Bi ging mn Gii tch 3: Tch phn Bi, Tch phn

ng, Tch phn Mt

Hunh Quang V
KHOA TON-TIN HC, I HC KHOA HC T NHIN, I HC QUC GIA
THNH PH H CH MINH, 227 NGUYN VN C, QUN 5, THNH PH H
CH MINH. EMAIL: HQVU@HCMUS.EDU.VN
z
f (xR , yR )
z = f ( x, y)

(xR , yR )

TM TT NI DUNG. y l tp bi ging cho mn Gii tch A3 (TTH024). y

l mn hc bt buc cho tt c cc sinh vin ngnh Ton-Tin trng i hc Khoa
hc T nhin Thnh ph H Ch Minh vo hc k th 3.
Tp bi ging c th c dng km vi cc gio trnh chng hn nh ca
Stewart [Ste08]. Tp bi ging ny cung cp ti liu c thm, su hn, nhng vn
st vi ni dung mn hc nhm phc v tt hn cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh Ton
-Tin.
Nhng phn c nh du * l tng i kh hn, khng bt buc.
lm mt s bi tp c th cn dng chng trnh my tnh. C th dng
nhng phn mm nh Matlab, Maple, Mathematica, hay phn mm t do Maxima
hay Sage.
y l mt bn tho, s c tip tc sa cha. Bn mi nht c trn trang
web http://www.math.hcmus.edu.vn/hqvu.
Ngy 4 thng 3 nm 2014.

Mc lc
Chng 1.

Tch phn bi

1.1.

Tch phn trn hnh hp

1.2.

S kh tch

1.3.

Tch phn trn tp tng qut

14

1.4.

nh l Fubini

19

1.5.

Cng thc i bin

25

1.6.

ng dng ca tch phn bi

37

Chng 2.

Tch phn ng

41

2.1.

Tch phn ng

41

2.2.

Trng bo ton

51

2.3.

nh l Green

55

Chng 3.

Tch phn mt

61

3.1.

Tch phn mt

61

3.2.

nh l Stokes

69

3.3.

nh l Gauss-Ostrogradsky

73

3.4.

ng dng ca nh l Stokes

78

3.5.

* nh l Stokes tng qut

81

Gi cho mt s bi tp

87

Ti liu tham kho

89

Ch mc

91

iii

iv

Mc lc

Chng 1

Tch phn bi
Trong chng ny chng ta s nghin cu tch phn Riemann trong khng
gian nhiu chiu.

1.1. Tch phn trn hnh hp

Tch phn trn khng gian nhiu chiu l s pht trin tng t ca tch phn
mt chiu. Do cc chnh quen thuc v khng kh. Ngi c c th xem
li phn tch phn mt chiu d theo di hn.
Cho I l mt hnh hp, v f : I R. Ta mun tnh tng gi tr ca hm f trn
hnh hp I. Ta chia nh hnh hp I bng nhng hnh hp con nh hn. Ta hy vng
rng trn mi hnh hp nh hn , gi tr ca hm f s thay i t hn, v ta c
th xp x f bng mt hm hng. Ta ch i rng nu ta chia cng nh th xp x
cng tt hn, v khi qua gii hn th ta s c gi tr ng ca tng gi tr ca f .

Sau y l mt cch gii thch hnh hc. Gi s thm hm f l khng m, ta

mun tm "th tch" ca khi bn di th ca hm f bn trn hnh hp I. Ta s
xp x khi bng nhng hnh hp vi y l mt hnh hp con ca I v chiu
cao l mt gi tr ca f trong hnh hp con . Ta ch i rng khi s hnh hp
tng ln v hn th s c gi tr ng ca th tch.
Chia nh hnh hp. Trong mn hc ny, khi ta ni n khng gian Rn th ta
dng chun v khong cch Euclid, c th nu x = ( x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) Rn th | x | =

( x12 + x22 + + xn2 )1/2 .

Mt hnh hp n-chiu l mt tp con ca Rn c dng [ a1 , b1 ] [ a2 , b2 ]
[ an , bn ] vi ai < bi vi mi 1 i n.
nh ngha. Th tch (volume) ca hnh hp I = [ a1 , b1 ] [ a2 , b2 ] [ an , bn ]
c nh ngha l s thc | I | = (b1 a1 )(b2 a2 ) (bn an ).
1

1. Tch phn bi

Khi s chiu n = 1 ta thng thay t th tch bng t chiu di (length). Khi

n = 2 ta thng dng t din tch (area).
Mt php chia (hay phn hoch) (partition) ca mt khong [ a, b] l mt tp con
hu hn ca khong [ a, b] m cha c a v b. Ta c th t tn cc phn t ca mt
php chia l x0 , x1 , . . . , xm vi a = x0 < x1 < x2 < < xm = b. Mi khong

[ xi1 , xi ] l mt khong con ca khong [ a, b] tng ng vi php chia.

Mt php chia ca hnh hp I = in=1 [ ai , bi ] l mt tch Descartes ca cc php
chia ca cc khong [ ai , bi ]. C th nu mi Pi l mt php chia ca khong [ ai , bi ]
th P = in=1 Pi l mt php chia ca hnh hp I.
y
d

c
a

HNH 1.1.1. Mt php chia ca hnh ch nht [ a, b] [c, d] gm

nhng im m cc ta th nht to thnh mt php chia ca
[ a, b] v cc ta th hai to thnh mt php chia ca [c, d].
Mt hnh hp con ng vi mt php chia P ca mt hnh hp l mt tch cc
khong con ca cc cnh ca hnh hp ban u. C th mt hnh hp con ca hnh
hp I c dng in=1 Ti trong Ti l mt khong con ca khong [ ai , bi ] ng vi
php chia Pi .
nh ngha tch phn trn hnh hp. Cho I l mt hnh hp, v f : I R. Vi
mt php chia P ca I, thnh lp tng Riemann1

f (xR )| R|
R

y tng c ly trn tt c cc hnh hp con R ca P, v x R l mt im bt k

thuc R. Gii hn ca tng Riemann khi php chia mn hn v mn hn s l
R
tch phn ca hm f trn I, k hiu l I f .
R
Vy I f i din cho tng gi tr ca hm f trn min I. 2
lm chnh xc tng trn ta cn lm r qu trnh qua gii hn. Chng ta
s dng mt cch trnh by do Jean Gaston Darboux xut nm 1870.
1Bernard Riemann l ngi xut mt nh ngha cht ch cho tch phn vo khong nm 1854,

mc d tch phn c bit trc .

2K hiu R do Gottfried Leibniz t ra. N i din cho ch ci "s" trong ch Latin "summa" (tng).

1.1. Tch phn trn hnh hp

z
f (xR , yR )
z = f ( x, y)

(xR , yR )

Nh li rng ngay c cho tch phn ca hm mt bin, xt tch phn ca

hm khng b chn cn ly gii hn ca tch phn c "tch phn suy rng".
Trong sut chng ny ta ch xt hm b chn.
Gi L( f , P) = R (infR f )| R|, trong tng c ly trn tt c cc hnh hp
con ng vi php chia P, l tng di hay xp x di ng vi P.
Tng t, U ( f , P) = R (supR f )| R| l tng trn hay xp x trn ng vi P.
xp x trn
supR f

tng Riemann

f (xR )
infR f

xp x di

xR

HNH 1.1.2. Xp x di xp x Riemann xp x trn.

Cho P v P0 l hai php chia ca hnh hp I. Nu P P0 th ta ni P0 l mn
hn P.

1. Tch phn bi

B (Chia mn hn th xp x tt hn). Nu php chia P0 l mn hn php chia P th

L( f , P0 ) L( f , P) v U ( f , P0 ) U ( f , P).
y mt u im quan trng ca xp x trn v xp x di bi v ta c th
thy vi tng Riemann th chia mn hn khng nht thit dn ti xp x tt hn.
CHNG MINH. Mi hnh hp con R0 ca P0 nm trong mt hnh hp con R ca
P. Ta c infR0 f infR f . V th

(inf0 f )| R0 |

R R R

(inf f )| R0 | = inf f

R R

| R0 | = (inf f )| R|.

R R

Ly tng hai v ca bt ng thc trn theo tt c hnh hp con R ca P ta c

L ( f , P 0 ) L ( f , P ).

B (Xp x di xp x trn). Nu P v P0 l hai php chia bt k ca cng mt

hnh hp th L( f , P) U ( f , P0 ).
CHNG MINH. Vi hai php chia P v P0 bt k th lun c mt php chia P00
mn hn c P ln P0 , chng hn nu P = in=1 Pi v P0 = in=1 Pi0 th c th ly P00 =

in=1 Pi00 vi Pi00 = Pi Pi0 . Khi L( f , P) L( f , P00 ) U ( f , P00 ) U ( f , P0 ).
Mt h qu l chn trn nh nht ca tp hp tt c cc xp x di supP L( f , P)
v chn di ln nht ca ca tp hp tt c cc xp x trn infP U ( f , P) tn ti, v
supP L( f , P) infP U ( f , P).
nh ngha (Tch phn Riemann). Cho hnh hp I. Hm f : I R l kh tch
(integrable) nu f b chn v supP L( f , P) = infP U ( f , P). Nu f kh tch th tch
phn (integral) ca f c nh ngha l s thc supP L( f , P) = infP U ( f , P), v
R
c k hiu l I f .
R
V d. Nu c l hng s th I c = c| I |.
Ghi ch. Khi s chiu n = 1 ta c tch phn ca hm mt bin quen thuc t
Rb
trung hc, thng c vit l a f ( x ) dx. Khi n = 2 ta c tch phn bi hai thng
RR
RR
c vit l I f ( x, y) dA hay I f ( x, y) dxdy . Khi n = 3 ta c tch phn bi ba,
RRR
RRR
thng c vit l
I f ( x, y, z ) dV hay
I f ( x, y, z ) dxdydz. Hin gi dx, dxdy,
dxdydz, dA, dV ch l k hiu ch loi tch phn, khng c ngha c lp.
1.1.1. Mnh . Cho f b chn trn hnh hp I. Khi f l kh tch trn I nu v ch nu
vi mi e > 0 c php chia P ca I sao cho U ( f , P) L( f , P) < e.
Nh vy hm kh tch khi v ch khi xp x trn v xp x di c th gn nhau
ty .
CHNG MINH. () Cho f kh tch. Cho e > 0, c php chia P v P0 sao cho
L( f , P) > e +
v
U ( f , P0 ) < e +

Z
I

Z
I

1.1. Tch phn trn hnh hp

Ly P00 mn hn c P v P0 . Khi
U ( f , P00 ) L( f , P00 ) U ( f , P0 ) L( f , P) < 2e
() Gi s vi e > 0 cho trc bt k c php chia P sao cho U ( f , P)
L( f , P) < e. Bt ng thc ny dn ti 0 infP U ( f , P) sup L( f , P) < e vi
mi e > 0. Do infP U ( f , P) = supP L( f , P).

Tnh cht ca tch phn. Ta c nhng tnh cht tng t trng hp mt bin:
1.1.2. Mnh . Nu f v g kh tch trn hnh hp I th:
R
R
R
(a) f + g kh tch v I ( f + g) = I f + I g.
R
R
(b) Vi mi s thc c th c f kh tch v I c f = c I f .
R
R
(c) Nu f g th I f I g.
CHNG MINH. Ta chng minh phn (a), cc phn cn li c phn bi
tp.
Vi mt php chia P ca I, trn mt hnh hp con R ta c infR f + infR g
f ( x ) + g( x ), x R. Suy ra infR f + infR g infR ( f + g). Do L( f , P) +
L( g, P) L( f + g, P).
R
Cho e > 0, c php chia P sao cho L( f , P) > I f e v c php chia P0 sao cho
R
L( g, P0 ) > I g e. Ly php chia P00 mn hn c P v P0 th L( f , P00 ) L( f , P) >
R
R
00
0
I f e v L ( g, P ) L ( g, P ) > I g e. Suy ra
L( f + g, P00 ) L( f , P00 ) + L( g, P00 ) >

Z
I

f+

Z
I

g 2e.

Tng t, c php chia Q sao cho

U ( f + g, Q) U ( f , Q) + U ( g, Q) <

Z
I

f+

Z
I

g + 2e.

Ly php chia Q0 mn hn c P00 v Q th ta c

Z
I

f+

Z
I

g 2e < L( f + g, Q0 ) U ( f + g, Q0 ) <

Z
I

f+

Z
I

g + 2e.

H thc ny dn ti U ( f + g, Q0 ) L( f + g, Q0 ) < 4e, do f + g kh tch, hn

na
Z

f + g 2e <
I
R
R I
R
do I ( f + g) = I f + I g.

Z
I

( f + g) <

Z
I

f+

Z
I

g + 2e, e > 0,

* c thm. C th nh ngha tch phn Riemann nh sau. Ta ni f l kh tch

R
trn I nu c mt s thc, gi l tch phn ca f trn I, k hiu l I f , c tnh cht
l vi mi e > 0 c > 0 sao cho nu tt c cc cnh ca cc hnh ch nht con ca
P u c chiu di nh hn th vi
mi cch chn im x R thuc hnh hp con
R 

R ca P ta c  R f ( x R )| R| I f  < e. C th chng minh rng nh ngha ny
tng ng vi nh ngha ca Darboux 1.1.
C th hi nu ta dng nhng cch xp x khc th c mang ti cng mt tch
phn hay khng? Nu ta mun tch phn c nhng tnh cht nht nh, gm chng

1. Tch phn bi

hn tnh tuyn tnh, th thc ra ch c duy nht mt loi tch phn tha cc tnh
cht . Xem [Lan97, tr. 575].
Bi tp.
1.1.3. Mt h nc hnh ch nht kch thc 4m 8m c su khng u. Ngi ta o
c chiu su ti mt s im trn h nh trong bng sau. V d trong bng ny su
ti im cch b tri 1m v b trn 5m l 4.6m. Hy c lng lng nc trong h.
v tr

3.1

4.5

4.6

4.0

3.7

4.1

4.5

4.4

1.1.4. Hy cho mt v d minh ha rng xp x Riemann ng vi mt php chia mn hn

khng nht thit tt hn.
1.1.5. Chng minh cc tnh cht 1.1.2.
1.1.6. Hy cho mt c lng cho gi tr ca tch phn
ZZ
[0,1][1,2]

ex

2 3

dxdy.

1.1.7. iu sau y l ng hay sai, gii thch:

ZZ
[0,1][1,4]

( x2 +

y) sin( xy2 ) dA = 10.

1.1.8. Gi s f lin tc trn hnh hp I v f ( x ) 0 trn I. Chng minh rng nu

th f = 0 trn I.

R
I

f =0

1.2. S kh tch

1.2. S kh tch
Qua ca tch phn, ta thy vic xp x da trn mt gi thit: nu bin thay
i t th gi tr ca hm thay i t. Nh vy s kh tch ph thuc cht ch vo
s lin tc.
1.2.1. nh l (lin tc th kh tch). Mt hm lin tc trn mt hnh hp th kh tch
trn .
y l mt iu kin cho s kh tch m ta s dng thng xuyn.
CHNG MINH. Chng minh ch yu da vo tnh lin tc u ca ca hm.
Ta dng cc kt qu sau trong Gii tch 2 (xem chng hn [Lan97, tr. 193]):
(a) Mt tp con ca Rn l compc khi v ch khi n ng v b chn.
(b) Mt hm thc lin tc tp con compc ca Rn th lin tc u.
(c) Mt hm thc lin tc trn mt tp compc th b chn.
Gi s f l mt hm lin tc trn hnh hp I. Khi f lin tc u trn I, do
cho trc e > 0, c > 0 sao cho | x y| < f ( x ) f (y) < e.
Ly mt php chia P ca I sao cho khong cch gia hai im bt k trong mt
hnh hp con ca P l nh hn . iu ny khng kh: nu chiu di cc cnh ca
cc hnh hp con ca P khng qu th chiu di ca mt ng cho ca mt

hnh hp con khng qu n.

Vi php chia P, cho hai im x, y bt k thuc v mt hnh hp con R th
f ( x ) f (y) < e. Suy ra supR f infR f e. V th
U ( f , P) L( f , P) =

f )| R| e | R| = e| I |
(sup f inf
R
R

Theo tiu chun 1.1.1 ta c kt qu.

Tp c th tch khng. V d sau cho thy mt hm khng lin tc vn c th

kh tch.
V d. Cho f : [0, 1] R,
f (x) =

0,

x 6=

1,

x=

1
2
1
2.

Nu ta ly php phn chia P ca [0, 1] sao cho chiu di ca cc khong con nh

hn

e
2

th sai khc gia U ( f , P) v L( f , P) nh hn e. V th hm f kh tch. Ch

rng f khng lin tc ti 21 .

V d. Cho f : [0, 1] R,
f (x) =

1,

xQ

0,

x
/ Q.

Vi bt k php chia P no ca khong [0, 1] ta c L( f , P) = 0 and U ( f , P) = 1. Do

f khng kh tch. Ch rng f khng lin tc ti bt k im no.

1. Tch phn bi

1.2.2. nh ngha. Mt tp con C ca Rn c gi l c th tch n-chiu khng

(of content zero) nu vi mi s e > 0 c mt h hu hn cc hnh hp n-chiu

{U1 , U2 , . . . , Um } sao cho im=1 Ui C v im=1 |Ui | < e.

Ni cch khc, mt tp con ca Rn l c th tch khng nu ta c th ph tp
bng hu hn hnh hp c tng th tch nh hn s dng cho trc bt k.
Khi n = 2 ta thay t "th tch khng" bi t "din tch khng".
S

V d.

(a) Tp hp gm mt im trong Rn c th tch n-chiu khng vi

mi n 1.

(b) Mt on thng trong Rn c th tch n-chiu khng vi mi n 2.

(c) Hi ca hai tp c th tch khng l mt tp c th tch khng.
1.2.3. Mnh . th ca mt hm kh tch trn mt hnh hp trong Rn c th tch
khng trong Rn+1 .
CHNG MINH. Cho f kh tch trn hnh hp I Rn . Cho trc e > 0 c
php chia P ca I sao cho U ( f , P) L( f , P) = R (supR f infR f )| R| < e.
th ca hm f , tp {( x, f ( x )) | x I }, c ph bi h tt c cc hnh hp
R [infR f , supR f ]. Tng th tch ca cc hnh hp ny chnh l R (supR f
infR f )| R|, nh hn e.

1.2.4. V d. c bit, th ca mt hm lin tc trn mt khong ng c din
tch khng. Vy mt on thng, mt ng trn c din tch khng.
1.2.5. nh l (lin tc tr ra trn tp c th tch khng th kh tch). Mt hm
thc b chn trn mt hnh hp v lin tc trn hnh hp tr ra mt tp c th tch khng
th kh tch trn hnh hp .
CHNG MINH. Gi s f l mt hm thc b chn trn hnh hp I, do c s
thc M sao cho | f ( x )| M vi mi x I. Cho C l tp hp cc im thuc I m
ti hm f khng lin tc. Gi thit rng C c th tch khng.
ca chng minh l dng hu hn hnh hp c tng th tch nh hn e
ph C v dng tnh b chn ca f i vi phn ny. Trn phn ca hnh hp khng
c ph th f lin tc u, ta s dng lp lun nh trong phn chng minh ca
1.2.1.
Cho e > 0, c mt h cc hnh hp {Ui }1im ph C v c tng th tch nh
hn e. C th gi s mi hnh hp Ui l mt hnh hp con ca I, bng cch thay Ui
bi Ui I nu cn. M rng mi hnh hp Ui thnh mt hnh hp Ui0 cha trong I
c th tch khng qu hai ln th tch ca Ui sao cho phn trong ca Ui0 cha Ui .
( y ta xt phn trong tng i vi I, ngha l cc tp c xt c coi l tp
con ca khng gian I.) Nh vy ta c c mt h mi {Ui0 }1im cc hnh hp
con ca I vi tng th tch nh hn 2e, hi cc phn trong ca cc hnh hp ny

cha C. t T = I \ im=1 Ui0 th T ri khi C do f lin tc trn T.

By gi ta lm tng t nh 1.2.1. Gi P l php chia ca I nhn c bng
cch ly ta nh ca cc hnh hp Ui0 lm cc im chia trn cc cnh ca I. V T

1.2. S kh tch

Ui0

l compc nn f lin tc u trn T, do ta c th ly c mt php chia P0 mn

hn P sao cho vi bt k hnh hp con R ca P0 cha trong T th supR f infR f < e.
Khi vi P0 ta c
f )| R| < e | R| e| I |.
(sup f inf
R

R T

R T

Nu hnh hp con R ca P0 khng cha trong T th R cha trong mt hnh hp

Ui0

no , do
f )| R|
(sup f inf
R

R* T

2M| R| = 2M

R* T

| R| = 2M |Ui0 | < 2M2e.

R* T

i =1

Kt hp hai nh gi trn ta c U ( f , P0 ) L( f , P0 ) < (| I | + 4M )e. T ta kt

lun hm f kh tch.

1.2.6. nh l. Gi s f v g l hm b chn trn mt hnh hp I v f ( x ) = g( x ) trn I

tr ra mt tp con c th tch khng. Khi f kh tch trn I khi v ch khi g kh tch trn
R
R
I, v khi I f = I g.
Vy gi tr ca mt hm b chn trn mt tp c th tch khng khng nh hng n
tch phn.
CHNG MINH. t h = g f th h b chn, v h( x ) = 0 tr ra trn mt tp C
R
c th tch khng. Ta ch cn chng minh h kh tch v I h = 0, sau dng 1.1.2.
Ta tin hnh ging nh cch chng minh 1.2.5.
Cho trc e > 0, ta c mt h {Ui }1im cc hnh hp con ca I vi tng th
tch nh hn e v hi cc phn trong (tng i vi khng gian I) ca cc hnh hp

ny cha C. t T = I \ im=1 Ui th T ri khi C do h = 0 trn T.

Gi P l php chia ca I nhn c bng cch ly ta nh ca cc hnh
hp U i lm cc im chia trn cc cnh ca I. Trn T th
f )| R| = 0.
(sup f )| R| = (inf
R

R T

R T

10

1. Tch phn bi

Do h b chn nn c s M > 0 sao cho |h( x )| M vi mi x I. Nu hnh hp

con R khng cha trong T th R cha trong mt hnh hp Ui no , do

(sup h)| R|
R

R* T

R* T

R* T

| R| = M |Ui | < Me.

M| R| = M

| R| = M |Ui | > Me.

M| R| = M

i =1

Tng t:
h)| R|
(inf
R

R* T

R* T

R* T

i =1

Vy Me < L(h, P) U (h, P) < Me.

T y ta c th kt lun hm h kh tch v

R
I

h = 0.

iu kin cn v cho s kh tch. Trong phn ny chng ta s tr li hon

chnh vn kh tch. Nu ngi c thy qu kh hoc khng c thi gian th
ch cn nm c pht biu kt qu chnh l 1.2.8.
1.2.7. nh ngha ( o khng). Mt tp con C ca Rn l c o khng (of
measure zero) nu vi mi s e > 0 c mt h cc hnh hp {U1 , U2 , . . . , Un , . . . }

3
C v
n=1 |Un | < e.
Ni cch khc, mt tp con ca Rn l c o khng nu ta c th ph tp
bng mt h m c hnh hp c tng th tch nh hn s dng cho trc bt
k.

sao cho

i =1 Ui

V d. Mt tp c th tch khng th c o khng.

Mt mnh P( x ) thng c gi l ng hu khp (almost everywhere) nu
n ng vi mi x tr ra trn mt tp c o khng.
Di y l cu tr li hon chnh cho vn kh tch, thng c gi l
iu kin kh tch Lebesgue:
1.2.8. nh l (kh tch=b chn+lin tc hu khp). Mt hm thc b chn trn mt
hnh hp l kh tch trn hnh hp khi v ch khi tp hp nhng im ti hm khng
lin tc c o khng.
Ni cch khc, mt hm b chn l kh tch trn mt hnh hp khi v ch khi n lin tc
hu khp trn .
1.2.9. V d. Sau y l mt v d kinh in v mt hm kh tch c tp hp cc
im khng lin tc c o khng nhng khng c th tch khng.
Cho f : [0, 1] R,
f (x) =

1,

x = q , p, q Z, q > 0, gcd( p, q) = 1

0,

x
/ Q.

3T " o" y ch o Lebesgue. L thuyt tch phn ca Henri Lebesgue xut hin nm 1901, sau

l thuyt tch phn Riemann.

1.2. S kh tch

11

R rng f khng lin tc ti cc s hu t. Mt khc c th chng minh l f lin

tc ti cc s v t (Bi tp 1.2.16). Tp hp cc s hu t trong khong [0, 1] c
o khng nhng khng c th tch khng (Bi tp 1.2.17).
Ha ra hm f kh tch. Thc vy, cho e > 0, gi Ce l tp hp cc s hu t x
p
q

e. V 0 p q 1e , nn tp
Ce l hu hn. Ta ph Ce bng mt h U gm hu hn cc khong con ri nhau ca
khong [0, 1] c tng chiu di nh hn e. Cc im u mt ca cc khong ny
sinh ra mt php chia P ca khong [0, 1]. Ta c RU (supR f )| R| RU | R| < e.
p
Trong khi nu s x = q dng ti gin khng thuc Ce th 1q < e, do
R/
U (sup R f )| R | < e R/
U | R | e. Vy U ( f , P ) < 2e. T y ta kt lun f kh
R
tch, hn na [0,1] f = 0.
trong [0, 1] sao cho nu x =

dng ti gin th

1
q

* Chng minh 1.2.8. Cho f l mt hm b chn trn min xc nh l D Rn . Ta

nh ngha dao ng (oscillation) ca f ti x D l s thc
!
o ( f , x ) = inf

sup

>0

B( x,) D

inf

B( x,) D

= lim

sup
B( x,) D

!
f

inf

B( x,) D

R rng o ( f , x ) c xc nh v khng m.
1.2.10. B . Hm f lin tc ti x khi v ch khi o ( f , x ) = 0.
CHNG MINH. () Gi s o ( f , x ) = 0. Cho trc e > 0, c > 0 sao cho
supB( x,) f infB( x,) f < e. Suy ra f (y) f ( x ) < e v f ( x ) f (y) < e, v th

| f (y) f ( x )| < e vi mi y B( x, ) D. Vy f lin tc ti x.

() Gi s f lin tc ti x. Cho e > 0, c > 0 sao cho | f (y) f ( x )| < e vi
mi y B( x, ) D. V vy vi mi y, z B( x, ) D ta c | f (y) f (z)| < 2e. Suy
ra supB( x,) f infB( x,) f 2e. Vy o ( f , x ) = 0.

CHNG MINH PHN IU KIN CA 1.2.8. Phn ny c pht trin t chng
minh ca 1.2.5, dng k thut trong 1.2.9.
Gi s | f ( x )| M vi mi x trong hnh hp I. Gi C l tp cc im trong I
ti f khng lin tc, v gi s C c o khng.
Cho trc e > 0. t Ce = { x I | o ( f , x ) e}. Khi theo 1.2.11, Ce l
mt tp compc, cha trong C, do theo 1.2.12 Ce c th tch khng. Nh trong
phn chng minh ca 1.2.5, c mt h hu hn cc hnh hp {U1 , U2 , . . . , Um },
mi hnh hp ny cha trong I, sao cho Ce c ph bi h cc phn trong i vi
I ca cc Ui , ngha l C
t T = I \

Sm

i =1

Sm

i =1

Ui , v im=1 |Ui | < e.

Ui . Khi T ri khi Ce . Vi mi x T th o ( f , x ) < e. C

hnh hp R x l ln cn ca x trong I sao cho supRx f infRx f < e. V T compc,

mi ph m c mt ph con hu hn (xem chng hn [Lan97, tr. 203]), nn h

{ R x | x T } ph T c mt ph con hu hn { R j | j = 1, 2, . . . , k}.
Cc hnh hp Ui v R j , 1 i m v 1 j k sinh ra mt php chia P ca I,
c to ra t cc ta nh ca cc hnh hp.

12

1. Tch phn bi

Nu hnh hp con R ca P nm trong T th R R j no , v th supR f

infR f < e. Do
f )| R| < e | R| < e| I |.
(sup f inf
R
R

R T

R T

Nu hnh hp con R ca P khng cha trong T th R Ui no . Do

f )| R|
(sup f inf
R

R* T

2M| R| = 2M

R* T

| R| = 2M |Ui | < 2Me

i =1

R* T

T hai nh gi trn ta c U ( f , P) L( f , P) < (| I | + 2M)e. Ta kt lun hm f kh

tch.

Trong chng minh trn ta dng cc b sau.

1.2.11. B . Vi mi e > 0, tp { x D | o ( f , x ) e} l tp ng trong D.
CHNG MINH. Ta s chng minh rng A = { x D | o ( f , x ) < e} l tp m
trong D. Gi s x A. C > 0 sao cho supB( x,) D f infB( x,) D f < e. Ly
y B( x, ) D. Ly 0 > 0 sao cho B(y, 0 ) B( x, ). Khi supB(y,0 ) D f
infB(y,0 ) D f < supB( x,) D f infB( x,) D f < e. iu ny dn ti y A.

1.2.12. B . Mt tp compc c o khng th c th tch khng.

CHNG MINH. Gi s C l compc v c o khng. Cho e > 0, c h cc
hnh hp ng U1 , U2 , . . . sao cho i=1 Ui C v i=1 |Ui | < e/2. M rng kch

thc tt c cc cnh ca mi Ui c hnh hp Ui0 sao cho |Ui0 | < 2|Ui |. Khi

Ui0 cha Ui , do i=1 Ui0 C, v i=1 |Ui0 | < e. V C compc nn h {Ui0 }i=1 c

mt h con hu hn {Ui0 }nk=1 tha nk=1 Ui0 C. Suy ra nk=1 |Ui0 | < e. Vy C c
k

th tch khng.

CHNG MINH PHN IU KIN CN CA 1.2.8. Gi s | f ( x )| M vi mi x

trong hnh hp I v f kh tch trn I. Gi C l tp cc im trong I ti f lin tc.
t C1/m = { x I | o ( f , x ) 1/m}. Khi C =

m=1 C1/m .

Ta s chng minh

mi tp C1/m c th tch khng, v do theo 1.2.13 tp C c o khng.

Cho e > 0. V f kh tch nn c php chia P ca I sao cho U ( f , P) L( f , P) <
e. Tp C1/m gm cc im trong (i vi I) ca mt s hnh hp con ca P, h tt
c cc hnh hp nh vy ta gi l S, v cc im bin ca mt s hnh hp con
khc, h tt c cc hnh hp nh vy ta gi l T.
Nu R S th R c im trong x C1/m . Do supR f infR f o ( f , x )
1/m. Vy
e>

f )| R|
(sup f inf
R

RS

RS

1
| R |.
m

Vy ta c

| R| < me.

RS

Theo 1.2.14 tp T c th tch khng. C mt ph Q ca T bng hu hn cc

hnh hp sao cho tng th tch ca cc hnh hp ny nh hn e. Do C1/m c

1.2. S kh tch

13

ph bi h S Q vi tng th tch nh hn (m + 1)e. Ta kt lun C1/m c th tch

khng.

Trong chng minh trn ta dng cc b sau.

1.2.13. B . Hi ca mt h m c cc tp c th tch khng l mt tp c o
khng.
CHNG MINH. Gi s Ci , i Z+ l mt tp c th tch khng. t C =

i =1 Ci .

Cho e > 0. Vi mi i c mt h hu hn cc hnh hp {Ui,j | 1 j ni } ph

n

Ci v j=i 1 |Ui,j | <

e
.
2i

By gi ta lit k cc tp Ui,j theo th t

U1,1 , U1,2 , . . . , U1,n1 , U2,1 , U2,2 , . . . , U2,n2 , U3,1 , . . .
y l mt ph m c ca C c tng din tch nh hn i=1
o khng.

e
2i

= e. Vy C c


1.2.14. B . Bin ca mt hnh hp c th tch khng.

CHNG MINH. Do 1.2.13 ta ch cn chng minh mi mt ca mt hnh hp
n-chiu c th tch khng trong Rn . Mi mt ca hnh hp l mt tp hp D cc
im c dng ( x1 , x2 , . . . , xi , . . . , xn ) vi a j x j b j khi j 6= i, v xi = c vi c = ai
hoc c = bi . Cho trc e > 0. Ly hnh hp R ph D c chiu di cnh chiu th
i nh, c th R gm cc im c dng ( x1 , x2 , . . . , xi , . . . , xn ) vi a j x j b j khi
j 6= i v c xi c + . Khi | R| = 2 j6=i (b j a j ) < e nu nh.

Bi tp.
1.2.15. Cc hm sau c kh tch khng? Nu hm kh tch th tch phn ca n bng bao
nhiu?
(a) f ( x ) =

x,

0 x 1, x 6= 12 ,

0, x

0,
(b) f ( x ) =
sin x ,
x
x,
(c) f ( x, y) = y
0,

2,
(d) f ( x, y) =
3,

= 12 .
x=0
0 < x 1.
0 x 1, 0 < y 1,
0 < x 1, y = 0.
0 < x 1, 0 y 1,
x = 0, 0 y 1.

1.2.16. Hm c nh ngha trong v d 1.2.9 lin tc ti cc s v t.

1.2.17. Tp hp cc s hu t trong khong [0, 1] c o khng nhng khng c th tch
khng.
1.2.18. Mnh 1.2.6 c cn ng khng nu thay th tch khng bng o khng?
1.2.19. Chng t hi ca mt tp c o khng vi mt tp c th tch khng th c o
khng.
R  R


1.2.20. Chng t nu f kh tch th | f | kh tch v  I f  I | f |.

14

1. Tch phn bi

1.3. Tch phn trn tp tng qut

Chng ta ch xt cc tp con ca Rn . ngn gn hn ta thng dng t min
(region) ch mt tp nh vy. Chng ta ch xt nhng min b chn. Nh li rng
trong Gii tch 1 xt tch phn trn khong khng b chn ta phi dng ti
gii hn ca tch phn a v c khi nim tch phn suy rng.
Gi s D l mt min b chnv f : D R. V D b chn nn c hnh hp I
cha D. M rng hm f ln hnh hp I thnh hm F : I R xc nh bi

f ( x ), x D
F(x) =
0,
x I \ D.
Mt cch t nhin ta nh ngha :
nh ngha. Ta ni f l kh tch trn D nu F kh tch trn I, v khi tch phn
ca f trn D c nh ngha l tch phn ca F trn I:
Z
D

f =

Z
I

F.

tch phn ca f trn D c nh ngha th F phi b chn trn I, do f

phi b chn trn D.
R
B . Tch phn D f khng ph thuc vo cch chn hnh hp I.
CHNG MINH. Gi s F1 l m rng ca f ln I1 D, bng khng ngoi D v
F2 l m rng ca f ln I2 D, bng khng ngoi D. Ta cn chng minh iu sau:
R
R
nu F1 kh tch trn I1 th F2 kh tch trn I2 , v I F1 = I F2 .
2

t I3 = I1 I2 th I3 l mt hnh hp con ca I1 , v ta chng minh iu sau

R
R
l : F1 kh tch trn I1 khi v ch khi F3 kh tch trn I3 , v I F1 = I F3 .
3

t hm F10 xc nh trn I1 sao cho F10 trng vi F1 tr ra trn bin ca I3 , ni

m F10 c nh ngha l bng khng. V F10 ch khc F1 trn mt tp c th tch

R
R
khng nn theo 1.2.6 F10 kh tch khi v ch khi F1 kh tch, v I F10 = I F1 .
1

Mt php chia bt k P ca I3 sinh ra mt php chia P0 ca I1 bng cch thm

vo ta cc nh ca I1 . Nu mt hnh hp con R ng vi P0 khng cha trong

I3 th supR F10 = infR F10 = 0 ( ch ny c dng gi thit F10 bng khng trn bin
ca I3 ). iu ny dn ti U ( F3 , P) = U ( F10 , P0 ) v L( F3 , P) = L( F10 , P0 ). Do ta kt
R
R
lun nu F3 kh tch th F10 kh tch v I F10 = I F3 .
1

Ngc li, mt php chia bt k P0 ca I1 sinh ra mt php chia P00 ca I1 mn

hn P0 bng cch thm vo ta cc nh ca I3 . Hn ch P00 ln I3 ta c mt

php chia P ca I3 . Ging nh on va ri, U ( F3 , P) = U ( F10 , P00 ) v L( F3 , P) =
R
R
L( F10 , P00 ). Do nu F10 kh tch th F3 kh tch v I F3 = I F10 .

3

Ghi ch. Khi D l mt hnh hp th nh ngha tch phn ny trng vi nh ngha

c.
Th tch. T ca tch phn ta c th thy ca th tch. t min b chn D vo
trong mt hnh hp I v xt mt php chia P ca I. Ta xp x trn th tch ca D

1.3. Tch phn trn tp tng qut

15

bng tng th tch ca cc hnh ch nht con ca I m c phn chung khc rng
vi D, tc l R D6= | R|. Ta cng xp x di th tch ca D bng tng th tch
ca cc hnh ch nht con ca I m nm trong D, tc l R D | R|. Min D c th
tch nu nh hai xp x ny c th gn nhau ty .

HNH 1.3.1. Xp x ngoi v xp x trong din tch ca mt hnh trn.

Xt hm c gi tr bng 1 trn D v bng 0 ngoi D. Hm ny thng c gi
l gi l hm c trng ca D, k hiu l D :

D (x) =

1,

xD

0,

x Rn \ D,

Ta c U ( D , P) = R (supR D )| R| = R D6= | R| chnh l xp x trn th tch ca

D, v L( D , P) = R (infR D )| R| = R D | R| chnh l xp x di th tch ca D.
T y ta thy th tch ca D chnh l tch phn ca D trn I. M y chnh l tch
phn ca hm 1 trn D. Vy ta nh ngha th tch thng qua tch phn:
nh ngha. Cho D l mt tp con b chn ca Rn . Th tch n-chiu ca D c
nh ngha l tch phn ca hm 1 trn D:

|D| =

Z
D

1.

Ta thng thay t th tch bng t din tch khi s chiu n = 2 v bng t

chiu di khi n = 1.
1.3.1. nh l. Mt tp con b chn ca Rn c th tch n-chiu khi v ch khi bin ca n
c th tch n-chiu khng.
Th s m ni, theo cch gii thch v th tch on trn, xp x di v xp
x trn ca th tch c th gn nhau ty khi cc hnh hp ph phn bin c tng
th tch nh ty .
CHNG MINH 1.3.1. Cho D l mt tp con b chn ca Rn , ly mt hnh hp I
cha D v ly hm F bng 1 trn D v bng 0 ngoi D. Tp hp cc im khng

16

1. Tch phn bi

lin tc ca F l chnh tp bin D ca D. Vy F kh tch khi v ch khi D c o

khng. Bin ca mt tp con ca Rn lun l mt tp ng, ngoi ra v D b chn
nn D cng b chn, do D l compc. Do 1.2.12, ta bit D c o khng
khi v ch khi n c th tch khng.

V d (Hnh trn c din tch). Xt hnh trn cho bi x2 + y2 R2 . Bin ca

hnh trn ny l ng trn x2 + y2 = R2 . ng trn ny l hi ca na ng
trn trn v na ng trn di. Na ng trn trn l th ca hm y =

R2 x2 , R x R. Theo 1.2.4, tp ny c din tch khng. Tng t na

ng trn di c din tch khng. Vy ng trn c th tch khng, do theo
1.3.1 ta kt lun hnh trn c din tch.
V d. Tng t, mt hnh a gic th c din tch v bin ca n l mt hi ca
hu hn nhng on thng, l nhng tp c din tch khng.
V d. Tp hp Q [0, 1] c bin ng bng [0, 1], do tp ny khng c chiu
di (xem thm 1.2.17).
S kh tch. Tng t trng hp hnh hp 1.2.8, ta c:
1.3.2. nh l (kh tch trn tp c th tch=b chn+lin tc hu khp). Cho D l
tp con c th tch ca Rn . Khi f kh tch trn D khi v ch khi f b chn v lin tc hu
khp trn D.
CHNG MINH. Cho I l mt hnh hp cha D v cho F l m rng ca f ln I,
R
R
bng khng ngoi D. Tch phn D f tn ti nu v ch nu tch phn I F tn ti.
R
Theo 1.2.8 ta bit tch phn I F tn ti khi v ch khi F lin tc hu khp trn I. Tp
E cc im ti F khng lin tc gm tp C cc im trn D m ti f khng
lin tc v c th nhng im khc trn bin ca D. Nh vy C E (C D ).
Do gi thit, D c th tch khng. Nu C c o khng th C D c o
khng (xem 1.2.19), dn n E c o khng, do F kh tch. Ngc li, nu F
kh tch th E c o khng, do C c o khng.

Tng t 1.2.3 ta c:
1.3.3. Mnh . th ca mt hm kh tch trn mt tp con b chn ca Rn c th tch
khng trong Rn+1 .
CHNG MINH. Gi s D Rn b chn v f : D R. Gi I l mt hnh hp
cha D v F l m rng ca f ln I, bng khng ngoi D. V f kh tch nn F kh
tch trn I. Theo 1.2.3, th ca F c th tch khng trong Rn+1 . th ca f l
mt tp con ca th ca F.

V d (Qu cu c th tch). Xt qu cu cho bi x2 + y2 + z2 R2 . Na mt cu

p
trn l th ca hm z = R2 x2 y2 vi ( x, y) thuc v hnh trn x2 + y2
R2 . V hnh trn c din tch v hm trn lin tc, nn theo 1.3.2 hm trn kh tch,
v theo 1.3.3 th th ca n c th tch khng trong R3 . Tng t na mt cu
di cng c th tch khng, do mt cu c th tch khng, v do 1.3.1 nn qu
cu c th tch.

1.3. Tch phn trn tp tng qut

17

Tnh cht ca tch phn. Nhng tnh cht sau l h qu n gin ca nhng
tnh cht tng ng cho hnh hp 1.1.2:
1.3.4. Mnh . Nu f v g kh tch trn D th:
R
R
R
(a) f + g kh tch v D ( f + g) = D f + D g.
R
R
(b) Vi mi s thc c th c f kh tch v D c f = c D f .
R
R
(c) Nu f g th D f D g.
Tng t nh kt qu cho hnh hp 1.2.6, ta c:
1.3.5. Mnh . Cho D l tp con b chn ca Rn , f v g b chn trn D, v f ( x ) = g( x )
tr ra mt tp c th tch khng. Khi f kh tch khi v ch khi g kh tch, v trong trng
R
R
hp ny D f = D g.
Vy gi tr ca mt hm b chn trn mt tp c th tch khng khng nh hng n
tch phn.
CHNG MINH. Ly mt hnh hp I cha D. Gi F v G l cc m rng ca f
v g ln I, bng khng ngoi D. Khi F ( x ) = G ( x ) trn I tr ra mt tp c th
tch khng. Nu f kh tch trn D th F kh tch trn I. T y theo 1.2.6 th G kh
R
R
R
R
tch trn I, nn g kh tch trn D, v D f = I F = I G = D g.

1.3.6. H qu (Thm bt mt tp c th tch khng khng nh hng ti tch
phn). Cho D l tp con b chn ca Rn , C l tp con ca D c th tch khng, v f
b chn trn D. Khi f kh tch trn D khi v ch khi f kh tch trn D \ C, v khi
R
R
D f = D \C f .
CHNG MINH. t hm g xc nh trn D sao cho g( x ) = f ( x ) trn D \ C v
R
R
D g = D f . Mt khc t nh

g( x ) = 0 trn C. Do 1.3.5 g cng kh tch trn D v

R
R
R
ngha ca tch phn ta c D g = D\C g = D\C f .

1.3.7. H qu. Cho D1 v D2 l hai tp con b chn ca Rn . Gi s D1 D2 c th tch

khng. Nu f kh tch trn D1 v trn D2 th f kh tch trn D1 D2 , v
Z
D1 D2

f =

Z
D1

f+

Z
D2

f.

Kt qu ny cho php ta tnh tch phn trn mt min bng cch chia min thnh
nhng min n gin hn. y l dng tng qut ca cng thc quen thuc cho hm
Rb
Rc
Rc
mt bin: a f + b f = a f .
CHNG MINH. t f 1 xc nh trn D = D1 D2 sao cho f 1 = f trn D1 v
f 1 = 0 trn D \ D1 . Tng t, t f 2 xc nh trn D sao cho f 2 = f trn D2 v
f 2 = 0 trn D \ D2 . V f kh tch trn D1 nn t nh ngha tch phn ta c ngay f 1
R
R
R
R
kh tch trn D v D f 1 = D f . Tng t f 2 kh tch trn D v D f 2 = D f .
2

Ta c f 1 + f 2 = f trn D \ ( D1 D2 ). V f 1 + f 2 kh tch trn D v D1 D2 c

th tch khng nn do 1.3.5 f kh tch trn D v
Z
D

f =

Z
D

( f1 + f2 ) =

Z
D

f1 +

Z
D

f2 =

Z
D1

f+

Z
D2

f.

18

1. Tch phn bi


V d. Trong mnh trn ly f = 1 ta c kt qu: Nu D1 v D2 c th tch v
D1 D2 c th tch khng th | D1 D2 | = | D1 | + | D2 |.
Chng hn khi tnh din tch mt hnh ta vn thng chia hnh thnh
nhng hnh n gin hn bng nhng on thng hay on cong, ri cng cc
din tch li.
Bi tp.
1.3.8. Gii thch ti sao mt hnh tam gic th c din tch.
1.3.9. Ti sao min phng bn di th y = 1 x2 , bn trn on 1 x 1 c din
tch?
1.3.10. Gii thch ti sao mt khi t din th c th tch.
1.3.11. Chng minh 1.3.4.
1.3.12. Gii thch ti sao mt hnh tam gic th c din tch bng phn na chiu di mt
cnh nhn vi chiu cao ng vi cnh .
1.3.13. Gi s A B Rn , A v B c th tch. Chng t | A| | B|.
1.3.14. Gi s A B Rn , f kh tch trn A v B, v f 0. Chng t

R
A

R
B

f.

1.3.15. Chng t tch phn ca mt hm b chn trn mt tp c th tch khng th bng

khng.
1.3.16. * Chng t mt tp con b chn ca Rn c th tch khng khi v ch khi n c th
tch v th tch bng khng. Nh vy th tch khng chnh l c th tch bng khng!

1.4. nh l Fubini

19

1.4. nh l Fubini
nh l Fubini trong khng gian hai chiu cho mt cng thc c dng:
ZZ
[ a,b][c,d]

f ( x, y) dxdy =

Z bZ d
a

Z

f ( x, y) dy dx =

Z


f ( x, y) dx dy.

Mt tch phn ca tch phn c gi l mt tch phn lp (repeated integral). Cng

thc Fubini a bi ton tnh tch phn bi v bi ton tnh tch phn ca hm mt
bin.
V mt nh lng cng thc Fubini ni rng tng gi tr ca hm trn hnh
ch nht bng tng ca cc tng gi tr trn cc on ct song song.
Ta c th gii thch bng hnh hc cng thc trn nh sau. Gi s f > 0. Khi
R
[ a,b][c,d] f l "th tch" ca khi bn di mt z = f ( x, y ) bn trn hnh ch
Rd
nht [ a, b] [c, d]. Khi c f ( x0 , y) dy l din tch ca mt ct (cross-section)
ca khi bi mt phng x = x0 . Vy cng thc Fubini ni rng th tch ca khi bng
tng din tch cc mt ct song song.

z
z = f ( x, y)

Rd
c

f ( x, y) dy

a
x
b
x

C th gii thch cng thc ny bng cch xp x th tch ca khi nh sau.

Chia khong [ a, b] thnh nhng khong con. ng vi nhng khong con ny,
khi c ct thnh nhng mnh bi nhng mt ct song song. V chiu di mi
khong con l nh, ta c th xp x th tch ca mi mnh bi din tch mt mt
ct nhn vi chiu di ca khong con.
Chi tit hn, ta xp x theo tng Riemann: Gi s a = x0 < x1 < < xm = b
l mt php chia ca khong [ a, b] v c = y0 < y1 < < yn = d l mt php chia
ca khong [c, d]. Vi xi l im i din bt k thuc khong con xi = [ xi1 , xi ]
v yj l im bt k thuc y j = [y j1 , y j ] th

20

1. Tch phn bi

Z bZ d
a


f ( x, y) dy dx

Z

c
i =1
m  n

i =1


f ( xi , y) dy |xi |

f ( xi , yj )|y j | |xi |

j =1

f ( xi , yj )|xi ||y j |

1i m,1 jn

ZZ

[ a,b][c,d]

f ( x, y) dxdy.

Sau y l mt dng tng qut ca nh l Fubini4.

1.4.1. nh l (nh l Fubini). Cho A l mt hnh hp trong Rm v B l mt hnh hp
trong Rn . Cho f kh tch trn hnh hp A B trong Rm+n . Gi s vi mi x A tch
R
phn B f ( x, y) dy tn ti. Khi
Z
A B

f =

Z Z
A


f ( x, y) dy dx.

Ch rng cc gi thit trong nh l trn s tha nu f l hm lin tc.

CHNG MINH. Chng minh ny n gin l mt cch vit chnh xc cch gii
thch bng xp x vi tng Riemann trn. Gi P l mt php chia bt k ca hnh
hp A B. Khi P l tch ca mt php chia PA ca A v mt php chia PB ca
B.
i vi tng di, ta c:

Z
f ( x, y) dy, PA =
L
B

RA

RA

RA

=
RA

=
=

inf

xR A

inf

inf

y R B

RB

R A RB

f ( x, y) | R B |


inf

R A RB

|R A |
!


inf

xR A R
B


inf f ( x, y) | R B |

xR A R
B

|R A |

f ( x, y) | R B |

|R A |

inf

f ( x, y)| R A || R B |

inf

f ( x, y)| R A R B | = L( f , P).

R A RB R A RB
R A RB R A RB

Tng t, thay inf bi sup ta c U (

c ngay nh l.


f ( x, y) dy | R A |

R
B

f ( x, y) dy, PA ) U ( f , P). T y ta

1.4.2. H qu (th tch ca min di th). Gi s f l hm xc nh, khng

m trn min b chn D Rn . Gi E l min di th ca f bn trn min D, tc
4Guido Fubini (19791943) chng minh mt dng rt tng qut ca nh l, nhng nhng kt qu dng

ny c bit trc kh lu.

1.4. nh l Fubini

21

E = {( x, y) Rn R | x D, 0 y f ( x )}. Nu E c th tch th th tch bng

tch phn ca f trn D:

| E| =

Z
D

f.

y l mt cng thc m ta ni ti ngay t u khi xy dng tch phn

nhng phi ti gi ta mi c.
CHNG MINH. V E c th tch nn n b chn, c mt hnh hp cha n. Ta
c th ly hnh hp l I [0, c] vi I l mt hnh hp n-chiu trong Rn cha D
Rc
v c ln. Nu x I \ D th E ( x, y) = 0 y [0, c], do 0 E ( x, y) dy = 0.
Rc
Nu x D th E ( x, y) = 1 khi v ch khi 0 y f ( x ), do 0 E ( x, y) dy =
R f (x)
1 dy = f ( x ). Do ta c th p dng cng thc Fubini:
0

Z
Z
Z Z c
| E| =
1=
E =
E ( x, y) dy dx
I [0,c]

Z Z c


E ( x, y dy

dx =

Z
D

f ( x ) dx.


nh l Fubini cho min phng. Vic p dng nh l Fubini s d dng hn i
vi nhng min "n gin". Mt tp con ca R2 c gi l mt min n gin
theo chiu ng (vertically simple region) nu n c dng {( x, y) R2 | a x
b, f ( x ) y g( x )}. y l mt min gia hai th c cng min xc nh. Mt
ng thng ng nu ct min ny th phn giao l mt on thng.
Tng t, mt tp con ca R2 c gi l mt min n gin theo chiu ngang
(vertically simple region) nu n c dng {( x, y) R2 | c y d, f (y) x
g(y)}.
1.4.3. Mnh . Cho min n gin theo chiu ng D = {( x, y) R2 | a x
b, g( x ) y h( x )}. Gi s f , g v h lin tc. Khi
ZZ
Z b  Z h( x )

f ( x, y) dA =
f ( x, y) dy dx.
D

g( x )

Cng thc c th ng di nhng iu kin tng qut hn nh 1.4.2 nhng

chng ta ch pht biu dng thng dng trong mn hc ny. Trng hp min
n gin theo chiu nm ngang l tng t.
CHNG MINH. Ta ch ra vi nhng iu kin ny th min D c din tch. Do
g v h b chn nn D b chn. Ta chng t bin ca D c din tch khng. Ta c th
kim tra l phn trong ca D l tp {( x, y) R2 | a < x < b, g( x ) < y < h( x )}. C
th, gi s a < x0 < b v g( x0 ) < y0 < h( x0 ). C s e > 0 sao cho g( x0 ) < y0 e v
h( x0 ) > y0 + e. Do g v h lin tc nn c khong m U cha x0 sao cho vi x U
th g( x ) < y0 e v h( x ) > y0 + e. Suy ra hnh ch nht m U (y0 e, y0 + e)
c cha trong D, m l mt ln cn m ca im ( x0 , y0 ). T y c th suy ra
bin ca D l hi ca th ca g v h v hai on thng {( a, y) | g( a) y h( a)}
v {(b, y) | g(b) y h(b)}. Do 1.3.3 cc tp ny c din tch khng.

22

1. Tch phn bi

Ly mt hnh ch nht I = [ a, b] [c, d] cha D. Gi F l m rng ca f ln

I bng khng ngoi D. V f lin tc trn tp c din tch D nn f kh tch trn D,
Rd
R h( x )
do F kh tch trn I. Ngoi ra c F ( x, y) dy = g( x) f ( x, y) dy tn ti. p dng
cng thc Fubini cho F:
ZZ
D

f ( x, y) dxdy

ZZ

F ( x, y) dxdy

I
Z bZ d

Z

F ( x, y) dy dx =

Z

h( x )
g( x )


f ( x, y) dy dx.


Ghi ch. Trong trng hp min khng n gin ta c th tm cch chia min
thnh nhng phn n gin tnh, da trn c s 1.3.7.
RR
2
V d. Tnh tch phn D ey dA, trong D l tam gic vi cc nh (0, 0), (4, 0),

(0, 2).
2
Do min D l mt tam gic nn n c din tch (1.3.8). Hm ey lin tc trn D
do kh tch trn D (1.3.2). Ta c th miu t D theo hai cch
x
D = {( x, y) R2 | 0 x 4, y 2} = {( x, y) R2 | 0 y 2, 0 x 2y}.
2
Theo cch miu t th nht, tc l xem D l min n gin theo chiu ng,
th theo cng thc Fubini:
I=

ZZ

ey dA =

Z 4 Z 2
x
2

ey dy


dx.

Tuy nhin ngi ta bit nguyn hm ca hm ey theo bin y khng phi l mt

hm s cp, do khng c cng thc cho n.
Ta chuyn hng dng cch miu t th hai, xem D l min n gin theo
chiu ngang:
Z 2 Z
I =

= e

0
4

2y
0

y2


dx

dy =

Z 2
0

2  x =2y
xey  x=0

dy =

Z 2
0


2
2  y =2
2yey dy = ey y=0

nh l Fubini cho min ba chiu. Tng t trng hp hai chiu ta c th ni

v min ba chiu n gin. Mt tp con ca R3 c gi l mt min n theo chiu
trc z nu n c dng {( x, y, z) R3 | ( x, y) D, f ( x, y) z g( x, y)}. y l
min nm gia hai th c cng min xc nh. Mt ng thng cng phng
vi trc z nu ct min ny th phn giao l mt on thng. Tng t c khi
nim min n gin theo chiu trc x v trc y.
Tng t trng hp hai chiu 1.4.3, ta c:
1.4.4. Mnh . Cho min D R2 c din tch, v min E = {( x, y, z) R3 | ( x, y)
D, g( x, y) z h( x, y)}. Gi s f , g v h b chn v lin tc. Khi
ZZZ
Z Z  Z h( x,y)

f ( x, y, z) dV =
f ( x, y, z) dz dA.
E

g( x,y)

1.4. nh l Fubini

23

CHNG MINH. Ta ch ra vi nhng iu kin ny th E c th tch. V g v h b

chn trn D nn E b chn. Ta chng minh bin ca E c th tch khng trong R3 .
Ging nh trong trng hp 2 chiu trn, c th kim bin ca E l hi ca th
ca g v h, min D, v mt "bn hng" ca E, tp {( x, y, z) | ( x, y) D, g( x, y)
z h( x, y)}. Theo 1.3.3 th ca g v h, v min D u c th tch khng trong
R3 .
t D trong mt hnh ch nht I trong R2 . C mt khong [ a, b] sao cho hnh
hp I [ a, b] cha E. Mt bn hng ca E l mt tp con ca tp D [ a, b]. V D
c din tch khng trong R2 nn cho trc e > 0 ta c th ph D bng hu hn
hnh ch nht vi tng din tch nh hn e. Ly tch ca mi hnh ch nht vi
khong [ a, b] ta c mt ph ca D [ a, b] bi cc hnh hp c tng th tch nh
hn e(b a). Vy mt bn hng ca E c th tch khng trong R3 .
Ly m rng F ca f ln I [ a, b] sao cho F bng khng ngoi E. Nu ( x, y)
/
Rb
D th F c gi tr 0 trn {( x, y)} [ a, b]. Nu ( x, y) D th a F ( x, y, z) dz =
R h(x,y)
f ( x, y, z) dz. p dng cng thc Fubini cho F:
g( x,y)
ZZZ
I [ a,b]

F ( x, y, z) dV =

ZZ  Z b
I

ZZ  Z b
D


F ( x, y, z) dz dA


F ( x, y, z) dz dA

Z Z  Z h( x,y)
D

g( x,y)


f ( x, y, z) dz dA.


Bi tp.
1.4.5. Cho hm
f : [0, 1] [0, 1]

( x, y)

R
f ( x, y) =

x + y,

xy

xy,

x > y.

Hm f c kh tch khng? Nu f kh tch th tch phn ca n bng bao nhiu?

(a) Gii thch v sao tch phn sau tn ti, sau tnh n:

1.4.6.

ZZ
D

( x y2 ) dA

trong D l min bao bi cc ng cong y = x2 , x = y4 .

(b) Gi D l min bao bi cc ng cong x = y2 , y x = 3, y = 3, y = 2. Tnh
RR
D x dA.
(c) Gi D l min trong gc phn t th nht, nm bn trn ng hyperbola xy = 1,
RR
bn trn ng thng y = x, bn di ng thng y = 2. Tnh D y dA.
1.4.7. Gii thch v sao c th i th t tch phn trong cc tch phn lp sau v hy tnh
chng:
(a)
(b)

R 1 R 1
0
R1
0

y2 dy
2 xe
R x
1
3

y x +2

dx.

dx dy.

24

1. Tch phn bi

(a) Tnh tch phn

1.4.8.

RRR
E

y dV trong E l khi t din vi 4 nh (0, 0, 0),

(1, 0, 0), (2, 1, 0) v (0, 0, 1).

RRR
E z dV trong E l khi c bao bi cc mt z = 0, x = 0,
y = x, y = 1, z = 2x + 3y.
R 1 R 1 R 1 y
f ( x, y, z) dz dy dx theo th
1.4.9. Cho f l hm lin tc. Hy vit li tch phn 1 | x| 0
t dx dz dy.
R1R2R4
1.4.10. Tnh 0 0 z2 x3 z cos(y2 ) dy dz dx.
(b) Tnh tch phn

1.4.11. Cho g lin tc trn hnh hp [ a, b] [c, d] [e, f ], chng t

ZZZ
Z bZ dZ f
 
g( x, y, z) dV =
g( x, y, z) dz dy dx.
[ a,b][c,d][e, f ]

1.4.12. Tnh th tch ca khi c miu t trong hnh di y:

z
z = e3x

y = e2x

y = e x

1
x

HNH 1.4.1. Bi tp 1.4.12

1.4.13. Chng minh nguyn l Cavalieri5: Nu hai khi ba chiu c th tch, v hai lt ct
bi mt mt phng nm ngang bt k c cng din tch, th hai khi c cng th tch.
1.4.14. Cho f : R2 R. Gi s

2 f
xy

2 f
yx

lin tc.

(a) Trn hnh ch nht [ a, b] [c, d] bt k, dng nh l Fubini, hy chng t

ZZ

2 f
dA =
[ a,b][c,d] xy

(b) Dng phn (a), chng t

2 f
xy

ZZ

2 f
dA.
[ a,b][c,d] yx

2 f
yx .

y l mt chng minh dng tch phn bi ca mt nh l quen thuc trong Gii tch 2 ni
rng nu cc o hm ring cp hai u lin tc th th t ly o hm khng nh hng
ti kt qu.

5Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri l mt nh ton hc sng vo u th k 17.

1.5. Cng thc i bin

25

1.5. Cng thc i bin

Nhc li v vi phn. Ngi c c th xem li ni dung ny trong mn Gii tch
2, hoc xem [Lan97].
Cho D l mt tp con ca Rn , x l mt im trong ca D. o hm ring ca
f : D R theo bin th i ti x c nh ngha l s thc
f
f ( x + hei ) f ( x )
( x ) = lim
xi
h
h 0
trong ei = (0, . . . , 0, 1, 0, . . . , 0) vi s 1 nm ta th i. y l t l thay i
ca gi tr ca hm so vi gi tr ca bin th i ti im cho.
Xt hm f : D Rm . Nu tt c cc o hm ring ca cc hm thnh phn
ca f tn ti v lin tc ti x th ta ni f kh vi lin tc (continuously differentiable)
hay trn (smooth) ti x. Ma trn cco hm
 ring ca f ti x c gi l ma trn
Jacobi ca f ti x, k hiu l J f ( x ) =

fi
x j ( x ) 1i m, 1 jn .

V d. Khi m = 1 ma trn Jacobi J f ( x ) chnh l vect gradient

 f

f
f (x) =
( x ), . . . ,
(x) .
x1
xn
Nu c mt hm tuyn tnh f 0 ( x ) : Rn Rm sao cho c mt qu cu B( x, e)
D v mt hm r : B( x, e) Rm tha mn:
f ( x + h) = f ( x ) + f 0 ( x )(h) + r (h), h B( x, e)
v

r (h)
= 0,
|h|
th nh x f 0 ( x ) c gi l o hm (derivative) ca f ti x. Vy o hm cho mt
lim

h 0

xp x tuyn tnh ca hm:

f ( x + h) f ( x ) + f 0 ( x )(h)
Ta bit nu f kh vi lin tc ti x th f c o hm ti x, v nh x tuyn tnh
c th biu din trong c s chun tc ca Rn (tc l c s {e1 , e2 , . . . , en })

f 0 (x)

v Rm bi ma trn Jacobi J f ( x ). Cn nhn mnh l by gi ta coi o hm ti mt

im l mt nh x tuyn tnh ch khng phi l mt s thc hay mt ma trn. Ma
trn Jacobi ch l mt ma trn i din cho o hm.
Php i bin. Cho A v B l hai tp m trong Rn . Mt nh x f : A B c
gi l mt php vi ng phi (diffeomorphism) hay mt php i bin nu f l song
nh, kh vi lin tc, v nh x ngc f 1 cng kh vi lin tc.
V d. Trong Rn php tnh tin x 7 x + a l mt php i bin.
1.5.1. Mnh . Nu f l mt php vi ng phi trn mt ln cn ca x th f 0 ( x ) l mt
nh x tuyn tnh kh nghch, hn na vi y = f ( x ) th J f 1 (y) = ( J f ( x ))1 .

26

1. Tch phn bi

CHNG MINH. T ng thc ( f 1 f )( x ) = x vi mi x, ly o hm hai v,

theo qui tc o hm ca hm hp th ( f 1 )0 ( f ( x )) f 0 ( x ) = id (identity: nh
x ng nht), hay ( f 1 )0 (y) f 0 ( x ) = id. Tng t do ( f f 1 )(y) = y nn
f 0 ( f 1 (y)) ( f 1 )0 (y) = id, hay f 0 ( x ) ( f 1 )0 (y) = id. Hai iu ny dn ti f 0 ( x )
l mt nh x tuyn tnh kh nghch, ma trn biu din ca n l J f ( x ) khng
suy bin, v ma trn biu din nh x ngc chnh l ma trn nghch o, tc l
J f 1 (y) = ( J f ( x ))1 .

iu ngc li l ni dung ca mt nh l rt quan trng:

nh l (nh l hm ngc). Cho D Rn m v f : D Rn kh vi lin tc ti
x. Nu f 0 ( x ) kh nghch th x c mt ln cn m trn f l mt vi ng phi. Ni cch
khc, nu det( J f ( x )) 6= 0 th c mt ln cn m U ca x v mt ln cn m V ca f ( x )
sao cho f : U V l song nh v f 1 : V U l kh vi lin tc .
H qu. Gi s U v V l cc tp m ca Rn , v f : U V l mt song nh kh vi lin
tc. Nu det J f lun khc khng th f l mt vi ng phi.
H qu ny cho thy ta c th kim tra tnh vi ng phi m khng cn phi
i tm nh x ngc, thun tin trong ng dng.

Cng thc i bin.

nh l (Cng thc i bin). Gi s A l tp m trong Rn , l mt php i bin t
A vo ( A), v f : ( A) R kh tch, th
Z
( A)

f =

Z
A

( f )| det 0 |.

Mt cch vit hnh thc d nh l: t u = ( x ) th du = | det J ( x )|dx v

Z
A

f ( ( x ))| det J ( x )| dx =

Z
( A)

f (u) du.

Cng thc i bin c th dng lm cho hm di du tch phn n gin

hn, nh trng hp mt nhiu, hay lm cho min ly tch phn n gin hn.
V d. Trong trng hp 1 chiu cng thc i bin cho phng php i bin
tch phn quen thuc trong Gii tch 1. Thc vy, cho x = (t) vi t [ a, b],
y lin tc v : ( a, b) (( a, b)) l mt vi ng phi. Cho f kh tch trn
([ a, b]). Theo Cng thc i bin:
Z
(( a,b))

f ( x ) dx =

Z
( a,b)

f ( (t))| 0 (t)| dt.

Do 0 (t) 6= 0, t ( a, b) nn hoc 0 (t) > 0, t ( a, b) hoc 0 (t) < 0, t

( a, b). V vy hoc l hm tng hoc l hm gim trn [ a, b].

1.5. Cng thc i bin

27

Nu l hm tng th ([ a, b]) = [ ( a), (b)]. Do , dng 1.3.6 chuyn

i gia tch phn trn khong m v tch phn trn khong ng, ta c
Z b
a

f ( (t)) 0 (t) dt =

Z
[ a,b]

Z
( ( a),(b))

f ( (t)) 0 (t) dt =

Z (b)
( a)

f ( x ) dx =

( a,b)

f ( (t)) 0 (t) dt

Z
[ ( a),(b)]

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx.

Nu l hm gim th ([ a, b]) = [ (b), ( a)] v | 0 (t)| = 0 (t). Do

Z b
a

f ( (t)) (t) dt =

Z
( a,b)

f ( (t))| 0 (t)| dt

Z
( (b),( a))

Z ( a)
(b)

f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx =

Z (b)
( a)

f ( x ) dx.

Trong c hai trng hp ta c cng thc i bin cho tch phn hm mt

bin:

Z b
a

f ( (t)) 0 (t) dt =

Z (b)
( a)

f ( x ) dx.

Trong Gii tch 1 nu ta gi s hm f lin tc th cng thc trn c chng

minh bng cch dng Cng thc Newton-Leibniz v Qui tc o hm hm hp
(trong trng hp ny ta ch cn hm trn). Trc y ta thng tin hnh i
bin bng cch vit mt cch hnh thc x = (t) v dx = 0 (t)dt.

V d. Trong trng hp 2 chiu, vi php i bin (u, v) 7 ( x, y) ngi ta

thng dng k hiu
!
x
x
( x, y)
u
v
= det y y .
(u, v)
u
v
Vi k hiu ny cng thc i bin c dng nh sau. Nu php i bin (u, v) 7

( x, y) mang tp A thnh tp B th
ZZ
B

f ( x, y) dxdy =

ZZ
A



 ( x, y) 
 dudv.
f ( x (u, v), y(u, v)) 
(u, v) 

Mt cch hnh thc ta c th vit:



 ( x, y) 
 dudv.
dxdy = 
(u, v) 
y l mi quan h gia "phn t din tch trn mt phng xy" vi "phn t din
tch trn mt phng uv". Ch rng, do 1.5.1:
(u, v)
=
( x, y)

1
( x,y)
(u,v)

28

1. Tch phn bi

V d. Tnh

RR

x 2y
R 3x y

dA trong R l hnh bnh hnh bao bi cc ng thng

x 2y = 0, x 2y = 4, 3x y = 1, v 3x y = 8.
t u = x 2y v v = 3x y. Min bao bi cc ng thng u = 0, u = 4,
v = 1, v v = 8 l hnh ch nht D = [0, 4] [1, 8] trong mt phng (u, v).
y
v
D

V
(u, v)
= det
( x, y)

u
x
v
x

u
y
v
y

2
= det
3 1
1

= 5 6= 0

nn nh x ( x, y) 7 (u, v) l mt php i bin t phn trong ca D sang phn

trong ca R. Bin ca D v R khng nh hng n tch phn v chng c din
tch khng v ta ang ly tch phn hm lin tc (xem 1.3.6).
Ch rng
( x, y)
=
(u, v)

1
(u,v)
( x,y)

1
= .
5

Cui cng cng thc i bin cho:



ZZ
ZZ
x 2y
u  ( x, y) 
dxdy =

 dudv
R 3x y
D v ( u, v )

1
5

ZZ
D

u
1
dudv =
v
5

Z 4 Z 8
u
0


dv

du =

8
ln 8.
5

Gii thch Cng thc i bin. Chng ta s khng chng minh Cng thc i
bin v mt chng minh s kh v di, vt khi phm vi mn hc ny. Cc quyn
sch [Lan97], [Rud76], [Spi65], [Mun91] c chng minh cng thc ny. Mt dng
tng qut hn ca cng thc ny s c chng minh trong mn hc o v
Tch phn, thng qua tch phn Lebesgue.
Di y chng ta a ra mt gii thch, tuy cha phi l mt chng minh,
nhng s gip ta hiu r hn cng thc. Xem thm [Ste08, tr. 10121017].
cho n gin, xt trng hp A l mt hnh ch nht. nh x mang min
A trn mt phng (u, v) sang min ( A) trn mt phng ( x, y).
Xt mt php chia A thnh nhng hnh ch nht con. Ta xem tc ng ca
ln mt hnh ch nht con i din [u0 , u0 + u] [v0 , v0 + v], c din tch uv.
Hm trn mang mi cnh ca hnh ch nht ny thnh mt on cong trn mt
phng ( x, y), do ta c mt "hnh ch nht cong" trn mt phng ( x, y) vi
mt nh l im (u0 , v0 ).

1.5. Cng thc i bin

29

( A)

( u0 , v0 )

( u0 , v0 )
u
u

HNH 1.5.1. Minh ha cng thc i bin.

By gi ta tnh din tch hnh ch nht cong ny bng cch xp x tuyn tnh.
on cong t (u0 , v0 ) ti (u0 + u, v0 ) s c xp x tuyn tnh bng mt on
thng tip tuyn ti (u0 , v0 ). V vect tip xc chnh l
tuyn ny cho bi vect

u ( u0 , v0 )

nn on tip

u ( u0 , v0 ) u.

r 0 (t)t

r (t + t)

r (t)

HNH 1.5.2. Xp x tuyn tnh ng cong: r (t + t) r (t) r 0 (t)t.

Tng t, on cong (u0 , v0 + v) c xp x bi vect tip xc

v ( u0 , v0 ) v.

Vy hnh ch nht cong c xp x bi hnh bnh hnh sinh bi hai vect tip xc
trn.

30

1. Tch phn bi

Gi s a = ( a1 , a2 ) v b = (b1 , b2 ), din tch ca hnh bnh hnh sinh bi a v b

l

| a||b| sin =
=

| a|2 |b|2 (1 cos2 ) =

( a21 + a22 )(b12 + b22 ) ( a1 b1 + a2 b2 )2

| a|2 |b|2 h a, bi2

( a1 b2 a2 b1 )2 = | a1 b2 a2 b1 |
!
a1 b1
= | det
| = |det( a, b)|.
a2 b2
=

Ta va c mt kt qu ng ch , gii thch ngha hnh hc ca nh thc:

gi tr tuyt i ca nh thc ca ma trn chnh l din tch ca hnh bnh hnh sinh bi
hai vect ct ca ma trn. Bn thn du ca nh thc cng c th c gii thch,
nhng ta gc vic ny li.
Din tch ca hnh bnh hnh sinh bi hai vect

u ( u0 , v0 ) u

v ( u0 , v0 ) v

|det


u

(u0 , v0 )u,

(u0 , v0 )v |
v

(u0 , v0 ) |uv
u
v
|det J (u0 , v0 )|uv.

= |det
=

( u0 , v0 ),

iu ny gii thch s xut hin ca i lng tr tuyt i ca Jacobi ca php

i ta trong cng thc i bin.

Ta cc. Mt im P = ( x, y) trn mt phng R2 c th c miu t bng

hai s thc (r, ), vi r l khong cch t O ti P, v 0 2 l gc t vect

(1, 0) (tia Ox) ti vect OP. Vy x = r cos , y = r sin , r 0, 0 2.

Tuy nhin tng ng ( x, y) 7 (r, ) ny khng l song nh v khng lin tc
trn tia Ox. V vy ta phi hn ch min xc nh l mt phng b i tia Ox. Khi
nh x ngc l

(0, ) (0, 2 ) R2 \ {( x, 0) | x 0}
(r, ) 7 ( x, y) = (r cos , r sin ).
Ta tnh c

( x,y)
(r, )
(r, )

= r > 0, v vy y l mt php i bin. Mt cch hnh

thc, c th nh rng
dxdy = r drd.

V d (Tch phn trn hnh trn). Gi B02 (O, R) l hnh trn ng tm O bn knh
R. p dng cng thc i bin ta dng php vi ng phi t hnh ch nht
m (0, R) (0, 2 ) sang min D l B02 (O, R) b i ng trn bin v tia Ox. Gi
s f kh tch trn B02 (O, R). Tp b b i c din tch khng, do n khng nh

1.5. Cng thc i bin

31

hng n tch phn, theo 1.3.6, nn:

ZZ
B02 (O,R)

f ( x, y) dxdy =

ZZ
D

f ( x, y) dxdy =

ZZ
(0,R)(0,2 )

ZZ
[0,R][0,2 ]

f (r cos , r sin )r drd

f (r cos , r sin )r drd.

Chng hn din tch ca hnh trn l:

| B02 (O, R)| =

ZZ
B02 (O,R)

1 dxdy =

Z R Z 2
0

1 r d dr = R2 .

Nh vy ch rng vi mc ch ly tch phn th n gin ta thng ly

cn trong ta cc l r 0 v 0 2.
V d. Cho E l khi c bao bi cc mt z = x2 + y2 v z = 1. Tnh

RRR
E

z dxdydz.

z = x 2 + y2

y
1
x

Xem E l mt khi n gin theo chiu trc z, nm di mt z = x2 + y2 , trn

mt z = 1. Nh vy E = {( x, y, z) R3 | x2 + y2 z 1}. Chiu khi E xung
mt phng xOy ta c hnh trn x2 + y2 1. p dng cng thc Fubini:
Z 1

ZZZ
ZZ
z dxdydz =
z dz dxdy
x 2 + y2 1

=
=
=
=

x 2 + y2

1 2 1
z z= x2 +y2 dxdy
x 2 + y2 1 2

ZZ

2 
1
2
2
dxdy
1 x +y
x 2 + y2 1 2


ZZ
 2
1
r drd
1 r2
0r 1,0 2 2

Z Z 2
1 1

(r r5 ) d dr = .
2 0
3
0
ZZ

Trong v d ny mt im ( x, y, z) trong R3 c miu t bng cch dng ta

cc (r, ) miu t ( x, y). Ngi ta thng gi h ta (r, , z) l h ta
tr.
Ta cu. Mt im P = ( x, y, z) trong R3 c th c miu t bng b ba s
thc (, , ), vi l khong cch t O ti P, l gc gia vect (0, 0, 1) (tia Oz)

32

1. Tch phn bi

v vect OP, v nu gi M = ( x, y, 0) l hnh chiu ca im P xung mt phng

Oxy th l gc t vect (1, 0, 0) (tia Ox) ti vect OM.

= const

M
= const

HNH 1.5.3. = const ng vi mt mt cu. Trn mi mt cu cc

ng = const l cc ng v tuyn, cc ng = const l
cc ng kinh tuyn, vi 0 , 0 , 0 2. B
(, , ) i din cho (cao , v , kinh ) ca mt im trong
khng gian.

Tng t nh trng hp ta cc, c mt php i bin thc s ta phi

hn ch min xc nh bng cch b i tp {( x, y, z) R3 | y = 0, x 0}, tc mt
na ca mt phng xOz, ng vi = 0, = 0, = , = 0, = 2. Khi nh
x
: (0, ) (0, ) (0, 2 )

R3 \ {( x, y, z) R3 | y = 0, x 0}

(, , ) 7 ( x, y, z) = ( sin cos , sin sin , cos )

l mt song nh, c det J (, , ) = 2 sin > 0. Vy y l mt php i bin.
Cng nh trng hp ta cc, phn b b i thng khng nh hng ti tch
phn nn ta thng khng nhc ti chi tit k thut ny.
Mt cch hnh thc, c th nh rng
dxdydz = 2 sin ddd.
C ti liu dng th t trong ta cu l (, , ). Th t ta trong ta
cu lin quan ti nh hng trn mt cu, tuy khng nh hng ti tch phn bi
nhng s nh hng ti tch phn mt phn sau.

1.5. Cng thc i bin

33

V d (Th tch qu cu). Gi B3 (O, R) l qu cu m tm O bn knh R trong R3 .

Th tch ca qu cu ny l:

| B3 (O, R)| =

ZZZ
B3 (O,R)

1 dV =

Z R Z Z 2
0

1 2 sin d d d =

4 3
R .
3

Bi tp.
1.5.2.

(a) Tnh th tch ca khi bao bi mt z = 4 x2 y2 v mt phng xOy.

RR p
(b) Tnh tch phn R x2 + y2 trong R l min bao bi hai ng cong x2 + y2 =
4 and x2 + y2 = 9.
RR
(c) Tnh tch phn D ( x2 + y2 )3/2 dA trong D l min trong gc phn t th nht

bao bi ng trn x2 + y2 = 9, ng thng y = 0 v y = 3x.

(d) Tnh din tch ca min c bao bi ng trn tm O bn knh 2 v ng trn
tm (1, 0) bn knh 1.
RR 2
x dA trong D l min bao bi e-lp 3x2 + 4y2 = 8.
h
i
RRRD
2
2
2 3/2 dV trong E l qu cu n v x2 +
(f) Tnh tch phn
E cos ( x + y + z )

(e) Tnh tch phn

y2 + z2 1.

(g) Tnh th tch ca khi c bao pha trn bi mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 2 v c

bao pha di bi mt paraboloid z = x2 + y2 .
(h) Tm th tch ca khi b chn trn bi mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 9 v b chn di
bi mt nn z2 = 3x2 + 3y2 , z 0.
(i) Tnh th tch ca min pha di mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 1, pha trn mt phng

z = 1/ 2.
(j) Tnh th tch ca khi bn di mt z = 4 x2 y2 bn trn mt x2 + y2 + z2 = 6.
RRR
2
2
(k) Tnh tch phn
E x dV trong E l khi bao bi hai mt z = 6 x y v
z = x2 + 3y2 .
1.5.3. Tnh th tch ca khi c miu t bi ba iu kin sau: x2 + y2 z2 3( x2 + y2 ),
1 x2 + y2 + z2 4, z 0.
1.5.4.

(a) Tnh din tch min c bao bi ng cong hnh tri tim (cardioid) r =
1 + cos .

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2

HNH 1.5.4. ng r = 1 + cos .

(b) Tnh din tch ca min phng c bao bi ng cong r = 4 + 3 cos(11 ).

34

1. Tch phn bi

HNH 1.5.5. ng 4 + 3 cos(11 ).

(a) Tnh tch phn

RR

+ 2xy) dA trong R l hnh bnh hnh bao bi cc

ng thng y = 2x + 3, y = 2x + 1, y = 5 x, y = 2 x.
RR
(b) Tnh tch phn R ( x + y)2 dA trong R l hnh bnh hnh bao bi cc ng
thng y = x, y = x + 1, y = 2x, y = 2x 3.
(c) Tnh din tch ca min phng c bao bi cc ng cong y2 = x, y2 = 2x,
y = 1/x, y = 2/x.

1.5.6. Gi D l min phng c bao bi ng x + y = 1 trong gc phn t th nht.

Bng cch i bin u = x, v = y, hy tnh din tch min ny.

RR
1.5.7. Gi D l min phng c xc nh bi x4 + y4 1. Hy tnh tch phn D x dxdy.
1.5.5.

R (x

1.5.8. V mt cu mp m cho bi phng trnh trong ta cu = 1 + sin2 (3 ) sin4 (5).

Tnh th tch ca khi bao bi mt ny.
1.5.9 (Mt trn xoay). Cho f l hm lin tc trn khong [ a, b] v f ( x ) 0 trn [ a, b]. Chng
t th tch ca khi trn xoay nhn c bng cch xoay min di th ca f quanh trc
Rb
x l V = a [ f ( x )]2 dx.
1.5.10. Chng t rng th tch ca khi bao bi mt x2 + (y z 3)2 = 1, 0 z 1 bng
vi th tch ca khi bao bi mt x2 + y2 = 1, 0 z 1.

1
0.8
0.6

-3
-2

0.4

-1

0.2
0 -1

0
1
0

2
4

5 3

HNH 1.5.6. Mt x2 + y2 = 1 (tri) v mt x2 + (y z 3)2 = 1 (phi).

(a) Bng cch dng cng thc Fubini.
(b) Bng cch dng cng thc i bin.

1.5. Cng thc i bin

35

1.5.11. Mt xuyn (torus) c th c miu t nh l mt trn xoay nhn c bng cch

xoay quanh trc z mt ng trn trn mt phng Oyz khng ct trc z. C th tm c

HNH 1.5.7. Mt xuyn.

phng trnh dng n ca mt xuyn:

q
2
x2 + y2 b + z2 = a2 , 0 < a < b,
v dng tham s:

((b + a cos ) cos , (b + a cos ) sin , a sin ), 0 , 2.

Hy tnh th tch ca khi bao bi mt xuyn.

1.5.12 (Th tch qu cu). Ta cu trong Rn , n 2, c cho bi:

x1 =r cos 1 ,
x2 =r sin 1 cos 2 ,

r > 0, 0 < 1 <

0 < 2 <

..
.
xi =r sin 1 sin 2 sin i1 cos i ,

0 < i <

..
.
xn1 =r sin 1 sin 2 sin n2 cos n1 ,
xn =r sin 1 sin 2 sin n2 sin n1 .

0 < n1 < 2

36

1. Tch phn bi

Hy dng ta cu kim cng thc sau cho th tch ca qu cu Bn ( R) = {( x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )

Rn | x12 + x22 + + xn2 < R2 }:

(n1)/2

2(2 )
Rn , nu n l
n
1

3
n
| B ( R)| =
n/2

(2 )
Rn ,
nu n chn.
24n
1.5.13. Sau y l mt cch khc tnh th tch qu cu (xem chng hn [ng97], [Lan97,
tr. 598]).
(a) Dng cng thc i bin, chng t | Bn ( R)| = | Bn (1)| Rn .
(b) Chng t

| Bn (1)| =
(c) Suy ra | Bn (1)| =

Z

ZZ
x12 + x22 1


x32 ++ xn2 1 x12 x22

dx1 dx2 .

2 n2
(1)|.
n |B

1.5.14. Sau y l mt cch na tnh th tch qu cu.

(a) Dng cng thc i bin, chng t | Bn ( R)| = | Bn (1)| Rn .
(b) Dng cng thc Fubini, chng t
n

| B (1)| =

Z 1
1

|B

n 1

(c) a bi ton v vic tnh tch phn

q

R /2
0

xn2

| dxn .

(cos t)n dt.

1.5.15. Trong mt phng R2 mt php quay quanh gc ta mt gc c th c miu

t bng 2 cch: Trong ta cc, l nh x (r, ) 7 (r, + ). Trong ta Euclid, l
nh x
x
y

cos
sin

sin
cos

Hy chng t mt php quay quanh gc ta mang mt hnh c din tch thnh mt hnh
c cng din tch.
1.5.16 (Php di hnh bo ton th tch). Mt php di hnh, cn gi l mt php ng cu
hnh hc (isometry) trong Rn c nh ngha l mt song nh t Rn vo chnh n bo
ton khong cch, tc | ( x ) (y)| = | x y| vi mi x, y Rn .
V d, trong mt phng mt php di hnh bt k l mt hp ca cc php tnh tin,
php quay, v php ly i xng qua mt ng thng ([Sti92, tr. 13]).
C th chng minh rng ([Rat94, tr. 13]) bt k mt php di hnh no cng c dng
( x ) = A x + b trong A l mt ma trn n n trc giao (orthogonal), v b Rn . Mt
ma trn n n l trc giao nu cc vect ct ca n to thnh mt c s trc chun ca Rn .
Ni cch khc ma trn A l trc giao nu A T A = I trong A T l ma trn chuyn v ca A.
Dng cng thc i bin, hy chng t th tch ca mt hnh khng thay i qua mt
php di hnh.

1.6. ng dng ca tch phn bi

37

1.6. ng dng ca tch phn bi

Tch phn l tng, l ngha chnh ca tch phn. V vy mi khi c nhu
cu tnh tng ca v hn gi tr th tch phn c th xut hin.
Tch phn cn c vai tr nh php bin i ngc ca vi phn, cho php
chuyn mt bi ton vi phn v mt bi ton tch phn (v d xem 3.4.1).
V c bn, nu ti mi im xi , 1 i n c tng ng cc gi tr f ( xi ) ca
mt i lng th tng gi tr ca i lng d nhin l in=1 f ( xi ). Nu tp hp
D cc im ang xt l v hn th hm f : D R c khi c gi l hm mt
R
ca i lng, v tng gi tr ca i lng l D f .

Gi tr trung bnh. Nu ti cc im xi , 1 i n c tng ng cc gi tr f ( xi )

in=1 f ( xi ). Trong trng
hp min xc nh c v hn phn t, gi s f : D R, th gi tr trung bnh ca
R
f c cho bng cng thc tng t, ch thay tng bng tch phn: | D1 | D f .
th gi tr trung bnh ti cc im ny nh ta bit l

1
n

Tm khi lng. Ta gii thiu khi nim tm khi lng (center of mass). Trong
trng hp hai cht im c khi lng m1 ti im p1 v c khi lng m2 ti
im p2 th tm khi lng ca h hai im ny, theo nguyn tc n by ca Vt
l, nm ti im

m1 p1 + m2 p2
.
m1 + m2
i vi h gm n cht im, bng qui np ta tm c v tr ca tm khi lng l
in=1 mi pi
,
in=1 mi
vi tng khi lng l m = in=1 mi .
Xt trng hp khi lng lin tc, gi s ta c mt khi vt cht chim phn
khng gian E trong R3 . Ti mi im p = ( x, y, z) R3 gi ( p) l mt khi
lng ca khi ti p, l gii hn ca khi lng trung bnh quanh p, c th hiu
l khi lng ti im p. Khi lng ca khi chnh l tch phn ca mt khi
lng:
m=

Z
E

T cng thc ca trng hp ri rc trn ta suy ra v tr ca tm khi lng trong

trng hp lin tc s l

R
R
p
p
E
R
= E .
m
E
C th hn, nu p = ( x, y, z) th tm khi lng nm

1
m( E

x,

R
E

y,

R
E

z).

V d. Ta tm tm khi lng ca na hnh trn ng cht. Gi D l na trn ca

hnh trn tm O bn knh R v gi hng s l mt khi lng ca n. Khi

38

1. Tch phn bi

lng ca khi ny l m =
x

RR
D

dA = R2 /2. Ta ca tm khi lng l

1
x dxdy = 0,
m D
ZZ
Z Z
1
R
4
y dxdy =
(r sin )r d dr =
R.
m D
m 0 0
3
ZZ

Xc sut ca s kin ngu nhin. Mt bin ngu nhin X l mt nh x t mt

tp hp cc s kin vo R. Trong trng hp ri rc, tp gi tr D ca X l hu
hn. Vi mi gi tr x D c mt s thc 0 f ( x ) 1 l xc sut X c gi tr
x, k hiu l P( X = x ). Hm f c gi l hm phn b xc sut ca bin ngu
nhin X. Xc sut X c gi tr trong tp C D c cho bi
P( X C ) =

f ( x ).

x C

Mt h qu l x D f ( x ) = P( X D ) = 1. Gi tr trung bnh (mean) hay k vng

(expected value) theo xc sut ca X c cho bi:
E( X ) =

x f ( x ).

xD

V d. Xt mt tr chi vi con xc sc nh sau: Ngi chi phi tr 20 ng cho

mi ln tung xc sc. Nu mt nga l mt 6 nt th ngi chi c nhn 60
ng, nu l cc mt cn li th ch c nhn 10 ng. Hi trong tr chi ny ai
c li, ngi chi hay ngi t chc tr chi?
Gi X l bin xc sut nh sau: Mt 6 nt ca xc sc ng vi s thc 60, cc
mt cn li ng vi s thc 10. Hm phn b xc sut trong trng hp ny l
f (10) = 5/6 v f (60) = 1/6. Cu tr li cho cu hi trn c quyt nh bi gi
tr trung bnh ca bin xc sut X. Ta c E( X ) = 110/6 < 20, nh vy nu chi
nhiu ln th ngi chi s b thit, cn ngi t chc tr chi s hng li.
Trong trng hp bin ngu nhin lin tc, tp gi tr ca bin ngu nhin X
l mt tp con v hn D ca R. Tng t vi trng hp ri rc, c mt hm phn
b xc sut, hay mt xc sut (probability density function) f : D R sao cho
f ( x ) 0 v xc sut X c gi tr trong tp C D c cho bi
P( X C ) =

Z
C

f.

Mt h qu l hm mt xc sut phi tha P( X D ) =

R
D

f = 1.

Trung bnh hay k vng ca bin ngu nhin X c cho bi:

E( X ) =

Z
D

xf.

Ch s tng t ca cng thc ny vi cng thc ca tm khi lng.

V d. Mt nh sn xut bo hnh mt sn phm 2 nm. Gi T l bin xc sut ng
thi im h hng ca sn phm vi s thc t 0 l thi gian t khi sn phm
c sn xut theo nm. Gi s hm mt xc sut c cho bi f (t) = 0.1e0.1t .

1.6. ng dng ca tch phn bi

39

Xc sut sn phm b h trong thi gian bo hnh s l

Z 2

P (0 T 2) =

0.1e0.1t dt 18%.

Trong trng hp c n bin ngu nhin th tp gi tr ca bin ngu nhin l

mt tp con ca Rn , hm phn b xc sut s l mt hm n bin, v cc tch phn
trn s l tch phn bi.
V d. Xt tnh hung mt chuyn xe but thng ti trm tr, nhng khng qu
10 pht, v i trm 5 pht. Hm mt xc sut ca gi xe ti trm, gi l X,
c cho bi f 1 ( x ) = 0.02x + 0.2, 0 x 10. Mt ngi thng i xe but vo
gi ny nhng hay b tr, c khi ti 20 pht. Hm mt xc sut ca gi ngi
ny ti trm, gi l Y, c cho bi f 2 (y) = 0.005y + 0.1, 0 y 20. Hi xc
sut ngi ny n c chuyn xe but ny l bao nhiu?
y c hai bin xc sut c lp nn hm phn b xc sut chung l f ( x, y) =
f 1 ( x ) f 2 (y). Xc sut cn tm c cho bi
P (Y X + 5 )

ZZ

{( x,y)R2 | 0 x 10, y x +5}

Z 10 Z x+5

Tnh

f ( x, y) dxdy

f ( x, y) dy dx 65%.

e x dx. Gi B0 ( R) l hnh trn ng tm 0 bn knh R, tc B0 ( R) =

{( x, y) | x2 + y2 R2 }. Gi I ( R) l hnh vung tm 0 vi chiu di cnh 2R, tc

I ( R) = [ R, R] [ R, R].

V B0 ( R) I ( R) B0 ( R 2) nn
ZZ
B0 ( R)

( x2 +y2 )

dA

ZZ
I ( R)

( x2 +y2 )

dA

ZZ

B 0 ( R 2)

e( x

2 + y2 )

dA.

V
ZZ
B0 ( R)

e( x

2 + y2 )

dA =

ZZ

[0,R][0,2 ]

rer dA = (1 e R ),

nn t bt ng thc trn, ly gii hn ta c

lim

ZZ

I ( R)

e( x

2 + y2 )

dA = .

Mt khc theo cng thc Fubini:

ZZ
I ( R)

e( x

2 + y2 )

dA =

Z

 Z
2
e x dx

 Z
2
ey dy =

e x dx

2

nn
lim

ZZ
I ( R)

e( x

2 + y2 )

dA = lim

Z

e x dx

2

Z

e x dx

2

40

1. Tch phn bi

Vy ta c cng thc ni ting:

Z

e x dx =

Cng thc ny c s dng nhiu trong mn Xc sut.

Bi tp.
1.6.1. Tm tm khi lng ca mt khi ng cht c dng hnh chp nhn cn chiu cao
l h v vi y l hnh trn bn knh R.
2
2
1.6.2. Nhit ti im ( x, y) trn mt phng l 100e x y ( Celcius). Hy tm nhit

trung bnh trn a trn n v tm ti gc ta .

1.6.3. Khu trung tm thnh ph c miu t nh mt hnh ch nht [0, 1] [0, 2] vi n
v chiu di l km. Gi t trong khu vc ny trong c m hnh ha bng hm p, v tr

( x, y) [0, 1] [0, 2] th p( x, y) = 200 10( x 12 )2 15(y 1)2 (triu ng/m2 ). Hy tnh

gi t trung bnh khu vc ny.
1.6.4. Hai cng ty sn xut hai sn phm cnh tranh vi nhau. Gi X, Y l bin xc sut ng
thi im h hng ca hai sn phm tnh theo thi gian t khi sn phm c sn xut
(theo nm), v gi s hai bin ny l c lp vi nhau. Gi s cc hm mt xc sut c
cho bi f ( x ) = 0.2e0.2x v g(y) = 0.1e0.1y . Hy tnh xc sut sn phm ca cng ty th
nht b h trc sn phm ca cng ty th hai trong thi gian bo hnh 3 nm.
1.6.5. Chng t hm c dng trong m hnh phn b chun (normal distribution) ca
mn Xc sut

( x )2
1
e 22
2
R
tha mn tnh cht cn c ca hm phn b xc sut: f ( x ) dx=1.

f (x) =

1.6.6 (Hm Gamma). Hm Gamma l mt m rng ca hm giai tha ln tp hp cc s

thc. Ta nh ngha
(z) =

Z
0

tz1 et dt,

z R, z > 0.

(a) Chng t (z) c xc nh.

(b) Kim tra rng (z + 1) = z(z). Suy ra vi s nguyn dng n th (n + 1) = n!.

(c) Kim tra cng thc ( 12 ) = .

(d) Chng t th tch ca qu cu n-chiu bn knh R (xem 1.5.12) c th c vit
ngn gn l

2
| B ( R)| =
Rn .
( n2 + 1)
n

1.6.7 (Cng thc Pappus). Hy tm li cng thc ca Pappus6: Th tch ca khi trn xoay
nhn c bng cch xoay mt min phng quanh mt trc bn ngoi bng din tch ca
min nhn vi chiu di ca ng i ca tm khi lng ca min.
C th hn, gi D l min bao bi hai th ca hai hm f v g trn on [ a, b], vi
0 g( x ) f ( x ) trn [ a, b]. Gi ( x0 , y0 ) l tm khi lng ca D. Khi th tch ca khi
trn xoay nhn c bng cch xoay min D quanh trc x bng 2y0 | D |.
ng dng, hy tm li cng thc th tch ca khi xuyn.
6Pappus x Alexandria, mt nh hnh hc sng vo th k th 4 sau Cng nguyn.

Chng 2

Tch phn ng
Trong chng trc chng ta kho st th tch ca min trong khng gian
n-chiu v tch phn trn nhng min . Tuy nhin nhng cu hi chng hn nh
v chu vi ca ng trn, din tch ca mt cu, hay ni chung l o ca tp
con "k-chiu" trong khng gian n-chiu vi k < n v tch phn trn th chng ta
cha xt.
Chng tch phn ng v chng tch phn mt s tr li nhng cu hi
ny cho trng hp ng (k = 1) v mt (k = 2).

2.1. Tch phn ng

ng. Khi ni ti mt "ng" ta thng ngh ti mt "con ng", tc l mt
tp hp im, v d mt ng thng hay mt ng trn. Mc ch ca chng ta
trong chng ny l thc hin cc o c trn ng, chng hn nh o chiu di
ca ng. Cc o c s c thc hin qua mt chuyn i trn con ng.
Tuy nhin ta c th i trn mt con ng theo nhiu cch khc nhau, v ta cha
c cn c cho rng cc o c bng cc cch i khc nhau trn cng mt con
ng s cho ra cng mt kt qu. Do trc mt chng ta s lm vic vi tng
cch i c th trn con ng.
Mt ng i (path) l mt nh x t mt khong ng [ a, b] vo Rn (mt tng
ng mi thi im vi mt v tr).
Tp hp cc im m ng i i qua c gi l vt ca ng i (trace)
(y l "con ng" nh bn trn). Vi ng i r : [ a, b] Rn th vt ca r
tp nh r ([ a, b]) = {r (t) | t [ a, b]}.
ng i r : [ a, b] Rn c gi l:

ng (closed) hay kn nu r ( a) = r (b), tc l im u v im cui trng

nhau.
n (simple) nu n khng i qua im no hai ln (khng c im t
ct). Chnh xc hn, nu r khng phi l ng ng th n c gi l
n nu r l n nh trn [ a, b]; nu r l ng ng th n c gi l
n nu r l n nh trn [ a, b).
lin tc nu r l hm lin tc trn [ a, b].
ng i r : [ a, b] Rn c gi l trn (smooth) nu r l hm trn trn [ a, b].
tc l nu r m rng c thnh mt hm trn trn mt khong (c, d) cha [ a, b].
iu ny ng ngha vi vic r c o hm phi ti a v o hm tri ti b.
41

42

2. Tch phn ng

Nu r l mt ng i trn th o hm r 0 (t) c ngha vt l l vn tc chuyn

ng (velocity) ti thi im t. ln ca vn tc |r 0 (t)| l tc (speed) ti thi
im t.
Chiu di ca ng i. Cho ng i r : [ a, b] Rn . Xt mt php chia
a = t0 < t1 < < tm = b ca [ a, b]. Trn mi khong con [ti1 , ti ], 1 i m,
ta xp x tuyn tnh ng i: r (t) r (ti1 ) r 0 (ti1 )(t ti1 ). Ni cch khc,
ta xp x chuyn ng bng mt chuyn ng u vi vn tc khng i r 0 (ti1 ).
Qung ng i c trong khong thi gian t ti1 ti ti c xp x bi vect
r 0 (ti1 )ti , vi chiu di l |r 0 (ti1 )ti |.

r 0 (ti1 )ti

r ( ti )

r ( t i 1 )

HNH 2.1.1. Xp x tuyn tnh: r (ti ) r (ti1 ) r 0 (ti1 )ti .

Nh vy "chiu di" ca ng i c xp x bi im=1 |r 0 (ti1 )|ti . y chnh
l tng Riemann ca hm |r 0 (t)| trn khong [ a, b].
Vy ta a ra nh ngha sau:
nh ngha. Chiu di ca ng i r : [ a, b] Rn c nh ngha l
Z b
a

|r 0 (t)| dt.

nh ngha ny cha cng thc quen bit: qung ng i c = tc

thi gian.
V d. Gi s mt vt di chuyn trn mt ng vi tc hng v, trong khong
Rb
thi gian t a ti b. Khi qung ng vt i c c chiu di l a v dt =
v(b a), ng nh ta ch i.
Tch phn ng loi mt. Cho ng i r : [ a, b] Rn . Gi s f l mt hm
thc xc nh trn vt ca ng, tc f : r ([ a, b]) R. Ta mun tnh tng gi tr
ca hm trn ng.
Ta tin hnh mt cch tng t nh lm khi nh ngha chiu di ng
i. Xt mt php chia a = t0 < t1 < < tm = b. Trn khong con [ti1 , ti ] ta xp
x tuyn tnh ng i r (t) r (ti1 ) r 0 (ti1 )(t ti1 ). Khi phn ng t
r (ti1 ) n r (ti ) c xp x bng r 0 (ti1 )ti . Trn phn ng ny ta xp x hm
f bi hm hng vi gi tr f (r (ti1 )). Do tng gi tr ca f trn phn ng
t r (ti1 ) n r (ti ) c xp x bng f (r (ti1 ))|r 0 (ti1 )|ti . Tng gi tr ca f trn

2.1. Tch phn ng

43

ng r c xp x bng
m

f (r(ti1 ))|r0 (ti1 )|ti .

i =1

Vy ta nh ngha:
nh ngha. Cho f l mt hm xc nh trn vt ca ng r : [ a, b] Rn . Tch
R
phn ca f trn r c k hiu l r f ds v c nh ngha l:
Z
r

f ds =

Z b
a

f (r (t))|r 0 (t)| dt.

Nu r ch kh vi tng khc, tc l c cc s a = t0 < t1 < t2 < < tm = b sao

cho trn mi khong [ti1 , ti ] nh x r l kh vi, th gi ri l hn ch ca ng r
ln khong [ti1 , ti ], ta nh ngha.
Z
r

V d. Nu f 1 th

R
r

1 ds =

f ds =

Rb
a

m Z

i =1 r i

f ds.

|r 0 (t)| dt l chiu di ca ng i r.

V d. Xt trng hp hai chiu, n = 2. Vit r (t) = ( x (t), y(t)), khi

Z
Z b
q
f ds =
f (( x (t), y(t)) x 0 (t)2 + y0 (t)2 dt.
r

Mt cch hnh thc c th nh rng

q
ds = x 0 (t)2 + y0 (t)2 dt.
Tch phn ng loi hai. Cho ng i r : [ a, b] Rn v cho F l mt trng
vect xc nh trn vt ca r. Ta mun tnh tng thnh phn ca trng cng chiu
ng i .
V d. Trong Vt l, nu mt vt di chuyn theo mt ng di tc ng ca
mt trng lc th tng tc ng ca lc, tc tng thnh phn ca lc cng chiu
chuyn ng, c gi l cng (work) ca trng lc. Trong trng hp n gin,
nu lc l hng ~F v vt chuyn chuyn u trn mt ng thng theo mt vect
~
d~ th cng ca lc bng |~F | cos(~F, d~)|d~| = ~F d.
Xt mt php chia a = t0 < t1 < < tm = b ca [ a, b]. Trn mi khong con

[ti1 , ti ], 1 i m, ta xp x ng bng xp x tuyn tnh: r (t) r 0 (ti1 )(t

ti1 ). Khi phn ng t r (ti1 ) n r (ti ) c xp x bng r 0 (ti1 )ti . Trn
phn ng ny trng F c th c xp x bng trng hng, i din bi vect
F (r (ti1 )). Tng ca thnh phn cng chiu ng i ca trng F trn phn
ng t r (ti1 ) n r (ti ) c xp x bng h F (r (ti1 )), r 0 (ti1 )ti i. Tng thnh
phn tip tuyn ca F dc theo r c xp x bng im=1 h F (r (ti1 )), r 0 (ti1 )iti .
Vy ta nh ngha:

44

2. Tch phn ng

nh ngha. Cho F l mt trng vect trn vt ca mt ng i r : [ a, b] Rn .

R
Tch phn ca F trn r c k hiu l r F dr v c nh ngha l:
Z
r

Z b

F dr =

F (r (t)) r 0 (t) dt.

nh ngha ny c m rng cho ng kh vi tng khc theo cch nh tch

phn ng loi mt.
Ghi ch. C mt s cch k hiu khc cho tch phn ng loi hai, chng hn
R
R
R
~
r F d~r, r F d~s, r F d l.
V d. Xt trng hp hai chiu, n = 2. Vit F ( x, y) = ( P( x, y), Q( x, y)) v r (t) =

( x (t), y(t)). Khi

Z
r

Z b

F dr =

[ P( x (t), y(t)) x 0 (t) + Q( x (t), y(t))y0 (t)] dt.

Ta a ra hai tch phn mi:

Z

P( x, y) dx =

Z
r

Q( x, y) dy =

Z b
a

Z b
a

P( x (t), y(t)) x 0 (t) dt.

Q( x (t), y(t))y0 (t) dt.

Ngi ta thng vit

Z
r

F dr =

Z
r

P( x, y) dx + Q( x, y) dy.

Mt cch hnh thc c th nh rng

dr = r 0 (t) dt,

dx = x 0 (t) dt,

dy = y0 (t) dt.

i bin v s ph thuc vo ng i. Nh bn u chng, ta rt

quan tm ti vic cc kt qu o c c thay i hay khng nu ta i theo nhng
ng i khc nhau trn cng mt con ng.
Cho : [c, d] [ a, b] l mt php vi ng phi, tc mt php i bin.
Nu 0 (t) > 0 vi mi t [c, d] ta ni bo ton nh hng (orientationpreserving) . Nu 0 (t) < 0 vi mi t [c, d] ta ni o ngc nh hng
(orientation-reversing)
Nu r : [ a, b] Rn l mt ng i th r l mt ng i cng vt vi r.
Ta ni r v r sai khc mt php i bin. Ta c kt qu n gin sau y v s
bt bin ca tch phn ng qua mt php i bin.
2.1.1. nh l (i bin trong tch phn ng).

(a) Tch phn ng loi mt

khng thay i qua php i bin.

(b) Tch phn ng loi hai khng thay i qua php i bin bo ton nh hng.
(c) Tch phn ng loi hai i du qua php i bin o ngc nh hng.
CHNG MINH. Cho f l mt hm thc v F l mt trng vect xc nh trn
vt ca ng r : [ a, b] Rn . Cho : [c, d] [ a, b] l mt php i bin. Ta xt

2.1. Tch phn ng

45

trng hp o ngc nh hng, trng hp cn li l tng t. Theo Cng

thc i bin ca tch phn hm bi, vi php i bin u = (t) th
Z
r

f ds =

Z b
a

f (r (u))|r 0 (u)| du =

Z d

f (r ( (t)))|r 0 ( (t))|| 0 (t)| dt

Z d

f (r ( (t)))|r 0 ( (t)) 0 (t)| dt

Z d

f (r (t))|(r )0 (t)| dt

Z
r

f ds.

Trong khi
Z
r

F dr =

Z b
a

F (r (u)) r 0 (u) du =

Z d
c

[ F (r ( (t))) r 0 ( (t))]| 0 (t)| dt

Z d
c

Z d
c

[ F (r ( (t))) r 0 ( (t))] 0 (t) dt

F (r (t)) (r )0 (t) dt

Z
r

F dr.


V d. C hai loi tch phn ng khng thay i di mt php tnh tin ca
bin thi gian t 7 t + c vi c R.
V d. Vi ng i r (t), t [ a, b] th ng r ( a + b t), t [ a, b], khi u
r (b) v kt thc r ( a), c gi l ng ngc ca ng r, k hiu l r. Ta ni
ng r tri chiu vi ng r. nh l 2.1.1 ni nu o ngc nh hng ca
ng th tch phn ng loi mt khng thay i trong khi tch phn ng loi hai
b i du.
ng i r : [ a, b] Rn c gi l chnh qui (regular) nu r trn trn [ a, b]
v vn tc r 0 (t) lun khc khng.
Ghi ch. Trong quyn sch ca Stewart [Ste08, tr. 1034] thut ng ng trn
chnh l thut ng ng chnh qui y.
2.1.2. B . Gi s : [ a, b] Rn v : [c, d] Rn l hai ng i n chnh qui
vi cng vt.
(a) Nu v khng ng th 1 : ( a, b) (c, d) l mt vi ng phi.
(b) Nu v ng 1, t (t1 ) = ( a) v (s1 ) = (c), th 1 : ( a, b) \

{s1 } (c, d) \ {t1 } l mt vi ng phi.

Ch rng = ( 1 ), mnh trn ni rng hai ng i n chnh
qui vi cng vt khc bit bi mt php i bin. Mnh ny s c chng
minh phn sau. T mnh ny ta a ra nh ngha v nh hng:
1Khng cn kh nng khc, v nu ng th cng phi ng. iu ny a v vic mt ng trn
th khng th ng phi vi mt on thng, mt kt qu trong mn Tp.

46

2. Tch phn ng

1
b

nh ngha (nh hng). Ta ni hai ng i n chnh qui c cng vt v l

c cng nh hng nu php vi ng phi 1 c o hm lun dng. Ngc
li nu 1 c o hm lun m th ta ni v l tri nh hng.
T b 2.1.2 v nh l 2.1.1 ta c kt qu chnh ca phn ny:
nh l (tch phn trn ng cong).

(a) Tch phn ng loi mt dc theo hai

ng i n chnh qui c cng vt th bng nhau.

(b) Tch phn ng loi hai dc theo hai ng i n chnh qui c cng vt v
cng nh hng th bng nhau.
(c) Tch phn ng loi hai dc theo hai ng i n chnh qui c cng vt nhng
tri nh hng th i nhau.
Nh vy ta c th ni n tch phn ng loi mt (chng hn chiu di) trn
mt tp im, v d nh mt ng trn, mt th, . . . nu tp im y l vt ca
mt ng i n chnh qui no . Trong trng hp ny ta ni vt l mt
ng cong (curve).
tnh tch phn trn mt ng cong ta c th chn mt ng i n chnh
qui bt k thc hin tnh ton. i vi tch phn ng loi hai th ta c cho
thm mt "nh hng" trn ng cong v ta c th chn mt ng i n chnh
qui c cng nh hng bt k tnh.
V d. Gi s hm thc f xc nh trn khong [ a, b]. Gi l mt ng chnh
qui bt k i t a ti b. V khong [ a, b] cng l vt ca ng n chnh qui (t) = t
vi t [ a, b] nn
Z

f ds =

f ds =

Z b
a

f ((t))0 (t) dt =

Z b
a

f (t) dt.

y chnh l tch phn ca hm f trn khong [ a, b]. Vy tch phn ca hm thc

trn khong l mt trng hp ring ca tch phn ng loi mt.
V d (chiu di ca ng trn). Xt ng i r (t) = ( R cos t, R sin t), 0 t
2, mt ng i vi tc hng quanh ng trn tm O bn knh R. Chiu
R 2
di ca ng ny l 0 R dt = 2R. Nu ta ly mt ng i khc (t) =
R1
( R cos(2t), R sin(2t)), 0 t 1, th chiu di ca ng ny l 0 2R dt =
2R.

2.1. Tch phn ng

47

By gi ta c th ni chiu di ca ng trn bng 2R, khng ph thuc

vo cch chn mt tham s ha n chnh qui tnh.
Lin h gia hai loi tch phn ng. Nu v l hai ng i n chnh
qui cng nh hng ng vi ng cong C th theo 2.1.2 ta c (t) = ( (t))
trong 0 (t) > 0 vi a < t < b (trong trng hp ng ng ta gi s hai
ng c cng im u v im cui). V 0 (t) = 0 ( (t)) 0 (t) nn hai vect
0 (t) v 0 ( (t)) lun cng phng cng hng.
T ta a ra nh ngha hng tip tuyn ca ng cong c nh hng
C, vt ca mt ng i n chnh qui r (t), a t b, ti im p = r (t), a < t < b,
l hng ca vect vn tc r 0 (t). Hng tip tuyn ti mt im trn ng cong
c nh hng khng ph thuc vo cch chn ng i n chnh qui trn .
Ti im p = r (t) vect tip tuyn cng chiu n v c nh ngha, l
T ( p) =

r 0 (t)
,
|r 0 (t)|

khng ph thuc vo cch chn ng i r theo nh hng ca C.

Nu F l mt trng vect trn C th

Z
C

F dr

Z b
a

Z b
a

F (r (t)) r (t) dt =

Z b
a


r 0 (t)
F (r (t)) 0
|r 0 (t)| dt
|r (t)|

[ F (r (t)) T (r (t))] |r 0 (t)| dt =

Z
C

F T ds.

Vy trong trng hp ny tch phn ng loi hai c th c biu din qua

tch phn ng loi mt. Biu thc trn cng khng nh li ngha ca tch
phn loi hai, l tng thnh phn tip tuyn ca trng dc theo ng.
* Chng minh b 2.1.2. Chng minh ny cha nhng k thut hu ch m
ta s s dng li sau ny. Trc ht ta s cn mt b nh:
2.1.3. B . Gi s : [ a, b] Rn l mt ng n lin tc v gi C = ([ a, b]) l
vt ca n. Khi mang mt tp m trn khong ( a, b) thnh mt tp m trn C.
CHNG MINH. Gi s V l mt tp con m ca ( a, b). Khi V cng m trn

[ a, b]. V [ a, b] \ V l mt tp con ng ca khng gian compc [ a, b] nn n cng

compc. Do lin tc nn tp nh ([ a, b] \ V ) cng compc. V th ([ a, b] \ V )
ng trong Rn , v do ng trong C. Mt khc v ng l n nn hn ch
li trn ( a, b) l mt song nh, nn c th kim c l ([ a, b] \ V ) = C \ (V ).
Suy ra (V ) l tp con m ca C.

Ghi ch. Nu thm gi thit khng ng th ta thy ngay chng minh trn vn
ng cho mi tp m trn [ a, b]. Khi kt qu trn c th c hiu theo cch
l nh x ngc 1 cng lin tc, tc l mt php ng phi (homeomorphism).
Nu l ng th |(a,b) l ng phi ln vt C \ {( a), (b)}.
CHNG MINH 2.1.2. Trong c hai trng hp ca mnh 1 l mt
song nh (xem thm 2.1.9). V vai tr ca hai ng i l nh nhau, nn vn
chnh l cn chng minh 1 l hm trn. Gi C l vt ca v . Ta s chng
minh |(c,d) l mt vi ng phi ln vt C 0 = C \ { (c), (d)} ca n, tc l hm
ngc 1 : C 0 (c, d) l trn. iu ny s cho ngay kt qu.

48

2. Tch phn ng

Vit (t) = ( x1 (t), . . . , xn (t)). Xt im (t0 ) vi t0 (c, d). Do 0 (t0 ) =

( x10 (t0 ), . . . , xn0 (t0 )) 6= 0 nn c ch s i sao cho xi0 (t0 ) 6= 0. p dng nh l hm

ngc cho hm xi , c mt ln cn m V (c, d) ca t0 trn hm xi l mt vi
ng phi. Do xi c hm ngc trn : xi (V ) V, ( xi ) = t. Suy ra vi t V
th
(t) = ( x1 ( ( xi )), . . . , xi1 ( ( xi )), xi , xi+1 ( ( xi )), . . . , xn ( ( xi ))).
Rn

xi

(V )
C

V
d

Nh vy (V ) l th ca mt hm theo bin xi . Trn (V ) th nh x ngc

1 trng vi hp ca nh x chiu xung ta th i v nh x :
pi

(V )

xi (V )

xi

7 t.

( x1 , x2 , . . . , x n ) 7

Theo b 2.1.3, (V ) l mt tp m trn C 0 , do c mt tp m U ca Rn sao

cho (V ) = U C 0 . Do nh x chiu pi xc nh v trn trn U, nn c th c
m rng thnh hm pi xc nh v trn trn U. Vy 1 l trn ti (t0 ).

Bi tp.

2.1.4. Tnh chiu di ca ng r (t) = (2 2t, e2t , e2t ), 0 t 1.

2.1.5.

(a) Mt vt di chuyn trong trng trng lc ca Qu t t mt im c cao

100 mt n mt im c cao 200 mt. Hi cng ca trng lc l m, bng
khng, hay dng?
(b) Cho C l mt ng v n l vect php tuyn. Hi

R
C

n d~r l m, bng khng,

hay dng?
2.1.6. Mt si dy vi hai u c nh di tc ng ca
 trng trng s c hnh dng mt
ng xch (catenary) vi phng trnh y = a cosh
cho bi cosh x =

(e x

x
a

, vi cosh l hm hyperbolic cosine

+ e x )/2.

i tng nim Gateway Arch Saint Louis nc M c dng mt ng xch o

ngc. V tr im tm hnh hc (centroid) ca cng c thit k theo cng thc y =
693.8597 68.7672 cosh 0.0100333x vi y l khong cch ti mt t v 299.2239 x
299.2239, n v o l feet.
(a) Hy tnh chiu di ca ng tm hnh hc.

2.1. Tch phn ng

49

HNH 2.1.2. Gateway Arch.

(b)* Mi mt ct vung gc vi ng tm hnh hc l mt tam gic u ch xung t.
Din tch ca mt ct ny l 125.1406 cosh 0.0100333x. Hy tnh th tch ca Gateway Arch.
2.1.7. Cu Akashi-Kaikyo Nht Bn hin l cy cu treo di nht th gii. Hai thp cao

HNH 2.1.3. Cu Akashi-Kaikyo.

297m tnh t mt bin. Chiu di nhp chnh (khong cch gia hai thp) l 1991m. Mi si
cp chnh c dng mt ng parabola. im thp nht ca si cp chnh cch mt bin
khong 97m. Hy tnh chiu di ca mt si cp chnh, bng tnh chnh xc hoc tnh xp
x.
2.1.8. Cho ng i chnh qui r : [ a, b] Rn . t
s(t) =

Z t
a

|r 0 (u)| du.

50

2. Tch phn ng

Hm s c gi l hm chiu di (arc-length function) ca r. t chiu di ca r l l = s(b).

(a) Chng t hm s(t) c hm ngc trn. Gi hm l t(s), 0 s l.
(b) Kim tra rng ng (s) = r (t(s)) c cng vt vi ng r. Chng t tc ca
lun l 1.
Vic thay r bi c gi l tham s ha li theo chiu di (reparametrization by arc-length).
Ch rng

ds
dt ( t )

= |r 0 (t)|. iu ny thng c vit di dng k hiu l ds = |r 0 (t)|dt.

2.1.9. Lin quan ti phn chng minh ca 2.1.2: Chng minh rng nu : [ a, b] [c, d] l
mt song nh lin tc th ( a) = c v (b) = d, hoc ( a) = d v (b) = c. Suy ra nu v
l hai ng i lin tc, n, khng ng, c cng vt, th chng c cng tp im u
v im cui, tc l {( a), (b)} = { (c), (d)}.

2.2. Trng bo ton

51

2.2. Trng bo ton

nh ngha. Mt trng vect F c gi l bo ton (conservative) nu c hm
thc f , gi l hm th (potential function) ca F, sao cho f = F.
Vect f ( x ) i din cho o hm f 0 ( x ), v th ta c th hiu l f 0 = F: hm
th f chnh l mt "nguyn hm" (antiderivative) ca trng F.
Trng hng Gi s c Rn v F l trng trn Rn cho bi F ( x ) = c.
nh l (cng thc Newton-Leibniz). Gi s r l mt ng i trn bt u A v
kt thc B. Cho f l mt hm thc trn trn mt tp m cha vt ca r. Khi :
Z
r

f dr = f ( B) f ( A).
R

f dr khng ph thuc vo s la
chn ng i r t im A ti im B. Ta ni tch phn ny l c lp vi ng i.
Cng thc trn c th c hiu nh:
nh l trn c mt h qu l tch phn

Z B
A

f 0 = f ( B ) f ( A ).

y l dng tng qut ha ca cng thc Newton-Leibniz ca hm mt bin.

CHNG MINH. Gi s r : [ a, b] Rn , r ( a) = A v r (b) = B. Khi theo cng
thc Newton-Leibniz ca hm mt bin:
Z
r

f dr =

Z b
a

f (r (t)) r 0 (t) dt =

Z b
d
a

dt

( f r )(t) dt = f r (b) f r ( a).



H qu (tch phn ca trng bo ton ch ph thuc vo im u v im cui

ca ng i). Nu F l mt trng bo ton lin tc trn min D th tch phn ca F
trn mt ng i trn trong D ch ph thuc vo im u v im cui ca ng i.
H qu (tch phn ca trng bo ton trn ng i ng th bng khng).
Nu F l mt trng bo ton lin tc trn min D th tch phn ca F trn mt ng i
trn ng trong D bng khng.
Nhng kt qu trong phn trn c th c m rng cho cc ng trn tng
khc.
ngha vt l ca khi nim trng bo ton.
V d. Xt vt c khi lng m trong khng gian gn b mt qu t. Ta gi s
trng trng khng i trong phn khng gian ny. Nu ta t trc z vung gc
vi mt t, ch ra ngoi, v gc ta trn mt t th trng lc tc ng ln vt
l ~F = mg~k = (0, 0, mg) trong g 9, 8 m/s2 l hng s trng trng gn
mt t. Ta tm c hm th ca trng ny c dng f (z) = mgz + C. Trong
Vt l ta thng cho th nng ca vt trn mt t l dng, cn th nng ti mt
t bng 0, do th nng ca vt c cho bi hm U (z) = mgz. Nh vy hm
th trong Vt l l i ca hm th trong Ton.

52

2. Tch phn ng

V d (trng trng lc). Gi s mt vt c khi lng M nm gc ta trong

R3 , v mt vt c khi lng m nm im ~r = ( x, y, z). Theo c hc Newton, vt
c khi lng m s chu tc ng ca lc hp dn t vt c khi lng M bng
F (~r ) =

mMG
~r.
|~r |3

Ta tm mt nguyn hm cho F bng cch gii h phng trnh

( x, y, z) = mMG (x2 +y2x+z2 )3/2

x
f
y
y ( x, y, z ) = mMG ( x2 +y2 +z2 )3/2

f ( x, y, z) = mMG
z
.
z
( x2 +y2 +z2 )3/2
T phng trnh th nht, ly tch phn theo x ta c
f ( x, y, z) =

mMG

mMG
x
dx = 2
+ C (y, z).
( x2 + y2 + z2 )3/2
( x + y2 + z2 )1/2

Thay vo hai phng trnh cn li, ta c C (y, z) thc s ch l mt hng s C.

Vy trng trng lc l mt trng bo ton vi mt hm th l f (~r ) =

mMG
.
|~r |

Gi s mt vt di chuyn di tc dng ca tng lc F. Gi s trng F l

bo ton vi f l mt hm th. Gi s v tr ca vt thi im t l r (t). Gi s
r (t0 ) = x0 v r (t1 ) = x1 . Ta nh ngha:
ng nng (kinetic energy) (nng lng t chuyn ng) ca vt l K (t) =
1
0
2
2 m |r ( t )| .

Th nng (potential energy) (nng lng t v tr) ca vt l U ( x ) = f ( x ).

Theo nh l c bn ca tch phn ng:
Z x
1
x0

F dr = f ( x1 ) f ( x0 ) = (U ( x1 ) U ( x0 )).

Vy cng ca trng bng i ca bin thin th nng.

Mt khc theo c hc Newton: F = ma = mr 00 . Do :
Z x
1
x0

F dr =

Z t
1
t0

F (r (t)) r 0 (t) dt =

Z t
1
t0

mr 00 (t) r 0 (t) dt.

By gi ch h thc (r 0 r 0 )0 = r 00 r 0 + r 0 r 00 = 2r 00 r 0 , hay r 00 r 0 = 12 (|r 0 |2 )0 ,

ta bin i
Z x
1
x0

F dr

=
=

Z t
1

1
m (|r 0 (t)|2 )0 dt
2
t0
1
1
m|r 0 (t1 )|2 m|r 0 (t0 )|2 = K (t1 ) K (t0 ).
2
2

Vy cng ca trng bng bin thin ng nng.

Ta kt lun K (t) + U (r (t)) khng i, vy tng ng nng v th nng, tc nng
lng c hc, c bo ton trong qu trnh chuyn ng trong trng bo ton.
Bi tp.
2.2.1. Di y l hnh v ca trng vect F quanh im (0, 0):

2.2. Trng bo ton

53

(a) c on trng F c bo ton khng?

(b) c on tch phn ca trng F dc theo ng C l m, dng hay bng 0?
2.2.2. c on trng sau y c bo ton khng?

0.8

0.4

-0.4

-0.8

-0.8

-0.4

0.4

0.8

2.2.3. Tm mt hm f ( x, y, z) sao cho f (0, 0, 0) = 6 v f ( x, y, z) = (2y, 2x, ez ).

2.2.4. Cho C l ng y = x3 t im (0, 0) ti im (1, 1).
R
(a) Tnh C 3y dx + 2x dy.
R
(b) Dng cu (a), tnh C (3y + ye x ) dx + (2x + e x + ey ) dy.
2.2.5. Tnh cng ca trng lc F ( x, y, z) = (2, 3y, 4z2 ) khi mang im (1, 1, 1) ti im

(1, 0, 0).
2.2.6 (in trng). nh lut Coulomb2 l mt nh lut ca vt l c c t thc nghim
c pht biu nh sau: Nu trong R3 c hai in tch q1 v q2 th in tch q1 s tc ng
2nh lut ny c pht biu ln u tin bi Charles Coulomb nm 1785.

54

2. Tch phn ng

ln in tch q2 mt lc bng
F (~r ) =

q1 q2
~r,
4e0 |~r |3

trong ~r l vect t im mang in tch q1 sang im mang in tch q2 , v e0 l mt

hng s. n gin ta gi s in tch q1 nm gc ta , khi ~r = ( x, y, z) l v tr ca
in tch q2 . Chng t in trng l mt trng bo ton.
2.2.7. Chng t hai hm th bt k ca cng mt trng xc nh trn mt min m lin
thng sai khc nhau mt hng s. iu ny c cng ng khng nu b gi thit min lin
thng?

2.3. nh l Green

55

2.3. nh l Green
Trong phn ny ta ch lm vic trn trn mt phng Euclid hai chiu R2 .
nh l Green cho min n gin. Gi s D l mt min n gin c bin trn
tng khc trn R2 . C th, nh l mt min n gin theo chiu thng ng, D c
dng D = {( x, y) | a x b, f ( x ) y g( x )} trong f ( x ) v g( x ) l hm trn,
trong khi theo chiu nm ngang th D = {( x, y) | c y d, h(y) x k(y)}
trong h(y) v k(y) l hm trn.
y
y = g( x )

x = k(y)

x = h(y)

y = f (x)
a

Bin ca min D c nh hng dng nh sau. Mt cch trc quan, bin

c nh hng sao cho theo mt ng i trn bin theo hng chn th min nm bn
tay tri ca ng i. Mt cch chnh xc, D c nh hng cng chiu vi nh
hng ca cc ng i 1 ( x ) = ( x, f ( x )), a x b v 2 vi 2 ( x ) = ( x, g( x )),
a x b.
2.3.1. nh ngha (trn). Nu x l mt im bin ca thuc min xc nh ca hm
f th ta ni f l trn ti x nu c mt ln cn m ca x trong Rn trn f c th
c m rng thnh mt hm trn theo ngha bit 1.5, tc l c cc o hm
ring lin tc.
Theo nh ngha 2.3.1 cc o hm ring ca hm trn khng nht thit c
xc nh ti cc im bin, v c th c nhiu cch m rng hm. Tuy nhin chng
hn trong trng hp min xc nh D l bao ng ca mt tp m c th thy
rng nu f trn trn D th cc o hm ring ca f c xc nh v lin tc trn
D.
nh l (nh l Green cho min n gin). Cho D l mt min n gin vi bin
trn tng khc c nh hng dng. Gi s ( P, Q) l mt trng vect trn trn D.
Khi :
Z

P dx + Q dy =
D

CHNG MINH. Ta c:

ZZ 
D

Q P

x
y


dA.

56

2. Tch phn ng

P dx =
D

P dx +

P dx

Z b

P( x, f ( x )) dx

P dx

Z b
a

P dx
4

P( x, g( x )) dx.

Xem D l min n gin theo chiu thng ng, do cc o hm ring ca

trng l lin tc trn D nn ta c
ZZ

dA =
y
D

Z b  Z g( x )
P

Z b
a

f (x)


dy

dx

[ P( x, f ( x )) P( x, g( x ))] dx.

Vy
Z

P dx =

ZZ

P
dA.
y

Tng t, xem D l min n gin theo chiu nm ngang, ta c

Z

Q dy =

ZZ
D

Q
dA.
x

Cng li ta c kt qu.

i vi mt min khng n gin nhng c th c phn chia thnh mt hi

ca hu hn nhng min n gin vi nhng phn chung ch nm trn bin, ta c
th p dng cng thc Green cho tng min n gin ri cng li.

V d. Cng thc Green vn ng cho min D = {( x, y) | 1 x2 + y2 2, y 0},

mc d min ny khng phi l mt min n gin.

D
C2

C1

C7

D2

D1
C4

C3

C5
C6

Chia D thnh hi ca hai min n gin D1 v D2 c miu t trong hnh

v. Ch rng khi c nh hng dng ng vi D2 th ng C7 c nh
hng ngc li, tr thnh C7 . p dng Cng thc Green cho D1 v D2 ta c:

2.3. nh l Green

ZZ 
D

Q P

x
y


dA

ZZ

Z
C1

D2

C3

F dr +

Z
C5

Q P

x
y

Z

C2

dA +

ZZ

dA

Z
Z
Z
F dr +
F dr +
F dr +
F dr +
C1
C7
C5
C6
Z

Z
Z
Z
+
F dr +
F dr +
F dr +
F dr .
D1

Q P

x
y

57

Z
C2

F dr +

F dr +

Z
C6

C7

C4

Z
C3

F dr +

Z
C4

F dr +

F dr

F dr.
D

Mt kh khn khi mun pht biu cng thc Green cho nhng min tng qut
hn l vic nh ngha mt cch chnh xc nhng khi nim xut hin trong cng
thc, nh th no l nh hng dng ca bin, khi no th bin ca mt min
l mt ng, khi no th mt ng bao mt min, . . . Mt pht biu v chng
minh s cp ca cng thc Green cho min tng qut hn c trong quyn sch ca
Kellogg [Kel29, tr. 119] xut bn nm 1929, cng thc c chng minh cho
mt min khng n gin bng cch xp x min bng nhng min l hi ca
hu hn min n gin, sau qua gii hn. Ngy nay cng thc Green thng
c xt nh l mt trng hp ring ca cng thc Stokes tng qut cho khng
gian nhiu chiu m ta s nghin cu phn sau.
iu kin trng vect phng l bo ton.
nh l. Nu trng F = ( P, Q) trn v bo ton trn mt tp m cha tp D R2 th
trn D ta c
P
Q
=
.
y
x
f
x

= P v yf = Q. Vi gi
thit v tnh trn nh trn th cc o hm ring ca P v Q tn ti v lin tc trn
CHNG MINH. Gi s f l hm th ca F. Khi

D, hn na

P
y

bng nhau, do

2 f
Q
yx v x
Q
P
y = x .

2 f
xy .

2 f
xy

2 f
yx

tn ti v lin tc nn chng

2.3.2. V d (iu kin Py = Q x ch l iu kin cn, khng phi l iu kin

). Xt trng
F ( x, y) = ( P( x, y), Q( x, y)) =

!
y
x
,
.
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2

P
Q
=
trn trn min xc nh l mt phng b i im (0, 0). Mt khc,
y
x
tnh ton trc tip cho thy nu C l ng trn bn knh n v tm ti (0, 0)
R
~F d~r = 2 khc 0. Vy ~F khng phi l mt
ngc chiu kim ng h th
Ta c

trng vect bo ton trn min xc nh ca n. Xem thm 2.3.11.

58

2. Tch phn ng

Mt tp D Rn c gi l mt min hnh sao (star-shaped region) nu c mt

im p0 D sao cho vi mi im p D th on thng ni p0 v p c cha
trong D.
V d. Rn l mt min hnh sao.
Mt tp con li ca Rn l mt min hnh sao.
Rn tr i mt im khng l min hnh sao.
Di y l mt iu kin trng l bo ton:
2.3.3. nh l (B Poincar). Gi s F = ( P, Q) l mt trng vect trn trn min
m hnh sao D R2 . Nu

P
y

Q
x

trn D th F l bo ton trn D.

CHNG MINH. gi , y ta dng k hiu

Rp

F dr ch tch phn ca F

p0

trn on thng p0 + t( p p0 ), 0 t 1, ni im p0 vi im p. t
Z p

f ( p) =

p0

F dr.

p + h~i

p0

HNH 2.3.1. Min hnh sao.

f

f
y

th y chnh l mt hm th ca F. Ta s kim tra rng x = P, chng minh

= Q l tng t. Theo nh ngha ca o hm, vi ~i = (1, 0), ta c:
f
1
( p) = lim
x
h 0 h

"Z

p+h~i
p0

F dr

Z p
p0

#
F dr .

Ch do D m nn nu h nh th im p + h~i s nm trong D. Nu ba
im p0 , p v p + h~i khng cng nm trn mt ng thng th chng to thnh
mt tam gic. Tam gic ny l mt min n gin do ta c th p dng nh l
Green cho min ny, dng gi thit

P
y

Q
x ,

ta c tch phn ng trn bin

ca tam gic bng 0, tc l

Z p+h~i
p0

F dr

Z p
p0

F dr =

Z p+h~i
p

F dr.

Cng thc ny cng ng nu ba im l thng hng.

Vit p = ( x, y), v ly ng i thng t p ti p + h~i l r (t) = ( x + t, y) vi
0 t h, ta c
Z p+h~i
p

F dr =

Z x+h
x

P(t, y) dt.

2.3. nh l Green

Do

f
1
( p) = lim
x
h 0 h

Z x+h
x

59

P(t, y) dt = P( x, y).

ng thc cui cng l mt kt qu quen thuc trong Gii tch 1, c th c kim

d dng s dng vic hm P lin tc theo x, xem 2.3.15.

= Q
x nhng li khng bo ton th b
Poincar cho bit min xc nh ca trng khng phi l mt min hnh sao.
Nh vy mt gi thit gii tch a n mt kt lun hnh hc.
Kt lun ca b Poincar vn ng nu thay min hnh sao bi min tng
qut hn gi l min n lin (simply connected), i khi l min ch gm mt
mnh khng c l thng. trnh by chnh xc cn vt ra ngoi phm vi mn
hc ny, xem [Sja06].
Ta thy chng minh ca b Poincar vn ng nu lun tn ti ng i t
Rp
im p0 ti im p, khng nht thit phi l ng thng, v tch phn p F dr
0
ch ph thuc vo im u p0 v im cui p. T ta c mt tiu chun na:
Nu c mt trng ( P, Q) m

P
y

nh l. Gi s F = ( P, Q) l mt trng vect trn trn min m lin thng ng

D R2 . Nu tch phn ng ca F trn D ch ph thuc vo im u v im cui ca
ng i th F l bo ton trn D.
Bi tp.
2.3.4. Cho C l bin ca hnh vung [0, 1]2 R2 nh hng theo chiu kim ng h. Tnh
R
tch phn C x3 dx + ( x + sin(2y)) dy.
2.3.5. Cho F ( x, y) = 2xy~i + x2~j. Gi T l tam gic vi cc nh (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), nh
R
hng ngc chiu kim ng h. Gii thch ti sao T F d~r = 0 bng 3 cch.
2.3.6. Cho F ( x, y) = ( x2 + y, x +

(1 cos3

y4 + y2 + 1). Trng ny c bo ton khng? Gi C (t) =

R
t, sin 2t), 0 t . Tnh C F d~r.
2

2.3.7. Cho F ( x, y) = (y 2xye x , e x + y). Tnh tch phn ca trng ny trn na ng

trn n v i t (1, 0) ti (0, 1).
2.3.8. Gi D l mt min trn cng thc Green c th p dng c. Chng t din tch
ca D c th c tnh theo cng thc

|D| =

y dx =
D

x dy =
D

1
2

x dy y dx.
D

2.3.9. Cho ng cong trong mt phng ( x, y) vit bng phng trnh dng ta cc
r = 4 + 3 cos(11 ), vi 0 2 (xem hnh 1.5.5). Dng 2.3.8, hy tnh din tch ca min
c bao bi ng cong ny.
2

2.3.10. Cho ng cong hnh sao (astroid) x 3 + y 3 = 2 3 .

(a) V ng ny.
(b) Tnh din tch ca min bao bi ng cong trn bng cch dng tch phn bi.
(c) Tnh din tch min ny bng cch dng tch phn ng, dng tham s ha ca
ng astroid: x = 2 cos3 , y = 2 sin3 .

60

2. Tch phn ng

2.3.11 (tip tc 2.3.2). Trn mt phng Oxy, xt trng

F ( x, y) =

!
y
x
.
,
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2
y

(a) Kim tra rng nu x 6= 0 th F c mt hm th l = arctan x , vi chnh l bin

gc trong ta cc. Ngi ta thng vit mt cch hnh thc
d =

x
y
dx + 2
dy.
x 2 + y2
x + y2

(b) C th m rng thnh mt hm trn trn ton min xc nh ca F khng?

R
1
(c) Tch phn 2
C d c gi s vng (winding number), tnh theo chiu ngc
chiu kim ng h, ca ng i C quanh im O.
Chng t s vng ca ng i (cos t, sin t), 0 t 2n ng bng n.
(d) Ti sao F khng c hm th trn min xc nh?
2.3.12. Trn mt phng Oxy, xt trng
F ( x, y) = ( P( x, y), Q( x, y)) =

x
y
,
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y2

!
.

(a) Kim tra rng Py = Q x trn min xc nh ca F.

(b) Chng t F bo ton trn min xc nh. iu ny c g mu thun vi 2.3.2 hoc
2.3.3 hay khng?

y
2.3.13. Cho F ( x, y) = x2 +y2 ,

x 2 + y2

. Cho C1 l ng e-lp 9x2 + 4y2 = 36 v C2 l ng

trn x2 + y2 = 1, u c nh hng cng chiu kim ng h. Chng t tch phn ca F

trn C1 v trn C2 l bng nhau v tnh chng.
2.3.14. Cho ~F = ( P, Q) l trng vect xc nh trn mt phng tr im O, khng xoay
(ngha l

P
y

Q
x

ti mi im).

a
O
b
c

e
Gi s

R
a

~F d~r = 1 v

R
b

~F d~r = 2 (xem hnh). Hy tnh tch phn ca ~F trn c, d, v e.

2.3.15. Lin quan ti phn chng minh ca 2.3.3, hy kim tra: Nu f : [ a, b] R lin tc
R x+h
f (t) dt = f ( x ). Hy ch ra rng nh l c bn ca Vi Tch
v x [ a, b] th limh0 1h x
Rx
phn hm mt bin ni rng a f (t) dt l mt nguyn hm ca f trn [ a, b] l mt h qu
ca kt qu trn.
2.3.16. * Chng minh vt ca mt ng i trn trn mt phng c din tch khng. nh
l ng cong Jordan trong Tp ni rng mt ng lin tc, n, ng trong mt phng
bao mt min lin thng b chn. Do mt ng i trn, n, ng th bao mt min c
din tch.

Chng 3

Tch phn mt
3.1. Tch phn mt
Mt. Ging nh ng, i vi chng ta mt mt (surface) l mt nh x r t mt
tp con D ca R2 vo R3 . Tp nh r ( D ) c gi l vt ca mt.
p
V d. Na trn ca mt cu l vt ca mt ( x, y, z = 1 x2 y2 ) vi x2 + y2 1
(ta Euclid). cng l vt ca mt (sin cos , sin sin , cos ) vi 0
2 v 0 (ta cu).
Mt r : D R3 c gi l trn (smooth) nu r l nh x trn.
V d. Cho hm thc f trn trn mt tp m cha D th mt r ( x, y) = ( x, y, f ( x, y))
vi ( x, y) D l trn, vi vt l th z = f ( x, y).
Din tch mt. Cho mt r : D R3 . Vi mt php chia ca D ta c mt php chia
ca mt thnh nhng mnh nh. Mt hnh ch nht con vi kch thc u v
s c mang thnh mt mnh trn mt c xp x tuyn tnh bng hnh bnh
hnh xc nh bi cc vect ru (u, v)u v rv (u, v)v. Din tch ca hnh bnh hnh
ny c cho bi ln ca tch c hng ca hai vect ny, tc l |ru (u, v)
rv (u, v)|uv.
z
v
D

S
r (u, v)

r
v

(u, v)
u
u

T ta a ra nh ngha:
nh ngha. Din tch ca mt r : D R3 l
ZZ
D

|ru rv | dA.

Ghi ch. Trong tnh ton ta c th dng cng thc

q
q
|u v| = |u|2 |v|2 hu, vi2 = hu, ui hv, vi hu, vi2 .
61

62

3. Tch phn mt

V d. Gi s f : D R l mt hm trn trn mt tp m cha D. Xt mt

r ( x, y) = ( x, y, f ( x, y)) c vt l th ca hm f . Din tch ca mt ny l
ZZ q
1 + f x2 + f y2 dA.
D

Tch phn mt loi mt. Cho mt r : D R3 vi vt S = r ( D ). Cho f l mt

hm thc trn S.Ta mun tnh tng gi tr ca hm trn mt. L lun nh trong phn
din tch mt, trn mi mnh con trn mt ta xp x tuyn tnh din tch ca mnh
con bng din tch ca mt hnh bnh hnh, bng |ru (u, v) rv (u, v)|uv, v xp
x gi tr ca hm f bng gi tr ca n ti mt im r (u, v). T ta a ra nh
ngha:
nh ngha. Cho mt r : D R3 vi vt S = r ( D ). Cho f : S R. Tch phn
mt loi mt ca f trn r l
ZZ
r

f dS =

V d. Nu f 1 th

RR
r

ZZ
D

f (r (u, v))|ru (u, v) rv (u, v)| dA.

1 dS chnh l din tch ca mt r c nh ngha trn.

V d. Gi s f : D R l mt hm trn trn mt tp m cha D. Xt mt

r ( x, y) = ( x, y, f ( x, y)) c vt l th S ca hm f . Gi s g : S R. Khi tch
phn ca g trn r l
ZZ
r

g dS =

ZZ
D

g( x, y, f ( x, y))

1 + f x2 + f y2 dA.

Ghi ch. Trong cc ti liu khc tch phn mt loi 1 cn c k hiu bng
R
S f d.

R
S

f d,

Tch phn mt loi hai. Cho mt r : D R3 vi vt S = r ( D ). Cho F l mt

trng vect trn S, tc F : S R3 . Ta mun tnh tng ca thnh phn php tuyn
ca trng trn mt.
Nh trong tch phn mt loi mt, din tch ca mt mnh con ca mt c
xp x bi din tch hnh bnh hnh |ru (u, v) rv (u, v)|uv.
Trn mnh con trng F c xp x bng gi tr ca n ti im r (u, v). Vect
php tuyn n v ca mt ti im r (u, v) l
ru (u, v) rv (u, v)
.
|ru (u, v) rv (u, v)|
Thnh phn php tuyn ca vect F (r (u, v)) l s thc
F (r (u, v))

ru (u, v) rv (u, v)
.
|ru (u, v) rv (u, v)|

Tng thnh phn php tuyn ca F trn mnh con c xp x bng

F (r (u, v))

ru (u, v) rv (u, v)
|ru (u, v) rv (u, v)|uv = [ F (r (u, v)) ru (u, v) rv (u, v)]uv.
|ru (u, v) rv (u, v)|

Ch rng s thc trn cng l th tch c hng ca khi bnh hnh sinh bi ba
vect F (r (u, v)), ru (u, v)u, rv (u, v)v.

3.1. Tch phn mt

63

T y ta a ra nh ngha:
nh ngha. Cho mt r : D R3 vi vt S = r ( D ). Cho F l mt trng vect
trn S, tc F : S R3 . Tch phn mt loi hai ca ca F trn r l
ZZ
r

F d~S =

ZZ
D

F (r (u, v)) (ru (u, v) rv (u, v)) dA.

Ghi ch. Trong tnh ton ta c th dng cng thc a (b c) = det( a, b, c).
Ghi ch. Ta tnh c ngay
ru (u, v) rv (u, v)) =

(y, z)~ (z, x )~ ( x, y)~

i+
j+
k.
(u, v)
(u, v)
(u, v)

T , vit F = P~i + Q~j + R~k , trong mt s ti liu ngi ta dng thm cc

tch phn mt:
ZZ
r

ZZ
r

ZZ
r

ZZ

P( x, y, z) dydz =

Q( x, y, z) dzdx =
R( x, y, z) dxdy =

ZZ
r

ZZ
r

P~i d~S =

ZZ

Q~j d~S =

ZZ

R~k d~S =

ZZ

P(r (u, v))

(y, z)
dA,
(u, v)

Q(r (u, v))

(z, x )
dA,
(u, v)

R(r (u, v))

( x, y)
dA.
(u, v)

Vi cc k hiu ny th
ZZ
r

F d~S =

ZZ
r

( P dydz + Q dzdx + R dxdy).

Mt nh l tp im. nh hng. Tng t nh xy ra vi ng, trong

nhiu ng dng ta mun xem mt nh l mt tp im ch khng phi l mt
nh x. By gi ta xy dng quan im ny.
Cho D v D 0 l hai tp con m ca R2 v gi s c mt vi ng phi t D
ln D 0 . Mt vi ng phi nh vy cn c gi l mt php i bin. Nhng php
i bin nh vy chng ta nghin cu trong phn cng thc i bin ca tch
phn bi. Nu det d( p) lun dng trn D th c gi l mt vi ng phi
bo ton nh hng (orientation-preserving diffeomorphism). Nu det d( p) lun
m th c gi l mt vi ng phi o ngc nh hng (orientation-reversing
diffeomorphism).
3.1.1. nh l (Bt bin ca tch phn mt qua php i bin). Gi s D v D 0
l hai tp con m b chn ca R2 v : D 0 D l mt php i bin. Cho mt trn
r : D R3 . Khi :
(a) Tch phn mt loi mt khng i qua php i bin:
ZZ
r

f dS =

ZZ
r

f dS.

(b) Tch phn mt loi hai khng i qua php i bin bo ton nh hng:
ZZ
r

F d~S =

ZZ
r

F d~S.

64

3. Tch phn mt

(c) Tch phn mt loi hai i du qua php i bin o ngc nh hng:
ZZ
r

F d~S =

ZZ
r

F d~S.

CHNG MINH. Theo qui tc o hm ca hm hp:

Jr (s, t) = Jr (u, v) J (s, t).
C th hn:
(r )
r u
r v
=

+
,
s
u s
v s
r u
r v
(r )
=

+
.
t
u t
v t
Nhn hai vect ny, v n gin ha, ta c

 

(r ) (r )
r r
u v u v

s
t
s
t
s t
t s


r r
(u, v)
=

.
s
t
(s, t)
Vit cch khc:

(r )s (r )t = (ru rv ) det J (s, t).

(3.1.1)

By gi dng cng thc i bin ca tch phn bi ta c iu phi chng

minh.

3.1.2. Mnh . Cho D v D 0 l tp con ng, b chn ca R2 v cho r : D R

v r 0 : D 0 R3 l hai mt n chnh qui c cng vt. Khi r (D ) = r 0 (D 0 ), v

r 01 r : D D 0 l mt vi ng phi.
Ta gi tp r (D ) = r 0 (D 0 ) l bin ca mt cong S = r ( D ) = r 0 ( D 0 ), k hiu l
S.
Ta ni r v r 0 c cng nh hng nu r 01 r bo ton nh hng v tri nh
hng nu r 01 r o ngc nh hng. Tp hp cc tham s ha n chnh qui
ca S c chia thnh cc lp tng ng, mi lp c gi l mt nh hng
ca mt cong S.
V d. Xt phn mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 1, x, y, z > 0. Tp im ny c th c
p
tham s ha nh l mt mt th ( x, y, z =
1 x2 y2 ). Mt cch khc
tham s ha tp ny l dng ta cu: x = sin cos , y = sin sin , z = cos ,
vi 0 < < /2, 0 < < /2. Vi th t (, ) ca ta cu, php bin i

(, ) 7 ( x, y) c

( x,y)
(, )

= sin cos > 0, do bo ton nh hng. Nh vy

hai tham s ha ny c cng nh hng.

Mt r : D R3 c gi l

n (simple) nu r l n nh,
chnh qui (regular) nu hai vect ru (u, v) v rv (u, v) xc nh v lun khng
cng phng trn D; ni cch khc vect ru (u, v) rv (u, v) lun khc 0

3.1. Tch phn mt

65

trn D. Mt cch trc quan, mt l chnh qui nu php tuyn c th c

xc nh.
V d. Cho hm thc f trn trn mt tp m cha D. Xt mt r ( x, y) = ( x, y, f ( x, y))
vi ( x, y) D. Vt ca r l mt th z = f ( x, y). Ta c r x = (1, 0, f x ) v
ry = (0, 1, f y ), do r x ry = ( f x , f y , 1) 6= 0. Vy r l mt mt n, chnh
qui.
Kt qu chnh ca phn ny l mt h qu ca 3.1.2, 3.1.1, v 1.3.5:
3.1.3. nh l (Tch phn trn mt cong). Trn nhng mt n, chnh qui vi cng
vt, xc nh trn tp con ng b chn c din tch ca R2 th:
(a) Tch phn mt loi mt l nh nhau.
(b) Tch phn mt loi hai l nh nhau nu hai mt cng nh hng v i nhau
nu hai mt tri nh hng.
Nh vy ta c th ni ti tch phn mt loi mt trn mt tp im (mt mt
cong) nu tp im l vt ca mt mt n chnh qui xc nh trn mt tp
ng c din tch. tnh tch phn ta c th ly mt tham s ha n chnh qui
xc nh trn mt tp ng bt k. i vi tch phn mt loi hai ta cn ly tham
s ha c cng nh hng vi mt cong. Vi ngha ta c th dng k hiu
RR
RR
~
S f dS v
S F d S.
V d (Din tch mt cu). Xt na mt cu trn x2 + y2 + z2 = R2 , z 0. Tp
im ny c th c tham s ha nh l mt mt th: r ( x, y) = ( x, y, z =
p
R2 x2 y2 ), x2 + y2 R2 . Din tch ca tp ny c hiu l din tch ca
mt tham s ha n chnh qui ca n nh tham s ha va cho. Vi tham s ha
trn ta c din tch ny bng

!
ZZ


x
x


,p
, 1  dxdy
 p 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2


x +y R
R x y
R x y

Z 2 Z R
0

Rr
R2 r 2

= 2R2 .
Nu ta xem din tch mt cu l tng din tch hai na mt cu th t y ta ni
din tch ca mt cu bn knh R l 4R2 .
C th t vn l nu mt cu c chia theo nhng cch khc nhau th
iu g s xy ra. Ch rng mt cu khng th c mt tham s ha n lin tc
xc nh trn tp ng (mt kt qu ca mn Tp). y l mt khuyt im ca
cch tip cn ca chng ta trong mn hc ny (c th c thm 3.5). Trong nhng
trng hp c th ta s ni ti tch phn trn hp ca nhng mt, hay "tch phn
trn mt trn tng khc", theo ngha l tng ca cc tch phn trn tng mt. Ta
s khng a ra nh ngha tng qut.
* Chng minh 3.1.2. Tng t kt qu cho ng 2.1.3 ta c:
B . Nu D R2 ng v b chn, r : D R3 l mt mt n lin tc vi vt
S = r ( D ) th r l mt ng phi ln S.

drd

66

3. Tch phn mt

CHNG MINH. Ta chng minh r 1 l lin tc. Gi s U l mt tp m trn D.

V D \ U l tp con ng b chn ca R2 nn n compc. Do nh ca n r ( D \ U )
l tp compc, do ng trong S. Do S \ r ( D \ U ) = r (U ) m trong S. Nh
vy vi mi U m trong D th (r 1 )1 (U ) = r (U ) l m trong S. Vy r 1 l nh x
lin tc.

CHNG MINH 3.1.2 . Cho D v D 0 l tp con ng, b chn ca R2 vi bin c

din tch khng; r : D R v r 0 : D 0 R3 l hai mt n chnh qui c cng vt
S. Do b trn, ta c r 01 r : D D 0 l mt ng phi. Suy ra r 01 r hn ch

li trn D l mt ng phi ln nh ca n. Theo mt nh l trong mn Tp gi

l nh l bt bin min ([Mun00, tr. 381]), th mt tp con ca R2 m ng phi

vi mt tp m ca R2 th phi l mt tp m. Do (r 01 r )( D ) l mt tp m
ca R2 . Nh vy r 01 r mang im trong ca D thnh im trong ca D 0 . Tng

t r 1 r 0 mang im trong ca D 0 thnh im trong ca D, do r ( D ) = r 0 ( D 0 ).

T ta cng c r (D ) = r 0 (D 0 ) = S.
Tip theo ta tin hnh tng t chng minh ca kt qu cho tch phn ng

2.1.2. Ta s chng minh r : D S \ S l vi ng phi, tc l r 1 l trn. Tng

t r 01 : S \ S D 0 l trn, nn r 01 r l trn.

Vit r (u, v) = ( x, y, z). Xt im r (u0 , v0 ) vi (u0 , v0 ) D. V r u (u0 , v0 )

rv (u0 , v0 ) 6= 0 nn mt trong cc s
( x, y)
(y, z)
(z, x )
( u0 , v0 ),
( u0 , v0 ),
( u0 , v0 )
(u, v)
(u, v)
(u, v)
phi khc 0. Gi s

( x, y)
(u0 , v0 ) 6= 0. Theo nh l hm ngc, c mt ln cn
(u, v)

m V D ca (u0 , v0 ) sao cho trn V nh x (u, v) ( x, y) l mt vi ng phi

vi nh x ngc trn . Khi nhng im trn r (V ) c dng ( x, y, z( ( x, y))),
ni cch khc r (V ) l th ca mt hm theo hai bin x v y.

z
S

r
v
y

V
x

3.1. Tch phn mt

67

Trn r (V ) th nh x r 1 l hp ca nh x chiu r (V ) 1 (V ) v nh x :

( x, y, z) 7 ( x, y) 7 (u, v).
V r (V ) l mt tp m trn S \ S nn c tp m U ca R3 sao cho r (V ) = U (S \
S). nh x chiu p l trn trn U, do r 1 c th c m rng thnh hm trn
p trn U. Vy r 1 l trn ti im r (u0 , v0 ).

Lin h gia hai loi tch phn mt. Di cc gi thit ca nh l 3.1.2, gi s

p = r (u, v) = r 0 (s, t) vi (u, v) D v (s, t) D 0 . Theo phng trnh 3.1.1 ti p

hai vect ru rv v rs0 rt0 c cng phng cng chiu. Vy ti p vect php tuyn
n v
n( p) =

ru (u, v) rv (u, v)
|ru (u, v) rv (u, v)|

c nh ngha khng ph thuc vo cch chn tham s ha (nhng ph thuc

vo nh hng ca S). Ta c
ZZ
S

F n dS =

ZZ
D

ZZ
D

ZZ
S

F (r (u, v))

ru (u, v) rv (u, v)
|ru (u, v) rv (u, v)| dA
|ru (u, v) rv (u, v)|

F (r (u, v)) (ru (u, v) rv (u, v)) dA

F d~S.

Vy
ZZ
S

F d~S =

ZZ
S

F n dS.

iu ny khng nh li rng tch phn mt loi hai l tng thnh phn php tuyn
ca trng trn mt.
Bi tp.
3.1.4. Tnh din tch phn mt nn z2 = x2 + y2 , 3 z 5.
3.1.5. Cho ~F ( x, y, z) = ( x, y, z). Cho S l mt t din bao bi cc mt phng x = 0, y = 0,
RR
~F d~S.
z = 0, x + 2y + z = 2, nh hng ra ngoi. Tnh tch phn
S

3.1.6. Cho khi E xc nh bi iu kin x2 + y2 1, 1 z 2. Gi S l mt bin ca E,

nh hng ra ngoi. Cho F ( x, y, z) = (2x, 3y, 4z). Tnh thng lng ca F qua S.


x 2
3
y
r cos , 4

3.1.7. Cho mt elliptic paraboloid z =

(a) Bng cch i bin

x
3

y
2
,
4

z 5.

= r sin a ra mt phng trnh tham s ca

mt.
(b) Tnh xp x din tch ca mt ny.
3.1.8. Cho S l mt z = xy vi 0 x 2 v 0 y 3. Tnh tch phn mt
ZZ
S

ra s thp phn.

xyz dS

68

3. Tch phn mt

3.1.9. Trn b mt Qu t, ta kinh tuyn v v tuyn c lin h cht ch vi ta cu.

t h trc ta Oxyz vi O tm Qu t, trc Oz i qua Cc Bc, v phn t ng
trn t tia Oz sang tia Ox i qua Greenwich, nc Anh. Gi s mt im c ta l v
Bc v kinh ng, khi ta cu ca im l = (90 ) v = (tuy
nhin nh l trong ta cu gc cn c o bng radian).
Thnh ph H Ch Minh nm trong vng t 10 100 ti 10 380 v Bc v 106 220 ti
106 540

kinh ng (10 = 1/60 ). Tnh din tch ca vng ny. Bn knh ca Qu t l

6378 km.
3.1.10 (Din tch mt trn xoay). Gi s f ( x ) dng, trn trn [ a, b]. Hy tnh din tch ca
mt trn xoay nhn c bng cch xoay th y = f ( x ) quanh trc x. ng dng, tnh din
tch mt ellipsoid

x2
a2

y2
b2

= 1.

3.2. nh l Stokes

69

3.2. nh l Stokes
Ton t curl.
nh ngha. Cho F = ( P, Q, R) l trng theo ba bin ( x, y, z) trn R3 th
!
R Q P R Q P
curl F =

.
y
z z
x x
y
Di dng k hiu hnh thc, vi =

x , y , z

, th curl F = F.

Trng curl F cn c gi l trng xoay ca trng F. Ton t curl cn c

k hiu l rot (rotation xoay).
Cng thc Stokes. Cng thc Stokes dng ta l
Z

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz =

S

ZZ
S

( Ry Qz , Pz R x , Q x Py ) d~S.

dng khng ta :
Z

F dr =
S

ZZ
S

curl F d~S.

z
S
v

u
x

Trong cng thc ny bin S cn c nh hng tng thch vi nh hng

ca S. Mt cch miu t trc quan cho nh hng trn bin S l khi i dc theo
bin theo chiu nh, thn ngi hng theo chiu php tuyn chn ca S
th mt S phi nm bn tay tri.
Cng thc Stokes l dng tng qut ha ca cng thc Green ln khng gian
ba chiu. Thc vy, nu S l min phng v F l mt trng phng trn S th
F ( x, y, z) = ( P( x, y), Q( x, y), 0). Vect php tuyn ca S chnh l k = (0, 0, 1).
Cng thc Stokes tr thnh
Z

Pdx + Qdy

ZZ
S

ZZ
S

(0, 0, Q x Py ) d~S =
( Q x Py ) dS =

ZZ
S

ZZ
S

(0, 0, Q x Py ) k dS

( Q x Py ) dA.

nh l (nh l Stokes). Gi S l vt ca mt r (u, v) vi (u, v) D, trong D l

mt min phng trn cng thc Green c th p dng c v bin D c nh hng

70

3. Tch phn mt

tng thch. Gi S = r (D ) l bin ca S vi nh hng cm sinh t nh hng ca

D. Cho trng F trn trn mt tp m cha S. Khi :
Z

F dr =

ZZ
S

curl F d~S.

CHNG MINH. Chng minh di y tuy cha nhng biu thc di dng
nhng ch gm nhng tnh ton trc tip v vic p dng cng thc Green.
Vit F = ( P, Q, R) v ( x, y, z) = r (u, v). Gi s (u(t), v(t)), a t b l
mt tham s ha theo nh hng dng ca D. Khi S c tham s ha
R
r (u(t), v(t)). Tnh S F dr ta c (trong vi biu thc di y bin c lc
b cho gn hn):
Z

F dr

Z b

F (r (u(t), v(t))

Z b

F (r (u(t), v(t)) (ru u0 + rv v0 ) dt

Z b

d
r (u(t), v(t)) dt
dt

[ P( x, y, z)( xu u0 + xv v0 ) + Q( x, y, z)(yu u0 + yv v0 ) +
+ R( x, y, z)(zu u0 + zv v0 )] dt

Z b

[( P( x, y, z) xu + Q( x, y, z)yu + R( x, y, z)zu )u0 + ( P( x, y, z) xv +

+ Q( x, y, z)yv + R( x, y, z)zv )v0 ] dt

( Pxu + Qyu + Rzu ) du + ( Pxv + Qyv + Rzv ) dv.

D

By gi p dng cng thc Green ta c tch phn trn bng


ZZ 

( Pxv + Qyv + Rzv )

( Pxu + Qyu + Rzu ) dudv.
v
D u
Tnh cc o hm hm hp v n gin ha, ta c tch phn trn bng
ZZ
D

[( Ry Qz )(yu zv zu yv ) + ( Pz R x )(zu xv xu zv )+
+ ( Q x Py )( xu yv xv yu )] dudv

ZZ
D

[curl( P, Q, R) (ru rv )] dudv =

ZZ
S

curl F d~S.


V d. Cho F ( x, y, z) = ( x2 , y3 , z4 ). Cho C l ng tam gic vi cc nh (1, 2, 3),
R
(2, 0, 1), (4, 3, 1), nh hng theo th t . Tnh C F d~r.
C th tnh trc tip hoc dng phng php trng bo ton, nhng by gi
ta c thm mt cng c l cng thc Stokes. ng tam gic C bao hnh tam gic
S vi nh hng sinh bi C. p dng cng thc Stokes:
Z
C

F d~r =

ZZ
S

curl F d~S.

y curl F = 0. Vy tch phn trn bng 0.

3.2. nh l Stokes

71

iu kin trng ba chiu l bo ton. Tng t nh trng hp 2 chiu,

bng tnh ton trc tip ta c:
Mnh (curl = 0). Nu f l hm thc c cc o hm ring cp hai lin tc trn
mt tp m th curl f = 0 trn .
H qu (iu kin cn trng ba chiu l bo ton). Nu F l trng trn bo
ton trn mt tp m th curl F = 0 trn . Ni cch khc trn iu kin sau phi c
tha:

Ry
Pz

Qx

=
=
=

Qz
Rx
Py .

Ta c th dng kt qu ny chng t mt trng l khng bo ton bng

cch ch ra rng curl ca n khc 0.
Bng chng minh tng t 2.3.3 nhng thay cng thc Green bi cng thc
Stokes ta c:
Mnh (B Poincar). Nu F trn trn mt min m hnh sao trong R3 v
curl F = 0 th F l bo ton trn .
Bi tp.
3.2.1. Trng sau c bo ton hay khng?
(a) F ( x, y, z) = (y, x, y).
2

(b) F ( x, y, z) = (2xe x , z sin y2 , z3 ).

3.2.2. Cho S l mt z = x2 + y2 vi z 1, nh hng ln trn. Tnh lu lng ca trng
RR
~F ( x, y, z) = (3y, xz, yz2 ) trn S (tc l
curl~F d~S) bng hai cch:
S

(a) Tnh trc tip.

(b) Dng nh l Stokes.
3.2.3. Cho S l mt z = 9 x2 y2 vi z 0, nh hng ln trn.
(a) Cho trng F ( x, y, z) = (2z y, x + z, 3x 2y). Tnh trc tip lu lng ca F
RR
trn S, tc S curl F d~S.
RR
(b) Dng nh l Stokes tnh S curlF d~S.
3.2.4. Nu hai mt th S1 v S2 c cng bin v cng c nh hng ln trn th
RR
RR
~
~
S1 curl F d S =
S2 curl F d S.
RR
3.2.5. Nu S l mt cu th S curl F d~S = 0.
3.2.6. Cho ~v R3 l mt vect c nh. Cho S l mt mt m trn cng thc Stokes c
th p dng c. Hy chng minh:
Z

(~v ~r ) d~r = 2
S

ZZ
S

~v ~n dS,

trong ~r l vect v tr, tc ~r ( x, y, z) = ( x, y, z).

3.2.7.

(a) Chng minh ng thc

a (b c) = ( a c)b ( a b)c.

72

3. Tch phn mt

(b) T chng minh

curl(curl F ) = (div F ) F.
y F c hiu l ton t Laplace = =
tng thnh phn ca F.

2
x2

2
y2

2
z2

tc ng vo

3.3. nh l Gauss-Ostrogradsky

73

3.3. nh l Gauss-Ostrogradsky
Ton t div.
nh ngha. Cho F = ( P, Q, R) l trng theo ba bin ( x, y, z) trn R3 th
div F =

P Q R
+
+
.
x
y
z

Di dng k hiu hnh thc th div F = F. Hm div F cn c gi l hm

phn tn (divergence) ca trng F.
Mnh (div curl = 0). Nu F l trng c cc o hm ring cp hai lin tc trn mt
tp m th div curl F = 0 trn .
nh l Gauss-Ostrogradsky. nh l Gauss-Ostrogradsky cn c gi l nh
l Divergence. y l tng qut ho ca dng thng lng ca nh l Green, cho
mt cng thc c dng
ZZ

P dydz + Q dzdx + R dxdy =

ZZZ
E

Px + Qy + Rz dxdydz.

nh l (nh l Gauss-Ostrogradsky). Cho trng F trn trn mt tp m cha mt

khi n 3 chiu E vi bin c nh hng ra ngoi. Khi :
ZZ

F n dS =

ZZ

F d~S =

ZZZ

div F dV.

CHNG MINH. Vit F = P~i + Q~j + R~k. Vit E nh l khi n theo chiu Oz
nh l tp hp nhng im ( x, y, z) vi f ( x, y) z g( x, y) trong f , g l hm
lin tc xc nh trn min phng D. Ta s chng t
ZZ
S

R~k d~S =

ZZZ
E

R dV.
z

Tng t ta chng minh hai biu thc tng ng cho hai chiu cn li, cng li v
c ng thc phi c chng minh.
Bin S gm cc mt sau: mt trn l {( x, y, z = f ( x, y) | ( x, y) D }, mt di
l {( x, y, z = g( x, y)) | ( x, y) D }, v mt hng l {( x, y, z) | ( x, y) D, f ( x, y)
z g( x, y)}.
Trc ht tch phn ca R~k bng khng trn mt hng. L do nh sau. Mt
hng cha ng ( x0 , y0 , z) vi ( x0 , y0 ) D c nh v f ( x0 , y0 ) z g( x0 , y0 ).
ng ny c vect tip xc l ~k. Nh vy ~k l mt vect tip tuyn ca mt hng,
do ~k vung gc vi vect php tuyn ca mt hng.
Tng tch phn ca R~k trn mt trn v mt di bng:
ZZ
D

R( x, y, g( x, y))~k ( gx , gy , 1) dA+

ZZ
D

R( x, y, f ( x, y))~k ( f x , f y , 1) dA

ZZ
D

[ R( x, y, g( x, y)) R( x, y, f ( x, y))] dA.

74

3. Tch phn mt

Theo nh l Fubini
ZZZ
E

Z Z Z g( x,y)

Rz dV

ZZ

f ( x,y)


Rz dz

dA

( R( x, y, g( x, y) R( x, y, f ( x, y))) dA.

Vy ta c ng thc phi chng minh.

Dng thng lng ca nh l Green. Cho D l min phng v F l mt trng

trn D sao cho ta c th p dng cng thc Green. M rng F thnh mt trng
vect ba chiu bng cch cho thnh phn th ba lun bng 0. Gi s D c tham
s ha theo chiu dng bi C (t) = ( x (t), y(t)).
Vect vn tc l C 0 (t) = ( x 0 (t), y0 (t)). Ta xc nh vect php tuyn ngoi n ti
im ( x (t), y(t)). Vect (y0 (t), x 0 (t)) vung gc ( x 0 (t, y0 (t)), vy n cng phng
vi (y0 (t), x 0 (t)). Chiu ca n c xc nh theo nguyn tc chiu t php tuyn
ngoi sang tip tuyn phi cng chiu vi chiu dng chun tc ca mt phng,
tc l chiu t (1, 0) sang (0, 1). Do nh thc ca ma trn gm hai vect n v
C 0 (t) phi dng. Ni cch khc n C 0 (t) phi cng chiu vi k = (0, 0, 1). Suy ra
n=

1
(y0 (t), x 0 (t)).
|C 0 (t)|

Theo Cng thc Green:

Z
C

F n ds =

Z b
a

Z
C

h( P(C (t)), Q(C (t))),

Q dx + P dy =

(y0 (t), x 0 (t))i|C 0 (t)| dt

!
P Q
+
dA.
x
y

|C 0 (t)|

ZZ
D

Vy
Z

F n ds =
D

Tch phn

R
C

ZZ
D

div F dA.

F n ds l tng thnh phn php tuyn ngoi ca F dc theo bin

D. Nu F l mt trng vect vn tc th tch phn ny th hin thng lng (flux)

qua D.

ngha vt l ca div. Trc ht ta c b sau y.

3.3.1. B . Cho f l mt hm thc kh tch trn mt ln cn ca im p Rn v lin
tc ti p. Gi B0 ( p, r ) l mt qu cu ng tm ti p vi bn knh r. Khi :
1
0
r 0 | B ( p, r )|
lim

Z
B0 ( p,r )

f = f ( p ).

Vy gi tr trung bnh ca mt hm lin tc quanh mt im tin v gii hn

l gi tr ca hm ti im .

3.3. nh l Gauss-Ostrogradsky

75

CHNG MINH. V f lin tc ti p nn cho e > 0, vi r nh th vi mi

q B0 ( p, r ) ta c | f (q) f ( p)| e. T



Z


1

 =
f

f
(
p
)
 | B0 ( p, r )| B0 ( p,r)




Z


1


[
f
(
q
)

f
(
p
)]
 | B0 ( p, r )| B0 ( p,r)

1
| f (q) f ( p)|
| B0 ( p, r )| B0 ( p,r)
Z
1
e = e.
| B0 ( p, r )| B0 ( p,r)
Z


p dng b trn cho div ta c
1
1
div F dA = lim 0
F n dS.
0
0
r 0 | B ( p, r )|
r 0 | B ( p, r )|
B ( p,r )
B0 ( p,r )
RR
Tch phn
B0 ( p,r ) F n dS l thng lng ca trng F ra khi mt cu

div F ( p) = lim

ZZZ

ZZ

B0 ( p, r ). Vy div F ( p) ch pht tn ca trng F trn n v th tch quanh p.

ngha vt l ca curl. Xt mt im p. Ly mt mt phng qua p vi phng
nh bi php tuyn n. Xt hnh trn B0 ( p, r ) trn mt phng ny vi tm ti p v
bn knh r. Ta c:
1
r 0 | B0 ( p, r )|

curl F ( p) n = lim

ZZ
B0 ( p,r )

1
r 0 | B0 ( p, r )|

curl F n dA = lim

Z
B0 ( p,r )

F dr.

Vy curl F ( p) nth hin lu lng ngc chiu kim ng h ( xoay) ca

trng F trn phn t din tch quanh p trong mt phng qua p vung gc n.
Ta c curl F ( p) n t gi tr ln nht khi n cng phng cng chiu vi
curl F ( p). Vy curl F ( p) cho phng ca mt phng m trn xoay ca trng
quanh p l ln nht, chiu ca n c xc nh bi chiu xoay ca trng theo
qui tc bn tay phi. Hn na c th chng t l ln ca curl F ( p) t l vi tc
xoay theo gc ca trng quanh p. Ni vn tt, curl F ( p) ch s xoay ca trng
RR
F ti im p. T y tch phn S curl F d~S c gi l lu lng (circulation) ca
trng F trn mt S.
Ta c mt miu t trc quan cho curl F ( p): Tng tng rng ta th mt
ci chong chng vo trng, c nh n ti im p nhng cho n t do i
hng v t do xoay. Khi hng n nh ca chong chng chnh l hng ca
curl F ( p), chiu xoay ca n chnh l chiu xoay ca trng, cn vn tc xoay ca
chong chng ch xoay ca trng quanh p.
Bi tp.
3.3.2. Tip tc bi tp 2.2.1 v 2.2.2, xem F nh l trng phng trong khng gian ba chiu.
c on divF ti im gc ta l m, dng hay bng khng? Hy miu t curlF ti
im gc ta .
3.3.3. V trng vect (sin (2x + 3y) , cos (2x 3y)) trong mt ln cn ca P = (2, 3). Tnh
div F ( x, y) v curl F ( x, y) ti P (xem thnh phn th 3 ca trng l 0). Trng ny c bo
ton trong ln cn ny khng? Kt qu c ph hp vi hnh v khng?

76

3. Tch phn mt

3.3.4. Tn ti hay khng mt trng F kh vi lin tc cp hai tha curl F ( x, y, z) = (eyz , sin( xz2 ), z5 )?
RR
3.3.5. Tip tc bi tp 3.1.5. Tnh tch phn S ~F d~S bng cch dng cng thc GaussOstrogradsky.
3.3.6. Tip tc bi tp 3.1.6. Tnh thng lng ca F qua S bng cch dng cng thc GaussOstrogradski.
3.3.7. Tnh thng lng ca trng ~F ( x, y, z) = (3x, y2 , z2 ) qua mt cu n v x2 + y2 +
z2 = 1, nh hng ra ngoi.
3.3.8. Tnh thng lng ca trng F ( x, y, z) = (y, z, x ) qua mt x2 + y4 + z6 = 2, nh
hng ra ngoi.
3.3.9. Cho S l mt z = 9 x2 y2 vi z 0, nh hng ln trn.
(a) Cho G ( x, y, z) = (ey cos z, x2 z, y2 + z). Cho S1 l a x2 + y2 9, z = 0, nh
RR
hng xung di. Tnh thng lng ca G qua S1 , tc S1 G d~S.
RR
(b) Dng nh l Gauss-Ostrogradsky tnh SS1 G d~S.
RR
(c) Tnh S G d~S.
3.3.10. Hy tnh thng lng ca trng F ( x, y, z) = ( x, y, 2 2z) qua mt z = 1 x2 y2 ,
z 0, nh hng ln trn, bng hai cch:
(a) Tnh trc tip.
(b) Tnh thng lng ca F qua mt mt khc v dng cng thc Gauss-Ostrogradski.
3.3.11. Cho f ( x, y) l hm thc trn min D R2 bao bi ng cong C. K hiu ton t
2 f
2 f
Laplace tc ng vo f l f = 2 + 2 . K hiu o hm theo hng ~v ca f l D~v f . K
x
y
hiu ~n l vct php tuyn n v ngoi ca C. Chng minh:
ZZ
D

f dA =

Z
C

D~n f ds.

Chng hn nu f miu t nhit th f miu t s mt nhit.

3.3.12. Cho f v g l hai hm thc trn cp hai trn R3 .
(a) Chng t curl( f g) = f g.
R
(b) Tnh tch phn C f f dr trong C (t) = (cos t, sin t, sin t), 0 t 2.
3.3.13. Hy chng minh cc cng thc sau, cng c gi l cc cng thc Green, vi gi
thit E l min m cng thc Gauss-Ostrogradsky c th p dng c.
(a)
ZZ

( f g) n dS =
E

ZZZ
E

( f g + f g) dV.

(b)
ZZ

( f g g f ) n dS =
E

ZZZ
E

( f g g f ) dV.

3.3.14. Mt cyclide nhn c t mt mt xuyn qua php nghch o qua mt mt cu.

Mt xuyn c cho bi tham s ha
r (u, v) = ((5 + cos u) cos v, (5 + cos u) sin v, sin u),

0 u, v 2.

a mt xuyn ny ra ngoi mt cu n v tm O bn knh 1 bng mt php tnh tin,

chng hn theo vect (9, 0, 0), c mt mt xuyn mi vi tham s ha
rtorus(u, v) = (9 + (5 + cos u) cos v, (5 + cos u) sin v, sin u),

0 u, v 2.

3.3. nh l Gauss-Ostrogradsky

77

Thc hin php ly nghch o qua mt cu tm O bn knh 1, tc l php bin i

p

mang mi im p 6= 0 thnh im || p||2 . Khi mt xuyn tr thnh mt cyclide S vi tham

s ha
rtorus(u, v)
rcyclide(u, v) =
.
||rtorus(u, v)||2
(a) V mt cyclide S.
(b) Tnh din tch mt cyclide S ra s thp phn.
(c) Cho trng F ( x, y, z) = (y, x, 3z). Tnh thng lng ca F qua mt cyclide S ra s
thp phn.
(d) Tnh th tch ca khi bao bi mt cyclide S ra s thp phn.

78

3. Tch phn mt

3.4. ng dng ca nh l Stokes

nh lut Gauss cho in trng. Gi s c mt in tch q ti mt im O. Do
nh lut Coulomb (2.2.6), ta a ra nh ngha in trng ng vi in tch q
ny ti mt im bt k trong khng gian c v tr cho bi vect ~r i t im mang
in tch q ti im ang xt l:
E(~r ) =

q
~r.
4e0 |~r |3

i vi mn hc ca chng ta, iu ng ch nht ca nh lut Coulomb l

in trng c ln t l nghch vi |~r |2 , thng c gi l mt lut nghch o
bnh phng (inverse-square law). Nh ta thy (2.2), trng trng cng cng
c cho bi mt lut nh vy. Tnh ton trc tip, ta thy rng div E = 0, v iu
ny ch ng cho mt trng c dng ~r/|~r |m (trng xuyn tm, radial) khi m = 3.
1

Gi s S l mt mt ng, l mt bin ca khi D. Gi s cng thc Stokes c

th p dng c cho D. Nu D khng cha im O th ta c
ZZ
S

E d~S =

ZZZ
D

div E dV = 0.

Mt khc nu S bao im O, ni cch khc D cha im O phn trong th ly mt

qu cu tm O vi bn knh R nh sao cho n khng ct S, v cho bin B(O, R)
nh hng ra ngoi B(O, R). Khi S cng B(O, R) vi nh hng ngc li
to thnh bin ca mt khi D 0 khng cha O. p dng cng thc Stokes cho D 0
ta c

ZZ
S

Suy ra

RR

ZZ
S

E d~S =

E d~S =

E d~S

ZZ

RR
B(O,R)

ZZ
B(O,R)

B(O,R)

E d~S =

ZZZ
D0

div E dV = 0.

E d~S. Tnh trc tip, ta c

E d~S =

~r
q
|B(O, R)|
dS =
|~r |
4e0 R2
q
q
4R2 = .
2
e0
4e0 R

ZZ

B(O,R)

q
B(O, R)
D0

1Cc th nghim sau ny kim chng hng s m trong nh lut Coulomb bng 3 sai khc khng qu

3 1016 .

3.4. ng dng ca nh l Stokes

79

Nh vy thng lng ca in trng qua mt mt ng bao in tch khng ph

thuc vo mt v t l vi in tch c bao. y l ni dung ca nh lut c pht
biu bi Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss. 2
trn ta va trnh by nh lut Coulomb v nh lut Gauss cho mt in
tch. Trong trng hp mi trng cha in tch ti mi im th ta c:
nh lut Coulomb
nh lut Gauss
RR
RRR

Q
1
~
div E = e0 , vi l hm mt
D dV = e0 , vi
S E d S = e0
in tch

D l khi c bao bi mt S v Q
l tng in tch trn D
R rng nh lut Gauss c th nhn c t nh lut Coulomb bng cch p
dng nh l Gauss-Ostrogradski.
Ngc li nh lut Gauss cng suy ra nh lut Coulomb. Xt mt im p
bt k v xt qu cu ng B0 ( p, r ) tm ti im vi bn knh r. Theo nh lut
Gauss v nh l Gauss-Ostrogradski:
1
e0

ZZZ
B0 ( p,r )

dV =

ZZ
B0 ( p,r )

E d~S =

ZZZ
B0 ( p,r )

div E dV.

Chia hai v cho th tch ca qu cu B0 ( p, r ) v ly gii hn khi r 0, dng tnh

cht v gii hn ca gi tr trung bnh ca hm lin tc 3.3.1 ta c
( p)
= div E( p).
e0
Tuy nhin nh lut Gauss c th c kim chng bng th nghim d hn
nh lut Coulomb, v nh lut Gauss c tnh v m trong khi nh lut Coulomb
c tnh vi m.
nh lut Coulomb cho mi trng mang in lin tc c th nhn c mt
cch thun ty ton hc t nh lut Coulomb cho mt in tch bng cch ly tch
phn v dng hm Dirac, mt hm suy rng.
Cc phng trnh Maxwell v in t. Khng lu sau hai nh lut Coulomb
v Gauss, trong thp k 1820, Andr Marie Ampre pht hin ra rng mt dng
in to ra quanh n mt t trng theo nh lut:
Z
C

B d~r = 0 I,

trong C l mt ng cong kn bao quanh mt dng in c cng khng

i I, B l t trng, v 0 l mt hng s.
Nm 1831 Michael Faraday pht hin rng mt t trng thay i theo thi
gian ti lt n li to ra mt in trng. nh lut Faraday cho cng thc:
Z

E d~r =
S

d
dt

ZZ
S

B d~S.

Nm 1864, James Clerk Maxwell pht trin nh lut Ampre v thng nht
in trng vi t trng:
2Trong cc ti liu Vt l nh lut Gauss thng c pht biu m khng km theo iu kin g v

tnh trn ca mt v ca cc hm trong cng thc.

80

3. Tch phn mt

Cc phng trnh Maxwell

Dng vi phn
(1) (Coulomb) div E =

Dng tch phn

RR
(Gauss) S E d~S =

e0

Q
e0 ,

vi S l

mt mt ng
(2) curl E = B
t

(Faraday)
R
RR
d
~
E d~r = dt
S
S B dS
RR
~
B dS = 0, vi S l mt mt

(3) div B = 0

J
e0

ng
R
1

B d~S =

RR
+ dtd S E d~S,
vi J l mt dng in
vi I l cng dng in qua
mt S
Ging nh s tng ng ca nh lut Coulomb v nh lut Gauss, cc
dng vi phn v dng tch phn ca cc phng trnh Maxwell l tng ng
vi nhau, thng qua nh l Stokes v nh l Gauss-Ostrogradski.
Bng th nghim, Maxwell pht hin rng e010 = c2 , chnh l bnh phng ca
vn tc ca nh sng trong chn khng.
Cc phng trnh Maxwell cng vi cc nh lut ca Newton tng kt ton
b Vt l c in. Chng bao lu l thuyt ca Maxwell c ng dng trong
thc t vi vic pht minh ra sng in t ca Heinrich Hertz nm 1887.
(4) (Ampre)

1
e0 0

curl B =

E
t ,

e0 0

I
e0

Gii h phng trnh Maxwell. n gin y ta xt h phng trnh Maxwell

trong trng hp c bit in trng v t trng khng i theo thi gian. Vy
E
t

= B
t = 0. Ta c cho v J.
T phng trnh (2), v curl E = 0 trn R3 nn E = vi l mt hm thc
c xc nh sai khc mt hng s (y l B Poincar 2.3.3 cho khng gian 3
chiu).

Phng trnh (1) tr thnh div() = e0 . V div() chnh l ton t Laplace

, nn ta c phng trnh = e0 . y l mt phng trnh o hm ring cp

hai, c gi l phng trnh Poisson. C th c thm [Fey64, Chng 18].
Nhng phng trnh nh vy l i tng nghin cu ca ngnh Phng
trnh o hm ring, mt ngnh ln ca Ton hc.
Bi tp.
3.4.1. Dng nh l Stokes v nh l Gauss-Ostrogradski, chng t cc dng vi phn v
dng tch phn ca cc phng trnh Maxwell l tng ng vi nhau.

3.5. * nh l Stokes tng qut

81

3.5. * nh l Stokes tng qut

nh l Stokes cho mt (n 1)-chiu trong khng gian Rn . Sau y l mt
trng hp ca nh l Stokes c dng ph bin trong nghin cu cc phng
trnh vt l ton v phng trnh o hm ring ([Eva97, tr. 627], [GT01, tr. 13]).
3.5.1. nh l. Cho l mt tp con m b chn ca khng gian Euclid Rn . Gi s bin
thuc lp C1 . Gi s v l vect php tuyn n v ngoi ca . Gi s trng vect
F c cc thnh phn thuc lp C1 (). Khi :
Z

div F dx =

F v dS.

Trong cng thc trn, ta ni bin thuc lp C1 c ngha l mi im trn

c mt ln cn vi ng phi vi mt tp m ca Rn . iu ny cng c ngha l
mi im trn c mt ln cn m trn l th ca mt hm trn theo
(n 1) bin. Nh ta thy phn chng minh ca 2.1.2 v 3.1.2, khi nim ny
l tng qut ha ca khi nim ng chnh qui v mt chnh qui.
Mt hm thc f l thuc lp C1 () nu n c cc o hm ring cp mt lin
tc trn v cc o hm c m rng lin tc ln . Ni cch khc, theo 2.3.1,
hm f l hm trn trn .
Tch phn theo phn t din tch mt dS c th c nh ngha mt cch
tng t tch phn ng loi mt v tch phn mt loi mt. Tuy nhin c mt
kh khn l c th cn ti nhiu hn mt php tham s ha ph c hon
ton mt. vt qua kh khn ny ngi ta dng mt cng c cao cp hn gi
l "phn hoch n v".
S thng nht gia cc cng thc Newton-Leibniz, Green, Stokes v GaussOstrogradsky. Xem li cc cng thc ta c:
Z
C

f dr = f ( B) f ( A).

P dx + Q dy =

ZZ 
D

F dr =

ZZ

(curl F ) n dS =

F n ds =
D

ZZ

F n dS =
E

Q P

x
y

ZZ

ZZ
D

dA.

curl F d~S.

div F dA.

F d~S =
E

ZZ

ZZZ
E

divF dV.

Ta c th nhn thy mt s thng nht ca cc cng thc ny: tch phn ca

mt i tng hm w trn bin M ca mt i tng hnh hc M th bng vi tch
phn ca mt i tng hm mi dw lin quan ti o hm ca i tng hm w
ban u trn i tng hnh hc M ban u:

82

3. Tch phn mt

w=
M

Z
M

dw.

y chnh l dng ca cng thc Stokes tng qut.

nh l Stokes cho mt k-chiu trong khng gian Rn . Cng thc Stokes tng
qut s ng trong trng hp sau y. V mt hnh hc, M l mt mt k-chiu,
theo ngha mi im trn M c mt ln cn vi ng phi vi mt tp m ca Rk
hoc mt tp m ca mt na ca Rk , nhng im khng thuc loi u to thnh
bin M. y l khi nim a tp trn (smooth manifold) k-chiu.
i tng hm w th phc tp hn. l mt dng vi phn (differential form)
bc (k 1). Khi dw l o hm ca dng w v l mt dng bc k.
Th no l tch phn ca mt dng vi phn trn mt mt? V mi im trn
mt c mt ln cn vi ng phi vi vi mt tp con ca Rk nn thng qua php
vi ng phi ta mang tch phn trn mt v tch phn trn Rk bng mt cng thc
lin quan ti cng thc i bin ca tch phn.
Tt nhin nhng miu t trn cha ngi c c th hiu c c th.
y ngi vit khng c tham vng m ch mun gii thiu vi nim, hy
vng ngi c s tm hiu thm sau ny.

Vi nt v dng vi phn. Nhng k hiu dx, dy, dA, dV, dxdy, ds, dS, dr, d~S, . . .
m ta thy xut hin trong mn hc cho ti nay cha c gii thch ngha r
rng. Chng l phn t ca tp hp no? Quan h gia chng ra sao?
Dng vi phn bc 1
Xt khng gian Rn . Gi s x = ( x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) Rn . Lm dng k hiu ta ch
xi l hm cho ra ta th i ca x, tc l hm ( x1, x2 , . . . , xn ) 7 xi . Khi ta nh
ngha dng vi phn dxi chnh l o hm ca hm xi . Tc l dxi = dxi !
Vy dxi l mt hm trn Rn . Ti mi im x Rn , gi tr dxi ( x ) l mt nh x
tuyn tnh t Rn vo R, c i din bi vect (0, 0, . . . , 0, 1, 0, . . . , 0) trong s
1 nm ta th i.
Tng qut hn, nu f : Rn R l mt hm trn th o hm d f ca f l mt
n
dng vi phn trn Rn . Ti mi
 im x th d f ( x ) l mtnh x tuyn tnh t R vo

R, c i din bi vect
d f (x) =

f
f
f
x1 ( x ), x2 ( x ), . . . , xn ( x )

. T ta c ng thc:

f
f
f
( x )dx1 ( x ) +
( x )dx2 ( x ) + +
( x )dxn ( x )
x1
x2
xn

hay ngn gn hn:

df =

f
f
f
dx +
dx2 + +
dxn .
x1 1 x2
xn

Trong trng hp mt chiu cng thc trn l:

d f = f 0 dx.

3.5. * nh l Stokes tng qut

83

Khc vi s m h khi ta thy cng thc ny ln u khi hc v vi phn trong cc

gio trnh ton gii tch trung hc hay nm u i hc, by gi mi th trong
cng thc u c ngha chnh xc.
Ta nh ngha mt dng vi phn bc 1 trn Rn l mt hm cho tng ng mi
im vi mt nh x tuyn tnh t Rn vo R, cho bi cng thc
f 1 dx1 + f 2 dx2 + + f n dxn
trong f 1 , . . . , f n l cc hm trn.
V d. Trn R2 , dng bc 1 c cho bi cng thc Pdx + Qdy trong P, Q l
hm trn trn R2 .
Tch ca dng vi phn
Ngi ta nh ngha c mt php nhn trn cc dng vi phn, thng c
k hiu bi (wedge - tch chn), nhng y ta b qua k hiu cho n gin.
Php nhn ca dng vi phn c tnh phn phi vi php cng. N cn c mt tnh
cht c bit, l tnh phn i xng:
dxdy = dydx.
Mt h qu l dxdx = 0.
V d. Khi n = 2: Ta s c dxdy l mt dng vi phn bc 2. Ti mi im p R2 ,
gi tr dxdy( p) l mt nh x m tc ng vo cp vect u, v R2 cho ra det(u, v),
chnh l din tch c hng ca hnh bnh hnh sinh bi u v v. V vy c l khng
qu ngc nhin khi ta bit k hiu dA chnh l dxdy:
dA = dxdy.
V d. Khi n = 3: Ta s c dxdydz l mt dng vi phn bc 3. Ti mi im p R3 ,
gi tr dxdydz( p) l mt nh x m tc ng vo b 3 vect u, v, w R3 cho ra
det(u, v, w), chnh l din tch c hng ca hnh bnh hnh sinh bi u, v v w. K
hiu dV chnh l dxdydz:
dV = dxdydz.
Tng qut hn, ti mi p Rn th dx1 dx2 dxn ( p) = det, v chnh l dng
th tch dV trn Rn .
dV = dx1 dx2 dxn .
Vi 1 i1 , i2 , . . . , ik n th dxi1 dxi2 dxik l mt dng bc k. Tng ca hai
dng bc k l mt dng bc k. Tch ca mt hm trn vi mt dng bc k cng l
mt dng bc k. Ta nh ngha mt dng vi phn bc k bt k trn Rn l mt tng hu
hn ca nhng dng f dxi1 dxi2 dxik .
V d. Mt dng bc 2 trn R3 c cng thc Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy, trong P,
Q, R l cc hm trn trn R3 .

84

3. Tch phn mt

y chng ta cha bn ti dng vi phn trn cc ng, mt, hay tng qut
hn nhng tp con "k-chiu" trong Rn . V vy ta cha c c hi gii thch cc dng
ds, dS, ...
Tch phn ca dng vi phn
Theo nh ngha trn mt dng vi phn bc n trn Rn l mt tng ca hu
hn nhng dng f dx1 dx2 dxn . Rt n gin, ta nh ngha tch phn ca dng
f dx1 dx2 dxn trn tp con D ca Rn chnh l tch phn bi ca hm f trn D.
nh ngha trn c dng cho nhng tp con D "n-chiu" trong Rn . Nu tp
con D ny c s chiu k < n (v d nh ng, mt trong Rn ) th cn c mt nh
ngha khc dnh ring cho s chiu k. Nh ta thy qua tch phn ng v tch
phn mt, mt nh ngha nh vy s dng ti vic "ko lui" mt dng trn D v
mt dng k-chiu trn Rk , ri ly tch phn. Chi tit kh phc tp, nn ta dng li
y.
o hm ca dng vi phn
Ngi ta nh ngha c mt php o hm trn cc dng. Php tnh ny c
tnh tuyn tnh, nn n c xc nh bi cng thc:
d( f dxi1 dxi2 dxik )

= (d f )dxi1 dxi2 dxik



f
f
f
dx2 + +
=
dx1 +
dxn dxi1 dxi2 dxik .
x1
x2
xn

Nh vy o hm ca mt dng bc k l mt dng bc (k + 1).

V d. Trn R2 xt dng w = Pdx + Qdy. Ta c






P
Q
Q
Q P
P
dx +
dy dx +
dx +
dy dy =

dxdy.
dw =
x
y
x
y
x
y
V d. Trn R3 xt dng w = Pdx + Qdy + Rdz. Ta c




P
P
Q
Q
Q
P
dw =
dx +
dy +
dz dx +
dx +
dy +
dz dy +
x
y
z
x
y
z


R
R
R
+
dx +
dy +
dz dz
x
y
z






R Q
P R
Q P
=

dydz +

dzdx +

dxdy.
y
z
z
x
x
y
Ch cc thnh phn ca dw chnh l cc thnh phn ca curl( P, Q, R).
V d. Trn R3 xt dng w = Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy. Ta c




P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
dw =
dx +
dy +
dz dydz +
dx +
dy +
dz dzdx +
x
y
z
x
y
z


R
R
R
+
dx +
dy +
dz dxdy
x
y
z


P Q R
=
+
+
dxdydz.
x
y
z
Thnh phn ca dng dw chnh l div( P, Q, R).

3.5. * nh l Stokes tng qut

85

Tng ng gia hm v dng

hm thc f

dng bc khng f

trng ( P, Q, R)

dng bc mt Pdx + Qdy + Rdz

trng bo ton

dng bc mt m l o hm ca mt dng
bc khng

trng curl( P, Q, R)

hm div( P, Q, R)



Q
dng bc hai R
y z dydz +




Q
P
R
P

dzdx
+

z
x
x
y dxdy

Q
R
dng bc ba P
x + y + z dxdydz

V d. Tnh d(d f ) ta c:


f
f
f
d(d f ) = d
dx +
dy +
dz
x
y
z

 2

 2

 2
2 f
f
2 f
f
2 f
f

dydz +

dzdx +

dxdy.
=
yz zy
zx xz
xy yx
Vy nu f trn cp hai th d(d f ) = 0. y khng g khc hn chnh l h thc
curl(( f )) = 0.


Q
V d. Nu ta ly w = Pdx + Qdy + Rdz th nh trn tnh dw = R
y z dydz +




Q
P
R
P

dzdx
+

z
x
x
y dxdy, tng ng vi trng curl( P, Q, R ), v

d(dw) =

2 R
2 Q
2 P
2 R
2 Q
2 P

xy xz yz yx zx zy


dxdydz.

Nu trng ( P, Q, R) l trn cp hai th d(dw) = 0. y chnh l h thc

div(curl( F )) = 0.
Tng qut, tch ca hai nh x o hm d ni tip bng khng:
d2 = 0.
B Poincar tng qut
Ta thy nu w = du th dw = 0. iu ngc li l ni dung ca B
Poincar tng qut: Trn mt min m hnh sao ca Rn , nu w l mt dng bc k
v dw = 0 th tn ti mt dng u bc k 1 sao cho du = w.
nh l Stokes tng qut
nh l Stokes tng qut cho cng thc trn Rn :
Z

w=
M

Z
M

dw.

nh l Newton-Leibniz ng vi trng hp w l dng bc khng f v M

l mt tp con 1-chiu ca R (on thng).
nh l Green ng vi trng hp w l dng bc mt Pdx + Qdy v M l
mt tp con 2-chiu ca R2 .
nh l Stokes ng vi trng hp w l dng bc mt Pdx + Qdy + Rdz
v M l mt tp con 2-chiu ca R3 (mt).

86

3. Tch phn mt

nh l Gauss-Ostrogradski ng vi trng hp w l dng bc hai Pdydz +

Qdzdx + Rdxdy v M l mt tp con 3-chiu ca R3 (khi).
Hng dn c thm. trnh by cht ch ni dung ca mn hc ny v tng
qut ha ln cc khng gian c s chiu cao hn cn nghin cu hai lnh vc: a
tp vi phn (differential manifolds) (tng qut ha ca ng v mt), v dng vi
phn (differential forms) (tng qut ha ca trng vect). Quyn sch nh ca
Spivak [Spi65] l gio trnh kinh in. Quyn sch ca Munkres [Mun91] xut
hin sau, c ni dung tng t nhng c nhiu chi tit hn. Mt ti liu hay gn
y l tp bi ging [Sja06]. Ngoi ra c th c quyn sch nng cao hn ca
Guillemin v Pollack [GP74].
Mt tip cn khc ca vn tch phn trn cc tp con ca khng gian Euclid
c trnh by trong L thuyt o hnh hc (Geometric Measure Theory). C
th c quyn sch nhp mn ca Morgan [Mor00].
Bi tp.
3.5.2. y l mt h qu ca 3.5.1. Vi cng cc gi thit v , ta vit v = (v1 , v2 , . . . , vn ).
Gi s hm thc f thuc lp C1 (). Khi :
Z

f
dx =
xi

f vi dS.

3.5.3 (tch phn tng phn). y l mt h qu ca 3.5.2. Vi cng cc gi thit v , gi

s cc hm thc f v g thuc lp C1 (). Khi :
Z

f
g dx =
xi

f gvi dS

g
dx.
xi

3.5.4 (cng thc Green). y l nhng h qu ca 3.5.1 v 3.5.2. Vi cng cc gi thit v

f
= f v, o hm ca f theo
, gi s cc hm thc f v g thuc lp C2 (). Ta vit
v 2
f
hng v. Nhc li ton t Laplace c cho bi f = in=1 x2 . Khi :
i

(a)
Z

f dx =

f
dS.
v

(b)
Z

f g dx =

g
dS
v

f g dx.

(c)
Z

( f g g f ) dx =

f
g
g
v
v


dS.

3.5.5 (din tch mt cu). Gi Sn ( R) l mt cu n-chiu tm ti 0 vi bn knh R, bin ca

qu cu B0(n+1) ( R) tm 0 bn knh R. Hy dng 3.5.1 tnh din tch (ni cch khc, th
tch n-chiu) ca Sn ( R).

Gi cho mt s bi tp
1.2.16: Gi s x [0, 1] l mt s v t v { pn /qn }nZ+ l mt dy cc s hu t hi
t v x. Nu dy {qn }nZ+ khng tin ra v cng th s c mt s thc M v mt
dy con {qnk }kZ+ sao cho qnk < M vi mi k Z+ . Dy { pnk /qnk }kZ+ ch gm
hu hn gi tr.
1.2.17: Tp hp cc s hu t l m c.
1.3.12: a bi ton v trng hp tam gic vung. t tam gic vo hnh ch nht
ri ly mt php chia u ca hnh ch nht . Xt tng trn v tng di.
1.4.11: Dng nh l Fubini hai ln.

1.4.14: (b) Dng bi 1.1.8.

1.5.7: Ch rng min D i xng qua trc Oy. C th c kt qu m khng cn tnh
trc tip tch phn. gii thch chnh xc c th dng php i bin x 7 x.
RR
1
1.6.3: C th vit ngay gi trung bnh l |[0,1][
[0,1][0,2] p ( x, y ) dxdy. C th
0,2]|
gii thch chi tit hn nh sau. Chia on [0, 1] thnh 103 on di bng nhau
v chia on [0, 2] thnh 2 103 on di bng nhau. Nh vy hnh ch nht
kch thc 1km 2km c chia thnh nhng hnh ch nht con c kch thc
1m1m. S hnh ch nht con nh vy l 103 (2 103 ). Gi ca mi mnh
t 1m1m ny c i din bi p( xi , y j ) vi mt im ( xi , y j ) trong . Vy


gi trung bnh l S = i,j p( xi , y j ) /(103 2 103 ) (triu ng/m2 ). By gi
i,j p( xi , y j ) (103 103 ) th i,j p( xi , y j ) (103 103 ) chnh l
mt tng Riemann ca hm p ng vi php chia ni trn ca [0, 1] [0, 2]. Gi tr
RR
ny c xp x bng mt tng v hn l tch phn [0,1][0,2] p( x, y) dxdy. Vy
RR
S = 12 [0,1][0,2] p( x, y) dxdy.
vit S =

1
2

87

Ti liu tham kho

[ng97]

ng nh ng, L thuyt tch phn, Nh Xut Bn Gio Dc, 1997. 36

[Apo69]

Tom M. Apostol, Calculus, vol. 2, John Wiley and Sons, 1969.

[Arn89]

Vladimir I. Arnold, Mathematical methods of classical mechanics, 2nd ed., Springer, 1989.

[Buc78]

Greighton Buck, Advanced calculus, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1978.

[Eva97]

Lawrence C. Evans, Partial Differential Equations, 2nd ed., AMS, 1997. 81

[Fey64]

Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, Mathew Sands, The Feynmans lectures in Physics,

[GT01]

David Gilbarg and Neil S. Trudinger, Elliptic Partial Differential Equations of Second Order,

[GP74]

Victor Guillemin and Alan Pollack, Differential topology, Prentice-Hall, 1974. 86

[Kap02]

Wilfred Kaplan, Advanced calculus, 5th ed., Addison-Wesley, 2002.

vol. 2, Addison-Wesley, 1964. 80

Springer, 2001. 81

[Kel29]

Oliver Dimon Kellogg, Foundations of potential theory, Springer, 1929. 57

[Khu10]

Nguyn Vn Khu, L Mu Hi, Gii tch ton hc, tp 2, Nh Xut Bn i hc S phm

[Lan97]

Serge Lang, Undergraduate analysis, 2nd ed., Springer, 1997, a revision of Analysis I,

[LDP02]

inh Th Lc, Phm Huy in, T Duy Phng, Gii tch cc hm nhiu bin, Nh Xut

[Mor00]

Frank Morgan, Geometric measure theory: A beginners guide, Academic Press, 2000. 86

H Ni, 2010.
Addison-Wesley, 1968. 6, 7, 11, 25, 28, 36
Bn i hc Quc gia H Ni, 2002.
[MT03]

Jerrold E. Marsden and Anthony J. Tromba, Vector calculus, Freeman, 2003.

[Mun91]

James Munkres, Analysis on manifolds, Addison-Wesley, 1991. 28, 86

[Mun00]

, Topology a first course, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, 2000. 66

[PTT02]

Nguyn nh Ph, Nguyn Cng Tm, inh Ngc Thanh, ng c Trng, Gio trnh

[Rat94]

John G. Ratcliffe, Foundations of hyperbolic manifolds, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol.

[Rud76]

Walter Rudin, Principles of mathematical analysis, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1976. 28

gii tch - hm nhiu bin, Nh Xut Bn i hc Quc gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2002.
149, Springer-Verlag, 1994. 36
[Rud86]

, Real and complex analysis, 3rd ed., McGraw Hill, 1986.

[Sja06]

Reyer Sjamaar, Manifolds and differential forms, 2006, Cornell University. 59, 86

[Spi65]

Michael Spivak, Calculus on manifolds, Addison-Wesley, 1965. 28, 86

[Ste08]

James Stewart, Calculus: Early transcendentals, 6th ed., Brooks/Cole, 2008. ii, 28, 45

[Sti92]

John Stillwell, Geometry of surfaces, Universitext, Springer, 1992. 36

89

Ch mc

nh l Divergence, 73

n, 64

nh l Gauss-Ostrogradsky, 73

bin, 64

nh l hm ngc, 26

chnh qui, 64

o khng, 10

trn, 61
vt, 61

ng nng, 52

ma trn Jacobi, 25

ng i, 41

min, 14

ng, 41
n, 41

php ng phi, 47

cng nh hng, 46

php i bin, 25

chnh qui, 45

php chia, 2

lin tc, 41

khong con, 2

tri nh hng, 46

mn hn, 3

trn, 41
vt, 41

tch phn, 4

ng cong, 46

tch phn ng

hng tip tuyn, 47

c lp vi ng i, 51

a tp trn, 82

loi hai, 43
loi mt, 43

B Poincar, 58, 59

tch phn lp, 19

tch phn mt loi hai, 63

cng thc Green, 86

tch phn mt loi mt, 62

cng thc Newton-Leibniz, 51

tch phn tng phn, 86

cng thc Pappus, 40

ta tr, 31
tng di, 3

dng vi phn, 82

tng Riemann, 2
hu khp, 10

tng trn, 3

hnh hp, 1

th nng, 52

con, 2

thng lng, 74

th tch, 1

th tch, 15

hnh sao, 58

th tch khng, 8

hm c trng, 15

trn, 25, 55

hm Gamma, 40

trng
bo ton, 51

hm mt , 37

hm th, 51
kh tch, 4
vi ng phi, 25

kh vi lin tc, 25, 55

o ngc nh hng, 63

kh vi tng khc, 43

bo ton nh hng, 44, 63

mt, 61
91