = 257 e3 - 2~ = 2~ (5e3 - 2).

Nh(in xel : Phuong phap d~t U = Ink j;, con co th~ sir dung trong vi~c tinh tich

n k .

phan J ~ (voi P(x) lit da thirc), Hoac noi chung d3i voi cac tich phan o P(x)

(1)

co chua ham logarit.

VI dfl3. Tinh tich phan: I = r2 In (1;- x) dx .

J1 X

188

Giiii

1 1 d

u = In (1 + x) du = _x_

Bat: dx =} 1 + x Ta co :

. dv = -2 V = J~ = -~.

X x2 X

I=_In(1+x)12 + f2 dx =_In3 +In2+ f2(x+1)-Xdx

x 1 J1 x(x+1) 2 J1 x(x+1)

2 2

2 X 12 2 2 1 13'3

= In c + In __ = In c + In - - In - = In

'1/3 x+11 '1/3 3 2 1

2

= In sJ3 . 9

Nhpn xii chung:

Voi cac Vi du da trinh bay 6 tren cho chung ta biet each sir dung tich phan tirng phAn d6i voi cac loai hinh bai t~p C(J ban, Xin hru y voi cacban fAng cac loai bai t~p Ay chiem da phAn trong chirong trinh hoc tap cua cac ban 6 nha tnrong phb thong. Diroi day chung toi trinh bay ti~p each sir dung phirong phap tich phan timg phAn trong cac loai hinh bai t~p khac, Nhir da trinh bay voi cac ban, mAu chbt trong vi~c sir dung tich phan timg phAn la :

Chon ham u mQt each thich hop nhAt. V~ nguyen Ii vi~c chon ham u dn dam bao duoc cac tieu.chi sau day:

• Chon s lam sao d~ dS dang tinh diroc J vdu.

• Tuy nhien thong thirong viec tinh tich phan timg phan, thuong phai trai qua vai buoc. Vi the ham u dn nhin truce d~ chon sao cho trong cac IAn tinh tich phan timg phAn tiep theo, thi viec tinh cac tich phan phai ngay cang dS di. Neu dam bao dtroc cac tieu chi nay, chAc chan cac ban se thanh cong !

, , A L~l + sin x

Tinh tich phan : 1= 2 eXdx.

o l+cosx

Vi dfl4.

Giiii

ju _ 1 + sin x !dU = 1 + COs x + sin x da:

B~t: - 1 + cos x =} (1 + COSX)2

dv = e' da: v = J e"dx = e",

T c . I _ 1 + sin x x 1% f% 1 + cos x + sin x "d

a co. -. e - Jr e x

1 + cos x 0 0 (1 + COSX)2

1f 1 1f "d 1f X· d

,_ 2e 2" _ _ _ f2" e x _ r; e sm x x

- 2 J (J 1 + cos x J (J (1 + cos xl .

(1)

189

V6i tich phan 1% eX sinxdx2, D~t u = eX :::} du = eXdx

o (l+cosx)

dv = sin xdx => v = J sin xdx = _ J d (1 + cos x) = 1 , Vi th~

(1 + cos X)2 (1 + cos X)2 (1 + cos X)2 1 + cos x

(2)

~ 1 ~ 1 ~

Thay (2) vao (1), ta diroc : 1= 2e2 - - - e2 + - = e

2 2

Nh{in xel : Ta thAy gi qua Vi du nay ?

T I" lch hA hu hI.. 'A d'~ . l+sinx la h I' , hi 'd

• rong an tic p an tun at viec ~t u = a Q'P I, VI C I co ~t

, l+cosx

nhu v~y thl viec lAy tich phan Jex dx moi d~ dang! Vi th~ cac ban chac nghi r~ng : h~ c(r cai gl kho thi d~t lam u (vi kho d~n mAy cling lAy dao ham chAng mAy kho khan), con cai d~ thi d~t lam dv (d~ d~ lAy tich phan). Di~u do khong hoan toan dung, vi co th~ IAn lAy tich phan timg phAn tlur nhAt thi 6n, tuy d~ IAn thir nhAt, nhirng n~u khong kheo thi se g~p tich phan kho trong IAn thir hai.

~, A , 'A , , , A J eX sin xdx ", I..

• Trong Ian tich phan thu hal de xu li tich phan : 2 ' veh thuyet

. (1 + cos x)

chon ham "kho" d~t lam u [u = sin x . 2]' con ham "d~" d~ lAy tich (l+cosx)

phan (J e" dx ). Khi do ta se g~p ngay tinh huong : g~p phai tich phan rAt

,. A J 1 + cos x + sin 2 x , " , , ,

"kho chju" sau day: . 3 . eX dx. Do la h do VI sao (J bmrc

(1 + cos x)

d(l + cos x)

h' h' I' h x' h d sin x'dx

t u ai ta ~I c on u = e va c on v = =

2

(1 + cos x)

Cac ban c(r ngftm nghi m~ xem : MQi tieu chi chon u

chon nhir trong each giai Vi du tren. '

2 (1 + cos x)

d~u thanh cong n~u

Vi d(l5.

190

X4 1 ~1 x3dx

I = - 4 (1 + X4) 0 + 0 1 + X4

_ 1 111 d (1 + X4). _ 1 . 1 1 (1 '4 )11

---+- ---+-n +X 0

8 4 0 1 + X4 8 4

= ..!.In 2 _ ..!. = 21n 2 - 1 .

4 8 8

Vi d(l6. Cho f(x) la ham kha vi lien tuc d~n dao ham cAp 2. Gia Slr f(a) = f(b) = o. Chung minh h~ thtrc :

.f' f"(x)(x - a)(b - x)dx = 21:a f(x)dx

Taco:

Giiii

~ ju=(X-a)(b-X) !du=(a+b-2X)dX. r

D~t : f"( )d =} J"( ) '( ) Ta co:

v= xx v= fxdx=fx.

ib f"(x - a)(b - x)dx = (x -a)(b - x)f'(x)l: - i" (a + b -: 2x)f'(x)dx

J',

= - (a + b - 2x)f'(x)dx.

"

lu = (a + b - 2x) jdu = - 2dx

Dat : =}

. dv = f'(x)dx v = J f'(x)dx = f(x).

~ Jb 'Ib Jb.

Vi the: II (a + b - 2x)f'(x)dx = (a + b - 2x) f(x) a + 2 a f(x)dx

.

(1)

= 2 ib f(x)dx. (Chu y la f(a) = f(b) = 0). Thay (2) vao (1), ta duoc :

Jb J'" fa

a f"(x)(x - a)(b - x)dx= -2 a f(x)dx = 2 Jb f(x)dx (dpem).

Nh(in xet : Vi du Ii thu tren mQt IAn nita minh hoa eho viecchon ham u (trong phep lAy tieh phan tirng phAn de tinh tieh phan) nhu th~ nao eho hop Ii !

(2)

191

D:,mg4.

rtcn PHAN CVA HAM so DUm DAu GIA TIq TUY~Tf)61

Phuong phtip giiii

Cac bai t~p thuoc loai nay cling thuoc loai bai t~p CCf ban va thong dung. D~ giai dircc lop bai t~p nay cac ban chi cAn thanh thao trong viec pha dAu gia tr] tuyet d6i (lien quan d~n vi~c khao sat dAu cua bieu thirc diroi dAu tich phan), sau do ap dung cong thirc thong dung :

r f(x)dx = ie f(x)dx + feb f(x)dx.

Vidl;ll.

Tinh tich phan : I = J:11x2 - 3x + 21 dx .

Giiii

Ta co bang xet dAu sau :

x -1 1 2 4
x2 - 3x + 2 + 0 - 0 +
Ix2 -3x +21 x2 - 3x + 2 J-x2 +3x-2!x2 - 3x + 2 Til bang tren, ta co :

1 2 4

1= f (x2 - 3x + 2)dx + f (_x2 + 3x - 2)dx + f (x2 - 3x + 2)dx

-1 J1 J2

1 311 1 314 1 312 3 211 3 214 3 212

=-x -1+-X 2--X'1--X -1--X 2+-X 1+2(2+2-1)

3 332 2 2

= ~ [1 + 1 + 64 - 8 - 8 + 1]- ~ [1 + 1 + 16 - 4 - 4 + 1] + 6 = 13 .

3 . 2 2

Vidl;l2.

r: J

Tinh tich phan : I = J 0 ,,1 + sin xdx.

Giiii

Ta co : 1 + sin x = 1 + cos ( % - x) = 2 cos2 (: - ~) = 2 cos'' (~ - :).

V~y 1= J," 2 cos' [~- :ldX = 2J2 L'"lcos[~ -, :H~ -:1

3"

= 2J2J-"4lcos tl di:

.. 7r t,

4

(1)

Ta co bang xet dAu sau :

192

t 7r rr 37r
-- - -
4 2 4
cos t + 0 -
Icos tl cost I -cost Tu bang xet dAu ta di d~n :

rr 3rr

I = 2./2 J_~ cos tdt - 2./2 J~ 4 cos tdt

4 2

~ . 3rr [./2 J2 1

= 2./2 sin t 2 - 2./2 sin t 4 = 2./2 1 + - - - + 1 = 4./2 .

-~ ~ 2 2

4 2

Vi dfl3.

Tinh tich phan : I = L1 X Ix ;- ml dz , voi m lit tha~ s6.

Giiii

Ta nh~n thAy :

• N~u m » 1, thi x - m < 0 voi moi x E [0; 1] .

• N~u m<O,thi x-m>O voi moi XE[O;l].

, I I Ix - m neu 1 > x > m

• Neu 0 ~ m ~ 1, thi x - m = .' -. -

m - x neu 0 ~ x < m.

Vi Ie do, ta co :

• N~u m > 1, thi 1= L1 x(m - x)dx = m L1 xdx - L1 x2dx

= m ~.!. x31~ = m _.!. = 3m - 2 :

2'3 2 3 6

, 11 2- 3m

• Neu m < 0, thi 1= x(x - m)dx = .

o 6

• N~uOSm~l,thiI= r"'x(m-x)dx+Iix(x-m)dx

Jo '"

1m 1m II II .

=m ..... xdx- . x2dx+ x2dx-m xdx

... 0·· . 0 111 m

_ m 21"" 1 31111 1 :111 m 211

-,.-x 0 --X 0 +-x m --X '"

2 3'3 2

= m (m2 -1 + m2) _.!. (rn3 -1 + m:l)

2 3

.m3 m 1 =---+-.

3 2 3

13.TTGT12·A

193

V~y: 1=

3m-2 ,6

m,1 m 1

---+-

3 2 6

2-3m

6

neu m > 1

neu 0 ~ m < 1

neu m < o.

C. BAI T ~p ON LUVeN

1.

Tinh cac tich phan sau :

11 xdx

a) ;.

o (x + 1)2

c) r% sin 2xdx ; J« cosx+l

e) J} tanxdx , . 4' cosx~1 + cos" x

b) r% sinxdx J« 1 + 3cosx

d) r% dx .

J« 2X2 + 5x + 2

Bap sa

1 a) In2 --. 2

1

b) -ln4. 3

c) 2(1~ln2).

1

d) -ln2.

3

2.

) D lch h" ~ d f,~ tanxd(tanx) 1-5 r::3

e ua tIC p an ve ang 7r ~ ,= 'V o - 'V J .

'4 2 + tan2 x

Tinh cac tich phan sau :

a) J~)I x~x + Idx ;

J2J3 dx b)

J?, X~X2 + 4

r1 x2

c)J( dx;

o (x + 1)f;+l

e) t' Jl + 31nx Inxdx ;

J1 x

9 a) --. 28

11

d) T - 41n2.

1 5

b) -In-.

43·

e) 116. 135

. ]:2 xdx

d) .

1 1+.JX-l '

(J3 c::: 3

f) J 0 ,,1 + x~ x dx .

B' )( apso

c) 16-11J2. 3

f) 58. 15

3. Tinh cac tich ph an sau :

Jl 2+x

a) cosxln~x ;

-1 2 - x

1 4 •

b) f x.smxdx;

-I x2 + 1

194

13TTGT12-B

C;II~dX;

-1 2"' + 1

d) J% x21sin xl dx .s. 2": + 1

2

II dx

e) -I (e" + 1)(x2 + 1)

f) II cos xdx .

, -I e,T + 1

D' ,( apso

a) O.

7r 4

b) ---. 2 3

7r

c) -. 4

d) 2 + tt ,

7r

e) -. 4

f) sin 1.

4. Tinh cac tich phan sau :

r:

a) J» x cos" xdx;

b) r xsinx~x dx ; Jo 1 + cos2 X

c) r" x sin" xdx . . Jo

a) O.

2

b) ~. 4

D' ,( apso

c) 37r • 4

5.

Tinh cac tich phan sau : a) fu2 x2~4 - x2dx ;

, t dx

b) --.

o 1 + x2

a) n .

D' ,( apso

b) 7r • 4

6.

Tinh cac tich phan sau : a) !o1 x\l- x:lY'dx ;

b) f' 1 xdx .

o X4 + x2 + 1

Ddps6

1 a)-

168

7r

b) --,:.

6...;3

7.

Tinh cac tich phan sau :

a) 1= JOI x(e2l + ~x + l)dx ;

I" X:I + 1

c) 1= --'-Inxdx;

1 x

b) 1= (I In(x2 - x'ylx ; J2

t" 2 2

d) I = J 1 x' .ln xdx.

195

3 4

a) ---.

4e2 7

/)' ,( apso

2 '! 11

b) 31n3-2. c) =e: +-.

9 8

.

1 ( 3 )

d) - e -2 .

27

8. Tinh tich ph an sau :

7f

a) 1= .fo'2 cos" x cos 7xdx ;

'If

b) J = .fo'2 cos'' xsin 7xdx.

HU"dngdJ.n

a) Ta co : cos 7 x = cos 6x cos X ..!.. sin 6x sin x . Do do I = O.

b) Giai nhtr cau a) ta diroc : J = .!.. 6

I 5. UNG O G TiCH PHA. ui Ti.H Ol~. TiCH Hi.H PHA.G

I 6. UNG O G TicH PHA. ui Ti.H THi TicH V~T THE

A. TRQNG TAM KIEN THlrC

I. UNG Dl)NG TicH PHAN DE TicH DltN rtca HiNH PHANG ' 1. Di~n tich hinh pbing xac djnh bOi cac dllc'mg cong

Dien tich hinh phang S gioi han bci cac dircng y = f(x), y = 0, x = a,

x = b (a < b) IIi:

s = If1If(x)ldx.

,a

(1)

Tir ( I) suy ra cac cong thirc thuong dung sau day:

, Ib

• Neu f(x) ;::: 0, '<Ix E [a ; b] thi : S = (l f(x)dx.

, I"

• Neu f(x) ~ 0, '<Ix E [a ; b], thi S = - a f(x)dx.

• N~u f(x) tuy y, khi do, chang han ta co:

S = if' f(x)dx - fd f(x)dx + Lb f(x)dx (xem hinh 3).

f(x) >0 '

y

f(x) tuy Y

o

o a b x

Hinh I

-Hinh Z

Hinh 3

196