Suy nghĩ về Tư duy

PHAN DNG
SUY NGH
ve T DUY
2013. Tc gi gi bn quyn.
MC LC
MC LC
1. M u ............................................................................................................................... 5
2. T duy l g? ..................................................................................................................... 7
3. Cc nghin cu v t duy .......................................................................................... 16
4. T duy v hnh ng .................................................................................................. 24
4.1. Hnh ng c nhn .......................................................................................................... 24
4.2. Mi quan h gia t duy v hnh ng .................................................................. 27
5. Chui t nhu cu n hnh ng v ngc li (chui nhu cuhnh
ng) khi cha c t duy .......................................................................................... 32
5.1. Nhu cu c nhn v hnh ng c nhn.................................................................. 32
5.1.1. Nhu cu c nhn ..................................................................................................... 32
5.1.2. Mi lin h gia nhu cu c nhn v hnh ng c nhn .................... 37
5.2. Xc cm c nhn trong chui nhu cuhnh ng............................................. 41
5.3. Thi quen t nguyn trong chui nhu cuhnh ng .................................... 51
6. T duy trong chui nhu cuhnh ng: t duy sng to hin c.............. 56
6.1. Nhng nhn xt chung v t duy hin c .............................................................. 57
6.2. T duy rt ch quan ........................................................................................................ 63
6.3. Phng php (t nhin) th v sai: cng c t duy th s, nng
sut, hiu qu thp, iu khin km......................................................................... 64
6.4. T duy cha c ch xng ng ......................................................................... 76
7. T duy sng to cn c: mt s nt phc tho ................................................... 83
8. xut hin nhu cu x hi i hi pht trin sng to hc v
phng php lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM) .................................... 90
8.1. Sng to nguyn nhn thnh cng chnh nu khng ni l duy nht
th k 21 ........................................................................................................................... 92
8.2. Phng php th v sai tin n nhng gii hn ........................................ 99
8.3. Nhu cu hc PPLSTVM tng....................................................................................105
9. Tng quan cc kt qu t c trong lnh vc phng php lun
sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM) ........................................................................ 107
10. TRIZ ng vin tim nng tr thnh t duy cn c ................................ 113
MC LC
10.1. Cc quy lut sng to phi tm chnh l cc quy lut pht trin................. 113
10.2. Sng to ca con ngi: kha cnh ch quan v kha cnh khch
quan ..................................................................................................................................... 114
10.3. C ch nh hng v t duy nh hng .......................................................... 118
10.4. Pht trin ca con ngi: nng lc c th hay/v cng c.......................... 120
10.5. Quan h gia ti nng v cng c............................................................................ 121
10.6. TRIZ: cc yu cu i vi PPLSTVM ................................................................... 123
10.7. Cc ngun thng tin v tri thc ca TRIZ ............................................................ 125
10.8. S khi TRIZ .............................................................................................................. 127
11. Du nhp, ph bin v pht trin phng php lun sng to v i
mi (PPLSTVM) Vit Nam ................................................................................132
11.1. Du nhp phng php lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM) vo
Vit Nam ............................................................................................................................ 132
11.2. Ph bin v pht trin phng php lun sng to v i mi
(PPLSTVM) Vit Nam: cc kch bn ................................................................ 133
11.3. Ph bin v pht trin PPLSTVM Vit Nam trc v t khi thnh
lp Trung tm Sng to Khoa hc-k thut (TSK) ........................................... 136
11.4. M rng TRIZ v dy TRIZ m rng cho ng o mi ngi................... 182
11.5. Mt s kt qu m rng TRIZ v dy TRIZ m rng cho ng o
mi ngi .......................................................................................................................... 189
12. Thay cho kt lun .......................................................................................................218
Ph lc 1: Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller tiu s v s nghip .....................251
Ph lc 2: Ti c hc thy Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller ............................255
Ph lc 3: In memory of Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller......................................271
Ph lc 4: Mt s thng tin v TRIZ, cc hi ngh v TRIZ, cc lp dy v
TRIZ trn th gii.......................................................................................................275
Ph lc 5: V cc biu tng v bi ht Sng to ca ............................................289
CC TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH V NN TM C THM, K C CC
CNG TRNH CA TC GI ......................................................................................293
M u
1. M u
Ting Vit c hai t suy ngh v t duy. Trong i t in ting Vit (Nguyn
Nh ch bin), B gio dc v o to, Trung tm ngn ng v vn ha Vit Nam,
Nh xut bn vn ha thng tin, 1999, hai t ni trn c gii thch nh sau:
Suy ngh: dng tr c tm hiu, nhn bit hoc gii quyt vn . V d: suy
ngh k trc khi vit; n ni thiu suy ngh; vn ng suy ngh; suy ngh mi
mi tm ra cch gii bi ton.
T duy: nhn thc bn cht v pht hin ra tnh quy lut ca s vt, bng
nhng hnh thc nh biu tng, khi nim, phn on, suy l. V d: kh nng t
duy; t duy tru tng.
Nu c cc bn dch t ting nc ngoi (v d ting Anh, ting Nga), cng
mt t ting Anh thinking hoc mt t ting Nga , cc dch gi dch
sang ting Vit lc l suy ngh, lc l t duy. Nh vy hai t suy ngh v t
duy ca ting Vit u nhm n cng mt i tng m mt t thinking ca
ting Anh, mt t ca ting Nga cp n. Trong ngha ny, t nay
v sau, ngi vit lc th dng t suy ngh, lc th dng t t duy v coi chng l
nhng t ng ngha cng ch v mt i tng.
Theo trit hc, c ba lnh vc loi ngi cn nhn thc v bin i tha mn
cc nhu cu tn ti v pht trin ca mnh l t nhin, x hi v t duy. S phn
loi ny cho thy, t duy l lnh vc ng ngang hng vi hai lnh vc t nhin v
x hi ch khng thuc t nhin hay x hi, mc d t duy lin h mt thit vi t
nhin v x hi.
Chng ta th tng tng nu loi ngi khng c t duy th sao? Lc , nn
vn minh nhn to rc r nh hin nay khng c v loi ngi cng ch l mt
trong cc loi ng vt hoang d yu t trn Tri t, bi v, loi ngi khng khe
nh loi voi, khng nhanh nh bo, khng bay v tinh mt nh chim, khng c cc
v kh sn bt hoc t v c bit nh nc c ca rn C th ni, t duy l s
khc bit, u th tuyt i ca loi ngi so vi loi vt. T duy ng vai tr
cc k quan trng, nu nh khng ni l quyt nh i vi qu trnh tin
ha v pht trin ca x hi loi ngi.
Trn y l ni v loi ngi ni chung, cn i vi nhng con ngi c th th
sao? Nhng ngi c t duy xut sc bt k lnh vc no nh khoa hc, k thut,
vn hc, ngh thut, chnh tr, qun s, ngoi giao, kinh t u c x hi nh
gi cao v c tn vinh vi nhiu hnh thc. Nhng ngi bnh thng, ai cng
M u
mun c nhng ngi khc nh gi l mnh t duy tt v coi chuyn b nh

gi t duy khng tt nh mt ci g thp km, khng th chp nhn c. C
th, ngi ta thng vui mng, phn khi, sung sng khi c khen l thng
minh, sng d, nhanh tr, sng to, sng sut, c u c sng lng, uyn bc v
ngc li, bun, t i, tc gin khi b ch l suy ngh chm, suy ngh qun, ngc,
n, ti d, ngu nh b, c u ph, u chp mch
Vit Nam, t nm 1986, t t duy c dng khng t trn cc phng tin
thng tin i chng, trong cc cm t nh cn i mi t duy, c bit, t duy kinh
t, cn thay i t duy, cn t duy mi, cn c t duy c lp, cn c t duy
sng to, cn khc phc t duy tr tr, cn khc phc t duy gio iu Cng
lin quan n t duy, nc ta tn ti v hot ng trong thi gian kh di cc
ban t tng vn ha t trung ng n cc tnh thnh.
C mt thc t l, tuy t duy cc k quan trng, ai cng mun t duy tt nhng
hiu bit mt cch khoa hc ca nhiu ngi trong x hi v t duy li rt t v
cng t ngi c thc t tm hiu t duy ca chnh mnh. Trong hng trm lp
dy mn Phng php lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM), ngi vit thng
t cc cu hi sau cho cc hc vin tr li bng hnh thc gi tay:
1) Cho n nay, anh (ch) no c hc mn chuyn dy v t duy v cc
phng php suy ngh?
2) Anh (ch) no c hc mn Lgch hc hnh thc?
3) Anh (ch) no c hc mn Tm l hc sng to?
4) Khi hc cc mn nh ton, l, ha, sinh, s, a, tin hc, anh (ch) no
c hc vi thy (c), ngoi dy kin thc cn dy c cch suy ngh gii bi tp
v tr li cc cu hi ca mn hc , v d, mn ton chng hn?
5) Anh (ch) no sau mi ln suy ngh, c thi quen ( thc, tc phong) hi
tng li qu trnh suy ngh, dng suy ngh ca mnh suy ngh v qu trnh suy ngh
, tm hiu xem qu trnh suy ngh ca mnh din ra nh th no v tm cch
khc phc cc nhc im, pht huy cc u im, ci tin lm cho suy ngh ca
mnh ngy cng tt hn?
Kt qu cho thy, trong lp hc vi khong vi chc ngi trnh vn ha t
lp 12 tr ln, thuc nhiu la tui, ngnh ngh, chc v khc nhau: hoc khng ai
gi tay, hoc ch c vi cnh tay gi ln.
Nhng ngi t tm hiu t duy qua con ng c sch ting Vit (k c sch
dch) c th nhn thy: s lng sch vit v t duy t hn rt rt nhiu sch vit v
T duy l g?
t nhin v x hi; bn thn cc sch vit v t duy thng s si, phin din, thiu
tnh h thng, lgch, khoa hc v tnh ng dng thp.
Nhm gp phn khc phc nhng nhc im ni trn, quyn sch Suy ngh
v t duy c vit ra. Trn thc t, trong cc quyn sch bng ting Vit pht
hnh trc y ca ngi vit (xem cc quyn sch c s th t t [1] n [20]
trong mc Cc ti liu tham kho chnh v nn tm c thm, k cc cc cng trnh
ca tc gi cui quyn sch ny), ngi vit cng trnh by nhiu phn thuc
t duy v lin quan n t duy. Trong ng cnh nh vy, quyn sch Suy ngh v
t duy cn ng vai tr sch tng quan, hiu theo ngha, mt mt ngi vit s
nhc li nhng g cn thit trnh by trong cc quyn sch trc bo m
tnh nht qun, h thng ca quyn sch ny. Mt khc, nhng ch bn c c th
t c, ngi vit s ch ra cc phn nn c trong cc quyn sch trc.
Quyn sch Suy ngh v t duy trnh by cc kin thc khoa hc v t duy v
nhng ci lin quan da trn nhng hiu bit ca ngi vit nh c hc, t hc,
nghin cu, ging dy, tri nghim chnh mnh nhiu chc nm qua, v do vy,
khng trnh khi mang tnh ch quan nht nh. c xong quyn sch ny, k c
nhng phn ngi vit ngh c thm trong cc quyn sch trc y, bn c
c th nm c: T duy l g?; T duy v t duy sng to; C my loi t duy?; Loi
t duy ch con ngi mi c; Mi quan h gia t duy v hnh ng; Vai tr ca t
duy trong chui t nhu cu n hnh ng v ngc li; T duy v hnh ng hin
c; T duy v hnh ng cn c; Cc kt qu t c trong lnh vc phng php
lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM); Du nhp, ph bin v pht trin PPLSTVM
Vit Nam.
Ngi vit cho rng, nhng g trnh by trong quyn sch ny v nhng quyn
sch trc y ca ngi vit ch l nhng kin thc ti thiu gip bn c tm
hiu lnh vc t duy. Do vy, bn nn tm c thm c nhng quyn sch khc v t
duy lm giu tri thc ca mnh v c nhiu hnh ng tt, c dn dt bi t
duy ng vi xc cm thch hp ng hnh.
2. T duy l g?
T duy (suy ngh) l qu trnh phn nh tch cc hin thc, gn kt vi
vic gii quyt vn ny hay vn khc, l sn phm cao cp nht ca loi

vt cht c t chc c bit b c ca con ngi. Kt qu ca qu trnh t
duy l cc ngh gii quyt vn .
Ni cch khc, t duy (suy ngh) l loi hot ng ca b c con ngi,
T duy l g?
khi ng v lm vic khi con ngi phi gii quyt vn no . Kt qu

ca qu trnh t duy (suy ngh) l ngh ( tng) gii php cho vn .
y, bn c cn lu nhng t cha kha nh phn nh tch cc, hin
thc, b c, vn , gii quyt vn , tng gii php.
Trong mc ny v nhng mc sau, ngi vit s trin khai, gii thch nhng
t cha kha ni trn. Trc ht, vn l g?

Vn hay cn gi l bi ton (problem) l tnh hung, ngi gii
bit mc ch cn t nhng:
Trng hp 1: khng bit cch t n mc ch, hoc
Trng hp 2: khng bit cch ti u t n mc ch trong mt s cch
bit.
V d: Mt ngi thng 12 gi m i ng. m hm y, ngi ln ging
nhng khng hiu sao trn trc hoi khng ng c. Ngi c th ri vo
trng hp mt: hon ton khng bit cch lm sao ng c, hoc, ri vo trng
hp hai: bit bn cch c th ng c nhng khng bit cch no ti u. Bn cch
l: 1) Ung thuc ng; 2) Ra khi ging, lm vi ng tc th dc th gin gip
d ng; 3) Ly quyn truyn c, bao gi mi mt th ri vo gic ng; 4) C nm
trn ging, m thm trong u n con s ln th ng thip i.
Trong v d nu trn, d ngi mt ng vo trng hp mt hay trng hp
hai, chng ta u ni rng ngi c vn (bi ton). Vn (bi ton) c tc
dng khi ng, kch hot suy ngh lm vic. Cn u ngi ta bit mc ch cn
t, ng thi bit lun c cch t n mc ch th ngi ta c th tin hnh thc
hin cc hnh ng t n mc ch m (hu nh) khng cn suy ngh. Chng hn,
vi ngi cha bit i xe my, t mc ch i xe my, y l vn . Cn bn
bit i xe my, bn c th thy, khi bn iu khin xe, bn khng thc s suy ngh
v vic i xe m c khi u bn li ngh v chuyn khc: ti nay khng bit c nn
nhn li i nhu khng?
Qu trnh suy ngh c trng hp mt v trng hp hai u gi l qu trnh
suy ngh gii quyt vn . Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp nhm mc ch lm
r, c th hn, trng hp hai c t tn l qu trnh suy ngh ra quyt nh. Lu
dn, ngi ta gi tn chung cho c hai trng hp l qu trnh suy ngh gii quyt
vn v ra quyt nh (thinking process for problem solving and decision
making).
Quay tr li v d v ngi mt ng. Gi s ngi trng hp hai: bit
T duy l g?
bn cch c th ng c, nhng khng bit cch no l ti u. Ngi khng th

no dng cng mt lc c bn cch. Ngi phi suy ngh, so snh, cn nhc,
nh gi, chn ra cch ti u dng trn thc t. Ni cch khc, trong bn cch
bit, ngi phi suy ngh ra quyt nh xem dng cch no. Nhiu tr chi
trn truyn hnh nh Ai l triu ph, u trng 100, ngi chi phi suy ngh
ra quyt nh chn phng n tr li ti u (ng) trong vi cu tr li cho sn.
Thc t cho thy, trng hp mt v trng hp hai c th chuyn ha ln
nhau, hiu theo ngha, lc u ngi gii trng hp mt, qu trnh suy ngh ca
ngi dn n trng hp hai. Ngc li, lc u ngi gii trng hp hai,
suy ngh mt hi li nhy sang trng hp mt. Gi s ngi mt ng lc u
trng hp mt: hon ton khng bit bt k cch no c th ng c. iu ny
lm ngi suy ngh tm cch v gi s ngi tm ra t hai cch tr ln c th
gip ng c. Nhng ngi khng th cng mt lc dng tt c cc cch tm ra,
ngi phi suy ngh tip, chn ra cch ti u dng (chuyn sang trng hp
hai: ra quyt nh). By gi, chng ta gi s ngi mt ng trng hp hai: bit
bn cch c th ng c nhng khng bit cch ti u. Ngi c th suy ngh
nh sau:
hn 12 gi m ri, nh khng c sn thuc ng, i mua by gi tht khng
tin. Mnh khng ng mt mnh mt phng nn ng dy tp th dc hoc bt n
c truyn s lm phin ngi khc. Thi th c nm yn nh th m thm trong
u: 1, 2, 3, 4.
Th nhng ngi m n vi triu ri m vn khng ng c. Ngi
kt lun cch ti u trong bn cch mnh chn khng gip mnh ng c, vy
by gi coi nh mnh khng bit cch no, hy suy ngh t u (chuyn sang
trng hp mt)
Vi nh ngha vn (bi ton) mang tnh khi qut cao nh trnh by
trn, chng ta thy cc vn rt a dng v c th ny sinh bt k u, bt k
lc no, vi bt k ai. Nu theo di cuc i ca mt ngi t lc sinh ra n khi
cht: cc vn c th l cc cu hi ny sinh trong u khi cn nh (tr em vn
hay t m); khi i hc, cc vn l cc bi tp thy c cho trn lp hoc v nh,
cc k kim tra, thi; la chn ngnh ngh o to; cng vic; thu nhp; mua sm;
nh ; hn nhn; gia nh; nui dy con ci; sc khe; thng tin trong cng tc; v
hu; tui gi; li di chc; cht s chn u, t chc ma chay nh th no Do
vy, khng phi khng c l khi ni rng:
Cuc i ca mi ngi l chui cc vn cn gii quyt, chui cc quyt
T duy l g?
10
nh cn phi ra.
S phn, hnh phc ca mi ngi ty thuc nhiu vo vic ngi suy

ngh, hnh ng gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh nh th no trong sut
cuc i ca mnh.
Suy ngh, hnh ng gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh l ngh chung ca
tt c mi ngi. Tt c mi ngi cn c o to ngh chung .
Cc vn c th phn loi theo cc tiu chun khc nhau. Di y, ngi vit
lit k mt s loi vn v lu bn c: vic phn loi vn khng nn hiu
mt cch chnh xc tuyt i v c nhiu trng hp, vn cho trc va thuc
loi ny, va thuc loi kia.
Phn loi theo tnh ng, sai ca cch t vn . Vn t ra c coi l
ng, nu nh mc ch ra trong li pht biu vn c th t c vi tin cy
cao thi k hin ti hay tng lai (khi cc iu kin cn thit xut hin hay c to
ra). Vn t ra b coi l sai khi mc ch ra khng th t c. V d, ch to
ng c vnh cu, lm sao ng qua m tr thnh ngi giu nht th gii.
Vn c th nh, kiu nh sng ch nht ng dy, trong u bn ny sinh
cc cu hi cn phi tr li: Hm nay lm g? i u? gp ai? mc g? n g?. n
nhng vn rt ln nh lm sao t c mc tiu xy dng x hi dn giu,
nc mnh, dn ch, cng bng, vn minh, lm sao chng bin i kh hu, lm
sao gi gn ha bnh th gii
Phn loi vn theo tnh thit yu i vi con ngi. y l cc vn : n,
ung, mc, , i li, hc hnh, sc khe, vic lm
Phn loi theo lnh vc: i sng, ngh nghip, chuyn mn cc loi.
Phn loi theo a l: a phng, quc gia, khu vc, ton cu, v tr.
Phn loi theo ch s hu bi ton: bi ton ca ngi ny, bi ton ca
ngi khc. Trong , c nhng bi ton phi chnh ch s hu gii, khng ai c
th gii thay c.
Phn loi theo s lng ngi tham gia gii bi ton: c nhn, tp th
Phn loi theo mc kh ca bi ton: c bi ton hu nh ngi no cng
gii c v c bi ton ch nhng ngi xut chng mi gii c.
Phn loi theo thang bc trch nhim: ngi thng, qun l, lnh o cc
cp.
T duy l g?
11
Phn loi theo thi gian: qu kh, hin ti v tng lai.

Phn loi theo mc quan trng, u tin.
Phn loi theo mc cp bch.
Phn loi theo s lng tin chi ph gii bi ton.
Cc vn nhn thc th gii: cc pht minh khoa hc.
Cc vn bin i th gii: cc sng ch (hiu theo ngha rng).
Cc vn nhm mc ch tn ti.
Cc vn nhm mc ch pht trin.
Cc vn tt yu ny sinh trn con ng pht trin.
Cc vn khng ng ny sinh do nhng ngi khc ra quyt nh sai gy
ra.
Cc vn khng ng ny sinh do chnh mnh ra quyt nh sai gy ra.
Cc vn gp phi mt cch b ng: bo, lt, ng t
Cc vn t t ra mt cch ch ng: nng cao mc sng, ci tin trang
thit b lm vic, hin i ha, cng nghip ha, xy dng kinh t v x hi tri
thc
Ch khi c vn v c nhu cu gii n, con ngi mi tht s suy
ngh. Kt qu ca qu trnh suy ngh l ngh ( tng) gii php cho vn . Gi

s vn ang gii quyt l vn chc chn c li gii, ty theo nng lc t duy
ca ngi gii, y c th ny sinh hai kh nng:
Kh nng 1: tng gii php sai, do vy, bi ton cha gii c, phi suy
ngh tip a ra tng gii php khc.
Kh nng 2: tng gii php ng, bi ton gii c, hiu theo ngha, nu
hnh ng bin tng thnh hin thc th ngi gii bi ton t c mc
ch ra v mi vic u tt p.
Nu bn kh nng hai th tng gii php ng ca bn c ng thi tnh
mi ( tng do bn t tm ra, trc y bn hon ton khng bit hoc khng
bit n l ti u) v tnh ch li (t c mc ch ra), c gi l tng
sng to. Hot ng t duy ca bn a ra tng sng to gi l t duy sng
to. Nu bn kh nng mt: bn c t duy nhng cha t duy sng to. R rng,
nu ch t duy khng thi th iu l v ch v bn tn thi gian, sc lc, tr lc
T duy l g?
12
m vn cha c gii quyt. Do vy, khng t duy th thi, t duy th t

duy phi l t duy sng to: a ra tng ng gii quyt c vn , a
ra quyt nh ng. Trong ngha , t nay v sau, khi ngi vit dng t t duy
(suy ngh) u ng , y chnh l t duy (suy ngh) sng to.
Khi nim sng to c nh ngha nh sau:
Sng to (creativity) l hot ng to ra bt k ci g c ng thi tnh
mi v tnh ch li.
Trc ht, ngi vit mun lu bn c: trong nh ngha khi nim sng
to, t hot ng c dng vi ngha rt rng mt cch c dng , ch khng
phi ngha hp hot ng ca con ngi.
Cm t bt k ci g cho thy kt qu (thnh phm) sng to cng nh chnh
hot ng sng to c th c bt k lnh vc no ca th gii vt cht v th gii
tinh thn, min l ci g c ng thi tnh mi v tnh ch li. Nu ci g
ch c hoc tnh mi, hoc tnh ch li th khng c coi l sng to.
Tnh mi l bt k s khc bit no ca i tng cho trc so vi i tng
tin thn ca n (i tng cng loi ra i trc v mt thi gian). Trong
trng hp ny, chng ta ni rng i tng cho trc c tnh mi. c c s
sng to, tnh mi phi em li ch li (to ra gi tr thng d), khng phi mi
m mi.
Tnh ch li i vi cng ng, x hi do tnh mi to ra c th rt a dng
nh tng nng sut, hiu qu; tit kim nng lng, nguyn vt liu; gim gi
thnh; c thm chc nng mi; s dng thun tin hn; thn thin hn vi mi
trng; to thm c cc xc cm, thm m tt y, cn c bit lu : tnh
ch li ch th hin ra khi i tng cho trc lm vic theo ng chc
nng v trong phm vi p dng ca n.
xc nh chc nng ca mt i tng no , bn c c th t cu hi:
i tng c to ra lm g?. V d, thuc khng sinh dng iu tr cc
bnh nhim khun; t vn ti dng vn chuyn hng ha t a im ny n
a im khc; bn chi v thuc nh rng dng lm v sinh rng ming. R
rng, cc ch li ca cc i tng ni trn ch thc s th hin ra khi chng lm
vic thc hin cc chc nng ca chng. Thuc khng sinh cn nm trn k
hiu thuc, thm ch cn trn tay bnh nhn c ngha l cha lm vic v tnh
ch li mi ch l tim nng. Cha k, chng cn phi lm vic trong phm vi p
dng ca chng th tnh ch li mi tr thnh hin thc.
T duy l g?
13
Khi nim phm vi p dng c xut x t lun im trit hc: Chn l lun
lun l c th. Lun im ny phn nh quy lut: mt khng nh (kt lun) l
ng (chn l) ch trong nhng iu kin, hon cnh c th ca cc yu t lin quan
(phm vi p dng). Khng c chn l tru tng, hiu theo ngha, bt chp iu
kin, hon cnh nh th no, lc no cng ng, u cng ng. Do vy, nu
mang mt khng nh (kt lun) ra dng ngoi phm vi p dng ca n, n khng
cn ng na, n c th sai.
V d, trong iu kin, hon cnh c th sau: em An c mi qu to, em n ht
mt qu. Hi cn li my qu to? Trong trng hp ny, kt lun 10 1 = 9 l
ng (chn l). Trong iu kin, hon cnh c th khc: trn cy c mi con chim
ang u, ngi th sn n sng bn cht mt con. Hi trn cy cn my con chim?
Kt lun 10 1 = 9 khng cn ng na.
Tng t nh vy, tnh ch li ca i tng cho trc c phm vi p dng ca
mnh m nu dng i tng cho trc ra ngoi phm vi p dng , li c th
bin thnh hi. V d, thuc khng sinh dng cho ngi ln li em dng cho tr
em c th gy ra nhng hu qu ng tic.
V mt nguyn tc, tt c cc i tng (hiu theo ngha rng nht) m con
ngi s dng, phi c cc bn hng dn i km. Trong cn ch r cc chc
nng, phm vi p dng ca chng (hoc ch ra cc trng hp khng c dng v
c hi thay v c li) v con ngi phi c gio dc lm theo cc bn hng
dn, khng dng sai chc nng v ra ngoi phm vi p dng. Trn thc t, nhiu s
c, tai nn (thm ch thm khc) , ang v s xy ra c lin quan n vic vi
phm yu cu va nu.
Trong nhiu trng hp, xc nh chnh xc ngay t u phm vi p dng ca
cc i tng khng phi l d. Tuy vy, ngi s dng cn lun c thc v phm
vi p dng d phng nhng hu qu xu c th xy ra, khi dng i tng cho
trc ra ngoi nhng iu kin, hon cnh quen thuc, truyn thng.
Mt trong nhng i hi ca s pht trin l cc thnh phm (hiu theo ngha
rng) s dng trn thc t, phi c tnh ch li ngy cng cao v phm vi p dng
ngy cng rng. p ng i hi , ngi sng to cn lun tm kim nhng
tng, nhng gii php mi.
nh gi i tng cho trc c phi l sng to hay khng, chng ta c
th dng chng trnh gm nm bc sau:
T duy l g?
14
CHNG TRNH NH GI I TNG CHO TRC

L SNG TO HAY KHNG ?
Bc 1 :
Chn i tng tin thn.
Bc 2 :
So snh i tng cho trc vi i tng tin thn.
Bc 3 :
Tm tnh mi ca i tng cho trc.
Bc 4 :
Tr li cu hi: Tnh mi em li ch li g? Trong phm vi p dng no?
Bc 5 :
Kt lun theo nh ngha sng to.
V d 1: i tng cho trc l cy bt ch thn g c tit din ngang hnh lc

gic u.
Chn i tng tin thn l cy bt ch thn g c tit din ngang hnh trn.
Dng cc gic quan v suy ngh so snh cy bt ch cho trc vi cy bt
ch tin thn.
Tm tnh mi. Cy bt ch cho trc khc cy bt ch tin thn tit din
ngang l hnh lc gic thay v hnh trn.
Tit din ngang hnh lc gic c ch li: gi cy bt ch khng ln, do vy,
khng b ri xung t lm gy u ch.
Kt lun: cy bt ch cho trc c ng thi tnh mi v tnh ch li, vy cy
bt ch cho trc l sng to.
V d 2: i tng cho trc l in thoi cm tay.
Chn i tng tin thn l in thoi c nh ( bn chng hn).
Dng cc gic quan v suy ngh so snh in thoi cho trc vi in thoi
tin thn.
Tm tnh mi. Ci khc c bn nht ca in thoi cm tay so vi in thoi
c nh l ting ni bin thnh sng in t truyn trong khng gian, khng cn
phi c dy ni gia hai ni gi i v gi n.
Tnh mi ny em li ch li: s dng thun tin hn, tit kim nguyn vt
liu ch to, tit kim thi gian cho ngi dng Tuy nhin, in thoi cm tay
khng dng nhng ni c th gy nhiu cho thng tin lin lc hoc nh hng
xu n cc ch lm vic ca cc thit b nhy cm vi sng in t
Kt lun: in thoi cm tay l sng to.
T duy l g?
15
Theo nh ngha khi nim sng to v chng trnh nh gi i tng cho

trc c phi l sng to hay khng trnh by trn, bt k ngi no cng u
tng nhiu ln sng to. V d, khi i hc, vic t mnh ngh ra li gii (ch khng
phi cp ca ngi khc) cc bi tp thy, c cho l sng to, v y c ng thi
tnh mi: li gii t mnh tm c l mi so vi khi mnh cha tm c; tnh ch
li: hiu, vn dng kin thc hc tt hn v c im cao. Tuy nhin, tnh mi
v tnh ch li cn hp, hiu theo ngha: mi v ch li vi chnh ngi gii ch
khng cn mi v ch li i vi bit bao th h hc sinh i trc gii bi tp .
Trng hc phi gip tp dt, rn luyn sng to nhm ti mc tiu cao hn:
o to nhng ngi c kh nng sng to ra nhng cng trnh vi tnh mi v tnh
ch li mc nhn loi (th gii), c cng b di dng cc bi bo nghin cu
khoa hc trong cc tp ch khoa hc quc t hoc c cp patent bo h theo lut
v s hu tr tu v c thng mi ha, kiu nh v d 1 v 2.
Ngi c c th tm thm nhiu, rt nhiu v d na v sng to thy rng
sng to rt gn, ngay xung quanh chng ta v mi ngi chng ta tng nhiu
ln sng to. Mt khc, khi nim sng to cng cha trong n nhiu khi nim
khc nh mo vt, ci tin, sng kin, ngh hp l ha, hon thin, sng ch, pht
minh
Quay tr li cu chuyn v ngi mt ng. Nu ngi suy ngh tm ra
c cch ng v trn thc t, nh cch m ng c th qu trnh suy ngh gii
quyt vn (v ra quyt nh) ca ngi chnh l t duy sng to. n y
chng ta c th a ra nh ngha khi nim t duy sng to:
T duy (suy ngh) sng to (creative thinking) l qu trnh suy ngh
a ngi gii:
1) t khng bit cch t n mc ch n bit cch t n mc ch,
hoc
2) t khng bit cch ti u t n mc ch n bit cch ti u t
n mc ch trong mt s cch bit.
Ta c th coi hai cch ni Qu trnh suy ngh gii quyt vn v ra
quyt nh v T duy sng to l tng ng. Bi v, d ngi gii quyt
vn trng hp mt hay trng hp hai, u phi t mnh suy ngh i t
khng bit cch n bit cch, ngha l qu trnh suy ngh ny to ra tnh mi.
Tnh mi em li ch li l t c mc ch ca ngi gii ra. Theo nh
ngha khi nim sng to, y c ng thi tnh mi v tnh ch li, vy qu trnh
Cc nghin cu v t duy
16
suy ngh gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh chnh l t duy sng to.

Nu bn mun cuc i ca bn l chui cc vn t mnh gii quyt
c tt, ra chui cc quyt nh ng th bn cn t duy sng to sut
cuc i.
Ngoi nhng g va trnh by trong mc ny, bn cn c thm mc 1.2. Mt s
khi nim c bn v cc ngha ca chng, c bit, khi nim i mi
(innovation) ca quyn [10].
3. Cc nghin cu v t duy
T duy l i tng phc tp, kh nghin cu v n nay, cc kt qu nghin
cu thu c t hn nhiu ln so vi cc lnh vc t nhin v x hi. n ni, c
nh nghin cu phi tht ln: Vng khng gian m loi ngi bit t nht l khong
cch gia hai l tai (b c ngi vit lm r ).
C nhiu khoa hc nghin cu t duy theo nhng cch tip cn v phng
php khc nhau nh trit hc, lgch hc hnh thc, sinh l hc cc hot ng thn
kinh cao cp, iu khin hc, tm l hc, sng to hc vi phn ng dng ca n l
phng php lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM).
Trit hc nghin cu mi tng quan gia vt cht v t duy ( thc) cng
kh nng v cch thc nhn thc th gii nh t duy.

Lgch hc hnh thc l khoa hc nghin cu cc hnh thc ca t duy nh
cc khi nim, phn on, suy lun, m khng xt n ni dung c th ca chng v

cc quy lut, nguyn tc, quy tc bin i m chng phi tun theo c nhng kt
lun ng. Ni mt cch d hiu, iu ny cng tng t nh trong ng thc sau:
a b
a 2 2ab b2 , ngi ta khng quan tm a, b l nhng con s c th no, do
u m c, s c dng lm g, quy tc bin i trn vn lun lun c hiu lc.

Lgch hc hnh thc ta nh nghin cu cc ngh c sn (khi nim, phn on)
v thit lp s tng quan nht nh (kiu nh cc ng thc, cc bin i) gia
chng. Bng cch , lgch hc hnh thc khng ch n cc iu kin (tm l,
hon cnh bn ngoi) trc tip lm pht sinh v pht trin cc ngh di dng cc
khi nim, phn on, suy lun.
Sinh l hc thn kinh nghin cu cc c ch ca b no m nh chng, cc
thao tc t duy c thc hin. I.M. Setrenov cho rng, ngh l phn x phc tp
ca b no. i vo c th, bng cc th nghim I.P. Pavlov khng nh nguyn tc
phn x c iu kin thuc c s ca ton b hot ng ca b c. To ra v s
Cc nghin cu v t duy
17
dng cc phn x c iu kin, ni chnh xc hn, to ra v s dng cc mi lin kt

tm thi gia cc vng, cc trung tm ca cc bn cu no l c s hot ng tm l
ca ng vt v ngi.
iu khin hc xem t duy l cc qu trnh bin i thng tin, i tm s
ging v khc nhau gia cng vic ca my tnh v hot ng suy ngh ca con
ngi nh vic m hnh ha cc qu trnh bin i thng tin.
Tm l hc nghin cu t duy nh l hot ng nhn thc ca c nhn. Tm
l hc nghin cu qu trnh suy ngh ca c nhn dn n cc kt qu, sn phm

ca t duy di dng cc nghkhi nim, ngh tng Tm l hc nghin
cu, tr li cc cu hi nh ngh ny hoc ngh khc ca c nhn pht sinh, pht
trin nh th no? Ti sao? Ni cch khc, tm l hc nghin cu cc quy lut din
tin ca qu trnh t duy, c s tham gia tch cc ca cc hin tng tm l.
C mt nhnh trong tm l hc l tm l hc sng to tp trung nghin cu
hot ng sng to (bao gm t duy sng to v nhng ci lin quan) ca con
ngi trong cc lnh vc nh khoa hc, vn hc, m nhc, ngh thut, sng ch, hp
l ha cng vic. lm iu , tm l hc sng to nghin cu t duy cng cc
hin tng, qu trnh tm l nh tr nh, lin tng, linh tnh, tr tng tng, tnh
tm l V cc hin tng, qu trnh tm l, bn c c th c thm cc mc
6.4. Cc hin tng tm l tham gia vo qu trnh bin i thng tin thnh tri thc
v 6.5. Tnh tm l trong quyn [11].
Khi nghin cu t duy, tm l hc phn bit cc loi t duy theo nhng cch
khc nhau, trong , c bit quan trng l cch phn loi t duy nhn theo quan
im bn th lun nhn theo qu trnh tin ha, pht trin v mt thi gian ca t
duy. C ba loi t duy ln lt xut hin v duy tr hot ng ca mnh.
1) T duy trc quanhnh ng l loi t duy gii quyt vn theo kiu
ngh c c nh quan st trc tip dn ngay n hnh ng m khng c s suy
xt.
y l loi t duy c t tin chng ta ngy xa, nhng a tr trc bn
tui hin nay thng dng v c mt s loi ng vt cp cao. Cc hnh ng ni
n y c th ng, c th sai.
V d: tr em mun bit c ci g bn trong chi ca mnh, thng p, b
gy, tho chng. Tng t, bit chu vi ca mnh t no , ngh ny sinh
trong u nhng ngi s khai c thc hin ngay bng vic i v m s bc
chn. Nhng ngi c nhiu kinh nghim, tng tri, trong nhiu tnh hung, c
Cc nghin cu v t duy
18
bit, trong nhng tnh hung cp bch, hnh ng ca h chnh l li gii bi ton
m bn thn h khng thc s suy xt g c.
2) T duy trc quanhnh nh: s quan st trc tip i tng khng dn
ngay n hnh ng m tr thnh nhng hnh nh ca i tng y trong c ca
ngi quan st v ngi quan st dng chng hnh dung trong c tnh hung
vn v nhng thay i ca n. Nh vy, cc i tng lc ny c nhn nhn
di cc gc khc nhau v to nn nhng t hp mi v cc i tng v v cc
tnh cht ca chng. Trong ngha ny, t duy trc quanhnh nh, trn thc t,
khng khc vi tr tng tng.
T duy trc quan hnh nh dng n gin ch yu xut hin la tui t 4
n 7. Mi lin h t duy vi cc hnh ng khng cn trc tip cht ch nh
trc. Lc ny, a b khng cn phi hnh ng (v d, khng cn phi dng tay
s, lt qua lt li i tng) m vn c nhng ngh trong u v i tng
di dng cc hnh nh.
T duy trc quanhnh nh so vi t duy trc quanhnh ng th phc tp,
khi qut v linh ng hn. Tuy nhin, t duy trc quanhnh nh khng c kh
nng phn nh cc qu trnh phc tp ca hin thc m nhng qu trnh khng
th th hin c di dng cc hnh nh trong u ngi suy ngh.
3) T duy t nglgch (t duy tru tng) l loi t duy, cc
ngh c th hin di dng cc t ngkhi nim v qu trnh suy ngh tun
theo lgch nht nh.
T duy t nglgch c chng minh l loi t duy xut hin mun nht
trong lch s tin ha, pht trin v l loi t duy duy nht ch con ngi mi c.
T ng l yu t thnh phn, s th hin c th ca ngn ng. Ngn ng l h
thng cc k hiu c bn cht vt l nht nh nh m thanh, ch vit. Ngn ng
c hai chc nng chnh trong hot ng ca con ngi: giao tip v phn
nh (th hin) cc ngh (nhn thc) ca con ngi. I.P. Pavlov xem ngn
ng nh l h thng tn hiu th hai so vi h thng tn hiu th nht l cc kch
thch c tht tc ng ln con ngi ni chung, cc gic quan ca con ngi ni
ring. Trong nhiu trng hp c th, h thng tn hiu th hai c tc dng tng
ng nh h thng tn hiu th nht, ng thi, h thng tn hiu th hai c
nhng u vit m h thng tn hiu th nht khng c. Ngn ng dng trong i
sng hng ngy, l hnh thc th hin cc ngh v phng tin giao tip ca mi
ngi, gi l ngn ng t nhin. Ngn ng nhn to (ngn ng chuyn
mn) l ngn ng dng i vi cc nhu cu hp nh ngn ng ca cc chuyn
Cc nghin cu v t duy
19
ngnh khoa hc. Ngn ng l phng tin ghi nhn v gn gi cc kin thc loi
ngi tch ly c v truyn t th h ny sang th h khc.
S tn ti v pht trin ca t duy tru tng c c l nh ngn ng. Tuy
vy, ngn ng v t duy khng ng nht. Mt khi xut hin, ngn ng ng vai tr
mt thc th tng i c lp, c cc quy lut pht trin ring, khng ging t
duy. Ngoi ra, ngn ng l h thng, cu trc vi cch t chc ni ti, m ngoi h
thng, cu trc ngi ta khng th hiu c bn cht v ngha ca t ng. V
ngn ng, bn c th c thm mc 6.4.3. Ngn ng, k hiu, hnh v trong quyn
sch [11].
T lgch thng c dng theo nhng ngha sau:
1) Cch suy lun (suy l), lp lun, l l, mc d cch c th ng, c th sai.
V d, anh y c lgch ca mnh; lgch ca k mnh; lgch n b; cch lp lun
thiu lgch; cc vn khai trin c lgch; l l tr con; l s cn.
2) Tnh hp l, cht ch, quy lut ni ti ca ci no . V d, lgch cc s vt,
lgch cc s kin.
3) Khoa hc v cc quy lut ca t duy v cc hnh thc ca n. V d, lgch
hc hnh thc; lgch hc bin chng.
T lgch trong cm t t duy t ng lgch cn hiu nh th no?
Nh chng ta bit phn trn, trc bn tui, t duy thng dng ca a b
l t duy trc quan hnh ng. Khong ba tui, a b c th ni, hiu nhng t
cn thit. a b bt u c t ng (ngn ng) v chuyn dn sang t duy t ng
lgch vi lgch c hiu l nhng l l thng dng trong i sng hng ngy,
bt chc t ngi ln. Loi lgch ny, ngi vit gi l lgch t nhin, c
hiu gn theo ngha th nht ca t lgch.
T khi n trng, c hc cc mn khoa hc nh ton, l , ha, sinh, s, a,
a b bit thm nhiu t ng mi. Nhng t ng ny khng cn thuc ngn ng
t nhin na m l cc thut ng, tn ca nhiu khi nim khoa hc chuyn mn.
Cc mn khoa hc ni trn trnh by cc kin thc phn nh lgch ca cc mn
khoa hc , ngi vit gi l lgch chuyn mn, c hiu gn theo ngha th
hai ca t lgch.
Tuy nhin, lgch theo ngha th ba (lgch khoa hc t duy) khng phi ai
cng c hc. Trong khi , ngoi lgch hc hnh thc, lgch hc bin chng cn
c lgch ca cc khoa hc mang tnh khi qut cao nh khoa hc h thng, thng
tin, iu khin u cn cho t duy. V thng tin, bn cn c thm mc 6.3. Qu
20
Cc nghin cu v t duy
trnh truyn v bin i thng tin trong quyn [11], v iu khin hc Chng 7:
iu khin hc: iu khin hnh ng v th gii bn trong con ngi sng to cng
trong quyn [11], v lgch hnh thc, bin chng v h thng, bn cn c ton b
quyn sch [12].
Ngi vit mun lu bn c, khi ni rng nhn theo quan im tin ha,
pht trin, t duy trc quan hnh ng ri t duy trc quan hnh nh n t
duy t ng - lgch ln lt ra i. Nhn theo cuc i ca mt con ngi t lc
sinh ra n lc ln ln, ba loi t duy ni trn cng ln lt xut hin theo tui i.
iu ny khng c ngha loi t duy xut hin sau thay th loi t duy xut hin
trc v chng c lp vi nhau. Trn thc t, t mt tui nht nh, c ba loi
t duy ny cng tn ti, cng hot ng v tng tc b sung cho nhau trong mt
con ngi.
Tng rng rt mi nhng trn thc t, sng to hc ra i rt sm. Theo G.
Polya, vo khong nm 300, Pappos nh ton hc Hy Lp ni ting, trong tp 7

ca tc phm Tuyn tp ton hc ca mnh ni v khoa hc c t tn l
Heuristics (vit theo ting Anh). Pappos ch ra rng Heuristics c mc ch nghin
cu t duy sng to, nhn thc cc quy lut ca n v xy dng cc phng php,
quy tc lm cc pht minh v sng ch (phng php lun sng to v i mi, vit
tt l PPLSTVM). Khoa hc vi mc ch nh vy, nu dch sang ting Vit, r
rng, Heuristics c th dch l khoa hc sng to hay sng to hc. Xung quanh vic
t tn Heuristics cho khoa hc sng to c giai thoi sau:
Mi ngi u bit cu chuyn v Archimedes. ng c nh vua giao nhim
v tm phng php khoa hc vch trn s gian ln ca ngi th bc. Ngi
ny b nh vua nghi ng ly bt vng khi c vng min cho nh vua v thay
th vo bng kim loi khc. Lun lun suy ngh v bi ton, k c lc ngm mnh
trong thng tm, Archimedes bng pht hin ra rng chnh sc y ca nc ln
vt th ngm trong nc gip ng gii bi ton vua giao. Mng qu, ng c th,
khng qun o, tung ca bung tm chy thng ra ng bo tin vui ca mnh cho
mi ngi. Dn thnh ph Siracuse, ni ng sng, c dp ko nhau ra ca, ngc
nhin nhn theo nh bc hc v i, ng knh Archimedes trn trung, ngi dnh
y tro than, va chy, va vung tay chn ln la ht: Eureka! Eureka! (Tm ra ri!
Tm ra ri!). Cu chuyn ny gy n tng su sc cho mi ngi v nim vui k
diu do sng to mang li. Ring Pappos cn cho rng nim vui sng to l nim vui
ln nht trong tt c cc nim vui m con ngi c th c. V vi nhng nim vui
khc, chia s nim vui ca mnh cho mi ngi, ngi ang tm bao gi cng
nh mc qun o trc, ri chy ra bo tin sau. Trong khi , nim vui sng to ln
Cc nghin cu v t duy
21
t tt c nhng thi quen x s thng thng. Chnh v vy, Pappos t tn sng

to hc l Heuristics, c gc l t Eureka. Heuristics vit theo ting Nga l
v Eureka .
Sau Pappos, nhiu nh khoa hc c gng pht trin tip Heuristics xy
dng n thnh h thng kin thc hon chnh. y c bit phi k n
Descartes, Leibnitz, Bolzano v Poincar. Theo h, Heuristics cn hng ti vic
nhn thc qu trnh gii quyt vn , c bit cc hot ng ca t duy, do vy,
cn s dng cc d liu t cc ngun khoa hc khc nhau nh lgch hc, trit hc,
tm l hc. Heuristics cng cn phi da trn kinh nghim c nhn ca nhng
ngi gii bi ton. Heuristics c mc ch xc lp cc quy lut chung ca cc qu
trnh xy ra khi con ngi suy ngh gii quyt cc vn m khng ph thuc vo
ni dung ca chnh cc vn . T , Heuristics to ra cc ng dng
(PPLSTVM) gip ci tin cch suy ngh lm cc pht minh, sng ch. Cng theo G.
Polya, tuy nhin, trn thc t, Heuristics thng ch c trnh by trn nhng nt
chung, t khi i vo chi tit v n ri vo qun lng. ng cng hy vng rng
Heuristics s c hi sinh. G. Polya a ra nhn xt ny vo nm 1945, cng vo
lc cc nh nghin cu bt u nh li Heuristics v chuyn n sang thi k pht
trin mi.
M, thi k mi ny c nh du bng bi pht biu trong t cch ch tch
ca J.P. Guilford nm 1950, ku gi Hip hi tm l hc Hoa K cn tp trung cc n
lc nghin cu i tng sng to. Nm 1954, ti Buffalo, bang New York, Alex
Osborn, tc gi ca phng php no cng (Brainstorming) thnh lp T chc gio
dc sng to (Creative Education Foundation CEF). T 1955 n nay, CEF hng
nm t chc nhng kha hc vi tn gi Trng gii quyt vn mang tnh sng
to (Creative Problem Solving Institute CPSI). T nm 1972, CEF xut bn bn tin
(Newsletter) hng thng vi tn gi Sng to trong hnh ng (Creativity in
Action). Thng qua cc vic lm ca Osborn, Trung tm nghin cu sng to
(Center for Studies in Creativity CSC) c thnh lp nm 1967 ti i hc
Buffalo. Nm 1974 CSC bt u o to c nhn v nm 1975 thc s khoa hc v
sng to v i mi (BS, MS in Creativity and Innovation) Hin nay M vn l
nc c s lng cc nh chuyn mn, trung tm, cng ty, t chc, i hc hot
ng trong lnh vc sng to v i mi nhiu nht trn th gii.
Ty u, Edward de Bono (ngi gc Malta, nhn bng tin s tm-sinh l hc
Anh), tc gi ca cc phng php sng to nh t duy chiu ngang (Lateral
Thinking), su chic m t duy (Six Thinking Hats) thnh lp Cng ty nghin cu
nhn thc (Cognitive Research Trust) nm 1969 Cambridge v sau l Trung
22
Cc nghin cu v t duy
tm nghin cu t duy (Centre for the Study of Thinking). T nm 1997, ti i hc

Malta, Edward de Bono khi xng o to thc s ngh thut v sng to v i
mi (MA in Creativity and Innovation). Theo Tudor Rickards, i hc Ty u u
tin dy chng trnh sng to v i mi l Trng kinh doanh Manchester
(Manchester Business School) Anh, nm 1972. Chng trnh o to thc s quc
t ca Ty u dnh cho nhng ngi ni ting Ty Ban Nha bt u vo nm 1994
ti i hc Santiago de Compostela vi tn gi thc s v sng to ng dng ton
din (Master Internacional de Creatividad Aplicada Total).
Lin X, trong cc trng phi, c bit phi k n trng phi ca G.S.
Altshuller, tc gi ca L thuyt gii cc bi ton sng ch (
, vit tt l v chuyn sang k t Latinh TRIZ)
c bt u xy dng t nm 1946. ng cng tc vi Hip hi ton lin bang ca
cc nh sng ch v hp l ha thnh lp Phng th nghim nghin cu v p dng
cc phng php sng ch nm 1968 v Hc vin cng cng v sng to sng ch
nm 1971. Ngi vit, lc ang hc ngnh vt l bn dn thc nghim ti Lin
X, c may mn hc thm c kha u tin ca Hc vin sng to ni trn, di
s hng dn trc tip ca thy G.S. Altshuller. TRIZ s c trnh by chi tit hn
trong mc 10. TRIZ ng vin tim nng tr thnh t duy cn c.
Ni mt cch tm tt, cc thng tin trn th gii v cc hot ng trong lnh
vc sng to v i mi trong khong vi chc nm gn y cho thy:
S lng nhng ngi lm vic (ging dy, nghin cu, t vn) trong lnh
vc ny tng.
S lng cc t chc (hip hi, mng li, trung tm, vin nghin cu, cng
ty t vn v o to ) trong lnh vc ny tng.
S trng hc cc cp, cng ty, c quan chnh ph a mn hc sng to vo
chng trnh gio dc, o to v hun luyn tng.
S ni o to c nhn v thc s cc loi v chuyn ngnh sng to v i
mi (BS, BA, MS, MA, MBA in Creativity and Innovation) tng.
S lng cc n phm (sch cc loi, tp ch, bn tin chuyn v sng to, cc
websites, cc bi bo nghin cu sng to ng trong cc tp ch chuyn ngnh

khc) trong lnh vc ny tng. Ngi ta c tnh, hin nay trn th gii c hng
chc ngn n phm nh th.
S lng cc hi ngh cp quc gia v quc t trong lnh vc ny tng. Trong
Hi ngh quc t nghin cu sng to (International Conference on Creativity
Cc nghin cu v t duy
23
Research) t chc vo thng 8 nm 1990 ti Buffalo, bang New York, M, thut ng

khoa hc sng to bng ting Anh c ngh l: Creatology.
Nh vy Heuristics l tn c in, cn Creatology l tn hin i ca sng to
hc v phn ng dng ca sng to hc l phng php lun sng to v i mi
(PPLSTVM).
Tuy sng to ng hnh vi con ngi trong sut chiu di lch s tin ha v
pht trin t vn ngi n nay nhiu triu nm, c ngha l xa nh Tri
t. Nhng vi phn ln mi ngi hin nay, cm t khoa hc sng to hay sng
to hc v PPLSTVM l rt mi, thm ch, to s hoi nghi ni ngi nghe. y,
c th c nhiu l do, v d:
1) Cha nghe ni trong trng hc, ngoi x hi v cm t ny v cc kt
qu nghin cu ca n, ch yu, cn ng khung trong cc hot ng chuyn mn
nh ng trong cc tp ch, bo co trong cc hi ngh khoa hc chuyn ngnh m
cha c ph thng ha.
2) Ni n sng to, ngi ta thng ngh ngay n cc pht minh, sng ch
ln, n tn cc nh khoa hc ln nh Newton, Einstein, cc nh sng ch ln nh
Edison, Bell. T , dn n hiu lm rng sng to hc, nu c, chc l ci g cao
xa, khng lin quan n nhng ngi bnh thng v khng tm cc thng tin
v sng to hc.
3) S ni chnh thc o to nhng nh chuyn mn c bng cp v lnh vc
ny trn ton th gii cn rt t: ch m c trn u ngn tay nn s lng cc
nh chuyn mn cng t mt cch ng k so vi s lng cc nh chuyn mn lm
vic trong cc lnh vc tng i mi khc nh tin hc, cng ngh sinh hc, cng
ngh nano. y l cn cha so snh vi s lng ngi lm vic trong cc lnh vc
truyn thng nh ton, l, ha Do vy, cng c rt t ngi lm cng vic gii
thiu sng to hc cho nhiu ngi bit.
4) S trng c dy mn hc lin quan n pht trin t duy sng to cng cn
rt him trn th gii do thiu ngi dy hoc khng kinh ph mi ging vin
(mi ngi hc phi tr khong vi trm la M cho mt ngy hc PPLSTVM)
hoc chnh nhng ngi lnh o, qun l gio dc, trong thm tm, khng tin rng
sng to c th dy v hc c mt cch c hiu qu nh cc mn hc truyn
thng. Mc d, chnh h thng l nhng ngi ni nhiu nht v s cn thit pht
huy tnh sng to ngi hc.
5) Tn ti rt nhiu nh kin truyn t th h ny sang th h khc, t ngi
T duy v hnh ng
24
ny sang ngi khc nh sng to l do bm sinh, may mn, ngu hng, xut thn,
linh tnh, trc gic, gic quan th su, cn c mc phi thng m khng phi
ai cng lm c. Tm li, khng ch nhng ngi bnh thng m nhiu nh pht
minh, sng ch cng cho rng sng to khng th khoa hc ha c, do vy, khng
th dy v hc sng to mt cch i tr.
6) Mt l do na thuc v chnh khoa hc sng to v PPLSTVM. l, trong
lnh vc phc tp ny, nhiu trng phi nghin cu i theo nhng cch tip cn
khc nhau, tuy c nhng thnh cng c th trong vic dy v hc cc phng php
sng to nhng thiu nhng cng trnh khi qut chng c c tnh lgch v
thng nht cao thnh mt h thng kh hon chnh nh cc khoa hc truyn thng.
Do vy, nhng ngi ngoi o thng ch bit mt hay vi trng phi vi mt
s phng php sng to c th m khng bit v bc tranh tng th ca n nh l
mt khoa hc.
Ngi vit cn quay tr li vi sng to hc, c bit, vi phn ng dng ca
n l phng php lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM) khi cp n loi t
duy cn c trong cc mc tng ng sau ny (xem cc mc 7, 8, 9, 10 ca quyn
sch ny).
4. T duy v hnh ng
4.1.
Hnh ng c nhn
Hnh ng ca mt ngi, trong trng hp chung, l cc c ch, ng tc,
thao tc ca c th ngi c nhng ngi khc ghi nhn trc tip bng cc
gic quan. Nhng g ca ngi khng c nhng ngi khc ghi nhn bng cc
gic quan s coi l thuc v th gii bn trong ca ngi .
Nh vy, nhng c ch ca mt ngi nh nhy mt, nhn mt, ci, khc,,
cc ng tc nh c ng chn tay, ni, vit,, cc thao tc thc hin mt cng vic
no , cc hot ng c nhng ngi khc ghi nhn c bng cc gic quan
chnh l cc hnh ng ca ngi v c mt loi hnh ng c bit l khng
hnh ng g c. Cn nhu cu, xc cm, t duy (cc ngh), khng c nhng
ngi khc c th trc tip ghi nhn bng cc gic quan thuc v th gii bn trong
ca ngi .
Hnh ng ca mt ngi chnh l quyt nh cui cng ca th gii bn trong
ngi c thc hin, th hin trn thc t ra bn ngoi v c nhng ngi
khc cm nhn thng qua cc gic quan ca h. V d, bn nghe thy mt ngi ni:
Ti mua ci ny!, ri bn thy ngi tr tin cho ngi bn hng v xch mn
T duy v hnh ng
25
hng ra v. Hnh ng mua ca ngi chnh l quyt nh cui cng ca ngi

sau khi suy ngh, cn nhc (thuc v th gii bn trong) v vic mua hay khng
mua mn hng.
C th phn loi hnh ng theo nhng cch xem xt khc nhau, v d:
Cc hnh ng do di truyn, bm sinh, c chn lc t nhin gi li mang

tnh lp trnh sn: cc phn x khng iu kin, bn nng nh khi gp nh sng
chi, mt ngi t ng khp li; ht, th; chp mt; b, nut sa
Ngoi cc hnh ng bm sinh, sng trong x hi, chu s di truyn x hi,
con ngi cn tha k (di dng bt chc, tham gia cc tr chi, c dy)
nhiu loi hnh ng khc.
Cc hnh ng n l thng xy ra trong thi gian ngn nh n, ung, bt
tay ngi khc, tr li ngn gn cc cu hi, cc hnh ng bt pht
Cc hnh ng qu trnh l tp hp ca nhiu hnh ng n l lin kt vi
nhau, xy ra trong thi gian di nhm t c mc ch no . V d, ngi cng
nhn phi sn xut t khu u tin n khu cui mt sn phm, nh vn sng tc
mt tc phm, cnh st iu tra ph mt v n, cho n tp hp cc hnh ng to
nn s nghip c i ca mt con ngi.
C cc hnh ng li ni (ch vit) v cc hnh ng vic lm (c s tham
gia ca tay chn). Tuy nhin, thc t cho thy, trong nhiu trng hp c th,
ngi ta nh gi hnh ng vic lm cao hn hnh ng li ni. V iu ny, Bc
H c nhn mnh: Khng nn o to ra nhng con ngi thuc sch lu lu, c
Mc ni th ny, c Lnin ni th kia, nhng nhim v ca mnh c giao qut nh
(hnh ng vic lm ngi vit gii thch) li cho nh y rc. l iu th
nht cn r. H Ch Minh tuyn tp II, Nh xut bn S tht, H Ni, 1980.
Cc hnh ng phn nh xc cm c nhn nh mt ta tai; khc; ci;
mt tr nn sng rc hoc u m; trng gin d, cu knh
Cc hnh ng ca c nhn ch nh hng n c nhn.
Cc hnh ng ca c nhn nh hng ln nhng ngi khc, cng ng, x
hi.
Cc hnh ng c tnh mi c c nhn tm ra v thc hin khi c nhn
phi gii quyt mt vn no hoc phi ra mt quyt nh hnh ng m hnh
ng khc vi cc hnh ng c nhn bit trc .
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
26
T duy v hnh ng
Nhn y, ngi vit a ra hai khi nim hnh ng c nhn tt (vit tt l

hnh ng tt) v hnh ng c nhn xu (vit tt l hnh ng xu). nhng ni
ngi vit ch ni hnh ng khng thi, ngi vit ng rng l nhng hnh
ng bt k, c th tt, xu hoc trung tnh.
Hnh ng tt l hnh ng tun th lut php1; ph hp quy lut*
mang tnh o c, vn ha, vn minh cao; khng ch tt cho c nhn
hnh ng m tt cho c nhng ngi khc, tt cho c cng ng, x hi,
mi trng; gip x hi tn ti mt cch lnh mnh v pht trin mt
cch bn vng.
Hnh ng xu l nhng hnh ng ngc li vi hnh ng tt.
Trong tt c nhng ci thuc v c nhn, hnh ng v kt qu hnh
ng ca c nhn c xem l cn thit, quan trng, chnh xc nht

hiu v nh gi chnh c nhn (nhn cch) . ng thi, mt x hi mun
tn ti v pht trin mt cch bn vng, x hi cng nhn ra tm quan trng
thit yu ca cc hnh ng c nhn tt. Khng phi ngu nhin, nhiu danh nhn
nhn xt v nhng hnh ng tt bng nhng li l nh:
Mc ch v i ca cuc sng khng phi l kin thc m l hnh ng.
T.Huxley.
Mc ch chnh ca gio dc khng phi dy cho tr hiu nhiu, bit rng m
dy cho tr bit hnh ng. H.Spencer.
i vi nng lc th ch c mt cch chng minh: l hnh ng.
M.Eschenbach.
Khng lm g (khng hnh ng ngi vit gii thch) th chng thu c
g. Shakespear.
Ci kh nht trn th gii l bin cc tng ca bn thnh hnh ng.
Goethe.
Trong bt k cng vic mang tnh thc t no, tng ch chim t 2 n 5
phn trm, phn cn li t 98 n 95 phn trm l thc hin (hnh ng ngi
vit gii thch). A.N.Krlov.
R rng, mt x hi tt phi l mt x hi, cc hnh ng tt ca cc cng
dn (c nhn) chim s lng tuyt i v ngy cng tng theo thi gian.
C mt iu th v l hai t khc nhau lut php v quy lut trong ting Vit u ch dch thnh
mt t trong ting Anh law, trong ting Nga , trong ting Php loi
T duy v hnh ng
27
4.2. Mi quan h gia t duy v hnh ng

Nh chng ta bit t mc 2. T duy l g? ca quyn sch ny: t duy (suy
ngh) khi ng v lm vic khi con ngi c vn (bi ton); kt qu ca qu
trnh suy ngh gii quyt vn l ngh ( tng) gii php cho vn ; trong
trng hp tt p, tng gii php cho vn l ng, hiu theo ngha, nu
hnh ng bin tng thnh hin thc th mc ch ra trong bi ton s t
c trn thc t.
Ngi vit mun lu bn c: kt qu ca qu trnh suy ngh ch l tng
m tng khng thi th vn cha c gii quyt, cha c s thay i, pht
trin no trn thc t. Cn c nhng hnh ng thch hp bin tng gii php
ng cho vn thnh hin thc. Lc vn mi coi l c gii quyt, mi
c s thay i, pht trin trn thc t. Ni cch khc, ci ch cn nhm n l
hnh ng gii quyt vn v kt qu c thc t tip nhn, ch
khng dng li t duy gii quyt vn . Bi v, thc tin mi l tiu
chun ca chn l.
Trong mc 1. M u ca quyn sch ny c cu T duy ng vai tr cc k
quan trng, nu nh khng ni l quyt nh i vi qu trnh tin ha v pht trin
ca x hi loi ngi. Nhn y, ngi vit mun lm r hn, t duy trong cu
ni trn phi hiu ngm l cc tng c bin thnh hin thc trn thc t
nh nhng hnh ng ca mt hoc nhiu ngi tham gia gii quyt cc vn m
nhn loi gp phi. Khng phi ngu nhin v con ngi, ngi ta khng ch ni
n b c m cn ni n i tay tng trng cho hnh ng thc hin tng.
Nh vy, chui cc cng vic cn thc hin nh sau (xem Hnh 1):
Hnh 1: Chui cc cng vic cn thc hin
28
T duy v hnh ng
n y, c cu hi ny sinh: Liu tng gii php cho vn , sau khi tm ra,

c nht nh lm ngi gii bi ton v nhng ngi lin quan t ng hnh ng
thc hin, bin tng thnh hin thc trn thc t khng?, ni rng ra, T duy
(th hin di dng cc ngh) c iu khin hnh ng theo mnh khng? C s
nht qun gia t duy v hnh ng khng?. Cu tr li l: Khng, bi v t duy,
m c th l cc ngh ( tng) khng phi l ngun gc, ng lc, nguyn nhn
khi u ca hnh ng. Minh chng cho cu tr li l nhng l l sau:
Cc ng vt, c bit, cc ng vt cp thp c t duy u m vn c cc
hnh ng.
T duy ny sinh khi ngi ta c vn nhng ngay c khi khng c vn
(t duy khng lm vic) ngi ta vn hnh ng.
S khng nht qun gia cc ngh v hnh ng th hin trong thnh ng
ngh mt ng, lm mt no.
T ng (ngn ng) c chc nng th hin cc ngh. Nu mt ngi khng
c tnh ni di th li ni ca ngi th hin ngh ca ngi . V li ni
(phn nh ngh) v vic lm (hnh ng) khng c s nht qun, c th hin
trong cc thnh ng sau: ni mt ng, lm mt no; ni khng i i vi lm;
ni th c, m th khng; li ni gi bay; ha lo; ni li phi gi ly li, ng
nh con bm u ri li bay; ha hu, ha vn; ha trng, ha cui; ni
vy m khng phi (lm) vy; ni nh rng leo, lm nh mo ma; ni hay khng
ty lm tt; ni nh pho, lm nh lo; ni trm thc khng bng bc mt
gang.
Bn cn c th nghim vi chnh mnh: trong cuc i ca bn, c phi bn
tng nhiu ln c nhng d nh, c m di dng cc ngh trong u nhng
trn thc t, bn khng hnh ng thc hin nhng d nh, c m . Hoc
ngc li, c nhng lc trong u bn c nhng nh xu kiu nh phi nh cho
thng A mt trn, phi ly trm ci ny, phi quay cp c im cao nhng bn
khng hnh ng thc hin nhng nh .
Khi hi nhng ngi phm cc ti nh n cp, n trm, git ngi, bun lu,
t lt, tham nhng: Anh (ch) trc khi gy n c bit rng hnh ng nh th l
sai khng?. H u tr li rng: Bit l sai. Trong c h u c ngh khng c
hnh ng sai nh th, nhng trn thc t h vn c hnh ng sai. Nhiu ngi
mn hn t v vn tip tc ti phm, mc d trong u h u c ngh ti phm
l sai.
T duy v hnh ng
29
Khng phi ngu nhin, nh khoa hc thn kinh I.M. Setrenov cho rng: S
cng nhn ngh ca con ngi l nguyn nhn ca hnh ng, y l s di tr v
i nht.
Tm li, t duy (cc ngh) khng phi l ngun gc, ng lc, nguyn
nhn khi u ca hnh ng v phi cn c vo hnh ng vic lm ca
mt ngi, mi c th nh gi c ngi mt cch tin cy, chnh
xc nht.
C l v vy, khi xy dng lut php, nhiu nc trn th gii a ra cc bin
php trng pht v khen thng cn c theo hnh ng vic lm ca c nhn ch
khng cn c vo t duy (cc ngh) ca c nhn . Chng hn, trng pht hnh
ng vt n ch khng trng pht ngh vt n . Ngi ta cng nhn v
thc thi quyn t do t tng, t do ngn lun, t do bo ch, m thc cht l
quyn t do th hin cc ngh di cc hnh thc khc nhau: trong u, li ni,
ch vit. Cha k, t do ngh cn to iu kin cho nhiu tng sng to ra i.
Trong mc 1. M u ca quyn sch ny, ngi vit c nhn xt: Vit Nam,
t nm 1986, t t duy c dng khng t trn cc phng tin thng tin i
chng, trong cc cm t nh cn i mi t duy, c bit, t duy kinh t, cn thay
i t duy, cn t duy mi, cn t duy c lp, cn c t duy sng to, cn
khc phc t duy tr tr, cn khc phc t duy gio iu, ngi vit cho rng
cn phi tho lun thm y.
Cn c vo nhng g va trnh by trong mc ny, c th thy:
Nu hiu theo ngha en ca nhng cm t ni trn th chng c tc dng
rt t trn thc t, v c s pht trin hin thc th phi hnh ng, ch khng
dng t duy. i mi t duy m khng dn n i mi hnh ng th mi vic
vn nh c.
Nhng ngi a ra li ngh, ku gi ni trn c th quan nim lm tng
vic mt (xem Hnh 1), u tin i mi t duy ri s ngh, ku gi i mi
hnh ng. Tuy nhin, t nm 1986 n nay cng kh lu ri nhng ngi vit
khng thy trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng ni mt cch tp trung n
i mi hnh ng.
C l, nhng li ngh, ku gi ni trn c ng l i mi t duy, thay
i t duy, t duy mi, s t ng dn n nhng hnh ng mi tng ng,
to ra s pht trin. Do vy, ch cn tc ng ln t duy l . Rt tic, y li l
iu tri quy lut
30
T duy v hnh ng
nc ta, c nhng ngi tuy khng ni ra: T duy (cc ngh) l ngun gc,
ng lc, nguyn nhn trc tip ca hnh ng. Trong u (tr nh) ca ngi no
c cng nhiu ngh tt th ngi c cng nhiu hnh ng tt. Do vy, phi a
vo u ngi ta tht nhiu cc ngh tt, nhng xt v vic lm, h ang lm nh
th. Kt qu ca vic lm ny c th dn n cu chuyn di y, , cc ngh
tt khng dn n cc hnh ng tt:
Sn trng PTTH Thi Phin ( Nng) rp mt bng phng v hm
16/7/1995 tr thnh php nh xt x chnh mt hc sinh ca trng. l
V.N.M, hc sinh lp 11, do nh thy gio ca mnh ngay trong phng thi.
C mt ti phin ta, chng kin cnh M. ng trc vnh mng nga tr li
nhng cu hi ca hi ng xt x, chng ti v hng trm ngi khc qu i
ngc nhin trc nhng hiu bit ca b co.
Ci p vo mt anh khi bc vo trng, vo lp l g?
Tha, l cu chm ngn: Tin hc l, hu hc vn.
Anh hiu th no v cu nht t vi s, bn t vi s?
Tha, ti hiu l mt ch l thy m na ch cng l thy ca mnh.
Mt trong nhng truyn thng qu bu ca dn tc ta m mi ngi u bit, anh
c bit khng v c hiu khng?
Tha, l truyn thng tn s trng o. Ti hiu s tc l thy dy v o l
o l.
Gii! Th xa nay, ngi Vit Nam thng hay ni n mt mi quan h trong x
hi bng ba ch. Anh c bit khng?
Tha bit, l: qun s ph. Nc phi c vua. Cha m sinh ra hnh hi,
nhng khng c thy th chng nn ngi.
Rt gii! Ci g anh cng bit, th th ti sao anh li nh thy ca mnh?
Tha, em v
Ta tuyn pht V.N.M. 18 thng t giam. Cu hc tr c th c coi l thng
minh qua nhng cu i p trn l gii hnh vi bo lc ca mnh bng s v .
Ci v c din t trong co trng l: khi cu quay cp nhiu ln, gim th nhc
nh, th cu nh vo mt thy, ri sau dng gh phang tip. Lc nhiu thy, c
khc n can gin, cu da s t nh thy gio
T duy v hnh ng
31
Ti th phi chu. Nhng iu lm ti cng nh cc bc ph huynh, gio vin c

mt hm y bn khon chnh l s hiu bit v hnh ng ca b co 17 tui. Cu bit
ht, thuc ht nhng g c hc, c c v l, v s, v o, nhng hnh ng
th ngc li. ng bun l ch .
Phi chng nhng iu cu bit, cu hc qua nhng trang sch, nhng li rao
ging trong hc ng v o l khng cn sc nhp vo tm, thnh mt sc
mnh o c trong M. v trong kh nhiu bn tr nh M.? Hay truyn thng tn s
trng o cao qu ngn nm b xi mn theo thi cuc, n mc ch cn qu t s
thing ling ng sau nhng ngn t cao qu ? V v vy, khng t nhng a tr
mi ln ln d c tip nhn y , d thuc lng nhng li gio hun, vn khng xc
tn c nim tin o c?
Phi vy khng, hay cn do ci g khc na?
(Bi bo Phin ta gia sn trng ca on Chn, ng trn bo Tui Tr
Ch Nht ngy 30/7/1995).
L mt iu l, trong khi gia nh, nh trng, x hi lun dy ngi ta nhng
ngh tt p, t con ci phi sng c hiu vi cha m ri 5 iu Bc H dn
n hc tp v lm theo tm gng o c H Ch Minh th thi gian gn y, ch
cn thng qua bo ch, ngi c c th thy rt nhiu hnh ng xu xy ra
trong x hi vi quy m v mc xu c v nh ngy cng tng. y l cc hnh
ng bi tn; di tr; bp bm; la o; o c gi; u; lu manh; tng tn lng
tm; bt nhn; bt ngha; ma ty; mi dm; bun lu; cho nhiu loi cht cm vo
thc phm; lm hng gi (k cc cc loi giy t, bng cp gi); bt chp tt c min
kim c tin, coi tin l trc ht v trn ht; gy ra cc loi tai nn; dng dng,
v cm, nhn tm i vi kh khn, au kh ca nhng ngi khc; hnh dn; xa
hoa; trc ph; ho danh; sa a; h ha; n cp (k c o vn, o nhc, rt rut
cng trnh); n trm; bo lc (k c bo lc hc ng, bo hnh trong gia nh,
ngoi ng ph); th tnh; git ngi vi nhiu v cc k c c v man r; chy
cht vic, kiu; quan liu; t lt; nhn hi l; tham nhng; c lm tri
hng li; lng ph; v trch nhim; lnh o, qun l yu km; gy nhim mi
trng; tn ph ti nguyn; xm hi cc di tch lch s;
Phi chng y c g vi phm quy lut v con ngi ch bn cht con
ngi lc sinh ra l thin (nhn chi s tnh bn thin). Cc mc sau s trnh by cc
quy lut v con ngi, c bit, cc quy lut lin quan n hnh ng ca con
ngi, c nh hng bi t duy ng, km theo s ng hnh ca xc cm
tng ng.
Chui t nhu cu n hnh ng v ngc li (chui nhu cuhnh ng) khi cha c t duy
32
5. Chui t nhu cu n hnh ng v ngc li (chui

nhu cuhnh ng) khi cha c t duy
5.1.
Nhu cu c nhn v hnh ng c nhn
5.1.1.
Nhu cu c nhn
Nhu cu ca c nhn l s i hi ca c nhn c c nhng iu
kin, phng tin (hiu theo ngha rng, bao gm c kin thc, cng c)
v kt qu cn thit cho s tn ti v pht trin ca c nhn . Nhu cu c
nhn thuc v th gii bn trong ca c nhn.
C nhiu cch phn loi cc nhu cu c nhn. Ngi vit s dng cch phn loi
di y.
Theo P.V.Ximonov, cc nhu cu c bn (mang tnh nguyn t) ca c nhn c
th tp hp v phn thnh ba nhm:
1) Cc nhu cu sinh hc: n, ung, ng, gi thn nhit (v ngi l ng vt
mu nng), bo v khi nhng tc ng c hi ca mi trng (hiu theo ngha
rng, bao gm c nhng ngi xung quanh, t nhin, x hi), tit kim sc lc, duy
tr ni ging y l nhng nhu cu c nhn tn ti v pht trin nh mt c
th, mt ging loi sinh hc trong th gii t nhin.
2) Cc nhu cu x hi: nhu cu thuc v mt cng ng (nhm, tng lp) x
hi no v gi mt v tr nht nh (khng phi l thp nht v cha chc l cao
nht) trong cng ng . Nhu cu c nhng ngi xung quanh ch , quan tm,
knh trng v yu mn y l nhng nhu cu c nhn tn ti v pht trin
trong x hi.
Cc nhu cu x hi ca c nhn chia thnh hai loi: 1) Cc nhu cu cho mnh
m c nhn nhn bit nh cc quyn li ca mnh; 2) Cc nhu cu cho nhng
ngi khc, c c nhn nhn bit nh l ngha v. iu ny d hiu v, thuc
v v gi mt v tr nht nh trong mt cng ng x hi no (c c nhng
quyn li no ), c nhn phi c nhng ng gp cho cng ng. Tng t nh
vy, c c s quan tm, knh trng, yu mn t nhng ngi khc, c nhn
phi c nhng hnh ng tha mn nhu cu ca nhng ngi khc. Khng phi
ngu nhin, kinh nghim lch s ca nhn loi cho thy, ngi hnh phc nht l
ngi mang hnh phc cho nhiu ngi nht. Trong s thng nht, cc nhu cu
cho mnh lm ny sinh lng t trng, t ch trong t duy, phn xt, nh gi mt
cch c lp. Cc nhu cu cho nhng ngi khc lm cho con ngi tr nn nhn
hu, c kh nng ng cm v cng tc vi nhng ngi khc.
33
3) Cc nhu cu l tng (nhn thc): nhn thc (bit, hiu, gii thch, d
on v) th gii xung quanh (nhng ngi khc, t nhin, x hi) v chnh bn
thn mnh. Loi nhu cu ny th hin thnh nhu cu tr li cc cu hi c th ny
sinh trong u ca c nhn nh ai? ci g? ti sao? lm g? u? xy ra nh th
no? s xy ra chuyn g? Trong ngha ny, c ngi nh ngha: Con ngi l
ng vt t m nht th gii. y l cc nhu cu c nhn tn ti v pht trin
nh ng vt cp cao c kh nng t duy, lin quan n vic hnh thnh th gii
quan, nhn sinh quan.
Cc nhu cu l tng (nhn thc) ca c nhn i hi tr li cc cu hi lin
quan n th gii xung quanh, v tr ca c nhn trong , ngha v mc ch cuc
sng ca c nhn, bng cch k tha cc gi tr vn ha c, pht minh v sng
ch nhng ci m cc th h trc cha bit. Con ngi khng ch sng n thun
m lun trn tr sng lm g? cho ai? Nhn thc hin thc, con ngi hng ti
tm cc quy tc v cc quy lut hot ng m th gii xung quanh phi tun theo
di dng, c th l cc cu chuyn thn thoi, cc tc phm ngh thut, cc l
thuyt khoa hc. Trong , khoa hc c nh gi tin cy hn c trong vic nhn
thc, nh tnh khch quan v c kim tra bng thc tin. Cc cu chuyn thn
thoi, s tch, c tch lm tha mn nhu cu nhn thc khi cc kin thc c, c
chng minh bng thc tin, khng tha mn nhu cu nhn thc. Con ngi
khng chp nhn, khng chu ng c tnh trng bt nh, khng r rng, khng
hiu, khng on trc i vi th gii xung quanh (cc cu hi ny sinh trong u
cha c cu tr li). iu ny lm cho con ngi bi ri, bt lc, do d. c bit, i
vi nhng ngi s khai, cc cu chuyn thn thoi, c tch gip h tha mn
nhu cu nhn thc (c c cc cu tr li cho cc cu hi ny sinh trong u). V
d, chuyn S tch Hn vng phu l cu tr li cho cu hi V sao hn cho trc
li ging ngi m bng a con?. Cc cu chuyn thn thoi khng thay th, lm
tng kin thc m c tc dng an thn, lp nhng ch trng hiu bit trong u
con ngi. iu ny cng gp phn gii thch v sao nn m tn, d oan rt kh
khc phc. V d, cc thy bi lun c sn cc cu tr li cho cc cu hi ca cc
thn ch v nguyn nhn tht bi, ng tnh duyn, s phn ca h.
Ngoi cc nhu cu c bn, con ngi cn c nhu cu tha mn cc nhu cu, th
hin c th thnh cc nhu cu h tr cho cc nhu cu c bn: nhu cu c trang b
cc phng tin (hiu theo ngha rng, bao gm c cc kin thc, k nng, tay ngh,
k xo v cng c) c th t c mc ch tha mn nhu cu v nhu cu c
nhng hnh ng vt qua cc kh khn ( ch) gp trn con ng ti ch tha
mn cc nhu cu. Trong nhng trng hp nht nh, ch mnh c th lm c
34
nhn sai lm khi xc nh nhu cu u tin hoc vic vt qua cc kh khn tr

thnh mc ch t thn m qun mt mc ch ban u cn t. Nhng lc nh vy,
c nhn c th tr nn bng bnh trong hnh ng v khng tr li cu hi:
Vt qua cc kh khn lm g?. ch kiu nh vy c th dn n duy ch v
nhng n lc, c gng v ch.
S th hin mang du n c tnh cao v s phi hp c o ring ca hai loi
nhu cu h tr ni trn xc nh tnh cch ca c nhn cho trc. Mc trang b
tt gip c nhn c c s t tin, kin quyt, c lp, t ch trong nhng hon
cnh c cc vn cn gii quyt. Vic trang b khng tt lm c nhn lo lng, ri
tr, tr nn ph thuc, cn s che ch. tha mn nhu cu trang b phng tin,
c nhn cn phi hc (hiu theo ngha rng nht, bao gm bt chc, tham gia cc
tr chi). Nhu cu vt kh l c s ca cc phm cht ch c nhn.
Cc nhu cu c bn v h tr l nhng nhu cu khi pht, hiu theo ngha, theo
thi gian, ty theo iu kin x hi c th, chng dn n nhng nhu cu khc
(nhng nhu cu th pht). V d, t nhu cu sinh hc khi pht gi thn nhit
lm ny sinh nhu cu v qun, o. n lt mnh, nhu cu qun, o lm ny sinh
nhu cu sn xut (nui, trng c nguyn vt liu, dt, may, an)
L cc nhu cu c bn, h tr v th pht, chng cn c th phi hp, t hp,
kt hp vi nhau, to ra s thay i v cht (ch khng phi l php cng s hc),
hnh thnh nhng nhu cu phc tp hn, gi l cc nhu cu hp thnh (cc nhu cu
mang tnh h thng), nhng thang bc h thng khc nhau vi nhng sc thi
khc nhau. V d, nhu cu v mt qun o c th hp thnh t cc nhu cu gi thn
nhit, c , ch , nhn thc Tng t nh vy, nhu cu du lch c th hp
thnh t cc nhu cu nhn thc, c , ch Tm li, nu bn thy c nhng
nhu cu khng c lit k tn ra y, chng c th l cc nhu cu hp thnh v
bn th phn tch tm cc yu t (nguyn t) to nn chng.
Trong cc nhu cu ca c nhn, cn phi k n nhu cu hp thnh c bit.
y l nhu cu tin m nu l tin c th chuyn i c th cng tt. thi k
sn bn, hi lm, bn mun tha mn nhu cu n, bn phi t lm iu bng
cch i sn v hi qu. Sang thi k c s trao i sn phm, bn khng nht thit
t lm mi th tng ng vi cc nhu cu ca mnh. V d, bn ch cn rn dao, qua
trao i bn vn c c lng thc, thc phm, qun o tha mn cc nhu
cu khc. Khi tin, mt loi hng ha trung gian xut hin, vic trao i cng tr
nn thun tin hn na. Cng vi giao thng quc t ri khuynh hng ton cu
ha, nhiu loi tin tr nn chuyn i c gia cc quc gia. Nu bn c tin,
35
nhiu nhu cu c nhn s c tha mn. Cho nn, khng phi ngu nhin cc c
nhn, cng ty, quc gia u c gng tr nn giu, thnh cng v mt kinh t.
Cc nhu cu ca con ngi u c th th hin thnh hai dng: cc nhu cu gi
gn v cc nhu cu pht trin. X hi loi ngi tri qua cc giai on lch s (thi
i) c th khc nhau. mi giai on, do s tng tc ca cc yu t nh lch s,
kinh t, vn ha hnh thnh nhng chun mc c th phn nh trong thc x
hi ca nhng con ngi thuc giai on . Cc nhu cu gi gn l nhng nhu cu
i hi phi t c s tha mn trong gii hn cc chun mc. Cc nhu cu pht
trin i hi s tha mn cao hn cc chun mc c, bi v con ngi, theo
Marx v Engels, c cc nhu cu v hn v c kh nng m rng nhng nhu cu 1.
Cc nhu cu pht trin thng dn n cc bi ton v ngi ta cha bit cch lm
sao tha mn cao hn nhng chun mc c.
Nhn y, ngi vit trch dn cu ni ca Bc H v nhu cu, thng 6 nm
1968 nhn dp lm v xut bn loi sch Ngi tt vic tt: My chc nm nay,
nhn dn ta phi tp trung sc lc nh gic cho nn v xy dng i sng, ta
cha lm c nhiu. Nhng nh thng gic M ri th nhng vic chnh ca cch
mng l lm th no gii quyt ngy cng tt hn nhng vn (nhu cu ngi
vit lm r): n, mc, , i li, hc hnh, phng v cha bnh Tm li l khng
ngng nng cao i sng vt cht v tinh thn ca nhn dn (Trch t Quyn 2 H
Ch Minh tuyn tp, Nh xut bn S Tht, H Ni, 1980, trang 488). y, ngi
vit mun nhn mnh cm t nhng vic chnh ca cch mng.
Cc nhu cu ca con ngi cn c th phn loi theo mc i hi tha mn.
C nhng nhu cu tha mn c th tt, khng tha mn c th cng khng sao.
V d nh nhu cu du hnh v tr ca c nhn no . C nhng nhu cu i hi
nht nh phi tha mn, nu khng, nh hng n vic tha mn cc nhu cu
khc, thm ch nh hng n s tn ti. V d nh nhu cu n, ung (C thc mi
vc c o, Mt ci bng i th chng c tai u ngn ng Anh). Cc nhu cu
c mc i hi tha mn cao (cc nhu cu cp bch) thng lm ny sinh cc
bi ton phi u tin gii trc. Tuy nhin, xc nh hoc t xc nh chnh xc nhu
cu cp bch ca con ngi c th, nhiu khi, l vn kh ngay c i vi chnh
con ngi c th . C nhng nhu cu n nh, ko di v mt thi gian, c khi c
i, c gi l nhng nhu cu ch o. V d, nhu cu thc hin mt cng vic di
hn no , nhu cu xy dng mt s nghip no
Trong cc nhu cu c nhn c cc nhu cu bm sinh, c chn lc t nhin gi
1
Ting Nga: . . . 2/7, , 1935, c.235
36
li. Cc nhu cu bm sinh cng cc gii php tha mn nhu cu c lp trnh

sn v c kch hot theo tui i. V d, tha mn nhu cu n thc n rn,
rng mc ra; tha mn nhu cu duy tr ni ging, h sinh dc khi ng v pht
trin. Cc nhu cu c nhn khc l cc nhu cu hnh thnh trong s tng tc gia
c nhn v mi trng (tt c nhng g xung quanh c nhn) trong sut cuc i
ca mnh. Cc nhu cu c nhn ny c th l cc nhu cu thun ty phc v li ch
c nhn; phc v li ch x hi; va phc v li ch c nhn va x hi; cc nhu cu
c nhn mi m c nhn t ra
Trn y l nhng nt chung v cc nhu cu ca con ngi. i vo cc nhu cu
c th ca cc c nhn c th th mi c nhn c th gii ring cc nhu cu ca
mnh, khng ai ging ai c. iu ny c th hiu c, t ra, v tng hp cc l do
sau:
Cc c nhn khc nhau v cu trc di truyn dn n c cc nhu cu bm
sinh khc nhau.
Cc c nhn khc nhau sng cc mi trng (hiu theo ngha rng nht)
khc nhau nn nhng nhu cu hnh thnh do mi trng cng khc nhau.
Cc c nhn khc nhau v mt di truyn nn d sng trong cng mt mi
trng, nhng nhu cu hnh thnh do tng tc ca mi trng vi c nhn cng
khc nhau.
Tuy ai cng c cc nhu cu c bn, h tr ging nhau v tn gi nhng rt
khc nhau v cng v sc thi.
nhng c nhn khc nhau, cch dn n cc nhu cu th pht v hp
thnh cng khc nhau.
Nhng c nhn khc nhau c cc mc i hi tha mn cc nhu cu khc
nhau.
S thay i cc nhu cu (k c chng loi, cng , sc thi, mc i hi
tha mn) theo tui ca mt i ngi nhng ngi khc nhau th khc nhau.
Thng thng, c nhn c th nhn bit cc nhu cu ca mnh thng qua cc
ngh ny sinh trong u: Ti mun v tr li cc cu hi: lm g?, tha
mn nhu cu no? cho n tn cng. V d: Ti mun c ci o vt ; lm
g?; mc lc tri lnh. tha mn nhu cu no?; khng b mt nhit.
Nh vy nhu cu y l gi thn nhit. Ti sao l o vt ? lm g; trng
bi bi mt t hoc cho n ng n Nu th, y cn c nhu cu thuc
37
v nhm ngi no hoc nhu cu c ch , nhu cu c knh trng

Trong i sng hng ngy, cc nhu cu ca c nhn thng th hin thng qua
cc mc ch c th no m t c chng th cc nhu cu ca c nhn c
tha mn. V d, khi t c mc ch gn cc bnh xe vo vali ko, thay cho
khing, vc, xch th nhu cu tit kim sc lc c tha mn. Cc mc ch phn
nh cc nhu cu c nhn mt cch ch quan, nhiu khi, phn nh nh th no,
chnh c nhn cng khng nhn bit. Do vy, y c th ny sinh cc vn lin
quan n nng lc c nhn v s la chn cch phn nh, chnh xc ca phn
nh, thu thp thng tin cn thit cho s phn nh Nhng vn ny nhng c
nhn khc nhau cng khc nhau c v lng ln v cht. Cc mc ch ra c th
c pht biu r rng, y hoc khng r rng, c nhiu khim khuyt; c th
c th hoc chung chung; c th ng hoc sai Ngi vit mun lu bn c
rng xc nh mc ch ng, lin quan n vic pht biu bi ton phn nh nhu
cu, l cng vic khng d dng, do vy, cn rt ng tm. t c cc mc
ch ra (thc cht l lm tha mn cc nhu cu c th), c nhn phi c nhng
hnh ng thch hp, t ra, nhn theo quan im ca chnh c nhn ngi hnh
ng.
Ngoi cc nhu cu ca c nhn cn c cc nhu cu ca x hi. Hai loi nhu cu
ny lin quan cht ch vi nhau.
5.1.2.
Mi lin h gia nhu cu c nhn v hnh ng c nhn
Engels, t lu khng nh: Mi ngi thng quen gii thch cc hnh ng

ca mnh xut pht t t duy, m ng ra l t cc nhu cu ca mnh (nhng nhu
cu ny, tt nhin, c phn nh, nhn thc trong u), v bng cch ny (coi t
duy l ngun gc, ng lc hnh ng ca con ngi ngi vit nhn mnh), vi
thi gian hnh thnh chnh th gii quan duy tm1; Khng ai c th lm ci g
(hnh ng ngi vit nhn mnh) m khng v nhu cu no trong s cc
nhu cu ca mnh v v c quan ca nhu cu 2 v tng lun t nh mt uy
tn, ngay khi n b tch ra khi s quan tm 3 (xut pht t nhu cu ngi vit
nhn mnh). Nh vy, ngun gc su xa, tn cng ca cc hnh ng c nhn
l cc nhu cu ca c nhn v cc hnh ng ca c nhn l nhm tha
mn chnh cc nhu cu c nhn y. Khi bn tc ng ln t duy (lm cng tc t
tng ln thc) ngi khc, nhng tng ca bn nu ra m khng lin quan,
1
Tieng Nga: ., . . 2- . .20, .493
Tieng Nga: ., . . 2- . .3, .245
Tieng Nga: ., . . 2- . .2, .89
38
t hn, khng gip lm tha mn cc nhu cu c nhn ca ngi , cc tng t

nh mt uy tn v khng c tip nhn. Mc d, nhn v hnh thc b ngoi ca
ngi , bn tng l bn thnh cng. Cc nhu cu c nhn cng chnh l
nguyn nhn lm ny sinh cc vn khi chng khng c tha mn bng cc
hnh ng bit.
Vic cng nhn cc nhu cu l nguyn nhn khi u cc hnh ng
ca con ngi v bc b quan im cho rng t duy ca con ngi l
ngun gc, nguyn nhn, ng lc hnh ng ca con ngi, tr thnh
xut pht im ca nhng gii thch khoa hc v cc hnh vi hng ch
ca con ngi.
Nh vy, ni chung, nu c nhn khng c nhu cu no th c nhn s khng
c nhng hnh ng nhm tha mn nhu cu . Nu c nhn c nhu cu no v
c nhn hnh ng lm tha mn hon ton nhu cu , c nhn s khng cn
tip tc hnh ng na. Nu c nhn c nhu cu (cp bch) no khng c
tha mn trong thi gian tng i di v c nhn khng tm ra c cch hnh
ng tha mn nhu cu, c nhn c th ri vo b tc, mc bnh tm thn, c
nhng hnh ng ni lon hoc t t.
i vi con ngi ni chung, c th c nhiu ch khng phi duy nht mt
cch hnh ng nhm t mc ch (tha mn nhu cu) c th cho trc. Trong s
, thm ch, c nhng cch hnh ng hon ton tri ngc nhau, xem Hnh 2.
Nhu cau cu the cho trc
Cac hanh ong trai ngc nhau
Hnh 2:
C th c nhiu cch hnh ng (cc mi tn) tha mn nhu cu c th cho trc
39
Ni cch khc, mt nhu cu c th dn n cc mc ch khc nhau vi cc

hnh ng thc hin khc nhau nhng ngi khc nhau hoc trong cng mt con
ngi. Trong nhng hnh ng ny c th c nhng hnh ng tt, hnh ng xu,
hnh ng trung tnh. Ht sc trnh cho rng ch c duy nht mt cch hnh ng
tha mn nhu cu. iu ny lm cho c nhn cm thy b tc. C nhiu cch
hnh ng gip cho c nhn la chn, thay i hnh ng tha mn nhu cu.
i vi cc c nhn c th khc nhau, tha mn nhu cu c th cho trc, h
c th c cc hnh ng hon ton khc nhau, xem Hnh 3. Ni cch khc, cng mt
nhu cu c th dn n cc mc ch, hnh ng khc nhau nhng ngi khc
nhau.
Hnh 3:
Cc c nhn khc nhau c th c cc hnh ng khc nhau nhm tha mn cng loi
nhu cu
V d, mt mt, tha mn nhu cu tin ni chung, c th c nhiu cch hnh

ng: chuyn ch lm; chuyn ngh tng thu nhp; phn u v chuyn mn,
nghip v nhn lng cao hn; sng to ra cc loi dch v, sn phm bn chy
hn trn th trng; chi s ; n cp; n cp; bun ma ty; tham nhng (xem
Hnh 2). Mt khc, nhng c nhn khc nhau la chn cc hnh ng khc nhau, t
nhng hnh ng c th c lit k trn. C nhng hnh ng tri ngc nhau v
c nhng hnh ng xu ca c nhn khng ph hp vi cc chun mc ca x hi
lnh mnh, xem Hnh 3.
Ngc li, nhng c nhn khc nhau c th c hnh ng ging nhau v mt
hnh thc nhng hnh ng li xut pht t nhng nhu cu c nhn khc nhau,
xem Hnh 4. Ni cch khc, mt mc ch c th phn nh cc nhu cu khc nhau
nhng ngi khc nhau.
40
Ca nhan 1
, ... ,
Ca nhan 2
Ca nhan N
Cac nhu cau ca nhan khac nhau

Hanh ong cua ca nhan cu the
Hnh 4:
Hnh ng ging nhau c th xut pht t nhng nhu cu c nhn khc nhau
V d, cc th sinh trong phng thi cng lm mt thi vo i hc. Tt c h

u c mc ch u i hc. Ngi th xut pht t nhu cu kin thc; ngi th
cn bng cp; ngi mun cha, m vui lng; ngi n gin mun hc chung vi
bn thn ca mnh
Thm vo nhng g ni trn, mt hnh ng ca c nhn cn c th tha mn
cng mt lc nhiu nhu cu, xem Hnh 5. iu ny c th hiu c v c nhng
nhu cu l loi nhu cu hp thnh. Ni cch khc, c nhng mc ch l mc ch
hp thnh.
Ca nhan cu the
Cac nhu cau ca nhan khac nhau
Hanh ong cua ca nhan cu the
Hnh 5:
Mt hnh ng c th tha mn nhiu nhu cu
V d, hnh ng kim tin gip tha mn kh nhiu loi nhu cu. Hoc vic s
dng in thoi di ng i mi nht i vi nhiu ngi va tha mn nhu cu
tit kim sc lc, va tha mn nhu cu c , ch .
Tm li, qua nhng g trnh by mc 4.1. Hnh ng c nhn v mc
5.1.1. Nhu cu c nhn, chng ta thy:
Nhu cu (ch khng phi t duy) c nhn l ngun gc ca hnh
ng c nhn v c nhn hnh ng nhm tha mn nhu cu c nhn (xem
41
Hnh 6).
Hnh 6:
Mi lin h gia nhu cu c nhn v hnh ng c nhn hay l chui nhu cuhnh ng
tha mn nhu cu no c th c nhiu cch hnh ng, trong c

nhng hnh ng tt, xu, trung tnh v c c nhng hnh ng hon ton ngc
nhau.
Mt hnh ng lm tha mn thc s mt nhu cu no ch khi nhu cu
c tha mn v khng nh hng xu n vic tha mn cc nhu cu khc. V d,
hnh ng n cp tha mn nhu cu tin dn n vic b bt, i t (nhu cu t
do khng tha mn). Vy hnh ng n cp trong trng hp ny khng dn n
tha mn thc s nhu cu tin.
Tnh hung trn thc t rt a dng. C nhng tnh hung quen thuc,
c nhn c nhng hnh ng quen thuc v nhu cu c nhn c tha mn thc
s.
C nhng tnh hung, c nhn bit mc ch cn t (mc ch phn nh
nhu cu) nhng khng bit chc chn phi hnh ng nh th no mi thc s
tha mn nhu cu. Nhng tnh hung nh vy l vn hay bi ton. Lc ny,
nhiu khi c nhn phi thc hin nhng hnh ng mi mang tnh cht th, xem c
tha mn nhu cu hay khng.
5.2.
Xc cm c nhn trong chui nhu cuhnh ng
T xc cm, ngi vit dng y, c hiu theo ngha rng. N bao gm

cc cm gic mang sc thi xc cm (nh i, mt), cc xc cm (hiu theo ngha
thng thng nh vui, bun, gin), tnh cm (v d tnh yu), lng (v d lng yu
nc), tinh thn (v d tinh thn trch nhim) nhng ch cn thit, ngi vit
s i vo phn bit c th hn. C nhng nh nghin cu c tnh, s lng xc
cm ca con ngi c ti hng chc ngn loi khc nhau. Trong khi , s lng t
42
ng din t xc cm ch trong khong 5 n 6 ngn t. iu ny c ngha, c

nhng xc cm m bn khng th din t c cho ngi khc v hiu nhng xc
cm ca nhau ng cm, thng cm, chia s l vn khng d. Xc cm thng
i km vi s thay i trng thi sinh l c th, v d, thay i nhp tim, huyt p,
in tr da; mch mu co hoc gin; cc c co, git, th lng
Xc cm c nhn l s phn nh tm l ca c nhn v vic c nhn
cm thy tha mn hay khng tha mn nhu cu c nhn.
C nhiu cch hnh thnh xc cm c nhn. y, ngi vit ly mt cch lm
v d.
Khi c nhn ln u tin gp bi ton (c nhu cu cp bch no cn tha
mn nhng hnh ng nh th no chc chn tha mn nhu cu th khng bit),
cc hnh ng ca c nhn mang tnh cht th v sai (xem Hnh 7).
Xuc cam am
Xuc cam dng
Hanh ong 1
Hanh ong 2
Thoa man nhu cau (li giai)
Nhu cau can thoa man (bai toan)

Hnh 7:
Mt cch hnh thnh xc cm
Nu hnh ng sai, v d hnh ng 1: c nhn tn sc lc m khng tha mn

nhu cu. Lc ny, trong c nhn hnh thnh xc cm m. Xc cm m xut hin
khng bin mt m c lu gi (nh) trong cc hon cnh tng t xy ra
trong tng lai, s ngn cn c nhn lp li hnh ng . Trng hp c bit, nu
php th sai n ni c nhn b tiu dit, c ngha chn lc t nhin o thi
c th . Ngc li, nu hnh ng gip c nhn tha mn nhu cu (c khi ch mt
phn no), trong c nhn hnh thnh xc cm dng. Xc cm dng cng c
lu gi (nh) v c tc dng trong nhng tnh hung tng t xy ra trong tng
43
lai, s thc y vic lp li hnh ng (li gii) tha mn nhu cu. Nh vy,
xc cm m th hin s khng hi lng ca ch th i vi vic khng tha mn
nhu cu, cn xc cm dng s hi lng v nhu cu c tha mn.
Tr nh xc cm ng vai tr rt quan trng trong cuc sng ca mi ngi.
Cc xc cm lu gi trong tr nh l cc tn hiu hoc kch thch, thc y hoc km
hm, ngn cn cc hnh ng tng ng. Trong ngha nht nh, tr nh xc cm
thng mnh hn cc loi tr nh khc trong hot ng ca con ngi.
Xc cm gip thay i hnh ng c nhn theo hng cc i ha hnh ng
no lm tng tha mn nhu cu v cc tiu ha hnh ng no khng tha mn nhu
cu c nhn. V d, mt em hc sinh giao tip vi nhng hc sinh khc trong lp
nhm tha mn nhu cu c , ch , quan tm. i vi nhng ngi lm tha
mn cc nhu cu ca em nh bit chia s vui, bun, tn trng em, em rt mng khi
gp nhng ngi v c nhng hnh ng s ln gp nhau nhiu hn. Ngc
li, i vi nhng ngi khng lm em tha mn nhu cu, nh coi thng, chc
ph, bt nt em, em thy kh chu, ght v tm cch trnh mt. Thng thng, c
nhn c khuynh hng hnh ng cc i ha cc xc cm dng v cc tiu
ha cc xc cm m. R rng, cc xc cm dng lm c nhn cm thy hnh phc
hn cc xc cm m. y, dng khng c ngha l tt, m khng c ngha l
xu. Dng ch c ngha thc y hnh ng tng ng vi n v m, ngc li,
ngn cn hnh ng tng ng vi n, trong khi hnh ng tng ng vi xc cm
c th tt hoc xu. Do vy, xc cm dng c th thc y hnh ng tt hoc xu.
Tng t, xc cm m cng c th ngn cn hnh ng tt hoc xu.
Ngoi ra, thc t cho thy, thc y v ngn cn mang tnh tng i. Thc
y hnh ng ny cng c ngha ngn cn hnh ng ngc li hoc hnh ng
lin quan v ngn cn hnh ng kia cng c ngha thc y hnh ng ngc li
hoc lin quan. V d, mt ngi i xe c xc cm dng thc y hnh ng vt
n . iu ny cng c ngha chnh xc cm ngn cn hnh ng dng xe li.
Ngc li, mt ngi s b pht v vt n , xc cm m ny ngn chn hnh
ng vt n nhng thc y hnh ng dng xe li sau vch trng.
Ngoi ra cn c nhng xc cm trung tnh, hiu theo ngha, chng vn c c
nhn cm nhn nhng khng cho c nhn cm gic thch th do tha mn nhu cu
hoc khng thch th do khng tha mn nhu cu. Di y l mt s xc cm
dng, m v trung tnh:
1) Cc xc cm dng: khoi tr, sung sng, hoan lc, hn hoan, khm
phc, t ho, t hi lng, t tin, tin cy, knh trng, cm tnh, tnh dc, tnh yu, bit
44
n, lng tm thanh thn, s nh nhm tm hn, cm gic an ton, vui sng trn
au kh ngi khc, tha mn sau khi bo th
2) Cc xc cm m: khng hi lng, au kh, bun ti, chn nn, tht vng, lo
lng, s hi, tic r, thng hi, thng cm, t i, cu, gin, cm thy b s nhc,
khng cm tnh, ghen t, nghi ng, cm th, khng tin cy, cm thy kh x,
ngng, xu h, hi hn, lng tm cn rt, kinh tm
3) Cc xc cm trung tnh: dng dng, lnh m, th v gm c t m,
ngc nhin, sng st nu khng km theo s thch th hay khng thch th, s hi
lng hay khng hi lng.
Thng k cho thy cc xc cm m nhiu hn xc cm dng.
Tng t nh cc hin tng tm l khc, xc cm hnh thnh v pht trin
trong qu trnh tin ha thch nghi vi mi trng xung quanh v con ngi c
k tha mt s xc cm t nhng ng vt t tin. Trc ht, xc cm c chc
nng bo hiu. V d, cm gic i bo hiu cho ng vt phi i tm thc n kh
lu trc khi cc cht dinh dng trong c th cn kit. Bi v, ng vt khc vi
thc vt, phi di chuyn, vn ng. Ch cc cht dinh dng trong c th khng
cn, nh xe ht xng mi bit, di chuyn i tm thc n ng ngha vi ci cht
chc chn. Tnh hnh tng t cng xy ra vi vic hnh thnh cc cm gic mang
sc thi xc cm khc nh cm gic kht, mt mi, au n v c chn lc t
nhin gi li nhm tha mn nhu cu tn ti nh l ng vt.
Xc cm cn c chc nng thay i (iu khin) loi xc cm, do vy, thay i
loi hnh ng, c bit, trong nhng trng hp cn huy ng cc ngun d tr
ca c th tn ti. V d, cm gic mt mi bo hiu cho c th phi chun b
ngh ngi, hi phc sc lc trc khi cn cc nng lng c bp. Nhng nu ng
vo lc , ng vt ri vo tnh hung khn cp nh b e da tnh mng, cm gic
mt mi c thay th bng s s hi hoc ni gin. Chnh s thay i xc cm ny
lm con vt chuyn c sang trng thi s dng ti a cc ngun lc ca mnh
hoc chy trn, hoc lao vo cuc chin u mt mt, mt cn. Thm mt ln
na, chc nng ny c chn lc t nhin gi li nhm tha mn nhu cu tn ti
nh l ng vt.
Vi s pht trin x hi v t duy, con ngi hnh thnh nhng xc cm mi,
phc tp v cao cp hn, gi l nhng xc cm tr tu. V d, thc cng bng, danh
d, ngha v, tinh thn trch nhim, lng yu nc, tnh cm on kt, lng nhit
tnh lao ng, cm hng sng to, tnh yu i vi ci p, tnh cm cao thng,
mong mun chia s cc xc cm, lng v tha, ng cm, c hi hc, thc s hu,
45
lng tham Tm li, nhng xc cm cao cp l nhng xc cm thuc cc lnh vc

nhn thc, o c, thm m v sng to.
Mi ngi khng ch khc nhau v kh nng cm nhn xc cm, v phn ng
xc cm i vi cng mt s kin hoc thng tin, m cn nhng trng thi sc
khe khc nhau, la tui khc nhau, di nhng tc ng khc nhau hoc vi cc
tm trng khc nhau. Theo thi gian, chng ta cng khng ging chnh mnh v cc
xc cm ny sinh. V d, cng c mt tc phm Truyn Kiu, nhng ngi khc
nhau c nhng xc cm khc nhau. Ngay chnh mt con ngi, khi hc ph thng
c Truyn Kiu cm nhn khc vi khi ln tui, sau nhng thng trm ca
cuc i. iu ny c th hiu c v xc cm phn nh nhu cu v kh nng tha
mn hoc khng tha mn nhu cu, c tc dng thc y hoc ngn chn hnh
ng m quan h nhu cu hnh ng kh phc tp. Di y, ngi vit nhn
mnh mt s :
Xc cm phn nh nhu cu t hai pha: pha nhu cu c nhn vn c (mang
tnh cht chung) v pha mc ch (c th hn) do c nhn ra hnh ng
(nhm tha mn nhu cu) trong bi cnh cc iu kin nh hng n vic c th
tha mn hay khng tha mn nhu cu. Ni cch khc, xc cm lm c th ha nhu
cu v to ra cc xung lc kch thch bn trong ch th hnh ng mt cch c
th. V d, nhu cu n tuy dn n hnh ng n nhng xc cm ch ra trc tip v
c th hn: thch n tht b hn tht heo, thch n qun ny hn qun kia
Xc cm c th c nhng cng v sc thi khc nhau, gp phn to nn
nhng kh cht khc nhau. Xc cm dng vi cng mnh thng th hin
thnh s mong mun mnh m thc y thc hin hnh ng tng ng. V d
nh s say m, nhit tnh chy bng, kht vng.
Mt nhu cu cho trc, ty theo hnh ng, c th dn n nhng xc cm
vui, bun khc nhau. Ngc li, cc nhu cu khc nhau, cng ty theo hnh ng,
c th dn n xc cm ging nhau. V d, cc hnh ng lm tha mn cc nhu cu
khc nhau c th dn n cng mt nim vui nh nhau.
Cc xc cm c th kt hp, phi hp vi nhau thnh cc xc cm phc tp,
gi l cc xc cm hp thnh mang tnh h thng. V d, bun vui ln ln; gin th
gin m thng th thng; nhng xc cm khng ni nn li.
Cc xc cm c th b sung cho nhau. V d, ngi tng bun nhiu, khi
c nim vui, cng xc cm thng mnh hn nhng ngi khc.
Cc xc cm c th chuyn ha ln nhau, c bit, khi vt qu mt ngng
46
no . V d, thm lm chng phai; thoang thong hoa nhi m li thm lu; thn
nhau lm th cn nhau au; gin ci, ti khc; ht khn dn n di; nim vui
nh ngi ta ci, nim vui ln ngi ta khc; t yu n ght, nhiu khi, ch mt
bc.
Cc xc cm c th u tranh vi nhau, xc cm no thng, xc cm s
thc y hoc ngn chn hnh ng tng ng.
Cc xc cm c th mu thun nhau, hiu theo ngha, xc cm ny c tha
mn th xc cm khc khng c tha mn. V d, b tin mua sch c, c c
nim vui tha mn nhu cu nhn thc nhng tic, v phi d sn trong n, mc.
Xc cm c th thay th nhau. V d, i vi nhiu ngi, nim vui trong
nghin cu khoa hc hon ton thay th c nim vui n chi, xi nhng xn,
hng hiu
Nhng ngi tng tri qua nhiu loi xc cm thng hiu nhng ngi
khc (v mt xc cm) d dng hn, ng cm hn, bao dung hn.
Xc cm thc y c nhn hnh ng theo cc quy lut xc cm, do vy, ty
trng hp c th, xc cm c th tt, c th xu. V d, tin ngi khc mnh c
th b la; yu tc l m; gin mt khn; yu nn tt, ght nn xu.
Xc cm khng ch thc y hoc ngn chn nhng hnh ng th hin ra
bn ngoi m cn c nh hng mnh m n nhng g thuc th gii bn trong
con ngi nh nhu cu, cc thi quen t nguyn, t duy. Cc nh hng ny c th
tt hoc xu. V d, s chn nn c th lm t duy b t lit. Ngc li, s hng th
li gip pht nhiu tng sng to bt ng. Do vy, y c nhn cn c s iu
khin cc xc cm ca mnh.
Thc t cho thy, khi ni v con ngi, phn ln mi ngi thng nhn mnh
v nh gi ch s thng minh IQ, cc nng lc tr tu, t duy sng to mc cao. Gn
y, cc nh chuyn mn mi ch nhiu hn n EQ (Emotional Quotient) v cho
rng chnh EQ (hay cn gi l tr tu xc cm) ng vai tr rt ng k, gip thnh
cng, mc d vai tr to ln ca xc cm c nhiu ngi ni ting cp
n t lu. minh ha, di y, ngi vit trch dn mt s cu ni v xc cm
(ngi vit in m nhng t din t xc cm trong cc cu ) bn c thy xc
cm thc y hnh ng tt rt quan trng v c nh gi cao nh th no.
- Leo Buscaglia: Nu khng c tnh yu thng, cuc sng ca bn xem nh
mt.
- D.H. Lawrence: Nu ci khng lm bn rung ng, nu n khng th v,
47
bn ng lm.
- Rollan: Phm cht qu gi nht trong cuc sng l tnh t m lun tr mi. N
khng b tha mn theo thng, nm v sng no n cng nh mi va sinh ra.
- Rollan: Tri tim l n by ca nhng g v i.
- Montaigne: iu c bn nht l tp cc thi quen thch v yu khoa hc.
Nu khc i, n gin, chng ta o to nhng con la cht y nhng iu sch v
kh hiu.
- .Y. Pixarep: Ai c ln yu khoa hc, ngi s yu khoa hc sut i v
khng khi no chia tay vi n mt cch t nguyn.
- Lebbok: tnh yu i vi mt khoa hc no thc y trong chng ta s
ham thch tt c cc khoa hc cn li.
- France: tm hn chng ta s thua km nhng ngi nguyn thy nu khng
lm cho cuc sng ca con chu mnh tt hn v yn lnh hn cuc sng ca chng
ta. t c mc ch, phi nm c hai iu b mt: cn bit yu v bit nhn
thc. Khoa hc v tnh yu sng to cuc sng.
- Galileo: Khng c g v i trn th gii ny c hon thnh m thiu lng
say m.
- Pascan: Khng say m, khng phn khi, khng lm c vic ln.
- I. Pavlov: Khng c tnh yu v lng say m thc s th khng c cng vic
no tri chy.
- Monden: Khng c kht vng th khng c thin ti.
- Ludwig: Hy ng tr nn giu v tr tu n bn tr nn ngho v tm
hn.
- Tc ng Trung Quc: Hng th l ngi thy tt nht.
- S. Simon: Mc lng cao nht tr cho ngi cm quyn l s tin yu ca x
hi.
- Nguyn Tri: Kh thc, kh binh, tn bt kh kh (c th b n, b vic binh
nhng ch tn th khng th b).
- Nhn v tn bt lp (Khng c ch tn khng ng i c).
- Tn vi quc chi bo (Tn l vt bu quc gia).
- G. imitrv: Bit phi lm g cha , cn phi c dng cm thc hin iu
48
na.
- K. Marx: Xu h l mt loi ni gin nhng ch hng vo bn trong. V nu

nh c mt dn tc cm thy xu h th n s ging nh con s t thu mnh li
chun b phng ti.
- Lnin: Thiu nhng xc cm ca con ngi, khng bao gi c, ang c v
s c th c s tm kim chn l ca con ngi.
Mi lin h nhu cu, xc cm v hnh ng c nhn c th hin thnh Hnh
8, trn c s nhng g c trnh by cho n nay.
Hnh 8:
Mi lin h nhu cu, xc cm v hnh ng c nhn trong chui nhu cuhnh ng
ng
cho thy nhu cu c nhn l ngun gc ca hnh ng c nhn.
ng
c nhn hnh ng nhm tha mn nhu cu c nhn.
ng
ch ra loi hnh ng c nhn xut pht thng t nhu cu c nhn.
y l nhng hnh ng do di truyn, bm sinh c chn lc t nhin gi li,

mang tnh cht bn nng, t ng, c lp trnh trong gien.
Xc cm ca c nhn c hnh thnh v lu gi (nh) do nhu cu c nhn
tha mn hay khng tha mn. Nu tha mn, c nhn hi lng, trong c nhn hnh
thnh v lu gi xc cm dng. Nu khng tha mn, c nhn khng hi lng,
trong c nhn hnh thnh v lu gi xc cm m. n lt mnh, sau khi c hnh
thnh v lu gi, t mc (xc cm ), xc cm c tc dng thc y
hoc ngn chn hnh ng mt cch chc chn. T nay, khi ngi vit dng t xc
cm, bn c hy hiu ngm rng y l xc cm . i vo c th, xc cm
dng c tc dng thc y hnh ng tng ng vi n tng n cc i vic
tha mn nhu cu. Ngc li, xc cm m ngn cn hnh ng tng ng vi n
49
gim n ti thiu ci hi ca vic khng tha mn nhu cu, thm ch, c nhn
khng hnh ng na.
Nh vy, xc cm c nhn dng nh nm gia nhu cu v hnh ng c
nhn (xem Hnh 8). u bn ny, xc cm c nhn c nh ot (hnh thnh v
lu gi) nh vic nhu cu tha mn hay khng tha mn. u bn kia n tc ng
(thc y hoc ngn chn) ln hnh ng (xem ng
v ng
).
Xc cm hnh thnh khng bin mt m c lu gi. iu ny c ngha, xc

cm c th tn ti trong mt khong thi gian, c th rt di. Do vy, xc cm c th
coi l mt yu t (b phn) mang tnh c lp nht nh, cn phi tnh n trong
chui t yu t nhu cu n yu t hnh ng. Trn Hnh 8, xc cm c nhn
c biu din thnh mt tng ng vi cc nhu cu c nhn v hnh
ng c nhn.
Nhu cu ca c nhn l ngun gc ca hnh ng c nhn. Trong cc nhu cu
ca c nhn, ch c mt s t nhu cu bm sinh c tc ng trc tip ln hnh ng
(xem ng
). Tuy vn l ngun gc ca hnh ng, nhng nhu cu cn li (k c
nhng nhu cu mi c hnh thnh trong qu trnh sng v lm vic ca c nhn)

khng trc tip tc ng ln hnh ng m tc ng gin tip thng qua xc cm
(xem ng
, ng
). Nh vy, xc cm tc ng (thc y, ngn chn)
ln hnh ng trc tip, mnh m, nhanh v c th hn nhu cu. Khng

phi ngu nhin, trn Hnh 8, ng
ng) c v m hn ng
(ng m t xc cm tc ng ln hnh
v ng
Ngoi ra, xc cm c nhn d c chnh c nhn v nhng ngi

khc nhn bit, nhn dng hn nhu cu c nhn. Bi v, nh chng ta bit
trong phn u ca mc ny: xc cm c nhn thng i km vi s thay i trng
thi sinh l c th ca chnh c nhn, v d thay i nhp tim, huyt p, in tr da;
mch mu co hoc gin; cc c co, git, th lng Cn nhng ngi xung quanh c
th nhn bit, nhn dng xc cm c nhn thng qua cc hnh ng phn nh xc
cm c nhn nh c nhn lc u; nhn vai; nhu my; mt ta tai; khc; ci;
mt tr nn sng rc hoc u m; trng vui, bun, gin d, cu knh (xem mc
4.1. Hnh ng c nhn). iu ny, v mt nguyn tc, gip cho nhng ngi giao
tip vi nhau d nhn ra xc cm ca nhng ngi khc c th tm hiu, thng
cm, chia s v c nhng hnh ng thch hp.
Do nhng c im ni tri ca xc cm c nhn so vi nhu cu c nhn, nu
ci thc s chng ta quan tm l hnh ng c nhn th chng ta phi ch nhiu
n xc cm c nhn.
50
Xc cm c nhn c th hn nhu cu c nhn v thc y hoc ngn cn hnh

ng c nhn c th. Do s tng ng v tnh c th, y, chng ta c th xem
xt s tng ng gia xc cm v hnh ng. Mc 4.1. Hnh ng c nhn c a
ra hai khi nim hnh ng tt v hnh ng xu. Vy, cc xc cm c th phn
thnh hai loi: loi xc cm thc y thc hin cc hnh ng tt v loi xc cm
thc y thc hin cc hnh ng xu. Loi xc cm th nht thc y hnh ng
tt, ngi vit gi l xc cm c nhn tt hay gi tt l xc cm tt. Loi xc cm
th hai thc y cc hnh ng xu, ngi vit gi l xc cm c nhn xu hay gi
tt l xc cm xu. Nh vy, c nhn c nhng hnh ng tt, cn phi to
ra bn trong c nhn nhng xc cm tt.
Trn Hnh 8, xc cm c nhn c biu din nh mt yu t mang tnh
c lp nht nh, tng ng vi hai yu t kia l nhu cu c nhn v hnh
ng c nhn. Nu nhn theo quan im tng tc (tc ng qua li gia cc yu
t), chng ta cn c th thy thm cc tc ng khc ngoi cc tc ng trnh
by trn. V d, xc cm c th tc ng ngc li nhu cu, hnh ng tc ng
ngc tr li xc cm. Chng hn, bn say m nghin cu khoa hc, lng say m
ny lm gim nhu cu chy theo cc mt mang tnh cht hnh thc b ngoi; hoc
bn t chi gip mt ngi bn thn, sau bn cm thy xu h.
Hnh 8 cn cho thy, mt ngi c hnh ng c th m hnh ng
cha c thc hin trc , cn to cho ngi c nhu cu thc hin hnh
ng (th hin di dng mc ch ngi bit l cn t) v xc cm
thc y hnh ng ca ngi . D. Carnegie din t nh sau: Ch c cch lm duy
nht di bu tri ny buc mt ngi lm mt iu g . y l lm cho ngi
mun lm iu .
Nh vy, D. Carnegie khuyn chng ta khng nn p t, cng bc (kiu dng
roi nh hay g sng vo u) bt mt ngi lm mt iu g (thc hin hnh
ng g ) m phi lm cho ngi mun. Mun y l phi lm sao cho
ngi thy kt qu lm iu g (mc ch cn t) l nhu cu ca chnh
mnh ch khng phi do p t, cng bc t bn ngoi v mnh c xc cm
thc y lm iu . Trong cc cun sch ca mnh, chng hn, cun c nhn
tm, D. Carnegie c dn ra khng t cc v d minh ha cho kin ni trn.
Nu nh xc cm c nhn thc y hoc ngn chn hnh ng c nhn mt
cch trc tip v mnh m th ngc li, thng qua hnh ng c nhn chng ta c
th nh gi c cht lng ca xc cm. Nhng hnh ng tt m khng phi
ai cng lm c cho chng ta thy nhng xc cm ln, cao thng ng ng sau
51
cc hnh ng .
5.3.
Thi quen t nguyn trong chui nhu cuhnh ng

Trong cc hnh ng ca con ngi c mt loi hnh ng c bit. l loi
hnh ng c con ngi thc hin mt cch chnh xc, thun thc, thng
xuyn, n nh lu di mt cch bnh thng, t nhin, hiu theo ngha, chnh
ngi hnh ng dng nh khng thc s ch n nhng hnh ng ca mnh.
Thm ch, nu ngi khc hi: Ti sao anh (ch) hnh ng nh th?. C khi, chnh
ngi ngc nhin: Khng l phi hnh ng khc i hay sao?, thm ch, Ti va
hnh ng th y ?. Cc hnh ng t nhin c th do bm sinh. V d, ht th;
chp mt; b, nut sa.
Trong mc ny, ngi vit mun nhn mnh loi hnh ng t nhin khc,
hnh thnh do con ngi sng, hc tp, lm vic trong x hi, c thc y bi cc
thi quen t nguyn. Di y l mt s hnh ng loi :
Cc bui sng thc dy vo ng gi nht nh, v sinh c nhn, thu dn
chn mn, thay qun o i hc hoc i lm m chnh ngi hnh ng khng thc
s ch n nhng hnh ng ca mnh.
i xe ngoi ng, mc d c nhng tnh hung phc tp, ngi i xe vn
kho lo x l, vn chp hnh lut giao thng nhng chnh ngi i xe dng nh
khng thc s ch v cc hnh ng i xe ca mnh.
Ngi nh n dng cm, hai tay nh ma trn mt n, va nh va
ni chuyn vi ngi khc m khng sai mt li nh. Ngi nh n khng ch
nh n m hnh ng vn rt chun.
C nhng ngi, tuy khng giu nhng coi cng vic lm t thin nh l
sng. H lm mt cch t nguyn, khng khoe khoang, khng cn ai ng vin,
khen thng.
Trong phng s ca mnh, ng trn bo Thanh Nin 2/8/2005, nh Ph
k v cu b 15 tui, R Chm T lng Png Gol, x Ia Hrung, huyn Ia Grai, tnh Gia
Lai. R Chm T 6 ln dng cm lao xung sui Ia Grng chy xit cu sng 5
ngi. Ln u tin xy ra vo nm 2001, khi R Chm T mi 11 tui, cu
c bn mnh l H Ngc Cng. nh Ph vit: Trong mt cuc tr chuyn vi
ti, s kiu hnh v t ho hu nh khng xut l t g trn nt mt sm en, rn ri
ca cu b Jrai ny. Cu nhiu khi qun bng nhng chin tch ca mnh Ging ting
Kinh l l, R Chm T nhc kho chng ti: Cc anh ng hi T ngh g trc lc
nhy xung cu ngi. T khng ngh g c. Thy ngi gp nn th lm vy thi.
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C nhng ngi chi , d tn gia, bi sn vn lao vo. Dng nh nhng

hu qu xu khng c h n.
C nhng ngi bun lu, thm ch, sau nhiu ln b bt, b i t, ra khi t
vn tip tc bun lu nh c.
Nh vy, cc thi quen t nguyn l cc ng lc trc tip thc y cc hnh
ng quen thuc (cc hnh ng thi quen), c thc hin vi s ch khng
ng k ca ch th, trong cc tnh hung quen thuc. Cn bn thn hnh ng thi
quen, theo cch hiu thng thng, l hnh ng m vic thc hin n tr thnh
nhu cu ca c nhn. Nu khng thc hin hnh ng , c nhn cm thy kh
chu, khng yn. Mt mt, hnh ng thi quen c thc y bi cc thi quen t
nguyn c th tt, c th xu, rt a dng v hnh thc v mc phc tp. Mt
khc, bn c c th nhn thy, thay i loi hnh ng thi quen ni trn rt kh.
C nh nghin cu nhn xt, cc thi quen ca mt ngi l bn cht ca ngi .
C cu hi t ra: Cc thi quen t nguyn c hnh thnh nh th no?.
Nh chng ta bit t nhng mc trc: v nguyn tc, hnh ng ca c
nhn xut pht t cc nhu cu c nhn v nhm tha mn chng. Cc hnh ng
c th ng hoc sai. Cc hnh ng ng (hiu theo ngha tha mn nhu cu) gip
to thnh cc xc cm dng thc y hnh ng tng t trong tng lai v cc
hnh ng sai cc xc cm m gip ngn chn nhng hnh ng tng t trong
tng lai. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp, cc tiu chun nh gi ng,
sai khng khch quan, rch ri v c nh m thay i ty theo tng c nhn,
tng mi trng (hiu theo ngha rng, l tt c nhng g xung quanh c nhn) v
tng cch tng tc gia c nhn v mi trng c th. V d, hnh ng ni di
trong mi trng c th c th dn n nhng kh nng nh:
1) Ngi ni di tha mn nhu cu ra (v khng chu cc hu qu xu do ni
di). Do vy, ngi cho hnh ng ca mnh l ng, c xc cm dng vi ni
di v tip tc ni di rt nhiu ln m vn tip tc tha mn nhu cu (xc cm
dng c cng c), tr nn ni di thnh thn, khng cn bit ngng na.
2) Ngi ni di lp tc b mi ngi pht hin, nn nhu cu ban u ra
khng nhng khng tha mn m cn ko theo khng tha mn cc nhu cu khc
nh b mi ngi ln n, khng c mi ngi knh trng, thm ch b gt ra khi
cng ng x hi m ngi mun thuc v. Trong trng hp ny, ngi ni di
thy hnh ng l sai v xc cm m gip ngi ngn nga nhng hnh ng
ni di trong tng lai.
53
3) Ngi ni di tha mn nhu cu ra ca mnh trong mt khong thi gian

tng i di. Sau nhiu ln ni di thnh cng, ngi mi b pht hin v lnh
nhng h qu xu nh trng hp hai. Trong trng hp ny, ty tng c nhn,
cch v mc i x ca mi trng, ngi ni di c th nhn ra mnh sai
thay i; c th tip tc cho mnh ng nn vn tip tc ni di. Ni cch khc, xc
cm dng v m cng tn ti, u tranh vi nhau v c th cho cc kt qu khc
nhau, ty theo ci no mnh hn.
Trong ba trng hp ni trn, trng hp th nht, nu xc cm dng vi
ni di lu v cng mnh lp thnh ng mn trong no, thi quen
t nguyn ni di c hnh thnh. Lc ny, d hon cnh thay i n mc ni
di khng tha mn nhu cu, ngi vn tip tc ni di. trng hp th hai,
ngc li, c th hnh thnh thi quen t nguyn ni tht. trng hp th ba,
ngi ni di c th thng c mnh v c th khng, ty hon cnh c th. Trong
thc t, cn c th ny sinh nhiu trng hp a dng hn na.
C nhng trng hp cc thi quen t nguyn xut pht khng phi t sng
kin c nhn (nh trng hp ni di trn) m t s bt buc ca mi trng.
V d, b m bt cc con phi ra tay trc khi n trong khi cc con khng mun;
x hi bt cc cng dn phi chp hnh cc lut l (v d lut an ton giao thng)
nhng nhiu cng dn khng mun. Mc d, suy cho cng, trong nhng trng hp
va nu, nhng g mi trng bt buc cng nhm em li cc ch li cho c
nhn.
C nhng trng hp cc thi quen t nguyn xut pht t s cng hng ca
c nhn v mi trng. V d, c nhn mun c mt ngh no v trong mi
trng dy chnh ngh . Lc ny, cc thi quen t nguyn c th l cc ng lc
ng ng sau cc hnh ng thc hin k xo, k nng, phng php, cc hnh
ng chuyn nghip, c cc thy c, cc hun luyn vin truyn cho, m c nhn
phi luyn tp, cng c nhng hnh ng rt nhiu.
Ngi vit mun lu bn c v iu kin c th hnh thnh cc thi quen
t nguyn: cc xc cm lin quan phi c hnh thnh, c tc dng lu v
mnh. Cn cch hnh thnh xc cm no l thch hp, lu v mnh n u l ,
ph thuc vo cc iu kin to ra chng, vo s la chn cch hnh thnh xc cm
ca c nhn v mi trng c th. V d, hnh thnh xc cm dn n hnh ng
ra tay trc khi n, c th nh cho a b s, c th thuyt phc thy ch li
ca vic ra tay, c th ng vin bng cch khen thng C a b ch cn da
nh l n phi ra tay trc khi n. C a phi b nh tht. C a b ch
54
cn nh mt ln l to cho n thi quen ra tay, c a b phi nhiu ln

Tng t nh vy i vi cc cch to xc cm khc nh thuyt phc, ng vin,
khen thng v mc lu, mnh.
Vic hnh thnh xc cm dng hay m ni chung, thi quen t nguyn tt hay
xu ni ring, nh trn nhn mnh, cn ph thuc vo c nhn c th. Mt mt,
rt may, nh vy, trong nhng mi trng khng lnh mnh vn c cc c nhn
lnh mnh v chnh cc c nhn c th lm thay i mi trng theo hng tch
cc. Mt khc, rt tic, trong mi trng lnh mnh vn c th xut hin cc c
nhn khng lnh mnh. Nu nh khng c cc bin php cn thit, mi trng lnh
mnh c th b xung cp v nh hng lan ta ca cc c nhn khng lnh mnh
.
Mt khc na, khi to lp c thi quen t nguyn, cc xc cm s gim i,
thm ch, bin mt. V d, a b nhng ln u ra tay trc khi n l v s b
nh n. Khi thnh thi quen t nguyn, thi quen t nguyn ny thc y a
b ra tay mt cch bnh thn, khng h c xao ng (xc cm) no trong lng. Cao
hn na, nu v l do g m qun ra tay, hoc hon cnh khng c nc
ra tay, tr nh mang tnh xc cm s nhc, a b cm thy thiu thiu, bt rt,
bn chn, khng yn tm, thy nh mnh c li nhng ln sau tip tc ra tay
mt cch bnh thng.
T nhng g va trnh by, chng ta thy:
Nu xc cm c nhn tc ng (thc y, ngn chn) ln hnh ng c nhn
tn ti lu v mnh, hnh ng c nhn tng ng c lp i lp li
nhiu ln th trong nhng tnh hung quen thuc xc cm c nhn chuyn sang
hnh thc mi v cht: thi quen t nguyn c nhn.
Thi quen t nguyn, sau khi hnh thnh, tn ti tng i c lp
(khng cn mang sc thi xc cm na) v ng vai tr thc y (ngn
chn) hnh ng mnh, tin cy, n nh v lu bn hn xc cm.
Hnh ng thi quen c thc y (ngn chn) bi thi quen t nguyn
dng nh tr thnh nhu cu thit yu ca c nhn, khng thc hin hnh ng
vo lc cn phi thc hin th khng yn tm.
Di y l hnh v (xem Hnh 9) v s lin h gia cc yu t nhu cu, xc
cm, thi quen t nguyn v hnh ng c nhn.
So snh Hnh 9 vi Hnh 8, chng ta thy:
Cc ng
trn c hai hnh l nh nhau.,
ng
55
trn Hnh 9 cho bit xc cm pht trin n mt lc no iu
kin th bin thnh thi quen t nguyn. Sau khi c to ra, thi quen t nguyn
tn ti mang tnh c lp nht nh.
ng
(v m hn ng
) din t tc ng ca thi quen t nguyn
ln hnh ng mnh, tin cy, n nh v lu bn hn xc cm.
Hnh 9:
Mi lin h nhu cu, xc cm, thi quen t nguyn v hnh ng c nhn hay l chui
nhu cuhnh ng khi cha c t duy
Ngoi ra, ngi vit cn mun lu bn c nhng im sau:

Nu nh xc cm c xc cm tt, xu, hnh ng c hnh ng tt, xu th
i vi thi quen t nguyn nm gia xc cm v hnh ng (xem Hnh 9), cng c
th a ra cc khi nim thi quen t nguyn tt v thi quen t nguyn xu. Thi
quen t nguyn tt thc y thc hin hnh ng tt, thi quen t nguyn xu thc
y thc hin hnh ng xu.
Thi quen t nguyn thc y (ngn chn) hnh ng quen thuc trong
nhng tnh hung quen thuc, do vy thi quen t nguyn c phm vi p dng hp.
Thi quen t nguyn kh b thay i hn xc cm. Tnh bn vng ca thi
quen t nguyn em li ch li rt ln trong tnh hung quen thuc, cn phi
thc hin hnh ng c thc y bi thi quen t nguyn cho trc. Nhng khi
tnh hung thay i, cn thay i thi quen t nguyn c cc hnh ng khc th
gp rt nhiu kh khn. Ni cch khc, thi quen t nguyn rt kh b, khi cn phi
b. iu ny c th lin quan n ng mn trong no. Cng trong ngha ny,
cn ci to xc cm xu mt cch kp thi, ht sc trnh xc cm xu tr thnh
56
T duy trong chui nhu cuhnh ng: t duy sng to hin c
thi quen t nguyn xu rt kh b.

Nu nh iu kin, hon cnh, mi trng v cc i hi din ra mt cch
n nh, khng c nhng thay i ln, lc ny cn nhanh chng pht trin xc cm
tt thnh thi quen t nguyn tt. V d, cc thi quen t n mc chuyn nghip
ca nhiu ngnh ngh.
Tp hp cc thi quen t nguyn ca c nhn, nhiu khi, c coi l bn
cht c nhn, lm nn s phn c nhn. Khng phi ngu nhin c cu ni sau: Gieo
hnh ng gt thi quen. Gieo thi quen gt tnh cch. Gieo tnh cch gt s
phn. Theo nhng g trnh by trn, ngi vit mun b sung thm: Gieo nhu
cu gt xc cm. Gieo xc cm gt hnh ng.
Bn c , cho n nay, ngi vit cha ni g tp trung n t duy. Trn
cc hnh v, v d nh cc Hnh 6, 8, 9 cng khng c t duy. Trong khi , t duy
li l s khc bit ln nht ca ngi vi ng vt. Vy nhng g ngi vit trnh
by cho n nay, c bit l Hnh 9 c th dng cho ng vt v cho c nhng ngi
c t duy m khng hoc t dng.
6. T duy trong chui nhu cuhnh ng: t duy sng

to hin c
T duy ni n y l nhn mnh loi t duy ch c con ngi mi c: t duy
t nglgch. Hnh 10 di y l m hnh chui nhu cuhnh ng khi c t
duy.
57
Hnh 10: Chui nhu cuhnh ng khi c t duy: t duy sng to hin c
6.1.
Nhng nhn xt chung v t duy hin c

M hnh trn cho bit nhng im sau:
1) Khi khng dng t duy th con ngi cng c phn ging ng vt
iu ny c th hiu c v trn Hnh 10, nu b t duy v cc mi lin kt i
th chng ta s c Hnh 9, l chui nhu cuhnh ng khi cha c t duy dnh cho
ng vt. Bnh thng m ni, khi khng c vn th ngi ta khng dng t duy.
Tuy nhin, c nhng ngi khng dng t duy ngay c khi c vn . William
Drummond nhn xt: Ai khng suy ngh l ngi cung tn; ai khng th suy ngh l
k n; ai khng dm suy ngh l n l.
C th lm r hn cu ni trn: Ai c kh nng t hoc nhn cu hi suy
ngh m khng t hoc t chi cu hi khng suy ngh, y l ngi cung tn; ai
khng th t cu hi suy ngh, y l k n; ai khng dm t hoc nhn cu hi
(v s chng hn) suy ngh, y l n l.
Ngoi nhng loi ngi trn, cn c th c nhng loi ngi khc c t duy
nhng khng dng hoc t dng.
2) T duy xut hin nh l cng c mi ca con ngi dng gii
quyt vn
58
So hnh v m hnh nhu cuhnh ng khi c t duy (Hnh 10) vi Hnh 9,

chng ta thy t duy c nhn l mi. Hnh 10 cng m t cc mi lin kt ca t
duy vi cc yu t c nhn khc.
i vo c th chng ta c th thy:
Cc ng t
l nh nhau trn c hai Hnh 10 v 9.
Trn Hnh 10, ng
ch m t mt cch hnh thc chui y t
nhu cu n hnh ng c i qua t duy.

Cc ng
Cc ng
ng
ng
,
,
m t cc tc ng ca cc yu t khc ln t duy.
m t tc ng ca t duy ln cc yu t khc.
m t thng tin u vo n t th gii bn ngoi (mi trng), cn
m t thng tin u ra tc ng ln th gii bn ngoi (mi trng).
Nu nhn t duy di gc l cng c mi ca con ngi dng gii quyt

vn th y c hai loi vn thuc hai th gii: th gii bn trong v th gii
bn ngoi con ngi.
Cc vn thuc th gii bn trong con ngi l cc vn thuc cc yu t
nhu cu, xc cm v thi quen t nguyn c nhn. T duy gii quyt cc vn
thuc th gii bn trong thng qua cc tng tc vi cc yu t (xem cc ng
,
). Cc vn thuc th gii bn trong con ngi chnh l cc
vn con ngi phi chin thng chnh mnh, lm ch chnh mnh. y l nhng
vn rt kh. Khng phi ngu nhin c cc cu ni nh: Chin thng vn qun
ngoi chin trng khng bng chin thng chnh bn thn mnh hoc Chin thng
v i nht l chin thng chnh bn thn mnh.
Cc vn thuc th gii bn ngoi con ngi c t duy gii quyt nh s
tng tc thng tin vi th gii bn ngoi (xem cc ng
). Cc vn
thuc th gii bn ngoi l cc vn thuc cc lnh vc t nhin, x hi m t duy

cn nhn thc v bin i.
Chc nng gii quyt vn thuc th gii bn ngoi ca t duy c th c
m t bng hnh v t duy c nhn, ly t Hnh 10 v c gii thch c th hn
(xem Hnh 11).
Thng tin u vo (ng
, xem Hnh 10 v 11) c hiu l cc thng tin,
ch yu, di dng t ng c trong li pht biu bi ton thuc th gii bn ngoi

cn gii, c t duy c nhn tip thu.
59
Hnh 11: Hot ng gii quyt vn ca t duy
Thng tin u ra (ng
, xem Hnh 10 v 11) l (cc) tng gii bi ton
cng c th hin, ch yu, di dng t ng, c t duy c nhn pht ra.

T duy c nhn lm cng vic suy ngh gii bi ton c ngha l thc hin vic
x l, bin i theo lgch nht nh thng tin u vo thnh thng tin u ra v
vic bin i theo lgch nht nh cng din ra di hnh thc t ng l ch yu.
T duy hin c lm vic vi nng sut v hiu qu thp. iu ny c th
hin: ng
v di dng ng gchgch ch khng phi ng lin tc.
Ngoi ra cn c nhng bi ton va thuc th gii bn trong va thuc th gii bn

ngoi con ngi.
T duy xut hin l do s i hi ca cc ng vt cao cp cn c thm cng c
gii quyt cc vn ca mnh. S i hi ny gp c nhng iu kin thun
li bin thnh hin thc. y l nhng t bin, thay i ln ca cc ng vt t
tin loi ngi nh kch thc no tng ng k; chuyn sang i thng; gii phng v
pht trin i tay ch to cc cng c (bng ); lao ng; ny sinh ngn ng giao
tip.
3) T duy k tha v pht trin phng php th v sai c trong t
nhin
Trong t nhin, cc sinh vt u c nhu cu tn ti, tin ha v pht trin.
tha mn cc nhu cu ny, hng lot cc vn xut hin v cn phi c gii
quyt. y c th l cc vn tm kim thc n, nc ung, t bo v chng li cc
k th, thch nghi hn vi mi trng (nu mi trng khng thay i), i ph
vi cc thay i ca mi trng, duy tr ni ging, lm cho ni ging ngy cng
mnh hn, hon thin hn
Phng php chung gii cc bi ton ni trn trong t nhin l phng
php th v sai (trial and error method) m ni dung c bn ca n nh sau:
60
Khi c vn , nu mi ci vn nh c th vn vn cn . Do vy, vn ch
c th gii quyt c khi c nhng thay i. Nhng thay i ny l nhng php th.
S php th cng nhiu, cng a dng th xc sut c php th ng l li gii cng
ln. Cng vic chn lc t nhin lm nhim v o thi cc php th sai v gi li cc
php th ng (gii php ca vn ).
i vo c th, nhng thay i (nhng php th) c th l a ra cc hnh ng
khc nhau m nhng hnh ng no khng tha mn nhu cu s khng c lp
li, cn nhng hnh ng no tha mn nhu cu c gi li, hnh thnh nhng tp
tnh c li (xem chui nhu cuhnh ng khi cha c t duy trn Hnh 9). Nhng
php th cng c th l lm tng s lng cc c th c trong ging, loi nh tng
kh nng giao phi, sinh sn ca b, m l c nhng c th con thc hin cc
hnh ng sai b tiu dit th ging, loi vn tn ti. Nhng php th cn c th
l cc t bin, bin d di truyn to ra cc kh nng, ging, loi mi. V d:
T tin ca loi nga l mt loi th nh, chn c nm ngn, nhng ngn li
c vut nhn, gip ch cho n i d dng trn mt t g gh trong rng. Khi cc
rng cy tha tht dn, nhng ch cho cc tho nguyn, t tin ca nga bt buc
phi i ra nhng ch trng tri. , nu gp nguy th khng c ch n np: ch
cn cch thot nn l chy trn. Cc b phn c th ca t tin nga dn thay i:
chn di ra, ch cn li c mt ngn vi mng rt cng chy nhanh. Tng ng
vi chn di, c cng di ra gm c c. Rng nga cng bin i c th
nghin nt nhanh nhng th c cng mc trn tho nguyn. S pht trin cc nng
lc c th ca nga nh chn, c v hm rng tri qua thi gian nm mi triu
nm mi hon thnh v tr gi bng rt nhiu c th b chn lc t nhin o thi.
T duy k tha phng php t nhin th v sai, th hin ch nhng php
th by gi l cc ngh ( tng). T duy c th a ra rt nhiu cc tng khc
nhau t tm ra tng ng (li gii). T duy pht trin phng php t
nhin th v sai nh m ra kh nng c th nh gi tng l sai m khng nht
thit thc hin tng mi bit sai, do s tr gi s t hn v thi gian gii
bi ton ngn hn so vi nhng cch th v sai khc c trong t nhin.
Trong mc 6.3 thuc phn sau, ngi vit cn quay tr li phng php th v
sai m t duy dng.
4) T duy cn rt tr
Chui nhu cuhnh ng khi cha c t duy (xem Hnh 9) dng cho ng vt
m ng vt tn ti trn Tri t nhiu trm triu nm. iu ny c ngha chui
nhu cuhnh ng khi cha c t duy hot ng vi tin cy, n nh, tnh bn
61
vng cao. Trong khi , ngi thng minh gn vi ngi hin i mi xut hin
cch y 40.000 nm. T duy ca con ngi l t duy t nglgch th t ng xut
hin cch y khong 10.000 nm, vn t c cch y khong 5.000 nm, mm
mng ca lgch khoa hc mi c cch y 2.500 nm. Khoa hc thc s pht trin
mnh m t th k 17, nhiu khoa hc cn thit cho t duy mi xut hin trong th
k 20. T duy cn rt tr, do vy, mt mt, t duy cn cha c hiu r,
thun ha, mt khc, t duy c nhng tim nng ln cha c khai
thc.
5) T duy tc ng ln hnh ng rt yu
T duy nm ngoi trc nhu cuxc cmthi quen t nguyn. Nh chng ta
bit, t duy khng phi l ngun gc, nguyn nhn khi u, ng lc ca hnh
ng. Trong khi , xc cm , thi quen t nguyn mi tc ng mnh,
nhanh, trc tip, c th ln hnh ng, cn hn c nhu cu (mc d nhu cu l
ngun gc ca hnh ng). C th c nhng trng hp tng quan sau gia t
duy, xc cm , thi quen t nguyn v hnh ng (xem Hnh 12).
Trn hnh v, ng XC, TQ v m hn cc ng khc v cng chiu vi
ng H. iu ny din t xc cm v thi quen t nguyn c tc dng chc
chn trong vic thc y hoc ngn chn hnh ng tng ng.
ng TD th hin t duy ( ngh) ca c nhn. V d, trong u c nhn c
ngh cn thc hin mt hnh ng c th no tt (mi tn i t tri sang phi)
hoc mt hnh ng c th no khc xu (mi tn i t phi sang tri).
Trng hp a, c nhn c nh thc hin hnh ng tt, xc cm v thi
quen t nguyn cng chiu nn trn thc t hnh ng tt c thc hin. V d,
gp n , c nhn c ngh dng xe li, xc cm v thi quen t nguyn ca c
nhn ng hnh vi ngh , c nhn dng xe li.
Trng hp b, c nhn c nh thc hin hnh ng tt, xc cm v thi
quen t nguyn c chiu ngc li, v xc cm v thi quen t nguyn c tc dng
mnh, hnh ng xu theo xc cm v thi quen t nguyn c thc hin. V d,
gp n , c nhn c ngh dng xe li, nhng xc cm v thi quen t nguyn
ngn cn hnh ng theo ngh , c nhn phng xe vt n . Lc ny, vi
ngi hay vt n , ngh dng xe li ch l ngh thong qua.
62
Hnh 12: Mt s trng hp phn nh mi lin h ca t duy vi cc yu t khc
Trng hp c, c nhn c ngh thc hin hnh ng xu nhng xc cm

v thi quen t nguyn li tt, nn trn thc t c nhn s thc hin hnh ng tt.
V d, gp n c nhn c ngh vt n nhng xc cm v thi quen t
nguyn lm c nhn dng xe li. Lc ny, ngh xu ch l ngh thong qua trong
u ca c nhn thng chp hnh lut an ton giao thng.
Trng hp d, c nhn c ngh thc hin hnh ng xu, xc cm v thi
quen t nguyn cng chiu, c nhn thc hin hnh ng xu l iu chc chn. V
d, gp n , c nhn c ngh phi vt n , xc cm v thi quen t nguyn
vt n d dng thc y c nhn c hnh ng vt n .
ng
trn Hnh 10 din t nhng hnh ng xut pht t t duy. Theo
nhng g va trnh by trn, cn hiu rng y khng phi l xut pht t chnh
t duy thun ty m l t duy c ng hnh bi xc cm hoc thi quen
t nguyn (xem Hnh 12a, d).
6) T duy tng tc vi cc yu t khc trong chui nhu cuhnh
ng
T duy l yu t mi v cn rt tr so vi cc yu t khc nh nhu cu, xc
63
cm, thi quen t nguyn, hnh ng trong chui nhu cuhnh ng. Chnh v vy,
cc yu t khc tc ng ln t duy mnh hn nhiu so vi t duy tc ng ngc
li ln cc yu t khc. Trn Hnh 10, iu ny th hin bng cc ng mi tn
,
c v lin tc cn cc ng ngc li
c v gch
gch. iu ny cho thy, t duy b nh hng rt nhiu bi nhu cu, xc cm, thi
quen t nguyn, l cc yu t mang tnh ch quan.
6.2. T duy rt ch quan

Theo nh ngha (xem mc 2. T duy l g?), t duy l qu trnh phn nh tch
cc hin thc. Hnh 10 cho chng ta thy hin thc i vi t duy l c hai th
gii: th gii bn trong v th gii bn ngoi con ngi. Cn nh th no l t duy
phn nh tch cc hin thc. Cm t phn nh tch cc c hiu l phn
nh hin thc mt cch khch quan, chnh xc, trung thc, ng ni
dung, bn cht, c thc tin kim chng.
Rt tic, nu c t nhin, khng c tc ng g th t duy ca chng ta rt
ch quan, c ngha l t duy hin c khng c c ng phm cht m nh ngha
t duy yu cu. C hai loi nguyn nhn lm t duy rt ch quan.
Loi nguyn nhn th nht thuc v tnh ch quan ca t duy. iu ny th
hin ch, cc yu t tm l tham gia qu trnh suy ngh gii bi ton nh tr nh,
tnh lin tng, tr tng tng, linh tnh, tnh , cch s dng ngn ng, lgch
nhng ngi khc nhau th khc nhau, do vy, h phn nh hin thc cng khc
nhau. Trong khi, ch c nhng ngi no phn nh tch cc hin thc mi c th
i n li gii, quyt nh ng.
Loi nguyn nhn th hai thuc v cc yu t nhu cu, xc cm v thi quen t
nguyn. Cc yu t ny cng mang tnh ch quan cao: nhu cu, xc cm v thi
quen t nguyn nhng ngi khc nhau cng khc nhau. Cc yu t ny li tc
ng ln t duy (xem cc ng
trn Hnh 10), lm cho ngi suy ngh
gii bi ton b nh hng bi chnh cc nhu cu, xc cm, thi quen t nguyn ch
quan ca chnh mnh v phn nh hin thc nghing v pha b tc ng bi cc yu
t . Khng phi ngu nhin trong dn gian c nhng cu minh ha ni trn:
ca ai ny xt, yu nn tt, ght nn xu, khi thng c u cng trn, khi ght b
hn cng mo, no ht ngon, gin ht khn. Hay Nguyn Du trong Truyn Kiu
vit: Cnh no cnh chng eo su; Ngi bun cnh c vui u bao gi.
Bn c th tng tng c hai t giy: mt mu trng, mt mu vng. Bn
cng bi ln hai t giy mt mu : t giy trng tr thnh t giy , cn t giy
vng tr thnh t giy mu da cam. R rng, t giy mu trng phn nh mu
64
ng nh mu c, cn t giy mu vng phn nh mu mt cch sai lch.

iu ny c ngha, khi suy ngh gii bi ton, bn hiu bi ton sai th cc tng
gii php, cc quyt nh ca bn cng s sai. Hy cnh gic vi t duy rt ch quan
ca chnh mnh.
6.3. Phng php (t nhin) th v sai: cng c t duy

th s, nng sut, hiu qu thp, iu khin km
T t nhin c th hiu theo hai ngha. Ngha th nht: phng php th v
sai c sn trong t nhin, v l c ch cc ging loi tn ti, tin ha, pht
trin. T nhin theo ngha th hai l c mi vic din ra mt cch t nhin,
khng , khng c tc ng can thip lm thay i. V d, h hp mt cch t
nhin l ngi ht th m khng n vic ht th ca mnh, li cng khng tm
cch thay i (ci tin) h hp tt hn (sau ny ngi ta mi nghin cu h
hp v thnh lp b mn kh cng). Mt v d khc, c hai cch ci nga. Cch th
nht: ngi ci c con nga thch i u th i, may th n c ni cn n.
Cch ci nh vy l cch t nhin: khng , khng can thip vo hnh ng ca
con nga. Cch th hai: iu khin con nga i theo l trnh, t n ni m mnh
mun n. T duy hin nay kh ging con nga trong cch ci th nht: ngi ta
t duy dn dt mnh ch khng phi ch ng iu khin t duy tun theo cc
quy lut khch quan, a ra cc tng ng.
Bnh thng m ni, ngi ta khng phi lc no cng mun suy ngh, v tht
tnh, suy ngh mt c v tn nhiu nng lng lm. Qu trnh suy ngh thng ch
bt u khi ngi ta c mt vn g cn gii quyt hoc cn ra mt quyt nh.
Nghin cu v lm cc th nghim v qu trnh suy ngh sng to, cc nh tm
l m t: thng thng, khi c vn , ngi gii hiu n khng tht k. Da trn
cc kinh nghim, s lin tng, lin quan n nhng d kin ca vn cn gii
quyt c phn tng t vi nhng bi ton gii trc , ngi gii ngh ngay
n vic p dng cc li gii, tng v cch tip cn sn c trong tr nh. Ngi
gii tin hnh cc php th u tin. Sau khi pht hin nhng php th sai,
ngi gii quay tr li vi u bi ton, c gng hiu bi ton ng hn ri tip tc
a ra cc tng khc v quyt nh thc hin ngay chng xem c phi l li
gii khng. Kin thc hc v kinh nghim ring ca ngi gii lun c khuynh
hng a ngi gii i theo con ng mn, hnh thnh trong no trc .
Nu cc php th li tip tc sai, ngi gii mt t tin dn, mc d ngi gii c
gng rt kinh nghim sau mi ln sai. Cc php th mi tr nn ln xn hn, nhiu
khi, chng c a ra khng n nhp g vi bi ton cho trc. Nu cc php th
65
ny vn tip tc sai th ngi gii c th tr nn hoang mang v lm cc php th

theo kiu m mm, h ha da trn vic t cc cu hi i loi nh: Nu ta lm
th ny th sao?, Nu ta lm th kia th sao? v rt mong c linh tnh hoc gic
quan th su hoc s may mn no khc mch bo tng gii bi ton. Khi s cc
php th tr nn qu nhiu m bi ton vn khng gii ra, ngi gii c th cho
rng bi ton khng iu kin gii hoc kin thc ca mnh cn thiu, cn tm
s tr gip t bn ngoi. Ngi gii c khi khng cn tp trung ch gii na m
nhng cho ngi khc. Thng thng, gii bi ton phi tn kh nhiu php
th sai (bi ton cng kh, s php th sai cng ln) cui cng c php th l
li gii ng. C l v vy m theo thng k, s lng xc cm m nhiu hn s
lng xc cm dng: mi ln thsai l mi ln ngi gii khng hi lng, c xc
cm m. Cui cng, ngay c khi gii c bi ton, ngi gii nhiu khi khng l
gii c mt cch lgch v sao mnh c c tng ng v thng tr li mt
cch chung chung kiu: ngh mi th n bt ra hoc do may mn, ngu hng, linh
tnh
Cch suy ngh v hnh ng thc hin gii bi ton theo m t trn gi l
phng php th v sai (trial and error method) v c minh ha bng Hnh 13:
bi ton v li gii c k hiu bng hai im khc nhau trn mt phng. Cc mi
tn din t cc php th. Trn thc t, s lng cc php th sai c th ln hn
nhiu v phng php th v sai c mt ti bt k giai on no ca qu trnh suy
ngh v thc hin gii bi ton.
Van e
(Bai toan)
Li giai
Vect tnh tam ly
Cac mui ten minh hoa cac phep th
Hnh 13: Phng php th v sai (trial and error method)
66
Mt trong nhng du hiu ca phng php th v sai l nu cho lm li,

ngi gii bi ton s ra quyt nh khc vi quyt nh ra. Theo John Greenleaf:
Nhng t ng gy nn s hi tic v ng trch nht l: phi chi, gi m. Cha
k, mi php th v sai c th lm ny sinh vn khng ng ny sinh.
Ngay i vi cc nh nghin cu rt ng knh trng, rt nhiu cc pht minh,
sng ch ca h ra i cng bng phng php th v sai. Cho n nay, Edison vn
l ngi c nhiu sng ch nht: 1.093 patent v c mnh danh l ngi c th
sng ch ra mi th. Nh sng ch Nikola Tesla c mt thi gian cng lm vic vi
Edison, k li: Nu nh Edison cn phi tm ci kim ri xung ng rm, ng s
khng mt thi gian xc nh xem kh nng ln nht ci kim c th nm u.
Khng chm tr, vi s sing nng, vi v ca con ong, ng ln lt xem xt tng
cng rm mt cho ti khi tm thy ci kim th thi. Cch lm vic ca ng rt km
hiu qu: ng c th b ra rt nhiu thi gian v sc lc m khng thu c g, nu
khng phi l s tnh c may mn gip ng ta. Khi Edison c nh lm n pht
sng nh s t nng, ng thc hin hn 9.000 th nghim v cu ni ca ming
ca ng l: Ti s th mi th, k c ming ph mt Limburger. sng ch ra cquy kim, Edison phi lm ti 50.000 th nghim, cha k ti nhng phng n
trong u ng kiu Nu ta th lm th ny th sao? ng cng cng nhn, trung
bnh mt sng ch ln ca ng phi lm mt by nm. Khng phi ngu nhin,
chnh Edison gii thch: Trong cc cng trnh ca ti 99% l m hi v ch 1% l
cm hng. Tuy nhin, Edison khng lm vic mt mnh m tp th ln n ngn
ngi thc hin vic th theo s phn cng ca ng.
G.S. Altshuller c nu nhiu minh ha v phng php th v sai, v d, Lin
X, c ln thc hin mt th nghim c o. Ngi ta tp trung khong 60 nh
sng ch thuc cc ngnh ngh khc nhau v ngh h cng gii mt bi ton. Kt
qu: khng ai gii c. Nhng iu th v l ch xem h gii nh th no? Th ra
h cng i tm li gii mt cch m mm, th ln lt ht phng n ny n
phng n khc khng nh hng.
Bn c th tng tng sn bay vi lch bay 150 chuyn mt ngy. Hnh
khch yn v trn cc gh ngi, bng in bt sng dng ch Khng ht thuc!
ngh qu khch ci dy an ton!. Nhng trong 100 chuyn bay, cc c tip vin
hng khng duyn dng, lch s thng bo: Thnh tht xin li qu khch, rt tic,
chuyn bay phi bi b do trc trc k thut. 50 my bay cn li ct cnh c,
nhng lin sau 49 chic phi h cnh ngay v ch c mt chic bay n c
ng thnh ph m n cn n.
67
Bn c chc s phn i: Lm g c sn bay nh vy! Vng, ng l khng c

sn bay nh vy.
Bn c th tng tng mt cng ty xy dng, c cung cp nguyn vt
liu v phng tin hng nm xy 150 ta nh cao tng. Cui mi nm, bo co
cho bit, 100 ta nh b sp ngay trong qu trnh thi cng, 49 ta nh khc ch c
th dng vi tng di v ch mt ta nh c nghim thu t yu cu.
Bn c li phn i: Lm g c cng ty xy dng nh th! Vng, ng l
khng c cng ty xy dng nh th.
Nhng trong lnh vc sng to ni chung, t duy sng to ni ring, tin cy
v tnh iu khin thp do khng c cc cng c t duy sng to tt li kh ph
bin. Di y xin trch nhng dng t bi bo ca Ch tch Hi ng trung ng
Hi cc nh sng ch v hp l ha ton lin bang, Lin X trc y: Hng nm,
nc ta thc hin khong150.000 cc nghin cu pht trin k thut mi. Gn hai
phn ba s phi b trong giai on th nghim hoc th nghim mu mi (do th
thy sai ngi vit), lm lng ph rt nhiu vn u t ca nh nc. Trong s cc
nghin cu n c giai on p dng th 85% ch dng mt hoc hai nh my v
ch 2% c dng 5 nh my tr ln.
P.X.Alexanrov, nguyn Ch tch Vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X cng khng
nh: Qu trnh sng to l cng vic, , nhng c gng khng thnh cng chim
ti 99% cc n lc sng to v ch thnh thong mi c thnh cng ngn ngi. Thnh
cng ging nh ht cm vng c c sau khi i nhiu tn ct. Hay nh
Rousseau nhn xt: C c hng ngn con ng dn n ci sai, ch c mt con
ng dn n chn l.
C nhng quyn sch v lch s cc sng ch, pht minh, v tiu s cc nh bc
hc. Nhiu th h tr ngn ngu c chng v m c cng c c nhng sng
ch, pht minh. C th rt ra c g qua loi sch ny khi cng ngh sn xut cc
sng ch, pht minh ni ring, cc sn phm sng to ni chung, ch yu, l phng
php th v sai?
Di y l li khuyn ca mt cun sch loi : Mun thc hin c m,
trc ht i hi phi c tri thc, k nng lao ng, tinh thn dm ngh, dm lm,
kh nng khng nn ch trc cc kh khn v tht bi tt yu by ra trc mt.
Nu bn trau di c tt c cc c tnh trong trng, trong cng tc th bn
s c nhng vn may, s c c nim vui sng trc nhng thnh cng trong
sng to v s knh trng su sc. Li khuyn ny trn thc t khng khc li
khuyn: Hy hin i ri s gp lnh hoc Cn c dng s lng b cho kh
68
nng ch khng trang b cho ngi c cc phng php, cc k nng c th gip

nng cao nng sut v hiu qu qu trnh suy ngh gii quyt vn v ra quyt
nh.
C mt iu may mn: li gii cc bi ton sau khi tm ra bng phng php
th v sai, c cng b, lu tr, ph bin, a vo chng trnh dy trong cc nh
trng nhng ngi khc v cc th h sau s dng ngay, khng phi gii li
chng bng phng php th v sai. y l thun li ca ngi i sau, nu bit k
tha. Rt tic, c nhng bi ton l nhng bi ton m cc nc i trc gp,
gii, thay v k tha, nhiu ngi c trch nhim nc ta i gii li mt cch m
mm th v sai. V d cc bi ton v quy hoch, kt xe, nhim mi trng, x l
cht thi, cc sinh vt l nhp t nc ngoi
Cc bi ton thc t thng c nhiu li gii. V d, nh, xe, n, bt, dao, n,
thc ung rt a dng ch khng phi ch c mt loi. Do vy, mt bi ton
thng c nhiu php th, ng thi c nhiu li gii. Loi bi ton c mt v ch
mt li gii m thi l rt him. Tng t nh vy, tnh hung ch c mt li thot
cng rt him. Ring ny gip chng ta lc quan khi phi i mt vi cc kh
khn trong cuc sng.
Ta lp t s gia tng s cc php th c th c ca bi ton cho trc v
tng s cc li gii c th c ca n v gi l . T s cho bit, trung bnh
php th th c mt li gii i vi bi ton c th cho trc. V d = 3 c
ngha, trung bnh c ba php th th c mt li gii; = 1000 th trung bnh mt
ngn php th mi c mt li gii. Ni chung, cng ln th bi ton c th cho
trc cng kh gii v tr gi cho phng php th v sai cng ln.
Di y s lit k mt s u v nhc im ca phng php th v sai.
Cc u im ca phng php th v sai:
1) Phng php th v sai tr thnh phng php duy nht v hu nh khng
cn phi hc nhng tnh hung vn cha c tin l. Hoc khi cc kinh nghim
ca ngi gii dng ht m vn sai v khng thu thm c thng tin c ch no
nh hng. Lc , ngi gii c vic th khc i mt cch m mm cho n
khi tm ra li gii.
2) Phng php th v sai hon ton thch hp i vi loi bi ton,
< 10 v tr gi cho mi php th sai khng ng k hoc chp nhn c. Lc
ny, ngi gii khi dng cng t duy sng to g gh gm, c vic th ln lt s
i n li gii.
69
3) Phng php th v sai cng hon ton thch hp vit phn mm gii
loi bi ton c rt ln, nu bi ton c th m phng c trn my tnh v mi
php th sai trn my tnh tr gi khng ng k, trong khi tc th ca my tnh
rt cao.
4) Trong phng php th v sai c mt rt quan trng: ngoi cc php th
da trn kinh nghim c, cn c nhng php th mi trc y cha c. D
chng mang tnh ln xn, m mm, thiu nh hng, kh nng sai ln nhng li
cha mt xc sut nht nh tr thnh li gii. Vi ngha nh th, nhiu nh
nghin cu cho rng u im ln nht ca phng php th v sai: n chnh l c
ch ca s tin ha v pht trin trong c ba lnh vc t nhin, x hi v t duy cho
n thi gian gn y.
Phng php th v sai dng trong qu trnh gii bi ton l phng php t
nhin, ngoi vic hiu theo ngha: ngi ta dng n mt cch t nhin, khng ,
quan tm; cn c hiu theo ngha: phng php th v sai c sn trong t
nhin, trc khi con ngi xut hin trn Tri t. V d, cc sinh vt trong t
nhin, do s thay i hon cnh, mi trng sng (hiu theo ngha rng nht),
cng gp nhiu vn v chng gii quyt bng cch thay i cc tp tnh, hnh vi
hoc/v t bin v gien, tc l thc hin cc php th khc i so vi qu kh.
Chn lc t nhin (cng hiu theo ngha rng nht) o thi cc php th sai, gi
li cc php th ng l li gii v ch c nhng sinh vt gii quyt c cc vn
ca mnh mi sng st, tin ha v pht trin n nay. y l nhng sinh vt c kh
nng th rt ln, rt a dng, trong c loi ngi.
Kh nng th ln v a dng ca loi ngi, ngoi nhng cch nh cc sinh vt
khc: bin d, nhiu con, thay i hnh vi cn da trn t duy sng to, sng
ch ra v s dng cc cng c lao ng ngy cng nhiu, cng a dng, cng hon
thin. C l, do tim nng th rt ln v a dng, do nhu cu phi th hin tim
nng ra, con ngi ni ring v loi ngi ni chung yu t do, chn ght nhng
g lp i, lp li v n iu. Ni cch khc, bn cht con ngi kt qu tin ha
ca t nhin l sng to. M.M. Prixvin c nhn xt rt su sc: Nu qu trnh lao
ng c t do, n s kt thc bng sng to. A.N. Tlxti ku gi: Trong con
ngi vn c nhng ngun sng to v tn, nu khc i th khng thnh ngi.
Cn gii phng v khi thng chng. Masatoshi Yoshimura cn gay gt hn: Vic
khng s dng c kho bu c trong mi ngi s sng to, d do v tnh khng
bit, dng dng hay c tnh giu ct, khng ch l s lng ph: l t phn bi chnh
mnh. A. Toynbee cng c kin tng t: To iu kin thun li cho tim nng
sng to l vn sng cn ca mi x hi.
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Cc nhc im ca phng php th v sai:

1) Lng ph ln
Hnh 13 m t phng php th v sai, cho thy mt nhc im p ngay vo
mt: s php th sai nhiu nn lng ph ln v thi gian, sc lc, tr lc, phng
tin vt cht, ti nguyn, tin bc v c khi c s phn, sinh mng cc c th, ging
loi. Theo c on, trn Tri t tng xut hin hai t loi nhng ch c hai
triu trong s cn tn ti n ngy nay v tc tin ha din ra rt chm.
Khng phi ngu nhin, c nhng nh nghin cu tht ln: c c s tin
ha, pht trin bng phng php th v sai, ci gi phi tr ln hn nhiu ln tng
thit hi do thin tai nh bo, lt, hn hn, ng t, vi rng gy ra trn Tri t
ny. Phi chng sng to theo phng php th v sai l kiu sng to c c ci
mi, ch li nh s hn n (chaos), hoc cu trc t t chc ny sinh t s hn
n.
Cng v sau nhiu ln th v sai mi c li gii, ch nhng c th, ging loi no
c kh nng th vi s lng ln v a dng mi thch nghi vi s thay i v c
chn lc t nhin gi li. chc chn th thai, trong mt mililt tinh dch ca
ngi n ng phi c khong ba trm triu tinh trng tr ln. t hn s lng ny,
bi ton c nguy c khng c li gii. Tng t nh vy, khng b mt ging, cc
ging loi cn sng n by gi u phi c kh nng rt nhiu con trong mt
cuc i v mi a con l mt phin bn c o, khng lp li.
2) Tnh tm l cn tr sng to
Cc php th a ra thng da trn kinh nghim c t trc, nm trong tr
nh ca ngi gii, l tc hi ca tnh tm l. N ko suy ngh ca ngi gii v
pha quen thuc bit (xem mi tn m: vct tm l trn Hnh 13), do vy, cn
tr ngi gii a ra cc php th mi, c th dn n li gii. Trn Hnh 13, cc
php th khng v dn u v tt c cc hng m phn ln tp trung quanh mi
tn m, phn nh nhc im va nu.
Li suy ngh v hnh ng kinh nghim ch ngha khng cho php ngi gii
nh hng mt cch khch quan v pha li gii. Ch sau nhiu ln th sai, phi tr
gi, ngi gii mi t b kinh nghim v th khc i cho n lc vn may (php
th a n li gii) xut hin.
Cng do tnh tm l, nhiu khi ngi gii khng lit k c ht cc php th
c th c ca bi ton cho trc mt cch khch quan. Nhiu bi ton khng gii
c khng phi v ngi gii thiu kin thc hoc iu kin m v khng thng
71
c tnh tm l ca chnh mnh.

3) Nng sut pht tng thp
S tng pht ra trong mt n v thi gian (nng sut pht tng) ca
ngi gii thp: c khi ngh c ngy hoc hn m khng c tng th. i vi
cc bi ton l, v d khng thuc chuyn mn ca mnh, ngi gii c th khng
a ra c php th no. Nng sut pht tng thp nn qu trnh gii bi ton
ko di v mt thi gian.
4) Cc tiu chun nh gi ng, sai hoc khng c hoc c th
mang tnh ch quan v ngn hn
Trong trng hp khng c cc tiu chun khch quan nh gi, ngi gii c
c tng no th quyt nh thc hin tng lun thc t tr li
ng hay sai, ch khng phi pht hin ng, sai ngay giai on cn l
tng. Do sai nhiu hn ng, cc thit hi v nhiu mt rt ln. C nhiu gii
php trong ngn hn tng l ng, dng di hn mi bit l sai. Cc loi thuc
cha bnh cho lu hnh, thm ch khuyn khch dng, sau khi pht hin cc tc hi
mi ra lnh cm l mt trong cc v d.
5) Thiu c ch nh hng t bi ton n li gii
Khi gp bi ton, ngi gii thng khng nh hng ngay c li
gii bi ton nm pha no. y l nhc im c bn ca phng php
th v sai v n l th phm chnh lm ny sinh nhng nhc im khc.
Ngoi cc nhc im k trn, cn c th thy cc nhc im khc lin quan
n qu trnh gii bi ton ni chung nh:
Khng ch ng pht hin, d bo cc bi ton c th ny sinh trong tng
lai hoc ngn nga khng cho bi ton ny sinh, hoc chun b sn li gii, hoc
bin bi ton thnh c hi pht trin.
Ch gii bi ton khi c nhu cu cp bch, khng gii khng c, kiu nc
ngp c mi tnh ng nhy, cn bnh thng th chp nhn, chu ng.
Khng tnh tip n nhng hu qu xu c th c do li gii bi ton cho
trc mang li, do vy, lm ny sinh cc vn mi khng ng ny sinh v bi
ton cho trc, trn thc t, cha gii xong.
Thng ch quan tm gii cc bi ton thuc chuyn mn, nghip v ca
mnh, trong c hin tng ch quan tm n nhng thng tin lin quan trc tip
n bi ton cho trc.
72
Ch quan tm tm li gii, p s m khng quan tm n qu trnh suy ngh

gii, phng php gii, l l ha cc bc gii, rt kinh nghim gii bi ton cho
trc gii cc bi ton khc.
Khng pht trin bi ton cho trc thnh cc bi ton, ti nghin cu
mi, thm ch khng i tm nhng cch gii khc ca bi ton cho trc.
Bn c c th nhn ra phng php th v sai khi nh li thi i hc (ph
thng, i hc) mnh gii cc bi ton nh th no hoc c bo ch thy cc hin
tng xy ri p, nhp ri tch, tch ri nhp, quyt nh sau sa quyt nh
trc trong mt thi gian rt ngn, cm ri cho, cho ri cm v nhiu th c phi
sa i sa li m vn khng t. Th v sai thnh hin tng x hi, nhiu n ni,
trn bo Lao ng Xun 1998 c ng v ra c t nhiu nm trc Sai u sa
, sai sa u, sa u sai v v i ca nh gio lo thnh Nguyn Ti i,
Ngh An: Ly thu b chi, ly chi b thu, b thu ly chi.
Di y l mt s th d bn c d hnh dung v s lng ph do cc quyt
nh sai.
Theo S Giao thng vn ti (GTVT) Tin Giang, chic ph c gi tr trn di
400 triu ng do B GTVT ng ri giao cho tnh Tin Giang vo khong nm 2004.
Sau khi nhn ph, S GTVT giao cho huyn G Cng Ty b tr v bn ph Tn
Long a n khch qua sng Ca Tiu (t x Long Bnh qua c lao Li Quan v
ngc li).
Tuy nhin, ph c ng dnh cho bn nc su, trong khi Tn Long l bn
chui, nn chic ph ny ch chy lng vng ngoi sng ch khng th vo bn c.
Do vy chic ph ny tht nghip v c ko v M Tho, hin b g st, xung
cp rt nghim trng.
(Bi Tin Giang: ph cha s dng tr thnh ph liu ca V.T.R., ng trn
bo Tui Tr, ra ngy 10/6/2006).
Nghe ni tnh anh ang xy dng nh my nc hin i 40.000 m/ngy, c
nc ngoi gip tr gi hn 97 t ng. Hai nm ri, sp xong cha anh Bi?
Xong g, s lm li t u!
a, sao vy?
Ti b l cun h hi ch sao! Nghe u thi cng trm bm st b sng Hu,
ht hn 700 triu ng, n ma l 1996 nc xi l lm gy ht tm cc mng, coi
73
nh i t cng trnh. Mi y B xy dng kt lun do thin tai.

Nh vy u th ni do thin tai! Ti khng chu tnh ton, kho st k trc khi
thi cng, ch chuyn l l chuyn thng ngy min Ty m!
, vy cho nn tnh va c cuc hp x l s c, rt ra bi hc kinh nghim v
xy dng. Ri quyt nh di cng trnh v su trong t lin 150 m, d kin lm li
tn thm 1,1 t ng.
i, bi hc cc l g m t d ti tin t ln?
(Bi Bi hc cc l ca Bt Bi, bo Tui Tr, ra ngy 20/8/1997).
Ph th tng Nguyn Tn Dng va yu cu B ti chnh v Tng cc bu
in phi hp cng UBND tnh C Mau di di hai ngten ti sn bay C Mau a
sn bay ny vo hot ng trn tuyn TPHCM C Mau trong thi gian sm nht. Chi
ph di di hai ngten l 32 t ng.
c bit, ng bay TPHCM C Mau d kin a vo khai thc t thng 72001 bng my bay ATR72 sau khi bay th v tn 30 t ng nng cp ci to sn
bay. Th nhng sau gn mt nm ng bay ny vn cha trin khai do khng m
bo an ton. Theo qui nh v an ton bay, tnh khng cho php ca ng hct
cnh sn bay khng c qu 40 m. Th nhng ng bay ny li vng hai ngten
ca bu in v qun i (cao hn 100 m) nn gy kh khn trong vic hct cnh.
(Bi 32 t ng di hai ngten khi ng sn bay C Mau ca .Q., bo
Tui Tr, ra ngy 28/5/2002).
Nhng nm qua, Chnh ph duyt cho B cng an mua mt lot my o tc
phng tin phc v cng tc x l vi phm trt t an ton giao thng. Tuy nhin
hu ht l my ch o c thng s tc ch khng ghi li c hnh nh phng
tin vi phm. Do , nhiu ngi vi phm khng chp hnh lnh pht ca lc lng
cnh st. Sau , B cng an cp b sung cho cng an mi a phng 2 my o
tc phng tin c ghi li hnh nh. ng thi, th trng B cng an L Th Tim
yu cu cng an cc a phng thu li s my o tc khng ghi c hnh nh v
B (hin c hn 1.000 my c Cc CSGT ng bng st thu li ct trong
kho). c bit, gi tr mi chic my ln n 5.000 USD, tnh s b tng s my thu
v ln n trn 5 triu USD.
(Bi Lng ph khong 5 triu USD mua my bn tc ca Q.-T., bo Si Gn
Gii Phng, ra ngy 18/6/2006).
74
L, hu vn, hoc li cht nh, l ip khc lp i lp li nhiu nm qua ca cc

doanh nghip (DN) ch bin v xut khu iu. Ring nm nay, c coi l nm bi
thu ca ngnh iu Vit Nam: nng sut t trung bnh 11 t/ha, c ni nh ng Nai
ln n 16 t/ha. Tnh chung sn lng thu hoch iu nm nay ca c nc tng 35 %
so vi nm 2003, trong khi din tch khng thay i. Gi bn ca nng dn cng kh
cao, trung bnh 10.500 ng/kg, so vi nm ri li nhun tng thm 1.000 ng/kg. V
pha cc DN ch bin v xut khu, nu ly gi bn ti thi im hin nay l 5,6
USD/kg, th 1 kg iu nhn cc DN li thm 1,6 USD/kg so vi gi d bo ( c li)
ban u l 4 USD/kg. Tm tnh lng xut khu ca c nc n thi im ny l
42.000 tn, th li rng ngoi t cc DN mang v t iu ln n trn 65 triu USD.
Th nhng, hu ht cc DN khng t ra vui mng m cho rng gi tng bao
nhiu cng kh by nhiu. V sao?
Gim c cng ty TNHH Bimico (Ty Ninh), ng Nguyn Minh Ha, than rng
tun ri cng ty ng giao cho khch hng 15 container nhn iu, tng ng 240
tn, nu tnh ra tin VN, Bimico mt n 5 t ng. Bi y l hp ng Bimico k vi
khch hng t thng 2-2004 vi gi ch c 4 USD/kg. ng Phm Cng, Ph gim c
cng ty Nht Huy (Bnh Dng) chua xt ni: Hp ng chng ti k trc gi qu
thp so vi gi khi giao hng. Theo Hip hi cy iu VN, y khng phi l trng
hp c bit m hu ht cc DN ln u k hp ng bn trc 40 % 60 % sn
lng trong nm, vi gi ch 3,7 4 USD/kg, thit mt hng triu USD do bn h gi.
V vy, c DN phi bi tn vi khch hng v khng hng giao, do cc v tinh
c DN u t khi thy gi ln khng bn cho DN m bn ra ngoi hng li cao
hn.
Li mt bi hc v nm bt v d bo thng tin th trng cho cc DN xut khu
iu, m bi hc ny cch y ch vi thng, cc DN xut khu go cng phi tr
gi. Tt nhin, y khng ch l li ca cc DN m cn c trch nhim ca hip hi,
B thng mi.
(Bi Mt hng triu USD v khng nm bt thng tin ca L Cng, bo
Ngi Lao ng, ra ngy 11/8/2004).
Ngy 13-9-1999, Th tng chnh ph c quyt nh s 873/Q-TTg ph
duyt d n Nh my bt giy Kon Tum c cng sut 300.000 tn bt giy ty
trng/nm, vi dy chuyn sn xut mi, cng ngh v thit b tin tin, vi tng mc
u t 244,4 triu USD, ch yu vay trong nc v nc ngoi. Nhng t thng 12003, d n phi tm hon trin khai theo yu cu ca Th tng chnh ph xem
75
xt li tnh hiu qu trong u t v d n pht trin vng nguyn liu, v n nay th

quyt nh ngng trin khai d n ny, mc d u t vo y hn 200 t ng.
ng Bi Xun Khu th trng thng trc B cng nghip tha nhn, TCT giy
cha chun b chu o cho d n ny. y l d n rt ln, nu k c thit b v
vng nguyn liu, vn lu ng, cng nh c s h tng, th tng vn u t phi ln
n trn 5.000 t ng. Thiu st u tin chnh l cng tc thu t vn khng chuyn
nghip dn n tnh ton khng chu o, thiu s kho st c th kh nng cung ng
nguyn liu cho nh my. Trong phng n u tin c Chnh ph thng qua
xy dng c cu nguyn liu l 70 % bt x ngn dng nguyn liu ch yu l tre, na
v 30 % bt x di m nguyn liu l g thng. Ch sau khi c kin ca cc b lin
quan, nht l B NN&PTNT, v qua kho st bng my bay mi thy nguyn liu tre,
na khng cn nhiu. Chnh v vy, d n ny phi mt mt thi gian tm hon
iu chnh li c cu nguyn liu: 70 % bt x di v 30 % bt x ngn (!)
Thiu st th hai l trong qu trnh trin khai d n ca TCT giy cng khng cht
ch, phng n u t cho trng rng cao hn thc t, dn n d n khng kh thi.
Trong , sut u t cho 1 ha cy keo lai hay cy thng u cao hn nhiu so vi tnh
ton u t thc t t B NN&PTNT. V d d n xy dng ph u t l 16 triu
ng/hcta keo lai, nhng B NN&PTNT cho rng thc t ch khong 10 triu ng.
Th ba, sut u t ca Nh my bt giy qu ln, kh nng thu hi vn chm v
kh khn. Theo tnh ton, gi bn bt giy phi t 520 USD/tn tr ln th mi m
bo hiu qu. Cc phng n ti chnh ca d n u cho thy hiu qu thp, nu
khng c s tr gip ca Nh nc v vn v mt s c ch th khng kh thi, trng
hp gi giy thp hn 500 USD/tn th cha xc nh c ngun vn tr n.
Ngay t u, c nhiu kin cho rng d n u t Nh my bt giy Kon Tum
s khng hiu qu. y l vng i ni cao, ch yu l din tch t trng i trc, t
bc mu, vo ma kh khng c nc ti cy, nn nguy c chy ti vng nguyn liu
ny rt ln, cng lm d n thm ri ro. c bit, phng n pht trin vng nguyn
liu i hi phi p dng m hnh sn xut tp trung, thm canh. Th nhng, c th
khu vc ny l mt dn s tha, trnh dn tr thp, ngi dn cha c kinh
nghim trng rng cng nghip. Cc nh khoa hc cng cha chng minh c cy
nguyn liu thc s c cho cht lng bt tt hay khng, liu sau mt chu k khai
thc, chu k trng k tip cy nguyn liu c th sinh trng v tip tc cho bt hay
khng. Vic ngng trin khai d n chng t Chnh ph khng th phiu lu em
hng ngn t ng ra lm th nghim.
76
(Bi Gi 200 t ng cho mt bi hc! ca Vn Minh Hoa, bo Si Gn Gii

Phng, ra ngy 9/9/2004).
Bn c cn c th c thm cc bi bo lin quan n Vinashin, Vinalines
thy gii quyt vn , ra quyt nh sai dn n s thit hi ln khng khip nh
th no.
6.4. T duy cha c ch xng ng

Nhn theo quan im ton nhn loi (xem mc 1. M u), nu khng c t duy
loi ngi chc chn ch l mt trong cc loi ng vt hoang d yu t. Nh t
duy, loi ngi t ch c cc kh nng sinh hc rt hn ch n ch chim u th
tuyt i trong t nhin, thc hin nhng k tch cha tng c trn Tri t c
c nn vn minh rc r nh ngy nay. T duy l ci ch duy nht loi ngi mi
c.
Nhn theo quan im c nhn (xem mc 2. T duy l g?), s phn, hnh phc
ca mt ngi ty thuc nhiu vo vic ngi suy ngh gii quyt vn v ra
quyt nh nh th no trong sut cuc i ca mnh.
Nh vy, nhn theo quan im ton nhn loi cng nh quan im c nhn: t
duy cc k quan trng. Thng thng, ci g rt quan trng th ci c ch
u t c bit (hiu theo ngha rt rng) gn gi v pht trin. Tuy nhin, trong
thc t c nhng iu thy khng hp l m vn tn ti, c khi dai dng. Ngi ta
gi chng l nhng nghch l. C mt nghch l bao trm ln lnh vc t duy. y l:
Rt quan trng >< Khng c ch xng ng

T duy rt quan trng nhng lnh vc t duy khng c loi ngi v c
nhn i x, u t, pht trin mt cch xng ng. Do vy, nhn chung, s pht
trin ca nhn loi cha phi ti u, bn vng, trong nhiu trng hp phi tr
gi rt t, nhiu vn ton cu cha c gii quyt. Nhn trn bnh din con
ngi c th th nhiu c nhn vn cn trong b kh.
Nghch l bao trm ni trn dn n cc nghch l c th hn. Di y, ngi
vit s trnh by cc nghch l . Chng khng ng c lp m an quyn ln
nhau hoc ci ny ko theo ci kia.
Ch th gii bn trong t >< Ch th gii bn ngoi nhiu

Nu so snh ba lnh vc t nhin, x hi v t duy v s lng nhng ngi
lm vic, nghin cu, s cng trnh cng b, s tin u t chng ta c th thy
nhng g nhn loi dnh cho lnh vc t duy l khng ng k. Dale Carnegie nh
77
li, ng cn c quyn sch v cch chin thng s lo u, phin mun (phn ln l do

suy ngh khng hiu qu ngi vit). ng vo th vin cng cng ln ca New
York nm trn i l 5 v ph 42. ng ht sc ngc nhin khi thy vn vn c 22
quyn sch di tiu Lo u, phin mun (Worry). Trong khi , di tiu
Giun (Worms) ng tm c ti 189 quyn, tc nhiu gn gp chn ln. Bn c
cn c th hnh dung tip, trong t nhin, ngoi loi giun cn bit bao loi khc,
khng ch ng vt cn thc vt, khng ch th gii hu c, cn th gii v c
Tng t, trong x hi cng c bit bao i tng m loi ngi u nghin cu v
vit sch v chng th s chnh lch cn tng gp nhiu ln na.
Trong cc gii thng ln trn th gii, k c gii Nobel, bn c c th k tn
gii thng no c dnh ring cho lnh vc t duy khng? R rng, nhn loi qu
th vi nhng g thuc lnh vc t duy m ch nhiu hn n hai lnh vc kia:
t nhin v x hi. Nu coi t duy thuc th gii bn trong con ngi, t nhin v
x hi l th gii bn ngoi th nhn loi ch trong t hn ngoi. Do vy, trn
thc t, nhn loi bit rt nhiu v th gii xung quanh nhng li bit rt t v
chnh bn thn mnh, c bit, nhng g xy ra trong b no.
Nguyn Du trong Truyn Kiu vit: Bn trong c m th ngoi mi m. C l,
khng t cc vn ny sinh mc c nhn, tp th, quc gia v ton cu c
nguyn nhn su xa do nghch l trong v ngoi ny m l ra phi c s tng
hp gia chng.
Ch nguyn nhn t >< Ch kt qu nhiu

Trong chnh lnh vc t duy, nhn loi quan tm kt qu t duy (cc pht minh,
sng ch) hn l nguyn nhn: qu trnh suy ngh dn n kt qu . Trong khi
theo l thng thng, mun c nhiu kt qu tt th phi ch nghin cu, thay
i, tc ng, ci tin nguyn nhn. Chng hn, mun b cho nhiu sa, ngi ta
phi nghin cu cc nguyn nhn, tc ng ln chng xy dng qu trnh nui
b sa cho kt qu nh mong mun.
Khng quan tm n nguyn nhn nn tnh hnh trong lnh vc t duy hin nay
ging nh thi k sn bn, hi lm: nhn loi thu nhn nhng kt qu sng to c
sn ca cc c nhn trong x hi (ging nh sn bn cc th vt, hi lm cc tri
cy c sn trong rng) m cha chuyn sang giai on chn nui, trng trt da
trn c s cc nghin cu khoa hc. Ni cch khc, nhn loi cha tht s ch
nghin cu qu trnh suy ngh gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh. Do vy, cch suy
ngh ca chng ta hin nay khng khc cch suy ngh ca t tin chng ta l bao
nhiu. Cch (cng c) suy ngh hon ton tng phn vi cc cng c dng
78
trong lnh vc t nhin, x hi. T y, chng ta chuyn sang nghch l tip theo.
Cng c t duy th s, >< Cng c dng cho lnh vc t

nng sut, hiu qu thp,
iu khin km
nhin, x hi hin i, nng sut,

hiu qu cao, iu khin tt
Con ngi l ng vt lao ng bng cc cng c (hiu theo ngha rng nht)
do chnh con ngi ch to ra. Chng thng xuyn c hon thin, ci tin, i
mi to nn khuynh hng pht trin: cng c ra i sau c nng sut, hiu qu,
tin cy, tnh iu khin cao hn ci trc. Ni cch khc, cc cng c lao ng ca
con ngi cng ngy, cng tr nn hin i. V d, nu nh trc y ngi ta xc
t bng xng th nay bng my xc vi nng sut cao hn nhiu ln. bo tin cho
mt ngi no , c thi ngi ta phi lc cc p xe n tn ni th nay dng
in thoi nhanh hn nhiu. Thay v phi dng nhng con dao kim loi cng knh,
nay cc bc s c tia laser cho php thc hin cc cuc gii phu i hi chnh
xc cc k cao. Ngy xa, l gii lm khi ngi ta tnh c mt php tnh trong
mt giy th nay c nhng my tnh cho php thc hin nhiu t php tnh mt
giy
Nhn loi vi cc cng c do mnh to ra khng ch iu khin dng chy ca
nhng dng sng, cc qu trnh bin i mc nguyn t, ht nhn, cc chuyn
bay v tr m cn iu khin c vic to ra cc ging loi mi. Nhng cng c ny
u c th dy, hc cch ch to v s dng chng truyn cho nhng ngi
khc.
Trong khi nhng iu k trn l bnh thng i vi hai lnh vc t nhin v x
hi th trong lnh vc t duy, cng c c c nhng tng sng to vn cn
trong giai on tri cho th no th dng th y v cng khng bit hnh hi ca
cng c ra sao v t duy l i tng khng nhn thy. Nhiu ngi cn cho
rng t duy sng to l i tng khng iu khin c.
G.S. Altshuller nhn xt v nghch l ny nh sau: tng v iu khin mt
ci g hin nay cha iu khin c vn c tip nhn mt cch bnh thng.
Chng ta s tm ra phng tin iu khin n, chng ta s iu khin n. Nhng
tng v vic iu khin qu trnh sng to, nh l quy tc, lun gp s chng i
quyt lit.
Ni cch khc, cng c hin nay dng trong lnh vc t duy sng to cn rt th
cng m mm, th s theo kiu th v sai: c ngh i, lm i, thua keo ny, by keo
khc cho n bao gi thnh cng th thi vi nng sut, hiu qu, tin cy, tnh
79
iu khin thp v kh truyn t b quyt ca mnh cho nhng ngi khc h

c th ngh theo cch cng c nhng sng to tt. Nhng cng chnh t duy
cng c khng nhn thy v rt th s y li quyt nh nhng ci nhn thy v cho
ra i nhng cng c v thnh tu hin i nht. T y chng ta c th thy x hi
loi ngi s pht trin vt bc nh th no nu t duy c c nhng cng c
hin i, nng sut, hiu qu cao, iu khin tt nh trong hai lnh vc t nhin v
x hi.
Ci t th ch nhiu >< Ci r ch t
Mt loi my tnh hot ng rt ph phm v cha dng ht kh nng ca
chng, mc d c mt lot u im vt tri so vi my tnh hin i nht hin
nay:
o Khng cn lp cng ty thit k, ch to v sn xut m vn c my tnh
dng.
o Ph bin n mc, ai cng c v c rt sm ngay t khi bt u cuc i.
o Rt nh, khong hn kilgram v lun lun i theo ch thnh ra khng s
qun u .
o C kh nng tng hnh nn ngi ch tha h s dng my tnh mt cch
thoi mi m khng ai bit, k c nhng ni cm s dng my tnh thng
thng.
o Lun c giu kn ni m khng ai c th t nhp ly trm c.
o Phn cng l tng n mc ngi ch khng phi bn tm v vic ln
i.
o Bo mt cc tt, cc tin tc ch c nc ngi khc.
o T ng np nng lng lm vic, khng ph thuc vo my pht in, in
li, pin, c-quy
o Thi gian hot ng trung bnh 60 70 nm m khng phi bo tr, sa
cha, thay th.
o S dng gii quyt cc loi vn mi ni, mi lc, thng xuyn hn
bt k loi my tnh no khc.
o C kh nng pht cc tng sng to m lnh vc tr tu nhn to khng
bit bao gi mi c th bn gt.
o Chnh n gip ch to ra cc loi my tnh khc ni ring v tt c cc cng
80
c lao ng ca con ngi ni chung.

o Gi my r khng ng v ai cng c cha, m tng, khng mt tin mua.
Bn c on ra my tnh vt tri va ni chnh l b c ca mi ngi
bnh thng. Tht l l khi thy ngi ta theo ui nhng my tnh in t cng
cc phn mm t tin m cha ch khai thc cc u vit ca loi my tnh cc r
(b c) ny bng cch vit cc phn mm thch hp cho n.
Hc t duy t, >< Hc t nhin, x hi nhiu,

dng nhiu
dng t
Sut cuc i, mi ngi chng ta dng suy ngh rt nhiu, nu nh khng ni

l hng ngy. T vic tr li nhng cu hi bnh thng nh Hm nay n g? Mc
g? Lm g? Mua g? Xem g? i u? n lm cc bi tp thy, c cho khi i hc;
chn ngnh ngh o to; lo cng n, vic lm, sc khe, thu nhp, hn nhn, nh ;
gii quyt cc vn ny sinh trong cng vic, trong quan h x hi, gia nh, nui
dy con ci, tt tn tt u i hi phi suy ngh v chc rng ai cng mun lm
sao mnh suy ngh tt ra nhng quyt nh ng. Mc d u chng ta nghe
thy nhng li mang tnh khng nh kiu, hc ton hc l hc suy ngh lgch,
chnh xc; cc mn trit hc, khoa hc t nhin v x hi gip hnh thnh th gii
quan, nhn sinh quan l iu rt cn thit c t duy ng; chi c l hnh thc
rt tt luyn tp suy ngh; vn hc, ngh thut v gio dc thm m em li
nhiu tnh cm p, to cm hng tt cho cc hot ng tr c Nhng r rng,
chng ta khng c hc mn trc tip v t duy sng to, gii quyt cc vn
ny sinh trong cuc i ca mi chng ta. Ngay c khoa hc c phn chuyn
ngnh nghin cu t duy l tm l hc cng rt t ngi c hc.
Trong khi , sut cuc i, chng ta phi hc rt nhiu mn trong nh trng,
nhiu iu ngoi nh trng, ch yu v hai lnh vc t nhin v x hi. Nhng
xem ra nhng g chng ta c hc nhiu li dng rt t trong cuc sng v cng
vic. Nu bn c hin nay ang i lm, bn cng c iu kin chim nghim
iu . Chng hn, t khi bn i lm n nay, ngoi mt s kin thc nghip v
thuc ngh ca bn, bn bao nhiu ln dng nhng kin thc khi hc trong
trng ph thng thi (cha ni nhng kin thc khc su hn) nh hng ng
thc ng nh, gii phng trnh bc nht, bc hai, ly o hm, ba nh lut ca
Newton, cn bng phng trnh ca cc phn ng ha hc
Nghch l hc t, dng nhiu v ngc li hc nhiu, dng t, c bit trong thi
i bng n thng tin, tri thc, ang l vn c nhiu nh gio dc trn th gii
bo ng v dnh nhiu n lc gii quyt.
81
Thng minh >< t c kt qu sng to

C giai thoi sau lin quan n t duy sng to. Montaigne, nh trit hc Php
ni vi nhng ngi xung quanh: Thng ban pht cho loi ngi rt nhiu th
khng cng bng. Ring v tr thng minh th ai cng nh ai. Mi ngi ngh ng
gii thch. ng tr li: Cc bn m xem, c ngi khe, c ngi yu; c ngi
mp, c ngi gy; c ngi cao, c ngi thp; c ngi p, c ngi khng p;
Nhng c ai t nhn mnh l ngu u v nu nh ai b ngi khc mng l ngu,
ngi s tc in ln y ch. iu ny chng t ai cng thng minh nh ai.
Cu ni tng l a ca Montaigne phn nh mt s tht c hu ht cc
nh nghin cu cng nhn. l, tim nng sng to ca b c mi ngi bnh
thng (khng b cc khuyt tt v no) cc k ln, n ni, c nh khoa hc ni:
Trong mi ngi c mt thin ti ng qun. C cch no nh thc thin ti trong
mi ngi tnh dy v hot ng kt qu sng to ca mi ngi tng xng vi
tim nng thng minh vn c? Lm sao bin tim nng thnh hin thc?
Nhiu vn >< t suy ngh

Mc 2. T duy l g? cho chng ta bit, cuc i ca mi ngi l chui cc vn
cn gii quyt, chui cc quyt nh cn phi ra. Mi ngi cn suy ngh gii
quyt vn , ra quyt nh. Cuc i ca mi ngi u c nhiu vn , nhiu
ln phi ra quyt nh, do vy cn phi suy ngh nhiu.
Tuy nhin, thc t cho thy, s lng ngi c suy ngh khi gp vn hoc
khi cn ra quyt nh khng nhiu, s lng ngi thc s suy ngh n ni n
chn cn t hn v s lng ngi suy ngh mt cch c hiu qu li cn t hn na.
V iu ny, A. Einstein nhn xt: Suy ngh l mt vic kh, nn rt t ngi chu
kh suy ngh. Cn ngi nhn gii Nobel vn hc Bernard Shaw ni v suy ngh
nh sau: t ngi suy ngh hn hai hoc ba ln trong mt nm. Ti to c s ni
ting quc t l do ti lun suy ngh mt hoc hai ln trong mt tun. i vo c th,
ngay c trng hp c dng t duy, trong ba loi t duy (xem mc 3. Cc nghin
cu v t duy th c l t duy trc quanhnh ng c dng nhiu nht, ri n
t duy trc quanhnh nh v sau cng l t duy t nglgch. T duy t ng
lgch, nu dng th ch yu l ngn ng t nhin v lgch t nhin.
C nhiu nguyn nhn dn n vic ngi ta t suy ngh:
1) Suy ngh, m thc t li l suy ngh bng phng php ph bin th v sai,
tn nhiu sc lc, tr lc, thi gian. Do vy, nhiu ngi ngi, li, trn suy ngh,
thm ch, cam chu, chp nhn nhng hu qu khng mong mun do vn cha
82
c gii quyt mang li. Ni cch khc, nh sng chung vi vn . V d, sng

chung vi nhim, kt xe.
2) Mi trng c nhng iu kin gip ngi c cc vn trnh suy ngh gii
quyt chng. V d, cc vn c th bo co ln cp trn. Cp trn s suy ngh, gii
quyt, mnh ch l thin li ch u nh y theo quyt nh ca cp trn.
Cc vn c th giao cho cp di suy ngh ri h kin ngh cc gii php, cc
d tho quyt nh.
Cc vn c th chuyn giao cho nhng ngi khc gii quyt bng cch mua,
thu cc thnh phm, dch v c sn hoc t hng gii quyt theo cc yu cu ca
ch s hu vn . Tt nhin, ch s hu vn phi c tin lm iu .
Nhn y, ngi vit dn ra cu ni ca ming ca E.Rutherford (gii Nobel vt l)
nhc nh cc ng nghip v hc tr mnh: Chng ta khng c tin, chng ta phi
suy ngh (Weve got no money, so we have to think).
3) Ngi c vn c th chuyn sang cc mi trng khc, khng c vn
mnh gp. V d, chuyn cng tc, chuyn nh, chuyn ngh, li d, ct t cc
quan h xu.
4) Ngi vit cho rng nguyn nhn c bn nht ca vic t hoc khng suy
ngh l do gio dc ni ring, nhn loi ni chung khng thc s ch n t duy:
cho n hin nay, trong cc nh trng trn khp th gii, hu nh khng thy dy
v hc suy ngh nh mt mn ring. Nhiu ni khuyn khch hc thuc lng khng
cn suy ngh. C nhng ni, gii lnh o cn nhng ngi cung tn hoc n l, l
nhng ngi c suy ngh m khng dng.
khc phc cc nghch l ni trn, nhng ngi c trch nhim i vi s

pht trin ca nhn loi v c nhn cn thc hin nhng kin ca cc nh khoa
hc thc s ch n t duy. V d:
Maxwell: ti nghin cu chn chnh dnh cho nhn loi chnh l con
ngi.
T. Edison: Nhim v quan trng nht ca nn vn minh l dy con ngi bit
suy ngh.
M. Planck: Chc nng ca trng hc khng phi l cung cp cc kinh
nghim chuyn mn m l bi dng, luyn tp t duy c phng php mt cch
T duy sng to cn c: mt s nt phc tho
83
nht qun.
K.K. Platonov, G.G. Golubev: Ngy nay, tr nn c cng nhn mt cch
rng ri, nhim v ca bt k vic dy hc no: khng ch dy nhng kin thc nht
nh m trc ht dy t duy.
Likhtenberg: Khi mt ngi c hc cch suy ngh nh th no ch khng
phi suy ngh ci g, mi s hiu lm s bin mt.
C. Darwin: Giai on pht trin cao nht trong vn ha o c l khi chng
ta nhn ra rng chng ta cn phi iu khin cc suy ngh ca chnh mnh.
A. Einstein: Mt kiu t duy mi l cn thit nu nhn loi mun tn ti v
chuyn sang mc pht trin cao hn.
7. T duy sng to cn c: mt s nt phc tho

Trong mc 6, ngi vit trnh by t duy hin c. Hot ng ca t duy
hin c c thc hin bng cng c t nhin phng php th v sai. Chnh v
vy, t nay v sau, khi ngi vit cp n t duy hin c th cng ng rng
cp n phng php th v sai v ngc li.
T duy hin c c nhng u im, ng thi c khng t cc nhc im.
Chng ta mong mun c c loi t duy, mt mt, khc phc c cc nhc
im ni trn, mt khc, khai thc, pht huy ti a cc tim nng ca t duy. y
chnh l loi t duy cn c. Trong mc ny, ngi vit th phc tho mt s chc
nng, tnh cht ca t duy cn c.
Hnh 14 di y m t t duy cn c v s c gii thch c th hn trong
trnh by tip theo.
Nu so snh Hnh 14 vi Hnh 10 th chng ta thy m hnh t duy cn c khc
m hnh t duy hin c nhng im sau:
t duy c nhn c ng khung m hn thnh t duy cn c.
Cc ng xut pht t t duy, c th, cc ng
khng
cn l cc ng gch-gch m tr thnh cc ng m mang ngha tt p.
84
Hnh 14: Chui nhu cuhnh ng vi t duy sng to cn c
Khung m ca t duy v cc ng m t t duy din t cc sau:

T duy cn c by gi khng cn l t duy t nhin th v sai na trong c
hai ngha ca t t nhin (xem mc 6.3. Phng php (t nhin) th v sai: cng
c t duy th s, nng sut, hiu qu thp, iu khin km). iu ny cho thy, th
nht, ngi gii bi ton suy ngh bng h thng mi cc cng c nhn to vi nng
sut v hiu qu cao hn nhiu ln phng php (t nhin) th v sai. H thng
cc cng c mi chnh l phng php lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM),
phn ng dng ca sng to hc. ng
trn Hnh 14 c v m l minh
ha va ni: thng tin u ra l cc tng t nng sut v hiu qu cao hn

nhiu ln phng php (t nhin) th v sai. Th hai, ngi gii bi ton khng
suy ngh (con nga) dn dt mnh m mnh ch ng iu khin suy ngh (con
nga) i theo cc quy lut sng to khch quan t c mc ch ra. Ni
cch khc, t duy cn c phi tr thnh h thng t iu khin c chnh mnh.
T duy c trang b loi lgch khoa hc t duy ch khng ch dng
lgch t nhin v lgch chuyn mn (xem mc 3. Cc nghin cu v t duy). y l
loi lgch dng cho chnh t duy mang tnh khch quan, khoa hc phn nh s
pht trin, bi v, gii quyt vn l nhm to ra s pht trin.
T duy c kh nng iu khin tt cc yu t khc nh nhu cu, xc cm,
85
thi quen t nguyn v hnh ng nhm mc ch gii cc bi ton thuc th gii

bn trong con ngi v h tr vic gii cc bi ton thuc th gii bn ngoi con
ngi. Kh nng iu khin tt ca t duy i vi cc yu t khc c minh ha
bng cc ng m
i vo c th, ng
c cc chc nng gii quyt vn c trong yu t nhu
cu; lm gim tnh ch quan (xem mc 6.2. T duy rt ch quan) ca nhu cu n

ti thiu v a nhu cu v trng thi tc ng thun li nht n t duy (ng
).
Tng t nh vy, ng
lm vi yu t xc cm, ng
lm vi yu t
thi quen t nguyn.

Vic thc hin tt cc chc nng ca cc ng
nh ni trn gip
to ra nhiu trng hp nh Hnh 12a, c ngha, to ra nhiu hnh ng xut pht

t t duy tt. din t iu ny, ng
cng c v m.
Vic v t duy c khung m v cc ng m i ra t t duy cn c ng :

ngn ng dng trong t duy cn c phi l loi ngn ng c kh nng phn nh tch
cc hin thc (xem mc 6.2. T duy rt ch quan) c trong bi ton v cc ngh
ca qu trnh suy ngh, cng nh khng gy hiu lm nu dng ngn ng giao
tip vi nhng ngi cng tham gia gii bi ton hoc quan tm n gii bi ton.
T duy c nhn mnh y l loi t duy ch con ngi mi c: t duy t
nglgch. Tuy vy, con ngi c hai loi t duy khc l t duy trc quanhnh
ng v t duy trc quanhnh nh (xem mc 3. Cc nghin cu v t duy). Cc
ng v m trn Hnh 14 cn ng kt hp c ba loi t duy chng c th b
sung cho nhau nhng ni cn thit, nhm pht huy sc mnh ca t duy ni
chung.
Trn y ngi vit mi cp n t duy m nh chng ta bit (xem mc
2. T duy l g?): kt qu ca t duy ch l tng gii php cho vn . Cng vic
tip theo l phi hnh ng bin tng sng to thnh hin thc (xem Hnh 1,
mc 4.2. Mi quan h gia t duy v hnh ng). C vy, ngi gii mi t c
mc ch ra trong bi ton trn thc t. T y, thm mt yu cu na cho t
duy cn c: y phi l loi t duy thc y cc hnh ng sng to ch khng phi
t duy m t duy. Cn c vo Hnh 12a, chng ta c th a ra hnh v cho t
duy cn c (xem Hnh 15).
86
Hnh 15: Hnh ng bin tng sng to thnh hin thc nh t duy cn c
T duy cn c, mt mt, cho ra tng sng to gii bi ton, mt khc, phi

to ra c xc cm hoc thi quen t nguyn cng chiu (ng hnh) vi t
duy th mi c c hnh ng bin tng sng to thnh hin thc, bi v t
duy ( ngh) thun ty khng phi l ngun gc, nguyn nhn khi u, ng lc
ca hnh ng (xem mc 4.2. Mi quan h gia t duy v hnh ng). Trong khi ,
xc cm (xem mc 5.2. Xc cm c nhn trong chui nhu cuhnh ng) v
thi quen t nguyn (xem mc 5.3. Thi quen t nguyn trong chui nhu cuhnh
ng) mi thc y hnh ng mt cch chc chn.
Tm li, t duy cn c l s kt hp hi ha ca c ba loi t duy, phn
nh tch cc th gii bn trong v th gii bn ngoi con ngi, iu
khin c qu trnh suy ngh v hnh ng gii quyt vn (thuc c
th gii bn trong v th gii bn ngoi) vi chi ph (hiu theo ngha
rng) t nht, to ra s pht trin c nhn v x hi y , n nh v bn
vng trn thc t.
C rt nhiu vic phi lm mc nhn loi v c nhn cc nh nghin
cu mi ngi u c c t duy cn c. Ngi vit lit k di y mt s

vic:
Tng cng nghin cu con ngi, c bit, th gii bn trong con ngi
nhm pht hin y , c th cc quy lut tm, sinh l ca b no con ngi.
Trong c cc quy lut ca t duy v cc quy lut v cc mi quan h ca t duy
vi cc yu t khc nh nhu cu, xc cm, thi quen t nguyn. T y cn xy
dng cc phng php iu khin, lm ch th gii bn trong con ngi.
Tng cng nghin cu cc sng to v i mi c nhm pht hin cc
quy lut khch quan ca sng to v i mi, m nhng quy lut chnh l cc
quy lut khch quan ca s pht trin
87
Cn pht hin thm cc khoa hc v cc quy lut ca t duy v cc hnh thc

ca n ngoi lgch hc hnh thc, lgch hc bin chng. V d, lgch ca l thuyt
h thng, l thuyt thng tin, iu khin hc c th ng gp xy dng loi lgch
khoa hc t duy (xem mc 3. Cc nghin cu v t duy).
sng to hc v phng php lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM) c
phm vi p dng rng (dng gii quyt vn bt k, khng phn bit ngnh
ngh chuyn mn, th gii bn ngoi hay th gii bn trong con ngi) cn tng
cng nghin cu cc khoa hc mang tnh khi qut cao v rt ra nhng ci cn
thit gip ngi suy ngh d dng i t khi qut n c th v ngc li. Cc khoa
hc lit k im trc cng chnh l nhng khoa hc nh vy.
Tng cng nghin cu ngn ng nhm xy dng cc phng php s dng
ngn ng thc hin tt chc nng ca ngn ng: th hin cc ngh ca ngi t
duy v giao tip vi nhng ngi khc.
Da trn cc nghin cu ni trn, xy dng h thng cc phng php
(phng php lun), mt mt, khc phc cc nhc im ca phng php th v
sai, mt khc, khai thc v pht trin ti a nhng tim nng ca b c nhm gii
quyt vn v ra quyt nh ng ngay t u. H thng cc phng php va
nu chnh l phng php lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM) ting Anh vit l
creativity and innovation methodologies.
Cn xy dng mi trng vi m thun li i vi sng to ca tng c nhn.
X hi mc v m phi c cc bin php khuyn khch, kch thch, ng
vin c cng ngy, cng nhiu cng dn tham gia sng to.
Nhim v ca gio dc v o to th hin ch, sng to hc v PPLSTVM
phi c a vo cc nh trng. Mt cch l tng, cc mn hc ny s c
dy lin tc t mu gio n hai nm u i hc, mi nm hc vi chc tit, vi cc
tr chi (i vi mu gio), cc gio trnh, k c cc bi tp rn luyn k nng s
dng PPLSTVM, ph hp vi tng bc hc (i vi tiu hc tr ln). Hai nm cui
trong trng i hc s dnh sinh vin p dng PPLSTVM vo nghin cu
khoa hc theo chuyn mn ca mnh. Cc trng i hc v cao ng thnh lp cc
trung tm v mn hc nhng ngi ang i lm hoc quan tm u c th n
hc.
n mt lc no (tt nhin phi rt lu di v cn ht sc kin tr), mn hc
v sng to ph sng ln ht ngi dn t tui mu gio tr ln. y l nhng
ngi bit t duy sng to c phng php khoa hc, t duy sng to mt cch c
88
k nng ch khng phi t duy sng to theo phng php t nhin th v sai lc
hu.
Lin quan n nhng iu va ni, ngi vit nh li, ti Hi ngh quc t ln
th by v t duy (The 7
International Conference on Thinking) din ra trong
thng 6/1997 ti Singapore, Th tng Singapore lc Goh Chok Tong c c bi

din vn di 30 pht m u Hi ngh. Trong bi din vn ny, ng nhn mnh:
Chng ta s thc hin s thay i t duy ca ngi Singapore. Chng ta cn t b
tng cho rng ch c nhng ngi lnh o cp cao nht mi phi suy ngh, v
cng vic ca tt c nhng ngi khc l lm nh c bo. Thay v th, chng ta
mun thc hin tinh thn ca i mi vic hc bng hnh ng, ca tt c mi ngi
mi cp bc, lun t cu hi lm th no anh hay ch c th thc hin cng vic
ca mnh tt hn (We will bring about a mindset change among Singaporeans. We
must get away from the idea that it is only the people at the top who should be
thinking, and the job of everyone else is to do as told. Instead we want to bring
about a spirit of innovation of learning by action, of everyone at all levels always
asking how she or he can do her or his job better).
Gn y, bo Tui Tr Cui Tun s ra ngy 8/5/2011, trang 9, c trch ng
li ca th tng Trung Quc lc l n Gia Bo:
t nc chng ta s tr nn v ch nu 1,3 t dn c th t duy c lp
v sng to
Tuy khng bit ng cnh thc s ca cu ni, ngi ch c cu ni trn c th
hiu n nh sau:
o V ch ni n y chc l v ch nhiu mt (nu khng ni l v ch
v mi mt) ch khng phi ch v ch v GDP hoc v ch v thm him v tr
o V ch c l l v ch c th gii, ch khng phi v ch cp khu vc
hoc v ch so vi cc nc ang pht trin
o t nc chng ta, 1,3 t dn c ngha l ton b t nc, ngi dn
Trung Quc ch khng phi ch c Bc Kinh, Thng Hi, ch c cc cn b qun l,
lnh o cp cao hoc tng lp tri thc, hoc tng lp doanh nhn hoc giai cp
cng nhn
o C th t duy c lp v sng to l mong mun, mc ch ra cn t.
Tuy nhin, chng ta cha bit Trung Quc s lm nhng g v lm nh th no
t mc ch. Chng hn, ch dng mc h ho: Mi ngi Trung Quc hy
i mi t duy tr thnh mt ngi t duy c lp v sng to; p dng cc
89
bin php khuyn khch, kch thch, to cc iu kin thun li v mi trng

lm xut hin thm nhng ngi t duy c lp v sng to; dy v hc PPLSTVM
i tr c c tt c cng dn t duy c lp v sng to R rng, cch lm
dy v hc PPLSTVM mt cch i tr l cch lm bi bn, cn c v ch li lu di
nht.
o Cu ni trn khng phi ca ngi bnh thng m ca ngi ng u
Chnh ph Trung Quc cho thy, nhng ngi lnh o cp cao nht Trung Quc
nh gi tuyt i cao vai tr ca t duy c lp v sng to ca ton b dn s
quc gia pht trin t nc trong thi i kinh t tri thc, x hi tri thc c
tnh cnh tranh v hp tc cao.
o Cu ni trn chc l khng ch ng vi Trung Quc, m cn c th suy rng
ra mt cch tng t, ng vi cc nc khc.
c th dy sng to hc v PPLSTVM thnh cng, cng nh cc mn hc
khc, cn o to i ng cn b ging dy trnh cao. William A. Ward nhn xt
v trnh cc thy nh sau: Ngi thy trung bnh ch bit ni. Ngi thy gii
bit gii thch. Ngi thy xut chng bit minh ha. Ngi thy v i bit cch
truyn cm hng. Chng ta mong c nhng ngi thy khng ch truyn kin thc,
phng php m cn truyn cm hng na.
t lu, nhiu ngi ni ting nh gi gio dc rt cao. John Dewey cho
rng: Gio dc l phng php cn bn ca tin b x hi. Gio dc l phng php
ci to x hi chc chn nht. H.G. Wells nhn xt: Lch s loi ngi cng ngy
cng tr thnh cuc chy ua gia gio dc v thm ha. Erasmus khng nh:
Nim hy vng chnh ca mt dn tc nm s gio dc ng n th h tr.
Cng vi s pht trin sng to hc v PPLSTVM, gio dc trong
tng lai s c thm ni dung: gio dc t duy sng to, gip hnh thnh
v pht trin cc nhn cch sng to quy m i tr. Nhng nhn cch
sng to ny chnh l ngun nhn lc to ln i vi s pht trin x hi
loi ngi.
Nhiu nh lnh o, qun l nh gi sc mnh, s giu c ca t nc mnh
theo cc tiu ch vt cht nh sn lng thp, xi mng, in, du m, than, la m,
go, ti nguyn thin nhin tnh trn u ngi, hoc GDP trn u ngi. Tuy
nhin, cn c nhng tiu ch tinh thn quan trng hn cc tiu ch vt cht ni trn,
bi v chng khng ch quyt nh cc tiu ch vt cht m cn xc nh tng lai
ca t nc, thm ch, ton b nhn loi. Cc tiu ch tinh thn ni n y,
khng phi l s lng cc nh khoa hc, k s, ngh s, nh vn, ha s li cng
90 xut hin nhu cu x hi i hi pht trin sng to hc v phng php lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM)
khng phi s lng hc v, hc hm, danh hiu ca h. Nhng con s loi khng
phn nh hiu qu lm vic ca tng lp tr thc v khng quyt nh tc pht
trin. Tiu ch thc s phn nh sc mnh, s giu c v tinh thn ca mt t
nc l s lng cc nhn cch sng to m x hi to ra. Ni chnh xc hn, s
pht trin t l thun vi t s cc nhn cch sng to trn dn s quc gia. Lch s
pht trin nhn loi cho thy mi quan h qua li: t s ni trn cao gip x hi
pht trin nhanh v ngc li. ng thi, mt x hi vi cc quyn con ngi c
thc thi to iu kin thun li tng t s ni trn v ngc li.
Tm li, cn y mnh cng vic khoa hc ha lnh vc t duy sng to; xy
dng v pht trin PPLSTVM khc phc cc nhc im ca phng php th v
sai theo hng khng cn c cc php th sai; gio dc ton dn v sng to hc v
PPLSTVM; to mi trng thun li, c cc bin php khuyn khch hiu qu i
vi sng to v i mi. G.S.Altshulller ni v iu ny nh sau: Sng to c th v
cn phi khoa hc ha. Khoa hc sng to s l khoa hc chnh xc, c th dy v hc
c mi ngi bnh thng (k c cc b ni tr) c th sng to mt cch khoa
hc, c phng php.
Cng vic khoa hc ha lnh vc t duy sng to l rt cn thit. Trong tt c
cc loi kin thc nh kin thc kinh nghim (ca c nhn, tp th, dn gian), kin
thc tn gio, kin thc ngh thut, kin thc khoa hc th lch s pht trin ca x
hi loi ngi chng minh rng, kin thc khoa hc l loi kin thc chnh xc,
tin cy v t hiu qu ng dng cao nht nh khoa hc pht hin ra cc quy lut
khch quan v ly thc tin lm tiu chun ca chn l.
8. xut hin nhu cu x hi i hi pht trin sng

to hc v phng php lun sng to v i mi
(PPLSTVM)
Ti sao sng to hc ra i rt sm (cch nay ti 17 th k), b ri vo qun
lng, c nh li vo nhng nm 1940, 1950 v mi c ch pht trin
khong vi chc nm gn y? (xem mc 3. Cc nghin cu v t duy)
C nhiu l do, v d, sng to l i tng phc tp, i hi s phi hp
nghin cu ca nhiu khoa hc v nhng cch tip cn lin khoa hc, trong khi
nhng khoa hc cn thit nh vy cn cha ra i th sng to hc d ra i sm
hn vn ch dm chn ti ch. Mt khc, nhng phng php sng to c tm ra
lc cn s khai, kh s dng, phm vi p dng hp (ch yu cho lgch hc, ton
hc) nn khng gy c s ch v mang li ch li rng ri
xut hin nhu cu x hi i hi pht trin sng to hc v phng php lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM)
91
Tuy nhin, nguyn nhn quan trng nht lm cc khoa hc ni chung, sng to
hc ni ring b qun lng, cng nh c nh li v pht trin l c hay khng c
nhu cu x hi i hi pht trin cc khoa hc , ch khng phi do cc mun,
thch ch quan ca cc nh khoa hc. Engels tng vit: Nu nh ngi ta khng
nh rng k thut ph thuc mc ln vo khoa hc th khoa hc cn ph thuc
mc ln hn nhiu vo k thut v nhng i hi ca n. Nu nh trong x hi
xut hin i hi k thut th i hi thc y khoa hc tin nhanh hn nhiu so
vi hng chc trng i hc.
Cc x hi, nhm tha mn cc nhu cu ngy cng tng, thng pht trin theo
kiu nh sau: nu ngun d tr t nhin c sn cn nhiu th ngi ta dng ngay
chng tha mn cc nhu cu, cho n khi chng tr nn cn. Lc mi xut
hin nhu cu x hi v k thut (nhn to) mi b tr, thay th cho cc ngun
d tr t nhin. n lt mnh, nhu cu x hi v k thut thc y cc khoa hc
tng ng pht trin. V d, khi t canh tc cn nhiu, nng nghip pht trin theo
kiu qung canh. Khi t canh tc cn, nng nghip phi chuyn sang pht trin
theo hng thm canh, i hi phi c nhiu loi k thut mi. Chnh cc i hi k
thut ny thc y cc ngnh khoa hc nng nghip v lin quan n nng nghip
pht trin. Tng t, vo u nhng nm 1970, ngi ta tnh c rng, qun l
kinh t mt t nc nh Lin X hoc M, hng nm cn phi lm khong 1016
php tnh s hc. Nu dng s lng b cho k thut, bng cch huy ng nhiu
ngi lm tnh bng tay th cn 10 t ngi, ngha l hn gp ba ln dn s Tri t
lc . iu ny gii thch v sao my tnh in t (k thut) phi c sng ch ra
v x hi bt buc phi pht trin cc khoa hc tng ng nh l thuyt thng tin,
iu khin hc, l thuyt h thng, ton ng dng, vt l bn dn
Vo lc sng to hc ra i v hn 15 th k tip theo sau , loi ngi hon
ton tha mn vi nhng kt qu t duy sng to ca mnh v tc pht trin
chm nn s lng cc bi ton t, cha k, phn ln chng l loi bi ton c
khng qu ln vn c th chp nhn gii chng bng phng php th v sai.
Trong khi , cc ngun d tr nh cc ti nguyn thin nhin, nhn lc v thi
gian vn cn di do. Bi ton ny sinh, khng ngi ny th ngi khc trong nhn
loi gii, hoc nhiu ngi cng gii, hoc nhiu th h gii bi ton theo kiu chy
tip sc. Cui cng, bi ton vn gii c m khng nh hng g ln n qu
trnh pht trin ca nhn loi, v cn c mt im c bit na trong sng to.
l, khi nhn loi c vn , khng nht thit tt c mi ngi trong nhn loi phi
cng suy ngh gii quyt vn . Ch cn nhng ai gii quyt c vn , kt
qu sng to ca mt ngi hoc nhm ngi, sm hay mun u tr thnh hng
ha trao i chung v sau l ti sn chung ca ton nhn loi. Ngi Vit Nam
chng ta, khng c ai l tc gi ca xe p, xe gn my, t, my bay, n neon, t
lnh, my tnh in t, in thoi di ng vy m chng ta vn c dng, vn c
th sn xut hoc hp tc sn xut tha mn cc nhu cu ca mnh.
Tuy nhin, trc ht cc nc pht trin, c nhng thay i ln t sau
chin tranh th gii ln th hai. Nhng thay i ny lm xut hin nhu cu x
hi i hi pht trin sng to hc v PPLSTVM. Nhu cu x hi y th hin
trn ba mt:
Nhu cu ca x hi i vi sng to ngy cng tng bi v cc ngun lc khc
dng pht trin dn tr nn lc hu hoc cn kit.
Phng php th v sai dng sng to n nhng gii hn khng th
vt qua, cho nn, x hi c nhu cu xy dng v s dng cc phng php mi
khc phc cc nhc im ca phng php th v sai v gip sng to nhanh
hn, hiu qu hn.
Cng ngy cng c nhiu cng ty, t chc p dng PPLSTVM thng qua vic
t chc cc lp hun luyn sng to (creativity training) cho cc nhn vin ca
mnh.
Di y, ngi vit s trnh by ba mt ni trn ca nhu cu x hi i vi
vic pht trin sng to hc v PPLSTVM. Ba mt ny khng ng c lp m lin
quan cht ch vi nhau.
8.1.
Sng to nguyn nhn thnh cng chnh nu khng

ni l duy nht th k 21
Con ngi vn c nhu cu tn ti v pht trin. tha mn cc nhu cu
ny, con ngi gp hoc ra cc bi ton cn gii. Tuy nhu cu c nhiu loi,
nhng do c im ca kinh t th trng: nhiu sn phm, dch v c th mua
c bng tin, xut hin nhu cu tng i vn nng: nhu cu c nhiu tin (tr
nn giu, thnh cng v kinh t).
Theo Lester Thurow, cc nghin cu pht trin kinh t th k 19 v 20 cho
thy: mi c nhn, cng ty hoc quc gia u tr nn giu nu c mt hoc kt
hp vi trong s bn nguyn nhn sau:
1) C ti nguyn thin nhin nhiu hn nhng ngi xung quanh.
2) Sinh ra giu (c tha k ti sn ln t i trc), c vn tnh theo u
ngi ln hn nhng ngi xung quanh.
93
3) C cng ngh tin tin hn nhng ngi xung quanh.

4) C ngun nhn lc tt hn nhng ngi xung quanh.
C cu hi t ra: th k 21, nguyn nhn no lm cho mt c nhn, cng ty
hoc quc gia thnh cng v kinh t? Cu tr li l, do tc ng ca nhng thay i
ln, ba nguyn nhn u cng ngy cng gim bt vai tr.
Ton cu ha kinh t th trng lm cho cc ti nguyn thin nhin lun
chuyn khp th gii. iu ny c ngha, khng c sn ti nguyn thin nhin, c
tin, bn vn mua c cc ti nguyn thin nhin di dng cc qung khong
sn, nguyn, nhin, vt liu th Cc tin b khoa hc-k thut lm t trng
nguyn, nhin, vt liu trong sn phm cng ngy cng gim, lm gi ca cc ti
nguyn thin nhin c khuynh hng r i. Gi thc (sau khi tr i lm pht) ca
cc nguyn liu th nm 1990 ch bng 60% nm 1980 v nm 1980 ch bng 70%
nm 1970. iu ny lm cho nhng ai giu v nguyn nhn duy nht l c ti
nguyn thin nhin nhiu hn nhng ngi xung quanh khng cn giu nh trc
na. Cui th k 19, Argentina l mt trong nhng nc giu nht th gii. n
nm 1929 h vn cn giu ngang vi nc giu nht chu u. Ngy nay, Argentina
ch c xp vo danh sch cc nc ang pht trin, thm ch, tr thnh con n
ln v sut b v n. iu tng t cng xy ra vi Chile. New Zealand c lc
ng th ba th gii v thu nhp tnh theo u ngi. Hin nay, New Zealand c
xp vo cui danh sch ca cc nc chu u thuc T chc hp tc v pht trin
kinh t (OECD), ch ng trn Hy Lp v B o Nha. Chnh ngi New Zealand
ang lo lng ni v hi chng New Zealand v s rng, nu khng c cc bin
php tch cc th c th bin thnh cn bnh Argentina. Trong khi , Vit Nam ta
trong sut lch s ca mnh, cha bao gi l t nc giu vo loi nht th gii
nh ti nguyn thin nhin.
Tng t, ngi ta to ra c th trng vn ton cu lun chuyn khp th
gii, hot ng theo kiu u sinh li nhanh th dng vn n. iu ny c
ngha, u th ca ngi sinh ra giu (nh vn tch ly t cc i trc li)
dn b mt, v mt ngi khi nghip vi hai bn tay trng c th vay c t ngn
hng s tin ln nu ngi c d n kh thi v vn vn c gii quyt.
Ngy nay, cng do ton cu ha, cc loi cng ngh cng lun chuyn khp th
gii. Nu bn c tin v khng b cm vn, bn c th mua ngay c cng ngh sn
xut tin tin nht th gii v i th ca bn khng cn u th cng ngh so vi
bn.
Trong khi , vi thi gian, nguyn nhn th t: c lc lng lao ng tt hn
nhng ngi xung quanh ni ln thnh nguyn nhn quan trng nht v dn tr
thnh nguyn nhn duy nht thnh cng v kinh t.
th k 19 v 20, lc lng lao ng tt hn nhng ngi xung quanh c
hiu l lc lng lao ng c o to bi bn, c cc k nng ngh nghip tt
hn nhng ngi khc. quy m quc gia, pht trin ngun nhn lc (human
resource development) c c lc lng lao ng tt hn cc quc gia khc l
mt trong cc nhim v chnh ca h thng gio dc-o to.
Ngi ta gi nhm cc nc giu nht th gii l Cu lc b cc nc giu
nht th gii. T nm 1870 n nhng nm 1990, ba nc giu v ti nguyn
thin nhin l Argentina, Chile v New Zealand b loi ra khi Cu lc b. Cng
trong sut hn mt trm nm , duy nht Nht Bn vi t cch quc gia cng
nghip c gia nhp Cu lc b chnh bng con ng pht trin ngun nhn lc
thng qua gio dc-o to. i vi ba nguyn nhn khc: ti nguyn thin nhin,
vn tnh theo u ngi, cng ngh, Nht Bn u c xut pht im thua km cc
nc pht trin khc.
Vic ch pht trin ngun nhn lc cn c tnh truyn thng v trit l c ca
Nht dy rng:
ng ch km l ng ch t mc ton c di.
ng ch gii l ng ch bit trng la.
ng ch thng minh: bit lm cho t mu m.
ng ch sng sut: bit chm sc ngi lm.
M. Morishima trong quyn sch Ti sao Nht Bn thnh cng? Cng ngh
phng Ty v tnh cch Nht Bn (Nh xut bn khoa hc x hi. H Ni. 1991)
cho bit, chnh ph Nht Bn bt tay vo vic to dng mt h thng trng hc
hin i cng vi vic ban hnh bakusei (Lut gio dc) vo nm 1872, tc l ch
hai nm sau khi Anh thc hin Lut gio dc v 7 nm sau khi M xa b ch n
l. lm iu ny, ngi ta chia t nc thnh khong 50.000 khu vc trng
hc ph thng, trn c s l mi khu vc m nhn 600 ngi v p dng ch
hc tp bt buc trn ton quc, thng qua vic xy dng mt trng hc ti
mi khu vc. Hn th, nhng trng hc ny c tiu chun ha v khng phn
bit v tr x hi, l lch hay gii tnh ca ngi hc. Nm 1873 mi ch 28% tng s
dn c tui n trng i hc, nm 1882, con s ny l 50%, nm 1895 l
67% v nm 1904 t 98%.
th k 21, lc lng lao ng tt hn nhng ngi xung quanh c hiu
95
cao hn: ngoi vic c o to bi bn c cc k nng ngh nghip tin tin,

lc lng lao ng cn phi c thm cc k nng mi, c bit trong l cc k
nng sng to v i mi. Nhng k nng ny thuc lnh vc PPLSTVM.
Vo u nhng nm 1990, B lao ng M t hng Hip hi Hoa K v hun
luyn v pht trin (The American Society for Training and Development) nghin
cu tr li cu hi: Nhng ngi tm vic trong tng lai cn c nhng k nng
c bn no mi c vic lm? Kt qu, 13 k nng c a ra, trong c t duy
sng to (creative thinking) v gii quyt vn (problem solving), xem Hnh
16: Cc k nng mi ca tng lai.
1
T duy sng to
Creative Thinking
Xc nh mc tiu / Thc y hnh ng

Goal-Setting/Motivation
Cc k nng quan h gia ngi v ngi

Interpersonal Skills
Khi cng vic ngy cng tr nn linh

ng hn th cc gii php ca ngi lao
ng cng cn phi sng to hn.
Ngi lao ng cn phi xc nh c
mc tiu cn t v kin tr t mc
tiu .
C kh nng lm vic n vi nh cung
cp, ng nghip v khch hng s l yu
cu thit yu cho cc cng vic trong
tng lai.
Kh nng lnh o
Leadership
Ngi lao ng ngy cng c yu cu

nhn lnh nhiu trch nhim hn v
hng dn cc ng nghip ca mnh
khi cn thit.
Hc cch hc
Learning to Learn
Ngi lao ng cn bit cch hc c

c cc thng tin v k nng mi, v
bit p dng chng vo cng vic ca
mnh.
Bit lng nghe

Listening
Bit lng nghe s gip cho ngi lao

ng hiu c nhng bn tm ca ng
nghip, nhng nh cung cp v khch
hng.
Thng thuyt
Negotiation
Ngi lao ng cn c kh nng xy

dng s tha thun thng qua vic cho
v nhn.
K nng giao tip bng li ni

Oral Communications
Ngi lao ng phi c kh nng tr li

mt cch r rng nhng mi bn tm
ca ng nghip, nh cung cp v khch
hng.
Tnh hiu qu ca t chc

Organizational Effectiveness
Nhn vin phi hiu r cch thc p

ng cc mc ch ca cng ty v h cn
phi lm vic nh th no gp phn
t c nhng mc ch .
10
K nng pht trin ngh nghip/nhn cch

Personal/Career Development Skills
Nhng nhn vin ng qu nht l

nhng ngi hiu c rng h cn phi
lun lun pht trin trong cng vic ca
h.
11
Gii quyt vn
Problem Solving
12
T trng
Self-Esteem
Cc t chc lao ng mi s lun i hi

tt c nhn vin gii quyt vn v tm
kim li gii.
Cc cn b qun l cng ty ni rng h
mun c nhng ngi lao ng t ho
v chnh bn thn v cc kh nng ca
mnh.
13
Lm vic ng i
Teamwork
Lm vic mt cch hp tc c ngha:

ngi lao ng phi bit phn chia cng
vic mt cch cng bng, hiu qu v
cng lm vic vi nhau t c mc
ch chung ca c nhm.
Hnh 16: Cc k nng mi ca tng lai
Nh vy, nguyn nhn duy nht cn li mt c nhn, cng ty, quc

gia thnh cng v mt kinh t th k 21 l c ngun nhn lc tt hn
nhng ngi xung quanh: ngun nhn lc c kh nng to ra nhiu gi tr
thng d hn nhng ngi xung quanh bng sng to v i mi.
Bn c th hnh dung cch lm n bt u t th k 20 v ngy cng ph
bin th k 21 nh sau: bn khi s doanh nghip vi vn t c rt t nhng bn
c kh nng pht hin vn v tm c li gii. Bn lp d n v c th vay t
ngn hng hoc qu t bn mo him (venture capital) mt s tin ln. Vi s tin
, bn c th mua cng ngh tin tin, cc nguyn, vt liu cn thit v tr tin
thu nhn cng. Nu bn v lc lng lao ng ca bn sng to v i mi hn
97
nhng ngi khc, li nhun ca bn s cao hn nhng ngi khc. Bn tr c

vn vay v nng lng cho cc lao ng ca mnh. Bn li lp d n mi, cn tin
li vay tip v c nh th Tm li, bn v ngun nhn lc ca bn phi sng to
v i mi tt hn nhng ngi xung quanh mi hy vng thnh cng v kinh t
th k 21. y l cch i ca nhiu cng ty nh sau ny tr thnh cc tp on
ln nh Sony, Honda v Bill Gates trong vng cha ti 30 nm tr thnh
ngi giu nht th gii.
Theo nhiu tc gi, v d, T. Murakami v nhng ngi khc, x hi loi
ngi phi tri qua bn thi i, cn gi l bn ln sng pht trin hoc l bn ln

sng vn minh: nng nghip, cng nghip, thng tin v sng to (hay cn gi l tri
thc) vi nhng cng c lao ng (hiu theo ngha rng nht) tng ng vi cc b
phn ca c th ngi, xem Hnh 17.
Hnh 17: Bn nn vn minh ca x hi loi ngi v nhng yu cu tng ng vi cc b

phn trn c th ngi
Thc t cho thy, s pht trin lin tc, n nh v bn vng ch c th xy ra

khi s pht trin, vo nhng thi k lch s cn thit, phi chuyn t nguyn l/h
thc (paradigms) ny sang nguyn l khc. V d, nh ci tin, tc xe do nga
ko ngy cng tng nhng y c gii hn ca s pht trin: xe loi khng bao
gi t c tc ca con nga phi mt mnh. Nu bn mun pht trin tip, bn
phi chuyn sang t, hot ng theo nguyn l khc. Tng t nh vy, x hi loi
ngi phi chuyn t nguyn l pht trin ny sang nguyn l pht trin khc c
c s pht trin mi.
Thi i nng nghip chm dt thi k sn bn, hi lm, du c, s dng i
chn rt nhiu bng vic nh c, trng trt v chn nui, s dng cc cng c lao
ng cn th cng khai thc t ai. thi i cng nghip, mi ngi lao ng
dng tay iu khin cc my mc. Cn chnh cc my mc hot ng bng nng
lng ngoi c bp, gip tng sc mnh v ni di i tay ca con ngi. thi i
thng tin, tng t, my tnh, cc mng li thng tin gip tng sc mnh, ni di
cc b phn thu, pht thng tin trn c th ngi nh cc gic quan, ting ni, ch
vit, hnh v v mt s hot ng lgch ca b no.
nhng nc pht trin, ngi ta bt u ni v thi i sng to
(hay tri thc) cng cc cng c s dng trong thi i (cch to khi
nim Conceptor; cng ngh pht tng Idea Engineering u l
nhng cng c thuc PPLSTVM) nh l thi i hu thng tin t cui
nhng nm 1980, u nhng nm 1990.
J. Kao c lit k tm nguyn nhn tr li cu hi Ti sao thi i tip theo
thi i thng tin l thi i sng to (tri thc)?
1) V chnh cng ngh thng tin mun chng ta i tip n thi i sng to.
2) V y l thi i tri thc. Trong cc lnh vc cn tri thc, chnh sng to lm
tng gi tr thng d ca tri thc, lm cho tri thc em li nhiu ch li hn.
3) V cc cng ty cng ngy cng thy trch nhim phi nhanh chng ti sng
ch chnh mnh pht trin.
4) V nhiu ngi lm vic hm nay thy h c quyn lm cc cng vic sng
to v nhng ngi ti thng thay i ch lm vic hn bao gi ht.
5) V lnh vc thit k chim v tr ng u mi.
6) V c s thay i quan h trn th trng: khch hng by gi l ng (b)
ch i hi, so snh, khng cn l khch hng trung thnh nh xa. ng (b) ch
mi ch c mt cu hi: Cc ngi s lm g cho ta ngy mai? Ch c sng to mi
tr li c cu hi ny.
7) V cnh tranh ton cu i hi mi nc phi huy ng cc tng, ti nng
v cc t chc sng to. Cng ty no coi thng iu ny s nh mt nhng cch
xem xt quan trng v chin lc.
8) V qun l ang thay i vai tr t kim sot sang gii phng sc sng to.
y chnh l t duy qun l mi.
Tm li, thi i tip sau thi i thng tin l thi i sng to, c tnh t
nhng nm 1990 nhng nc pht trin. Trong thi i sng to, rt cn nhng
con ngi lm vic bng ci u, c trang b bi cc cng c ca PPLSTVM.
99
iu ny thc y vic hc, nghin cu, pht trin sng to hc v PPLSTVM.
8.2. Phng php th v sai tin n nhng gii hn

t nht, c th k ra ba khuynh hng ln m nhn loi phi ng thi tri
qua:
1) Cch mng khoa hck thut (cng ngh) m khoa hc tr thnh lc lng
sn xut trc tip.
2) Con ngi c nhiu quyn t do, dn ch hn trc.
3) Kinh t th trng v cc quan h trao i khc dn tr thnh ton cu.
Cc khuynh hng ln ny (cng vi nhng khuynh hng khc khng k ra
y) to ra, mt mt, nhng kh nng, iu kin, c hi mi, mt khc, nhng thch
thc mi i vi s pht trin x hi ca tng quc gia ni ring, loi ngi ni
chung.
Cuc Cch mng khoa hck thut gip gii quyt tt hn cc vn ang c
v lm tc pht trin ngy cng tr nn nhanh hn.
V d, theo Lester Thurow, cc vn v s dng cc ti nguyn thin nhin
mt cch ti u c nhiu tin b. Nu khi Th trng chung Chu u (nay l
Lin minh Chu u EU) nm 1975 phi nhp khu 20 triu tn lng thc th ch
yu, nh cch mng xanh (cc khoa hc nng nghip, sinh hc), nm 1990 xut
khu 20 triu tn lng thc. Tng t, nm 1960, M s dng 125 triu tn thp,
n u nhng nm 1990, khi kinh t M gp nm 1960 khong hai ln ri,
nh cch mng khoa hc-cng ngh vt liu, M s dng thp t hn trc nhiu:
85 triu tn.
Cn v tc pht trin, theo Alvin Toffler:
Nu 50.000 nm sau cng ca lch s nhn loi c chia thnh qung i vi
62 nm mt th c chng 800 qung i nh th. Trong 800 qung i th 650
qung trong hang ng.
Ch c 70 qung i sau cng mi c ch vit, ch c 6 qung i sau cng mi
c ch in. Ch trong 2 qung i sau cng mi c ng c in. Hu ht hng ha
chng ta dng hng ngy hin nay c pht trin trong qung i th 800 ny.
Nhp iu tin trnh nhn loi trong lch s c ghi li nhanh hn t nht
100.000 ln nhp iu tin trnh trc khi c loi ngi. Trong thi k c,
nhng sng ch v i mi cn 50.000 nm hon thnh th khi kt thc thi i
ch cn 1000 nm. Khi c vn minh nh c, thi gian ch cn 1 th k. Tc
thay i gia tng trong sut 5000 nm qua, ng ch nht trong 300 nm cui
cng. Tc thay i gia tng n mc tr tng tng ca chng ta khng th theo
kp.
Tc pht trin nhanh cn c th minh ha bng bng sau y ca V.A.
Lisitrkin, xem Hnh 18.
I TNG
NM THC HIN
NM SN XUT
THI GIAN A
SNG CH
SNG CH
SN PHM
VO SN XUT
Si nhn to
1655
1885
230
Chp nh
1727
1839
112
My u tin
1680
1780
100
Xi mng
1756
1844
88
DDT
1874
1939
65
in nh
1832
1895
63
ng c in
1829
1886
57
in thoi
1820
1876
56
Si capron
1899
1939
40
Radio
1867
1902
35
n in t
1884
1915
31
1868
1895
27
Diesel
1878
1897
19
My bay
1897
1911
14
T.V.
1922
1934
12
Transistor
1948
1953
Nylon
1935
1939
Pin mt tri
1953
1955
Maser
1954
1955
Hnh 18: Bng phn nh khuynh hng rt ngn thi gian t nghin cu n sn xut
101
Vic con ngi c nhiu quyn t do, dn ch hn trc to thm nhiu iu

kin con ngi tha mn cc nhu cu chnh ng, ng thi, th hin v pht
trin cc nng lc ca mnh tt hn trc. Cc thnh tu v gio dc, y t, vn
ha cho thy r iu .
S giao thng ton cu m ra nhiu c hi hp tc pht trin v rt ngn
khong cch pht trin gia cc quc gia. Mt s nc s dng thnh cng
nhng c hi ny, t nhng thnh tu vt bc trong thi gian ngn, thm ch tr
thnh nhng nc cng nghip mi nh Singapore, Hn Quc, i Loan, Hng
Kng. V d, vo nhng nm 1960, Hn Quc v Ghana c cng thu nhp tnh theo
u ngi, cn u nhng nm 1990, Hn Quc cao hn gp su ln.
Ngc li, cng chnh nhng khuynh hng ln ny to ra nhng thch
thc ln khi chng v nhng qu trnh lin quan vt ra ngoi nhng gii hn nht
nh. y, ngi vit nhn mnh mt s thch thc sau:
1) Tc thay i tng
Hnh 19: Do tc thay i tng, s lng cc bi ton tng v thi gian cho php gii chng
rt ngn li
2) Tnh cnh tranh tng
Hnh 20: Do cnh tranh tng, s lng cc bi ton tng ln v lm ny sinh cc bi ton mi
3) Tnh phc tp tng:

Cc h thng do con ngi to ra hoc lm vic vi ngy cng phc tp. V d,
mt chic radio khi mi ra i c gn 20 chi tit, ngy nay, c th ngn ln nhiu
hn. My bay u tin c khong 1.500 chi tit, by gi, nhiu triu chi tit. Trc
kia, cng ty c coi l ln, c 5.000 ngi lm vic, ngy nay, c hng trm
ngn ngi, li cn ri ra nhiu quc gia
t
Hnh 21: Do tnh phc tp tng, khng ch s lng cc bi ton tng, xut hin nhiu loi bi
ton mi m mc kh ca bi ton cng tng
103
4) Tnh a dng tng:

Chng hn, ngi ta tnh c rng, 90% cc loi hng ha, sn phm nhn
loi dng vo nhng nm 1970 ca th k 20 l cha c u th k v tnh hnh
lp li cui th k 20 so vi nhng nm 1970.
Hnh 22: Do tnh a dng tng, s lng cc bi ton tng v xut hin nhiu loi bi ton mi
5) S lng cc lnh vc, c s thay i, cnh tranh, phc tp, a

dng, tng.
6) Cc nhu cu ca c nhn, ton x hi v ton nhn loi tng.
Nhn di gc vn , cc thch thc dn n cc h qu:
1) S lng cc bi ton trn mt n v khng-thi gian v u ngi ngy
cng tng.
2) Thi gian cho php gii bi ton rt ngn li.
3) Mc kh () ca cc bi ton tng, trong , xut hin cng nhiu loi bi
ton i hi nhiu ngnh ngh, chuyn mn khc nhau cng tham gia gii.
4) Xut hin cng nhiu cc loi bi ton mi, trc y cha c.
V phng php ph bin gii quyt vn l phng php th v sai,
i ph vi cc h qu ca cc thch thc, nhn loi phi lm tng s lng v
chng mc no , cht lng cc php th ca mnh bng cch s dng cc ngun
d tr v tri thc, nhn lc, t chc v t nhin c sn. C th, o to ngy cng
nhiu nhng ngi tham gia gii quyt vn nh cc nh khoa hc, k thut,
qun l, lnh o; thnh lp ngy cng nhiu cc phng th nghim, trung tm, vin
nghin cu; tng tc ca my tnh in t, thit lp cc mng li thng tin rng
ri; khai thc ngy cng nhiu cc ti nguyn thin nhin. Mt khc, dn ch ha,
phi tp trung ha, cng khai, minh bch ha, chuyn giao quyn t ch xung cc
cp di cng gp phn lm tng s lng ngi tham gia gii bi ton, do vy,
cng lm tng s lng cc php th tng xc sut c nhiu li gii v rt ngn
thi gian gii bi ton.
Thc t cho thy, cch pht trin theo kiu dng s lng rt ln cc php th,
thay v phi c c kh nng gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh mt cch tin cy,
hiu qu, khng tr gi, dn tin ti nhng gii hn khng vt qua c. V d,
theo nh bc hc Php Pierre Auger, nu tnh t thi im loi ngi bit dng la
n nay, tng s cc nh bc hc l 100 th hn 90 ngi trong s hin ang
sng v lm vic trong thi i chng ta. Nu t l tng dn s l 3% th chng ta c
bng n dn s, c ngha l c 23 nm dn s s tng gp i. Trong khi , s
lng cc nh chuyn mn v khoa hc, k thut c 10 n 15 nm tng gp i, c
nhng ngnh ch cn 7 n 8 nm. Tip tc gi ny th khong na cui th k
21, ton b dn s Tri t s l cc nh bc hc. y l iu v l. Mt khc, cc ti
nguyn khng ti to c ngy cng cn kit, cc trng thi cn bng v sinh thi,
kh hu, mi trng (hiu theo ngha rng nht) b e da nghim trng. Cousteau
ni mt cch hnh nh rng: Trc kia t nhin e da loi ngi, cn by gi loi
ngi e da li t nhin. Mt khi t nhin khng cn, loi ngi chc s khng
cn
Nh chng ta bit cc mc 6.3. Phng php (t nhin) th v sai: cng c
t duy th s, nng sut, hiu qu thp, iu khin km v 6.4. T duy cha c ch
xng ng, phng php th v sai c s dng ph bin trong gii quyt vn
v ra quyt nh, c rt nhiu nhc im. Khi s lng cc bi ton cn gii
trn con ng pht trin x hi, trong , cc bi ton c rt ln chim t trng
ngy cng tng, cc ngun d tr dng tr gi cho cc php th v sai ngy cng
cn kit, thi gian trung bnh cho php gii mt bi ton ngy cng rt ngn li mt
cch ng k (nu khng gii kp s c thm ha), cc nhc im ca phng
php th v sai, cc nghch l trong lnh vc t duy sng to tr nn khng th
105
chp nhn c na nu mun c s pht trin n nh v bn vng. y chnh l

nguyn nhn c bn nht sng to hc ni chung v PPLSTVM ni ring c
nh li, c pht trin tip, trc ht, nhng nc pht trin.
Nh vy, i ph vi cc h qu ca cc thch thc, sng to hc v
PPLSTVM phi thc hin nhim v nghin cu, thit k, xy dng v trang b cho
mi ngi h thng cc phng php mi dng suy ngh gii quyt vn v ra
quyt nh, khc phc c cc nhc im ca phng php th v sai. iu ny
cng tng t nh cc ngnh khoa hc v k thut lin quan phi a ra v trang
b cho ngi lao ng h thng cc my mc vi tin cy, nng sut, hiu qu cao
hn nhiu thay th cc dng c th s nh xng, cuc, bn tnh hoc cc cy,
con ging mi vi cc u im vt tri thay th cc cy, con ging truyn
thng.
8.3. Nhu cu hc PPLSTVM tng

Theo A.B. VanGundy, M, h thng gio dc khng dy t duy sng to (Our
overburdened educational system does not teach creative thinking). p ng vi
cc thch thc i mt, cc doanh nghip M phi t lo hun luyn cc nhn vin
ca mnh tr nn sng to bng cch mi cc chuyn gia v PPLSTVM n dy v
cng ngy cng nhiu cng ty a hun luyn sng to (creativity training) vo
chng trnh hot ng ca mnh. Cc cng ty nhn ra rng hun luyn sng to l
iu quan trng i vi tt c cc nhn vin. V d, Du Pont lp k hoch hun
luyn tt c 140.000 nhn vin ca mnh trn khp th gii v sng to. Nu nh
nm 1985 c 4% cc cng ty M thc hin cc kha hun luyn sng to th n
nm 1989 tng gp hn su ln thnh 26%. Ngay c mt s chnh ph cng
nhp cuc nh Singapore, Canada v mt s nc Chu u i hi cc nhn vin
chnh ph phi theo hc cc kha hun luyn sng to.
D. Couger cho bit chng trnh hun luyn lm tt hn kh nng sng to ca
cc nhn vin (Creativity Improvement Program) c hiu qu u t trung bnh
cao hn c cc chng trnh nghin cu v pht trin (Research and Development,
vit tt l R&D), cng nh cc chng trnh v qun l cht lng ton din (Total
Quality Management, vit tt l TQM), xem Hnh 23. Cha k, chng trnh hun
luyn sng to ni trn cn to ra c s thun li cc chng trnh khc pht
huy hiu qu cao hn na.
Loai au t
Chng trnh huan luyen phat huy tnh sang tao cua nhan vien
Chng trnh
quan ly chat lng
toan dien
Nghien cu
va phat trien
0%
100%
200%
300%
Hieu qua trung bnh cua au t
Hnh 23: Hiu qu trung bnh ca cc loi u t
u t vo nghin cu v pht trin l cch u t truyn thng, c nhiu

doanh nghip trn th gii thc hin. Theo Hnh 23, loi u t ny cho hiu qu
trung bnh 50 %.
Loi u t th hai vo chng trnh qun l cht lng ton din cho hiu
qu ti 100 %. bn c d hnh dung ng sau con s 100 %, ngi vit cung
cp thm thng tin.
Cu chuyn di y k v vic ngi Nht p dng qun l cht lng ton
din vo cc cng ty t thnh cng ln nh th no:
Cho n tn mt s nm sau Chin tranh th gii ln th hai, cht lng hng ha
Nht Bn, ni chung, thp hn nhiu so vi M v Ty u, n ni tr thnh nh kin
trong u ngi phng Ty. Bob Hope, ngh s hi ni ting ca M li dng tm l
v thc hin tit mc sau. ng chy ra sn khu, lm cc ng tc din t thi
bun bc, tuyt vng vi mc ngy cng tng. Ngi xem hiu rng, c ny,
chu ht ni, anh chng s t t. Qu nhin, pht cao tro, ngh s hi rt t ti ra
khu sng lc, k vo thi dng v bp c. Bp c m sng khng n. Tc qu, anh
ta a khu sng li gn mt xem xt ri c to dng ch trn khu sng: sn xut
ti Nht Bn (Made in Japan). Ch th thi m khn gi ngi di m bng b ln, b
cng ra ci mt cch khoi tr. Thnh cng t c l do tit mc ca Bob Hope
cng hng vi cc ngh c sn t lu ca ngi xem v cht lng thp ca hng
Tng quan cc kt qu t c trong lnh vc phng php lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM)
107
ha Nht Bn.
Trong khong t nm 1938 n nm 1945, M, hai nh khoa hc l Walter A.
Shewhart v W. Edwards Deming nghin cu, cng b v th nghim nhng ci m
sau ny gi l qun l cht lng ton din (Total Quality Management TQM). Trong
khi cc doanh nghip M cha my ho hng vi qun l cht lng ton din th cc
doanh nghip Nht tip nhn n mt cch y , n nh v bn vng. Gio s
Deming vo nhng nm 1947, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1955 v 1956 c mi sang Nht dy
qun l cht lng ton din cng nhiu chuyn gia M khc na, trong phi k
n tin s J.M. Juran. Kt qu, ch khong mi nm sau , cht lng hng ha
Nht Bn vn ln hng th gii, thm ch, mt s mt hng ca Nht nh ra tiu
chun cht lng cho c th gii. Lc ny, nhiu doanh nghip M b Nht cnh tranh
gay gt mi bit l do v tm cch p dng qun l cht lng ton din, k c vic
mi cc chuyn gia Nht sang chia s kinh nghim.
Cu chuyn trn cho thy, ngi Nht khng phi l tc gi ca qun l cht
lng ton din nhng ngi Nht thc hin i mi hon ton trc ngi M, do
vy nhng ch li ca qun l cht lng ton din n trc so vi chnh qu hng
ca tc gi l nc M. ri, t bo Nc M ngy nay (USA Today) phi ngm
ngi kt lun: Cc trit l qun tr ca Deming l ng lc ng ng sau php l thn
k ca kinh t Nht Bn (Demings management philosophies are the driving force
behind Japans economic miracle).
n y, bn c c th tng tng tip, nu hiu qu u t cho TQM l
100 % gip t c thnh cng nh vy th hiu qu u t cho chng trnh
hun luyn pht huy tnh sng to ca nhn vin ln n 300 %, s thnh cng cn
c th ln n nhng no.
Nhu cu x hi hc PPLSTVM tng cng gip thc y vic pht trin sng to
hc v PPLSTVM.
9. Tng quan cc kt qu t c trong lnh vc

phng php lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM)
Cch y khong ba chc th k, nhng ngi Hy Lp c i rt knh trng
v ngng m kh nng sng to ca con ngi nh i vi cc sc mnh siu
phm ca thin nhin. H khng ch nhn cch ha cc i tng, qu trnh thin
nhin thnh cc v thn m cn c cc loi hnh sng to ca con ngi thnh cc v
n thn kiu nh th th c Nng Th (n thn thi ca). Thnh cng ca cc nh th,
108
vn, ha s, bc hc ph thuc vo nhng n thn y. Do vy, thi k ny, cu

tr li cho cu hi m PPLSTVM rt quan tm: Lm g nng cao nng sut v
hiu qu qu trnh sng to ca con ngi? c n gin ha thnh: Hy cu
nguyn cc v n thn gi cho cc cm hng v cc tng sng to.
Nhng c gng trn gian u tin tr li cu hi ni trn thuc v Democritus
(sng khong t nm 460 n 370 trc cng nguyn) v Aristotle (384 322
trc cng nguyn) khi xy dng cc quy tc c c nhng ci mi nh lp
lun ng trong lnh vc lgch hc hnh thc.
Archimedes (287 212 trc cng nguyn), ngoi nhng cng trnh v ton
hc, vt l hc, cn c bit n nh l tc gi cc phng php gip to ra cc
i tng mi t nhng thnh phn chun. Trong s , phi k n tr chi gm
14 ming c hnh dng khc nhau lm t ng voi m khi thay i cch sp xp c
th nhn c nhiu i tng nh m, dao gm, thuyn
Sau khi Pappos khai sinh Heuristics (sng to hc) n tn th k 19, nhng
ngi quan tm ci tin cch t duy, ch yu, vn tip tc l cc nh trit hc,
lgch hc v ton hc. iu ny c th hiu c v nhng nh khoa hc ni trn
pht trin cc lnh vc ca mnh bng cc hot ng t duy l chnh m khng cn
phi lm cc nghin cu thc nghim. Hn ai ht, h l nhng ngi sm nht v
cm nhn mnh m nht s cn thit phi c cc phng php t duy sng to vi
nng sut v hiu qu cao.
T na sau th k 19 bt u xut hin nhng nghin cu v tm l hc sng
to khoa hc v k thut, tm l hc gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh. Cng t ,
tm l hc t duy sng to c coi l c s, ht nhn ca sng to hc.
Cc nghin cu v tm l hc sng to c thc hin theo nhiu hng.
thi k u, cc nghin cu phn ln tp trung vo nhng c nhn c nhiu thnh
tch sng to xem h c nhng im g c bit hn nhng ngi khc v bm
sinh, di truyn, cc thi quen, cc kinh nghim V d, c nghin cu cho thy mi
lin quan gia mt s bnh tm l v cc loi hnh ti nng, thnh phn mu c
bit ca mt s ngi, cc thi quen ch quan to cm hng sng to nh: Puskin
v Balzac rt thch ung c ph en. Schiller lun trong ngn bn lm vic ca
mnh nhng qu to ng v ci mi nng ny rt kch thch ng lm vic.
Descartes thch t duy sng to trong chn. Tri li, Buffon ch suy ngh c mt
cch r rng sau khi mc qun o nghim chnh v ci nt cn thn Ch trong th
k 20, qua cc kt qu khoa hc, cc nh nghin cu mi tin rng nhng nng khiu
sng to c hu ht, nu nh khng ni l tt c nhng ngi bnh thng.
109
Hng nghin cu khc ca tm l hc sng to l nghin cu thc nghim:

nghin cu qu trnh suy ngh sng to gii quyt vn trong cc iu kin phng
th nghim. Cc nh tm l lm th nghim vi nhng bi ton v ngi gii. H
pht hin ra rng nhng ngi tham gia th nghim gii chng bng cch la
chn cc phng n (phng php th v sai). Qu trnh gii ph thuc nhiu vo
kinh nghim trc ca ngi gii. Mi phng n sai gip ngi gii thay i
cch xem xt bi ton, hiu bi ton ng hn cui cng a ra phng n l li
gii thc s ca bi ton. Cc bi ton dng trong cc th nghim tm l l nhng
bi ton n gin, s cc phng n th khng nhiu, thi gian dng gii bi
ton ngn. Cch tip cn nh vy i vi t duy sng to gp phi nhng kh khn
thc t khng vt qua c. Qu trnh sng to thng ko di v mt thi gian.
Chnh Edison cng nhn, trung bnh mt sng ch ln ca ng phi lm mt by
nm. Vy nh tm l c kin tr trong sut 10 nm theo di ngi gii bi ton
v tin chc rng nm th 11 (ch khng phi 12, 13) anh ta s gii c. Cha k,
cng bit chnh xc qu trnh suy ngh ca ngi gii, nh tm l cng phi t
nhiu cu hi. Cng t nhiu cu hi cho ngi gii, cng can thip su vo qu
trnh suy ngh t nhin th kt qu nghin cu cng b sai lch. Thm na, mc d
ton b qu trnh sng to ko di v mt thi gian nhng giai on Eureka
thng din ra nhanh n mc nh tm l khng kp hi v c hi th chnh ngi
gii cng khng bit s vic din tin c th nh th no tr li.
Cc nh tm l ng thi cng pht hin nhiu yu t, qu trnh tm l, cc kiu
suy ngh ng vai tr quan trng trong t duy sng to nh ngn ng, k hiu, hnh
v, lin tng, tr tng tng, linh tnh, t duy phn k (divergent thinking), t
duy hi t (convergent thinking) v vch ra tc hi ca cc loi tnh tm l cn
tr s sng to.
Cng vi s pht trin cc ngnh khoa hc, k thut nh l thuyt h thng,
thng tin, iu khin hc, my tnh in t, nhiu chuyn gia ca nhng lnh vc
cng tham gia nghin cu t duy sng to v c nhiu ng gp pht trin sng to
hc. n nay, trong sng to hc ni chung v PPLSTVM ni ring, cng ng cc
nh nghin cu v thc hnh rt a dng v ngnh, ngh xut pht c o to.
iu ny c gii thch, t nht, bi ba l do. Th nht, sng to c th xy ra bt
k lnh vc no v bt k lnh vc no cng cn c nhiu sng to. Ni cch khc,
sng to nh l i tng nghin cu v tc ng c nhiu ngi thuc cc lnh
vc khc nhau quan tm pht trin, khng nht thit phi l nhng nh sng to
hc chuyn nghip. Th hai, sng to l i tng phc tp, do vy, trc khi tm
ra cch tip cn nghin cu lin ngnh, khi qut, tng hp, cc cch tip cn mang
110
tnh cht chuyn ngnh thng c s dng. Th ba, s lng cc c s o to

ngay t u nhng ngi chuyn nghip lm vic trong lnh vc sng to hc v
PPLSTVM cn qu t, hc ph cn qu cao, lm cho nhiu ngi mun c o
to chnh quy li khng iu kin theo hc, do vy, h thc hnh sng to theo
kiu nghip d.
Cc cch tip cn trong sng to hc v PPLSTVM c th chia thnh hai nhm
ln, nhm th nht l nhm tip cn truyn thng: ly con ngi ch th sng to
lm i tng nghin cu v quan nim rng i tm cc quy lut sng to l i tm
cc quy lut t duy sng to ca con ngi. Cch tip cn truyn thng c th
hin bng Hnh 24.
Hnh 24: Cch tip cn truyn thng trong sng to hc v PPLSTVM
Nhm th hai l nhm tip cn khng truyn thng da trn vic i tm cc

quy lut pht trin khch quan m con ngi ch th ca sng to phi tun theo.
i vo c th, nhm tip cn truyn thng gm c: cch tip cn theo lgch
hc hnh thc; cch tip cn thun ty tm-sinh l (c bit l tm l) ca b no;
cch tip cn thun ty v kinh nghim, mo, th thut ca nhng ngi thng
xuyn lm cng tc sng to (c bit nhng ngi c nhiu thnh tch sng to
cao); cch tip cn l t hp ca cc loi cch tip cn ni trn; cch tip cn kt
111
hp nhng kt qu nghin cu v sng to ca con ngi vi nhng u vit ca

my tnh in t nh b nh ln, chnh xc, tc bin i thng tin nhanh
Cch tip cn khng truyn thng s c trnh by tp trung trong 10. TRIZ
ng vin tim nng tr thnh t duy cn c.
n nay nhm tip cn truyn thng xy dng c hng trm cng c
(hiu theo ngha rng nht: mo, th thut, li khuyn, kinh nghim, quy tc,
phng php, chng trnh, th tc, algrit, m hnh) sng to nhm ci tin
phng php th v sai. Chng nhiu khi cn c gi chung l cc phng php
tch cc ha t duy. Nt chung ca cc phng php ny l chng c to ra
pht huy cc mt mnh ca cc yu t, qu trnh nh suy lun (tip nhn, so snh,
phn loi thng tin, din dch, quy np, phn tch, tng hp), lin tng, tr tng
tng, linh tnh, thc, tim thc, v thc v hn ch cc mt yu ca chng. Ni
cch khc, cc cng c ny gip khc phc mt s nhc im ca phng php
th v sai nh: tnh tm l, nng sut pht tng thp, lng ph ln v trong mt
s trng hp c th, c th lm tng tnh nh hng ca qu trnh suy ngh gii
quyt vn v ra quyt nh.
Di y, ngi vit lit k tn mt s cng c thng dng nht trong hng
trm cc cng c t duy sng to gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh tm ra nh
nhng cch tip cn truyn thng:
Phng php i tng tiu im (Method of Focal Objects hoc Forced-
Relationships). Phng php ny c gio s i hc tng hp Berlin F. Kunze

a ra di dng ban u vi tn gi phng php danh mc (catalogue) nm
1926. Vo nhng nm 1950, phng php c nh bc hc M C. Whiting hon
thin thm.
Phng php phn tch hnh thi (Morphological Analysis) do F. Zwicky
nh vt l thin vn ngi M gc Thy S a ra nm 1942.

Phng php cc cu hi kim tra (Method of Control Questions hoc
Check-listing Method) gm nhiu loi danh sch cc cu hi kim tra do nhiu tc

gi lp ra, dnh gii quyt cc vn ca nhng lnh vc tng ng. V d, danh
sch cc cu hi kim tra ca G. Polya (1945), A. Osborn (1953), T. Eiloart (1969).
Phng php no cng (Brainstorming Method) c A. Osborn, nh doanh
nghip ngi M a ra nm 1938.

Synectics (Phng php s dng cc php tng t). Cc nghin cu
Synectics c t nm 1944. Nm 1952, W. Gordon thnh lp nhm Synectics u
112
tin. Nm 1960 nhm ny tr thnh cng ty Synectics Incorporated c tr s t

ti Cambridge, bang Massachusetts, M. Cng ty nhn n t hng ca cc cng ty
khc gii quyt cc vn ca h v hun luyn cc nhm sng to chuyn
nghip cho h.
Phng php bn tr c (Mind-mapping Method) c nh thn kinh hc
ngi Anh T. Buzan xy dng vo nhng nm 1970.

T duy chiu ngang (Lateral Thinking) do E. De Bono a ra u nhng
nm 1970.
Su chic m t duy (Six Thinking Hats) cng do E. De Bono a ra vo nm
1985.
S xng c (Fishbone Diagram) c nh nghin cu ngi Nht K.
Ishikawa thnh lp nm 1943.

S Pareto (The Pareto Diagram) do nh kinh t hc ngi V. Pareto
sng ch ra.
Phng php t duy nh hng ( ) ca
N.I. Xerea, ngi Nga, a ra nm 1961.

Phng php by ln tm kim ( ) ca G. Ia.
Bush, ngi Nga, a ra nm 1964.

Phng php cc th thut heuristic ( ) ca
A.I. Polovinkin, ngi Nga, a ra nm 1969.

Phng php tip cn lgchh thng gii cc bi ton sng ch (
) ca V.X.
Shubin, ngi Nga, a ra nm 1972.
Phng php cc ma trn tm kim bc mi (
) ca R.P. Povileiko, ngi Nga, a ra nm 1972.

Qu trnh gii quyt vn sng to (Creative Problem Solving Process) ln
u tin c A. Osborn a ra vo cui nhng nm 1940 v c cc cng tc

vin ca Trung tm nghin cu sng to, i hc Buffalo, bang New York, M pht
trin tip cho n nay.
Phng php phn tch gi thnh chc nng (
) gi theo ting Nga, hoc phng php phn tch gi tr

(Value Analysis) gi theo ting Anh, c a ra vo cui nhng nm 1940.
Qu trnh hp l gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh (Problem Solving and
TRIZ ng vin tim nng tr thnh t duy cn c
113
Decision Making Rational Process) do C.H. Kepner v B.B. Tregoe a ra u nhng

nm 1970. Cng ty KepnerTregoe, Inc. c thnh lp ti thnh ph Princeton,
bang New Jersey, M nhm ph bin phng php ny.
Cng c u th no ca Herrmann (Herrmann Brain Dominance
Instrument) do N. Herrmann, nh vt l ngi M a ra nm 1988. ng cng l

ngi thnh lp The Ned Herrmann Group thnh ph Lake Lure, bang North
Carolina.
M hnh IDEAL gii quyt vn (IDEAL Model for Problem Solving) c
J.D. Bransford v B.S. Stein, ngi M xy dng, a ra nm 1993.

Nhm cc phng php sng to c my tnh h tr (Computer Assisted
Creativity Methods).
Cch tip cn khng truyn thng th hin y nht trong L thuyt gii
cc bi ton sng ch (vit tt theo ting Nga v chuyn sang k t latinh l TRIZ)
vi tc gi l G.S. Altshuller. Nu nh cc tc gi khc trong lnh vc PPLSTVM
a ra mt hoc vi phng php th G.S. Altshuller xy dng hn mt l thuyt.
Trong mc sau, chng ta cng nhau tm hiu nhng tng c bn ca TRIZ.
10. TRIZ ng vin tim nng tr thnh t duy cn

c
10.1. Cc quy lut sng to phi tm chnh l cc quy lut
pht trin
Theo nh ngha, sng to phi c tnh mi (xem mc 2. T duy l g?). iu ny
phn nh: sng to to ra s thay i, to ra nhng ci khc vi nhng g c. Tuy
nhin, khng phi s thay i no cng l sng to v sng to i hi s thay i
phi ng thi em li ch li. Tng t nh vy, sng to to ra s a dng (s
khc nhau), lm tng tnh a dng. V d, nh sng to, chng ta cng ngy cng c
nhiu loi bt, dao, ko, bn, gh, xe, my tnh khc nhau. Tuy nhin, khng phi
s a dng no cng l sng to nu nh s a dng khng em li ch li.
Ngi ta cng d dng nht tr vi nhau rng sng to to ra s pht trin. n
y, bt u ny sinh mi so vi hai (thay i v a dng ni trn). Pht trin,
hiu theo ngha tt p ca t ny, ngoi tnh mi (khc vi ci c, ci c, ci
bit), pht trin phi c nhng ch li, nhng tin b, nhng hon thin hn ci c,
ci c, ci bit. Ni cch khc, sng to to ra s pht trin v ngc li trong
s pht trin c sng to. Vy, theo G.S. Altshuller, i tm cc quy lut sng
114
to chnh l i tm cc quy lut pht trin.

Trong khi cc cch tip cn truyn thng quan nim: i tm cc quy lut sng
to l i tm cc quy lut t duy sng to (cc quy lut tm-sinh l ca b no con
ngi, xem Hnh 24: Cch tip cn truyn thng trong sng to hc v PPLSTVM)
th G.S. Altshuller i hi s nghin cu rng hn nhiu.
T V n ln (Big Bang) n nay, v tr ni chung v sau ny Tri t ca
chng ta (bao gm t nhin, x hi, t duy) ni ring tri qua bit bao tin ha
v pht trin. S tin ha v pht trin ny din ra theo nhng quy lut khch quan
nht nh. Chng c th v cn phi c nhn thc. V mt nguyn tc, nh sng
to hc phi nghin cu tt c cc thng tin phn nh s pht trin ni trn (k c
nhng pht trin khng c s tham gia ca con ngi) tm ra cc quy lut pht
trin khch quan chung lm c s xy dng PPLSTVM. iu ny gii thch v sao
trong nh ngha khi nim sng to (xem mc 2. T duy l g?), t hot ng
c dng vi ngha rt rng, ch khng phi ngha hp hot ng ca ring con
ngi. y chnh l hot ng to ra s pht trin ca bt k i tng no v s
pht trin l thuc tnh ca vt cht (hiu theo ngha trit hc).
10.2. Sng to ca con ngi: kha cnh ch quan v kha

cnh khch quan
Nhng sng to ca con ngi, mt mt, mang tnh ch quan v chng c
to ra bi nhng con ngi c th. Mt khc, nhng sng to ca con ngi c

t nhin, x hi tip nhn mt cch y , n nh v bn vng mi l nhng sng
to, to ra s pht trin thc s. Tuy s pht trin loi ny do con ngi to ra
nhng n vn phi tun theo cc quy lut pht trin khch quan chung, bao trm
c ba lnh vc: t nhin, x hi, t duy v khng ph thuc vo con ngi c th.
cp t duy sng to, nhng nh nghin cu i theo cch tip cn truyn
thng thng ngh ngay n qu trnh tm l xy ra bn trong b c ngi gii bi
ton, tp trung mi ch vo (xem Hnh 24) v suy ra rng, i tm cc quy lut
sng to tc l i tm cc quy lut tm l ch quan y. Chng ta th tng tng
tnh hung sau:
Chic t i trn con ng vi on AB l thng v on BC quanh co, un
khc, ln dc, xung o (xem Hnh 25). Trn xe c ngi li xe v ngi nghin
cu. Nhim v ca ngi nghin cu l quan st, m t, tm hiu xem: nh u m
ngi li xe c th a xe i t A n B, t B n C v rt ra nhng kt lun cn
thit. Sau y l bn bo co ca ngi nghin cu theo cch tip cn truyn thng
sau chuyn i:
115
Chu quan
Khach quan
Hnh 25: Kha cnh ch quan v kha cnh khch quan trong sng to ca con ngi
Ti ngi bn cnh ngi li xe sut chng ng t B n C, mt khng ri anh

ta mt giy. Do , nhng iu ti quan st c l tuyt i y . R rng ngi
li xe ny l ngi ham hot ng hn nhng li xe khc m ti gp, t ra cng so vi
nhng li xe a ti i t A n B, v ti thy anh ht nh v-lng sang pha bn ny
li nh v-lng sang pha bn kia. Khng nhng th anh cn sang s v thay i tc
lin tc. Mt tri lc th chiu sng m phi ca anh, lc th m tri. Tc gi la
vo xe cng thay i. iu ny cho php ti gi thit l anh khng ch ham hot ng
m cn thch si nng cho tht u khun mt ca mnh. S thay i tc gi la
vo xe l s th hin cm hng ca ngi li xe. Tm li, qua nghin cu nhiu ngi
li xe trn nhiu on ng, ti thy h rt a dng, tuy nhin c th nhn mnh
im chung, ng lu : h thch si nng, thch hng gi mt theo s thch ring
ca mnh. Khng nghi ng g na, kt lun trn c th coi l iu khng nh, c
chng minh r rng. T suy ra: ngi li xe lm vic tt cn to iu kin h
tha mn cc s thch ring.
Tnh hung v bn bo co tng tng ni trn phn nh s tng t vi
nhng tnh hung, nh tm l nghin cu xem ngi gii suy ngh v hnh
ng nh th no i t bi ton n li gii (nh nhng ngi li xe a xe i
t A n B, t B n C). Chng ta hy cng m x chng:
Ngi li xe, mun li xe n ch phi nhn r ng v a xe i ng tuyn
ng. Con ng i vi ngi li xe l khch quan, c lp i vi anh ta. Trn
on ng BC quanh co un khc, ln dc xung o, ngi li xe khng th lm
116
g khc hn l phi b tay li, lc sang tri, lc sang phi v thay i s nhiu ln
Ngi nghin cu theo cch tip cn truyn thng khng ch n kha cnh
khch quan m ch tp trung vo ngi li xe (kha cnh ch quan) theo kiu
mt khng ri anh ta mt giy (xem Hnh 24). Nh nghin cu xem nhng hot
ng t duy tm l ca ngi li xe l iu quyt nh li c xe t B n C,
thm ch, lm ln gia bn cht v hin tng (thch si nng cho tht u khun
mt ca mnh, cn to iu kin h tha mn cc s thch ring).
Khi qut ha ln, ta c th coi trong sng to ca con ngi c hai kha cnh:
ch quan v khch quan. Trong , nhng quy lut pht trin khch quan ca s
vt l gc, tng t nh con ng i vi ngi li xe: anh phi i theo ti, nu
khng anh s khng n ch, thm ch b tai nn. V d, trn on ng thng AB,
ngi li xe nu ht nh v lng sang pha bn ny li nh v lng sang pha bn
kia th khng ch lc ng, xe c th ln xung rung. on BC quanh co, un
khc, ln dc, xung o, nu ngi li xe gi tay li thng th xe m xung vc.
Phi chng phng php th v sai (xem mc 6.3. Phng php (t nhin) th v
sai: cng c t duy th s, nng sut, hiu qu thp, iu khin km) c nhiu php
th sai m mm vi nhng tr gi, tai nn ca ngi gii trc khi i n li
gii ng ca bi ton l do ngi gii khng nhn thy con ng quy lut pht
trin khch quan.
G.S. Altshuller cho rng cc nh nghin cu sng to hc phi u tin
i tm nhng quy lut pht trin khch quan (nhng con ng) v
ngi sng to tt l ngi sau khi nm cc quy lut ni trn bit iu
khin t duy v hnh ng i theo chng, tng t nh ngi li xe thy
r ng v a xe i ng ng. V iu ny, L-nin tng nhc nh:
Bin chng ca s vt (khch quan ngi vit nhn mnh) to lp bin chng ca
tng (ch quan ngi vit nhn mnh), ch khng phi ngc li.
Nu nhn theo gc cc hin tng, quy lut tm l ni ring, cc hin
tng, quy lut thuc th gii bn trong con ngi ni chung mt cch nh tnh,
c th ni, mi ngi u ging nhau. Mi ngi u c nhng nhu cu c nhn,
xc cm, cc thi quen, tr nh, tnh lin tng, linh tnh, tr tng tng, tnh tm
l, cng s dng ngn ng suy ngh
Tuy nhin, khi hc mt mn hc hoc mt chuyn mn, nghip v no , vt
l chng hn, kt qu hc tp ca mi ngi khng ging nhau. Vy nhng ngi
hc tt mn vt l v lm vic tt trong lnh vc vt l c th khc nhng ngi
khng hc tt mn vt l nhng im no?
117
Theo ngi vit, s khc bit c bn cn phi k ra l, nhng ngi hc tt

mn vt l v lm vic tt trong lnh vc vt l l nhng ngi thnh cng trong
vic s dng v iu khin cc hin tng, quy lut thuc th gii bn trong mnh
(ch quan) mt cch c thc hoc i khi khng c thc cho ph hp vi cc
khi nim, quy lut, c th, yu cu mang tnh khch quan ca khoa hc vt l.
iu ny cng ng i vi cc mn hc (chuyn mn, nghip v) khc.
iu va ni cng gip gii thch hin tng c ngi gii mn ny, thnh
cng trong lnh vc ny nhng li khng gii, khng thnh cng trong lnh vc
khc. Bi v, khi chuyn sang mn hc khc, lnh vc khc, do nhiu nguyn nhn,
ngi khng s dng v iu khin cc hin tng, quy lut thuc th gii
bn trong mnh cho ph hp vi cc khi nim, quy lut, c th, yu cu ca mn
hc mi, lnh vc mi.
V d, nu mt ngi vn tip tc s dng cch hc ton thnh cng cho mn
hc ngoi ng ting Anh, th c th khng gii ngoi ng c. Bi v, cng l s
dng tr nh, ngn ng, tnh lin tng, tr tng tng nhng cc hin tng,
quy lut bn trong ny phi c iu khin ph hp, trong trng hp ton
hc, vi cc khi nim, quy lut, c th, yu cu ca ton hc, trong trng hp
ting Anh, vi cc khi nim, quy lut, c th, yu cu ca ting Anh.
Chng hn, trong ton hc c th s dng tr nh suy lun lgch, hiu theo
ngha, ch cn nh mt s nh l ch cht, t c th suy ra cc kin thc khc
mt cch lgch m khng s sai; cc khi nim (t ng) trong ton hc c nh
ngha r rng, ng php cht ch, ngha mang tnh n tr; s lin tng, tng
tng trong ton hc mang c th l tng ha, tru tng ha nh im, ng
thng, gi tr v cc, tng cc i lng v cng b, s o
Trong khi , ting Anh thuc ngn ng t nhin, tuy c ng php (lgch nht
nh) nhng c rt nhiu ngoi l, m nu bn suy lun thun ty theo ng php,
bn s sai; ngha ca t ng, cu c khi ph thuc nhiu vo ng cnh ch khng
c hiu mt cch c lp; ting Anh i sng phn nh nhng ci c th, gn gi
ch khng tru tng, l tng; s lin tng, tng tng t do, c nhiu hng
hn ton hc; s dng ngn ng thng phn nh cch nhn ch quan, thin v xc
cm hn l i hi bt buc khch quan, cht ch, chnh xc nh ton hc.
C cu hi t ra: Trong lnh vc sng to v i mi, mt ngi mun hc v
thc hin cc sng to, i mi tt cn phi lm g?
Trong ngha ca nhng g va trnh by, bn c c th on ra cu tr li:
Ngi cn s dng, iu khin cc hin tng, qu trnh thuc th
118
gii bn trong cho ph hp vi cc khi nim, kin thc, quy lut pht
trin h thng (quy lut sng to v i mi), c th, yu cu ca lnh vc
sng to v i mi.
Lin quan n cc quy lut pht trin h thng, cu tr li trn c ngha, ngi
phi iu khin c cc nhu cu c nhn, xc cm, thi quen (k c khc phc
tnh tm l), cch s dng ngn ng, k hiu, hnh v, tnh lin tng, tr tng
tng, suy ngh v hnh ng cho tng hp vi cc quy lut pht trin h thng.
Cng vic ny cn c tin hnh mt cch c thc cao.
10.3. C ch nh hng v t duy nh hng

Trong cc nhc im ca phng php th v sai (xem mc 6.3. Phng php
(t nhin) th v sai: cng c t duy th s, nng sut, hiu qu thp, iu khin
km) c nhc im c bn nht l thiu c ch nh hng t bi ton n li
gii.
Gi s chng ta tm ra c ch nh hng ri (xem Hnh 26), th sao?
Van e
(Bai toan)
Li giai
C che nh hng
Hnh 26: Phng php th v sai cn c ch nh hng
R rng lc , ngi gii ch cn tp trung th nhng php th theo chiu ca

c ch nh hng, khng th nhng php th ngc vi c ch nh hng. Ni
cch khc, nhc im lng ph ln c khc phc mt cch ng k.
Mt khc, v bit li gii nm hng no, ngi gii c c chun, im
ta khng cho tnh tm l li ko suy ngh ca mnh v pha quen thuc,
119
bit. Ni cch khc, c ch nh hng gip khc phc nhc im tnh tm l

cn tr sng to.
Nh c ch nh hng, nhc im nng sut pht tng thp cng c
khc phc. Bi v, c ch nh hng lm cho vic phi c tht nhiu tng
tng xc sut c tng dn n li gii, khng cn cn thit na. iu ny cng
tng t nh khng c nh hng, trng mc tiu th phi nm bom tri thm,
mt qu trong s c th trng mc tiu. nh hng tt, lc ch cn mt tn
la thng minh.
Cng chnh c ch nh hng gip ngi gii c nhng tiu chun khch quan
nh gi ng, sai, bi v c ch nh hng c xy dng da trn cc quy
lut khch quan ca s pht trin.
Nh vy, nhc im thiu c ch nh hng t bi ton n li
gii l nhc im c bn nht ca phng php th v sai v l th
phm chnh lm ny sinh nhng nhc im khc.
Theo G.S. Altshuller, chnh cc quy lut pht trin khch quan, khi
c phn nh trong t duy ca ngi gii bi ton, s ng vai tr c
ch nh hng ni trn. Ni cch khc, cc cch tip cn truyn thng, ch yu,
nhm vo khc phc cc nhc im khng phi c bn nht ca phng php th
v sai nh tnh tm l cn tr sng to, nng sut pht tng thp. TRIZ tp
trung n lc vo vic xy dng c ch nh hng t bi ton n li gii v cng
ngy cng hon thin c ch nhm gip ngi gii bi ton c t duy nh
hng. Hnh 27 cho thy hnh nh l tng ca c ch nh hng: lc ny ch cn
mt php th l chc chn c li gii.
Ngi ta thng ch tim cn n ci l tng trong trng hp chung. Tuy
nhin, trong mt s trng hp c th, ngi ta c th t c l tng. iu ny
xy ra trn thc t, trc khi c TRIZ. V d, trc y khi cn gii phng trnh
bc hai:
ax2 bx c 0
(1)
ngi ta cn bin i thnh phng trnh tch:
x d x e 0
t rt ra nghim x 1 d v x 2 e .
(2)
120
Van e
(Bai toan)
Li giai
C che nh hng
Hnh 27: C ch nh hng l tng
thi k ny, phng php thng dng bin phng trnh (1) thnh
phng trnh (2) l phng php th v sai mang tnh cht m mm, ph thuc rt
nhiu vo t cht ca ngi gii v cc con s a, b, c c th. i n li gii, s
lng cc php th sai c th rt ln.
Sau khi c c ch nh hng, ngi gii bng t duy nh hng ch cn
thc hin mt php th l chc chn dn n li gii. Php th l:
b2 4ac
x1
b
b
; x2
2a
2a
10.4. Pht trin ca con ngi: nng lc c th hay/v cng

c
T tin ca con ngi vi t cch ng vt, lc u cng pht trin theo cch
t nhin nh bin d, di truyn, sng lc mt cch m mm, b ng v ko di v
mt thi gian. Bc ngot xy ra khi con ngi bt u s dng cc cng c l
nhng phng tin nm ngoi c th ngi. Nhng cng c u tin l nhng cng
c trong thin nhin nh la t ni la hay nhng m chy rng, hn , cnh cy
c sn vi hnh dng thch hp c hon thin thm i cht. Lc ny, pht trin
ca con ngi bao gm c pht trin cc nng lc ca c th v cng c. Tip theo,
con ngi t sng ch ra cc cng c (hiu theo ngha rng nht) khng c sn
trong thin nhin vi hm lng tri thc ngy cng cao.
121
Thc t pht trin ca con ngi cho thy, nhng thnh tu t c qua cc
thi i, ch yu, l nh con ngi sng ch ra v lm vic bng cc cng c ngy
cng hon thin hn trc ch khng phi do nng lc c th (tm-sinh l) ca con
ngi cao hn trc. Nu loi ngi ng trc s la chn: nng cao nng lc c
th hoc ch to cng c, loi ngi chn cch th hai c c s pht trin
rng ri v nhanh chng. V d, gii quyt vn i nhanh, loi ngi khng i
theo hng nghin cu c th ra cc phng php luyn tp nng cao nng
lc c th nhm t mc ch i nhanh (nu c, ch dnh cho mt s rt t ngi l
cc vn ng vin th thao). Loi ngi sng ch ra cc cng c l cc loi xe m bt
k ngi bnh thng no cng c th s dng i nhanh. Tng t nh vy,
nhn xa, loi ngi khng i theo hng nghin cu mt v xy dng cc phng
php luyn tp mt lm tng nng lc ca mt m ch to ra cng c l ng
nhm. Lc ny, mi ngi bnh thng ch cn a ng nhm ln mt l lp tc
nhn rt xa.
C vi im cn c bit lu i vi vic loi ngi nghin cu v pht trin
cng c. Th nht, nguyn l hot ng ca cng c ch yu v thng c xy
dng da trn cc quy lut khch quan c lp vi c th ca con ngi. V d,
nguyn l hot ng ca ng nhm da trn cc quy lut v quang hnh hc,
nguyn l hot ng ca cc ng c nhit da trn cc quy lut nhit ng lc
hc. Th hai, ch n giai on chun b a cng c ra p dng i tr, cc nh
thit k mi tnh n nhng c im c th ca con ngi s dng cng c.
T nhng g trnh by trn, cch tip cn ca TRIZ: xy dng PPLSTVM da
trn cc quy lut pht trin khch quan c lp vi c th con ngi, r rng ph
hp vi cch xy dng cng c ca loi ngi hn l nhng cch tip cn truyn
thng. Ni nh vy, khng c ngha cc quy lut tm sinh l b b qua. Tri li, cc
quy lut tm sinh l quan trng ch, gip cc nh nghin cu thit k, xy dng
PPLSTVM thn thin vi ngi s dng, hiu theo ngha, ph hp vi nhng c
th ca tm sinh l con ngi. Mt khc, cc quy lut tm sinh l cn gip ngi
s dng PPLSTVM bit c s tm sinh l ca t duy c th iu khin t duy
ca mnh pht cc tng sng to v i mi hng theo cc quy lut khch quan
v s pht trin s vt, ch khng phi pht cc tng b chi phi bi cc yu t
tm sinh l ch quan.
10.5. Quan h gia ti nng v cng c

Ti nng ca mt ngi c th thng c hiu l kh nng ca ngi
thc hin mt cng vic cho trc cng vi nhng ngi khc, nhng thc hin
122
xut sc hn hn nhng ngi khc. thi k cha c cng c hoc nhng lnh
vc khng c php dng cng c nh mt s mn th thao (chy, bi,
bng), ht, ma, ti nng chnh l nhng nng lc c th mc cao. Nhng
ti nng kiu ny c c l nh bm sinh hoc nh luyn tp mt cch c bit
cng phu m khng phi ai cng c th theo n cng c. Theo G.S. Altshuller, s
xut hin ca cng c v vic loi ngi chn pht trin cng c l con ng pht
trin x hi ch khng phi pht trin cc nng lc c th, lm thay i cch hiu
v ti nng ni trn.
Chng ta th tng tng thi k lch s cha c cng c l ci com-pa,
ngi ta t chc cuc thi v vng trn bng tay khng, xem ai v vng trn trn
nht. Kh nng v vng trn bng tay khng nhng ngi khc nhau l khc
nhau: ngi v vng trn nh qu trng, ngi v mo xo, ngi khng ni kn
c hai u nt v li vi nhau Lc , ai v vng trn trn nht c nh gi
l c ti nng (nng lc c th) cao nht. Sau khi com-pa (cng c) c sng ch
ra, bt k ngi bnh thng no, tri qua hun luyn v luyn tp m ai cng c
th tip thu c, u v vng trn trn nht mt cch d dng. Ni cch khc,
cng c gip san bng ti nng c, gip tt c nhng ngi bnh thng c th
lm c cng vic, trc ch c nhng ngi ti nng mi lm c.
C cng c ri, xut hin khi nim ti nng c th mi. Chng hn, khi c
com-pa, ngi ta m cuc thi xem ai trong mt pht v c nhiu vng trn nht.
Kh nng dng com-pa v vng trn nhanh nhng ngi khc nhau th khc
nhau. Ngi v nhiu vng trn nht trong thi gian mt pht, thi k lch s
mi, c nh gi c ti nng nht. Bn c c th on ra, ngi cha chc
phi l ngi v vng trn bng tay khng trn nht thi k lch s c. Nh vy,
cng c khng ch san bng ti nng (v trn), thay i ni dung ti nng c th (v
trn thnh v nhanh) m cn o thi v lm i ngi ti nng: ngi v vng trn
bng tay khng trn nht khng cn c x hi nh gi cao, thm ch, c khi tht
nghip thi k lch s mi vi nhng ngi khc c coi l ti nng. y, rt
cn loi kh nng s dng cc cng c mi mt cch thnh tho nht c
th c.
Khi cha c cng c, cc b phn trn c th ngi phi thc hin cc chc
nng sau: 1) To ra nng lng; 2) Truyn dn nng lng i khp cc b phn
c th hot ng; 3) Cc chc nng lm vic nh chn i, tay nm bt, cc gic
quan tip nhn thng tin; 4) iu khin c th; 5) Sng to.
Nhng cng c th cng u tin nh hn , ci gy nh du con ngi bt
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u chuyn giao chc nng lm vic cho cng c. Chic my u tin thc hin cc
chc nng 1, 2, 3, s dng nng lng ngoi c th, c b phn truyn ng v b
phn lm vic ca mnh, nh du bt u giai on c kh ha. Lc ny, con ngi
cn gi li chc nng iu khin (k c iu khin cng c) v sng to. Sang giai
on t ng ha, con ngi dn chuyn giao phn chc nng iu khin cng c
cho chnh cng c.
Cc cng c ni trn khng ch gip khai thc tt hn, thay i, khuch i cc
nng lc ca c th m cn to ra nhng nng lc mi. V d, nng lc c th
khng lm cho con ngi bay c nhng my bay (cng c) li lm cho con ngi
bay cao, bay xa, bay nhanh hn bt c loi chim no.
PPSLTVM l h thng cc cng c dnh cho chc nng th nm: sng to,
chnh xc hn, t duy sng to. Nhng cng c ny ging nhng cng c c v
cc mt sau: c xy dng da trn cc quy lut khch quan; c th dy v hc
cch s dng cho ng o mi ngi; em li cc ch li ln cho ngi s dng.
Khi ni em li cc ch li ln cho ngi s dng PPLSTVM, bn c khng nn
ngh rng, nh PPLSTVM, ngi s dng s tr thnh Edison, Newton, Einstein.
ng hn, bn nn quan nim th ny, trc y i b nn tc t c l
4 km/gi. Nay nh cng c l ci xe p, mnh i nhanh hn trc, v d,
10 km/gi. Nu mnh luyn tp s dng xe p tt hn, mnh s i nhanh hn na.
Tuy vy, khng nn o tng rng vi cch s dng xe p ngy cng tt, bn s
t c vn tc ca my bay. Ngoi ra, t c nhng sng to mc cao, kiu
nh gii Nobel, ngoi PPLSTVM v kh nng c nhn s dng tt PPLSTVM, cn
cn cc iu kin ca mi trng m khng phi ai cng c. V d, bn c cng c l
xe ua vi kh nng chy n tc trn 200 km/gi nhng nu mi trng ca
bn l ng t c nhiu g, voi th bn khng th no t c vn tc cho
php. Trong khi , cng vi xe ua nh vy, ngi khc mi trng khc (xa l
hon ho) c th t c tc ti a mt cch d dng.
Mt khc, PPLSTVM cng c nhng c th ring so vi cc loi cng c
truyn thng, i hi phi tnh n trong qu trnh nghin cu, xy dng, dy v
hc s dng PPLSTVM. Chng hn, PPLSTVM l h thng cc cng c dnh cho
t duy sng to m t duy sng to li l i tng khng nhn thy nh tay, chn,
mt
10.6. TRIZ: cc yu cu i vi PPLSTVM

T nhng g trnh by trong mc 10 ny, G.S. Altshuller ra cc yu cu
sau i vi PPLSTVM:
124
1) i tm cc quy lut sng to, trc ht l i tm cc quy lut pht trin khch
quan ca s vt. Trong khi cc thng tin v cc loi pht trin m nhn loi tm ra
cng ngy cng nhiu, vi thi gian, cc quy lut pht trin s cn c pht hin
thm. Do vy, cc nh nghin cu khng nn ngh rng ch cn tm chng mt ln l
xong.
2) Cc quy lut pht trin khch quan gip xy dng c ch nh hng trong
t duy sng to, m thc cht, l c ch phn nh tnh nh hng ca s chn lc
t nhin v x hi.
3) C ch nh hng ch mi xc nh c hng chung, ngi gii cn suy
ngh v hnh ng c s pht trin. Ngi gii bi ton cn cn phi xc nh
nhng ch n c th cho tng giai on pht trin v c kh nng, phng tin
khc phc cc kh khn gp trn ng i n nhng ch . Ni cch khc,
ngi gii cn phi tm ra hoc xy dng nhng con ng c th, tng t nh
nhng con ng c m t trn Hnh 25. y, ngi gii cn c nhng cng c
cn thit v PPLSTVM phi l nhng cng c .
4) Bi ton c cc mc kh khc nhau, do vy, PPLSTVM phi gm h thng
cc cng c khc nhau cho ph hp vi tng mc. Nu nh phng php th v sai
c sn thch hp gii cc bi ton c mc kh mt, n hon ton khng thch hp
gii bi ton c mc kh nm. Ngc li, phng php thch hp gii bi ton c
mc kh nm cng khng thch hp gii bi ton c mc kh mt. iu ny
cng tng t nh khng ai dng i bc bn chim s c. Do vy, ngi nghin
cu cng nh ngi hc PPLSTVM khng nn quan nim rng s tm ra mt
phng php vn nng gip gii quyt tt tt c cc vn vi cc mc kh khc
nhau v ch cn mt phng php l dng c i, mi ni, mi lc. Vin
thuc cha bch bnh v s khng bao gi tm ra m ch c chuyn bnh g th
ung thuc . Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp c th, mt loi thuc c th
cha c vi th bnh.
5) H thng cc cng c ni trn cn c xy dng, mt mt, bng cch c th
ha cc quy lut pht trin khch quan. Mt khc, chng phi da trn v phn nh
c nhng kinh nghim qu bu ca nhiu th h cc nh sng to ch khng ch
ca nhng ngi v ch cui cng.
6) c sng to mc cao, ngi gii cn c kin thc rng. Do vy, TRIZ cn
phi xy dng c s tri thc, c bit, nhng tri thc ca cc khoa hc c bn
ngi gii bi ton c th s dng chng mt cch thun tin, d dng.
7) Qu trnh thc hin gii bi ton gm nhiu giai on. Mi giai on c
125
nhim v ring. iu ny c ngha, cc giai on khc nhau cn nhng cng c v

tri thc khc nhau. bo m s nht qun ca ton b qu trnh gii bi ton,
ngi nghin cu cn xy dng mt chng trnh c cc phn tng ng vi cc
giai on v cch s dng cc cng c v tri thc cn thit. Thiu mt chng trnh
nh vy, ngi gii bi ton s khng pht huy c ht sc mnh ca cc cng c,
tri thc, mc d trong nhiu trng hp, chng vn c th c s dng ring l v
em li ch li nht nh. Trong TRIZ, chng trnh gi l ARIZ.
8) PPLSTVM nhm n ng o mi ngi s dng nn cc cng c, c s
tri thc, chng trnh gii bi ton phi c thit k c phm vi p dng rng
nht c th c v thn thin vi ngi s dng. lm iu , cc quy lut tm
sinh l ca t duy (kha cnh ch quan) ca sng to phi c tnh n mt cch
nghim tc v y .
9) Cc cng c, c s tri thc, chng trnh gii bi ton, trc khi a ra s
dng chnh thc, phi c th nghim cn thn quy m ln v trong thi
gian di thch hp bo m rng cc yu cu v chc nng, tin cy ra
i vi chng u t. Trong qu trnh s dng chnh thc trn thc t, cc nh
nghin cu cn tip tc thit lp quan h phn hi vi nhng ngi s dng
khng ngng hon thin chng.
10) dy v hc cc k nng s dng PPLSTVM mt cch c hiu qu, cng
tng t nh cc mn hc v k nng khc, cc nh nghin cu cn xy dng qu
cc bi tp thc hnh (hiu theo ngha rng nht).
10.7. Cc ngun thng tin v tri thc ca TRIZ

bin cc tng, nu trong cc mc t 10.1 n 10.6 thnh hin thc, G.S.
Altshuller xy dng TRIZ da trn khi lng ln cc thng tin v s pht trin,
tri thc ca nhiu b mn khoa hc v k thut, xem Hnh 28.
G.S. Altshuller chn php bin chng duy vt lm c s trit hc ca TRIZ v:
1) Mun c PPLSTVM vi phm vi p dng rng, PPSLTVM phi c
xy dng da trn cc quy lut chung nht ng vi c ba lnh vc: t nhin, x hi
v t duy ch khng ch ng ring vi mt ngnh ngh c th no. Khoa hc
nghin cu cc quy lut chung nht l trit hc. Trit hc c nhiu loi. i tm cc
quy lut sng to l i tm cc quy lut pht trin, vy c s trit hc ca TRIZ phi
l trit hc nghin cu cc quy lut chung nht v s pht trin t nhin, x hi, t
duy v trit hc chnh l php bin chng duy vt.
126
Tam ly hoc sang tao
Ly thuyet he thong
Thong tin patent
S tien hoa va
phat trien cua cac
he sinh hoc
ieu khien hoc
Ly thuyet thong tin
Ly thuyet ra quyet nh
T
R
I
Z
Cac phng phap

d bao
Lch s phat trien cua

khoa hoc va cong nghe
Cac kien thc khoa hoc

can cho ngi sang tao
Phe bnh cac phng

phap sang tao a co
Phep bien chng duy vat
Hnh 28: Cc ngun thng tin v tri thc ca TRIZ
2) Php bin chng duy vt cn cung cp nhng kin thc chung nht v nhn
thc lun v phng php lun, gip ngi nghin cu nh hng ng khi phi
x l khi lng ln cc thng tin c th v s pht trin.
Cng nhm mc ch xy dng PPLSTVM c phm vi p dng rng v i ph
vi cc thch thc, b mn khoa hc nghin cu cc i tng phc tp, mang tnh
khi qut cao l l thuyt h thng, tr thnh mt trong nhng khoa hc c s ca
TRIZ.
PPLSTVM, nhn theo gc ny, l h thng cc cng c gip iu khin tin
cy qu trnh bin i thng tin thnh tri thc, tri thc bit thnh tri thc mi
to ra s pht trin trong tng lai. Nhn theo gc khc, PPLSTVM l h
thng cc cng c gip ngi gii, gii quyt vn v ra cc quyt nh ng. iu
ny gii thch v sao iu khin hc, l thuyt thng tin, l thuyt ra quyt nh v
cc phng php d bo u c s dng trong qu trnh xy dng TRIZ.
Nh bit cc phn trc, vic xy dng PPLSTVM, c bit giai on
thit k v s dng, ngi ta cn phi tnh n cc yu t ch quan ca ngi gii
bi ton. Ni cch khc, tm l hc sng to cng l mt trong nhng ngun kin
thc ca TRIZ.
Nhng sng to mc cao l nhng sng to s dng nhiu cc hiu ng khoa
127
hc, c bit nhng hiu ng c cc tnh cht c o cn t ngi bit n. TRIZ

cn xy dng c s tri thc, cc phng tin thch hp gip ngi sng to tra
cu, s dng chng mt cch thun tin v t hiu qu cao.
i tm cc quy lut sng to tc l i tm cc quy lut pht trin v nh nghin
cu cn c cc thng tin v s pht trin. S pht trin xy ra trong nhiu lnh vc
nh v tr, th gii sinh vt, x hi loi ngi, vn hc, ngh thut, khoa hc, k
thut Trong tt c cc loi thng tin phn nh s pht trin, thng tin patent, trn
thc t, l thng tin v s sng to, c G.S. Altshuller chn nghin cu trc
ht v nhng l do sau:
1) Khc vi tt c cc lnh vc sng to khc, trong lnh vc sng ch, ngi
sng to phi lm h s theo ng nhng mu quy nh. Trong , ngi lm n
phi trnh by nu bt tnh mi v tnh ch li gii php ca mnh so vi gii php
tin thn. iu ny rt thun li cho nh nghin cu v tnh sng to (ng thi c
tnh mi v tnh ch li) c lit k sn trong mi thng tin patent.
2) Cc thng tin patent l cc thng tin v sng to c cng nhn chnh thc,
c phn loi mt cch rt chi tit theo cc lnh vc ngnh ngh hoc theo cc
chc nng (ty theo cc kiu phn loi quc gia hay quc t), c lu gi y ,
tp trung v d tip cn trong cc th vin quc gia.
3) Cc thng tin patent l cc thng tin tin cy v s pht trin, hiu theo ngha,
vic cp cc patent c tin hnh lin tc, khng b t qung v trong sut thi
gian di nhiu th k.
Cc kt qu nghin cu v s pht trin da trn thng tin patent c G.S.
Altshuller so snh vi s tin ha, pht trin ca cc h sinh hc, khoa hc v cng
ngh rt ra nhng quy lut pht trin chung. iu ny c th lm c v th
gii l mt chnh th thng nht. Ci chung ch tn ti trong ci ring, thng qua ci
ring. Ci ring ch tn ti trong mi lin h a n ci chung v tt c ci ring
u lin h vi nhau. Ni cch khc, v mt nguyn tc, theo mt ngha no ,
mt git nc ca i dng c th phn nh c c i dng.
Ngoi ra, TRIZ cn ph bnh nhng phng php sng to (hiu theo ngha
rng nht) c, nhm k tha, pht huy cc u im v khc phc nhng hn ch
ca chng.
10.8. S khi TRIZ

n nay, c th ni, TRIZ l l thuyt ln, mang tnh lgch cao vi h thng
cng c thuc loi hon chnh nht trong lnh vc sng to v i mi. S khi
128
ca TRIZ c trnh by trn Hnh 29.

Bi ton l im xut pht ca ngi gii, cn li gii l ch. Ngi gii phi i
t im xut pht n ch, trong hon cnh ht sc kh khn: trong m ti v
cha c sn con ng t im xut pht ti ch. Tnh hung ny khng xa l vi
cc on thm him. H lm th no ti ch? Trc tin, h gi bn , xc
nh ch n. Sau , trn thc t, h xc nh hng cn phi i. Trong khi hnh
qun theo hng nh, nhiu kh khn c th c th ny sinh nh sng rng, ni
cao, khe su, rng rm, sa mc, th d h cn c cc phng tin cn thit di
dng cc thng tin, tri thc, cng c c th vt qua cc kh khn i ti
ch. Bao trm ln tt c, h cn c chng trnh hnh qun bo m s phi
hp ca tt c cc hot ng. Nh vy, on thm him cn: 1) nh hng v pha
ch; 2) Cc phng tin cn thit; 3) Chng trnh bo m s thng nht.
Trong t duy sng to theo phng php th v sai hoc theo nhng phng
php ci tin phng php th v sai, c ba c ch phc v ba yu cu ni trn u
khng c mt cch r rng. Trong TRIZ, ba c ch ny tr nn bt buc v to
thnh ba b phn lin quan mt thit hu c vi nhau. C ch nh hng c
xy dng da trn c s cc quy lut pht trin khch quan ca cc h thng. Kho
thng tin, kin thc, cng c l cc phng tin cn thit v ARIZ ng vai tr ca
chng trnh bo m s thng nht ca qu trnh thc hin gii bi ton, xem
Hnh 29.
Di y, ngi vit c gng trnh by mt cch tng qut ba c ch ni trn.
Nghin cu cc thng tin v s pht trin, G.S. Altshuller tm ra 9 quy lut
pht trin h thng sau:
1) Quy lut v tnh y cc thnh phn ca h thng.
2) Quy lut v tnh thng sut ca h thng.
3) Quy lut v tnh tng hp ca h thng.
4) Quy lut v tnh l tng ca h thng.
5) Quy lut v tnh khng ng u trong s pht trin cc phn ca h thng.
6) Quy lut v chuyn s pht trin t mc h sang mc h trn.
7) Quy lut v chuyn s pht trin h thng t mc v m sang mc vi m.
8) Quy lut v tnh iu khin ca h thng.
9) Quy lut v chuyn s pht trin t nguyn l ny sang nguyn l khc (hay
cn gi l quy lut chuyn s pht trin t ng cong hnh ch S ny sang ng
129
cong hnh ch S khc).
TRIZ
Cac quy luat phat trien cua
cac he thong
Kho thong tin, kien thc, cong cu
Cac bai toan chuan
Cac chuan
Cac bai toan khong chuan
Phan tch
Vepol
Cac bai toan tng t

Cac kien thc
khoa hoc
He thong
cac thu thuat va
cac bien oi mau
Chng trnh co
tnh ke hoach,
logch
Cac yeu to ieu

khien tam ly va
tr tng tng
Bao am thong
tin, kien thc,
cong cu
A
R
I
Z
Hnh 29: S khi ca TRIZ
Xt v mc khi qut ha, 9 quy lut ny c th hn 3 quy lut chung nht

ca php bin chng duy vt v s pht trin (1. Quy lut ph nh ca ph nh; 2.
Quy lut chuyn ha t nhng thay i v lng thnh nhng thay i v cht v
ngc li; 3. Quy lut thng nht v u tranh gia cc mt i lp) v khi qut
hn cc quy lut pht trin do cc khoa hc c th tm ra. Do vy, 9 quy lut ni
trn ng vai tr cu ni hai chiu gia trit hc v cc khoa hc c th nghin cu
s pht trin. iu ny, mt mt, lm cho php bin chng duy vt tr nn gn vi
thc t cuc sng v mang tnh ng dng cao hn. Mt khc, ngi gii bi ton c
c cc phng tin vi phm vi p dng ln hn nhiu so vi cc phng tin
c xy dng bi cc khoa hc c th.
Ni dung ca cc quy lut pht trin h thng c c th ha mt cch lgch
v nht qun xuyn sut tt c cc phn ca TRIZ.
Trong TRIZ c cng c mang tn phn tch Vepol (dch v phin m t ting
130
Nga: , cn ting Anh: Su Field Analysis), gip ngi gii phn

tch s tng tc gia cc cht v trng nng lng, k c cc trng mang thng
tin iu khin c trong cc h thng, m s tng tc lch chun gia chng l
nguyn nhn lm ny sinh cc vn . Nh phn tch Vepol, ngi gii khi gp bi
ton c th phn bit bi ton thuc loi bi ton chun hay loi bi ton khng
chun. Khi nim bi ton chun ch c ngha i vi ngi hc xong TRIZ.
iu ny cng tng t vi vic: sau khi hc xong cch gii phng trnh bc hai
theo delta ( b2 4ac ), t tr i phng trnh bc hai tr thnh bi ton
chun. Cn trc , phng trnh bc hai khng phi l bi ton chun.
Nu bn pht hin ra bi ton ca bn l bi ton chun, bn r sang bn tay
tri, s dng ngay h thng cc chun gii bi ton, xem Hnh 29. Mi chun
trong h thng cc chun dng gii mt loi bi ton, ng vai tr tng t nh
delta trong vic gii phng trnh bc hai. Hin nay, TRIZ xy dng c 76 chun
dng gii cc loi bi ton khc nhau. Theo thi gian, cng vi nhng pht hin
mi, s lng chun c th tng ln ch khng dng con s 76.
Khi bn tri trn Hnh 29 l kho thng tin, kin thc, cng c ca TRIZ. Khi
ny c hai nhim v. Th nht, khi ny gip ngi gii tit kim thi gian khi gp
cc bi ton chun (nh va trnh by trn) hoc khi gp cc bi ton gn chun
th s dng cc li gii ca cc bi ton tng t hoc khi gp cc bi ton khng c
mc kh cao, ngi gii c th s dng ngay h thng cc th thut (hay cn gi l
nguyn tc) sng to v cc bin i mu.
Trong qu trnh hc v luyn tp s dng TRIZ trn lp, ngi hc phi gii
rt nhiu bi ton. Do vy, sau khi hc xong, nhng li gii ca cc bi ton ny
ng vai tr vn ca ngi hc. Sau , trn thc t, nu ngi gii gp nhng
bi ton tng t nh nhng bi ton gii, c th dng ngay vn ca mnh
bng cch a ra cc li gii l cc bin th li gii ca cc bi ton gii. Nh
vy, ngi gii cng tit kim thi gian.
H thng cc th thut v cc bin i mu (hay cn gi l cc nguyn tc phn
chia) l nhng cng c n gin nht ca TRIZ. i vi bi ton c mc kh thp,
ngi gii c th s dng ngay chng di dng cc th thut n l hoc t hp
vi th thut gii. Hin nay trong TRIZ c 40 th thut dng khc phc mu
thun k thut v 11 bin i mu khc phc mu thun vt l.
Nhim v th hai ca khi bn tri l cung cp thng tin, kin thc, cng c cho
chng trnh y gii cc bi ton khng chun c mc kh cao hn (t mc ba
tr ln), xem khi bn phi trn Hnh 29. Chng trnh y gii cc bi ton
131
khng chun c tn gi l Algrit gii cc bi ton sng ch (ting Nga:

; vit tt l ; chuyn sang k t latinh l
ARIZ).
Nu t chc mt cuc thi nhy cao cho tt c mi ngi, ta thy c chuyn sau:
Nu cao l 20 cm, cc bn bo: D t, ai cng nhy qua c. Nu cao l
mt mt, chc khng phi ai cng nhy qua. Nu cao gn hai mt chc ch c
cc kin tng th thao. Nu cao bng lu ba, c th ni chc rng: khng ai
nhy qua c. Th nhng, hng ngy, mi ngi vn leo lu, c khi l lu bn, lu
nm y, cc bc ca cu thang gip mi ngi: cao ca mt bc thang va
sc vi mi ngi. ARIZ chnh l ci cu thang nh vy. ARIZ c nhiu bc (ARIZ
85 c 38 bc), nhng bc ny c xy dng r rng, c th gip ngi gii bi
ton d s dng. Ni cch khc, ARIZ l mt chng trnh nh hng, c k
hoch ha gm nhiu bc, c xy dng nhm t chc hp l v c hiu qu qu
trnh thc hin gii bi ton ca ngi gii. ARIZ kt hp v pht huy nhng mt
mnh ca cc yu t, qu trnh nh lgch pht trin, cc cng c ca PPLSTVM,
c s tri thc, tr tng tng v hn ch cc mt yu nh tnh tm l ca ngi
gii. ARIZ khng ch gip ngi gii i n li gii ca bi ton cho trc m cn
gip ngi gii pht trin, khi qut ha li gii, c rt kinh nghim gii bi ton
mt cch t gic tch ly nhng k nng t duy sng to.
Ngoi ra, TRIZ cn thng qua vic nghin cu tip tc i tng sng to (pht
trin) v nghin cu vic s dng TRIZ ca ng o nhng ngi gii bi ton
khng ngng c ci tin v hon thin. TRIZ ni chung v ARIZ ni ring l h
thng t pht trin ph hp vi thc t khch quan v ch quan trong lnh vc
sng to v i mi v lun l h thng cn thit i vi ng o mi ngi mun
gii quyt tt cc vn .
Trong lnh vc PPLSTVM hin nay, TRIZ c nhiu nh nghin cu v thc
hnh xem l l thuyt hon chnh v xy dng c nhiu cng c sng to mnh
nht. TRIZ cng c xem l l thuyt c y c s ca mt l thuyt khoa hc.
Cc c s y l, TRIZ c h thng cc khi nim nhiu v r rng phn
nh nhng yu t, hin tng, qu trnh c trong hot ng sng to v i mi; c
phng php nghin cu khoa hc; tm ra c cc quy lut khch quan ca s vt
(y chnh l cc quy lut pht trin h thng); c kh nng gii thch nhng sng
to c v d bo nhng sng to s c; xy dng c cc cng c mang tnh
ng dng vi hiu qu cao. Ni mt cch hnh nh, TRIZ trang b loi t duy
nhn xa, trng rng, xem xt ton din, thy v hnh ng gii quyt cc
132
Du nhp, ph bin v pht trin phng php lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM) Vit Nam
mu thun, a h pht trin theo cc quy lut pht trin h thng. TRIZ
l ng vin tim nng ca t duy cn c.
11. Du nhp, ph bin v pht trin phng php lun

sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM) Vit Nam
11.1. Du nhp phng php lun sng to v i mi
(PPLSTVM) vo Vit Nam
C su ngi Vit Nam tt nghip Hc vin cng cng sng to sng ch
Azerbaigian, thnh ph Baku, Lin X.
y l cc anh Nguyn Vn Chn, Nguyn Vn Thng v ti l ngi vit (kha
1971-1973), Dng Xun Bo, Thi B Cn v Nguyn Vn Th (kha 1973-1975).
Nu xt v nhim v chnh tr c ng v Nh nc giao cho: anh Dng
Xun Bo v ti c phn cng hc vt l, cc anh Nguyn Vn Chn, Nguyn Vn
Thng v Thi B Cn hc ton, anh Nguyn Vn Th hc a cht ti i hc tng
hp quc gia Azerbaigian ch khng phi hc PPLSTVM. Vic hc thm Hc vin
cng cng sng to sng ch xut pht t thch, s say m c nhn ch khng
phi l nhim v bt buc. Do vy, chng ti c nhc nh khng xao nhng
nhim v chnh tr. Rt may, chng ti hon thnh tt c hai nhim v: nhim v
chnh tr v nhim v t ra.
Hc vin cng cng sng to sng ch, chng ti c hc l thuyt gii cc
bi ton sng ch (TRIZ), algrit gii cc bi ton sng ch (ARIZ), hu ht cc
phng php sng to ca phng Ty v nhiu mn hc lin quan khc nh
patent hc, l thuyt thng tin, l thuyt h thng, iu khin hc, l thuyt ra
quyt nh, tm l hc sng to, mn hc pht trin tr tng tng sng to. Trit
hc bin chng c coi l hc trong trng i hc nn khng a vo na.
Hc vin cng cng sng to sng ch khng ch o to cc nh sng ch
chuyn nghip sng to c phng php, m cn o to cc cn b ging dy,
nghin cu PPLSTVM, cc cn b t chc cc hot ng sng to, sng ch.
Hc vin nhn vo hc nhng ngi tt nghip i hc (phn ln l cc k
s), c nhng thnh tch sng to. Cng hc vi chng ti c nhng ngi c
trong tay c chc patent. Chng ti lc ch l nhng sinh vin, c nhn vo
hc nh nhng trng hp th nghim, ngoi l. Cn khi vo hc th khng c s
phn bit i x no.
Chng ti v cng may mn c hc trc tip thy G.S. Altshuller. S may
133
mn th hin ch thy G.S. Altshuller l tc gi TRIZ, c ngha, chng ti c hc

vi ngi sng lp ra mt l thuyt rt mnh trong PPLSTVM. Ni cch khc,
chng ti c hc vi s t, hc tn gc. D du g c ai c hc c hc c in
vi Newton, thuyt tng i vi Einstein, tin hc vi nhng ngi sng lp ra
ngnh tin hc Mt s trong chng ti sau khi hc cn gi lin lc, c thy
Altshuller cung cp cc sch, ti liu TRIZ mi nht cho n khi thy Altshuller b
bnh nng, ri qua i nm 1998.
Mt may mn na cn nhn mnh l, khi chng ti i hc thm Hc vin cng
cng sng to sng ch, Lin X l nc x hi ch ngha v hc khng phi ng
hc ph. Nu by gi ti mi i hc PPLSTVM th cng phi b tay v gi trung
bnh trn th gii l vi trm USD cho mt ngi, mt ngy hc.
Nu xem du nhp mt khoa hc, mt mn hc vo mt t nc khng n
gin ch l nhp khu sch, ti liu vo t nc m phi l du nhp kin thc,
k nng ca khoa hc, mn hc vo u v tr thnh hnh ng ca ngi bn
x, th thi im du nhp PPLSTVM vo Vit Nam c tnh l nm 1973, khi
nhm ba ngi u tin tt nghip kha mt Hc vin cng cng sng to sng ch.
11.2. Ph bin v pht trin phng php lun sng to v

i mi (PPLSTVM) Vit Nam: cc kch bn
Thng thng, sau giai on du nhp mt ci g t nc ngoi v, ngi ta
thc hin cc giai on tip theo l ph bin v pht trin n trong nc. V d,
sau khi du nhp ging la mi, ngi ta tin hnh nhn ging, khi c s
lng th ph bin trng i tr, ng thi, ngi ta ci tin, hon thin vic gieo
trng, chm sc, cao hn na, ci tin chnh ging la nhp v. Khng ai nhp thc
ging v n.
C th c mt s kch bn lin quan n vic ph bin v pht trin
PPLSTVM Vit Nam.
Kch bn 1
PPLSTVM c du nhp thng qua su ngi Vit Nam i hc Lin X v.
C su ngi u khng c nh ph bin PPLSTVM Vit Nam m ch dng
ring cho mnh. iu ny c th hiu c v ng c ban u n vi PPLSTVM
l do s ham thch, say m ca tng c nhn.
Thm na, lc ny, khng ai, k c cc cn b qun l, lnh o khoa hc, gio
dc Vit Nam t vn v to iu kin su ngi ph bin kin thc, k nng
134
mn hc PPLSTVM cho nhiu ngi bit.

Nu kch bn ny xy ra th c chuyn du nhp PPLSTVM nhng khng c
chuyn ph bin, li cng khng c chuyn pht trin PPLSTVM Vit Nam.
Thc t cho thy, c anh Dng Xun Bo H Ni v ti TP. H Ch Minh c
nh ph bin PPLSTVM v trin khai n trong x hi.
Kch bn 2
Nm 1975, ba ngi tt nghip kha hai Hc vin cng cng sng to sng ch
v nc. Lc ny, tt c su ngi hc PPLSTVM u c mt Vit Nam.
Mt hm, nhng ngi qun l chng ti mi chng ti ln v ni:
Trong l lch cc anh c vit, cc anh hc thm Hc vin cng cng sng to
sng ch, dy mn khoa hc PPLSTVM. Vy cc anh c th lm mt hoc vi
seminar chng ti bit n (PPLSTVM) l ci g khng?.
c li nh ci tm lng v c su ngi chng ti u c nh ph bin,
pht trin PPLSTVM Vit Nam. Chng ti tch cc chun b v cc bui seminar
din ra mt cch tt p.
Sau cc seminar mt thi gian ngn, chng ti c thng bo, cc c quan c
trch nhim thy y l khoa hc cho tng lai nn quyt nh u t cp nh
nc cho vic ph bin v pht trin PPLSTVM nc ta.
Cng vic c trin khai, trc ht l nhn ging: t chng ti, o to ra
nhng ngi c kh nng ging dy v nghin cu PPLSTVM. Nhng ngi ny s
l cc thy, c gio dy mn PPLSTVM khi PPLSTVM c a vo trng hc
cc cp.
Mn PPLSTVM u tin s a vo cc trng i hc. Khi chun b y
ngi dy, gio trnh ph hp vi kin thc, tui, mn hc PPLSTVM s a
xung trung hc ph thng (cp 3), trung hc c s (cp 2), tiu hc (cp 1), thm
ch n mu gio.
Bn c th tng tng, nu mi ci i theo kch bn ny, PPLSTVM c
u t ngay t nm 1975 n nay (2013) th 38 nm va qua PPLSTVM c
ph bin v pht trin n u?
Nhn y, ngi vit ni v u t cho PPLSTVM: chi ph u t cho
PPLSTVM ch tng ng vi u t cho mn Ng vn ting Vit trong trng
hc cc cp. Ni cch khc, chi ph u t rt t. Bi v, PPLSTVM khng cn trang
135
thit b, my mc, ha cht, nguyn vt liu, nng lng, thm ch, khng cn mi
ngi hc phi c mt my tnh. Cha k, PPLSTVM khng c cht thi gy
nhim mi trng. Ngi i hc mang my tnh (b c) ca mnh n lp hc. Dy
v hc PPLSTVM l np phn mm tin tin nht v t duy sng to vo my tnh
(b c) c sn, c cha m cho khng mt tin mua.
Cn ch li th sao? ch li v cng ln. Ngi hc, v nguyn tc, ch hc y
chng trnh PPLSTVM mt ln v dng n sut cuc i gii quyt tt cc
vn ca mnh v gp phn gii quyt tt cc vn ca cng ng, x hi.
Rt tic, kch bn l tng ny khng xy ra.
Kch bn 3
Mt s trong chng ti c nh ph bin v pht trin PPLSTVM Vit Nam
khng ch i hn c na, quyt nh tm gp cc v qun l, lnh o lin quan
ch ng trnh by PPLSTVM l g v ngh c gip .
Sau nhiu ln gp, sau khi gp c nhiu v, cui cng, cc v qun l, lnh o
c trch nhim b thuyt phc v ra quyt nh u t ph bin v pht trin
PPLSTVM cp nh nc. Phn tip theo s i theo kch bn 2, ch c khc,
thi im ra quyt nh ng h khng phi l nm 1975 m mun hn.
Rt tic kch bn ny khng xy ra, mc d ti v anh Dng Xun Bo
gp nhiu v qun l, lnh o chnh quyn, khoa hc-cng ngh, gio dc-o to
a phng cng nh trung ng.
Kch bn 4
Nu nh chi ph u t cho ph bin, pht trin PPLSTVM t th ti sao chng
ti khng t lc cnh sinh: t u t, t trang tri v mt ti chnh m khng c
nhn kinh ph ca nh nc. Trong khi, l cc vin chc nh nc, lng chng ti
ch thuc loi ba cc ba ng. Nu lm c nh vy th bng vic lm chng minh
c nhng iu sau:
Qu tht chi ph u t cho ph bin, pht trin PPLSTVM rt t.
Nhiu ngi thuc mi thnh phn kinh t, x hi i hc chng t mn hc
ny cn cho x hi, suy rng ra, cho t nc, cho dn tc.
PPLSTVM mang li nhiu ch li cho ngi hc, cho cng ng, x hi th
hin qua cc thu hoch m cc hc vin phn nh li.
136
Tt c nhng kt qu ni trn c chng ti gi ti cc v qun l, lnh o

lin quan, lm cc v ng lng v ra quyt nh u t cp nh nc cho
PPLSTVM.
Kch bn ny v ang tip tc xy ra phn u nhng cha n c phn
sau: n nay vn khng c quan chc no ng lng.
Kch bn 5
Kch bn 5 tng t kch bn 4 phn u v phn sau (cc quan chc ng
lng) khng bao gi xy ra.
Lc ny, nhng ngi thc hin vic ph bin, pht trin PPLSTVM u
gi, ri ln lt ra i theo quy lut t nhin. PPLSTVM dn qun lng Vit Nam
v t khai t. Tuy nhin, trn con ng pht trin, Vit Nam khng th b qua
PPLSTVM. n mt lc no , Vit Nam s phi bt u li PPLSTVM. y s l
iu v cng ng tic.
y l kch bn xu nht, nhng ti c cm gic xc sut xy ra kch bn 5 ny
khng nh.
Ngoi ra cn c nhng kch bn khc m ti khng a vo y.
Di y l nhng g xy ra trong thc t 36 nm qua lin quan n ph
bin v pht trin PPLSTVM Vit Nam theo cch t lc cnh sinh.
11.3. Ph bin v pht trin PPLSTVM Vit Nam trc

v t khi thnh lp Trung tm Sng to Khoa hc-k
thut (TSK)
Trong thi gian hc Hc vin cng cng sng to sng ch, thy c ch li
to ln ca PPLSTVM em n cho nhng ngi hc, ti bt u nung nu nh
ph bin nhng kin thc hc c cho cng nhiu ngi Vit Nam bit cng tt.
Bi v ti nhn ra rng, PPLSTVM thc s cn cho s pht trin ca t
nc, ca dn tc. Trc khi v nc, ti em kin ny trao i vi thy G.S.
Altshuller v c thy ng h, khuyn khch vic thc hin ph bin v pht trin
PPLSTVM Vit Nam.
Ph bin kin thc mt b mn khoa hc no thng c th hin di
cc hnh thc:
ng trn bo ch cc bi vit d hiu v mn khoa hc nhiu ngi
c, t h s tm hiu thm, su hn.
137
T chc cc bui ni chuyn, seminar, hi tho.

Vit v xut bn cc sch chuyn v b mn khoa hc .
M cc lp dy b mn khoa hc cho nhng ngi quan tm theo hc.
a b mn khoa hc vo dy trong cc nh trng.
Trong cc hnh thc ni trn, hai hnh thc cui v dy v hc, c bit, a
vo dy trong cc nh trng l cch lm bi bn, cn c v c hiu qu thc s to
ln, lu di nht.
Do vy, k t khi v nc nm 1973, ti c gng tm iu kin m lp
dy PPLSTVM. Nm 1976 ti chuyn cng tc t Vin khoa hc-k thut min
Nam thuc Vin khoa hc Vit Nam sang i hc tng hp TP. H Ch Minh. Nm
1977, khi ang l cn b ging dy Khoa vt l, ti c bu kim nhim lm y
vin thng v Ban chp hnh on Trng i hc tng hp, ph trch hc tp
trong Trng. Thi c thun li cho vic m lp PPLSTVM n, sau khi t
c s nht tr v k hoch cng tc vi Ban gim hiu v Thng v on
Trng, ti trin khai m hai lp hc dnh cho sinh vin quan tm:
Lp PPLSTVM cho sinh vin cc khoa khoa hc t nhin.
Lp c nhanh (speed reading) cho sinh vin cc khoa khoa hc x hi v
nhn vn.
Ti dy lp PPLSTVM, cn lp c nhanh ti mi thy inh Quang Kim ph
trch.
Nh vy, kha PPLSTVM u tin Vit Nam c dy vo nm 1977.
Cc kha PPLSTVM tip theo ti dy theo cc li mi nh ca Cu lc b thanh
nin (nay l Nh vn ha thanh nin) thuc Thnh on, Cu lc b lao ng (nay
l Nh vn ha lao ng), y ban khoa hc v k thut TP. H Ch Minh (nay l S
khoa hc v cng ngh TP. H Ch Minh).
Ti c hai ln sang li Lin X lm lun n tin s (PhD) v tin s khoa hc
(D.Sc) v vt l thc nghim cc cht bn dn. C hai ln ny ti u tranh th s
dng cp nht tt c cc kin thc mi nht v TRIZ, ARIZ, su tp c tt c
cc sch v ti liu cn thit lin quan. Thy G.S. Altshuller v cc bn x-vit v
TRIZ gip ti rt nhiu trong cng vic ny v ti lun nh n vi lng bit n
su sc, tnh cm m p.
Tr v nc vo ma h nm 1989, sau khi bo v thnh cng lun n tin s
khoa hc, ti d nh s cng mt lc lm hai vic: vt l v PPLSTVM. Th nhng
138
nm hc 1989-1990, ri nm hc 1990-1991 ti khng c phn cng gi dy vt

l v tt c cc mn ca Khoa vt l u c ngi dy t trc. My mc, thit b
nghin cu vt l th khng c g. Ti quyt nh, nu nh vt l th th ti tp
trung vo mt vic thi: ph bin v pht trin PPLSTVM Vit Nam.
Ti em nhng kt qu dy PPLSTVM nhiu ni ca mnh, cc ti liu
ting Nga, ting Anh v PPLSTVM n gp GS. TS. Nguyn Ngc Giao (hiu trng
lc ) v t vn thnh lp Trung tm Sng to Khoa hc-k thut (TSK) nh
mt b phn ca i hc tng hp TP. H Ch Minh lm cng vic ging dy, nghin
cu PPLSTVM. GS. TS. Nguyn Ngc Giao nhanh chng nhn ra s cn thit v
st sng ng h. Tuy nhin, GS. TS. Nguyn Ngc Giao dn d: Trng ngho lm,
nn cc cu phi t thn vn ng thi.
Ngy 23 thng t nm 1991, GS. TS. Nguyn Ngc Giao k quyt nh thnh
lp Trung tm Sng to Khoa hc-k thut (TSK) hot ng theo nguyn tc t
trang tri v mt ti chnh.
V mt nhn s, TSK lc ch c hai ngi: Ti v thy Trn Th Hng. V
sau c thm hai thy: Vng Hunh Minh Trit gia nhp TSK nm 1993, L Minh
Sn 1998. Cn v cc mt khc nh din tch lm vic, ti chnh, c s vt cht
u l nhng con s khng.
V din tch lm vic, rt may, chng ti mn c hai phng nh, mt ca B
mn vt l cht rn v mt ca B mn vt l in t. Chng ti lun mi bit n s
gip nhit tnh ny ca cc ng nghip. Mt phng chng ti dng lm ni
lm vic ca cc thy, tip khch, ghi danh. Phng kia dng lm lp hc.
V c s vt cht, chng ti i quanh trng tm nhng g cc b phn khc
thi ra, t sa li ri dng. Ngoi ra, chng ti vn ng c gia nh cho mang
cc vt dng ca nh n Trung tm lm vic.
Chng ti c thnh lp quyn S vng TSK nhm mc ch ghi nhn s ng h
a dng ca cc c nhn, tp th, t chc i vi giai on u thnh lp v xy
dng TSK. Quyn S vng TSK c GS. TS., hiu trng i hc tng hp TP. H
Ch Minh Nguyn Ngc Giao khai bt vo ngy 17/5/1991.
Di y l ni dung ton b quyn S vng TSK vi nhng dng cui cng
ghi ngy 25/11/1993:
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
Hm nay chng ti rt hn hnh c n thm Trung tm Sng to Khoa hc-k thut.

Ln u tin n Vit Nam v c bit cc hot ng khuyn khch sng to nh vy
ang c tin hnh mnh m, chng ti tin rng cc hot ng ny chc chn s ng
gp cho s pht trin ca t nc Vit Nam trong tng lai. c bit, nhit huyt ca
GS.TSKH. Phan Dng i vi sng to khoa hc k thut khin chng ti ngng m.
Xin chc hot ng ca Trung tm thu c nhiu kt qu, gp phn to c nhiu pht
minh, sng ch trong tng lai.
Mitsugaru Oda v Yoshiaki Kawasaki
Chuyn vin gim nh patent thuc Cc patent Nht Bn
Ngy 19/2/1992
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
Thay mt b mn ni chng ti ging dy v o to ti i hc ChiangMai, chng

ti knh chc qu Trung tm nhng iu tt p nht v chc mng s thnh cng
ca Trung tm Sng to Trng i hc khoa hc t nhin. Ti hy vng mi quan
h ca chng ta s thnh cng v bn vng.
Ngy 25/11/1993
177
Thnh thong c li S vng TSK, chng ti bi hi xc ng nh li ba nm

u tin xy dng TSK v t ha vi mnh phi c gng hn na xng ng vi
nim tin, hy vng ca nhng ngi nhit tnh ng h chng ti ngay t tha ban
s. Chng ti cng thu hiu cu ni: Mt ming khi i bng mt gi khi no.
Chng ti mi mi bit n h. Nhng tnh cm nng m ca mi ngi ng
vin chng ti c ngh lc lu di vt qua cc kh khn trn ng xy
dng v pht trin TSK, d c nhng lc chng ti cm thy c c, mt hng v
mt mi.
Chng ti gp rt nhiu vn lin quan n vic hnh thnh, xy dng,
qun l v pht trin Trung tm hot ng trong c ch th trng. y l cc vn
nhn s, t chc, ti chnh, chiu sinh, qung co, marketing, cht lng, quan
h quc t Tuy khng c trang b nhng kin thc v cc chuyn ngnh ni
trn, chng ti s dng chnh PPLSTVM gii quyt kh thnh cng nhng vn
gp phi, k c mt s vn thuc loi t nh, trnh nhng php th sai.
T nhng s khng ban u, bng hot ng t trang tri v mt ti chnh,
chng ti c tp th nh cn b ging dy vng tay ngh, lm vic vi nhau kh
n , tng i y c s vt cht lm vic, dy v hc, vit c cc loi
sch, gio trnh cn thit phc v cc hc vin v nhng ngi quan tm, hi nhp
quc t mc cao.
n nay (cui nm 2013) chng ti dy c hn 450 kha hc PPLSTVM
theo chng trnh 60 tit hc mt kha. Trong , c 13 kha PPLSTVM nng cao
(trung cp) v cn li l cc kha PPLSTVM c bn (s cp). Cc kha ny gm c
nhng kha dy ti TSK v cc kha c cc cng ty, c quan, t chc thnh
ging. Ngoi ra, TSK cng thc hin nhiu bui ni chuyn chuyn , seminar v
PPLSTVM theo yu cu.
Hn 20.000 hc vin theo hc PPLSTVM gm mi thnh phn kinh t,
x hi: ngi p xch l, tiu thng, cng nhn, hc sinh, sinh vin, k s, bc s,
kin trc s, nh khoa hc, cn b nh nc, nhn vin, lnh o cng ty cc loi,
gii tu hnh, gii ngh s, th thao tui t 13 n 75. Trnh hc vn t lp
7 n gio s, tin s. C nhng gia nh m ton b thnh vin u hc
PPLSTVM.
Cc hc vin, sau khi hc, u nhn thy nhiu ch li ca PPLSTVM em li
cho h, so vi trc khi hc (xem mc 11.5. Mt s kt qu m rng TRIZ v dy
TRIZ m rng cho ng o mi ngi).
kt thc mc ny, danh sch di y lit k cc mc nh du cc hot
178
ng ca TSK ph bin v pht trin PPLSTVM theo thi gian:

1. Kha c bn Phng php lun sng to v i mi (PPLSTVM) u tin
dy ngoi kha cho gn mt trm sinh vin thuc tt c cc khoa khi khoa
hc t nhin ca i hc tng hp TP.HCM (nay l Trng i hc khoa hc
t nhin, i hc quc gia TP.HCM) nm 1977.
2. Kha PPLSTVM u tin dy ti ch l theo li mi ca Cu lc b thanh
nin (nay l Nh vn ha thanh nin), Thnh on TP.HCM nm 1978. n
nay, TSK thc hin cc bi ging, kha hc rt gn hoc y ti ch, theo
li mi cho hn 100 n v gio dc, o to, vin nghin cu, c quan on
th, chnh quyn, cc cng ty sn xut v kinh doanh thuc mt s tnh v
thnh ph trong c nc.
3. Bi phng vn u tin v lp hc PPLSTVM ng trn Bo Tui Tr Xun
nm 1979. n nay c gn 100 bi bo trn cc bo, tp ch trung ng v
a phng phn nh cc hot ng ging dy, nghin cu v ng dng
PPLSTVM ca TSK v cc cu hc vin. c bit, trong c hai bi bo
bng ting Anh ng trong Vietnam News.
4. Quyn sch u tin v PPLSTVM c tn gi Algrit sng ch ca cc tc gi
Nguyn Chn, Dng Xun Bo, v Phan Dng c Nh xut bn khoa hc v
k thut, H Ni in v pht hnh nm 1983.
5. PPLSTVM ln u tin c gii thiu trn ln sng ca i pht thanh v
i truyn hnh TP.HCM nm 1986.
6. Kha c bn PPLSTVM u tin dy cho cc hc vin cao hc theo chng
trnh chnh kha l kha dnh cho Vin qun l khoa hc (nay l Vin nghin
cu chin lc v chnh sch khoa hc cng ngh), B khoa hc, cng ngh v
mi trng, H Ni, thng 2 nm 1991. n nay, TSK dy cho hn 1500
hc vin cao hc v nghin cu sinh tin s cc ni sau: Trng i hc bch
khoa, i hc ti chnh - k ton (nay l i hc kinh t), khoa sau i hc
thuc i hc m bn cng, Khoa Anh vn thuc i hc khoa hc x hi v
nhn vn, Vin khoa hc nng nghip min Nam, Vin cng ngh ha hc,
Vin c hc ng dng thuc Trung tm khoa hc t nhin v cng ngh quc
gia TP.HCM, Khoa mi trng v Khoa ha, Trng i hc khoa hc t nhin,
i hc quc gia TP. H Ch Minh.
7. Sau thnh cng ca nhiu kha dy PPLSTVM trong v ngoi nh trng,
Hiu trng i hc tng hp TP.HCM chnh thc k quyt nh s
179
50.91/QLKH ngy 23.4.1991 thnh lp Trung tm Sng to Khoa hc k thut

(TSK) vi gim c l tin s khoa hc Phan Dng. TSK hot ng theo
phng thc t trang tri v mt ti chnh vi cc chc nng ging dy,
nghin cu v ng dng PPLSTVM.
8. TSK tr thnh hi vin thng tn ca Phng thng mi cng nghip Vit
Nam nm 1991 v hi vin Trung tm kinh t chu - Thi Bnh Dng ca
Vit Nam (VAPEC) nm 1994.
9. Cc ng Mitsuharu Oda v Yoshiaki Kawasaki, chuyn vin gim nh patent
thuc Cc patent Nht Bn (Japanese Patent Office) l nhng v khch nc
ngoi u tin n thm v lm vic vi TSK ngy 19.02.1992. Tnh n nay
c cc on khch, ng nghip t Anh, B, Canada, M, Nga, Thi Lan,
Thy S, c n thm v lm vic ti TSK.
10. Logo ca TSK c thit k v s dng t nm 1992. Vi logo ny TSK mong
mun cc cu hc vin v hc vin PPLSTVM lun nh n mt s chnh
ca PPLSTVM. Cng vi logo ca TSK, logo TRIZ-ARIZ cng thng c
dng trong cc hot ng ca TSK (xem Ph lc 5).
11. ti nghin cu cp thnh ph u tin ca TSK Bc u nghin cu thc
hin ging dy v t chc p dng PPLSTVM vo hot ng s hu cng
nghip c y ban khoa hc v k thut (nay l S khoa hc v cng ngh)
TP.HCM nghim thu xut sc v c nhn tin thng nm 1992. Ngoi ra,
TSK cng tham gia vo ti nghin cu s 14 ca B khoa hc, cng ngh v
mi trng vi bo co Hiu qu kinh t ca i mi cng ngh : Nhn t
nhng quy lut bn trong ca chnh qu trnh i mi, H Ni, 1993.
12. Kha trung cp PPLSTVM u tin c thc hin ti TSK t ngy 23.4 n
ngy 21.6 nm 1993.
13. TSKH Phan Dng tr thnh hi vin Mng li sng to quc t (International
Creativity Network ICN) c tr s ti Buffalo, New York, t thng 3 nm
1994; Hip hi chu u v sng to v i mi (European Association for
Creativity and Innovation - EACI) c tr s ti H Lan t thng 8 nm 1994;
Bn lnh o tri thc ton cu (Global Knowledge Leadership Map) c tr
s ti Wilmington, Massachusetts, M nm 2000.
Nhn dp TSKH Phan Dng c mi trnh by bo co chnh (keynote
address) ti Hi ngh TRIZCON2001, Vin Altshuller ca M tng ng danh
hiu hi vin sut i ca Vin ni trn.
180
14. Bi bo u tin ca TSK ng nc ngoi l Vng quc Anh, nh xut

bn Blackwell, vit theo li mi ca tp ch quc t Creativity and Innovation
Management vi ta Introducing Creativity Methodologies into Vietnam,
s ra thng 12 nm 1994. Ngoi Vng quc Anh, sau ny TSK cn ng cc
bi bo theo li mi ca cc tp ch ca M, Hn Quc.
15. Hi ngh quc t u tin TSK tham d v trnh by bo co di dng bi
ging (lecture) l The Fifth European Conference on Creativity and Innovation:
Impact, t chc ti Vaals, H Lan, 28.4 02.5.1996. n nay, TSK c nhiu
cng trnh ng hoc bo co ti Anh, H Lan, Hn Quc, Malaysia, M, Nht,
Singapore v Thi Lan.
16. Ln u tin TSK c hi ngh quc t mi vi t cch bo co vin chnh
(keynote speaker) l The International Symposium and Seminar : Education
The Foundation for Human and Quality of Life Development, t chc ti
Chiang Mai, Thi Lan, 26 30.8.1996. Cc ln c bo co chnh tip theo l
trong cc Hi ngh khoa hc t chc ti Malaysia, M.
17. Kha hc PPLSTVM u tin TSK thc hin nc ngoi l dnh cho cc
quan chc B gio dc Malaysia, theo li mi ca Vin quc gia qun l gio
dc (National Institute of Educational Management), Malaysia, thng 12 nm
1996. Kha hc PPLSTVM tip theo dy cho cc cn b ging dy, qun l
ca Hc vin cng ngh thit k (Design Technology Institute), Singapore,
thng 12/2012
18. Hot ng ca TSK c GS cng hun Morris I. Stein, i hc tng hp New
York gii thiu ti M ln u tin trong Hi ngh The 8th Annual National
Convention of the American Creativity Association, c t chc ti Park
Ridge Hotel, King of Prussia, bang Pennsylvania, 24.4.1997.
19. TSK c ch thn thy G.S. Altshuller, tc gi ca L thuyt gii cc bi ton
sng ch TRIZ gii thiu ti Nga trong i hi ln th nm Hip hi TRIZ
quc t, t chc ti thnh ph Petrozavodsk, Lin bang Nga, thng 7 nm
1997.
20. Bi bo u tin ca TSK c nhiu ni nh nh xut bn Winslow Press,
M; tp ch The Korean Journal of Thinking & Problem Solving, Hn Quc v
TRIZ Home Page in Japan, Nht Bn xin ng li l bn bo co c ta
Dialectical Systems Thinking for Problem Solving and Decision Making ti Hi
ngh quc t The 7th International Conference on Thinking, t chc ti
181
Singapore, 01 06.6.1997.
21. Ln u tin TSK pht biu v kin ngh chnh thc vi Th tng, cc Ph
th tng, nhiu b trng, th trng cc b v s cn thit u t v pht
trin khoa hc sng to, PPLSTVM mc v m l ti bui Th tng Chnh
ph Phan Vn Khi gp mt cc doanh nghip cc tnh pha Nam, t chc ti
hi trng Thng Nht TP.HCM, 2 3.2.1998. (xem thm bo Gio dc v
Thi i s 18, ra ngy 03.3.1998).
22. V lnh o cao nht n thm v lm vic vi TSK ngy 13.3.1998 l GS, vin
s ng Hu, y vin Trung ng ng, Trng ban khoa gio trung ng
(xem thm Tp ch cng tc khoa gio s 5.1998).
23. Ban lin lc cu hc vin, hc vin PPLSTVM c thnh lp thng 10.1998
v hot ng vi s cng tc ca TSK thng xuyn cho n nay.
24. Ngy truyn thng hng nm ca cc cu hc vin v hc vin PPLSTVM
c chn l ngy ch nht u tin sau ngy Nh gio Vit Nam (20.11). n
nay, cc cuc hp mt nhn Ngy truyn thng c t chc thng
xuyn hng nm, k t nm 1998.
25. Kha hc PPLSTVM u tin dnh cho cc cn b lnh o, chuyn vin
chuyn trch cp b Vit Nam l B khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng, H
Ni, 04 - 14.1.1999
26. Bn tin hng qu vi tn gi Bo tng TSK (BTSK) vi s ng gp tin, bi
ca cc thy v cc cu hc vin, hc vin ca TSK, ra s u tin ngy
31.3.1999. Cc bn c th c tt c cc s BTSK trn website ca TSK.
27. Sinh hot chuyn do TSK phi hp vi Ban lin lc t chc bui u tin
vo sng ch nht 23.5.1999. Mi ngi nghe v tho lun bo co ca anh
Dng Ngc Thch, ch tch hi ng qun tr Cng ty chi Ngc Thch,
cu hc vin PPLSTVM kha 27 v ng dng PPLSTVM vo thc tin.
28. Cc thng tin ca TSK ln u tin a ln Internet vo cui nm 1999. Di
y l a ch cc website ca TSK:
http://www.hcmus.edu.vn/CSTC/home-v.htm (Ting Vit)
http://www.hcmus.edu.vn/CSTC/home-e.htm (Ting Anh)
29. Ln u tin bi ht tp th ca cc hc vin PPLSTVM (Sng to ca) c
tt c mi ngi tham gia bui Hp mt truyn thng PPLSTVM ln th 3, t
chc ngy 28.11.2000, nhit tnh luyn tp dng trong cc bui sinh hot
182
chung (xem Ph lc 5).

30. Ln u tin tn v ni dung hot ng ca TSK c a vo danh sch Cc
t chc sng to (Creativity Organzations) trn th gii, ng trang 219
ca quyn sch Facilitative Leadership Making a Difference with Creative
Problem Solving, ch bin l TS Scott G. Isaksen thuc Creativity Research
Unit, Creative Problem Solving Group Buffalo, Nh xut bn Kendall/Hunt
Publishing Company in ti M, nm 2000.
31. Bi bo u tin ca TSK c dch sang ting Nht theo ngh ca GS.
Toru Nakagawa, i hc Osaka Gakuin c ta ting Anh l My Experiences
with my Teacher Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller v ng trn TRIZ Home Page
in Japan ngy 08.5.2001:
http://www.osaka-gu.ac.jp/php/nakagawa/TRIZ/eTRIZ/
32. Ngy 8/1/2004 TSK bo co trc Hi ng t vn khoa hc v cng ngh
v vn phng php lun sng to KHKT, do b trng B gio dc v o
to ra quyt nh thnh lp, vi GS. TSKH. VS. Phm Minh Hc lm ch tch
Hi ng. Tt c cc thnh vin Hi ng v i biu tham d cng nht tr cc
ngh nh: Xem xt p dng a vo o to sau i hc, c th m m
ngnh v t chc vit ti liu o to ging vin; C th cho php o to nh
mn hc t chn trong trng i hc; C th xem xt ging dy trong trng
qun l, bch khoa, s phm; Cn m rng phm vi ph bin, to iu kin
bin son ti liu, sch chuyn , c th ph bin phng php lun sng to
theo phng thc o to t xa Tt c cc ngh c b trng giao
cho cc n v chc nng ca B nghin cu. Rt tic, cho n nay, khng mt
ngh no c cc n v chc nng quan tm thc hin.
33. TSK l khch mi ca chng trnh Ngi ng thi vi ti Ngi gieo
mm sng to, pht trn VTV1 ngy 10/6/2007.
34. By quyn sch u ca b sch Sng to v i mi (gm mi quyn)
c Cng ty Hnh Phc v Nh xut bn Tr lin kt xut bn ln u tin
nm 2010.
35. B sch Sng to v i mi (gm mi quyn) c Nh xut bn i hc
quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh xut bn y mi quyn nm 2012.
11.4. M rng TRIZ v dy TRIZ m rng cho ng o mi

ngi
Mi ngi c quyn bnh ng v hnh phc v quyn ny, trc tin, bao gm
183
quyn c c hi sng to, quyn pht trin cc nng lc lin quan sng to.
Mi ngi phi thnh tho cng vic sng to.
G.S. Altshuller
Hnh phc c nh ngha khc nhau theo nhng gc nhn khc nhau. Nhn
di gc sng to v i mi, mt ngi, nu nh cc nhu cu c nhn chnh
ng khng c tha mn, chc khng th ni rng mnh hnh phc. tha mn
cc nhu cu c nhn chnh ng ca mnh, ni chung, ngi phi gii quyt tt
cc vn c th gp phi hoc t ra trong sut cuc i. Ni cch khc, ngi
phi suy ngh, hnh ng thc hin sng to v i mi trong sut cuc i ca
mnh.
Trong ngha ny, ngh sng to v i mi l ngh chung ca tt c mi
ngi v mi ngi khng thay i ngh ny trong sut cuc i ca mnh, khng
nh nhng ngh chuyn mn khc, c o to hin nay. y cng l ngh lu
i nht ca nhn loi v c cng c lao ng lc hu nht: phng php th v sai.
Nu nh trc y, phng php th v sai c th chp nhn dng t hnh
phc, ngy nay, phng php th v sai khng cn chp nhn c na v gi phi
tr qu ln.
Mi ngi bnh thng c tim nng sng to rt ln, cng c ngha tim nng
hnh phc rt ln, nhng tim nng tr thnh hin thc cn c thm cc iu
kin khc, trong s , cn c h thng cc cng c thch hp khai thc. iu ny
cng tng t nh m du l tim nng nhng thiu cc cng c thch hp, ngi
ta cng khng s dng c tim nng . PPLSTVM thay th phng php th
v sai chnh l h thng cc cng c lm cng vic khai thc, pht trin cc nng lc
vn c trong mi ngi thc hin sng to v i mi, gip thc thi quyn v
hnh phc ca mi ngi. Sau khi c PPLSTVM, giai on tip theo l hun luyn
mi ngi s dng PPLSTVM thnh tho th cc ch li ca PPLSTVM mi thc
s th hin ra, ni cch khc, mi t n hnh phc vi gi tr thp nht c th c.
Nu nh cuc i ca mi ngi l chui cc vn cn gii quyt, chui cc
quyt nh cn phi ra v con ngi, vn , quyt nh u rt a dng th
PPLSTVM h thng cng c cn trang b cho tt c mi ngi phi c phm vi p
dng rt rng ph hp vi s a dng .
Khi u, khi xy dng TRIZ, G.S. Altshuller, trc ht, nhm n cc k s, l
nhng ngi thc hin cc sng ch k thut. ng mun gip h nhn c nhiu
patent. Sau ny, trong cc bi pht biu, bi bo, sch ca mnh, G.S. Altshuller
khng t ln nhn mnh kh nng v s cn thit phi m rng phm vi p dng
184
ca TRIZ sang nhng lnh vc khng phi l k thut.

Bn thn ngi vit, t nm 1971, khi bt u hc ti Hc vin cng cng v
sng to sng ch th p dng nhng g hc c cho c nhng bi ton khng
thuc lnh vc k thut v thu c nhng kt qu kh quan, khng km g khi p
dng gii cc bi ton k thut lin quan n vt l thc nghim.
Nm 1977, khi iu kin cho php, ngi vit bt u thc hin nh nung
nu t lu: ph bin PPLSTVM Vit Nam. S cn thit m rng TRIZ dy
TRIZ m rng cho ng o mi ngi tr nn thc s cp bch v nhng l do
sau:
1) Nu ch nhm n k s th s ngi hc rt t.
2) Nu dy TRIZ nhm mc ch gip ngi hc ly nhiu patent th khng
thch hp vi tnh hnh Vit Nam lc , v ngay c cp v m cng cn cha ch
g my n bo h s hu cng nghip ni ring, s hu tr tu ni chung. Khi
nim patent cn xa l c vi gii lm khoa hc, cng ngh.
3) Vic a mt mn hc c ngi mi ta vo cc trng i hc Vit Nam
rt kh. a mt mn hc khng ch mi i vi Vit Nam m cn mi i vi
cc nc pht trin th cn kh gp bi.
nhiu ngi c th n vi mn hc v nhn c nhiu ch li m
PPLSTVM c th em li cho chnh h, ngi vit nhn thy phi m rng TRIZ.
Cho n nay, vic m rng TRIZ v dy TRIZ m rng cho ng o mi ngi
c tin hnh theo cc hng sau:
1) i tng tham d lp hc
Ai cng cn hc v s dng PPLSTVM. L tng nht l PPLSTVM c dy
bt u t mu gio cho n i hc, mi nm khong vi chc tit vi chng
trnh c son ph hp vi la tui, kin thc ca ngi hc v mi lp khng
vt qu 20 hc vin. Vic m rng TRIZ ngay lp tc n mc nh trn cha thc
hin c v nhng nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan. Do vy, ngi vit t
vn m rng TRIZ dy cho cc i tng c trnh vn ha lp 12 tr ln.
y l nhng ngi ang i lm hoc chun b i lm, khng phn bit ngnh ngh,
tui tc, thnh phn x hi, chc v. iu ny c ngha TRIZ phi m rng
nhng ngi c trnh vn ha lp 12 c th hiu v p dng c
PPLSTVM vo cuc sng, cng vic. Trn thc t, c mt s em hc sinh lp 10, 11
qu thit tha xin hc v chng ti nhn vo hc nh nhng trng hp c bit,
ngoi l. Vi thi gian, khi cc iu kin cho php, TRIZ s c m rng cho cc
185
i tng c trnh vn ha thp hn na, n tn mu gio.

2) Cc ngun thng tin v tri thc ca TRIZ
Thng thng, trn th gii, cc lp dy TRIZ, ngay c trng hp y nht,
ch dy TRIZ thun ty, xem Hnh 29. Chng trnh PPLSTVM ca chng ti dy
m rng ra c cc ngun thng tin v tri thc ca TRIZ (xem Hnh 28). Phn ny
c t tn Mt s kin thc khoa hc k thut l c s ca mn hc. iu ny
cn thit phi lm v:
a) Khi m rng cc i tng hc vin thnh nhng ngi c trnh vn ha
lp 12 tr ln, rt nhiu ngi trong s h cn cha c nhng kin thc ny.
b) Cc kin thc c s ca mn hc gip ngi hc PPLSTVM hiu, s dng
TRIZ tt hn, cao hn na, s dng TRIZ thnh tho mt cch khng my mc m
c phn sng to ca mnh. iu ny cng tng t nh mt ngi s dng mt
cng c no , my tnh chng hn: nu ngi nm vng nhng kin thc c
s v phn cng, phn mm, chc chn, s hiu c ch hot ng v s dng my
tnh tt hn.
Cc kin thc c s ca bt k mn hc no cn c v nh mng ca ngi
nh. Mng c vng, ngi nh mi c th xy cao c. Tuy vy, cc khoa hc c s
lit k trn Hnh 28 l nhng khoa hc ln nn chng trnh PPLSTVM ch c th
ly nhng no thit thc nht, phc v mn hc tt nht t cc khoa hc ni trn,
ch khng phi trnh by chng y nh trong cc sch gio khoa.
3) Thay i nhn thc, quan nim, thi , xc cm thc y hnh
ng ca ngi hc
PPLSTVM cha tng c dy v hc chnh kha hoc ngoi kha trong cc
trng hc, cng nh trong cc lp bi dng, tp hun chuyn mn, nghip v
nc ta. Tuy vy, iu ny khng c ngha: nhng ngi hc cn ang nh t giy
trng trong lnh vc ny, gip vic dy v hc PPLSTVM tin hnh mt cch thun
li. Ngc li, do nhiu nguyn nhn, trn thc t, cc hc vin n lp PPLSTVM
c rt nhiu hiu bit, th hin di dng nhn thc, quan nim, thi , xc
cm ca ngi hc v sng to v nhng vn lin quan. Nhng hiu bit ny
thng cm tnh, ch quan, phin din, lc hu, cu ton, thm ch, sai lm v c
ph rt rng: t khng tin rng sng to c th khoa hc ha, c th dy v hc
c, n cho rng qu trnh sng to khng th nhn thc c. T quan nim
cho rng nhng sng to mc cao c c l do nm m (thn thnh mch bo)
hoc do linh tnh, trc gic, n quan nim sng to mc thp khng phi l sng
186
to v t coi thng. T thi thy sng to l cn thit, cn khuyn khch, ng

h v iu kin, n thi cho rng sng to ch to thm rc ri, kh qun l. T
s rt r n mc ngh mnh sut i s khng bao gi sng to c, n rt t tin
cho l mnh sng to tt v mnh lun l ngi ng u trong cc tp th,
cc mi trng ni mnh tri qua.
Chng trnh PPLSTVM ca chng ti khng ch dy s dng h thng cc
cng c m cn c c nhng phn, c a vo mt cch ch nhm thay i cc
hiu bit ni trn v xy dng ngi hc nhn thc, quan nim, thi , xc
cm cn thit thc y cc hnh ng sng to ph hp cc quy lut c c s
pht trin bn vng. Nhng phn ny bao gm nhng vn l thuyt, cc v d,
cu chuyn chn lc minh ha v lng trong c mt s bi tp thc hnh t duy.
4) Sng to v i mi mc zr
T duy sng to l qu trnh suy ngh gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh. Vic
cc mc sng to cc mc kh ca bi ton c phn loi thnh nm mc l
dnh cho cc sng to c tnh mi th gii v thuc lnh vc sng to sng ch, l
lnh vc c bo h bng lut s hu tr tu. Trong khi , nu nh cuc i ca
mi ngi l chui cc vn cn gii quyt, chui cc quyt nh cn phi ra th
phn rt rt ln cc bi ton ca mi ngi bnh thng khng p ng cc yu
cu ca cch phn loi ni trn, t nht, do hai l do.
Th nht, l cc bi ton m li gii ca chng (d do ngi gii t tm ra
mt cch c lp ch khng phi ly ca ngi khc) khng c tnh mi th gii v
li gii bit, cng b, ng k. V d, khi i hc t mu gio n i hc,
mt ngi gii bit bao bi tp ca nhiu mn hc nhng nhng sng to
khng c tnh mi th gii. Ngay c nhng sng to ca nhng ngi ot huy
chng vng trong cc cuc thi ton, vt l, ha hc quc t cng khng c tnh
mi th gii v cc thi u c p n, l cc li gii bit trc .
Th hai, tuy sng to c th c bt k lnh vc no nhng lut s hu tr tu
hin nay ch bo h mt s loi hnh sng to nht nh. Do vy, c nhng sng to
khng ng k u c c th phn loi, nh gi mc sng to ca ngi
gii nhng lnh vc . V d, trong lnh vc gia nh c nhng sng to gip gii
quyt tt cc vn gio dc con ci, xung t v chng, xy dng hn nhn bn
vng, gia nh hnh phc khng c ng k bo h chnh thc.
Trong cc lp hc PPLSTVM, ngi vit thng gi a nhng sng to
khng p ng cc yu cu ni trn ca cch phn loi theo nm mc l nhng
sng to mc khng hay l mc zr. Gi nh vy cn c l do sau:
187
Thng thng, mc sng to cng thp, ch li cho tc gi n cng nhanh v

cng nhiu. Mc zr cn thp hn mc mt vy ch li cho tc gi n nhanh nht
v nhiu nht. Qu tht, bn c im 10 trong cc k thi, hoc l th khoa trong
cc k thi, sng to em li ch li cho bn ngay lp tc. Cha k ch li cn
c th c nhn ln: c hc bng du hc nc ngoi, c mi trng thun
li bn c c sng to mc cao. Tng t nh vy, nhng sng to gip hn
nhn bn vng, gia nh hnh phc cng em li ch li cho ngi gii ngay lp tc
v ln n ni bn c trong tay c triu la cng cha chc mua c. Bn c c
th tm thy nhng sng to mc zr trong nhiu quyn sch tng t nh cc
quyn sch c nhn tm (How to Win Friends and Influence People), Qung
gnh lo i m vui sng (How to Stop Worrying and Start Living) ca D. Carnegie.
Nhng sng to mc zr gip cuc sng, cng vic hng ngy ca mi ngi tr
nn d chu, thoi mi v vui hn.
Vi ngha trn, chng trnh dy PPLSTVM lun nhn mnh, khuyn khch,
thm ch, yu cu ngi hc hy p dng nhng g hc c bt u t nhng bi
ton mc zr, khng coi thng nhng sng to mc zr, tc l bt u t
nhng bi ton, sng to gn gi, thit thn, st sn nht, trnh ch ngh n
nhng sng to mc cao. Khi cc iu kin thun li ca mi trng xut hin,
ngi hc cn tip tc p dng PPLSTVM c nhng sng to vi cc mc cao
hn.
5) Cc khi nim, lun im v cng c ca TRIZ
Do lch s li, cc khi nim, lun im, cng c ca TRIZ c t tn bng
nhng t ng ly t cc lnh vc k thut v khoa hc t nhin. iu ny gip
nhng ngi hc TRIZ thuc cc lnh vc ni trn d tip thu v p dng TRIZ hn
nhng ngi thuc cc lnh vc khc. Tuy vy, vi cch dy TRIZ truyn thng,
chnh nhng ngi vn lng tng trong vic p dng TRIZ cho nhng lnh vc
khng phi l k thut, cha ni g n nhng ngi khng lm vic trong cc lnh
vc k thut v khoa hc t nhin.
ng o mi ngi c th theo hc v s dng c TRIZ mt cch rng
ri trong cuc sng, cng vic ca mnh, TRIZ phi tr nn d hiu v d p dng
hn na. V mt ny, TRIZ c tim nng rt ln. TRIZ c xy dng da trn cc
ngun kin thc mang tnh khi qut cao (xem Hnh 28), nn c phm vi p dng
rt rng, c kh nng vt qua nhng ro cn chuyn mn ha tr thnh loi
kin thc mng li.
Trn c s bm st trit l v lgch ca TRIZ, trong qu trnh m rng TRIZ,
188
cc thut ng chuyn mn c thay th bng cc t ng chung thng dng,

nhng nh ngha cc khi nim, lun im c th thay th c. nhng ch
khng th thay th c v l do ny hay l do khc, cc thut ng ca TRIZ c
gii thch mt cch chi tit km theo cc v d minh ha, ly t cc lnh vc khc
nhau, thm ch, rt xa nhau ngi hc hiu chng theo ngha rng, ngha khi
qut ch khng phi theo ngha hp ban u. iu ny rt gip ch ngi hc thy
th gii, qu tht, l chnh th thng nht v TRIZ gip phn nh chnh th thng
nht ch khng phi nhng kha cnh ring l nh cc lnh vc chuyn mn c
th hoc php cng cc chuyn mn nh cch o to cc nh tng qut.
Ngoi ra, trong chng trnh PPLSTVM ca chng ti cn c nhng c gng
hon thin cc khi nim, lun im, cng c ca TRIZ v cc kt qu nghin cu
pht trin tip TRIZ, k c theo nhng hng m G.S. Altshuller gi nh: tm
thm cc bin php khc phc tnh tm l; lm r tng v kh nng cc th
thut (nguyn tc) sng to ng vai tr trong th gii sng to tng t nh vai
tr ca cc nguyn t ha hc trong th gii vt cht; pht trin cc mn hnh h
thng thnh khng gian h thng; xy dng chng trnh rt gn gii bi ton
dng nhng ni cha cn phi dng n chng trnh y (ARIZ)
6) Cc phng php khng phi ca TRIZ
Chng trnh PPLSTVM ca chng ti cn trnh by mt s phng php
sng to khng phi ca TRIZ. iu ny gip ngi hc:
a) C c s hiu bit a dng v cc trng phi trong lnh vc PPLSTVM.
b) C th dng ngay mt cch d dng nhng phng php ny gii mt s
loi bi ton nht nh, gp trong cuc sng, cng vic.
c) So snh chng vi TRIZ thy c cc u vit ca TRIZ v, trn thc t,
chng c th c ti hin li nh nhng trng hp ring ca TRIZ. Ni cch
khc, TRIZ mang tnh bao qut hn nhng phng php khng phi TRIZ.
7) Cc v d, minh ha v bi tp
Nu dy TRIZ cho cc k s, cn b k thut, trong cc sch trnh by TRIZ
c sn, khng phi l t cc v d, minh ha cc loi v bi tp v cc sng ch k
thut, k c nhng sng ch k thut, ngi hc vi trnh lp 12 hon ton c
th hiu c. Do vy, ngi dy v ngi hc c th s dng chng ngay.
M rng TRIZ v dy TRIZ m rng cho ng o mi ngi i hi phi c
thm nhng v d, minh ha v bi tp ca nhng lnh vc khng phi k thut, c
bit nhng lnh vc gn gi vi ng o mi ngi. lm iu ny, ngi dy
189
TRIZ m rng phi tm kim, su tm, chn lc, bin tp, bin th ha, thch nghi
ha, s ha, chuyn sang hnh v mt khi lng rt ln thng tin ly t cc
lnh vc khc nhau m vn bo m trung thnh vi cc lun im ca TRIZ.
Cc v d, minh ha v bi tp gn gi vi cuc sng, cng vic hng ngy, a
dng v lnh vc gip ngi hc, mt mt, d tip thu v luyn tp p dng trn lp
cc lun im ca TRIZ. Mt khc, ngi hc thy c phm vi p dng rt rng
ca TRIZ v th gii qu tht tuy rt a dng nhng l chnh th thng nht. T ,
ngi hc t tin p dng nhng g hc c vo thc t, khng ch mi khi gp vn
, mi lc cn ra quyt nh m cn mi ln nhn thng tin t bn ngoi bin
n thnh tri thc trong u mnh. C nh vy, v lu di, vic s dng PPLSTVM
tr thnh tc phong (thi quen) hng ngy v ngi hc c thm c nhiu nim
vui i thng.
11.5. Mt s kt qu m rng TRIZ v dy TRIZ m rng

cho ng o mi ngi
Cn c vo 1) thnh phn a dng ca hn hai chc ngn hc vin tham d
hng trm kha hc PPLSTVM tng phn hoc y , v trnh vn ha (t lp
12 n tin s), ngnh ngh o to, lnh vc lm vic, tui (t hc sinh ph thng
n 75 tui), chc v, tng lp x hi 2) cc kin phn hi ca cc hc vin di
dng cc bi thu hoch, th, chuyn k chng ti tin rng m rng TRIZ v dy
TRIZ m rng cho ng o mi ngi l vic lm ng n, em li nhiu kt qu
kh quan v cn thc hin tip tc.
Di y l chng trnh PPLSTVM, m thc cht l TRIZ m rng, dng
ging dy hin nay ca chng ti:
CHNG TRNH S CP (60 tit)

Chng 1 : M u (4 tit)
1.1.
Mt s khi nim c bn
1.2.
i tng, mc ch, cc ch li v ngha mn hc PPLSTVM
1.3.
Khoa hc sng to v phng php lun sng to v i mi: vi nt lch s

t Heuristics n Creatology.
Chng 2 : Phng php t nhin gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh

Tng quan cc cch tip cn xy dng phng php lun sng
to v i mi - TRIZ (3 tit)
190
2.1.
Phng php th v sai
2.2.
Cc u v nhc im ca phng php th v sai
2.3.
Tng quan cc cch tip cn trong lnh vc PPLSTVM
2.4.
Phn loi cc mc sng to v cc mc kh ca bi ton
2.5.
L thuyt gii cc bi ton sng ch (TRIZ): cc tng c bn v cc ngun

kin thc
2.6.
S khi l thuyt gii cc bi ton sng ch (TRIZ)
Chng 3 : Mt s kin thc khoa hc - k thut l c s ca mn hc (15

tit)
3.1.
T nhu cu n hnh ng v ngc li
3.2.
M hnh bin i thng tin thnh tri thc ca qu trnh suy ngh gii quyt
vn v ra quyt nh
3.3.
Cc yu t v qu trnh tm l trong t duy sng to
3.4.
Tnh tm l
3.5.
Php bin chng v t duy bin chng
3.6.
Cc loi mu thun trong gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh
3.7.
H thng v t duy h thng
3.8.
Tnh h thng
3.9.
V hai khi nim: pht minh v sng ch
3.10. Vai tr v cc ch li ca thng tin patent trong vic xy dng phng php
lun sng to
Chng 4 : Cc th thut (nguyn tc) sng to c bn (16 tit)
4.1.
Nhng iu cn lu v h thng cc th thut (nguyn tc) sng to c bn
4.2.
Vn bn pht biu h thng cc nguyn tc sng to c bn
4.3.
Chng trnh pht hin cc th thut (nguyn tc) v lm ti hin qu trnh

suy ngh c c i tng sng to cho trc
4.4.
Bng cc nguyn tc dng gii quyt cc mu thun k thut
4.5.
H thng cc bin i mu dng gii quyt cc mu thun vt l
4.6.
Chng trnh rt gn qu trnh suy ngh gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh
4.7.
191
T cc nguyn tc sng to n cc phng php sng to
Chng 5 : Cc phng php tch cc ha t duy (10 tit)

5.1.
Phng php i tng tiu im (Method of Focal Objects)
5.2.
Phng php phn tch hnh thi (Morphological Analysis)
5.3.
Phng php cc cu hi kim tra (Method of Control Questions or Checklisting Method)
5.4.
Phng php no cng (Brainstorming Method)
5.5.
Synectics phng php s dng cc php tng t
Chng 6 : Cc quy lut pht trin h thng (10 tit)

6.1.
Cc quy lut pht trin h thng
6.2.
Cuc i ca h thng
6.3.
S v cc kh nng pht trin h thng
6.4.
Cc nguyn tc sng to, cc phng php: s th hin c th cc quy lut

pht trin h thng
Chng 7 : S kt chng trnh s cp PPLST (2 tit)
CHNG TRNH TRUNG CP (60 tit)

Chng 8 : Vepol v Phn tch Vepol (Substance-Field Model and
Substance-Field Analysis) (8 tit)
8.1.
Bi ton thay i h v bi ton pht hin, o h
8.2.
Cc khi nim: sn phm, cng c, trng
8.3.
Vepol v Phn tch Vepol
8.4.
Mt s k hiu dng trong Phn tch Vepol
8.5.
Cc bi ton c th ny sinh nhn di quan im Vepol
8.6.
Mt s im lu v Vepol v Phn tch Vepol
Chng 9 : H thng cc chun (The System of Standard Solutions) (16

tit)
9.1.
Cc chun loi 1: Dng v ph cc h Vepol
9.2.
Cc chun loi 2: S pht trin ca cc h Vepol
192
9.3.
Cc chun loi 3: Chuyn sang h trn v sang mc vi m
9.4.
Cc chun loi 4: Cc chun dng pht hin, o h thng
9.5.
Cc chun loi 5: Cc chun dng s dng cc chun
9.6.
Chng trnh gii bi ton bng cch s dng cc chun v luyn tp
9.7.
S v s pht trin ca h thng cc chun
Chng 10 : Phng php M hnh ha Bi ton bng Nhng ngi t

hon MBN (Problem Modelling with Smart Little People
PMSLP) (8 tit)
10.1. Php tng t c nhn: cc u v nhc im
10.2. Nhng ngi t hon: cc ch li v cc im cn lu
10.3. Chng trnh gii bi ton bng cch s dng phng php MBN v luyn
tp
Chng 11 : Algrit gii cc bi ton sng ch-85 (The Algorithm of
Inventive Problem Solving-85) (ARIZ-85) (26 tit)
11.1. Khi nim Algrit (Algorithm)
11.2. S khi ARIZ-85
11.3. Vn bn ARIZ-85 v nhng iu cn lu
11.4. S dng ARIZ-85 gii bi ton v luyn tp
Chng 12 : Tng kt v d bo (2 tit)
Di y trch mt s kin ca cc hc vin cc lp PPLSTVM:
.H.N (sinh vin):

L do em quyt nh ghi danh theo hc lp Phng php lun sng to l
theo li khuyn ca m em cu hc vin kha Phng php lun sng to,
ngi phn no thay i c cuc sng ca mnh theo chiu hng tch cc
nh nhng bi hc t Phng php lun sng to.
M em l mt ni tr kim kinh doanh nh ti gia. Hng ngy m em phi cng
ng mt khi lng ln cng vic trong gia nh v gp phn tng thu nhp gia
nh nh cng vic bun bn. iu lm em ngc nhin l mc d lm vic nhiu, m
em vn sp xp c thi gian chm sc bn thn, tham gia cc t chc v c cuc
193
sng tinh thn phong ph. l ln u tin em c bit v Phng php lun
sng to khi m em tr li m c th hon thnh mi vic hiu qu l nh lp hc
y. i vi m, cch p dng bi hc khng ln ti tm sng to sng ch nhng m
vn dng bi hc vo cuc sng thit thc ca mnh. Ngoi ra, i vi cng vic
kinh doanh d khng ln nhng cng i hi m phi ra nhiu quyt nh, m em
bo cm thy t tin hn sau khi hc Phng php lun sng to v gi y m
bit cch tip cn v gii quyt vn mt cch su st v hiu qu.
T nhng kt qu ca mn hc em thy c t cuc sng ca m em, em
quyt nh ng k theo hc Phng php lun sng to.
T.B.N (bc s, Bnh vin iu dng phc hi chc nng bu in II):
Em v ang lm vic ti mt bnh vin, thi gian cng kh dy. Ngnh y
ca chng em mun pht trin chuyn mn khng th khng ni n cng tc
nghin cu khoa hc v sng to; gn gi hn, c th hn l cc ti nghin cu
khoa hc ca cc cp. Bn thn em t trc n nay gn nh cha c mt ti
no cho ra hn. Chnh v th em lun cm thy nng n trong cng tc ny.
Cng phng lm vic vi em trc y c mt nhn vin rt say m cng tc
nghin cu khoa hc, ti no ca bn y cng bo v thnh cng, thm ch cn
tham gia mt s ti trn mng ca mt s nc M, c, Thi Lan, u c cc
nc nh gi cao v mi sang cc nc y tip tc hp tc v nng cp ti
Tht l tuyt vi. Em xem bn y nh l mt thn tng trong cng tc nghin cu
v sng to. Em hi sao m bn y gii th. Bn y khuyn em mt cu rt n gin:
Bc Nguyt i, bc i hc phng php lun sng to i, hay lm, n gip bc trong
cng tc ny nhiu lm. Mnh hc i, hc li 2, 3 ln ri ; sau ngy tham d lp hc
mnh nh mt ngi khc vy. thy mi vic u thun li hn. Chng trnh dy
hay lm, gip ch cho mnh nhiu lm. Li khuyn tht hp dn! Phi chi bn ni
sm hn th tt bit my. Th l em xin gim c cho 5 bn tham gia lp hc, trong
c em nhng cui cng ch c 3 chng em i hc thi (BS. Thanh, BS. Nhung v
em).
.H.P (doanh nhn):
Khi nhn tin nhn ca con ti ang hc ti Singapore qua in thoi: Ba, m
nn hc lp phng php lun sng to (PPLST) do Trng i hc khoa hc t
nhin t chc dy, ti suy ngh ti sao con mnh li khuyn mnh nn i hc lp ny
nh? T trc n gi, n c bao gi bo mnh hc ny n u. Ti cng chng hi
li n m c n Trng tham kho chng trnh, suy ngh v ng k hc (cn ti
sao con ti bit, ti cng chng hi n lun).
194
Sau khi hon thnh nhp mn v kt thc, qu tht ti thy hi tic v mnh
nhp mn ny hi chm v cng tic rng: sao mn PPLST li t nghe ni n, t
c ph bin Bi l y l mt mn hc theo ti th mi ngi u phi hc v
cng d hc (v khng phi i hi trnh cao g c) trang b sut c cuc i
cho mnh nhm gii quyt chui cc vn v chui cc quyt nh cn phi ra.
Tt nhin, t ra th cng trnh c nhng sai st khng ng phi sai st i vi
nhng ngi d nh ti.
Lp hc th mn kha nhng n lun ng li trong ti. PPLST ngha l n
lm ti c ci g lun ngh ngi v n, c ci g bt ti phi sp xp li cho
ngn np, c ci g nhn mt s vic cng phi suy ngh, nghe mt cu chuyn,
c mt bi bo cng phi ngh ngi Ti sao? v tt nhin cng t mnh tr li.
chnh l ci mi, cng chnh l ci ti bc u c thu hoch v tin rng trong
tng lai, ti s gt hi c bi c PPLST.
N.T.H (sinh vin Trng i hc khoa hc t nhin):
Trc khi hc PPLST, s sng to l g, n nm u th em chng h hay
bit. Ch bit rng c nh cho c nhiu, nh cho c lu v c mau l lm
c mi vic, l ti gii. Mt suy ngh m n by gi em mi bit l sai lm. Cn
trc , y nh l mt phng php lm vic, gii quyt vn ca em.
Khi kt thc bui hc PPLST u tin, em hnh phc, vui sng nh th mt
ngi ang chy kht i trn sa mc c bt gp dng sui mt trong vy. Khng
ng s sng to t trc n gi mnh c tng l s diu k bm sinh th nay n
li gn gi, thn thin n th. Th ra ai cng c th sng to c c v mi ngi
u cha ng mt ngun tng cc k phong ph v v tn m khng h hay
bit.
Nu cc thy hi cc hc vin l sau kha hc PPLST, cc hc vin cm nhn
thy mn hc nh th no th em s khng ngn ngi m tr li ngay rng: Mt
mn hc tuyt vi!. Bi l mn hc PPLST cho em mt cm xc ngi nht.
Cha bao gi em li c hc mt mn hc m em cm thy: t tin, lc quan, yu
i v yu cuc sng n th.
Tr li cho cu hi Em thu c nhng g mi v ch li? th em ni rng:
Mi n 99%, cn ch li th khng sao k ht. Hu nh cc mc no trong cun
sch vng u l mi i vi em. Tuy c ci khng mi v ni dung, chng hn nh
ba quy lut ca php bin chng, nhng n li mi v hnh thc tip cn, th hin
v p dng. Cn v tnh ch li, mc d khng phi ni dung no hc c em u
vn dng c ht c (nhiu khi n kh vn dng qu!) nhng i vi mt s mc
195
th em vn dng c v em li nhng kt qu ngay tc khc trong nhiu

vn , nhiu cng vic khc nhau.
V sau y em xin lit k mt s nhng kt qu mi v ch li ca em:
Nu trc y mc ch hc tp ca em l im s th by gi l hng n
s sng to, t em cm thy nh nhng hn, yu cuc sng hn.
Nu trc y ngi ta ni xu em l em hay tc gin, th ght th by gi
em bnh tnh v tnh to hn, t em cm thy nh nhng u c, m xem xt
c ng khng sa sai (v nh c t duy h thng).
Nu trc y em hay chi vi nhng ngi bn hp tnh mnh thi v xa l
vi nhng ngi m mnh c c cm th by gi em ha ng, vui v vi mi
ngi hn, t em c mi ngi yu qu em hn, c c nhiu s gip
hn (v nh c t duy h thng).
Nu trc y em khng quen vi vic tm tt, minh ha bng hnh v, biu
th by gi em kh quen v thch th vi vic lm ny, t em nh c lu
hn, hiu vn d dng hn (v nh c TRIZ).
Nu trc y (nu c) em lun i hi mnh sng to th ch bit c sng
to trong chuyn mn thi, th by gi s sng to m rng ra khng bin gii,
v gn gi nht l nhng vn st sn nh: sp xp dng c hc tp, t chc
thi gian, cng vic trong ngy, thc hin cc mi quan h bn b, trong gia nh
Kt qu l s thoi mi, vui v trong cuc sng tng ln v mnh cng t tin hn (v
nh c khi nim sng to).
Nu trc y em t khi ngh n chuyn d phng th by gi em thn
trng d phng tt hn, c th l trong vic sp xp thi gian, cng vic, chun b
thi c (v nh hiu cc th thut).
Nu trc y em chng bit k chuyn vui, c c khi hi g c th by gi
em c gng tp luyn n ri, bc u lm kh tt, t cuc sng thm vui v,
bn b thm thn thin, nhiu ngi thch mnh hn (v nh hiu c qui lut ca
cc mu chuyn vui ci).
Nu trc y em gp vn g th phn ln l em ch c hiu theo mt
chiu, c da vo tr nh ca mnh l chnh, him khi phn tch k cng, nhng by
gi th em lm quen c vi vic gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh theo mu
TRIZ, kt qu l gii quyt c vn vi li gii tt nht c th.
C th l vn sau
196
Tip theo anh N.T.H k v vic gii quyt vn gp trong ti nghin cu

khoa hc ca sinh vin ngnh cng ngh sinh hc.
V cn c rt nhiu nhng vn khc em cng gii quyt theo kiu TRIZ v
u cho kt qu tt. Mi khi gii quyt xong mt vn no l em sng rn
ln. Tht l khng c t ng no din t cho ht ci cm xc thnh cng ca s sng
to. Tuy s thnh cng y l cha nhiu v cha c g l v i c nhng l
nhng nim c v, ng vin tinh thn em rt ln. Cha bao gi em li t tin
chnh mnh n nh vy.
N.T.T.T (sinh vin trng i hc Bch khoa):
Hc mn ny em cm thy th v. Cc k th v!
Em thc s cm thy mt ngy n lp l mt ngy hi mi n nm th
III mi thy c! Nht l sau nhng ln i hc v, ngi hc bi v suy ngh li
nhng g nhn c lp cm thy th lm! T mnh rt ra c trit l sau
mi th thut, t mnh chim nghim bn thn thy l hng, t mnh b ra v
thm vo hng lot ngn ng mi. Tt c gip em t tin hn trong nhng gii php
a ra khi gp vn .
T.V.T (sinh vin trng i hc Kinh t):
Bn thn ti thy khng cng iu cht no nu cho rng hiu qu mang li
t mn hc ny khng th em so snh vi bt k mt mn hc no khc. Trong
qu trnh hc ti nhn thy suy ngh ca mnh dn dn tr nn t tin v nht l ch
ng hn trc rt nhiu.
H.T.M.T (sinh vin trng i hc M-Bn cng):
Ti bt u vi vic gii quyt vn theo cch khc v nhn thy y
nhng vn nh d gii quyt hn v i khi n cn gi trong ti mt s tng
rt c o m ti cha tng c trc y.
V yu cu ca vic hc, ti c rt t thi gian nh lo cho gia nh. Trc
y mc d ti rt c gng nhng vn khng tri chy, nhng sau ny ti bt
u s dng cc th thut trong 40 th thut sp xp v gii quyt cng vic kh
chu ton (lm khi ti cn t gt u tn thng !)
N.M.T (sinh vin trng i hc Y-Dc):
y l mn hc m ng l ra chng em phi c hc trc bt k mn hc
no khc v n ch ra phng php gip hc tt cc mn khc.
N.H.B (sinh vin trng i hc Kin trc):
197
Tht kh k ht nhng g m Phng php lun sng to KHKT mang li.

Mc d em cha tht s nm bt ht tinh thn ca n nhng bn thn em thy
c rt nhiu li ch.
c bit l trong bi tp sng tc kin trc, nh phng php phn tch hnh
thi (v c phng php i tng tiu im) em c c rt nhiu mi v hay.
N.T.T.T (sinh vin i hc):
Ti nhn thy cch suy ngh ca mnh km hiu qu t nhiu nm nay. Cng
mt vn , ngi ta suy ngh rt nhanh, cn mnh th chm chp, d dm tng
bc v nht l cn mng lung, tha thi, chng n nhp vo bi ton. Ti tp trung
suy ngh rt km v hay b d cng vic na chng n lc khng th chu
ng ni, phi thay i, th l ti ng k theo hc Gi y kha hc gn kt
thc, ti thy mnh khc trc Ti tic cho mnh sao khng hc mn ny t
sm mnh phi mt bao nhiu l thi gian.
D.T.T.H (gio vin ton, THPT):
T bi hc u tin n bi hc cui cng, cc tri thc em ghi nhn c, a
s u rt mi m, th v v cn thit.
Trong s , c nhng tri thc em cm thy tm c hoc gy n tng mnh
cho em do tnh mi v hiu qu cao ca n. Chng hn:
Tnh : gip em t hiu mnh v con ngi ni chung. c bit nhng bi hc
rt ra t tnh rt b ch, rt cn thit trong tu dng bn thn v x th.
40 th thut: em rt tm c vi cc th thut gip cho rn luyn tc phong
lm vic v suy ngh, c bit l cc nguyn tc: phn nh, gy ng sut s b, thc
hin s b, d phng, bin hi thnh li, linh ng, tc ng theo chu k, vt
nhanh, thay i mu sc.
Em l gio vin cp 3 (mn Ton) nn cc d nh thc hnh nhng iu
hc s ch yu tp trung vo cng tc ging dy v ch nhim.
N.N.H (gio vin vt l, PTTH Mc nh Chi):
Qua kha hc, ch cn vn dng 40 th thut c bn, em c cch nhn rt
r rng, vng vng v cc sng ch, ci tin, cc sn phm mi xut hin trn th
trng, c th ch ngay nhng khuyt im, thiu st cn ci tin ca mt sn
phm mi, va mi xut hin, v on lun tnh trng tng lai ca chng.
Sp ti, em s mang tinh thn ca mn hc ny truyn t cho hc sinh
nhm nng cao hiu qu o to, gip hc sinh nm c kin thc mt cch ch
198
ng, h thng hn.

.T.M.H (gio vin vn, THPT):
V em t hi, bao nhiu ngi th v sai hoi m khng tm c hng
i ng? Cch i ng? Ti sao nhng iu ny khng c dy trng ph
thng gip tit kim bao nhiu thi gian, cng sc?
Em dy vn, vic pht trin tr tng tng l rt cn thit v cch tt nht l
khng dp tt cc tng xut pht t nhu cu c ca mi ngi. Kt
qu hc sinh tip thu bi hc d hn v nhng g t chng pht hin s khc su
trong chng.
T.T.D.T (gio vin THPT):
So vi trc khi hc mn PPLST-KHKT, ti bit nh hng hn cho s t
duy c lp ca mnh. Khng phi ch trong cng vic m t trong cuc sng, ti
ngh mnh s thnh cng nu nh ng dng c hiu qu nhng iu hc.
Tr li nhng cu hi ca phng vin trong bui hc cui cng, ti thy
phng vin v c hc vin u hng v lp tr. iu ny ti ng c hai tay. Tuy
nhin, ti cho rng s tht thiu st nu nh ch cho lp tr hc m nh mt thy
gio ln tui tr li: c chi cc v lnh o ca ngnh gio dc c hc ci
ny.
N.T.T.T (gio vin Trng cao ng s phm mu gio TW3):
Ti tng c nghe ni n Phng php lun sng to nhng n nay
mi c c hi tip cn vi kha hc ny v ti tht s ngc nhin v c cm gic
nh l cha bao gi hc c iu g c tc ng n bn thn nhiu n th. L
mt gio vin ging dy cc mn x hi nn tht s ti ngh rng s rt kh p
dng vo cng vic ca mnh. Nhng nhng iu hc c trn kha hc ny cho
thy ti sai hon ton. Nhiu iu c v nh ch p dng c trong cc lnh vc
k thut li rt c ch ngay c trong ging dy nhng mn x hi. Mi kin thc mi
t cc nh ngha, cc khi nim, cho n cc quy lut u mang li cho ti nhng
gi cho vic ci thin phng php v phong cch lm vic ca mnh.
Nhng iu mi v tht s b ch m ti tip thu c t kha hc ny l v
cng nhiu. Khng nhng trong cng tc m c trong rt nhiu vic khc, ngay c
vic c bo hng ngy cng khng ch n gin l bit thng tin, m c gng
phn tch, tm ra vn , tm hiu nhng sai lm v c gng rt ra bi hc t nhng
tnh hung dn tng bc rn luyn thnh ngi sng sut.
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.T.N (ging vin Trng i hc s phm k thut, TpHCM):

K t khi ra trng v lm cng tc ging dy, ti nhiu ln t hi: Cn
phi c nhng loi sch g, nhng cun sch no c th nng cao ngh nghip v
kin thc ca bn thn ? Th tht, cho dn trc khi hc PPLST - KHKT ti vn
cha tr li c cu hi ny. Thm ch t cu hi ny cho cc v gio s hng
dn cng khng nhn c cu tr li tha mn. V by gi, ti cho rng mnh
tm c cu tr li khi hc xong kha s cp PPLST - KHKT.
L.T.A (ging vin Trng i hc tuyn gio, H Ni):
B mn ny gip chng ti bc u nhn ra c nhng tc hi ca li
suy ngh khng c nh hng, theo thi quen gp chng hay ch (th v sai). Tai
hi hn na chng ti l nhng ngi dy cho sinh vin. Chng ti ku gi sinh
vin (cng nh trc y ngi ta ku gi chng ti): Hy sng to i ! Nhng
lm th no sng to ? Tht l ng ngn thay khi ta ni, ta ku gi m chng hiu
thc cht n l ci g c.
Ni hn ra l mn hc ny cn cho tt thy mi ngi. Theo chng ti nn
xa m cho tt c nhng ai ang lm vic gip h tng bc iu chnh li cng
vic ca mnh cho hp l.
T.N.T (ging vin trit hc, Trng i hc tng hp H Ni):
Mn khoa hc Phng php lun sng to KHKT gip chng ta khc phc
thi quen, kinh nghim v tr v bn cht sng to vn c ca con ngi.
Ti ging trit hc bin chng cho sinh vin. Ti ngh lm sao kt hp vic
ging dy cc nguyn l, cc qui lut ca Php bin chng duy vt vi cc phng
php v cc th thut ca Phng php lun sng to KHKT, th chc rng bi ging
s hp dn hn. Sinh vin s hng th hc tp hn i vi mn Trit hc. V mn
Trit hc, v th cng s thit thc hn.
Ti rt mun Trng i hc tng hp H Ni c dy mn hc ny cho sinh
vin.
N.T.T.V (ging vin i hc an ninh):
Gia nh ti c 4 ngi theo hc cc kha hc PPLST do trung tm t chc (ti
l ngi cui cng) v ti cm thy tic hi hi v khng tip cn sm mn
ny. Ti c trn tr gi nh gi nh
Theo ti, mn hc ny v cng cn thit, cn phi pht trin trong x hi ta.
N khng ch c gi tr trong gii quyt vn chuyn mn: gip kinh doanh c li,
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c trng dng v hon thnh tt nhim v m n cn gip gii quyt vn x

hi, gip con ngi xch li gn nhau hn. Tt c mi ngi u cn thit phi hc
mn ny (trn c s c nhng kin thc c bn).
N.T.M.D (th may):
Trc khi n vi lp PPLST, ti vn l ngi bi quan, nht nht,v t lu
vc t pht trin mnh trong suy ngh ca ti.
Ngh nghip ca ti nghe ra chng c v g l khoa hc k thut. Tuy vy ti
cng p dng c nhiu cho ngh ca mnh. Qua mt s th thut ti c th v ra
c rt nhiu kiu o mi l v t rt ra nhng kiu rt ng . Trong tng lai,
mc du ti khng phi l nh sng to mode, ti vn c th tr thnh mt ch hiu
may c uy tn chng hn. Hoc trong cc thao tc khi lm vic, ti c chng trnh
hn hoi t A n Z, c gng loi b nhng ng tc tha tit kim thi gian.
Sau ny ti s cho con mnh n vi lp hc PPLST sm hn, vo tui m
tr c chng ang pht trin tt chng hn. Ti tic rng mnh n vi lp ny qu
tr. Phi chi ti n vi lp lc mi hc xong cp 3 th c l ngh nghip ca ti
khc.
L.T.M.T (tiu thng, ch An ng):
Bc u p dng mt s t hp cc th thut trong lnh vc kinh doanh, em
thy ngay c kt qu trong vic mua v bn, gii quyt c hng tn ng,
thy c ngay hiu qu sau khi p dng nhng th thut hc.
Ngay c trong gia nh, trong vic chm sc gia nh v con ci th vic p dng
nhng th thut l c mt ngh thut trong lnh vc nui v dy d con.
T.B.M (cng nhn):
Trc y ti hu nh khng c mt cht nh hng cho nhng suy ngh ca
mnh. Thng ch l nhng suy ngh theo qun tnh, t nhng ci quen thuc nht,
ri th dn ti ci cha bit Phi ni nhng bui theo lp l nhng ln ti rt
thch th. Mi bi ging nh nhng cha kha m nhng hc mi trong c ti. Ti
b c nhng d tnh khc dnh bui sng ch nht n lp Trong cng tc
sn xut hng ngy, nh p dng phng php no cng v bng Cc nguyn tc
c bn khc phc cc mu thun k thut ti pht huy c mt sng kin ci
tin: ci tin mt my nng hng nh bm tay, c x nghip nh gi tt. Trong
i sng cng th, vi phng php Cc cu hi kim tra, ti gii quyt d
dng cc vn tng ri ren, hc ba Ban sng kin x nghip ti cha c, ti
ang ngh cch lp ban ny. Nu ngi ta cng bit nhng phng php t duy
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sng to, vic thnh lp s d dng.

H.T.K (tin hc):
Trc y ti cng ngm t ho v kh nng sng to ca mnh i vi nhng
tp th nh xung quanh mi trng sng v lm vic ca ti. Ti c tham gia vo
lp hc Phng php lun sng to khoa hc k thut. y l bc ngot ln cho
s t duy ca ti. Nhn li qu kh, ti nhn thy s suy ngh ca mnh trc y
qu nh b, nhng suy ngh ca mnh trc y qu tm thng. C mt iu chc
chn rng, nu ti c hc Phng php lun cch y 9, 10 nm th nhng vic
ti lm trc kia s hiu qu hn nhiu ln!
B.N.H.H (k s Cng ty Fujitsu):
Hng lot php th v sai c p dng cng ty ti. Phng php ny may
mn ch p dng cho mi loi hng nht nh. Khi c sn phm mi th phi lm li
hng lot cc php th v sai khc rt mt thi gian, nguyn liu v cng sc
may mn c c li gii mi.
T khi theo hc PPLST kh nng nhn nhn vn ca ti tin b r rt: bit
nghe hn, bit tip thu kin ca ng nghip hn. Nhiu vn tng chng nh
khng th gii ni c ti cng cc bn ng nghip tho g dn dn.
Bng cch to cho cc ng nghip ca ti khng kh lm vic thoi mi v lun
khuyn khch nhng tng mi ca h ch khng ch trch hay ph phn nh
trc y, cng vic ca chng ti sun s hn nhiu. Khi gp vn chng ti
thng hp li v mi ngi cng nhau a ra tng. Ti t chc c cho b
phn ca ti lm vic theo nhm v hiu qu rt kh quan.
Ti vn dng mt s trong 40 th thut ca PPLST vo cng vic ca mnh
v c kt qu tt ang p dng trong cng ty ti.
B.N.K (Cng ty LG Vina):
Mt trong nhng cng c hu ch ti c tip cn trong nm va qua l Six
Sigma v TRIZ. Nm 2003, cng ty chng ti bt u trin khai p dng cng c Six
Sigma do cng ty m LG ti Hn Quc hng dn. Kha hc ny ko di trong 5
ngy. Trong cng c trn, s sng to v pht tng cc k quan trng, c bit
giai on ci tin (Improvement) (Six Sigma l chu trnh DMAIC: Define
Measure Analyze Improve Control). V tht may mn, chng ti c chuyn
gia dnh 1 ting gii thiu v cng c TRIZ h tr vic pht tng (phn ny
hon ton khng nm trong cng c Six Sigma). Do ch c gii thiu lm quen v
TRIZ 60 pht nhng chng ti thy y l cng c rt quan trng v khi c bit
202
TRIZ cng ang c dy ti Vit Nam chng ti ng k hc ngay.

Ngay khi c lm quen vi chng trnh gii bi ton rt gn v 40 nguyn
tc ti th p dng gii bi ton nh nh sau:
thay cc bng n ng cao khong 6m, nh my chng ti thng hay s
dng gin gio xy dng. Cc gin gio ny c xp chng ln nhau cho n
cao nht nh (thng l 5-6 tng). thun li cho vic di chuyn trnh tho lp
nhiu ln, 4 bnh xe c lp di tng cui cng. Bnh xe thun tin cho vic di
chuyn gin gio nhng li khng vng, gy dao ng rt ln. Dao ng ny gy
tm l lo s cho nhn vin vn hnh trn v nhiu nhn vin t chi lm vic trn
cao (d kh nng l khng th xy ra v c neo vo ct in).
m bo gin khng dao ng th thng phi tho bnh xe ra. Do
thng nhn vin tho na gin (3 tng) nng ln gn bnh xe di chuyn n
ni khc, sau tho bnh xe ra v ghp tip cc tng cn li. Phng php ny tn
cng v rt mt thi gian.
Sau khi bn bc vi anh em bo tr v vn dng PPLST, chng ti tm ra ngay
mu thun chnh l: phi c bnh xe di chuyn v phi khng c bnh xe
khng dao ng. Ngay lp tc chng ti p dng nguyn tc 15 hay 34. Ch thm
mt khung nh v cc b phn ph na l cc chc nng ni trn c thc hin
hon ho. Mc d chng ti gp bi ton ny trong nhiu nm qua nhng vn
cha c li gii tt. Nay chng ti ch mt 10 pht sng to ra khung di chuyn
trn (v so vi vt tin thn hon ton khng c b phn v chc nng trn). Tuy
sng to ny ch l bc thp nhng hiu qu ca n v cng ln v gip cng vic
hon thnh nhanh chng (tng nng sut) v thun li.
L.V.K (k s c kh):
Tha thy,
Sau khi c hc ni thy PPLST, em vn dng v gii quyt c nhiu bi
ton gp trong thc t, xin bo li thy cng chung vui:
Tip theo, anh L.V.K k li ba bi ton anh gii, trong phn tch, l gii mt
cch chi tit p dng PPLST nh th no. Cui cng anh kt lun:
Trn y l 3 trong rt nhiu trng hp m em vn p dng thnh cng hng
ngy gii cc bi ton k thut.
Nt chung trong nhng ln tm ra li gii l nh nm vng ARIZ, nhanh chng
nhn r bi ton, xc nh c mu thun k thut, mu thun vt l, cng quyt
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y cc mu thun ca bi ton n tt cng.

Em thy dng ARIZ, t duy ca mnh (khi gp cc bi ton k thut) tng ln
khong 10 ln, cn trong i sng hng ngy th mnh cm thy t tin, thoi mi
hn.
P.T.T.T (k s kinh t):
Ti cm thy thc s thch th mn hc ny. Mc d ti l mt nh kinh t, sau
13 nm cng tc, c nhng bi vit ng trn sch v tp ch, nhng cm thy
mnh phn tch cc vn hon ton theo trc gic cm tnh Nay ti c hc
mn ny, ti thy mn hc cung cp cho ti phng php lun suy ngh, xem
xt mt hin tng kinh t x hi no mt cch r rng hn, c l l hn v
a ra kin ngh xc ng hn. Ti thc s tin rng, nu phng php lun ny
c p dng vo cc mn khoa hc x hi, s lm cho cc mn hc v khoa hc x
hi hp dn hn v nhng ngi nghin cu v n cng s c nhiu tng mi
hn, hay hn.
N.H.D (k s nng nghip):
Ngay sau khi hc c na kha hc ti bt u p dng nhng iu hc
c trong cng vic nghin cu chuyn mn ca mnh. C th l bng cc th
thut "phm cht cc b", "gy ng sut s b" v "phn nh", ti a ra c
phng php mi trong vic nui trng nm rm trn khay. l vn nh v
cc cm qu th nm trn b mt khay trng, hay ni cch khc l c th iu khin
c v tr mc ca cc qu th nm rm. iu ny p ng c vic c gii ha
trong ngnh nui trng nm v y cng l bi ton ti t ra t lu nhng nay
mi c li gii. Ngoi ra, kch thc ca qu by gi cng iu khin c trong
qu trnh nui trng ph hp vi yu cu ca th trng. Thi gian qua, ti
tin hnh th nghim kim tra nhiu ln v kt qu thu c tng i n nh.
Ti d nh s tip tc vn dng nhng iu hc c vo cng vic t v
gii cc bi ton c th trong ngnh chuyn mn ca mnh, sau tin n gii cc
bi ton ca cc ngnh khc.
N..T (c nhn lut):
p dng kin thc ca mn hc ny, bc u ti p dng trong lnh vc
ngh nghip ca ti bng nhng th thut hc c, ti t ra mt h thng
cc cu hi kim tra tip xc vi cc thn ch ca ti n nh ti bo v trong
vic t tng v gii quyt vn bng nhng th thut c bn m ti c trang b
trong kha hc. Ti li c thm nhng suy ngh mi v tin tng rng s t c
204
kt qu tt khi ti quyt nh lm mt vic g khc vi cng vic thng ngy ca

ti l lnh vc x hi.
H.V.D (c nhn iu khc):
iu c ch nht m qua lp hc ti thu hoch c l:
Cch suy ngh theo tng bc gii quyt vn trong tnh hung.
L gii c mt phn nhng g m trc y ti sng to mt cch t
pht.
t c vn cho s suy ngh v mi lin h gia sng to khoa hc v
sng tc ngh thut (trong mt chng mc nht nh, t nht cng trn lnh vc m
thut cng nghip).
N.N.D (cn b nghin cu Vin nghin cu chin lc v chnh sch
khoa hc - cng ngh, B KHCN)
Chnh mn hc ca thy gip ti gii quyt c mt phn cc cu hi trong
ti ca ti m trc lc i hc ti cn bn khon cha c hng gii quyt tha
ng Ti khng ngh ch sau mi ngy mnh li c th tr nn KHOA HC hn
trong cuc sng v cng vic ti mc nh vy.
T.T.L (trng phng, Trung tm thng tin t liu khoa hc v cng
ngh quc gia, B KHCN)
Trong khi hc c lc ti cm thy hi xu h v d sao mnh cng ra cng tc
nhiu nm, li lm vic Trung tm Thng tin Quc gia m li khng bit n s
tn ti ca mn hc ny, mt mn hc rt c ch cho cng tc qun l.
N.A (k s, vin ph Vin nghin cu):
Nhng bi ging (tuy thi gian ngn, mang tnh nhp mn) cho thu hoch
rt phong ph v b ch, c ngha ng dng rt r. C th k ra nhiu ni dung
trong tng chng mc, nhng ch xin nu ni dung l th nht: l nhng
phng php rt khoa hc, gip con ngi vt qua tnh tm l vn ti s
diu k ca sng to.
Nhng phng php khoa hc sng to i hi s vn dng tch cc ca tr tu,
nhng rt gn gi, ai cng c th ng dng ty theo trnh ca mnh, lnh vc
hot ng no cng d dng tm thy ting ni chung. i vi i thng, nhng
phng php ny c th em li nhng li ch to ln. Cn phi xy dng tm l v
thi quen sng to cho tt c mi ngi. Mn hc cn c pht trin.
205
N.T.S (trung t, Cc qun l khoa hc, Tng cc k thut, B quc

phng):
L mt cn b lm cng tc nghin cu v qun l khoa hc k thut hn 20
nm nay. n hm nay, sau khi hc xong Phng php lun sng to, trn c s
cc kin thc thu nhn c qua mn hc, soi li c qu trnh cng tc va ri, ti
t nhn thy: thc cht qu trnh lm khoa hc v qun l ca bn thn trong thi
gian va qua b phng php th v sai v tnh tm l chi phi nhiu. Phng
php t duy tin hnh nghin cu cng nh gii quyt mt s cng vic khc,
thng l theo mt li mn, mt li rt thun ch t khi ch ti gii php bt
ng, ngc hn vi nhng t duy thng thng, v vy, mt s cch gii quyt c l
cha thc s khch quan v cha phi l gii php tt nht.
Vi cc kin thc va thu nhn c ca mn Phng php lun sng to, chc
chn t nay trong t duy gii quyt cc cng vic hng ngy c quan, x hi,
ti c b sung thm cng c mi, gip cho qu trnh t duy nh hng hn,
rt ngn thi gian hn v ng trc mt nhim v, mt vn s c cch gii
quyt, gii php gn vi ci ng nht.
T.M.D (ph chnh thanh tra B KHCN):
Cho n ngy hm nay, ti ang phi t trch mnh n vi mn hc ny, hay
ni mt cch chnh xc l mt ngnh khoa hc ny chm n th, mc d n ang
tn ti v pht trin Vit Nam trong sut 22 nm qua Khng nh nhng kha
hc khc, kha hc ny thc s thu ht li cun ti ngay t nhng khi nim ban
u Ti rt mng khi c bit, th gii cng mi thc s bt u bc vo
ngnh khoa hc ny, trong c Vit Nam Thi c n v mc tiu r m
chng ta khng bit tn dng thi c th tht l mt vn ln ca dn tc
N.P.Q (k ton trng):
Lc u hc mn ny, mt phn ti mun tm n mt ci mi no ti
c th t tin v bn lnh hn trong cuc sng v ti thy mnh thiu mt ci g
m bn thn ti cng khng hiu r lm, mt phn cng t m: Ti sao mn hc
ny li c mt ci tn gi PHNG PHP LUN SNG TO?
y mi chnh l kin thc tht s ca ti ang cn n. Chnh v vy, d bn
rn v nhiu vic, ti cng khng h ngh bui no v lun tranh th n ng gi.
Ti cm nhn cuc sng rt p, lun mm ci vi chnh mnh, chia s nhiu
hn vi ng nghip ca mnh, bnh tnh hn trong gii quyt mi vn xy ra
hng ngy v ti lm k ton trng cho mt cng ty kh ln, chnh v th p lc rt
206
nhiu, i lc ti rt cng thng v c nhng thi , hnh vi kh kim ch c

vi cc ng nghip ca mnh.
Ti cng yu gia nh ti hn trc, hin ti ti ang sng vi m v hai ngi
em.
Ti hiu cuc sng hn v cm thy khng s n na.
l nhng g ti thu hoch c khi n vi mn PHNG PHP LUN
SNG TO.
L.C (ph gim c Cng ty gii kht):
Sau khi hc mn PPLST mt trong nhng thnh cng ca ti l thay i bao b
mu m ca mt sn phm bng vic p dng nhng th thut sng to v do c
mt khi nim mi m v ni dung, ngha ca t sng to. So vi bao b c, ci
mi m thut hn, p ng yu cu ca khch hng hn, khng rp khun, tng
t vi cc sn phm cng loi. Do sn phm khng cung ng cho th trng
trong dp Tt t Hi.
Trong t chc sn xut, ti thay i kt cu ca mt thit b c t trc:
ci lng cha y sn phm nng 100 kg rt kh khn cho cng nhn khi phi nhc
ln xe y em vo l hp. Cho nn h ch cht nng 70 kg. Nh th ph mt 30
kg. Ti p dng th thut phn nh v kt hp tn dng ti a sc cha ca
lng, cng sut ca l hp v d dng thao tc ca cng nhn. Ti ct i lng. Khi
y vo l hp ti ghp hai phn li bng nhng mc kha thnh mt lng nh c
cho tng hp vi kch thc l hp. Nh th nh nhng cho cng nhn khi nng
ln h xung, cht y c 100 kg. Vy l lin tc tc ng c ch v ci lng tr
nn linh ng.
P.T.D (gim c cng ty Hong Anh):
Hiu qu ca kha hc tht ng k! Em cha c mt sng to k thut no,
nhng trc mt em hc c cch suy ngh bao qut (ni nh thy l suy ngh
v 9 mn hnh), v trong cch lm vic t ph b li suy ngh trc y ca
mnh, cng nh hc c phng php lm vic vi nhn vin mi m hn. Trong
bui hp, em khuyn khch mi ngi mnh dn a kin, mi ngi tham d
u c quyn phn bin (ch khng phi phn bc) t c th rt ra c u,
nhc im. Tht l bt ng, c nhng tng lc ban u tng nh khng th
thc hin c nhng sau li l gii php ti u nht.
V phi phn chia thi gi cho cc mn hc khc nn theo li ch dn ca Thy,
em t t tiu ha bng cch lun gio trnh trong xe. Vo trong xe l em lp
207
tc gi ra c, nghin ngm, nh du v t t thm dn trong suy ngh ln hnh

ng. Khi suy ngh v ra quyt nh, em u lp i lp li cu hi: C b tnh ?
ti u?. Mi vic rc ri hnh nh dn dn c sp xp trt t, r rng v c
phng php.
Mt hm ang c n cc phng php tch cc ha t duy, em bt ra mt
tng v sn phm, ng hn l kiu dng sn phm lin quan cht ch n bn
cht sn phm. Lp tc ly vit ghi lin. Vo cng ty em a ra bn bc vi cc anh
em th c s hm m qu x, tt nhin l c thm kin ca mi ngi.
P.P.H (tr l gim c Cng ty Samsung VINA):
Trong thi gian bao cp, ti cng tc, lm vic mt cch n gin, khng
cm thy c nhu cu phi suy ngh, ng no nhiu. Bc sang nn kinh t th
trng, ch mi ba nm lm vic, ti cm thy mnh thiu kin thc rt nhiu,
cn phi hc, hc cp tc, nhng hc g th cha xc nh c. Ti ch thong hnh
dung l mnh cn hc mt mn hc bao qut tt c cc ngnh, gip mnh gii quyt
c nhiu vn hc ba, lm c nhng vic-tng-nh-khng-lm-c.
l mn hc g? C hay khng? Ti khng bit!
Tnh c ti gp li mt ngi bn c v ti bit c mt mn hc gi l
Phng php lun sng to KHKT.
Lc u ti cn ng ng dng ch KHKT: c thin v my mc, k thut, ton,
l qu hay khng?
Nhng khi tham d kha hc ri, ti hon ton an tm. y chnh l mn
hc bao qut c tt c cc ngnh.
Cng hc, ti cng say m. Mt s say m l lng tui ti, tui m vic n
trng hc l c mt s nng n!
Nhng mt khc, ti m lo, bun v bn khon khi nhiu ln thy con, chu
( 14, 15 tui ri) sao yu suy ngh qu, thiu hn s sng to, suy ngh theo li
mi, t ph trong tng tng! V t nc s khng ha rng c vi th h
con ngi nh vy.
Ti tha thit c mong mn hc ny c chnh thc a vo hc ng, nu
khng c t bc trung hc th t nht trong i hc. t nht cc em phi thc
c rng c mt mn hc nh th, bt c khi no, trong cuc i lm vic, khi
cm thy cn, cc em c th n ngay vi n, thao dt li v ng dng. Cc em
khng c mng lung nh ti tng: c hay khng mt mn hc nh th?
208
B.B.Q (ph tng gim c cng ty EMECO):

Ti l mt cn b khoa hc, lm cng tc nghin cu khoa hc 18 nm, sau
lm qun l doanh nghip 10 nm, nhng vic tn ti hn mt phng php
lun cho vn sng to m ti khng h bitMn hc ny qu lm ti ng ngng
v c cm tng: ngay bn cnh cuc i ca mnh c mt con ng nha tt
i m mnh li c hng hc pht c bn l ng i lu nay Qu l tic khi bit
mn hc ny qu mun.
T.H.H (trng phng o to cng ty Unilever Vit Nam):
Trc khi tham d kha hc, ti hon ton khng ngh l ngay ti Vit Nam li
c mt chng trnh hon chnh v hay nh vy.
Mt iu ng ngc nhin na l hc ph rt khim tn, trong lc mt kha
ngn 2 3 ngy bi cc t chc nc ngoi gi t 250 n 600 USD.
L ngi lm cng tc o to cn b qun l cho doanh nghip, tham d
rt nhiu chng trnh c trong ln ngoi nc, ti cho rng y l kha hc hay
nht m ti c hc cho n nay.
Mn hc cung cp cho ngi hc mt cng c mnh t nh hng t
duy, cung cp mt th gii quan mi nhn bit thc t, gii quyt vn v ra
quyt nh mt cch khoa hc v hiu qu, iu m phng php th v sai
phng php vn cn c p dng ph bin trong mi trng qun l c vi m
ln v m hin nay khng th lm c.
N..A (trng phng, cng ty Bayer Vietnam Ltd.):
Theo kin ring ti th chng ta nn a mn ny vo t lp 1 cho n ht h
i hc. iu quan trng l gio trnh son tho sao cho cc la tui hc ng u
c th tip nhn mt cch d dng (tnh tng hp ca h thng). T nhng tr
chi, nhng cu chuyn vui cho cc em nh, n nhng kin thc c bn d hiu
cho cc la tui ln hn (v d nh cp 2). Sau , kin thc mn hc bt u su
hn, hi tru tng hn (cho cp 3) v nng cao mc hn na (cho h i hc).
Ti thit ngh, iu s to ra mt th h cng dn ht sc nng ng, nhiu t
duy sng to v c o c, t cch ng mc (v PPLST dy chng ta gii bi ton
theo hng WINWIN): t nc c c may c mt lc lng hng hu, sc v
kh nng gii nhng bi ton ln, phc tp m hm nay gn nh khng c li
gii
209
(Cn b qun l, B gio dc Malaysia)
210
211
212
Ngoi cc hc vin t cc thnh phn x hi, kinh t n TSK hc
PPLSTVM, TSK cn c nhiu n v mi n trnh by ti ch cc bi ging

ngn hoc ton b chng trnh c bn PPLSTVM. Di y l danh sch (cha
y ) cc n v :
CC TRNG V TRUNG TM O TO:
1.
i hc tng hp (nay l Trng i hc khoa hc t nhin, i hc quc

gia TpHCM).
2.
i hc ti chnh k ton (nay l Trng i hc kinh t TpHCM).
3.
i hc kinh t TpHCM.
4.
213
i hc bch khoa TpHCM (nay l Trng i hc bch Khoa, i hc

quc gia TpHCM).
5.
i hc s phm TpHCM.
6.
i hc lut TpHCM.
7.
i hc y dc TpHCM.
8.
Trng i hc khoa hc x hi v nhn vn, i hc quc gia, TpHCM.
9.
i hc m bn cng TpHCM.
10.
Trng i hc dn lp Vn Lang TpHCM.
11.
Trng i hc dn lp k thut cng ngh TpHCM.
12.
Trng i hc ngoi ng v tin hc (Huflit) TpHCM.
13.
Trng i hc dn lp Bnh Dng, Bnh Dng.
14.
Khoa vt l, Trng i hc khoa hc t nhin, i hc quc gia H Ni.
15.
Khoa thng tin hc v qun tr thng tin, i hc dn lp ng , H

Ni.
16.
Trng chnh tr Nguyn Vn C (nay thuc Trng cn b TpHCM),

TpHCM.
17.
Trng doanh thng Tr Dng, TpHCM.
18.
Trng cao ng Hoa Sen, TpHCM.
19.
Trng cao ng k thut Vinhempich, B quc phng, TpHCM.
20.
Trng cn b TpHCM, y ban nhn dn, TpHCM.
21.
Trng chnh tr, y ban nhn dn tnh Tin Giang.
22.
Trng chnh tr, y ban nhn dn tnh ng Thp.
23.
Trng tuyn gio trung ng, H Ni.
24.
Trng nghip v qun l, B khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng, H Ni.
25.
Trng cn b qun l gio dc v o to Trung ng 2, TpHCM.
26.
Trng bi dng k thut nghip v bu in TpHCM.
27.
Trung tm o to Thanh Bnh, TpHCM.
28.
Trung tm o to nghip v v k thut MTC, TpHCM.
214
29.
Trung tm o to, bi dng nghip v v ngoi ng, UBND TpHCM

(nay thuc Trng cn b TpHCM).
30.
Trung tm o to doanh nghip, TpHCM, Phng thng mi v cng

nghip Vit Nam (nay l Trng cn b qun l doanh nghip CBAM),
TpHCM.
31.
Trung tm bi dng nghip v ngoi giao v ngoi ng thuc S ngoi

v TpHCM v Hc vin quan h quc t, TpHCM.
32.
Trng ph thng trung hc Thnh M Ty (nay l Gia nh), TpHCM.
33.
Trng ph thng trung hc cht lng cao L Hng Phong, TpHCM.
34.
Hc vin quc gia v qun l v lnh o gio dc (National Institute of

Educational Management and Leadership), B gio dc Malaysia.
35.
Hc vin cng ngh thit k (Design Technology Institute), Singapore.
CC C QUAN, T CHC V DOANH NGHIP:

36.
Phn vin Vin khoa hc Vit Nam (nay l Trung tm khoa hc t nhin
v cng ngh quc gia) ti TpHCM.
37.
Vin kinh t TpHCM.
38.
Vin khoa hc nng nghip min Nam, TpHCM.
39.
Vin qun l khoa hc (nay l Vin nghin cu chin lc v chnh sch

khoa hc cng ngh), B khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng, H Ni.
40.
Vin nghin cu i hc v trung hc chuyn nghip (nay l Vin nghin

cu pht trin gio dc), B gio dc v o to, H Ni.
41.
Vin Vt l, Trung tm khoa hc t nhin v cng ngh quc gia, H Ni.
42.
Vin nghin cu con ngi, Trung tm khoa hc x hi v nhn vn quc

gia, H Ni.
43.
Ban khoa gio v Ban tuyn hun Thnh y (nay l Ban t tng vn ha
Thnh y), TpHCM.
44.
y ban khoa hc v k thut TpHCM (nay l S khoa hc, cng ngh v

mi trng TpHCM).
45.
Bu in TpHCM.
46.
S lao ng thng binh v x hi, TpHCM.
47.
215
y ban khoa hc v k thut tnh Hu Giang (nay l S khoa hc, cng

ngh v mi trng, tnh Cn Th).
48.
Trung tm sng to khoa hc k thut tr (nay l Trung tm pht trin

khoa hc cng ngh tr), Thnh on, TpHCM.
49.
Qun on qun Ph Nhun, TpHCM.
50.
Qun on qun 12, TpHCM.
51.
Trng on L T Trng, TpHCM.
52.
Nh vn ha thanh nin TpHCM.
53.
Nh vn ha lao ng TpHCM.
54.
Nh vn ha khoa hc k thut, Lin hip cc hi khoa hc v k thut,

TpHCM.
55.
Cu lc b Marketing ca cc cng ty lin doanh, TpHCM.
56.
on thanh nin cng sn, B khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng, H Ni.
57.
Trung tm tuyn truyn y hc, S y t, TpHCM.
58.
Qun y vin 7A, TpHCM.
59.
Bnh vin Ch Ry, TpHCM.
60.
Trung tm thng tin khoa hc v cng ngh, TpHCM.
61.
Trung tm dinh dng tr em (nay l Trung tm dinh dng TpHCM).
62.
Trung tm Trin lm v Hi ch quc t TpHCM (HIECC), Tn Bnh,

TpHCM.
63.
Trung tm Trin lm v Hi ch quc t Quang Trung, TpHCM.
64.
i pht thanh Ting ni nhn dn TpHCM.
65.
i truyn hnh TpHCM.
66.
Thi bo Ti chnh Vit Nam, chi nhnh ti TpHCM.
67.
Cng ty dc liu trung ng 2, TpHCM.
68.
Cng ty NHATICO, TpHCM.
69.
Cng ty pht trin k thut c kh, in t, TpHCM.
70.
Cng ty in Quang, TpHCM.
71.
Cng ty vin thng quc t khu vc 2, TpHCM.
216
72.
Cng ty in thoi TpHCM.
73.
Nh my sa cha my bay A41, Qun chng khng qun, B quc

phng, TpHCM.
74.
Trung tm khai thc cng, Cm cng hng khng sn bay min Nam,
TpHCM.
75.
Cng ty taxi Mai Linh, TpHCM.
76.
Nh my tinh ch g xut khu SATIMEX, TpHCM.
77.
Cng ty hp tc kinh t, xut nhp khu SAVIMEX, TpHCM.
78.
Cng ty t vn tng hp xy dng, B xy dng, TpHCM.
79.
Tng cng ty xy dng cng trnh giao thng 6, B giao thng vn ti

TpHCM.
80.
Cng ty lin doanh du kh "Vietsovpetro", B Ra Vng Tu.
81.
Khch sn lin doanh "New World Hotel Saigon", TpHCM.
82.
Cng ty lin doanh "Carnaud Metal Box", TpHCM.
83.
Cng ty ht ging ng Ty, Hc Mn, TpHCM.
84.
Cng ty lin doanh xut n hng khng VN/CX "Vietnam Air Caterers",
TpHCM.
85.
Cng ty lin doanh "SAMSUNG VINA", TpHCM, HNi.
86.
Cng ty lin doanh "UNILEVER VIETNAM", TpHCM, H Ni.
87.
Cng Si Gn.
88.
Cng ty Goldsun, H Ni.
89.
Cng ty Organon (Akzo Nobel), H Ni.
90.
Cng ty Mitsui Vina (Plastic & Chemical Corp., Ltd.) (VIPLACO), Khu cng
nghip G Du, Long Thnh, ng Nai.
91.
Cng ty Shell Codamo Vietnam Ltd.
92.
Cng ty c phn u t xy dng Bnh Chnh.
93.
Trung tm hun luyn bay ca Hng hng khng quc gia Vit Nam.
94.
Cng ty COMECO.
95.
Cng ty nha Bnh Minh.
96.
Cng ty cng nghip cao su RUBIMEX.
97.
Hi ng khoa hc, cng ngh TpHCM.
98.
Tng cc chnh tr, B quc phng.
99.
Trung tm nhit i Vit Nga.
217
100. Hi hu ngh Vit Php.

101. Cng ty lin doanh KAO Vit Nam, TpHCM.
102. Hi ng t vn khoa hc v cng ngh, B gio dc v o to, H Ni.
103. Cng ty Nutifood, TpHCM.
104. Cng ty dt may Thnh Cng, TpHCM.
105. Cng ty Ton Thng, TpHCM.
106. Cng ty Vn Pht Hng, TpHCM.
107. Cng ty Nh Vit Nam, TpHCM.
108. Cng ty c phn dch v v t vn pht trin ngun nhn lc BCC,
TpHCM.
109. Cng ty kin trc v trang tr ni tht AA, TpHCM.
110. Vietnam Chapter, Young Presidents Organization (YPO).
111. S khoa hc v cng ngh Lm ng.
112. Hi s hu cng nghip Vit Nam (VIPA).
113. Cng ty Bayer Vietnam Ltd. (Animal Health Division).
114. Cng ty c phn giy Si Gn, TpHCM.
115. Cng ty c phn nha Tn Ph, TpHCM.
116. Cng ty in, bao b Liksin, TpHCM.
117. Cng ty c phn thc phm MASAN, TpHCM.
118. Cng ty t vn dc quc t (IMC), H Ni.
119. Cng ty Minh Trit, TpHCM.
120. Cng ty TNHH II-VI Vit Nam. Khu cng nghip Vit NamSingapore, Bnh
Dng.
218
Thay cho kt lun
12. Thay cho kt lun

T duy sng to (qu trnh suy ngh gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh)
ng vai tr cc k quan trng i vi c nhn mi ngi v ton nhn loi. Cc kt

qu ca t duy sng to lun c nhn loi v c nhn nh gi cao, tuy nhn loi
v c nhn khng quan tm lm n cch suy ngh a n cc kt qu sng to .
Cho n nay, cc kt qu sng to c c, ch yu, l nh t duy theo phng
php (t nhin) th v sai. Phng php th v sai c nhiu nhc im nhng
nhn loi v c nhn vn chp nhn v cc ngun d tr tr gi cho cc php th sai
vn cn chu ng c.
K t cui Chin tranh th gii ln th hai, cng vi s ra i ca cuc Cch
mng khoa hck thut, trc ht nhng nc tin tin, tc pht trin, tnh
cnh tranh, tnh phc tp, tnh a dng, nhu cu ca con ngi tng v ngy cng
tng. iu ny dn n cc h qu: s lng cc bi ton trn mt n v khng
thi gian v u ngi ngy cng tng; thi gian cho php gii bi ton cng rt
ngn li; xut hin cng nhiu cc loi bi ton mi i hi nhiu ngnh ngh,
chuyn mn khc nhau cng tham gia gii; mc kh ca cc bi ton cng cng
tng. Lc ny, cc nhc im ca phng php th v sai cng ngy cng bc l ra
mt cch gay gt, khng th chp nhn c na. xut hin nhu cu x hi phi
pht trin sng to hc v phn ng dng ca n l PPLSTVM con ngi c th
t duy nhanh, hiu qu hn nhiu so vi phng php th v sai, khi cn phi gii
quyt cc vn , khi cn phi ra cc quyt nh. Thc t pht trin ca x hi loi
ngi cho thy, pht trin nh cc u th v ti nguyn thin nhin (k c v tr a
l, kh hu), cng ngh cao, vn nhiu dn dn nh mt vai tr. Nguyn nhn
chnh (nu khng ni l nguyn nhn duy nht) cn li l phi pht trin bng s
sng to mang tnh cht qun chng rng ri nh s dng PPLSTVM, c dy v
hc i tr.
nhng nc pht trin, thi i sng to thi i tip theo thi i thng
tin, c coi l bt u t nhng nm 1990 (xem Hnh 17). Lc ny, ngi lao ng
cn phi lm vic bng ci u t duy sng to c trang b bi PPLSTVM, nu
nh mun c vic lm (xem Hnh 16 v17).
Sng to hc v phn ng dng ca n PPLSTVM ra i rt sm (vo khong
nm 300), c pht trin mt thi gian ri dn i vo qun lng. Sng to hc v
PPLSTVM c nh li vo nhng nm 1940, 1950 v thc s pht trin khong
vi chc nm gn y.
Trong lnh vc sng to hc v PPLSTVM, L thuyt gii cc bi ton sng
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219
ch (vit tt theo ting Nga v chuyn sang k t latinh l TRIZ) vi tc gi l

G.S. Altshuller c xem l l thuyt y , mang tnh khoa hc cao v mnh nht.
Ti (ngi vit) c may mn c hc trc tip thy G.S. Altshuller ti Hc
vin cng cng sng to sng ch kha mt (19711973). Nhn thy tm quan
trng v cng to ln ca PPLSTVM, c bit l TRIZ i vi t nc, dn tc, ti
nung nu nh ph bin nhng kin thc cho cng nhiu ngi Vit Nam bit
cng tt. Ti dy kha PPLSTVM u tin, m nng ct ca n chnh l TRIZ Vit
Nam nm 1977. n nm 1991, ti ngh v c cho php thnh lp Trung tm
Sng to Khoa hck thut (TSK) thuc i hc tng hp (nay l Trng i hc
khoa hc t nhin, i hc quc gia TpHCM), hot ng theo nguyn tc t trang
tri v mt ti chnh vi hai nhim v chnh l ging dy (ph bin) v nghin cu
PPLSTVM.
TSK cng tch cc tham gia cc hot ng quc t nh cng b cc cng
trnh nghin cu khoa hc di dng cc bo co, bo co chnh (keynotes) ti cc

hi ngh, cc bi bo ng trong cc tp ch chuyn ngnh v ging dy PPLSTVM
cho cc cn b qun l, ging dy, nghin cu nc ngoi theo li mi.
Di y l mt s bi bo, thng tin, hnh nh minh ha cc hot ng ca
chng ti:
Nm 2000, ti M, nh xut bn Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company xut bn
quyn sch Facilitative Leadership: Making a Difference with Creative Problem
Solving (Tm dch l Lnh o h tr: to s khc bit nh gii quyt vn mt
cch sng to) do tin s Scott G. Isaksen lm ch bin. cc trang 219, 220, di
tiu Cc t chc sng to (Creativity Organizations) c ng danh sch i biu
cc t chc hot ng trong lnh vc sng to v i mi trn th gii. Trong 17 t
chc c nu tn, TSK l t chc duy nht chu :
CREATIVITY ORGANIZATIONS
There are numerous organizations that focus entirely on understanding or developing
creativity and innovation. The following is a representative list.
American Association for Creativity (Wilmington, DE) offers an annual conference and
publishes a newsletter. (www.becreative.org)
Center for Creative Change (UK) collaborates with CPS-B.
Center for Creative Leadership (Greensboro, North Carolina, established 1970) offers
courses and services on creativity and innovation. (www.ccl.org)
Center for Creative Learning (Sarasota, Florida) established by Donald Treffinger to
work with educators and schools. Has a network of associates and publishes materials
and newsletter. (www.creativelearning.com)
220
Thay cho kt lun
Center for the Development of Creative Thinking (COCD, Antwerp, Belgium) founded by
Pros Vanosmael and Roger De Bruyn from the University of Antwerp.
Center for Research in Applied Creativity (Ontario, Canada) is an academic unit within
MacMaster University conducting applied research and services to organizations,
founded by Min Basadur.
Center for Research on Creativity and Innovation (University of Colorado at Colorado
Springs) is a center within the College of Business. (www.uccs.edu/~creative)
Center for Scientific and Technical Creativity (CSTC) an academic unit of the
University of Hochiminh City, Vietnam, offers on a regular basis courses on the
Methodology of Creativity.
Center for Studies in Creativity (Buffalo, New York, established 1967) an academic unit
of the State University of New York offers an undergraduate minor and a M.Sc. degree
as well as supports the Creative Studies Collection at Butler Library.
(www.buffalostate.edu/~creatcnt/)
Creative Education Foundation (Buffalo, New York, established 1954 by Alex Osborn)
offers an Annual Creative Problem Solving Institute and publishes the Journal of
Creative Behavior. (www.cef-cpsi.org)
Creative Problem Solving Group Buffalo (Buffalo, New York, established 1984) offers
a variety of services, conducts research and development on CPS. CPS-B also publishes
an occasional Communiqu. (www.cpsb.com)
Creativity and Innovation Center Europe (Brussels, Belgium, established 1992)
collaborates with CPS-B.
European Association for Creativity and Innovation (Enschede, The Netherlands) hosts
international conferences and encourages networking. (www.eaci.net)
Innovation Network (Denver, Colorado) provides a network of people who have
professional experience in innovation and creativity. They provide a referral service,
host conferences, and provide professional services. (http://www.thinksmart.com)
National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance (Amherst Massachusetts), an
organization that offers occasional conferences for those in higher education.
National Inventive Thinking Association provides information on creativity applied to
invention and organizes an annual conference in cooperation with the US Patent and
Trademark Office. (www.newhorizons.org/ofc_nita)
Torrance Center for Creative Studies (Athens, Georgia) is a center within the
Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Georgia. It offers advanced
graduate work, numerous programs and conferences.
(www.coe.uga.edu/edpsych/docs1/ gifted/ docs1/torrance.html)
Thay cho kt lun
221
222
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223
224
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Mt tin s Vit Nam dy Phng php lun sng to Malaysia

L Khc Hn thc hin
Tin s khoa hc Phan Dng, gim c Trung tm Sng to Khoa hck thut
thuc Trng i hc khoa hc t nhin, i hc quc gia Tp. HCM c mi dy
mt kha 30 gi v Phng php lun sng to cho cc quan chc gio dc thuc
B Gio dc Malaysia. Di y l cc kin trao i ca chng ti vi tin s khoa
hc Phan Dng
* Xin tin s cho bit Phng php lun sng to l g?
TS. Phan Dng (TS. PD): B c ca chng ta ch lm vic mt cch thc s
tch cc khi cn gii quyt mt vn no m cha bit li gii. Cch suy ngh
gii quyt vn thng l theo phng php th v sai, da trn cc kinh nghim
tri qua, cch suy ngh nh vy c rt nhiu nhc im. Hin nay, cc nh
nghin cu tm ra nhng phng php mi, gip suy ngh gii quyt vn
nhanh hn, tt hn. H thng cc phng php ny cng cc k nng t duy tng
ng c gi l Phng php lun sng to. Thc ra, Phng php lun sng
to ch l phn ng dng ca mt b mn khoa hc rng hn, mi hnh thnh v
pht trin trong thi gian gn dy. l Khoa hc sng to (Creatology)
* Xut x chuyn i Malaysia ca tin s
TS.PD: Hi ngh quc t v gio dc v ngun nhn lc t chc Thi Lan c
mi ti tham d v trnh by bo co dn (keynote paper) v khoa hc sng to.
Sau bo co, tin s Ibrahim Ahmad Bajunid, gim c Trng qun l gio dc
quc gia (National Institute of Educational Management) ca Malaysia c gp ti v
mi qua bn , trc mt dy 30 gi v v lu di gip hun luyn cn b ging
dy mn hc sng to cho Malaysia.
* Ci g trong bn bo co ca tin s gy s ch cc bn Malaysia mi?
TS. PD: Ti khng ngh cc bn Malaysia mi v s hp dn ca bo co trnh
by Thi Lan. H cp nht thng tin v s pht trin cc b mn khoa hc mi
din ra trn th gii. Do vy, theo ti, cc bn Malaysia c sn trong u d nh
xy dng v pht trin b mn khoa hc sng to. Vic gp ti Thi Lan ch l mt
c hi v h s dng c hi .
* Xin tin s cho bit vi nt v lp hc c t chc Malaysia?
TS. PD: Lp hc c t chc ti Genting Highlands (mt khu ngh mt ni
ting, tng t nh Lt ca ta). Hc vin gm 33 ngi l cc quan chc thuc
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225
B gio dc cc bang, cc tnh v hiu trng mt s trng trung hc. Ti dy lin

tc trong nm ngy t ngy 2 n ht ngy 6/12, mi ngy su gi.
* Cc hc vin quan tm iu g nht t cc bi ging?
TS. PD: Nh ti ni, cc bn Malaysia c cp nht cc thng tin mi,
thm na, mt s hc vin tng nghe cc bi ging ca cc gio s Anh, M v
mn hc ny cho nn h quan tm n nhng phng php cha bit v ti cng
ch trnh by nhng g h cha bit
* Tin s nh gi chuyn i ging dy va ri nh th no?
TS. PD: Ti c mang v bn nhn xt chnh thc kt qu kha hc ca Trng
qun l gio dc quc gia Malaysia v cc bn vit tay ca cc hc vin v cm
tng sau khi hc. cho khch quan, xin mi xem.
Trch t Bn nh gi chnh thc: Kha hc thc hin thnh cng Phn ln
cc hc vin by t s mong mun hc thm 50% hc vin cho im xut sc
(excellent) v 50% kia cho im tt (good) i vi ni dung ca gio trnh Cc hc
vin rt hi lng vi cc cu tr li ca ging vin gii p thc mc Trng chng
ti ly lm vinh d mi tin s Phan Dng n chia s vi cc quan chc gio dc ca
chng ti phng php lun gii quyt vn c o.
Trch t cc bn ghi cm tng ca cc hc vin: Ti nhn c kin thc
qu gi. Bt u t ngy th ba, ti c th p dng mt t nhng g thu nhn c
vo gii quyt cc tnh hung c vn Ti ly lm vinh d c tham d kha hc
ny. Gio trnh ca ng cho ti nhn thc mi v t duy sng to. By gi ti c
th nhn mi vt thng qua 40 nguyn tc ca TRIZ v gip ti rt nhiu trong vic gii
quyt vn mt cch h thng, t b phng php th v sai, s dng chng trnh
rt gn gii quyt vn gm 6 bc. Sau khi tham d kha hc, ti thy mnh t
tin hn khi phi i mt vi cc vn tng lai. Ti thy mnh mc n i vi ging
vin, tin s Phan Dng, v nhng bi ging th v v hp dn
* Ngoi thc hin kha hc ni trn, tin s cn tham gia hot ng no na khng
trong thi gian Malaysia?
TS. PD: Hi tho quc gia Malaysia v i mi lnh o v qun l gio dc
vi gn 500 ngi tham d c mi ti bo co hai gi v i mi t duy sng to.
Trong hi tho ny, ti c c gii thiu gp v ni chuyn vi ng DatoSri Mohd
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226
Najib Razak1, B trng B Gio dc lin bang Malaysia.
(Bo Gio dc v thi i, ra ngy 18/7/1997)
Lp PPLSTVM dy cho cc quan chc B gio dc Malaysia
Xut khu tri thc

PV thc hin
Gn nh trng vi cc trn bng gii Tiger Cup, c mt ngi Vit Nam lng
l ly taxi ra sn bay i Singapore dy phng php lun sng to v i mi
(Creativity and Innovation Methodologies). Ngi l tin s khoa hc Phan
Dng, gim c Trung tm Sng to Khoa hc-k thut, Trng i hc khoa hc t
nhin, i hc quc gia TpHCM. Di y l cuc tr chuyn gia TTCN v TSKH
Phan Dng.
* Tha gio s, thanh nin th i xut khu lao ng, cn ng i Singapore xut khu
tri thc. Vy l ng t i hay ngi ta mi? V ai theo hc ng?
- Cui thng 3/2002, ng T.H. San, gim c Hc vin cng ngh thit k
(Design Technology Institute DTI) c gi cho ti mt l th lm quen. ng cho
1
ng Najib Razak lc l b trng B gio dc, hin nay l Th tng Malaysia
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227
bit trc y c c mt s bi bo khoa hc ca ti ng nc ngoi, khi ng

cn lm vic ti Cng ty Philips, thnh ph Eindhoven, H Lan. Nay, ng c c
lm gim c DTI Hc vin do i hc tng hp quc gia Singapore (National
University of Singapore NUS) v i hc tng hp k thut Eindhoven (TU/e), H
Lan lin kt thnh lp v t ti NUS. ng mun a mn hc phng php lun
sng to v i mi (PPLSTM) vo hc vin ca ng, sau m rng hn, a vo
x hi Singapore, k c cc cng ty, t chc, cc trng ph thng t cp tiu hc.
ng chnh thc mi ti sang Singapore ging dy v lm t vn di hn v
PPLSTM. Trc mt, ti nhn li sang Singapore hai tun trong thng 12/2002
dy chng trnh s cp PPLSTM, ngi hc l cc cn b ging dy v nghin
cu ca DTI. Trong s 23 hc vin chnh thc c 6 tin s (hai trong s h l ph
gio s), 12 thc s v 5 k s hoc c nhn. V chc v, c hai ngi l ph gim
c hc vin, su k s trng, mt ngi l hiu ph mt trng ph thng. V
quc tch, c 11 ngi Singapore, 6 ngi Trung Quc, 4 ngi Malaysia, 1 ngi
n v 1 ngi H Lan.
* Qua nhng ln ging dy PPLST nc ngoi, ng thy cc hc vin ca ng ln ny
ra sao?
- Cc hc vin ti dy nc ngoi cho n nay u l nhng ngi ang lm
vic. Ti rt khm phc tinh thn, thi v hnh ng ca h. Ln ny cng vy,
vic hc tp din ra rt tp trung v lin tc (h hu nh ngy no cng hc 6 gi).
th cn cc loi bi tp trn lp, trnh by trc lp, bi tp v nh v vit
bo co. Tm li, ti thy cc hc vin rt c tinh thn trch nhim v kht khao
kin thc.
* Cng l i xut khu, vy khi v ng c suy ngh g?
- Xut pht im ca Singapore rt thp v nhiu mt, mt hn o nh b, ni
di nht khong vi chc cy s, khng c cc ti nguyn thin nhin g, n nc
sinh hot cng phi nhp khu, dn s t li nhiu vn v sc tc, tn gio. Vy
m trong thi gian ngn h lm c c nhy k diu nh li ca cu Th tng
L Quang Diu "T th gii th ba sang th gii th nht". Ti cho rng h rt
thnh cng trong vic lun suy ngh v hnh ng hng ti nhng g hin i nht
trn th gii mt cch c chn lc.
* Vy Singapore hin ang hng ti ci g?
- Kinh t tri thc m sng to v i mi (creativity and innovation) l ng
lc. Th tng Goh Chok Tong tuyn b nh bin Singapore thnh mt t
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228
nc i mi (innovation nation). Khi sang Singapore, trao i vi cc ng nghip

v qua mt s bi bo, ti cm nhn c quyt tm cng nhng hnh ng chun
b rt khn trng v bi bn ca cc bn Singapore. Trong lc i ng, i ln ti
c bt gp xe but thay v sn trn thnh xe qung co loi, li sn khu hiu
"Keeping The Knowledge-Based Economy Moving" (tm dch: Gi cho kinh t da
trn tri thc vn ng). Ngay sau ngy dy u tin ca ti, ng ph gim c hc
vin c ngh ti ni nhanh hn v hi ti c cch g gim bt s gi hc m vn
t yu cu, ti tr li na a na tht: "Ti c phi ngi Anh, M hay c u m
c th ni nhanh hn c. Cc ng c th hc PPLSTM bng ting Vit i, c
theo kp c ti". ng y vn nhn ti v nghi ng. n khi ti ni chn tnh: "Dc
tc th bt t", by gi mi thi. Ni chung h rt st rut vi nhng mc tiu m
h ra vn ti nhng g hin i nht.
* Chng ta cng ni v kinh t tri thc m sng to v i mi l ng lc
- Ti ngh chng ta nh hng cng tt, ch c ci thc hin l cha nh v
bng h.
Nhn y ti xin k mt cu chuyn. Nm ngy u Singapore, ti tnh c
chung khch sn York vi thc s Nguyn Minh Hip, gim c th vin cao hc ca
trng ti, sang d Hi ngh quc t v p dng cng ngh cao vo cc hot ng
ca th vin. Lc rnh, hai anh em r nhau i chi v tt nhin phi vo hiu sch.
Hiu sch chng ti vo c tn l Kinokuniya, c gii thiu l hiu sch ln nht
ng Nam . ng l mt "rng sch". T "rng sch", chng ti n "vn sch"
vi dng ch ghi trn cc k "Sng to v i mi", c c man no l sch c
ta cha cm t trn. Gi sch ton c 20 la Singapore tr ln (1 la
Singapore khong 9.000 ng Vit Nam). Ti hi anh Hip trong th vin ca anh
c quyn sch no tng t v lnh vc ny khng, anh tr li l khng. Ti ngh
chc khng cn ni g thm.
* ng nhiu ln ngh vi cp trn v vic cn u t pht trin mn khoa hc
mi v sng to v i mi. Gn y c tn hiu lc quan g khng?
- Khng.
* Sp ti Trung tm ca ng c nhng k hoch hp tc quc t g?
- C hi xut khu PPLSTM khng phi l t. Hin nay chng ti phi cn i
nhiu mt v Vit Nam vn phi l ni hot ng chnh ca chng ti v ti mong
mi vn l nh th.
(Bo Tui Tr Ch Nht, ra ngy 12/1/2003)
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This is to certify that:

Has attended 42 hours of training in
Creativity and Innovation Methodologies based on

Enlarged TRIZ
Held during December 9th, 2002 December 20th, 2002
In Design Technology Institute Limited

TRIZ Trainer
(PhD, ScD, Center for Scientific and Technical Creativity(CSTC),
Vietnam National University HoChiMinh City)
Dr Phan Dung
(Mt trc)
TRIZ TRAINER:
Phan Dung(Ph.D., Sc.D.) was trained personally by Mr G. S. Atshuller, founder of TRIZ, at
the Public Institute of Inventive Creativity in Baku, Soviet Union(now CIS). He graduated
from the Institute with a diploma of number 32 in 1973. In 1977, with the encouragement of
Mr Atshuller and his experience in TRIZ, he created and taught the first TRIZ course under
the title Creativity Methodologies (CM) in Vietnam. In 1991, he founded the Center for
Scientific and Technical Creativity (CSTC) in the College of Natural Sciences, Vietnam
National University-HoChiMinh City. He is currently the founder-director of this center. He is
a world renowned researcher in the field of creativity and innovation and has published
extensively in books and journals in this area. Phan Dung was awarded the Award for
Successes in Research and Application of Science and Technologies by HoChiMinh City
Committee on Science and Technologies in 1993. He has also been invited to deliver
keynote speeches at well-known TRIZ Conferences such as TrizCon2001(The Third Annual
Atshuller Institute for TRIZ Studies Conference) where he shared the stage with Professor
Don Clausing of MIT.
Phan Dung has extensive experience in conducting the Basic and Intermediate Creativity
Methodologies (CM) courses (each course consisting of 60 hours). Till date, he has
conducted this course for more then 9,000 participants from very different backgrounds and
age group in different countries. These participants include high school and university
students, engineers, teachers, scientists, managers, lawyers, physicians, artists, sport
trainers, etc, with age ranging from 15 to 72 and education level ranging from year 9 to Ph.D.
(Mt sau)
Mu Giy chng nhn hon thnh kha hc do DTI thit k,
tin s khoa hc Phan Dng k cp cho cc hc vin
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230
i din nhm trnh by kt qu sau khi tho lun nhm
Lp PPLSTVM dy cho cc cn b qun l, ging dy v nghin cu ca

Hc vin cng ngh thit k (Design Technology Institute) ti Singapore
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232
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TRIZCON2000
Program & Abstracts

TRIZCON2000 Registration
TRIZCON2000 Hotel Information
SPONSORS:
Second Annual Altshuller Institute for TRIZ Studies

International Conference!
April 30th to May 2nd, 2000

Focus New Hampshire
Nashua, New Hampshire

Sheraton Tara Hotel
TRIZCON2000 Program & Abstracts
Technical Innovation
Center
SPECIAL KEYNOTE SPEAKERS:
Ideation International
Paul MacCready
Dean Kamen
AeroEnvironment
DEKA Research & Development
Ford Motor
Boston Museum of Science
The TRIZ Journal
Responsible Management
AeroVironment
Deka Research
Paul MacCready, CEO of Aero

Dean Kamen, CEO of Deka Research
Environment Inc., was recently
and Development, will be our second
selected by Time Magazine as "One keynote speaker. His reputation as an
of the 100 Most Important Persons of inventor is well known. He recently
the Twentieth Century," and by the
received the Engineering Man of the
Society of Mechanical Engineers as
Year Award and the Hoover Medal
"the Engineer of the Century." Paul is for Inventions that advance medical
widely known as the Father of
care worldwide. Attend Deans
Human-Powered Flight, a futurist, keynote address on Tuesday, May 2nd
and an inventor. He will release a
at 8:00 am and see him display the
major invention, currently clearing its
Independence IBOT wheelchair,
patent process, at his keynote address
developed for Johnson & Johnson,
on Monday, May 1st at 8:00 am. Be
that is so technologically advanced it
part of this momentous occasion!
is capable of climbing stairs.
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TRIZCON2001
TRIZCON2001 Conference Agenda
Program & Abstracts
Third Annual Altshuller Institute for TRIZ Studies

International Conference!
25-27 March 2001

Hilton Woodland Hills
6360 Canoga Avenue, Woodland Hills, California 91367
(Just 25 miles from Los Angeles Intl Airport or 18 miles from Burbank Airport)
SPECIAL KEYNOTE SPEAKERS:

This year we are honored to have two
incomparable keynote speakers:
Don Clausing
Don Clausing joined the M.I.T.
faculty in 1986 after working in
industry for three decades. He created
a new course, Total Quality
Development, which integrated basic
concurrent engineering, Taguchi
methods, QFD, Pugh concept
selection, technology readiness,
reusability, and effective management in a comprehensive
development process to achieve lower manufacturing cost,
higher quality, and shorter development times than are
currently standard in the United States. He has written
many papers and articles, given many seminars and
workshops on these subjects, and consulted with major
companies to improve their product development.
He also served from 1986 to 1989 on the M.I.T.
Commission on Industrial Productivity which analyzed
shortcomings in manufacturing industries in the United
States and recommended needed improvements, which
appeared as the book Made in America.
Phan Dung
Phan Dung was trained personally by
Mr. G.S. Altshuller at the Public
Institute of Inventive Creativity in
Baku. He graduated from the Institute
with a diploma of number 32 in 1973.
In 1977, with encouragement from
Mr. Altshuller and the experiences
based on his use of TRIZ, Phan Dung
created and taught the first TRIZ course under the title
Creativity Methodologies (CM) in Vietnam. In April
1991, after many successful courses for students and large
public audiences, the administration of Hochiminh City
University permitted him to establish the Center for
Scientific and Technical Creativity (CSTC) on condition
that the Center should function as a self-supporting
enterprise.
Dr. Phan has taught more than 7,000 participants of basic
and intermediate CM courses (each course consists of 60
hours), not including those who attended only shorter
workshops. His trainees included high school and
university students, workers, engineers, teachers, scientists,
managers, lawyers, physicians, pharmacists, artists, sport
trainers and so forth from all economic and social sectors.
Their ages range from 15 to 72, education level from year
9 to Ph.D.
More than 50 newspaper articles about the CSTCs
activities and successes of past participants were published
in Vietnam. Phan Dung was the recipient of the Award for
Successes in Research and Application of Sciences and
Technologies from Ho Chi Minh City Committee on
Sciences and Technologies in 1993.
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236
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237
t lu, trong cc Ngh quyt ca ng cng sn Vit Nam, phn ni v
gio dc v o to u nhn mnh bi dng, pht trin nng lc t duy sng

to, nng lc gii quyt vn cho ngi hc. Nhng ny cng c nhc i,
nhc li by ln trong cc iu 4, 24, 36 ca Lut gio dc cng b nm 1998. Trong
Ngh quyt Hi ngh Trung ng ln th su, kha IX, hp thng 7 nm 2002 cn c
hn mt cu tng cng gio dc t duy sng to. Nu gio dc hiu theo
ngha thng dng l hot ng dy v hc th tng cng gio dc t duy sng to
chnh l tng cng dy v hc t duy sng to. Tuy nhin nhng g lm c cn
qu t n ni, trong Bo co ca Chnh ph do Ph th tng Nguyn Tn Dng
trnh by trc Quc hi ngy 21 thng 10 nm 2003 c vit: iu lm x hi lo
lng l cht lng gio dc t ph thng n i hc nhn chung cn thp, cch dy
v hc nng v thuc lng, rt km tnh sng to (ngi vit nhn mnh). Hay
nh trong phin hp y ban thng v quc hi ngy 4 thng 3 nm 2004, Th
trng B gio dc v o to Nguyn Vn Vng c pht biu: B tng nhn
nhn ba hn ch, yu km ca nn gio dc hin nay: hc m cha hiu (hc vt), hc
cha i i vi hnh v hc m cha sng to (ngi vit nhn mnh).
T nm 2007, T chc s hu tr tu th gii (WIPO) thuc Lin hip quc cho
ra i Ch s i mi ton cu (Global Innovation Index). l ch s nh gi v
tr tu v thnh qu ca hot ng tr tu con ngi. Nm 2012, Vit Nam tt 25
hng so vi nm 2011 (t hng 51 xung hng 76 trong s 141 nc) v ch s i
mi ton cu. Nh vy, Vit Nam c cc vn v sng to v i mi trong c gio
dc-o to, khoa hc-cng ngh ln sn xut, kinh doanh.
Con ngi c cc nhu cu cn tha mn. Trong sut cuc i ca mnh, con
ngi gp hoc t ra cc vn m suy ngh gii quyt c chng, cc nhu cu
ca mnh mi c tha mn. Trn thc t, con ngi i hc lm g? Cu tr li
l: c c cc kin thc, phng php suy ngh gii quyt tt cc vn mnh
c trong sut cuc i. T y, chng ta c th thy, gio dc v o to phi trang
b cho ngi hc h thng cc kin thc, phng php suy ngh tin tin nht c
phm vi p dng rng gii quyt cc vn . Qu trnh suy ngh gii quyt vn
chnh l t duy sng to v h thng cc kin thc, phng php suy ngh gii
quyt vn chnh l PPLSTVM. Rt tic, gio dc v o to nc ta (hu nh)
khng dy t duy sng to, ni cch khc khng dy PPLSTVM.
Vi trch nhim cng dn, chng ti gi nhiu ti liu, gp g, trao i vi
nhiu v lnh o ng, Quc hi, Chnh ph, B gio dc v o to, B khoa hc
v cng ngh, Thnh ph H Ch Minh ngh cn ch s dng, u t v pht
trin sng to hc, PPLSTVM, nhm gii quyt thc trng hin nay ca t nc
238
Thay cho kt lun
v sng to v i mi. Rt tic nhng vic lm ca chng ti cha c quan chc

no ng lng ch , quan tm bng cc hnh ng vic lm c th. Sau y l vi
v d:
Ngun vn ln nht
L Khc Hn
Trong hai ngy 23/2/1998, Th tng Phan Vn Khi c cuc tip xc vi

i din cc nh doanh nghip cc tnh pha Nam ti dinh Thng Nht (Tp. H Ch
Minh). Cc phng tin thng tin i chng thng bo kh chi tit v nhiu kha
cnh ca cuc tip xc ny. c bit, c mt nh khoa hc c mi d v anh
cng c mt bi pht biu duy nht ca cc nh khoa hc trong cuc tip xc
ny c Th tng quan tm. Bo Gio dc v Thi i xin lc ghi bi ni ny
ca GS. TS. Phan Dng Gim c Trung tm Sng to Khoa hc-k thut thuc i
hc quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh.
Chng ti rt nht tr kin ca Th tng cho rng: ngun vn ln nht,
c th ni v tn, phi l ti tr kinh doanh ca i ng doanh nghip cng vi nng
lc sng to ca i ng cn b khoa hc - cng ngh nc nh (Trch pht biu ca
Th tng Phan Vn Khi ti Hi ngh m rng ln VI Hi ng trung ng Lin
hip cc Hi khoa hc v k thut Vit Nam).
Cc vn t ra tip theo l lm th no khai thc, s dng, pht huy ngun
vn ln nht mt cch tt nht trong tnh hnh hin nay?
Ngoi nhng cch lm truyn thng c, vi t cch nh khoa hc, ti xin
cung cp mt s thng tin cn t c bit n, v t c Vit Nam, y l,
hin nay trn th gii c hn mt b mn khoa hc v sng to (ting Anh gi l
Creatology). Ni cch khc, qu trnh t duy sng to ca con ngi c khoa hc
ha nh tm ra c cc quy lut ca sng to. Khoa hc sng to xy dng
c nhng phng php gip khc phc s tr tr ca t duy, gip pht hin, d
bo cc vn ny sinh, gip pht trin nhiu tng sng to gii quyt vn
v ra quyt nh mt cch nh hng, chnh xc, to ra s pht trin bn vng.
Cc phng php t duy sng to ny dy c v hc c tng t cc mn
hc truyn thng nh vn, ton, tin hc, qun tr kinh doanh Trn thc t, Trung
tm sng to khoa hc-k thut (TSK) ca chng ti thuc Trng i hc khoa hc
t nhin, i hc quc gia TpHCM thnh lp ra ph bin khoa hc sng to,
phng php lun sng to Vit Nam. Trong hn 20 nm qua, chng ti thc
hin c hn 100 kha hc cho gn 6000 ngi mi thnh phn x hi, kinh t
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239
Vit Nam v mt s quan chc B Gio dc Malaysia vi nhng kt qu thu c

rt thit thc v kh quan. Qu tht, cc kin phn hi ca cc cu hc vin cho
thy, mi ngi hc tm thy ngun vn ln nht ca chnh mnh v c
trang b h thng cc phng php, cc k nng t duy sng to mt cch khoa hc,
bi bn khai thc, s dng, pht huy ngun vn mt cch c hiu qu hn
nhiu so vi trc khi theo hc, trnh nhng m mm th v sai khng ng c.
Phng php lun sng to khng ch gip cho cc nh doanh nghip lm tng
sc cnh tranh, tng cc gi tr thng d nh cht xm m cn c ngha ln lao v
chun b ngun nhn lc ni ring v v gio dc o to ni chung. Mt s nc
trn th gii bt u ch khoa hc ny mc v m. Mn hc ny c dy
chnh kha nhiu trng i hc ca cc nc tin tin. M chnh thc o to c
nhn (BS) t nm 1974, thc s (MS) t nm 1975 v chuyn ngnh sng to v i
mi (Creativity and Innovation) v sau l mt s nc Ty u. Ti c c may
mn hc khoa hc ny ti Trng i hc sng to sng ch u tin ca Lin X v
tt nghip thuc kha u tin vo nm 1973. Nht, t chc Keidanren thnh lp
y ban c bit v bi dng ngun nhn lc sng to vo 02-1995. Venezuela c
B pht trin tr tu. H hun luyn c 106.000 gio vin dy t duy v a
thnh lut: mi hc sinh phi hc 2 gi 1 tun pht trin cc k nng t duy. Gn
chng ta, c Singapore vi chng trnh dy t duy sng to trong cc trng hc
mi c bt u. Cc phng php t duy sng to cn c a vo dy cho cc
nh lnh o, hoch nh chnh sch, cc nh qun l, cc nhn vin ca cc Cng
ty. V d. M c Trung tm lnh o sng to (Center for Creative Leadership)
chuyn m cc kha bi dng ngn ngy cho cc nh lnh o v qun l cc cp
bc, mt phn ba cc cng ty M thng xuyn t chc cc lp hun luyn cc
phng php t duy sng to cho nhn vin.
Theo mt s d bo khoa hc m chng ti c bit, ngi ta tin rng, sau
thi i tin hc (hay cn gi l ln sng vn minh th t sau nng nghip, cng
nghip v tin hc) l thi i sng to mang tnh qun chng rng ri nh vic s
dng cc phng php t duy sng to mt cch khoa hc, c dy v hc mt
cch i tr.
Theo thin ca chng ti, khoa hc sng to s gp phn gip chng ta tm
con ng tt pht trin, thc hin s nghip cng nghip ha v hin i
ha
(Bo Gio dc v Thi i, ra ngy 3/3/1998)
* Ch thch: Tham d Cuc gp mt ni trn c Th tng Phan Vn Khi, cc
240
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Ph th tng Nguyn Tn Dng, Ng Xun Lc cng nhiu B trng, Th trng

i din cho cc b, ngnh v i din cc doanh nghip Vit Nam. Trong gi gii lao
u tin, ti gp v trao cho Th tng Phan Vn Khi khong 5 kg ti liu v
PPLSTVM. Ti c ni: Xin Th tng dnh thi gian c nhng ti liu ny. Chng
ta l tu cng nghip ha, tin hc, nu khng ch chng ta s l tu tip thi i
sng to. Sau , ti c gi th cho Th tng nhng khng nhn c hi m.
Trung tm Sng to Khoa hck thut v hot ng khi dy tim nng

sng to ngi hc
PGS. TSKH. Phan Dng
Nu nh trc y, sng to c coi l huyn b mang tnh thin ph hay nh

may mn, ngu hng, xut thn th ngy nay, vi nhng pht hin mi, cc nh
nghin cu v ang dn dn khoa hc ha lnh vc sng to, ngha l lm cho
hot ng sng to c th em dy v hc c nh cc mn hc truyn thng
khc. Di cch nhn hin i, sng to l ngun ti nguyn c bn ca con ngi
(a fundamental human resource), ngun ti nguyn c bic m nh nh khoa hc
M G. Kozmetsky ni: Bn cng s dng n nhiu th bn cng c n nhiu hn.
khai thc bt k ti nguyn no cng cn c cc cng c thch hp. Mc d khoa
hc sng to (creatology) mi c ch pht trin mnh M, Nga, Anh khong
hai mi nm gn y nhng n to lp c h thng cc phng php, cc k
nng c th gip khai thc kh tt ti nguyn sng to ca c nhn, tp th v quc
gia.
Ti Hi ngh ln th hai Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng (kha III), ng ch
Tng b th Mi ch r: Nghin cu ng dng nhng phng thc v
phng php gio dc v o to mi tt c cc bc hc, sao cho gio dc khng
ch l truyn th kin thc m quan trng hn l phi khi dy tnh ch ng v
tim nng sng to to ln trong mi con ngi nhm pht trin ton din bn thn
v ng gp tt hn cho s pht trin ca t nc. Phng php lun sng to
(Creativity Methodologies) em li nhiu ch li cho qu trnh t duy, v vy vic
ph bin Phng php lun sng to Vit Nam l iu rt cn thit. Vi s gip
ca Ban Gim hiu, Ban Chp hnh on, kha hc u tin Phng php lun
sng to khoa hck thut c dy ngoi kha cho sinh vin i hc tng
hp Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1977. Nm 1991, sau mt s kha hc vi cc kt qu
kh quan, i hc tng hp Tp. H Ch Minh ng h v cho php thnh lp
Trung tm Sng to Khoa hck thut (TSK) trc thuc Trng. n nay, chng
ti m c 120 kha (bao gm trnh c bn, trung cp) vi khong 6000
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241
ngi mi thnh phn kinh t, x hi tham d. c bit phi k n kha hc 30

tit cho cc quan chc B gio dc Malaysia c thc hin ti Trng hun luyn
cn b lnh o v qun l gio dc quc gia Malaysia, m sau , h c mt on
cn b sang hc tip 90 tit na ti TSK. Cc kin phn hi ca cc hc vin cho
thy mn hc em li rt nhiu ch li: t thay i v mt nhn thc, lp trng
i vi sng to, tng tnh t tin, lc quan, tr thnh ngi suy ngh v gii quyt
vn tt hn, trnh nhng m mm th v sai khng ng c; n c c
nhng ci tin, sng kin c th trong cng vic, i sng hng ngy.
V nghin cu, chng ti cng b mt s cng trnh Anh, H Lan, Thi Lan,
Malaysia, Singapore trn cc tp ch hoc cc hi ngh khoa hc v chuyn ngnh
sng to. Cc hot ng ca TSK cng c gii thiu trong cc bn bo co ca cc
hip hi sng to ca Nga, M, Chu u. TSK c trao i thng tin khoa hc vi cc
ng nghip khong 20 nc trn th gii.
Theo mt s d bo khoa hc m chng ti c bit, ngi ta tin rng, sau
thi i tin hc (cn gi l ln sng vn minh th t) l thi i sng to mang tnh
qun chng rng ri nh s dng cc phng php t duy sng to mang tnh khoa
hc, c dy v hc mt cch i tr. Vi tinh thn trch nhim, TSK cung cp
nhiu thng tin v khoa hc sng to, phng php lun sng to n cc c quan,
cc cp lin quan, vi mong mun, khoa hc ny c quan tm mc v m c
c nhng cng vic chun b cn thit cho tng lai.
Thng ba va qua, TSK rt phn khi n GS. VS. ng Hu, y vin Trung
ng ng, Trng ban Khoa gio Trung ng n lm vic. Sau khi nghe TSK bo
co cc hot ng v cc kt qu t c, GS. VS. ng Hu cho rng, cn m
rng vic dy v hc sng to trong cc trng hc. Trc mt, Ban khoa gio
trung ng s t chc mt s seminar* dnh cho cc ng ch c trch nhim ca
mt s b nghe TSK trnh by tnh hnh khoa hc sng to trn th gii, cc hot
ng v lnh vc ny Vit Nam v cc kin ngh c th pht trin mn hc ny
nc ta.
Theo chng ti, khoa hc sng to s gp phn khng nh gip chng ta tm
con ng tt pht trin bn vng, thc hin thnh cng s nghip cng
nghip ha, hin i ha t nc v s nghip trng ngi.
(Tp ch Cng tc khoa gio, s 5 nm 1998)
* Cc seminar ny khng c t chc m ti khng bit l do.
Trong bui lm vic, ti trao cho GS. VS. ng Hu hn 5 kg ti liu v
PPLSTVM, nhng sau ny khng nhn c hi m.
Thay cho kt lun
242
Ngi vit (th nht t phi sang) ang trao i vi GS.VS. ng Hu, trng ban khoa gio
Trung ng ng (th hai t phi sang) ti Trung tm sng to khoa hc k thut (TSK)
Lp PPLSTVM dy cho cc quan chc v chuyn vin cc

V thuc B khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng
(nay l B khoa hc v cng ngh)
Thay cho kt lun
243
Th gi ng ch Nguyn Minh Hin, B trng B gio dc-o to
Ch thch: sau ny ti cng khng nhn c hi m t B trng Nguyn Minh Hin
244
Thay cho kt lun
Thay cho kt lun
245
246
Thay cho kt lun
Thay cho kt lun
247
Bo co v PPLSTVM ti Hi ng t vn ca B gio dc o to, ngy 8/1/2004
248
Thay cho kt lun
(4)
Ch thch: Sau khi nhn c cng vn trn y, ngi vit gi in thoi ra

H Ni hi cc n v chc nng c B trng B gio dc v o to giao
nhim v l nhng n v no chun b cng tc vi cc n v . Tin s Hong
Hoa Cng, chuyn vin V khoa hc-cng ngh tr li rng khng c php cho
ngi vit bit, v y l b mt ni b ca B. Do vy, cho n nay, ngi vit vn
khng bit cc n v chc nng l nhng n v no cng nhu cu trao i v
hp tc ca h.
Thay cho kt lun
249
Nh vit trong mc 1. M u, quyn sch Suy ngh v t duy ch l
quyn sch tng quan v t duy. Mun c kin thc tng i y v sng to
hc v PPLSTVM bn nn c b sch Sng to v i mi gm mi quyn
(xem cc quyn sch t [10] n [19] trong mc Cc ti liu tham kho chnh v
nn tm c thm, k c cc cng trnh ca tc gi cui sch ny). Tt hn na,
bn nn tham d cc kha hc PPLSTVM ti Trung tm Sng to Khoa hck
thut (TSK). Di y l cc a ch cn thit:
Trung tm Sng to Khoa hck thut (TSK), Trng i hc khoa hc t
nhin, i hc quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh.
Phng 31, lu 3, nh B,
227 Nguyn Vn C, Q.5, TpHCM
in thoi: (84.8) 38 301 743
Fax: (84.8) 38 350 096
Email: tsk@hcmus.edu.vn
Website: http://cstc.vn
Cui cng, chng ti mun ni thm v chi ph hc PPLSTVM. Gi hc ph cho
mt ngi, mt ngy i hc TRIZ ti cc nc pht trin trung bnh l 500 USD
(xem Ph lc 4). TSK o to c hn 22.000 ngi, mi ngi hc mt kha
trong 7,5 ngy. Tnh ra, nu hc nc ngoi, ngi Vit Nam phi tr
82.500.000 USD tin hc ph, cha k tin v my bay kh hi, tin n, tin th
hc Vit Nam vi gi hc ph ch bng khong mt phn trm gi th gii v tr
bng tin Vit Nam ch khng phi ngoi t. Hc Vit Nam bng ting m nn
ai cng hc c, khng cn phi gii ting Anh.
PH LC 1
251
Ph lc 1: Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller tiu s v

s nghip
Thy Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller sinh ngy
15.10.1926 ti Taskent, th nc Cng ha x vit
Uzbekistan thuc Lin X trc y. Sau gia nh
Thy chuyn sang sng Baku, th nc Cng ha
x vit Azerbaidgian. Nm 14 tui, khi cn l hc sinh
trung hc, Thy c trong tay vi Bng chng nhn tc
gi sng ch (patent). T nm 1946, Thy nung nu
nhng nh u tin xy dng mt l thuyt gip bt
k ngi bnh thng no cng c th lm cc sng ch
m sau ny Thy t tn l L thuyt gii cc bi ton
sng ch (TRIZ). Thy c mt thi gian phc v qun
i lm chuyn vin v patent thuc hm i Caspian (L Hi). Thy tt nghip i
hc cng nghip (sau i tn l i hc du m v ha hc). Thy v ngi bn ca
Thy l ng R. Shapiro cng nhau thc hin nhiu sng ch. Nm 1949, nhn tm
ra cng thc mt loi thuc n cc mnh, hai ngi vit th thng bo trc tip
cho lnh t Stalin vi mong mun gip qun i x-vit mt phng tin mnh
ch to v kh v ng thi a ra mt s kin ngh i vi hot ng sng to sng
ch Lin X. Do s hiu lm, hai ngi b vu co l c m mu nh bom Hng
trng v b x t 25 nm. Nm 1954, sau khi Stalin cht, hai ng c tr t do v
c khi phc li danh d. Tr v Baku, Thy Altshuller c mt thi gian lm nh
bo, trong khi vn theo ui cng vic nghin cu xy dng TRIZ. Cng trnh u
tin v TRIZ Thy v ng Shapiro cng b trn tp ch Cc vn tm l hc (s 6,
nm 1956) c nhan V tm l hc sng to sng ch. Trong bi bo ny, cc tc
gi ln u tin a ra mt cch tip cn mi mang tnh cch mng: sng to sng
ch lm thay i cc h thng k thut m cc h thng ny pht trin theo cc quy
lut khch quan nht nh, khng ph thuc ty tin vo tm l ch quan ca cc
nh sng ch. Do vy, ch c th nng cao nng sut v hiu qu qu trnh sng to
sng ch, khi nh sng ch nm vng cc quy lut pht trin khch quan v bit
iu khin tm l ch quan ca mnh theo chng.
Sau ny, ng R. Shapiro di c sang Israel, ch cn mnh Thy Altshuller tip tc
cc cng vic lin quan n TRIZ. Nm 1968 Thy Altshuller cng tc vi Hi ng
trung ng Hip hi ton lin bang cc nh sng ch v hp l ha Lin X (VOIR)
thnh lp Phng th nghim cc phng php sng ch (OLMI), nm 1971 Hc
252
PH LC 1
vin cng cng v sng to sng ch (Public Institute of Inventive Creativity). Thy
trc tip ging dy hai kha ti Trng ni trn: kha 1971-1973 v 1973-1975.
Sau , do bt ng quan im v khng chu c s quan liu ca cc quan chc
Hip hi, Thy chm dt s cng tc vi h. T , Thy ch yu truyn b TRIZ
thng qua cc kha do chnh Thy m, do cc ni mi v qua cc cun sch Thy
hoc Thy cng cc hc tr vit. n nhng nm 80, hng trm thnh ph Lin
X c cc Trng, Trung tm, Cu lc b hoc nhm ging dy TRIZ. Hip hi
TRIZ (TRIZ Association) c thnh lp nm 1989 v Tp ch TRIZ (Journal of
TRIZ) bng ting Nga ra i nm 1990. Phong tro TRIZ (TRIZ movement) hnh
thnh v pht trin lc u bn trong Lin X, sau lan ra cc nc x hi ch
ngha khc (TRIZ bt u dy Vit Nam t nm 1977) v phng Ty.
M du nhp TRIZ t nm 1991. H nhanh chng nhn thy y l Cng ngh
mi mang tnh cch mng c a vo nc M (TRIZ is a revolutionary new
technology being introduced in the United States) v tin rng iu ny s lm tng v
th cnh tranh ca nc M trong nn kinh t ton cu da trn kin thc ang xut
hin (in the belief that it will enhance our country's competitive position in the
emerging knowledge - based global economy). Kt qu, ch cha y 10 nm h i
hc TRIZ, li ko cc chuyn gia TRIZ ca Lin X, dch cc sch TRIZ t ting Nga
sang ting Anh, t xut bn tp ch TRIZ ring (TRIZ - Journal) t thng 11 nm
1996, thnh lp TRIZ Institute ( California), Altshuller Institute (
Massachussets), TRIZ University Hin nay kh nhiu cc cng ty ni ting s
dng TRIZ gii quyt cc vn ca mnh nh: 3M, General Motors, Ford, BMW,
Mobil Oil, Amoco Oil, Kodak, Motorola, Procter & Gamble, Intel, Siemens, Texas
Instruments, U.S. Air Force, NASA TRIZ cn c a vo cc trng i hc
M nh: Florida Atlantic University, Wayne State University, University of
Michigan, University of Connecticut, Massachussets Institute of Technology (MIT),
North Carolina State University, California Institute of Technology's Industrial
Relations Center, Nhiu nc khc nh Anh, c, Thy in, Ty Ban Nha, Israel,
Phn Lan, H Lan, Mexico, c, Php (du nhp TRIZ t nm 1996), Nht Bn (du
nhp TRIZ t nm 1997), Hn Quc cng ngy cng quan tm TRIZ nhiu hn. Cc
bn c iu kin vo Internet, c th s dng a ch cc trang web c c
nhiu thng tin hn v TRIZ trn th gii.
T nm 1986, mc d sc khe st gim r rt, cha k n nm 1991, tnh
hnh trt t, an ninh Baku (min Nam Lin X) tr nn ln xn, Thy v gia nh
phi chuyn nhiu ngn cy s ln thnh ph Petrozavodsk thuc nc Cng ha
t tr Karelia (min Bc Lin X). Thy Altshuller vn tip tc lm vic. Thy khng
PH LC 1
253
ch pht trin tip TRIZ m cn bc u t nn mng cho nhng l thuyt rng

hn: L thuyt tng qut v t duy mnh (vit tt theo ting Nga l OTSM) v L
thuyt pht trin nhn cch sng to (TRTL).
Thy Altshuller cn l nh vn vit truyn khoa hc vin tng vi truyn u
tin ng nm 1957. Nhiu ng nghip ca Thy trong lnh vc ny nhn nh:
cc truyn khoa hc vin tng ca Altshuller mang tnh tr tu cao, m c cc
tng bt ng, nhiu tng vt thi gian hng chc c khi hng trm nm v c
l v vy khng phi d c i vi nhng ngi ch mun c gii tr. Khi vit
truyn khoa hc vin tng hoc TRIZ cho thiu nin, nhi ng Thy thng ly
bt hiu l Altov.
Thy Altshuller mt lc 5g30 chiu (gi a phng) ngy 24.09.1998 ti
Petrozavodsk, Lin bang Nga v c an tng ti Ngha trang danh d ca nc
Cng ha Karelia lc 2 gi chiu ngy 29.09.1998. Di sn Thy li l hng trm
ngn hc tr (hiu theo ngha rng) trn khp th gii, hng chc quyn sch, hng
trm bi bo v TRIZ, OTSM, TRTL v hng trm truyn khoa hc vin tng. Thy
khng ch l nh sng ch xut sc, nh nghin cu mang tnh cch mng, t ph
mt lnh vc lu nay c coi l huyn b (lnh vc sng to), nh vn vit truyn
khoa hc vin tng vi mt phong cch c o, ngi t chc v dn dt phong
tro TRIZ m Thy cn l mt ngi sng gin d, ht sc chu o, ho hip vi
nhng ngi khc, sut i theo ui mc ch gip mi ngi trong nhn loi c
nhng cng c cn thit thc hin mt cch tt nht quyn m t nhin trao cho
mi ngi: quyn c sng to. Cc cng c Thy tm ra v li cho mi ngi
khng phi l t: 40 th thut (nguyn tc) c bn v Bng s dng chng khc
phc mu thun k thut, 76 chun, 11
bin i mu khc phc mu thun vt
l, phng php m hnh ha bi ton
bng nhng ngi t hon (MBN) v c
bit l ARIZ. Thy mt i li bit bao
thng tic cho nhng ngi hc Thy,
bit Thy trc tip hoc gin tip. n
nay c nhiu ngi ngh ly ngy
15.10 (ngy sinh ca Thy) lm Ngy ca
nhng ngi TRIZ, ly tn Thy t cho
Hip hi TRIZ quc t (International TRIZ
Association) v thnh lp Bo tng
Altshuller.
Bn c mun tm hiu thm v Thy

Altshuller xin xem trang web sau:
http://www.altshuller.ru ca The
Official G.S. Altshuller Foundation
PH LC 2
255
Ph lc 2: Ti c hc thy
Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller
Phan Dng
Cho n by gi v c sau ny, chc ti vn
ngh rng ti n vi TRIZ mt cch tt yu v
c hc Thy Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller
mt cch v cng may mn.
Tt yu hiu theo ngha, nu ti khng n
vi TRIZ nh xy ra vo nm 1971 th nht
nh s c ln ti bt gp TRIZ v i theo TRIZ
sut cuc i cn li ca mnh.
Ti nh hi nh, khi mnh lm iu g sai
(mc d ng c l tt hoc t ra t ti cho nh
vy), thng b ngi ln mng: Sao di th,
lm ci g cng phi ngh trc ch. Th tht,
ti thuc loi hay t i. Tuy khng ni ra mm
Thy Altshuller trn bc ging
nhng trong u th mun tr li: Trc khi lm th khng ai dy ngh c, ch ch

lm sai th mng v thy phi c gng hc c cch suy ngh.
Khi hc ph thng, cng nh cc bn khc, qua li thy c, qua cc quyn sch,
ti rt khm phc cc nh bc hc, sng ch, cc nh vn, nh th, v cng c m
t mnh c c ci g mi ng gp vi t nc, vi nhn loi. Trong u
ti ny sinh cu hi: Nhng ngi ngh nh th no m ra c nhng ci tuyt
vi nh vy? Ngay c khi gii bi tp chung trn lp, c nhng bi tp cc bn khc
gii rt nhanh, xung phong ln gii cho c lp, ti li thc mc: Cc bn ngh nh
th no m gii bi tp nhanh th?
Cc cu hi kiu ni trn cng ngy cng xut hin nhiu ln trong ti, n
mc, gn nh hng ngy. Ti em chng trao i vi bn b, hi ngi ln nhng
khng thy tha mn, cha k c khi chnh cc cu tr li li lm ny sinh thm cc
cu hi mi.
Khi hc cc quy lut trong cc mn l, ha, sinh ti li lin h: Cn trong suy
ngh c quy lut khng?, Ti sao khng thy dy ph thng hay phi hc ln cao
na?, Ti sao mnh khng t tm hiu cch ngh ca chnh mnh?
256
PH LC 2
Trong cc mn hc, u tin ti chn mn ton t kim tra xem mnh ngh
nh th no khi gii cc bi tp. Nhiu ln, sau khi gii xong mt bi ton, ti hi
tng li cc bc ngh ca mnh, c gng l gii mt cch lgch qu trnh suy
ngh, k c nhng bi ton m li gii bt ra tht bt ng, tng chng nh s may
mn gip . Khng phi tt c cc bi ton ti u l gii c mt cch lgch
nhng ln no thnh cng th thy rt phn khi. Bng cch t rt kinh nghim, ti
thy suy ngh ca mnh kh ln i cht, t thy t tin hn v yu thch gii bi
tp (khng ch ring mn ton) hn.
Nm 1967, ti c c i hc ngnh vt l thc nghim Lin X. Sau nm d
b hc ting Nga, ti vo hc ti i hc tng hp quc gia Azerbaigian, thnh ph
Baku. Ting Nga, cc hiu sch v cc th vin to thm iu kin cho ti i tm
cu tr li cho nhng cu hi lu nay vn c m nh mnh. C thi gian rnh ri, ti
i do cc hiu sch tm mua, vo cc th vin tm c cc ti liu ni v hoc lin
quan n t duy. Hiu bit ca ti tng ln r rt. Mt s ci c c ti p dng
cho suy ngh ca mnh v thy kt qu kh quan. Tuy nhin ti vn mun bit nhiu
hn na, c th v thit thc hn na.
Ti cho rng, thi quen tm kim cc sch v t duy sng to c chc chn
gip ti, trc sau g cng n vi TRIZ. V trong ci tt yu xy ra ci ngu
nhin may mn, khng g thay th c.
Nm 1971, ti ang hc nm th 4. Mt ln, thy dy mn L thuyt cht rn
n mun. Ti tranh th ngi tn dc vi my bn sinh vin Lin X ngi cnh.
Mi lm pht tri qua m thy vn cha n. Ti li em cc cu hi vn
thng trc trong u ra trao i. Anh Anrei cho ti bit Hip hi cc nh sng
ch v hp l ha Lin X va thnh lp Trng i hc sng to sng ch (Public
Institute of Inventive Creativity), dy cc phng php t duy sng to. Chnh anh
y ang theo hc thm v thy rt th v. Ging nh ngi kht gp nc
ung, ti lin nh Anrei sau bui hc Trng i hc tng hp dn ti theo xin
hc.
Chng ti i sm, n cho Thy v sau vi cu gii thiu ca Anrei, ti vi
vng x mt trng di nhng g chun b trc. Chng l ti c nhiu ci lo:
trng khai ging c mt thi gian m by gi mnh mi n, l ch ri
th sao, l mn ny khng cho ngi nc ngoi hc th sao, l Tm li l
nhng ni lo khng c nhn vo hc. Thy lng nghe chm ch khng ngt li v
chng d Thy ch ni ngn gn lm tiu tan lun nhng cu ti d nh s tr li
Thy, nu Thy hi. Thy ni: Nu anh yu thch t duy sng to, xin mi, anh c
PH LC 2
257
vo hc t nhin. Ti ngh rng nhng g hc y s gip ch cho anh v t nc

anh hng ca anh. C g kh khn chng ti s gip anh. Nghe thy th ti sng
bng ngi, tng chng nh chn khng cn chm t na. V t , mt cuc
i mi bt u.
l ln u tin ti gp Thy Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller. Ti c ngh rng
ngi dy sng to chc phi nhiu tui ( c nhiu kinh nghim sng to chia s
vi nhng ngi khc) nn kh ngc nhin khi gp Thy. Thy trng rt th thao,
rt thanh nin, c l do dng ngi cn i, nhanh nhn, cch n mc n gin (ti
hu nh cha bao gi thy Thy eo c vt, k c n by gi khi xem cc nh ca
Thy ng trong cc bo, tp ch v sch), cc c ch thoi mi, gn gi. Thy c
khun mt phc hu, i mt thng minh, m p, mi tc dy mu ht d sng, hi
qun, bng bnh. Phi ni l Thy kh p trai theo kiu truyn thng. Sau ny ti
mi bit, lc Thy 45 tui v c cc patent khi mi 14 tui.
Bng cch nhn thng tin theo ng khc, cng hc kha u (1971 1973)
vi ti cn c cc anh Nguyn Vn Chn, Nguyn Vn Thng; kha hai (1973
1975) c cc anh Dng Xun Bo, Thi B Cn v Nguyn Vn Th l nhng lu
hc sinh Vit Nam lc .
Trng i hc sng to sng
ch c thnh lp theo sng kin
ca Thy Altshuller v Thy cng
l ngi cu trc chng trnh, ni
dung ging dy. Trng c mc
ch o to cc nh sng ch
chuyn nghip, cc nh nghin
cu, ging dy phng php lun
sng to (PPLST) v cc nh t
Mt bui bo v lun n tt nghip ti Hc

vin cng cng sng to sng ch
chc hot ng sng to sng ch. Trng cn l ni th nghim cc kt qu

nghin cu mi v TRIZ v thng qua vic ging dy, p dng ca cc hc vin, c
nhng phn hi hon thin thm TRIZ. Thi gian hc l hai nm. Cc mn hc
chnh ca trng gm:
1. Phng php lun sng to (gm TRIZ l chnh v cc phng php ca
cc trng phi khc, k c ca phng Ty).
2. Mn hc pht trin tr tng tng sng to.
3. Tm l hc sng to.
PH LC 2
258
4. L thuyt h thng.
5. L thuyt thng tin.
6. iu khin hc.
7. L thuyt ra quyt nh.
8. Patent hc.
9. Cc phng php d bo.
10. Lch s pht trin khoa hc k thut.
Mn trit hc c xem l hc i hc nn khng a vo chng trnh.

Mt s mn hc kt thc bng lm bi kim tra theo kiu t khng t, mt
s mn phi thi ly im. Cui cng, tt nghip, mi hc vin phi lm lun n v
bo v trc Hi ng khoa hc ca trng. C hai loi ti lun n: 1) gii mt
bi ton thc t t mc c th nhn patent (lun n gm c t vit h s ng
k sng ch). 2) nghin cu nhm pht trin tip phn no trong PPLST.
Thy Altshuller trc tip dy hai mn u. y cng l hai mn nhiu gi nht
v phi lm bi tp trn lp cng nh nh nhiu nht. Cng hc, ti cng thm
tha li Thy Altshuller: V lu di, gii bi tp s cng quan trng hn l thuyt v
Hc suy ngh cng nh hc mn th thao, do vy, phi ch luyn tp tht nhiu
c c cc k nng v tc phong cn thit.
Nh ti ni trn, c hc trc tip Thy Altshuller l
iu may mn khng g c th thay th c. Vi thi gian tri
i, cm nhn ca ti v s may mn cng tng khi cng bit
thm nhiu thng tin v Thy.
Trc ht, y l may mn c hc tc phm (TRIZ) trc
tip t tc gi. Do vy, ngi hc khng s phi tip thu nhng
ci tam sao tht bn! By gi, khi vo Internet, theo di cc
hot ng v TRIZ trn th gii, ti thy hin tng hiu lch lc, dy lch lc v
TRIZ khng phi l qu him. Hc trc tip tc gi, ngi hc c th hi bt k ci
g lin quan n tc phm v c gii p tin cy, k c nhng chuyn hu
trng, bp nc cho ra i tc phm. Nu bn ch hc nhng thy l ngi
c trc hoc hc trc bn, bn s khng c s may mn .
Tuy nhin, y c chuyn, tc gi ca kin thc cha chc l ngi c kh
nng truyn t thng sut kin thc cho nhng ngi khc. Kin thc l thng
tin. thng tin truyn thng sut cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t ca chnh ngi
PH LC 2
259
pht nh x l, m ha thng tin, ca mi trng truyn tin, ca trnh ngi

nhn tin. V mt ny ti li c mt may mn na: Thy Altshuller l nh s phm
tuyt vi. Vi t cch l ngi hc, quan st Thy ti thy, ngn ng Thy s dng
rt trong sng, khng phc tp, khng tha v nh trng ch, gip ngi nghe
d hiu ng ngha cn phi hiu. Thy lun s dng cc hnh nh, hnh v minh
ha. Bi ging ca Thy cht ch, mang tnh thuyt phc cao, v c kh nhiu nhng
chi tit t. Bn th so snh, c hai ngi mi bn n mt mn n l. Mt ngi ch
ni gn ln: Mn ny ngon lm, bn n i. Ngi kia khng dng t ngon lm,
n i m i vo chi tit. n ni, nghe cha xong bn a nc ming v t bn
gp mt ming cho mnh. R rng bn b ngi th hai thuyt phc hn, thuyt
phc n ni thc y hnh ng ca bn. Thy cng rt linh ng trong vic ging
bi hoc tr li cc cu hi ty theo i tng l ai, trnh no. Thy c c kho
cc cch din t, cc v d v cc tnh hung in hnh ly t cc lnh vc khc
nhau cho nn Thy d dng to s tng hp cao nht vi ngi nghe. Cha k,
Thy c rt nhiu chuyn vui, giai thoi, chuyn tiu lm lin quan n sng to
nn khng bui hc no thiu vng ting ci trong lp. Nghe Thy ging bi,
nhiu lc ti c cm tng Thy khng ch trnh by TRIZ nh mt l thuyt m
c nghe mt cu chuyn v qu trnh nghin cu, xy dng l thuyt y. Vit n
y, ti lin tng n cu ni ca L.Tolxtoi: iu qu bu cn bit khng phi
l qu t trn m l lm th no i n kt lun y. Phi ni rng Thy
ht hn hu ht mi ngi trong lp. Thy l Thy gio - Ngh s. Thy l hin
thn ca ci p, ca s truyn ti ci p nht, ngi nht s sng to n vi
nhng ngi hc Thy. C th v Thy cn l nh vn vit truyn khoa hc vin
tng c nh gi cao ca Lin X.
Qua nhng cu Thy tr li cc thc mc ca ti trn lp, trong cc gi ra chi,
trong nhng ln n thm gia nh Thy ti nh ring v c bit trong thi gian
lm lun n tt nghip, bn thn ti cm thy mnh giu thm. Bi v, Thy khng
ch gii p nhng iu ti mun bit, mun hiu, m cn gi m v s pht trin
tip theo m thng ti khng nhn xa ti mc nh vy. ng thi ti cng tr nn
nghim khc vi chnh mnh hn. Chng l c nhng cu ti hi, sau khi tr li cn
k, Thy tng kt: Nhng g ti tr li anh c nm ngoi nhng g chng ta hc
u. nh mt Thy nhn ti nh mun ni thm: Anh c tim nng t tr li
cu hi ca chnh mnh kia m. Trc ht hy t mnh lm, mnh dn ln anh bn
tr. T , ti tp thi quen vn dng nhng g mnh hc t tr li cc cu
hi. Khng c, mi i hi Thy, hi ngi khc. iu ny gip ti tng tnh t tin
v sau ny l tnh c lp trong suy ngh, trong nghin cu khoa hc.
260
PH LC 2
Khi bc vo giai on lm lun n tt nghip, Thy Altshuller khuyn khch

chng ti t tm ti thit thc vi lnh vc c th ca tng hc vin. Bit chuyn
mn ca ti l vt l, Thy gi lm ti theo hng xy dng Ch dn s dng
cc hiu ng vt l trong sng to sng ch. Trong khi , ci m ti tm c, thm
ch p t lu li l ti Tnh tm l trong t duy sng to.
Nh ti ni phn u bi vit ny: khi cn hc ph thng ti nhiu ln
t tm hiu cch suy ngh ca chnh mnh khi gii cc bi ton trong trng hc. Ti
, c nhng bi ton mnh khng gii c. Khi bit li gii ti thy mnh khng
gii c khng phi v mnh thiu kin thc, thiu kh nng cn thit m dng
nh c mt lc no cn tr mnh s dng kin thc , kh nng v rt cay
c v ci lc y. Sau ny c cc sch tm l hc ti mi bit tn gi ca n: tnh
tm l. Chnh v nhiu n tnh tm l, bn thn li vp n kh nhiu, c nhiu
xc cm v n nn ti mun lm theo mnh hn l Thy. Ti phn vn: phi la
li ni vi Thy th no cho phi y (v Vit Nam ti lun c gio dc l phi
vng li thy, c). Cui cng, ti quyt nh ni tht vi Thy, bi v ti cng c
dy phi tht th, dng cm, c vy lng tm ti mi thanh thn, chng cn cong
queo lm g. Ti chun b tinh thn, nu Thy khng chu th nh vng li Thy
vy. Khi ni vi Thy, ti tng Thy s tip tc thuyt phc ti theo kin ca
Thy, ai d Thy ng ngay: Nu anh yu tnh tm l th xin mi, bt u ngay
i. ng thi Thy cng ch ra nhng kh khn m ti cn phi hnh dung trc
vt qua i vi nh vt l khi nhy sang lnh vc tm l.
Vit lun n c n u, ti a Thy xem n . C thi gian th Thy ngi
tho lun vi ti ngay, khng c th Thy cm v c ri hn gp. Thy gp tng
phn v lun t nhiu cu hi nh: V ny ngi ta lm c nhng g? ng
trong ti liu no? Anh c thc s c nguyn bn khng? Anh tm ht cc ngun
thng tin cha? Mc ch anh mun t c trong lun n l g? Ci g l ci mi
ca anh? Cc d liu anh a ra thuyt phc cha? Cn d liu no thuyt
phc hn na khng? Anh khng nh ci ny liu c qu sm khng? Cn cch gii
thch no khc khng? Cn cch xem xt no na khng? Liu anh c th xy dng
c cc cng c, t nht di dng li khuyn gip ngi ta khc phc tnh tm
l khng? ti ny cn c th pht trin tip v nhng hng no? Th tht, mi
bui lm vic vi Thy l mi bui m hi ht v ti hiu thm Thy l ngi
rt nghim khc trong cng vic nghin cu khoa hc. Chnh v c Thy rn cho,
nhng g hc c t Thy rt gip ch ti khi lm cc lun n tin s (Doctor of
Philosophy), c bit, tin s khoa hc (Doctor of Science) v quang hc cc cht
bn dn theo ngh nh nc c i o to. Ring v tnh tm l, sau ny, ti pht
PH LC 2
261
trin tip thnh tnh h thng bo co ti Hi ngh chu u v sng to v i

mi, ng ti H Lan v a vo gio trnh ging dy ca TSK.
Khi a Thy Altshuller xem li bn tho ln cui cng trc khi chnh thc
nh my v ng lun n thnh quyn, ti c ghi trn trang u: Ngi hng
dn: G.S. Altshuller. Thy nhn thy v ly bt gch b. Thy ti tr mt nhn Thy
ngc nhin, Thy ci v tr li: Anh t chn ti v t lm ch khng phi ti.
Anh phi t chu trch nhim. Cu ni ca Thy tht nhiu ngha. Bn c th hiu l
Thy nh gi lun n thuc loi xong, dnh tn mnh vo chng b tnh thm
im cho cc danh hiu hoc hc hm ca Thy, c khi cn mt uy tn. Bn c th
hiu l Thy trung thc v Thy cho l Thy ng vai tr phn bin, t vn hn l
hng dn, hn na Thy mun nng cao tinh thn t chu trch nhim, t to uy
tn khoa hc ca hc tr, khng da dm vo uy tn ca ngi khc. Vit n y
ti bt gic nh n chuyn tiu lm Th bo v lun n. Chuyn k rng, trong
lun n ca mnh th a ra nhng kt lun nh, th c th n tht c co, ch
si, thm ch c gu. Cui cng lun n vn c thng qua. n gin v thy ca
th l s t.
Nhn y, ti mun ni thm mt cht. Ti hc v lm vic Lin X trong mi
trng gio dc i hc v nghin cu khoa hc ba t, tng cng khong 12 nm.
Ti cc thy, cc nh khoa hc thng khng p t tng nghin cu cho
cc hc tr ca mnh. Cc thy sn sng tho lun, tranh lun vi cc hc tr c
nhng tng khc. Ngay c trng hp hc tr vn khng chu thy th thy cng
khng dng quyn uy ngn cm hc tr thc hin tng nghin cu ca hc
tr. Vi ngh vt l thc nghim ca ti, ti khong gn chc ln ng vi
cc thy nh vy. Tuy nhin, sau khi tranh lun, ln no cc thy cng bo, i loi
nh: Mu y, my y anh c thc hin cc th nghim theo anh i xem sao, bit
u Tuy nhin, cc thy khng khoan nhng v c yu cu rt cao i vi qu
trnh, cch thc thc hin tng, kim tra cc kt qu thu c, x l cc kt qu,
gii thch chng v d bo cc h qu c th c
Trong thi gian Thy Altshuller coi li ln cui cng lun n, ti va mng va
lo. Mng v va hon thnh mt cng vic yu thch. Lo v, theo yu cu, lun n
phi np di dng nh my, m tin thu nh my l c vn i vi hc bng
hng thng 60 rp ca ti. Ti d tnh ct bt mt s khon chi tiu.
Hm a li lun n, ng trong phong b ln cho ti, Thy ni: Anh v v nt
cc hnh cn thiu. Chc anh bo v lun n thnh cng. Thy bt tay ti ri ro
bc i. Sut ng v, ti vn cha hiu Thy: trong lun n a Thy, mnh
262
PH LC 2
v tt c cc hnh ri kia m, Thy bo v nt l sao? Bc vo phng k tc x,

cha kp ng ca, ti m ngay phong b ra xem: lun n ca ti c nh my
vi nhng ch trng c cha ra ti v hnh vo y. Ln gp sau, ti cm n
Thy. Thy cho bit: Tin th c th k ca Trng nh mt s vn bn, ti nh
nh lun. Thy khuyn ti nn t ng lun n thnh quyn, ng thu cho tn
tin v ch c gn 40 trang. Thy ni tin th ri lin sau chuyn sang chuyn
khc, nhng ti hiu y l s c gip v khng ch mt ln theo ci cch y.
iu ny chng t nhng g, chng ti - cc sinh vin Vit Nam - ni vi Thy vo
gi gii lao v khi n thm gia nh Thy tr li cc cu hi t m ca Thy v
cuc sng, hc tp, hc bng, n, , k tc x Thy u nh c v Thy s dng
hoc to ra nhng dp tin th gip chng ti. Qua cc li ni, cch ni v vic
lm ca Thy v v Thy (C Valentina Nikolaevna Zhuravliova) chng ti cm
nhn r s chm sc m p nh cha m i vi con ci. T dn d phi gi m nh
th no ng b cm lnh, nn n nhng mn g nhiu, cn i tham quan nhng
u n vic thng xuyn mi chng ti v nh Thy, C cho c khng kh gia
nh v bao gi cng vy, phi n vi gia nh Thy mt ba cm mi c v.
Tnh cm an i chng ti rt nhiu v trong sut 6 nm hc Lin X, chng ti
khng mt ln v php thm nh.
Sau khi bo v lun n tt nghip ca c hai trng (bui bo v ny cch bui
bo v kia mt tun), ti n cho gia nh Thy v nc. Ti ghi li a ch ca
mnh Vit Nam v ha vit th cho Thy, C. Thy ly ra mt tp dy cc t giy
nh my, a cho ti v ni: y l bn tho quyn sch s ra ca ti. Anh cm ly
mang v Vit Nam. Sau khi sch in chnh thc ti s gi thm theo ng bu in.
Ri gi b tht lc th t ra anh cng c bn tho. Cho chng ti gi li chc tt lnh
nht n gia nh anh. t nc anh nht nh s thng nht hon ton. Ti cng
ni thm l c kh nng mt thi gian ngn sau ti s quay li Lin X v c i
hc tng hp quc gia Azerbaigian ngh chuyn tip lm nghin cu sinh. Nhng
theo quy nh, trc ht ti phi v nc . Lc l u h nm 1973, Hip nh
Paris c k kt cch cha lu. Thy gi li ha, v bo m chc chn,
Thy gi qua nhng sinh vin Vit Nam v nc sau ti nhng ti liu cn thit.
Mi n cui nm 1982, sau bn ln ht i nghin cu sinh v nhng l do quan
liu khng ng c, qua c k thi tuyn kh mt mi v nhiu phng din, ti
tr li Lin X. Ln ny l i hc tng hp quc gia Leningrad (Saint Petersburg
ngy nay), cch Baku vi ngn cy s. Ngy 2.1.1983 Thy Altshuller tr li: Rt
mng nhn c th ca anh t Leningrad. Tht tuyt vi l anh ng Leningrad.
c cc trng TRIZ, nhiu ging vin v nhiu ngi nghin cu TRIZ. H s cho
PH LC 2
263
anh bit tnh hnh v gii thiu vi anh v thnh tu hin nay cng nh cc vn
ca TRIZ. Ti thng bo ngay y cc a ch ca mt s ngi Leningrad.
Tip theo, Thy lit k tn, h, a ch, s in thoi ca ba ngi:
V.M. Petrov(*), E. Zlotina(), V.V. Mitrofanov() v dn: Anh ni vi h rng ti gii
thiu anh gp h v hm nay ti s vit cho Zlotina bo trc iu . Thy vit
thm: Hm nay ti s gi theo ng bu in cho anh cc quyn sch 'Sng to
nh l khoa hc chnh xc', 'Nhng i cnh cho Ikar' v vn bn mi 'ARIZ-82B'. Ti
cng s vit cho nhng ngi Leningrad h cung cp thm cho anh cc ti liu
khc. V tp ch 'K thut v khoa hc'() th no ri? Anh kp t cho nm 1983
cha? K c cc s ca nhng nm trc? Anh nht nh phi c cc s t 1 n 9
nm 1981, t 3 n 5 v s 8 nm 1982.
Thy li nhc li li ngh ca hn 10 nm trc, c tnh n thch ca ti
khi lm lun n tt nghip Baku: Ti rt mun trong thi gian Lin X ln ny,
anh lm ci g lin quan n Ch dn s dng cc hiu ng vt l trong sng to
sng ch. Nu cn, tp ch ni trn s ng cc kt qu nghin cu ca anh. Cng c
th l cc cng trnh v tm l hc Chc mng anh nhn dp nm mi v chc anh
sc khe cng mi iu may mn Leningrad.
u thng 10 nm 1983, ti xung Baku vi mc ch thm li trng c, cc
thy c, bn hc v c bit gia nh Thy Altshuller. Ti lun nh n chuyn i
ny nh mt chuyn i cc k cm ng, th v v chc khng th lp li c ln
th hai v nhiu l do m cc bn c th on ra. Bn thn ti, sau 10 nm lm vic,
p dng TRIZ, lp gia nh, c con, va chm vi thc t, vi i, so vi hi sinh vin
gi dn hn nhiu. Gp Thy, C ln ny, cc cu chuyn trao i trong sut
ngy hm y i vo chiu su hn, cp c n nhng ti thuc loi t nh
theo quan nim ca thi k . Ti bit c nhiu hn v nhng thng trm ca
cuc i Thy cng nh nhng d bo ca Thy v TRIZ. Ti cng trnh by nhng
vic lm c Vit Nam v cc tng pht trin TRIZ ca mnh. Thy t ra
ht sc ng h, gp nhiu kin, kinh nghim qu bu ca chnh ngi tng tri
qua. Ch no khng ng vi ti, Thy ch ni: C th nh vy v anh r hn ti
V.M. Petrov u nhng nm 1990 di c sang Israel. Hin nay l ch tch Hip hi TRIZ - Israel
(Association TRIZ - Israel).
E. Zlotina u nhng nm 1990 di c sang Israel. Mt ngy 8.12.1998 v bnh ung th.
V.V. Mitrofanov lc l hiu trng i hc nhn dn sng to khoa hc - k thut Leningrad v
hin nay l Ch tch on ch tch Hip hi TRIZ quc t c tr s ng ti Saint Petersburg.
Tp ch "K thut v khoa hc" c thnh lp t nm 1894, ra hng thng, xut bn ti Mascva,
chuyn v khoa hc, k thut v sn xut. Thi k chnh quyn x vit, tp ch trc thuc Hi ng
lin bang cc hip hi khoa hc - k thut.
*
PH LC 2
264
trong chuyn . Thy tng ti thm cc ti liu v TRIZ v nhng vn lin quan
gm cc tp ch, sch, cc cng trnh nghin cu mi dng nh my.
Thy tin ti ra bn xe but, thy lng Thy bt u cng xung, dng i khng
cn nhanh nhn nh trc, ti thy thng Thy v hn v mong Thy lun mnh
khe, sng lu, tht lu.
Khc hn vi lc i, ch c chic ti du lch nh, ti bay v li Leningrad vi
hnh l, ngoi tiu chun min cc 20 kg cn phi np tin cc qu ti cng
khong chng k na, gm phn ln l qu tng ca cc thy, c, bn hc c ca
c hai Trng. Ring s ti liu Thy Altshuller cho ti cng phi hn 10 kg.
Nh Thy v cc ng
nghip TRIZ ti lun c
nhanh chng cp nht vi
nhng bc pht trin, nhng
nghin cu mi v TRIZ (gm c
nhng ci sau ny mi cng b
chnh thc di dng cc bi
bo hay sch). Ln gi cc th
Thy vit, ti gp li nhng
dng thng xuyn c trong cc
th ca Thy nh: Hy bo cho
ti bit ti liu ny ti liu kia
anh c cha ti gi cho
anh. Hoc l: Bu kin ti gi
cho anh hm nay gm nhng ti
liu sau.
C ln, khi ang Lin X
ln th ba lm lun n tin s
khoa hc, ti pht hin ra hai
quyn sch(*) trong bu kin
Thy gi. y l hai quyn cc
nh Thy Altshuller vi li mt sau:
Tng Phan Dng vi s knh trng

v cc li chc tt p nht.
G.S. Altshuller
31/10/1984
hc tr Thy vit v TRIZ v hot ng ging dy TRIZ c li tng Thy bng bt
l hai quyn sch:
1. V.V. Mitrofanov v T.A. Emeliantseva. "o to cc nh sng ch v hp l ha ti i hc nhn

dn sng to khoa hc - k thut". Leningrad, 1987.
2. G.I. Ivanov. " V hy bt u sng ch". Nh xut bn ng Xibiri, Irkutsk, 1987.
PH LC 2
265
mc ngay trang u tin. Ti gi in hi li Thy: Tha Thy, y l cc sch do

cc tc gi tng ring Thy, chc Thy b ln vo bu kin?. Nghe ting Thy ci:
Khng phi b ln u. Anh cn nhng sch hn ti. Thy ti im lng, Thy
on ti ang bn khon, lng tng nn ni thm: Anh ng lo, ti s ni vi h
rng ti tng li anh. Thi chng ta ni sang chuyn khc i
Cn y l bc th cui cng, ngy 2.2.1997 ca Thy: Ti nhn c th
ngy 6.1.1997 cng bo co v chuyn i dy Malaysia v cc nh chp ca anh.
Cm n anh.
Ti gi cho anh 'Bn tin' ca Hip hi TRIZ. Ti rt mun anh bit tt c cc
hot ng.
TRIZ bt u nhng bc di phng Ty. Ngi ta thnh lp cc Vin,
Trng, c gng dch cc ti liu v TRIZ. Quyn sch V nh sng ch xut hin
ngay y dch sang ting Anh ( M) in xong. Nhn c ti s gi cho anh. Hy
vit th thng xuyn hn cho ti. Chc mi iu tt lnh.
Ti bt: Anh nhn c hai cun sch 'Lm th no tr thnh thin ti' v
'Gc cng ph' cha?.
Ti mt lin lc vi Thy t , mc d c vit thm vi th na cho Thy. Ti
ngh l Thy li i a ch, nh c ln xy ra, khi gia nh Thy chuyn t Baku
ln sng thnh ph Petrozavodsk, nhng cng c th bit u Ti vi ln
rng mnh khi ngh tip n iu . Cui nm 1998, TSK c ni Internet, thng
qua cc websites v TRIZ ca M ti mi bit tin Thy mt ngy 24.9.1998 sau mt
thi gian di lm bnh nng.
Bit tin Thy mt, ti vi nh in chia bun vi gia nh Thy. Sau , c
th ni chuyn v n li nhng k nim v Thy nhiu hn, ti gi in thoi n
C Valentina Nhikolaevna v Thy. Trong bui ni chuyn y, ti c nghe C
nhc i, nhc li vi ln: Cc anh, nhng sinh vin Vit Nam l nhng ngi may
mn v c hc trc tip Genrikh Saulovich trong mt thi gian di. Nhiu ngi
lm vic trong lnh vc TRIZ khng may mn nh th u.
Trong thm tm, ti lun hiu rng, c hc,
lm vic trc tip v sau ny l trao i th t vi
Thy, ti c c c hi him hoi hon thin
chnh bn thn mnh. Nhiu ngi cho rng, mt
trong nhng cch hc hiu qu nht l bt chc
theo gng ngi khc mt cch t nguyn t
266
PH LC 2
nhin, xut pht t nhu cu, xc cm bn trong ca ngi hc. Bn th quan st

a tr hc ni trong gia nh chng hn. Lm g c lp hc, thi kha biu hay
thy, c chnh thc nh cch hiu thng thng. a b sng, chi a, giao tip
mt cch t nhin, khng thc v vic hc, vy m hc ni rt nhanh, tin b
tng ngy. Hoc nu bn c sng cng vi ngi lm bn knh trng, cm phc,
yu mn v ngi hn bn v nhiu phng din, bn s hc c rt nhiu t
ngi theo kiu ly nhim (hiu theo ngha tt p), mc d chnh ngi
khng c dy v bn cng khng c hc. Cch hc t nhin ny hiu qu ch,
nhng g bn hc c thc s tiu ha v tr thnh mu tht ca bn, tc phong
ca bn.
Hi tng li nhng g bit v Thy (mt cch trc tip, thng qua cc bn
TRIZ v hi k ca cc ng nghip khc), ti thng c ngh rng Thy va c
tht, va khng c tht. Thy c tht nh l mt ngi trn gian bng xng, bng
tht m ti c hc. V khng c tht nh l mt nhn vt huyn thoi bc ra t
trang sch vit v cc danh nhn. Chng l, ti c kh nhiu chuyn k v cuc
i ca cc danh nhn. Nhiu ngi trong s h b mi trng (hiu theo ngha
rng) cn ph, thm ch vi dp, nhng vi nhng n lc phi thng v kin tr
chn l cui cng h c c nhng ng gp ln vo s pht trin, c nhn
loi i i ghi nhn. c th c th, bit th nhng trc khi gp Thy Altshuller,
ti khng c may mn gp, hc v lm vic trc tip vi nhng ngi nh vy.
Cuc i Thy, c th ni, gp kh khn ngay t trong bng m. Cha, m
Thy quen v yu nhau khi cng lm vic ti Hng thng tn nc Cng ha
Azerbaigian (mt trong 15 nc Cng ha thuc Lin X trc y), Baku. Cha
Thy c mt i v nn khi xin ci, gia nh bn m Thy phn i quyt lit.
Cha, m Thy phi lnh sang thnh ph Tashkent, th nc Cng ha
Uzbekistan v sinh Thy ngy 15.10.1926. Nm 1928, gia nh Thy chuyn
li v sng v lm vic Baku trong s khng hi lng ca nhng ngi thn bn
gia nh m.
Cha, m Thy lm vic trong lnh vc bo ch, nh c rt nhiu sch gip
Thy c c s say m c sch ngay t khi cn nh. trng, Thy c hc
vi nhiu thy, c chuyn nghip, yu ngh v tn ty vi hc sinh. Nhng iu ny
gip Thy sm hng n nhng ci mi, khm ph v lm ra nhng ci mi. Thy
nhn c patent u tin khi cn l hc sinh ph thng.
Pht xt c tn cng Lin X nm 1941, khi Thy 15 tui. Tt nghip ph
thng, Thy gia nhp qun i v c phn v mt trung on b binh. T ,
PH LC 2
267
ngi ta c Thy i hc Trng khng qun. Hc xong (nm 1945) cng l lc

chin tranh kt thc, Thy xin chuyn v lm vic ti Ban patent thuc hm i
Caspian, ng Baku. Chnh ti y, s thch th cng vic sng ch t nh cng
vi yu cu cng vic: theo di thng tin patent, thm nh cc sng ch, gp kin
vo cc gii php ca cc nh sng ch Nm 1946, Thy bt u nung nu nh
xy dng l thuyt gii cc bi ton sng ch (TRIZ) gip ch cho mi ngi sng
to theo phng php khoa hc, thay cho mc ch ban u: lm sao bn thn
mnh nhn c nhiu patent.
Nm 1949, nhn tm ra cng thc mt loi thuc n cc mnh, Thy cng vi
bn l ng R. Shapiro vit th thng cho Stalin. Th vit trong na nm tri, di 30
trang. Ngoi vic trnh by tm tt sng ch ca mnh, trong th cn c nhiu kin
ngh ci cch h thng patent v cc hot ng sng to sng ch ca Lin X. Do s
hiu lm, hai ngi b vu co l c m mu nh bom Qung trng , b bt
nm 1950, b x t v lao ng kh sai 25 nm, y i vng bng gi Vorkuta khai
thc than. Trong thi gian tri, cha Thy mt. M Thy sau nhiu ln g ca, gi
n xin n x cho con mnh nhng khng c, t t vo nm 1953 v qu au
kh. Cng nm Stalin cht, ngi ta bt u xem xt li cc bn n. Nm 1954,
Thy v ng Shapiro c tr t do, c khi phc li danh d. Tr v Baku, Thy
phi i rt nhiu ch lm vic, v mun hay khng mun, k tng t vn l
k khng c hoan nghnh khi xin vic. Cui cng, Thy quyt nh lm ngh t
do: vit bo v sau l sch, sng nh vo tin nhun bt c thi gian c
lm cng vic yu thch ra t nm 1946. Nhiu ln, nhun bt khng sng,
Thy phi mang bn nhng quyn sch su tm t nhiu nm m Thy qu nh
con cho cc ca hng mua bn sch c.
Nhng kt qu nghin cu u tin, t nn mng cho TRIZ, Thy v ng
Shapiro cng b trn tp ch Cc vn tm l hc (s 6, nm 1956, trang 37
49). Sau ny, ng Shapiro di c sang Israel, ch cn mnh Thy Altshuller tip tc
cc cng vic lin quan n TRIZ. T nm 1958, Thy bt u ph bin TRIZ thng
qua cc seminar, trc ht Baku, sau l cc thnh ph khc nh Matscva,
onhetsk, Tambov, Ryazan Trn c s kt qu ca nhng seminar ny, sut 9
nm tri, t 1959 n ht 1967 Thy lin tc vit th cho Hi ng trung ng ca
Hip hi ton lin bang cc nh sng ch v hp l ha Lin X (vit tt theo ting
Nga l VOIR) vi nhiu kin ngh nhng khng nhn c phn ng tch cc no,
mc d nhng kin ngh thuc chc nng hot ng ca VOIR. Ch n nm
1968, ch tch Hi ng trung ng VOIR l Ivanov b bnh nng, th k Hi ng
V.N. Tiurin tm thi thay th, tnh hnh mi tr nn sng sa hn: Phng th
268
PH LC 2
nghim cc phng php sng ch (OLMI) c thnh lp nm 1968 v Hc

vin cng cng v sng to sng ch (AzOIIT) nm 1971 ti Baku. Nm 1972,
Sofonov ch tch mi c bu ca Hi ng trung ng VOIR li tip tc chnh
sch c, gy nhiu kh khn cho cc hot ng ca Thy Altshuller. nh cao ca s
cng thng xy ra vo nm 1974. Vin c Thy Altshuller c nhn mt s cn b
ca Trng nng cao trnh qun l trc thuc Hi ng b trng Ba Lan sang
Baku hc m khng thng qua Hi ng trung ng VOIR, Sofonov ra quyt nh
ng ca OLMI. phn i, Thy Altshuller rt khi AzOIIT.
T , cc hot ng nghin cu, ph bin TRIZ c thc hin hon ton da
trn s ham thch, say m ca nhng ngi t nguyn (theo kiu n cm nh vc
t v hng tng) di s dn dt ca Thy Altshuller m khng c s u t chnh
thc no ca nh nc, cc on th cng nh cc t chc x hi. Thy cng cc
hc tr ca mnh thc hin cc bui dy TRIZ theo kiu du mc t thnh ph ny
sang thnh ph khc ri tin ti thnh lp cc nhm, cc Trung tm, Trng t
nh trong cc Cu lc b, cc Nh vn ha n nhng nm 1980, hng trm
thnh ph ca Lin X c c nhng a im nh vy. T ch ch c mt mnh
Thy dy TRIZ vo nhng nm 1950, 3 ngi nm 1968 n hn 200 ngi
nm 1979. Tip l cc Hi ngh khoa hc chuyn v TRIZ c t chc vo cc
nm 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988 vi s lng ngi tham gia ngy cng ng.
Hip hi TRIZ (TRIZ Association) c thnh lp nm 1989 v Tp ch TRIZ
(Journal of TRIZ) nm 1990. S ln mnh ca phong tro TRIZ buc VOIR v y
ban nh nc v sng ch (GOSKOMIZOBRETENIE) nm 1988 ra quyt nh ng
h vic t chc h thng ging dy cc phng php sng to sng ch (mt vic
lm m theo Thy Altshuller chm mt 20 nm).
Cng vi vic chin tranh lnh kt thc, Lin X chuyn sang kinh t th
trng, s pht trin TRIZ gp nhng kh khn v thun li mi. Nh giao lu
gia ng v Ty thng sut hn trc, cc nc t bn pht trin pht hin ra
TRIZ v tin hnh du nhp TRIZ vo t nc h (xem thm bi Thy Genrikh
Saulovich Altshuller: tiu s v s nghip trong Ph lc 1). Ngy nay phong tro
TRIZ tr thnh phong tro quc t v thut ng TRIZ thut ng quc t. Tht v
cng ng tic, ng vo thi im bc ngot nh vy Thy Altshuller vnh
vin ra i ngy 24.09.1998 li bao thng tic. t ra, c mt iu an i, Thy
chng kin c a con TRIZ ca mnh c cng nhn phm vi quc t nh
th no.
C bt mi gt nn h
Tay khng dng ni c mi ngoan
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C th ni, Thy Altshuller lm nn s nghip rt mi t tay khng, trong

nhng iu kin ht sc kh khn. Th tng tng, Lin X trc y cha i
theo kinh t th trng. Nn kinh t ch c hai thnh phn: quc doanh v tp th,
c iu hnh theo kiu k hoch ha cng nhc, ch huy t trung ng. Cc
nghin cu khoa hc, k thut u tp trung ti cc vin, trng thuc nh nc.
Trong khi , Thy li l ngi chng c bin ch u c, chng ai cho kinh ph
hot ng v mun xin cng khng c ch xin. V khng thuc din bin ch,
mc d c nhiu nc mi Thy tham d v c bo co ti cc hi ngh khoa
hc quc t, theo lut Lin X lc , Thy khng c cp h chiu. Thi ci t
(perestroika), vic i nc ngoi tr nn d dng hn th sc khe ca Thy li
khng cho php. Cho n lc mt, Thy cha mt ln c xut ngoi, k c sang
cc nc x hi ch ngha b bn. Kh khn cn ln na, ngoi chuyn kinh ph,
khi Thy m ra mt hng nghin cu mi m bn thn mnh li khng c hc v
khoa hc ti thiu: Kandidat Nauk (Ph.D). Thy, di con mt ca phn ln nhng
nh khoa hc lm trong cc vin v trng, ch l ngi ngoi o, cha t
cch khoa hc pht biu v cc vn chuyn mn. Ngoi ra, cn nhiu nhng
phn bit i x t nh khc nh gc Do Thi ca Thy.
Suy ngh v s nghip ca Thy, ch quan ti cho rng, t nht, c nhng
nguyn nhn sau Thy kin tr hnh ng theo hng l tng m Thy tm ra:
Victor Hugo vit: C mt th mnh hn tt c cc o qun trn th gii.

l tng m thi i ca tng n (There is one thing stronger than all
the armies of the world. And that is an idea whose time has come).
Phi chng Thy thy trc thi i ca tng y nn Thy tr nn
mnh v ngy cng c nhiu ngi ng h, i theo Thy trong phm vi quc gia
v quc t. Sau ny, t nhng nm 1990 cng ngy, cng c nhiu nh nghin cu
ni v thi i sng to tip sau thi i tin hc.
Khng dng mc tng, Thy l ngi hnh ng, ngi thc hin
a tng vo cuc sng, tin ti i mi hon ton (full innovation) bng
chnh nhng lun im gii quyt vn do mnh tm ra nh h phi thay i t
nht, phi tin ti h l tng (t mnh ch khng lp h mi ngay), phi tn
dng cc ngun d tr c sn trong h, c bit cc ngun d tr khng mt tin,
phi tm v gii quyt mu thun ct li l nhng mu thun vt l, lun hng
n kt qu l tng cui cng gii hn nhng cng rt linh ng, khng cu
ton
Nhng hnh ng ca Thy xut pht v c thc y bi tnh cm ln:
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tnh yu nhn loi n tng ngi mt. Thy thng ni, i : Sng to c th v
cn phi khoa hc ha. Khoa hc sng to s l khoa hc chnh xc, c th dy v hc
c mi ngi bnh thng (k c cc b ni tr) c th sng to mt cch khoa
hc, c phng php. Nhng ngi bit Thy u khm phc sc lm vic ca
Thy. C ngi cho rng, Thy lm vic tng ng vi mt vin nghin cu.
Nhng sch v sng to v cc truyn khoa hc vin tng in ca Thy ch l
phn ni ca tng bng cng vic Thy lm. hnh dung sc lm vic ca Thy,
di y xin n c mt vic khng ln: Thy c v vit th. T nm 1974 n
1986, Thy cng tc vi bo S tht thiu nhi m chuyn mc Sng ch? Tht
phc tp! Tht n gin! nhm a TRIZ n vi th h tr. Sau nhng s u
tin pht hnh, Thy nhn c khong vi trm th phn hi. V sau, s lng
th tng dn v t mc 6 n 8 ngn l th gi n Thy cho mi s bo ra. Ring
s th Thy c lin quan n mt cng vic ny thi khong 220.000. lnh
o phong tro TRIZ, Thy phi vit t nht 20 l th mi ngy cho cc hc tr ca
mnh nhng thnh ph khc. Tnh cm ln, c l, cn gip Thy vt qua mi cn
ph mt cch bnh tnh v nhng ni au ring. Cha Thy mt, m Thy t t khi
Thy b giam trong tri t kh sai. Sau ny, nm 1985 con trai duy nht ca Thy,
Evghnhi (m chng ti thng gi thn mt l Ginhia, km ti khong 10 tui)
cht mt cch oan ung do sai st ca bnh vin khi m rut tha, li cho v
chng Thy a chu ni gi Yuna mi sinh.
Ngoi ra thnh cng, cn phi k n nhng may mn ca Thy nh Thy c
c Valentina Nhikolaevna, ngi v chung thy, ngi bn cng l tng s
chia, gip Thy v nhng ngi bn, nhng ngi hc tr, nhng ngi ng h
Thy Nhng may mn thuc v i thng, nhng khng phi ai cng c c.
Khng thy my lm nn. Mi chng ta u c v bit n nhng ngi thy
(hiu theo ngha rng) gip mnh nn ngi. Ti c nhiu thy, c nh th. Tuy
nhin, cng bng m ni, Thy Altshuller li trong ti nhng du n su m
nht. Ti may mn c hc Thy.
Cc bn c th hi: y l c hc cn hc c th sao? Ti xin tr li:
Ti ch mi hc c mt phn rt nh ca Thy Atlshuller. Nh nhng m ln i
vi ti v ci hc c t Thy thay i cuc i ti mt cch cn bn so vi khi
ti cha c may mn hc Thy
C Valentina Nhikolaevna Zhuravliova v Thy Altshuller t trn cng ti thnh ph Petrozavodsk, Lin
bang Nga ngy 12/3/2004, th 71 tui.
Sau khi Thy Altshuller mt nm 1998, C dnh ton b thi gian cn li ca cuc i mnh cho vic thu thp,
h thng ha li v xut bn cc t liu, ti liu v tc phm ca Thy Altshuller.
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Ph lc 3: In memory of Genrikh Saulovich

Altshuller
In my 18 years as a software engineer and manager at Bell Laboratories and
Motorola, I have been lucky to work on interesting benchmarking, process
improvement, technology transfer, and creativity-oriented initiatives. However,
none of these programs have uniquely changed my perspective on engineering and
creativity, and indeed, the world in general, as much as TRIZ. People who know me
now consider me as someone who views the world through "TRIZ-colored glasses."
Altshuller's work has changed my life. He was to the creativity and problem solving
domains what W. Edwards Deming was to the quality improvement domain.
Altshuller's impact will be felt for years to come. Coincidence that the middle name
we had already chosen for our baby boy, due in October, is Henry, the American
version of Genrich? I think not.
Maria B. Thompson, Motorola Intellectual Property Department, USA
The legacy Genrich Saulovich Altshuller leaves behind will long maintain its
importance. The understanding of innovation that he has imparted to mankind is
priceless and earns for him a place with the greatest thinkers of history. I am
indebted to his work as a student, inventor, and man.
Dr. Michael S. Slocum, The Inventioneering Company, Coeditor of the TRIZ
Journal published by the TRIZ Institute, USA
Altshuller was one of the greatest thinkers of the century. He was a very
determined person. He was determined to pave the way for a new way of thinking
regarding problems in innovation. It was a noble goal. Altshuller sacrificed many
great opportunities in his life that would have given him wealth. He preferred
TRIZ. Altshuller and his science were supported by his many enthusiastic
followers. TRIZ has changed the lives of many Alshuller's followers and TRIZ users.
TRIZ has helped them to be much more creative and improved effectiveness of
their work and results.
Zinovy Royzen, TRIZ Consulting, USA
I feel very sad to receive your e-mail. I had known Dr. Altshuller about fifteen
years ago in a Japanese magazine. And I found his TRIZ. I have great respect for his
theory and his practice. It is with deep sadness for me to lose Dr. Altshuller. His
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theory gives me theoretical hints to solve problems. Thank you Dr. Altshuller.
Hidemi Kitaguchi, Toshiba Techno Center, Inc., Japan
Altshuller had the capability to see the future. He began to develop the
methodology that he later named TRIZ, in 1940s. In 1980s TRIZ already existed,
and existed Altshuller school. But Altshuller already knew that this is not enough.
He already had begun to develop the Life Strategy of the Creative Person.
The capability to foresee the future. And not only skills to foresee, but also the
capability to fight for the future. That Altshuller showed and taught to us.
Kalevi Rantanen, TRIS OY, Finland
I never have met G.S. Altshuller, but his books changed my life. The effect of the
first Althuller's book that I read was like if anybody suddenly switched on light in
dark room and I could clear see the things which were hidden in darkness. Since
this moment my life was connected with TRIZ.
Gregory Frenklach, Israel
He dedicated his life to a cause that dramatically raised - and continues to raise
- the level of society. He initiated, and carried through, a revolution. He
accomplished this task with all the odds against him, at every turn in his career. In
this respect, he is the ultimate example of the "creative personality" that he studied
and introduced in his writings.
Genrich Altshuller has been "drawn up again" - forever to flower and decorate
the landscape of the present and of the future - in each of us, and in our children.
He resides in our minds, in our experiences, in our capabilities, and most
importantly, he will continue to reside in our hearts. May he have a safe journey.
James Kowalick, Renaissance Leadership Institute, the TRIZ University, USA
Dr. Altshuller was a giant. We are fortunate to have had such a leader among
us. Like a precious few others, he taught us that we need to do more with less. The
central theme of a "contradiction" being the answer rather than a cue to engage in
"trades" The discipline of a lifetime of bringing ideas to others is something that
speaks to what is best in mankind, a prayer for the future.
Dr. James Edward Charles, McMunigal, USA
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Since my first exposure to TRIZ in 1989, I have often contemplated the

amazing contributions of Genrich Altshuller and the global impact he has made
with TRIZ. Once again, like Einstein, a man who worked in a patent office has given
the world a beacon for breakthrough concepts. Eventually, as the world
comprehends and appreciates his legacy, he will receive the acclaim he so richly
deserves. Altshuller was to problem solving what Mozart was to music, what
Deming was to quality. Today, his passing is mourned, but the elegance of TRIZ
which he has bequeathed the world lives on. Mankind was truly blessed by his
genius.
Mr. Lee Petersen Melroe - Ingersoll Rand, USA
When I first heard about Mr. Altshullers discoveries, I was in disbelief. Since
then and for the past five years I have been a believer. My life has changed, my way
of thinking is altered and, most of all, knowing of Altshullers creation has become a
daily joy. TRIZ and Altshuller are a language that I communicate. They fill the air,
touching everyone.
Zion Bar-El President,
CEO and founder of Ideation International Inc., USA
An undescribable pain invade my entire body as I learn from Altshuller's
passing. I'm finishing my Ph.D. on TRIZ and Altshuller was a night and day
enlightenment for my research activities. Now, as his definition of ideality, he will
not exist physically but! I'm convinced his ideas and work will soon reach eternity.
My only contact with him was on the phone (with an interpreter and his wife
between us) about four month ago. I confess it was one of the most intense
moment of my professional life.
Denis CAVALLUCCI, President of the Association "TRIZ-France", FRANCE.
Genrich Altshuller did for us what Columbus did for the Europeans. He
discovered a New World where we feel as if we are the First Pioneers in America.
All the rest of our lives we will be among those who bless his memory.
Gafur and Inlik Zainiev, Ideation International Inc., USA
Genrich Saulovich Altshuller was a unique person. He was unique not just
because he developed an amazing science. He was unique because he never asked
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for anything in return. He never said, "Give me." He always said, "Take this."
In tribute to his memory and to his contribution to mankind, I promise to work

diligently to insure that the Altshuller Institute is a success. We will carry out the
mandate of making the Altshuller Institute for TRIZ Studies the recognized focal
point and standard bearer of technical creativity. We will strive to insure that TRIZ
is accepted as a science, and that Genrich Altshuller is globally recognized as its
founder.
Lev Shulyak, President of the Altshuller Institute, USA
With a deep sense of sorrow I have learnt of Genrich Altshuller's passing away.
I knew him only through the Triz website which I discovered recently. My heartfelt
condolences to his family.
Subash K Bijlani, Magnus Engineers Pvt Ltd, India
For Genrich Stretcher of Mind Shining Light
You - With creative genius, leadership, courage, generosity, patience, and
vision established a legacy for the ages We - humbly strive to stand on your
shoulders, and Celebrate your life with gratitude, revence, and great affection
Larry R. Smith, Ford Motor Company, USA
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Ph lc 4: Mt s thng tin v TRIZ, cc hi ngh v

TRIZ, cc lp dy v TRIZ trn th gii
WHAT IS TRIZ ?
TRIZ is Russian acronym meaning Theory of the Solution of Inventive
Problems. Genrikh Altshuller and his colleagues studied over 2 millions patents
and identified the body of principles and knowledge that define the process of
solving extremely difficult (i.e., inventive) problems. International research is now
enhancing and extending their findings.
TRIZ is a revolutionary new technology being introduced in the United States!
The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) was first introduced to the United States in 1991.
WHAT DOES TRIZ DO FOR BUSINESS?
It has become even more difficult to conceive, develop and field breakthrough
products and services consistently in todays global marketplace. The pace of
competition, the increasing demands of customers, and the explosion of knowledge
and technology all contribute to the need for innovative approaches. The
conceptual activity has to be faster than ever before, at a higher level of design
maturity, and within constrained budgets. Current research shows that TRIZ
accelerated idea generation for products, for services, and for quality improvement
by factors ranging from 70% to 300%
IS TRIZ PRACTICAL ? These practical organizations are now using TRIZ:
Jet Propulsion Laboratories
BMW
Ingersoll-Rand
Kodak
General Dynamics
TRW
Volvo-GM Heavy Trucks
Mc Donnell Douglas
EDS
Allied Signal
3M
Motorola
Mobil Oil
Procter & Gamble
Amoco Oil
U.S. Air Force
Ford
U.S. ARDEC
General Motors
U.S.P.S
BioFutures
Siemens
United Technologies
Intel
Delcor Interactives
Texas Instruments
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TRIZ Work RecognizedSamsung Award

By The Editors
The Advanced Institute of Technology of the Samsung Corporation has recognized the
work of Nikolay Shpakovsky with a very significant corporate award.
The savings of 120 billion won is the equivalent of US$ 91,200,000.

Nikolay described the TRIZ training being done at Samsung, for more than 2000
employees, at the ETRIA meeting and in his paper in the December 2001 TRIZ Journal.
Samsung has generously agreed to allow Nikolay and his colleagues to share their training
methods with the TRIZ community through a series of articles that will appear throughout
the year.
When the editors asked if we could publish the announcement of the award, Nikolay asked
if he could add the following note, about the people who contributed to all the TRIZ work
at Samsung:
This award was undoubtedly a pleasant surprise to me. I am happy to have made that
contribution to our TRIZ thriftbox, which is a weighty proof of the TRIZ efficiency. During
all my work I had to solve problems of different degree of complexity, to turn aside patents
and to forecast the evolution of technical systems. It is interesting enough that the
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simplest problems that arise in mass production generally turn out to be difficult to solve.
This is because there are certain limitations; it is necessary to remove a disadvantage
practically without changing anything in the production process. That is, it is necessary to
apply to the full extent the TRIZ approach according to which everything remains as it was,
but the disadvantage is removed.
I am certainly grateful to the management of Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology.
This is not only a natural feeling of gratitude for the award, but the expression of respect
for the far-seeing and forethoughtful people who discerned the possibility of getting high
profits by using TRIZ and provided for the efficient work of TRIZ specialists.
It is quite natural that such the appreciation of my work is the merit of our entire group
working for Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology. First of all I would like to thank
the TRIZ specialist from Sankt-Petersburg Vasily Leniashin, who has been my workfellow
for some years. I confirm with great pleasure his active participation in solving many of
the problems and I am grateful to him for efficient cooperation. In addition to problem
solving we actively work on perfecting the TRIZ methodology in order to tie it up to the
full extent to the process of solving real production problems (see our article published in
your journal http://www.trizjournal. com/archives/2002/01/f/index.htm).
I also think it appropriate to recognize the great personal contribution of Nikolay
Khomenko who was the first to start teaching TRIZ to Korean specialists and who
continues this work today. It is necessary to make mention of Dmitry Kucheryavy, why
developed and confirmed this first success by practical consulting work for LG. I also
express my gratitude to other TRIZ specialists who successfully work today here, in
Suwon. They are, first of all, Peter Chuksin and Alexander Skuratovich from Minsk, Valery
Chernyak from Sankt-Petersburg and many other Russian and Korean specialists working
mainly for LG and SAMSUNG. This is just owing to their work that the atmosphere of
cooperation in the development of TRIZ methodology was created here and the Korean
Group of TRIZ study was formed with the professor of Korean Polytechnic University
Young-Il Kim at its head. The group unites over 120 representatives of production
companies, research institutes and universities from different regions of Korea.
Picture: Nikolay Shpakovsky receiving the award:
(from
, May 2002)
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Ph lc 5: V cc biu tng v bi ht Sng to ca

A. Biu tng TRIZARIZ c xut x t huy hiu dnh cho cc hc vin Trng
sng to sng ch (Public Institute of Inventive Creativity) Lin X, ni thy Dng
theo hc kha u tin PPLST t nm 1971 n 1973.
Huy hiu c nn mu xm bc tng trng cho cht
xm. Trn huy hiu c v mt ngi ci ti ch tay vo
u mnh v pha trn u ngi c nhiu tia sng
ang ta ra. Pha di c dng ch ARIZ. Sau ny, khi lm
quyn sch t gii thiu, TSK thm vo dng ch TRIZ
cho y hn.
Biu tng trn c ngha: phi lm vic bng ci u
v khi ci u lm bng TRIZ, ARIZ th Eureka ! (Tm ra
ri !) s n vi nng sut v hiu qu cao hn nhiu so
vi phng php t nhin th v sai. Rt tic, thy Dng
khng bit ai l tc gi ca huy hiu ni trn.
B. Biu tng bn tri l biu tng ca TSK (c trn
Giy chng nhn hon thnh kha hc ca cc cu hc
vin PPLST). Biu tng ra i nm 1992. Thy Dng l
tc gi ca cc tng chnh v bn phc tho. Ngi
thc hin v l anh Nguyn H Bc, hc vin kha 26 s
cp, lc ang l sinh vin i hc Kin trc TPHCM.
Nhn ln biu tng cc bn thy hnh u ngi nhn nghing, ngn la hnh
bp sen n, qu to sng to ca Newton, hng ch T duy sng to Creative
Thinking v tn vit tt ca Trung tm Sng to Khoa hc k thut bng ting
Vit (TSK) v ting Anh CSTC (Center for Scientific & Technical Creativity).
Dng ch T duy sng to - Creative Thinking v qu to to thnh du hi
( ? ). Trc ht, du hi tng trng cho chui cc vn cn gii quyt, quyt
nh cn phi ra trong cuc i ca mi con ngi. Du hi cng th hin cc
nghch l lin quan n t duy sng to hin nay nh:
Rt quan trng Khng c ch xng ng
Ch bn trong t Ch bn ngoi nhiu
Rt thng minh t c kt qu sng to

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Mun b c khng b r st, gi mi tnh t m khoa hc, cn t cc cu hi

tm cc cu tr li. Bng cch ny chng ta cng lm tng tnh nhy bn ca t duy.
Du hi cn c ngha: bit t cu hi ng s lm cho vn gp phi tr nn d
gii quyt hn. Mendeleev c ni: t cu hi ng c ngha gii quyt c mt
na vn . Trn thc t, ARIZ chnh l chng trnh cc cu hi hp quy lut,
gip ngi gii c c t duy nh hng, trnh m mm th v sai v c c
mc sng to cao trong gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh. y cn ch : sng
to khng phi v sng to m v vn cui cng c gii quyt xong (i mi
hon ton - complete innovation).
Trn biu tng, bn trong u ngi c b no. B no ca chng ta ch thc
s t duy khi gp vn . C hai loi vn : pht hin h v thay i h. Do vy, b
no ca chng ta, t ra, c hai chc nng rt quan trng:
Nhn thc th gii (pht minh). iu ny c th hin thnh ng mi
tn pha trn i t mt vo trong. Lu : con ngi thu nhn thng tin t bn ngoi
thng qua nm gic quan nhng ch ring th gic tip nhn ti hn 90 % lng
thng tin . Cha k, th gic c kh nng tip nhn trong mt n v thi gian
lng thng tin ln hn v x l chng nhanh hn rt nhiu ln so vi bn gic
quan cn li. Khng phi ngu nhin y c li khuyn: cn s dng hnh nh,
hnh v t duy (visual thinking).
a ra cc tng v gii php bin i th gii (sng ch). iu ny
c th hin thnh ng mi tn bn di i t trong ra ngoi.
Th gii c th hin di dng qu a cu mu xanh l cy vi cc v tuyn
v kinh tuyn.
Hai mi tn ni trn m ly qu a cu, nu gp li, chng ta c quan h phn
hi (feedback) trong iu khin hc (Cybernetics). iu ny nhn mnh : v lu
di phi tin ti iu khin c t duy sng to hay ni rng hn, iu khin
c c s pht trin bn vng ni chung. V, sng to to ra s pht trin v trong
bt k s pht trin no u c th tm ra s sng to (tnh mi v tnh ch li ng
thi). iu khin ni y phi da trn cc quy lut bn trong v bn ngoi con
ngi ch khng phi duy ch.
TRIZ c c s trit hc l ch ngha duy vt bin chng. Vic nhn thc v bin
i th gii da trn php bin chng c th hin bng hnh m dng ly t
Kinh dch (bin chng phng ng). Trong vng trn - tng trng cho s thng
nht - c hai mt i lp: trng v en. Nu ta i trong phn trng, cng ln pha
trn trng cng nhiu (thay i v lng). Qu mt "mc" no trng chuyn ha
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thnh chm en (thay i v cht). Tng t nh vy i vi phn en nu ta i t

trn xung. Nu suy rng ra ta cn c th thy s ph nh ca ph nh.
Ngn la c nhiu ngha:
Th nht
l ngn la ca thn Promthe cho loi ngi, ngn la tr tu

m cc loi vt khc khng c.
Th hai
nhn theo quan im dy hc, c danh nhn nhn xt: B c ca

ngi hc khng phi l ci bnh thy c y kin thc m l b
uc, thy c cn chm la n chy sng. Ni cch khc, cn pht
huy tim nng sng to c sn ca mi ngi.
Th ba
ngn la tng trng cho s nhit tnh, say m (chc cc bn cn

nh hiu n mc 5 km theo xc cm, ngi ta mi hnh ng).
Th t
ngn la soi sng qung ng trc mt tng trng cho vic phi
thy, phi tng tng c mn hnh tng lai. Trong c :
ng to ra cc vn cho tng lai, bi quyt nh ca ngy hm
nay vi phm yu cu li gii tt i vi khng gian h thng
(systems space).
Th nm
ngn la tng trng cho s rn luyn tri qua la , nc lnh v

ng ng: vt qua c cc kh khn th thch.
Qu to Newton khng ch l qu to sng to. Nu

xt v hnh dng, v tr v mu sc th n cn l tri tim
mang "tnh cm cao thng". Nhn y xin ghi li cu ni
ca Secnsepxki, c treo trang trng trong lp hc ca
chng ta: tr thnh mt ngi c hc thc hiu theo
ngha y ca t ny, cn c ba phm cht: kin thc
rng, bit t duy v tnh cm cao thng. t kin thc l
ngi dt, khng bit t duy l ngi n, khng c tnh
cm cao thng l ngi xu.
Khun mt ngi nhn nghing theo hng trn bn l nhn sang phng
Ty v nc ta phng ng: chng ta i din, i thoi, i tc vi phng
Ty.
Khi cc bn s dng nhun nhuyn PPLST, cc bn s "siu thot" v sng to,
hiu theo ngha, cc bn s sng to mt cch t nhin mang tnh cht thng ngy
m khng cn nh n PPLST na. T "siu thot" thng dng ch thn thnh,
m thn thnh do ngi siu thot m thnh, th va l ngi va khng phi l
ngi. din t cch gii quyt mu thun vt l (ML) ny, cc bn hy : trn
hnh v khng c nt v u ngi nhng cc bn vn thy u ngi do ngn la
PH LC 5
292
v dng ch T duy sng to - Creative Thinking to nn. iu ny nhc nh

chng ta ch s dng PPLST thng xuyn v cuc i l chui cc vn cn
gii quyt, chui cc quyt nh cn phi ra, nhm n ch "siu thot".
Biu tng TSK s dng ba mu: xanh l cy, v xanh da tri. Mu xanh l
cy tng trng cho s sng, sc sng, s sng to. Tri t ca chng ta phi lun
gi mi mu xanh, khng b hy hoi bi nhim mi trng. Mu tng trng
cho nhng tnh cm p. Mu xanh da tri tng trng cho hy vng. Hy vng mi
vn t c nhn cho n nhn loi c gii quyt tt p mang li s pht
trin bn vng. Hy vng PPLST ni ring v Khoa hc sng to (Creatology) ni
chung ngy cng c ch Vit Nam v trn th gii
Tnh Vit Nam (phng ng) c th hin di dng du m dng, bp
sen v nhn sang pha Ty.
To ra biu tng ny, TSK mong mun cc anh (ch) hc vin nhn biu tng
v nh n mt s ca mn hc PPLST v anh (ch) no t nh li c ht
mn hc th TSK cng hoan nghnh.
BI HT TP TH (SNG TO CA) CA CC HC VIN PPLST
(Nhc theo iu dn ca Bc kim thang, li Khnh Nhi)
Pops
N.C.
T RIZ Pht m ca t TRIZ.

Ngoi ra, nhng t trong ngoc kp vi nhn mnh l nhng t lin quan n mn hc ca chng ta.
TI LIU THAM KHO
293
CC TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH V NN TM C

THM, K C CC CNG TRNH CA TC GI
TING VIT:
[1] Nguyn Chn, Dng Xun Bo, Phan Dng. Algrt sng ch. Nh xut bn khoa hc
k thut. H Ni. 1983.
[2] Phan Dng. Lm th no sng to: Khoa hc sng to t gii thiu. y ban khoa
hc v k thut TpHCM. 1990.
[3] Phan Dng. Phng php lun sng to khoa hc k thut. y ban khoa hc v k
thut TpHCM. 1991.
[4] Phan Dng. S tay sng to: Cc th thut (nguyn tc) c bn. y ban khoa hc v k
thut TpHCM. 1992.
[5] Phan Dng. Nghin cu ging dy v p dng phng php lun sng to vo hot
ng s hu cng nghip. Bo co nghim thu ti nghin cu cp thnh ph. y
ban khoa hc v k thut TpHCM. 1992.
[6] Phan Dng. Hiu qu kinh t ca i mi cng ngh: Nhn t nhng quy lut bn trong
ca chnh qu trnh i mi. Bo co nghim thu ti nhnh ca ti nghin cu
cp b. B khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng. H Ni. 1993.
[7] Phan Dng. H thng cc chun gii cc bi ton sng ch. Trung tm sng to KHKT.
TpHCM. 1993.
[8] Phan Dng. Gio trnh s cp tm tt: Phng php lun sng to khoa hc k thut
gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh. Trung tm sng to KHKT. TpHCM. 1994.
[9] Phan Dng. Gio trnh trung cp tm tt: Phng php lun sng to khoa hc k
thut gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh. Trung tm sng to KHKT. TpHCM. 1994.
[10] Phan Dng. Gii thiu: Phng php lun sng to v i mi (quyn mt ca b sch
Sng to v i mi). Trung tm Sng to KHKT (TSK). TpHCM. 2004. Nh xut bn
Tr, TpHCM, 2010. Nh xut bn i hc quc gia TpHCM, 2012.
[11] Phan Dng. Th gii bn trong con ngi sng to (quyn hai ca b sch Sng to
v i mi). Trung tm Sng to KHKT (TSK). TpHCM. 2005. Nh xut bn Tr,
TpHCM, 2010. Nh xut bn i hc quc gia TpHCM, 2012.
[12] Phan Dng. T duy lgch, bin chng v h thng (quyn ba ca b sch Sng to v
i mi). Trung tm Sng to KHKT (TSK). TpHCM. 2006. Nh xut bn Tr, TpHCM,
2010. Nh xut bn i hc quc gia TpHCM, 2012.
[13] Phan Dng. Cc th thut (nguyn tc) sng to c bn: Phn 1 (quyn bn ca b
sch Sng to v i mi). Trung tm Sng to KHKT (TSK). TpHCM. 2007. Nh
xut bn Tr, TpHCM, 2010. Nh xut bn i hc quc gia TpHCM, 2012.
[14] Phan Dng. Cc th thut (nguyn tc) sng to c bn: Phn 2 (quyn nm ca b
xut bn Tr, TpHCM, 2010. Nh xut bn i hc quc gia TpHCM, 2012.
[15] Phan Dng. Cc phng php sng to (quyn su ca b sch Sng to v i mi).
Trung tm Sng to KHKT (TSK). TpHCM. 2008. Nh xut bn Tr, TpHCM, 2010.
Nh xut bn i hc quc gia TpHCM, 2012.
294
TI LIU THAM KHO
[16] Phan Dng. Cc quy lut pht trin h thng (cc quy lut sng to v i mi) (quyn
by ca b sch Sng to v i mi). Trung tm Sng to KHKT (TSK). TpHCM.
2009. Nh xut bn Tr, TpHCM, 2010. Nh xut bn i hc quc gia TpHCM, 2012.
[17] Phan Dng. H thng cc chun dng gii cc bi ton sng ch (quyn tm ca b
xut bn i hc quc gia TpHCM, 2012.
[18] Phan Dng. Algrit gii cc bi ton sng ch (ARIZ) (quyn chn ca b sch Sng
to v i mi). Trung tm Sng to KHKT (TSK). TpHCM. 2011. Nh xut bn i
hc quc gia TpHCM, 2012.
[19] Phan Dng. Phng php lun sng to v i mi: Nhng iu mun ni thm
(quyn mi ca b sch Sng to v i mi). Trung tm Sng to KHKT (TSK).
TpHCM. 2011. Nh xut bn i hc quc gia TpHCM, 2012.
[20] Phan Dng. c tht nhiu hnh ng tt trong x hi. Trung tm Sng to KHKT
(TSK). TpHCM. 2012.
TING ANH:
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Simon and Schuster. 1991.
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Problems (translated by Anthony Williams). Gordon & Breach Science Publishers.
1984.
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Lev Shulyak and Steven Rodman). Technical Innovation Center. 1998.
Altshuller G.S. The Innovation Algorithm: TRIZ, the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving
(translated by Lev Shulyak and Steven Rodman). Technical Innovation Center. 1998.
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Butterworth Heinemann. 1997.
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Maximum Results. AMACOM. 2002.
Bransford J.D., Stein B.S. The Ideal Problem Solver. New York: W.H. Freeman. 1993.
Buzan T. Use Your Head. BBC Books. 1996.
Carnegie D. How to Win Friends and Influence People. CEDAR. 1995.
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Carr C. The Competitive Power of Constant Creativity: Making All Day, Every Day Creativity
TI LIU THAM KHO
295
Your Organizations Secret Weapon. AMACOM. 1994.

Chance P. Thinking in the Classroom: A Survey of Programs. Teachers College Press. 1986.
Chell E. Entrepreneurship: Globalization, Innovation and Development. Thomson Learning.
2001.
Couger J.D. Creativity and Innovation in Information Systems Organizations. Boyd and
Fraser Publishing Company. 1996.
De Bono E. Lateral Thinking for Management. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1971.
De Bono E. Six Thinking Hats. Penguin Books. 1985.
De Cock C. Letter from Spain: Salsa and Creativity. Creativity and Innovation Management.
V. 3, No. 3, 246-247. 1994.
Fey V.R., Rivin E.I. The Science of Innovation, A Managerial Overview of The TRIZ
Methodology. TRIZ Group. USA. 1997.
Fogler H.S., LeBlanc S.E. Strategies for Creative Problem Solving. Prentice Hall PTR. 1995.
Foster R. Innovation: The Attackers Advantage. Summit Books. New York. 1986.
Goodman M. Creative Management. Prentice Hall. 1995.
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Harris C. Hyperinnovation: Multidimensional Enterprise in the Connected Economy. Palgrave
Macmillan. 2002.
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Harvard Business Review on Breakthrough Thinking. Harvard Business School Press. 1999.
Harvard Business Review on Knowledge Management. Harvard Business School Press.
1998.
Harvard Business Review on Innovation. Harvard Business School Press. 2001.
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Hermann N. The Creative Brain. Lake Lure, NC: Brain Books, 1988.
Isaksen S.G. et al. (Editors). Understanding and Recognizing Creativity: The Emergence of a
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Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. 1994.
296
TI LIU THAM KHO
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2001.
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Charles Scribners Sons. 1953.
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Phan Dung. The Renewal in Creative Thinking Process for Problem Solving and Decision
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Management and Leadership Personal Renewal Towards Leadership Maturity in
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250-256.
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Press. USA, 255-270.
Phan Dung. Enlarging TRIZ and Teaching Enlarged TRIZ for the Large Public. Keynote
paper presented at the International Conference TRIZCON 2001, Woodland Hills,
California, USA, March 25-27, 2001.
Also in The TRIZ Journal, Issues June and July 2001 on the website
http://www.triz-journal.com/index.html
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1969.
TING NGA:
.., . ,
Cd1-xMnxTe 0<x<0,5. ,
, . 16, . 6-13, 1984.
.., .
Cd1-xMnxTe.
, . 18, . 10, . 1859 1861, 1984. Bi bo ny c
Vin Vt l Hoa K (American Institute of Physics) dch sang ting Anh v ng li
M di nhan : Selectively Excited Luminescence and Resonance Raman Scattering of
Light in Semiconducting Cd1-xMnxTe.
.., . Cd1-xMnxTe
. , . 27, . 4, . 1216-1219, 1985.
Bi bo ny c Vin Vt l Hoa K (American Institute of Physics) dch sang ting
TI LIU THAM KHO
299
Anh v ng li M di nhan : Luminescence of Mixed Cd1-xMnxTe Crystals

Associated with the Presence of Manganese.
.., .
Cd1-xMnxTe. : X
. , 1, . 46-47, 1985.
.., , . .
Cd1-xMnxTe 0 x 0,7. , . 29, . 11, . 3312-3314, 1987.
Bi bo ny c Vin Vt l Hoa K (American Institute of Physics) dch sang ting
Anh v ng li M di nhan : Magnetoluminescence of Cd1-xMnxTe Solid Solutions
Having Compositions 0 x 0.7.
.., . ., . -
Cd1-xMnxTe. : XX
. , 2, . 126, 1988.
.., .
Cd1-xMnxTe. , . 30, . 10, . 3150-3153,
1988. Bi bo ny c Vin Vt l Hoa K (American Institute of Physics) dch sang
ting Anh v ng li M di nhan : Influence of Hydrostatic Pressures on the
Photoluminescence of Cd1-xMnxTe Solid Solutions.
.., . Cd1-xMnxTe
. :
88, , . 80, 1988.
.., .
Cd1-xMnxTe / = 0,25 0,5/.
, . 30, . 11, . 3444-3447, 1988. Bi bo ny c Vin Vt l Hoa K
(American Institute of Physics) dch sang ting Anh v ng li M di nhan :
Selectively Excited Magnetoluminescence in Semimagnetic Cd1-xMnxTe Solid Solutions
Having Compositions 0.25 < x < 0.5.
.., . Cd1-xMnxTe
. , . 31, . 7, . 105-108,
1989. Bi bo ny c Vin Vt l Hoa K (American Institute of Physics) dch sang
ting Anh v ng li M di nhan : Luminescence of Cd1-xMnxTe on the
Temperature Interval of Magnetic Phase Transition.
.. . .
1961.
.. . .
. 1964.
.. . . 1973.
300
TI LIU THAM KHO
.. . . . 1979.
.., .. . . . 1980.
.. . . . 1984.
.., .., .. .
. . 1985.
.. . : . . 1986.
.. .., .., .. :
. . . 1989.
.., .. :
. . . 1994.
.. . "". . 1988.
.. : . " ". 1987.
.. .. . "". . 1988.
.. .. . "". . 1990.
.. .. . "". .
1991.
. : . "
". . 1987.
. . " ", , 1976.
. . "". . 1986.
.., .., , InS
,
, , , ,
1973.
( ,
. . ). "". . 1983.
.. , , . "". . 1987.
.. . "". . 1998.
. . " ". . 1987.
.. . "". 1988.
.., .. (, ,
). "". . 1979.
TI LIU THAM KHO
301
K . .. ..
. " ". . 1985.
.. . "". . 1976.
o .. . "".
. 1984.
.. . "". . 1972.
.. . "". . 1978.
( .. ).
"". . 1986.
( ..
). " ". 1986.
.., .. . " ". 1977.
.. . "". . 1967.
.. . "". .
1967.
.. . "
". . 1975.
.. . "".. 1989.
.. . "". . 1990.
.. . "". . 1989.
: . ..
. . . 1987.
: . .. .
. . 1988.
: . ..
. . . 1989.
: . .. .
. . 1991.
: . ..
. . . 1991.
, (
),

302
TI LIU THAM KHO
, , 24 26 1972.
. InS.
. . . 1973.
. .
. . . 1973.
. Cd1xMnxTe.
. .
. 1985.
.
Cd1-xMnxTe. , 4, . 2/ 11/, . 7 11,
1989.
. A2B6
. .
. . 1989.
... : , , , . "".
. 1987.

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PHAN DNG

mun c nhng ngi khc nh gi l mnh t duy tt v coi chuyn b nh

vic gii quyt vn ny hay vn khc, l sn phm cao cp nht ca loi

khi ng v lm vic khi con ngi phi gii quyt vn no . Kt qu

t cha kha ni trn. Trc ht, vn l g?

bn cch c th ng c, nhng khng bit cch no l ti u. Ngi khng th

S phn, hnh phc ca mi ngi ty thuc nhiu vo vic ngi suy

Phn loi theo thi gian: qu kh, hin ti v tng lai.

ngh. Kt qu ca qu trnh suy ngh l ngh ( tng) gii php cho vn . Gi

m vn cha c gii quyt. Do vy, khng t duy th thi, t duy th t

th dng chng trnh gm nm bc sau:

CHNG TRNH NH GI I TNG CHO TRC

Chn i tng tin thn.

So snh i tng cho trc vi i tng tin thn.

Tm tnh mi ca i tng cho trc.

Tr li cu hi: Tnh mi em li ch li g? Trong phm vi p dng no?

Kt lun theo nh ngha sng to.

V d 1: i tng cho trc l cy bt ch thn g c tit din ngang hnh lc

Theo nh ngha khi nim sng to v chng trnh nh gi i tng cho

suy ngh gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh chnh l t duy sng to.

kh nng v cch thc nhn thc th gii nh t duy.

cc khi nim, phn on, suy lun, m khng xt n ni dung c th ca chng v

a 2 2ab b2 , ngi ta khng quan tm a, b l nhng con s c th no, do

u m c, s c dng lm g, quy tc bin i trn vn lun lun c hiu lc.

dng cc phn x c iu kin, ni chnh xc hn, to ra v s dng cc mi lin kt

l hc nghin cu qu trnh suy ngh ca c nhn dn n cc kt qu, sn phm

Polya, vo khong nm 300, Pappos nh ton hc Hy Lp ni ting, trong tp 7

t tt c nhng thi quen x s thng thng. Chnh v vy, Pappos t tn sng

tm nghin cu t duy (Centre for the Study of Thinking). T nm 1997, ti i hc

websites, cc bi bo nghin cu sng to ng trong cc tp ch chuyn ngnh

Research) t chc vo thng 8 nm 1990 ti Buffalo, bang New York, M, thut ng

hng ra v. Hnh ng mua ca ngi chnh l quyt nh cui cng ca ngi

Cc hnh ng do di truyn, bm sinh, c chn lc t nhin gi li mang

Nhn y, ngi vit a ra hai khi nim hnh ng c nhn tt (vit tt l

ng ca c nhn c xem l cn thit, quan trng, chnh xc nht

4.2. Mi quan h gia t duy v hnh ng

Hnh 1: Chui cc cng vic cn thc hin

n y, c cu hi ny sinh: Liu tng gii php cho vn , sau khi tm ra,

Ti th phi chu. Nhng iu lm ti cng nh cc bc ph huynh, gio vin c

5. Chui t nhu cu n hnh ng v ngc li (chui

Nhu cu c nhn v hnh ng c nhn

Nhu cu ca c nhn l s i hi ca c nhn c c nhng iu

nhn sai lm khi xc nh nhu cu u tin hoc vic vt qua cc kh khn tr

Ting Nga: . . . 2/7, , 1935, c.235

li. Cc nhu cu bm sinh cng cc gii php tha mn nhu cu c lp trnh

v nhm ngi no hoc nhu cu c ch , nhu cu c knh trng

Mi lin h gia nhu cu c nhn v hnh ng c nhn

Engels, t lu khng nh: Mi ngi thng quen gii thch cc hnh ng

Tieng Nga: ., . . 2- . .20, .493

Tieng Nga: ., . . 2- . .3, .245

Tieng Nga: ., . . 2- . .2, .89

t hn, khng gip lm tha mn cc nhu cu c nhn ca ngi , cc tng t

Cac hanh ong trai ngc nhau

C th c nhiu cch hnh ng (cc mi tn) tha mn nhu cu c th cho trc

Ni cch khc, mt nhu cu c th dn n cc mc ch khc nhau vi cc

V d, mt mt, tha mn nhu cu tin ni chung, c th c nhiu cch hnh

Cac nhu cau ca nhan khac nhau

V d, cc th sinh trong phng thi cng lm mt thi vo i hc. Tt c h

Mt hnh ng c th tha mn nhiu nhu cu

tha mn nhu cu no c th c nhiu cch hnh ng, trong c

Xc cm c nhn trong chui nhu cuhnh ng

T xc cm, ngi vit dng y, c hiu theo ngha rng. N bao gm

ng din t xc cm ch trong khong 5 n 6 ngn t. iu ny c ngha, c

Xuc cam dng