Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Student Name:
______________________
Period: _________
Table of Contents
11
14
18
Precipitation Process 24
Metal-Metal Replacement Process
Handling the Waste
32
43
44
45
47
Project Overview
You have just been hired as the Health and Safety engineers for
(Company Name of your Choice) a local copper plating company,
that is producing 20 liters of 50,000 ppm Cu+2 waste, in the form
of copper (II) chloride that is being dumped into the (Choice of
Name) river and the towns people of (Choice of Town Name) have
been complaining. It is your job to determine the most cost
effective way and most environmentally friendly way to remove the
pollutant from the river. You will perform a solidification
process, a dilution process, a metal-metal replacement process,
and a precipitation process. You will need to select one of these
processes as the best and most cost effective method to get rid
of the pollutant. You will then present your findings from each
of the experiments and your choice for the best removal method to
the class in the form of a mock town meeting.
You want to present the following four key things to the meeting:
1. The ultimate fate of the copper (II) chloride
a. Is it completely gone?
b. Will there still be pollution in the (choice of
name) river? If so, can you estimate how much?
2. Feasibility and ease of carrying out the process
3. Cost per month
a. Is there any profit being brought in for (Choice
of Company Name)?
4. Environmental concerns and Regulations
a. Is your method of choice legal?
Student Requirements
You will be working in groups of four. There are four processes
to remove the copper (II) chloride which means that each one of
you will be responsible for one of the processes. Also as a group
there are four big jobs that are needed to be done.
Company Logo
5
Materials:
For class:
Safety: Copper
Chloride is toxic if
taken internally.
Wash your hands
thoroughly after
finishing this
activity. Wear
safety eyewear at
all times when in
9 volt battery
Battery harness with light bulb
Graduated container
Small packet of Table Salt
Small packet of Sugar
Plastic spoon
Deionized Water
180 mL bottle of 50,000 ppm copper (II) chloride solution
2 paper clips
Copper strip
Paper towel
Stirring stick
Procedure:
Part 1: Electrical Conductors in solutions
1. Attach battery clips to the 9 volt battery. Touch the clips
together to see how the light bulb lights up. NOTE: Do not
leave clips touching so you dont wear out the battery.
2. Filled the graduated container with 30 mL of deionized
water.
3. Attach the clip from the black wire to the lip of the
container so that the end of the clip is in the water.
4. Attach the clip from the red wire to the opposite side of
the container in the same matter as you did in step 3.
Record your observations. Is water a good conductor? ______
What did you observe to prove this?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
8
Paper Clip
Copper Strip
Plating
Solution
Before Plating
After Plating
10
11
SEPUP Tray
Medicine Dropper
Stirring Stick
White piece of paper
30 mL bottle of used copper (II)
chloride solution
30 mL dropping bottle of water
30 mL dropping bottle of household ammonia
Chloride is toxic if
taken internally.
Wash your hands
thoroughly after
finishing this
activity. Wear
safety eyewear at
all times when in
Procedure:
1. Put ten drops of the 50,000 ppm used copper (II) chloride
solution into Cup 1 of the SEPUP tray. Using a medicine
dropper, transfer one drop from Cup 1 to Cup 2. Return any
excess to Cup 1.
2. Using the dropper bottle, add nine drops of water to Cup 2.
Stir the solution with stirring stick and then use the
medicine dropper to transfer one drop from Cup 2 to Cup 3
return any excess to Cup 2.
3. Add nine drops of water to Cup 3. Stir the solution with
stirring stick and transfer one drop from Cup 3 to Cup 4.
Return any excess to Cup 3.
4. Add nine drops of water to Cup 4. Stir the solution and then
transfer one drop from Cup 4 to Cup 5. Return any excess to
Cup 4. Add nine drops of water to Cup 5 and stir solution.
Record your observations from Cups 1-5 in the first column
of the data table.
5. Calculate the copper concentration in ppm in Cups 1-5.
Remember, the concentration in each cup is 1/10th of the
concentration in the previous cup.
6. Add five drops of household ammonia to each of the solutions
in Cups 1-5. Stir each cup. Record your observations in
column two of your data table.
7. Your teacher will provide you with 3 copper (II) chloride
solutions of unknown strengths in Cups 6, 7, and 8. Record
12
Cup
Concentration
1
2
3
4
5
Unknown ____
Unknown ____
Unknown ____
50,000 ppm
1 liter
of
50,000
ppm
9 liters of
water
10 liters of
5,000
ppm
5,000
ppm
90 liters of
water
100 liters of
____
ppm
____
ppm
___ liters of
water
____ liters
of
____
ppm
____
ppm
___ liters of
water
____ liters
of
____
ppm
10
liters
of
___
liters
of
____
liters
of
13
14
SEPUP Tray
Medicine Dropper
30 mL dropping bottle of ammonia
30 mL dropping bottle of used copper (II) chloride
solution
30 mL dropping bottle of water
Paper towel
Procedure:
1. Start with a clean, dry SEPUP tray.
2. Use the 30 mL dropping bottle to add 5 drops of 50,000 ppm
used copper (II) chloride solution to 45 drops of water in
large Cup A. Stir well with the medicine dropper to mix. You
have prepared a 5,000 ppm solution of copper (II) chloride.
3. Use the medicine dropper to transfer 5 drops of the solution
in Cup A to Cup B. Add 45 drops of water. Stir well. You
have now prepared a 500 ppm solution of copper (II) chloride
to use in the serial dilution procedure in step 4.
4. Mix drops of 500 ppm copper (II) chloride solution from Cup
B and drops of water to prepare solutions according to the
following chart. (Prepare a total volume of 10 drops of each
solution.)
Cup
Concentration of
Copper (II)
Chloride (ppm)
Drops of 500 ppm
Copper (II)
Chloride (Cup B)
Drops of Water
500
400
300
200
100
10
0
15
500
400
300
200
100
Questions:
1. In which cup (1-5) is the blue color the weakest and what is
the concentration?
____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. How do you explain any differences in your results from
those of your classmates?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. What is the lowest concentration of copper that the ammonia
test can detect? __________________________________________
4. Why was water alone used in Cup 6?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
5. Solutions of copper that exceed 5 ppm cannot be safely or
legally disposed of into the city wastewater system. The
ammonia test cannot detect the presence of copper at these
small concentrations. Knowing this, what value is there in
the ammonia test?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
16
18
Solidification Process
Purpose:
To investigate a way of solidifying and fixing copper (II)
chloride solution to make it nontoxic and to examine a process
that converts the liquid waste into a solid that resists
leaching.
Solidification is the process that reduces the mobility of
pollutants, making them acceptable for landfills. Hazardous
materials either must be converted to nonhazardous materials or
be fixed so that the solubility is limited although the hazardous
material is not necessarily physically changed. In this activity,
liquid waste containing the hazardous waste Cu+2 ion is fixed by
Portland cement and/or sodium silicate.
Materials:
Part 1:
Five
180
10
180
Part 2:
Safety: Avoid
direct contact with
materials used for
this activity. Wash
your hands
thoroughly after
finishing this
activity. Wear
safety eyewear at
all times when in
Preparation of Solids
small plastic cups
Stirring rod
mL graduated cylinder
mL of 50,000 ppm used copper (II)
chloride solution
mL bottle of sodium silicate
Portland cement
Acid Testing
Procedure:
Part 1:
1. Label five small plastic cups with your company name and the
numbers 1-5.
19
2. Mass each small plastic cup and record on the data table
provided next to its matching number.
Prepare the mixture for one cup at a time.
3. Mass the correct amount of cement and place in the cup.
4. Measure out 5.0 mL of 50,000 ppm CuCl2 solution. Add to cup
and stir quickly.
5. Use a 10 mL graduated cylinder to measure out the correct
amount of sodium silicate and add to the cup. Mix thoroughly
until no further change is observed. Clean graduated
cylinder.
6. Repeat steps 3-5 for the remaining 4 cups.
7. Let the mixtures dry for at least 4 days. Clean up all
materials, taking special care the thoroughly clean the
graduated cylinder.
Part 2:
8. Day 4 or later:
a. Mass each cup with mixtures. Record the mass on the
data table.
b. Grind about all the mixture in your mortar with your
pestle to a fine powder.
c. Measure out 5 mL (cc) of the powder and place in filter
paper in a funnel.
d. Pour 10 mL of deionized water over the solid. Collect
filtrate.
e. Record the color of the filtrate in the data table.
f. Use a medicine dropper to transfer 10 drops of the
filtrate to a well in the SEPUP tray.
g. Add 5 drops of ammonia to the filtrate. Stir.
h. Record the color of the filtrate after the ammonia was
added on the data table.
i. Compare the color of your filtrate to the tray provided
by your teacher to estimate the Cu+2 concentration in
ppm. Record on your data table.
j. Repeat steps c-j, but use vinegar to simulate acid rain
instead of deionized water in step d.
k. Repeat steps a-j for your other 4 mixtures.
20
Mass
Appearance
of
Mass
Material
Masses
of
+2
Cu
Filtrate
App.
Filtrate
Vinegar
Table
Filtrate
App.
Water
Data
3 .8
5 .0
5 .0
5 .0
5
1 1 .3
7 .5
5 .0
1 5.0
5 .0
2 .5
5 .0
7 .5
10
(g)
Sodium
Cup &
of CuCl
Before
After
DryFiltrate
&
Filtrate
&
2 Cement
Concentr
Conc
Cup
Silicate
Dry
Cup(mL)
(g)
Drying
Drying
Mixture
Color
Ammonia
Color
Ammonia
ation
ati
(mL)
Mixture
(g)
(g)
Color
Color
(ppm)
(pp
Mass
Materials
Solidification
Question:
1.
Did
your
cement
and
sodium
21
2.
3.
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
What evidence do you have?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Which cement and sodium silicate mixture did the best job
solidifying and fixing the waste?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
What is the evidence?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
5.
6.
23
24
Precipitation Process
Purpose:
To explore precipitation as a means of toxic waste reduction and
the effects of acid rain on the precipitates.
Materials:
Safety: Do not
SEPUP Tray
handle the used
SEPUP Funnel assembly
copper (II) chloride
Filter paper (8 pieces per group)
solution with your
fingers. Wash your
Medicine Dropper
hands thoroughly
Stirrer
after finishing this
180 mL bottle of vinegar
activity. Wear
30 mL bottle of water
safety eyewear at
30 mL bottle of sodium carbonate solution
all times when in
30 mL bottle of copper (II) chloride
lab.
solution
30 mL dropping bottle of household ammonia
30 mL bottle of monobasic sodium phosphate solution
Calcium hydroxide solution
Potassium chromate solution
Procedure:
1. In a small beaker, mix 1 pipetful of CuCl2 with 3 pipetfuls
of other solution (K2CrO4, etc.)
2. Mix well and let sit for 3 minutes. Record observations in
Data Table 1.
3. Use the double funnel assembly and place over cups A and B.
Put one filter paper cone in funnel for Cup A and wet it
with 7-10 drops of water. Press the paper snuggly into the
funnel. Prepare the filter paper for Cup B in the same way.
4. Filter the mixture into one of the large cups on the SEPUP
trays. Save the precipitate on the filter paper. (As the
filtering is taking place, you may want to prepare the other
3 reactions and begin to filter them at the same time. Just
make sure you do not confuse which reaction is in each cup.)
5. Transfer 10 drops of the filtrate to a small well. Record
the color of the filtrate in Data Table 2.
6. Add 5 drops of ammonia to the filtrate and stir. Record your
observations in Data Table 2.
7. Compare the color of your solution to the tray provided by
your teacher to estimate the Cu+2 ion concentration. Record
the concentration in the data table.
25
Solution Added
K2CrO4
NaH2PO4
Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3
Observations
Solution Added
K2CrO4
NaH2PO4
Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3
Color of
filtrate
before ammonia
Color of
filtrate
after ammonia
Approx. Cu+2
Concentration
(ppm)
Solution Added
Color of vinegar
filtrate before
Color of vinegar
filtrate after
Approx. Cu+2
26
ammonia
K2CrO4
NaH2PO4
Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3
ammonia
Concentration
(ppm)
Questions:
1. Was the precipitation reaction effective in removing the
copper (II) ions from the used copper (II) chloride
solution?
Price Source
List price
K2CrO4
NaH2PO4
Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3
Problems: Show ALL work or no credit will be given!
6. Write the chemical equation for the four reactions, then for
each precipitation reaction calculate the following:
a. Calculate the mass of the compound needed to react with
105.9 grams of CuCl2 (Remember: This is the amount of
copper (II) chloride in 1 L of the toxic waste
solution)
b. Calculate the mass of the precipitate formed from the
105.9 grams CuCl2
c. Calculate the total mass of the compound needed per
month to react with the waste solution
d. Calculate the total cost for this mass of the
compounded needed per month
e. Calculate the mass of the precipitate formed from the
reaction of one months waste solution
POTASSIUM CHROMATE (K2CrO4)
Balanced Reaction:
28
NaH2PO4
Ca(OH)2
Na2CO3
A
B
C
D
E
Conclusions:
1. If you were to use one of these compounds to form a copper
precipitate, which would you choose and why? Reasons should
be based upon considerations of cost and use of the other
product.
SEPUP Tray
Safety: Do not
Medicine Dropper
handle the used
Aluminum washer
copper (II) chloride
solution with your
Iron washer
fingers. Wash your
Zinc shot
hands thoroughly
Piece of lead
after finishing this
Piece of tin
activity. Wear
Piece of cadmium
safety eyewear at
Piece of copper
all times when in
lab.
Stirrer
30 mL bottle of used copper (II)
chloride solution
30 mL dropping bottle of household ammonia
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
33
8.
9.
34
35
Lead
Tin
Copper
Control-
Cadmium
Iron
Zinc
Aluminum
Observations
Observations
Color
15- of
Color of
+2
Observations
15 minutes
Approx. Cu
20 minutes later
Solution
Solution
Cup Metal after 1st later
5
(Total
concentrtation
(Total Time:before
35after
minutes
Time: 20
(ppm)
40 minutes)
ammonia ammonia
minutes)
Questions:
1. Which metal seemed to react most with the waste solution?
Explain your answer in detail using evidence obtained in the
experiment?
36
Metal
Price
Source
List
Price
Cost
per
500
grams
Maximum
Level
Drinkin
g or
waste?
Source
Aluminu
m
Zinc
Iron
Lead
Tin
Cadmium
Copper
d. Cost per month to use this metal to replace all copper from
the waste solution
ZINC:
Balanced Reaction:
38
d. Cost per month to use this metal to replace all copper from
the waste solution
IRON (III):
Balanced Reaction:
d. Cost per month to use this metal to replace all copper from
the waste solution
LEAD (II):
Balanced Reaction:
d. Cost per month to use this metal to replace all copper from
the waste solution
TIN (II):
Balanced Reaction:
d. Cost per month to use this metal to replace all copper from
the waste solution
CADMIUM:
Balanced Reaction:
40
d. Cost per month to use this metal to replace all copper from
the waste solution
Al
Zn
Fe
Pb
Sn
Cd
A
B
C
D
Conclusions:
41
43
Advantages
Disadvantages
Dilution Enough
water was added to
reduce the
concentration of
the Cu+2 ions to a
safe level
Solidification A
mixture of cement
and sodium silicate
was added to fix
the Cu+2 ions
Precipitation
Various substances
were added to the
waster copper (II)
chloride solution
to precipitate out
the Cu+2 ions
Metal Replacement
Replacement of the
Cu+2 ions by other
metal ions was
explored
44
Complete sentences
Description of the Purpose
Bulleted List
Numerical List with written out steps in own words, not copied from
handout
Observations
o Color of Solution
Approximation of Cu+2 concentration in ppm
45
Goal Met
3 points
Solidification
Process
Dilution
Process
Precipitation
Process
Metal-Metal
Replacement
Process
Experiment
discussed, results
discussed, Detailed
Plan to carry out the
process explained,
costs given and
proceeds if
applicable, pros and
cons to this process
Experiment
discussed, results
discussed, Detailed
Plan to carry out the
process explained,
costs given and
proceeds if
applicable, pros and
cons to this process
Experiment
discussed, results
discussed, Detailed
Plan to carry out the
process explained,
costs given and
proceeds if
applicable, pros and
cons to this process
Experiment
discussed, results
discussed, Detailed
Plan to carry out the
process explained,
costs given and
proceeds if
applicable, pros and
cons to this process
Goal Half
Met
1 points
Goal Not
Met
0 points
Experiment
discussed, results
shown but not
discussed, Plans and
costs explained but
lacking detail, no pros
and cons
No explanation of
experiment or results,
Plan not thought out
or explained,
cost/proceeds not
determined, no pros
and cons
Experiment
discussed, results
shown but not
discussed, Plans and
costs explained but
lacking detail, no pros
and cons
No explanation of
experiment or results,
Plan not thought out
or explained,
cost/proceeds not
determined, no pros
and cons
Experiment
discussed, results
shown but not
discussed, Plans and
costs explained but
lacking detail, no pros
and cons
No explanation of
experiment or results,
Plan not thought out
or explained,
cost/proceeds not
determined, no pros
and cons
Experiment
discussed, results
shown but not
discussed, Plans and
costs explained but
lacking detail, no pros
and cons
No explanation of
experiment or results,
Plan not thought out
or explained,
cost/proceeds not
determined, no pros
and cons
46
IV.
Goal
Goal Not
Goal Met
Half Met
Met
6 points
2 points 0 points
Process
of
Choice
V.
VI.
VII.
Explanation of
why process
was chosen,
explanation as
to why others
were rejected,
comparison of
pros and cons
Chosen process
explained, two of
the three other
process explained
as to why they
werent chosen, no
comparison of pros
and cons because
they were missing
in processes
Chosen process
stated but no
reasons as to
why others were
rejected, no
comparison of
pros and cons
Note: This is a group project! Each member will receive the same grade for the presentation.
Make sure everyone participates equally. Your overall score will be calculated from everything
on this page. It will only differ from a group members if you are missing material in your lab
report.
48