an _ b'' = (a _ b) (an-l + an-2b + ... + abn-2 + bn-l).
Do a - b > 0 (vi a > b) con bi~u thuc trong dau ngoac con lai la
t6ng cua n so duong, vi the' bi~u thuc a'y duong. Vi the' an - b'' > o.
Theo dinh nghia suy ra an > b". Tinh cha't 7 duoc chung minh. - Chuyen sang chimg minh 8.
Xet ba truong hop sau :
1. Gia s\1 a = 0 ~ a2n+l = o. Do a > b ~ b < 0 ~ b2n+l < 0 (luy thira bac Ie cua mQt so am la so am) ~ a2n+l > b2n+l. 2. Gia s\1 a < O. Vi a > b ~ b < o.
Tli do dua vao (7) va theo tinh chat bllc c~u cua bat dAng thuc ta co
Sk+l - k+~ala2· .. ak+l ~ 0
tUcla
(8)
Dau bang trong (8) xay ra ¢:> {al = a2 = ... = ak a=p
¢:> al = a2 = ... = ak = ak+l
Vf}..y bat dAng thuc Co-si cling dung khi n = k + I. Theo nguyen If quy nap suy ra (1) dung vdi 'lin = 1, 2 ... Bat dAng thuc Co-si duoc chung minh hoan toano
Chuy:
Voi ban doc d chuong trinh hQC co Sd, rat hay s11 dung bat dAng thirc Co-si khi n = 2, 3, 4. Chung t6i xin gidi thieu each chung minh khi n = 4, n = 3 .
• Vai n = 4
Ta co each chung minh don gian sau day:
Ap dung bat dAng thuc Co-si khi n = 2, ta co al + a2 a3 +a4
al + a2 + a3 + a4 _ 2 + 2 ~ J al + a2 . a3 + a4 •
4 2 ~ 2 2
Lai ap dung bat dAng thuc Co-si khi n = 2, ta co
I al + a2 a3 + a4 I trz: trz: 41
~ 2 . 2 ~ VVala2 'Va3a4 = Vala2a3a4'
(1)
(2)
Tli (1) (2) suy ra
al + a2 + a3 + a4 4/
--=----=----''----=- ~ V al a2a3 a 4 •
4
Dau bang' xay ra trong (3) ¢:> d6ng thai co dau b~ng trong (1) va (2), hay
(3)
{al + a2 a3 + a4
2 ~ ~ . ¢:> al = a2 = a3 = a4•
al = a2 ' a3 - a4
Vf}..y bat dAng thirc Co-si dung vdi n = 4 . • Vai n = 3
Cach chirng minh nhu sau:
Ap dung bat dAng thirc Co-si vdi n = 4, ta co
6
(4)
Do aI' a2' aa khong am nen al + a2 + aa ~ O. Tuy nhien neu al + a2 + aa = 0 thi b~t dAng thuc da cho hi~n nhien dung (vi khi do al = a2 = aa = 0 va ca hai ve cua b~t dAng thuc cfin chung minh d~u bang 0).
Vi the
al + a2 + aa ~
~ ~ aIa2aa'
3
Theo truong hop n = 4, thi dau bAng trong (5) xay ra khi va chi khi
(5),
_ _ _ al + a2 + aa _ _ _
al - a2 - aa - 3· - al - a2 - aa'
V~y b~t dAng thuc Co-si dung khi n = 3.
3.2. Bat ddng thitc Bu-nhi-a-cdp-shi
Cho au a2' ... , an va bl, b2, "0' bn la 2n s6b~t ki. Khi do ta co
(a~ + a~ + ... + a!)( b~ + b~ + ... + b!) ~ (al bi + a2 b2 + ... + an bn)2 . (1) DAu bAng trong (1) xay ra khi va chi khi
!!.. = a2 = = an (2)
bi b2 bn
(Luu y rAng neu trong (2) bj = 0, thi ta se hi~u la aj tuong ung
Tinh chll't 2 cho phep ta chuyen bai toan tim gia tri Ion nhat thanh bai toan tim gia t,rj nho nhll't hoac nguoc lai. Digu nay co ich trong nhieu trurmg hop cu the se xet sau nay.
2.3. Tinh chat 3 :
Gilt s11 f(x) va g(x) la hai ham s6 cling xac dinh tren mien D va thoa man digu kien f(x) ~ g(x) Vx E D.
Khi do ta co max f(x) ~ max g(x).
XED xED
Chung minh :
Gilt s11 maxg(x) =g(xo), vdi Xo ED
XED
Tu gilt thiet ta co g(xo) $ f(xo)'
Vi Xo E D, nen thea dinh nghia gia tri IOn nhat ta co f(xo) $ maxf(x).
XED
(1)
(2)
Tu (1) (2) suy ra max f(x) ~ max g(x).
XED XED
Do la d.p.c.m.
12
2.4. Tinh chat 4 :
Gia s11 f(x) xac dinh tren mien xac dinh D va .mien D dUQc bi~u di~n dudi dang
D=D1 UD2·
Gia thie't t6n tai max f(x) va minf(x) Vi=Ln .
xED; XED;
Khi d6 ta c6 cong thuc sau :
max f(x) =max{maXf(X), maXf(X)}'
XED XED! XED2
(1)
minf(x) = min{minf(X),minf(X)}.. (2)
XED xED! xED2
Chung minh:
Ta chi clln cluing minh (1) (con (2) duoc chung minh bang m9t each hoan toan tuong tv). Vi D, <;; D , i = 1, 2 ; nen theo tinh chat 2, ta c6
max f(x) ~ max f(x) ; maxf(x) ~ max f(x) . (3)
XED! XED XED2 XED
rc (3) suy ra max {rna. x f(x), max f(X)} s max f(x).
XED! XED2 xED
Gia s11 max f(x) = f(xo), vdi Xo ED.
XED
Vi D = D, U D2 rna Xo E D nen Xo E D, U D2 . Do vf}.y Xo phai thuoc v~ it nhat mot trong hai tf}.p D1, D2. Tu: d6 c6 th~ cho la (rna khong h~ lam giam su t6'ng quat) Xo E D1.
Tu Xo E D, , nen thea dinh nghia v~ gia trj Ion nhat ta c6
f(xo) s maxf(x). (5)
XED!
(4)
Le hi~n nhien
max f(x) s max {max f'(x),
xED! xED!
Tu: (5), (6) suy ra
f(xo) = maxf(x) s max{maXf(X),
XED xED!
Bay gid tU (4), (7) ta di de'n
maXf(X)}.
XED2
(6)
maXf(X)}.
XED2
(7)
max f'(x) = max{maXf(X), maXf(X)}.
XED xED! XED2
D6 la d.p.c.m.
13
Nltlj,n xet :
1. Tfnh cha't 4 co th~ phat hi~u dudi dang md rQng chut it nhu sau :
Ne'u mien xac dinh D ella ham so f(x) co dang D=D1 UD2 U .. , UDn
va gia sit t6n tai max f'(x), min f'(x), Vi = 1, n. Khi do ta co
xeDj xeDj
maxf(x) = max{maXf(X), ... , maXf(X)}'
xeD xeD, xeDn.
minf(x)= min{minf(X), ... , minf(X)}.
xeD xeD, xeDn
2. Nhotinh cha't 4 noi tren cho phep ta co th~ bien bai toan tim gia tri Ion nha't, gia tri nho nhat cua mQt ham. so tren mQt mien xac dinh phuc tap thanh mQt day cac bai toan tim gia tri IOn nhat, nho nha't ella ham so a'y tren cac mi~n xac dinh don gian hon (di nhien viec giai cac bai toan : tim max f'(x), min f'(xj noi chung la dongian hon nhieu so vdi
xeDj xeDj
viec giai cac bai toan tirn max f'(x), min f'(xl). Vi If do ay nen tinh chat 4
xeD xeD
con hay goi la nguyen li pluui rd.
3. Dua vao tfnh chat 2 ta co th~ dua vao phan 1 d~ chung minh phan 2 ella tfnh cha't 4 nhir sau :
Theo tinh chat 2 thi
min f(x) == - max ( -f'(xj]
xeD xeD
Dua vao phan 1 ella tfnh chat 4 (vita ehung minh), ta co minf(x) = -[max{max( -f'(xj), max( -f(X»)}]
xeD xeD, xeD2
= -[max {- min f(x), - min f(X)}]
xeD, xeD2
= min{minf(X),min f(X)}.
xeD, xeD2
Dola d.p.c.m,
14
2.5. Tinh chat 5 :
Cho cac ham so f1 (x), f2(x), ... , fn (x) cung xac dinh tren mien D.
D~t f(x) = f1 (x) + f2(x) + ... + fn (x). Gia su t6n tai max f(x), min f(xl).
xeD xeD
max fj (x), min fj (x) vdi moi i = 1, n.
xeD xeD
Khi do ta co
maxf(xj s max f (x)+ maxf2(x)+ ... + max f, (x), (1)
xeD xeD xeD xeD
min f(x) ~ min f1 (x)+ min f2 (xj+ ... + min fn (x). (2)
xeD xeD xeD xeD
D~u b~ng trong (1) xay ra khi va chi khi t6n tai Xo ED sao cho
max f.Ix) = fj(xo), Vi = l,n.
xeD
Dau b~ng trong (2) xay ra khi va chi khi t6n tai Xo ED sao cho
min f.Ix) = fj(xo), Vi = 1,n.
xeD
Chung minh:
Ta chung minh (1) (vdi (2) phep chung minh hoan toan tuong tu). Lay tuy y xED. Theo dinh nghia cua gia tri Ion nh~t ta co
fj(x):::; max f.Ix), Vi=l,n (3)
xeD
CQng tung v€ n b~t d~ng thuc (3), ta co
f(x) = f1 (x) + ... + fn (x):::; max f1 (x)+ ... + max f, (x). (4)
xieD Xi eD
Vi b~t d~ng thuc (4) dung vdi moi XE D, nen ta co
maxf'(xj s max f (x)+ ... + maxfn(x). (5)
xeD xeD xeD
V~y (1) dung. Bay gid ta xet kha nang co dau bang' trong (1).
Gia su t6n tai Xo ED rna max f Ix) = fj(xo), Vi=l,n.
xeD
Tu do ta co
max f (x)« ... + max fn (x) = f1 (xo) + ... + fn (xo) = f(xo)' (6)
xeD xeD
Do f(xo):::; maxf(x), nen til (6) suy ra
xeD
max f1 (x)+ ... + max fn (x) :::; max f(x) . (7)
xeD xeD xeD
Tu (5), (7) suy ra trong trudn~ hop nay xay ra dau bang trong (1).
Dao lai, gia su dau bang trong (1) xay ra, ttrc la
maxf(x) = max f (x)+ ... + max L'(x), (*)
xeD xeD xeD
15
Khi do, goi Xo Ia gia trj (e D) sao cho f(xo) = maxf(x). Nhu the, vdi
xeD
Vi = 1, 2, ... , n, ta cling co fj (xo) = max fj (x), vi neu nguoc lai, se t6n tai
xeD
k e [i, ... n} rna fk(xO) < maxfk(x), suy ra (*) khong con dung nua (ve trai
xeD
IOn hen ve phai).
V~y tinh chat 5 duoc chung minh.
Nhijn xet :
1. Tinh chat 5 cho ta thfly r~ng noi chung khong th~ thay viec tim gia tri IOn nhat (nho nhat) cua mot tang cac ham so bang' viec tim tang cac gia tri Ion nhat (nho nhat) cua tung ham so don Ie. Tuy nhien, neu di~u nay se thuc hien duoc trong cac truong hop nhu dii xet d tren, bai toan se trd nen don gian hen nhieu.
2. Tinh chat 5 cling cho phep ta chirng minh bflt dAng thuc Svac-xo mQt each dQc dao nhu sau :
Bat ddng thuc Suac-xa
Cho aI' a2, ... , an > O. Khi do ta co
b~ b~ b~ (b1 + b2 + ... + bn)2
- + - + ... + - ~ ..!.......:=----=---___;~
a1 a2 an a1 + a2 + ... + an
Chung minh "
Gia si':L xet ham so fl (x)= a1 x2 + 2b1 x. Do a1 > 0 nen theo tfnh chat cua ham so b~c hai, ta co
Gia sil f'(x) va g(x) la hai ham 56 cung xac dinh tren mien D. D~t h(x) = f'(x) - g(x). Gia sil t6n tai cac gia tri ldn nhat, nho nhat cua cac ham 56 f(x), g(x), h(x) tren D. Khi do ta co
max h(x) ::; max f(x)- min g(x),
xeD xeD xeD
min h(x) ~ min f(x)- max gtx),
xeD xeD xeD
(1) (2)
2A-GTLN&NNHS
17
Dau bang trong (1) xay ra khi va chi khi t6n tai Xo E Dsao cho maxf(x) = f(xo) ; ming(x) = g(xo).
XED xED
Dau bang trong (2) xay ra khi va chi khi t6n tai Xo ED sao cho
min f(x) = f(xo); max g(x) = g(xo)'
XED xED
Chung minh :
Ta chi dn chung minh (1) Ta co
hex) = f(x) - g(x) = f(x) + (-g(x».
Theo tinh chat 5 ta co
max hex) s max f(x) + max ( -g(x»).
XED xED xED
Theo tinh chat 2, ta co
max( -g(x») = -min[ -( -g(x»)] = -ming(x).
XED xED xED
Thay (4) va (3) ta co
max hex) ~ max f(x) - min g(x).
XED xED xED
(3)
(4)
Vf!.y (1) dung.
Vftn thea tinh chat 5 thi dau bang trong (3) xay ra khi va chi khi t6n tai Xo E D sao cho ta co
max f(x) = f(xo) ; max ( -g(x») = -g(xo)'
XED XED
Nhirng max (-g(x») = -g(xo) ¢:> - min g(x) = -g(xo)
XED xED
¢:> min g(x) = g(xo).
XED
Do chinh la d.p.c.m. 2.8. Tinh chat 8 :
Gia si't f(x), g(x) la cac ham s6 xac dinh va duong khi xED. D~t
hex) = f(x) va gia thie't t6n tai cac ma tri krn nhat va nho nhat cua cac
g(x) . o· .
ham s6 hex), f(x), g(x). Khi do ta co
maxf(x)
max hex) s XE~ ,
XED mmg(x)
xED
(1)
minf(x) min hex) ~ --",x=ED,,--_ XED maxg(x) xED
(2)
18
2B-GTLN&NNHS
D9:'u bang trong (1) xay ra khi va chi khi t6n tai Xo ED, sao cho max f(x) = f(xo); min g(x) = g(XO).
xeD xeD
Dff~ bang trong (2) xay ra khi va chi khi t6n tai Xo E D, sao cho
min f(x) = f(xo): max g(x) = g(XO).
xeD xeD
Chung minh:
Tinh chfft 8 suy ra true tie'p til tinh chat 6 vdi chu y dmg (do f(x) > 0, g(x) > 0, vx E D)
. ( 1) 1
~lC g(x) = max g(x) .
xeD
2.9. Tinh chat 9 :
1. Gia si'1 f(x) la ham so' xac dinh tren mien D. Khi do vdi moi n nguyen duong ta co
max f(x) = 2n+l max [f2n+l (x)],
xeD xeD
min f(x) = 2n+l min [f2n+l (x)].
xeD xeD
2. Neu them vao gia thie't f(x) ~ 0, thi vdi moi n nguyen duong ta cung co cac cong thuc sau :
maxf(x) = 2n max[f2n(x)],
xeD xeD
min f(x) = 2n min [f2n (x) J.
xeD xeD
Chung minh:
Tinh chat 9 duoc suy true tie'p til dinh nghia cua gia tri IOn nh 9:'t , nho nhat cua ham so' va cac tinh chat 7 va 8 cua b9:'t dAng thuc.
Nhq,n xet :
Trong thuc ti~n, ngudi ta thuong si'1 dung mot truong hop rieng cua tinh ch9:'t 9 nhu sau :
Ne'u f(x) ~ ° vdi vx E D, thi
maxf(x)= maxf2(x); minf(x)= minf2(x).
xeD xeD xeD xeD
Di~u nay se r9:'t co ich dEi gi9.i cac bai toan thuoc dang : Tim gia tr] IOn nhat, nho nhat cua cac ham so' f(x) khi chung duoc cho dudi dang
din bg,c hai hoiic co chua bie'u thuc udi dfiu gin tri tuy~t dOl.
19
2.10. Tinh cha't 10:
Gia si1. f(x) la ham s6 xac dinh tren D va t6n tai max f(x) ,
xeD
min f(x). Khi do ta co
xeD
maxlf(x)1 = max[lmaXf(X)I, Iminf(X)I]·
xeD xeD xeD
(1)
Chang minh :
Ap dung tinh cha't 2, thi h~ thirc (1) co dang tirong dirong sau day:
maxlf(x)1 = max[lmaXf(X)I, Imin. f(x)I·]·. (2)
xeD xeD xeD ,
Lay tuy y Xo ED, khi do xay ra hai kha nang sau : 1. Neu f(xo) ~ o. Khi do ta co
If(xo)1 = f(xo) s max f'(x) s Imax. f(X)I.
xeD xeD
(3)
Tu (3) hi~n nhien suy ra
If(x)1 S max[b~Xf(X)I'
2. Ne'u f(xo) < O. Luc nay ta lai co
maX(-f(X»)].
xeD
(4)
If(xo)1 = -f(xO) ~ max( -f'(xl] ~ max( -f(x»).
xeD xeD
Vi vay ta cling co
If(xo)1 s max [max ( -f(x»), Imax f{X)I]. (5)
xeD xeD
Tu (4), (5) va d~ y rAng Xo la phan ti1. tuy y cua D, suy ra
If(xo)1 s max {b~x f(X+ ':'c~x ( -f(X))} \Ix E D. (6)
Khong giam t6'ng quat co th~ cho la
max {Imax f(X)1 , max( -f(X»)} =lmaXf(X)I. (7)
xeD xeD xeD
(Truong hop ngiroc lai duoc chimg minh bang' mQt each hoan toan tirong tu.)
20
Gia si':i ImaXf(X)1 = If(xo)l, Xo ED.
xeD
Tit (7), (8) SUY ra
If("o)1 = max{I~;:;, f(X)I,
(8)
max(-f(X»)}.
xeD
(9)
Tit (6), (9) va thea dinh nghia gia tri ldn nhfft cua ham so, ta co ngay If(xo)1 = max {Imax f(X)1 , max( -f(X»)}.
xeD xeD
Do chfnh la d.p.e.m. 2.11. Tinh chat 11 :
Xet ham so f(x) xac dinh tren mien D va gia si':i t6n tai min f(x) ,
xeD
max f(x) , trong do xeD
D, ={xED:f(x»O} va D2 ={xED:f(x)~O}.
Khi do ta co cong thuc sau :
min If(x)1 = min {min f(x), max f(x) }.
xeD ,xeDl xeDl
Chung minh:
Vi D, = {x ED: f(x) > O}, nen If(x)1 = f(x), \fx EDl. Thea gia thie't t6n tai minlf(xl)l, We la t6n tai minlf(xl)l, va
xeD xeD
min If(x)1 = min If(x)l. (1)
Lai thea gia thie't thi t6n tai max If(x)l, We la
xeD2
f(x) ~ max If(x)1 ' \fx E D2 '
hay -f(x) ~ - max f(x), \fx E D2 .
xeD2
(2)
Do D2 = {x ED: f2(x) ~ o}, nen tit (2) suy ra
If(x)1 ~ maxf(x) , \fx E D2.
xeD2
(3)
M(tt khac gia si':i maxf(x) = f(x), x E D2, nen ta co
xeD2
21
If(x)1 = max f(x) .
xeD2
(4)
Tu (3), (4) va thea dinh nghia gia tri nho nh~t cua ham sCi, ta thu diroc
min (If(x)l) = max f(x) . (5)
xeD2 xeD2
Ap dung nguyen If phan ra (tinh chat 4) ke't hop vdi (1), (5) ta co
D~ tim gia tri IOn nhat va nho nhat cua ham s6 f(x) tren mot mien D cho trudc, chung ta c6 th~ sit dung nhieu phuong phap khac nhau. Trong pham vi cua cu6n sach nay (dung cho chuong trinh trung hoc co Sd), chung toi chi trinh bay ba phuong phap sau day.
- Phuong phap b9:t dllng thuc
- Phuong phap mien gia tri ham s6
- Phuong phap chieu bien thien ham s6.
, ... ' t ,
§ 1. PHUlJNG PHAP BAT DANG THIJC
Phuong phap b9:t dllng thuc duoc xem nhu la m(>t trong nhung phircng phap thong dung va hieu 'qua nhat d~ tim gia tri Ion nhat va nho nhat cua ham s6.
Phuong phap nay, nhu ten goi cua n6, dua true tiep vao dinh nghia cua gia tri IOn nhat va nho nhat cua m(>t ham s6. Vi the' hroc d6 chung cua phuong phap b9:t d~ng thuc tim gia tri Ion nhat, nho nhat cua mot ham s6 f(x) tren m(>t mien D cho trudc nao d6 c6 th~ mieu ta nhu sau :
- Trude he't chung minh mot b9:t dllng thuc co dang f(x) ~ a '<ix E D vdi bai toan tim gia tri IOn nhat (hoac f(x) ~ a '<ix E D vdi bai toan tim gia tri nho nhat),
- Sau d6 chi ra mot phan tit Xo E D sao cho ta c6 dllng thuc f(xo) = a . Can luu y rang trong hai budc n6i tren, khong duoc xem nhe budc nao, Tuy dang cua bai toan C1,l th~,ma ta se lua chon m(>t phuong phap chung minh b9:t d~ng thuc thich hop, cung nhu each chi ra phan tit Xo E D d budc 2 cua thuat toano
23
1. Phuong phap s\tdyng bat dAng thiic Co-si
BAi 1.
Cho ham so f(x) = th - x2 + th - x + til + x xet tren mien D = {x : -1 $ x $ 1} .
Tim gia tri IOn nh~t cua f(x) tren D.
Bili gicii:
Tu h~ b~t phuong trlnh
{1- x2 ~. 0 1-x~0
l+x~O
suy ra D cling chfnh la mien xac dinh cua f(x). Vdi moi XED, ap dung ba't dAng thuc Co-si ta co
t!17 .a:«. tl1+x s ~ +~, (1)
2
-1 s x s l,
d~ _ 4~1_ 1 ..J1-x +1
Vl-X-Vl-X. $ ,
. 2·
til + x = til + x . 1 $ .J1+;. + 1 . 2
Tu (1), (2), (3) bang each cQng tirng v~ cua chung, ta co
f(x) $1 +..J1 + x + ..J1- x V'x E D. (4)
Vi dau bang trong (1), (2), (3) d~u xay ra khi va chi khi x = 0, nen dau bang trong (4) xay ra khi va chi khi d6ng thai co dau bang xay ra trong (1), (2), (3). Do vay d~u bang trong (4) chi xay ra khi x = O.
Lai ap dung b~t dAng thuc Co-si, vdi moi XED ta co
~ ~ l+(l+x)
vI + X =...,1 + x . 1 $ ,
. 2
~=..J1-x .1$1+(1-X).
2 Tu (5), (6) di de'n
1 + ..J1 + x = ..J1 - x $ 3. (7)
Vi dau bang trong (5), (6) d~u xay ra khi va chi khi x = 0, nen dau bang trong (7) xay ra khi va chi khi d6ng thai co dau bang xay ra trong (5) va (6). Vi the' dau bang trong (7) xay ra khi va chi khi x = O. Tu (4) va (7) di de'n
(2)
(3)
(5)
(6)
24
f(x) s 3, 'Vx E D.
Theo tren ta co f'(O) = 3, rna ° E D. Tit do ta di de'n ke't qua sau : maxf(x) = 3.
2. Vie't lai ham s6 f(x, y) dB. cho dudi dang sau day g(x,y)=.!.(x+y)+ 3x +~+ 5y + 10.
2 2 x 2 y
Lay (x, y) tuy y e D, khi do ta co
1 -(x+y)~2. 2
Theo bat dAng thtrc Co-si ta co
.Sx +~~2~3X.~ =6,
2 x 2 x
5y + 10 ~ 2J5Y .10 = 10.
2 y 2 Y
Tit (2), (3), (4) di de'n
g(x,y) ~ 18
.'v'(x, y) e,D.
M~t khac (2,2) e D va f(2,2) = 18, v~y ta co min g(x,y) = 18.
(x,y)eD
Nhgn xet :
1. Giii stt d.ng co mQt ban nao do lam nhu sau :
Ta co 2x +~ ~ 2~2X. 6 = 4J3.
x x
10 HO rx: 3y+-~2 3y.-=2,,30.
y y
Tit do g(x,y) ~ 4J3 + 250, V(x, y) e D.
Xet "loi giai" tren, d~ y r~ng dau b~ng trong (6) xay ra <=>
34
(5)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
3B-GTLN&NNHS
2x = ~ <=> x = 13; con dflu bang trong (7) xay ra <=> x
3 10 flO D'~ d' ,. l' (rn3 flO) lai D
y = y <=> y = V3' leu ang not a V'6'V3 ~l ~
(VI. ' 13 + flO < 4). Vi the' chua c6 th~ n6i gi ve min f(x,y).
V3 (x,y)eD
N6i khac di bai to an khong "qua don gian" nhu nhieu ban tudng.
2. Chia khoa d~ giai bai toan tren la tach ra khoi ham so ban dihl
thanh phan ~ (x + y). Lam sao lai "nghi" ra dieu fly ! Ban chat cua vfln de c6 th~ duoc If giai nhu sau :
Dua van so k (0 < k < 2), va vie't lai ham so da cho dudi dang sau :
6 10
f(x,y) = k(x + y) + (2 _ k)x +- + (3 _ k)y +-.
x y
Lay (x, y) tuy Y E D, ta c6
f(x,y) ~ 4k + 2.jr-'6(-2 --k-) + 2~10(3 _ k).
Dau bang trong (*) xay ra khi va chi khi h~ sau tho a man
(*)
x+y=4
x=~2~k /10 y=vw'
•
Vi the' d~ (x,y) E D, ta cAn c6
{rG+/1O=4
V2=k Vw .
0< k < 2.
(**)
D~ thfi'y (**) <=> k = .!. 2
D6 chinh la If do vi sao ta lai lam xuat hien thanh ph An ~(X + y) nhu tren !
35
xet tren mi~n
D = {(x,y,z): x > O,y > O.z > O,xyjzy + yz..jY;. + zx& = 1}.
Bili 9.
Tim gift tr] nho nh~t cua ham s6
, x6 y6 Z6
f(x,y,z) = 3 3 + +~--""7"
X + Y y3 + z3 z3 + x3
Bai gicii:
D~t X = x3, Y = y3, Z = z3, thi
min f(x,y,z) = min F(X, Y,Z), d day
(x,y,z)eD (x,y,z)eD
X2 y2 Z2
F(X,Y,Z)=--+--+-- va X+Y Y+Z Z+X
D' {(X, Y,Z): X > 0, Y > O,Z > 0, ./xy + JYX + -fiX = 1}.
L~y (X,Y,Z) tuy Y ED'. Khi do theo b~t dAng thuc Co-si, ta co
~+X+Y ~2/~+x+Y =X.
X+Y 4 VX+Y 4
Tirong tv: co
y2 Y +Z Z2 Z+X
--+--~Y, --+--~Z.
Y +Z 4 Z+X 4
CQng tung v6ba b~t dAng thirc tren ta co
F(X,Y,Z)~ X+ Y +Z. (t)
2
Lai theo b~t dAng thuc Co-si ta co
X + Y + Z = .!. [ (X + Y) + (Y + Z) + (Z + X) ] ~ JXY + .JYZ + -fiX (2)
2
Tu (1) (2) va do (X, Y,Z) E D' nen co
F(X, Y,Z) ~.!., V'(X,y,Z) ED'. 2 .
Vi (.!. .!. .!.) E D' va F (.!. .!. .!.) = .!. nen min F(X Y Z) = .!..
3'3'3 3'3'3 2' "2
(X,Y,Z)eD
36
TiX d6 theo tren, suy ra ngay ke't qua sau : ~ 1 mm f(x,y,z) = -.
(x,y,z)eD 2
Nhgn xet t
Cach giai tren la cua Phan Huy Duc'".
Bili 10.
Cho ham s6
1 1 1 1
f(x,y,z)= 2 2 2+-+-+-'
x + y + z xy yz zx
xac dinh tren mi~n
D = {(x, y, z): x > 0, y > 0, z > ° va x + y + z = I}.
Tim gia tri be nh~t cua f(x, y, z) tren D.
Ba! gicii:
V di moi (x, y, z) E D va theo b~t dAng thuc Co-si, ta c6
( 1 11)
(xy+ yz-e zx) -+-+- ~9,
xy yz zx
1 1 1 9
hay -+-+-~----
xy yz zx xy + yz + zx
TiX (1) suy ra 'v'(x,y,z) E D, ta c6
1 1 1 1 1 9
--:--..,.-~ + - + - + - > + ----
x2 + y2 + z2 xy yz zx ~ x2 + y2 + z2 xy + yz + zx '
hay 'v'(x, y, z) E D thi
1 9
f(x,y,z)~ +----
x2 + y2 + z2 xy + yz + zx
Lai theo b~t dAng thuc Co-si, thi 'v'(x, y, z) E D c6 111 ----+ + >
~+~+~ ZY+~+D ZY+~+D-
> 3
- ~(x2 + y2 + Z2)(xy + yz + ZX)2 .
(I) Con trai tac gis.
(1)
(2)
(3)
37
Bay gid tit (2), (3) suy ra bat d:1ng thuc sau day dung 'V(x,y) E D
3 21
f'(x.y.zj > +-----
~(X2 + y2 + z2)(xy + yz + zx) 3(xy + yz + zx)
Theo bat d:1ng thirc C6-si lai co 'V(x,y) E D
(4)
HI 2 2 2 x2 + y2 + z2(xy + yz + zx)
~(x + y + z )(xy + yz + zx) ~ =
. 3
(x + y + z)2 1
= =-,
3 3
(5)
va 3(xy + yz + zx) ~ (x + y + z)2 = 1.
Tit (4), (5), (6) ta di de'n batd:1ng thuc sau day dung 'V(x,y,z) E D
(6)
f »1 21 (x,y,z -"1+T
3
f(x, y, z) ~ 30, 'V(x, y, z) E D.
hay
(7)
Vi (.! .! .!) ED va f(.! .! .!) = 30
3'3'3 3'3'3
nen tit (7), (8) suy ra
(8)
mm f(x, y, z) = 30. (x,y,z)eD
Nhijn xet :
Neu bai toan doi hoi them : Tim tat ca cac gia tr] (x, y, z) E D d~ cho f(x, y, z) dat gia tr] be nhat, thi ta se lam nhu sau :
Dau bang trong (7) xay ra khi va chi khi d6ng thoi co dau bang trong (1), (3), (5), (6). Theo bat d:1ng thirc C6-si, thi di~u ay xay ra khi va chi khi h~ phuong trinh sau duoc nghiem dung.
x, y, z > 0 (12)
x+y+z=l (13)
«9) la di~u kien d~ trong (1) co dau bang ; (10) la di~u kien d~ trong (3) va (5) co dau bang ; (11) la di~u kien d~trong (6) co dau bang' ; can (12) va (13) la di~u kien d~ (x, y, z) ED).
xy = yz = ZX
x2 + y2 + z2 = xy + yz + zx x=y=z
(9) (10) (11)
38
D~ th~y (7), (8), (9), (10), (11) c6 nghiem duy nh~t x = y = z = ~.
V (1 1 1) 1;' ., . d hf:(? , b·"" ,.., h A • A' D
~y "3'3'3 u gra tl1 uy n ut cua cac len so t UQC mien
thoa man yeu cAu d~t ra.
Bai 11.
Tim gill tri ldn nh~t cua ham s6
f(x,y,z)= x + y + z +(I-x)(I-y)(I-z)
y+z+l z s- x-e l l+x+y
tren mien D={(x, y, z):O~x~l; O~y~l; O~z~I}.
Bdi gidi:
L~y phan tli tuy y (x,y,z)eD, khi d6 O~x~l, O~y~l, O~z~1.
N goai ra do vai tro binh dAng cua x, y, z nen ta c6 th~ gia sli x z y z z.
Theo bfft dAng thuc Co-si, ta c6
(1- y)(I- ~~ + (1 + Y +z) ~ ~(1- y)(I- z)(1 + Y + z)
1
~ ~ (1- y)(I- z).
l+y+z
(1)
Do l-x~O, nen tU(l) suyra I-x
--- ~ (1- x)(I- y)(I- z).
1+-y+z
Vi x ~ y ~ z, va x ~ 0, y ~ 0, z ~ 0 nen hi~n nhien ta c6
(2)
y > y l+y+z-z+x+l'
(3)
z > z. l+y+z-l+x+y
CQng tung ve (2), (3), (4) c6
•
(4)
1 ~ (1-'- x)(I- y)(I- z) + x + y + z (5)
l+y+z l+z+x l+x+y
39
Nhu vay ta da chirng minh duoc 'v'(x,y,z) E D, thi f(x, y, z) s 1.
(6)
Do (1, 1, 1) E D rna f(l, 1, 1) = 1, nen ttl do ta di de'n di~u kh~ng dinh max f'(x.y.z) = 1.
(x,Y,z)eD
Nhfj,n xet :
1. Neu dAu bai cling doi hoi tim moi gia tri (x, y, z) E D d~ ung vdi no ham s6 da cho dat gia tri IOn nhat, .thi ta phai lam nhu sau :
Dau bAng trong (1) xay ra ~ d6ng thoi co dau bAng trong (1), (2), (3), (4).
Dllu bang' trong (1 xay ra ~ 1 - b = 1 - c = 1 + b + c
~ b =c=O.
Dau bang trong (2) xay ra ~ y = Z = 0 hoac x = 1. Dau bang trong (3) xay ra ~ y = 0 hoac x = y. Dau bang trong (4) xay ra ~ Z = 0 hoac x = z.
Tli do suy ra vdi gia thie't x ~ y ~ z, thi dau bAng trong (5) xay ra khi va chi khi
* Hoac la y = Z = 0
* Hoac la x = 1 ; Y = 1 ; Z = 0 * Hoac la x = 1 ; y = 0 ; Z = 1 * Hoac la x = 1 ; Y = 1 ; Z = 1.
Nhu vay t~p hop ta't ca cac gia tr] cAn tim cua cac phan ttl (x,y,z) E D lam cho ham s6 da cho dat gia trj Idn nha't bao g6m cac phan ttl sau :
* Co hai thanh phan bAng 0, thanh phan thu ba tuy y . . * Co hai thanh phan bAng 1, thanh phan thu ba = O.
* Co ba thanh phAn bAng 1.
Chinh vi the', ne'u dAu bai chi doi hoi tim gia trj Ion nhat hoac nho nhat cua ham s6 tren mQt mien da cho, thi chi cAn lam nhirdinh nghla d~ tranh nhtmg phirc tap khong cAn thie't !
40
D={(x,y,z):x>O, y o O, z c- O, x+y+z=l}.
Biti 12.
Tim gia tri ldn nhat cua ham s6
f(x,y,z) = .J1-x +~l-y +~,
Bai gicii :
Lay (x, y, z) tuy Y thuoc mien D. Theo bff't diing thuc Co-si ta co
1-x+~
s . 3.
2
(1)
Lap luan tuong t1,1 co
2 1-y+-
3
::; ,
2
(2)
1-z+~
::; 3.
2
Cong tung v€ (1), (2), (3) vdi chii Y x + Y + Z = 1, ta co
JIf(X + y + z) s 2
=> f(x, y, z)::;.,[6, 'v'(x,y,z) E D.
M~t khac d~ thay
f(! ! !)::;.,[6 va do (! ! !) E D nen suy ra
3'3'3 ' 3'3'3
max f(x, y, z) = .,[6. (x,y,z)eD
(3)
Nhq,n xet :
1. D~ thay (!,!,!) cung la phan til duy nhat cua D lam cho 333
f(x, y, z) dat gia tri ldn nhff't noi tren,
2. Bang each l~p luan hoan toan tuong t1,1, ta co k€t qua t5ng quat
D={(xl, ... , xn):xi>O vi s= Ln va x, +x2 +",+Xn =1}.
X Y z Y + z z + X X+ Y
f(x,y,z)=--+--+--+--+--+--,
y+Z Z+X X+y X Y z
xet tren mien D={(x, y, Z):X>O, y c- O, z c- O].
Tim gia tri be nhat cua ham so f(x, y, z) tren mien D.
Biti 16.
Cho ham so
BiLi giai:
La"y (x, y, z) tuy Y E D. Ta co
f(x, y, z) = _x_+_y_+_z_+ y+z + z+x + x+y
y+z z+x x+y X y Z
= (x + y + Z)(_1_ +_1_ +_1_)_
y+ z z+x x+ y
-3 +(~ + y)+(x +~)+(y +~).
y x z x z x
Do (x+y+Z)(_1_+_1_+_1_)= y+z z -s x x+ y
= .![(x + y) + (y + z) +(z + X)](_1_ +_1_ +_1_),
2 x-i-y y+ z z t x
nen theo ba"t dllng thuc Co-si co
(x + y + Z)(_1_ + _1_ + _1_) ~~ .
. y r z z+x x s y 2
V~n theo ba"t dAng thirc Co-si, thi
x + y ~ 2; ~ + ~ ~ 2; Y + ~ ~ 2.
y x z x z Y
Vi the' V(x, y, z) E D bat dAng thirc sau luon dung
9 15
f(x,y,z)~--3+6 hay f(x,y,z)~-.
2 2
Mi[tt khac chang han
46
f(l, 1, 1) = I;, VI do (1, 1, 1) E D, 'nen ta di de'n ~e't luan sau 15
2
min f(x.y,z) = (x,y,z)eD
Nhg,n xet t
Neu trong bai toan tren ta lam nhu sau :
Lffy (x, y, z) tuy Y E D. Theo bfft dAng thuc Co-si, ta eo
x y+ z 2
__ + __ ~ ,
y+ z X
_y_+ z+x ~2,
z+ x y
_z_+x+y~2.
x+y z
Tli do suy ra f(x,y,z) ~ 6.
Dau bang trong (1) xay ra <=> _x_ = y + z <=> (x)2 = (y + z)2
ye z X
<=> y + z = x (do x, y, z > 0) Tuong tu dau bang trong (2) xay ra <=> z + x = y dau bang trong (3) xay ra <=> x + y = z.
(1)
(2)
(3) (4)
(5) (6) (7)
Vi x, y, z > 0 suy ra khong t6n tai (x, y, z) E D d6ng thoi thoa man (5), (6), (7). Dieu do eo nghia la khong t6n tai (x, y, z) E D d~ eo f(x, y, z) = 6. V~y khong th~ ke't luan diroc
min f(x,y,z) = 6
(x,y,z)eD
(va thuc te' khong eo di~u do !) Qua day cac ban thay ro tfim quan trong cua phan 2 trong cac dinh nghia v~ gia tri IOn nhat, nho nhat cua ham so tren mien D da eho.
Bai 17.
Cho ham so f(x, y) = x2y(4 - x - y) xet tren mien D={(x, yj r x z O, y~O; x+y~6}
Tim gia tri Ion va nho nhfft cua f(x, y) tren mien D.
Bai gidi:
1. D~t D, = {(x, yj i x z O, y~O; 4~x+y~6} D2 = {(x, y): x ~ 0, y ~ 0 ; x + y s 4}
47
Khi do d~ thiy D = n, UD2
Theo tinh chat 4 (nguyen If phan ra), ta co
max f(x,y) = maxi max f(x,y) ; max f(X,Y)}. (1)
(x,y)eD (x,y)eD, (x,y)eD2
Lay (x, y) tuy y e Dl thi 4 - x - y ~ 0, do vay
f(x, y) s 0, 'v'(x,y) e D1.
M~t khac f(2, 2) = ° va do (2,2) e D1•
max f(x,y) = 0. (2)
(x,y)eD
L~y·(x,y) tuyy eD2, tirc la x z O, y~o; 4-x-y~0. Khi do theo b~t dAng thtrc Co-si, ta co
[X x ]4
. --y(4 - x - y)
f(x,y) = 4 x ~y(4 - x - y) s 4 .:2'-=2=--- _
22 4
=> f(x, y) s 4, 'v'(x,y) e D2
M~t khac f(2, 1) = 4 va do (2, 1) e D2 =>
max f'(x.y) = 4. (x,y)eD2
Bay gid tU (1), (2), (3) suy ra
max f(x,y) = max{0,4} = 4. (x,y)eD
2. Vfin thea nguyen If phan ra (tfnh ch~t 4), ta co
min f(x,y) = mini min f(x.y), min f(X,Y)}. (4)
(x,y)eD (x,y)eD, (x,y)eD2
Theo tinh chat 2
(3)
mm f(x,y)=-max(-f(x,y»). (5)
(x,y)eD (x,y)eD
Ta c6 -f(x,y) = x2y(xy + Y - 4).
Vfin theo nguyen If phan ra (tinh ch~t 4), thi
max(-f(x,y») =max{max (-f(x,y»); max (-f(X,y»)}. (6)
(x,y)eD (x,y)eD, (x,y)eD2
L~y (x, y) tuy y e D2 ' thi x + y - 4 ~ ° , suy ra -f(x,y) s 0, 'v'(x,y) e D2•
48
Lai co -f(2, 2) = 0, va lai vi (2, 2) E D2 nen max( -f'(x.yj] = 0. '
(x,y)eD
LB:y (x, y) tuy Y E D1, thi x + y - 4 ~ 0, nen theo bB:t dAng thuc
Co-si
[X X ]4
-.-y(x + Y -4)
-f(x,y) = 4 x .~y(x + Y _ 4) ~ -=2--'2=--- _
224
~ -f(x,Y)~4(X+~-2r
Vi (x, y) E Dl' nen x + y - 2 ~ 4 ~ -f(x,y) ~ 64, 'i(x,y) E D1•
Lai co -f(4, 2) = 64 vdi (4, 2) E D1, nen
max(-f(x,y»)=64. (8)
(x,y)eD
Bay gid tu (6), (7), (8) co max(-f(x,y») = max{O, 64} = 64.
(x,y)eD
Do vay min f(x,y) = -64. (x,y)eD
Tom lai ta di de'n ke't qua sau :
max f(x,y) = 4 va min f(x,y)=-64.
(x,y)eD (x,y)eD
Biti 18.
Tim gia tri nho nhat cua cac ham s6
1 4
f(x,y)=x+ ;g(x,y)=x+ 2
y(x - y) (x - y)(y + 1)
h(x,y)=x+ 1 va k(x,y)=x+ 1 ,
y(x - y)2 xy(x - y)
tren cung mien D = {(x,y): x > y > O}.
Bdi gicii:
LB:y (x,y) tuy Y E D. Khi do theo bB:t dAng thuc Co-si ta co
1 1 1
x + = y + (x - y) + . ~ 33 y(x - y)--,--. -
y(x - y) y(x - y) y(x - y)
~ f(x,y) ~ 3, 'i(x,y) E D.
4A-GTLN&NNHS
(7)
(1)
49
4 y+1 y+1 .4
x+ =(x-y)+--+--+ -1
(x-y)(y+1)2 2 2 (x-y)(y+1)2
~44(Xy)(Y+1)2 4 -1
2 (x - y)(y + 1)2
=> g(X, y) ~ 3, 'v'(x,y) E D
1 x-y x-y 1
x+ =y+--+--+---
y(x_y)2 2 2 (x_y)2
>44y(X-y)2 1
- , 2 (x _ y)2
=> h(x,y) ~ 2../2, 'v'(x,y) E D.
y(X-y):$[y+(;-y)f =:
4
=> x+y(x-y)~x+3·
x
Lai thea b~t dAng thtrc Co-si, ta co
4 xxx 4 xxx 4
x + - = - + - + - + - ~ 44 - + - + - +-
x3 3 3 3 x3 3 3 3 x3
4 44~
hay x+3~-~12.
x 3
Ti:t (4) va (5) SUY ra
k(x,y) ~ .!~, 'v'(x,y) E D. 3
V~n thea b~t dAng thirc Co-si, thi - Dau b~ng trong (1) xay ra
x= 2y 1 y=y2
y=x-y 1
<=> Y = <=>
y(x - y)
{x= 2
<=> .
y=1
x>y>O x>y>O
- Dau bang trong (2) xay ra
j x - y = y; 1 {y + 1 = 2(x _ y)
<=> . <=>
4 x-y=1
x-y=----~
(x - y)(y + 1)2
<=> {x = 2 y = 1.
50
,
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
4B-GTLN&NNHS
- Dau bang trong (3) xay ra
j x-y
y=--
2 <=>
x-y 1
-2-= (X_y)2
{x-y= ~ <=>
x=3y
{x=~
y=}_~. 2
- Dau bAng trong (4) xay ra
<=> {; = :3 <=>
y=x-y
Nhu vay ta co
{x=~
y=}_~. 2
f(2, 1) = 3, g(2, 1) = 3,
h( ~,~~)=2J2
va h(.~ }_~)=.i~.
'2 3·
R5 ~ang cac phan tlt (2,1), ( ~,~~) va ( ~,~~) d~u thuoc D. Vi Ie do ket hop vdi (1), (2), (3), (4) suy ra
min f(x,y) = 3; min g(x,y) = 3;
(x,y)eD (x,y)eD
min h(x,y) = 2J2 va min k(x,y) = .i~.
(x,y)eD (x,y)eD 3
Bili 19.
Tim gia tri nho nhfft cua ham s6
x y z
f(x, y, z) = 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 .
Y +z Z +x x +y
tren mien D = {(x,y,z): x > O,y > O,z > 0 va x2 + y2 + z2 = 1}
Bdi gicii:
Lffy (x, y, z) tuy Y E D. Do x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 va x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 nen O<x<l;O<y<l;O<z<l.
Ap dung bfft dAng thuc Co-si cho ba s6 2x2, 1 - x2, 1 - x2, ta co
Tit (6) va lai theo b~t dAng thuc Co-si suy ra 1 1
f'(x.yj z de:: ~·ff·
~xy x+y
2
(5)
(6)
(7)
Do x + y = 1, vi vay tit (7) ta co
f(x,y) ~ J2, V'(x,y) E D.
(8)
R6 rang (~,~) E D va f(~,~) = J2. Ke't hop vdi (8) ta thu duoc ke't qua sau :
min f(x,y) = J2. (x,y)eD
67
Nh{jn xet :
D~ thay (~,~) la phan ti't duy nhat ella D lam eho ham so' f(x,y) nhan gia tri be nhat.
Biti 31.
Tim gia tri IOn nhat ella ham so'
f(x) = x + .JI - x - 2i.2 2
tren mien D.= {x: -1 s x s ~}.
BiLi giai:
Nhan xet r~ng D chinh la midn xac dinh ella ham so' f(x). Theo b~t dling thuc Co-si, ta co
(. 2)
1+ 1-x-2x
~1-x-2x2 =~1.(1-x-2x2) s ., VxeD.
2
Vi the'
X 1+(1-x-x2) f(x) $ - + ---'------'-
2 2
hay f(x) $1- x2, vx e D.
. Tu (1) suy ra f(x) $1, V'x e D.
Chu Y h~ phuong trinh
(1) (2)
1 = 1- x- x2 1-x2 = 1
1 -1 s x$-
2
co nghiern (va co nghiem duy nhat x * = 0).
Nhu the', tu 0 e D va f(O) == 1, cung vdi (2) ta di de'n maxf(x) = 1.
xeD
Nh{jn xet :
1. Ne'u d bai tren ta kh6ng dung b~t dling thuc Co-si, rna dung bat ddng thuc Bu-nhi-a-cop-eki thi sao ? Cu th~ la vdi xeD va theo bilt dling thuc Bu-nhi-a-cop-ski, thi
68
hay f(x)~ f5. _(_x+.!.)2 +~~~.
V4 2 4· 4
Dau bang' trong (2) xay ra khi va chi khi h~ sau thoa man
(2)
~1 - x - 2x2 = 2x2 1
x+-=O
2
1 -r s x s >.
2
1
~ x=--
2
1
x=-
3
(*)
1 -r s s s -. 2
Vi h~ (*) vo nghiem, nen khong chi ra ducc dau bang' trong (2).
Nghia la each giai nay khong chung nhan duoc, V~y sli dung b~t d~ng thuc Co-si la phuong phap hop If.
2. Bay gid lai xet bai toan sau :
Tim gia tri Ion nh~t cua ham s6
f(x) = 3 - 2x + ~5 - x2 + 4x tren mien D = {x : -1 ~ x ~ 5} .
Ta nhan th~y D ciing chinh Ia mien xac dinh cua ham s6 f(x). v« mat hinh thuc thi bai toan nay "gi6ng het" bai toan tren, Ta thli dung phucng phap vdi b~t d~ng thuc Co-si xem sao. G9i xED la phan tli tuy y. Theo b~t d~ng thuc Co-si, thi
R6 la h~ (**) vo nghiem, vi the' bang phuong phap nay khong chi ra duoc hie nao thi dau bang trong (3) xay ra.
Noi each khac phuong phap bfit d!ng thirc Co-si lai khong thich hop cho thf du nay! Ta lai thit ap dung bfit d!ng thirc Bu-nhi-a-cop-ski. Ta co '<Ix e D, thi
Ten-Decimal Tables of the Logarithms of Complex Numbers and for the Transformation from Cartesian to Polar Coordinates: Volume 33 in Mathematical Tables Series