Pro Ii

MN HC
NGUYN L HA CNG NGHIP

30 tit (15 LT + 7,5 BT + 7,5 TH)
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. J.P. MOULIN, Gnie des procds, tp 1 & 2, Technip, 1999.
2. Vn i - Nguyn Trng Khun - Trn Quang Tho - V Th Ngc Ti
- Trn Xoa, C s cc qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha hc, Tp 1 & 2,
Nh xut bn i Hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip
3. P. TRAMBOUZE - H. VAN LANDEGHEM - J.P. WAUQUIER, Les
racteurs chimiques, Technip, 1984.
4. V B Minh, K thut phn ng, Trng i Hc Bch Khoa TP. H Ch
Minh, 1999.
5. R.E TREYBAL, Mass transfer operations, 1980.
Nguyn l ha cng nghip
NI DUNG MN HC
L thuyt v bi tp
Chng I:
M u
Chng II:
Chng luyn
Chng III:
Trch ly
Chng IV:
Thit b phn ng Bi tp p dng
Chng V:
Thit b trao i nhit
Thc hnh
Vn dng phn mm PROII m phng mt s s trong cng
nghip ha hc
MC LC
CHNG 1: M U................................................................................................................. 5
1.1.
PHN LOI CC QU TRNH TRONG CNG NGH HA HC ........................... 5
1.2.
NHNG KIN THC C BN CA QU TRNH CHUYN KHI......................... 6
1.2.1. nh ngha ..................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.2. Phn loi ....................................................................................................................... 6
CHNG 2: CHNG LUYN ................................................................................................... 7
2.1.
NH NGHA CHNG .................................................................................................. 7
2.2.
PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP CHNG ............................................................... 7
2.3.
PHN LOI HN HP HAI CU T .......................................................................... 8
2.4.
CN BNG LNG HI CA HN HP 2 CU T ................................................... 9
2.4.3. Gin ng nhit P-x-y............................................................................................... 9
2.4.4. Gin ng p T-x-y................................................................................................. 10
2.4.5. Gin phn mol x-y .................................................................................................. 11
2.5.
THP CHNG LUYN ............................................................................................... 12
2.5.1. Nguyn tc hot ng .................................................................................................. 12
2.5.2. Thit b ngng t nh thp (Condenser) .................................................................... 13
2.5.3. Thit b un si y thp (Reboiler)............................................................................ 14
2.5.4. Cn bng vt cht........................................................................................................ 16
2.5.5. Xc nh ch s hi lu rf v s a l thuyt ti thiu Nmin ......................................... 17
2.5.6. Xc nh s a thc t NTT.......................................................................................... 19
THC HNH
VN DNG PHN MM PROII M PHNG MT S S TRONG CNG
NGHIP HA HC
I- GII THIU TNG QUAN ..................................................................................................... 21
1- MC CH, VAI TR CA THIT K M PHNG ........................................................................... 21
2- CC PHN MM M PHNG TRONG CNG NGH HA HC .......................................................... 22
II- PHN MM PRO/II ............................................................................................................... 22
1- LNH VC S DNG................................................................................................................... 22
2- QU TRNH M PHNG BNG PHN MM PRO/II....................................................................... 23
III- L THUYT NHIT NG HC........................................................................................ 24
IV- C S LA CHN M HNH NHIT NG.................................................................... 25
V- CC PHN C BN CA PROII......................................................................................... 28
1- GIAO DIN CA PROII- QUI C BAN U ............................................................................... 28
2- Ca s PRO/II................................................................................................................... 29
VI- CC THAO TC THNG DNG TRONG M PHNG BNG PRO/II ........................ 30
1- M MT CHNG TRNH M PHNG MI (OPENING A NEW SIMULATION)................................ 30
2- M MT CHNG TRNH M PHNG C (OPENING AN EXISTING SIMULATION) .................. 30
3- GHI MT FILE M PHNG ANG HIN HNH (SAVING THE CURRENT SIMULATION).................. 30
a- Ghi mt file m phng ang hin hnh ............................................................................. 30
b- Ghi mt file m phng vi mt tn khc ........................................................................... 31
4- XA MT CHNG TRNH M PHNG (DELETING A SIMULATION)........................................... 31
5- SAO CHP MT CHNG TRNH M PHNG (COPY A SIMULATION).......................................... 31
6- THAY I DNG NG VIN CC DNG (MODIFYING THE FLOWSHEET STREAM BORDER

STYLE)........................................................................................................................................ 32
7- HIN TH TNH CHT CA DNG TRN S M PHNG ............................................................ 32
8- S DNG FLASH HOT-KEY TOOL ............................................................................................ 33
9- XUT MT S M PHNG RA CA S LU TR TM (EXPORTING THE PFD TO THE WINDOWS
CLIPBOARD) ............................................................................................................................... 34
10- NHP MT FILE PRO/II C SN (IMPORTING A PRO/II KEYWORD INPUT FILE)...................... 34
11- XC NH CC TNH CHT V CN BNG LNG - HI CA CC H 2 CU T (DISPLAY BVLE).. 34
VII- BI TP P DNG............................................................................................................ 36
BI TON 1: M PHNG S CNG NGH CA PHN XNG TCH MTHANE ........................... 36
BI TON 2: M PHNG THIT B TCH KH - LNG ...................................................................... 38
BI TON 3: TNH NHIT SI CA MT HN HP HAI PHA MT P SUT NHT NH .................. 39
BI TON 4: M PHNG THP TCH PROPANE ............................................................................ 40
BI TON 5: XC NH A NP LIU TI U CHO THP TCH PROPANE BNG CNG C OPTIMISER
................................................................................................................................................... 42
BI TON 6: XC NH S A L THUYT TI THIU V CH S HI LU TI THIU CHO THP TCH
PROPANE BNG PHNG PHP SHORTCUT ................................................................................... 44
CHNG 3: TRCH LY ........................................................................................................... 46
3.1.
NGUYN TC ................................................................................................................... 46
3.2.
S .............................................................................................................................. 46
NG DNG ...................................................................................................................... 46
3.3.
CHNG 4: THIT B PHN NG....................................................................................... 47
4.1.
I CNG................................................................................................................. 47
4.1.1. PHN LOI THIT B PHN NG........................................................................... 47
a- Theo pha ca h ................................................................................................................ 47
b- iu kin tin hnh qu trnh............................................................................................ 47
c- Theo iu kin thy ng................................................................................................... 47
4.1.2. PHN LOI CC THIT B PHN NG THEO PHNG THC LM VIC ...... 48
a- Thit b phn ng gin on :........................................................................................... 48
b- Thit b phn ng lin tc : ............................................................................................... 49
c- Thit b phn ng bn lin tc : ........................................................................................ 50
4.1.3. NHIM V THIT K THIT B PHN NG .......................................................... 50
4.2.
CN BNG VT CHT V CN BNG NHIT TNG QUT ............................. 51
4.2.4. Cn bng vt cht........................................................................................................ 51
4.2.5. Cn bng nhit ............................................................................................................ 51
4.3.
M T MT S DNG THIT B PHN NG NG TH C BN.................... 52
Thit b phn ng lin tc...................................................................................................... 52
a- Thit b phn ng dng ng : ............................................................................................ 52
b- Thit b phn ng dng khuy trn l tng..................................................................... 55
c- Thit b phn ng nhiu ngn (tag) ............................................................................... 59
4.4.
P DNG PHNG TRNH THIT K..................................................................... 60
4.4.7. SO SNH CC THIT B PHN NG N ............................................................. 60
4.4.8. H NHIU THIT B PHN NG............................................................................. 67
CHNG 1:
M U
1.1. PHN LOI CC QU TRNH TRONG CNG NGH HA HC

Nhn chung cc qu trnh trong cng ngh ha hc c phn thnh 4 loi sau:
1.
Cc qu trnh c hc: gm cc qu trnh: p, nghin, sng, cc vt liu
rn.
2.
Cc qu trnh thu lc: nghin cu v:
Cc nh lut v thy tnh, thy ng, chuyn ng ca cht lng, cht kh.
Cc thit b vn chuyn kh, lng (bm, qut, my nn, )
Cc phng php v thit b phn ring cc h kh, lng khng ng nht (lng,
lc, ly tm, )
3.
Cc qu trnh nhit: nghin cu v:
Cc nh lut v truyn nhit (dn nhit, cp nhit, bc x nhit, )

Cc qu trnh v thit b trao i nhit (un nng, lm ngui, ngng t, c c)
Cc qu trnh lm lnh.
4.
Cc qu trnh chuyn khi: nghin cu v:
Cc nh lut v s di chuyn vt cht gia cc pha vi nhau

Cc thit b chuyn khi (chng luyn, hp th, hp ph, sy, trch ly, kt tinh,
)
1.2. NHNG KIN THC C BN CA QU TRNH CHUYN KHI

1.2.1. nh ngha
- L qu trnh di chuyn vt cht t pha ny sang pha khc khi hai pha tip xc
trc tip vi nhau;
- y l qu trnh ng vai tr quan trng trong nn cng nghip ha hc v c,
hu c, lc ha du, thc phm,
1.2.2. Phn loi
Tu theo c trng ca s di chuyn vt cht v tnh cht ca 2 pha phn loi:

- Chng: l qu trnh tch cc hn hp lng thnh cc cu t ring bit, trong
vt cht di chuyn t pha lng vo pha hi v ngc li. y l qu trnh rt ph
bin (qu trnh chng ct cn, chng ct du th, )
- Hp th: l qu trnh vt cht di chuyn t pha kh vo pha lng (iu ch olum
bng cch cho H2SO4 m c hp th kh SO2; tch kh acide bng dung dch
alkanolamine);
- Hp ph: l qu trnh vt cht di chuyn t pha kh vo pha rn (tch kh acide
ra khi hn hp kh t nhin hay kh ng hnh bng ry phn t);
- Trch ly: l qu trnh tch hon ton hay mt phn cht ha tan trong cht lng
hay cht rn bng mt cht lng khc;
- Kt tinh: l qu trnh tch cht rn trong dung dch, trong vt cht di chuyn
t pha lng vo pha rn (kt tinh ng, kt tinh phn ln, );
- Sy kh: l qu trnh tch nc ra khi vt cht m, trong vt cht (hi nc)
di chuyn t pha lng hay pha rn vo pha kh (sy nng sn thc phm);
- Ha tan: l qu trnh vt cht di chuyn t pha rn vo pha lng (ha tan mui
hoc ng vo nc);
CHNG 2:
CHNG LUYN
2.1. NH NGHA CHNG

- L phng php dng tch cc hn hp cht lng cng nh cc hn hp kh
lng thnh cc cu t ring bit da vo bay hi khc nhau ca cc cu t
trong hn hp;
- Trong trng hp n gin nht th chng v c c gn nh nhau, nhng gia
chng c mt ranh gii c bn:
Chng: Dung mi v cht tan u bay hi;
C c: Ch c dung mi bay hi cn cht tan khng bay hi;
- Khi chng thu c nhiu sn phm v thng c bao nhiu cu t ta s c
by nhiu sn phm;
- i vi trng hp 2 cu t :
sn phm nh gm cu t c bay hi ln + cu t c bay hi b;
sn phm y gm cu t c bay hi b + cu t c bay hi ln;
2.2. PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP CHNG
Trong sn xut, thng gp cc phng php chng sau:
1.
Chng n gin:
- dng tch cc hn hp gm cc cu t c bay hi rt khc nhau

- thng dng tch s b v lm sch cc cu t khi tp cht
2.
Chng bng hi nc trc tip:
- dng tch cc hn hp gm cc cht kh bay hi v tp cht khng bay hi
- thng c ng dng trong trng hp cht c tch khng tan vo nc

3.
Chng chn khng: Dng trong trng hp cn h thp nhit si ca cu
t (i vi cc cu t trong hn hp d b phn hu nhit cao hay c nhit

si qu cao)
4.
Chng luyn:
- L phng php ph bin nht dng tch hon ton hn hp cc cu t d bay

hi c tnh cht ha tan mt phn hoc ha tan hon ton vo nhau;
- Chng luyn p sut thp dng cho cc hn hp d b phn hu nhit cao;
- Chng luyn p sut cao dng cho cc hn hp khng ha lng p sut
thng;
2.3. PHN LOI HN HP HAI CU T
1.
Dung dch l tng:
- l dung dch m trong lc lin kt gia cc phn t cng loi v lc lin kt

gia cc phn t khc loi bng nhau.
- Khi cc cu t ha tan vo nhau theo bt c t l no. cn bng lng-hi hon
ton tun theo nh lut Raout;
2.
Dung dch thc:
- L nhng dung dch hon ton khng tun theo nh lut Raout;
- S sai lch vi nh lut Raout l dng nu lc lin kt gia cc phn t khc
loi < lc lin kt gia cc phn t cng loi;
- S sai lch vi nh lut Raout l m nu lc lin kt gia cc phn t khc loi
> lc lin kt gia cc phn t cng loi;
- Trng hp lc lin kt gia cc phn t khc loi << lc lin kt gia cc phn
t cng loi dung dch s phn lp.
Ta xt trng hp ph bin nht:

cht lng ha tan vo nhau theo bt
c t l no
Hnh 2-1: Quan h gia p sut v
thnh phn ca dung dch 2 cu t
1.
Tun theo nh lut Raout;
2.
Sai lch dng
3.
Sai lch m
2.4. CN BNG LNG HI CA HN HP 2 CU T

2.4.3. Gin ng nhit P-x-y
T = const
P0A
Lng
Lng - Hi
PM
Hi
P0B
0
xM
yM
Trong :
A
: cu t d bay hi
P0 A > P0 B
10
xM, yM: thnh phn ca cu t A trong pha lng v pha hi nhit T v p sut
PM
Thnh phn ca cu t B trong pha lng v pha hi nhit T v p sut PM
l: 1-xM, 1-yM
Biu ny t s dng v trong thc t P rt t thay i
S dng biu T-x-y
2.4.4. Gin ng p T-x-y
P = const
T0 B
Hi
Lng - Hi
TM
Lng
T0 A
B
xM
yM
Trong :
A
: cu t d bay hi
T0A < T0B
xM, yM: thnh phn ca cu t A trong pha lng v pha hi P v TM

thnh phn ca cu t B trong pha lng v pha hi nhit T v p sut PM l:
1-xM, 1-yM
11
2.4.5. Gin phn mol x-y
V d ta c gin phn mol x-y ca h 2 cu t Propane v Butane. Trong :

Trc x : biu din phn mol ca cu t nh Propane trong pha lng ;
Trc y : biu din phn mol ca cu t nh Propane trong pha hi.
90
90
12
2.5. THP CHNG LUYN

2.5.1. Nguyn tc hot ng
Thp chng luyn gm c 2 on :

on luyn : L phn trn, gm t
a tip liu tr ln nh ;
on chng : L phn di, gm
t a tip liu tr xung di;
Thp chng luyn gm c nhiu a
Trn mi a xy ra qu trnh
chuyn khi gia pha lng v pha hi.
Pha hi i t di ln qua cc l ca
a xuyn qua pha lng i t trn
xung theo cc ng (vch) chy
chuyn.
V nhit trong thp cng ln cao cng gim nn khi hi i qua cc a t di
ln, cc cu t c nhit si cao s ngng t li v cui cng trn nh thp, ta
s thu c hn hp sn phm gm hu ht l cc cu t nh (d bay hi). Hi ny
s i vo thit b ngng t (condenser) (mt phn hoc hon ton) nh thp
hi lu lng ngng t c v li thp v ly ra lm sn phm nh.
Ngc li, pha lng i t trn xung gp hi c nhit cao hn, mt phn cu t
c nhit si thp s bc hi nng ca cu t nng (kh bay hi) trong pha
lng s cng tng v cui cng y thp, ta s thu c hn hp sn phm gm
hu ht l cc cu t nng. Mt phn sn phm y s i vo thit b un si li
(reboiler) y thp to mt lng hi a vo t y thp, m bo trong thp
lun lun c s tip xc gia 2 pha lng v hi.
13
Qu trnh bc hi v ngng t lp
li nhiu ln cc a
Pha hi i ln cng giu cu t nh
Pha lng i xung cng giu cu t
nng
Theo l thuyt Mi a l mt
bc thay i nng : thnh phn hi
khi ri khi a cn bng vi thnh
phn lng khi i vo a s a = s bc thay i nng .
Thc t trn mi a qu trnh chuyn khi gia 2 pha thng khng t cn
bng S a thc t > s a l thuyt
Hiu sut a =
S a ly thuyt N LT
=
S a thc t NTT
2.5.2. Thit b ngng t nh thp (Condenser)
c 4 dng Condenser :
1. Partial (ngng t mt phn): Hi i ra t nh thp c lm lnh v ch ngng
t mt phn. Loi Condenser ny thc s l mt bc thay i nng . Nhit
trong Condenser chnh l nhit im sng ca hn hp hi cn bng.
Gm 2 loi :
- loi Distillat vapor : lng ngng t ch hi lu v nh thp, cn sn
phm ly ra th hi c gi l Overhead.
- Loi Distillat mixe : lng ngng t mt phn hi lu v nh thp, cn
li ly ra lm sn phm sn phm nh gm 2 loi l sn phm hi v
sn phm lng.
14
2. Bubble Temperature : Hi i ra t nh thp c lm lnh n nhit im

si ca hn hp v ngng t hon ton, mt phn cho hi lu v nh thp, phn
cn li ly ra dng sn phm lng, c gi l Fixe Rate Draw.
Hi
Hi
Long
a- Dng Partial
Distillate vapor
b- Dng Bubble
Distillate mixe
2.5.3. Thit b un si y thp (Reboiler)
c 4 dng Reboiler :
- Thermosiphon without baffles v with baffles
- Dng Kettle : c mc nh (qui chun)
- Dng one through
- Dng l
Lon
g
15
Trong , loi Thermosiphon gm 2 loi: without baffles v with baffles.
t c cht lng sn phm y cao hn, ngi ta thit k loi

Thermosiphon with baffles c cu to nh sau:
16
210
?
?
300
50
2.5.4. Cn bng vt cht
Nu gi :
F - Lng hn hp nguyn liu i vo thp, kg/h
P - Lng sn phm nh, kg/h
W - Lng sn phm y, kg/h
aF, aP, aW : nng % khi lng ca cu t d bay hi trong hn hp nguyn liu,
trong sn phm nh v trong sn phm y.
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht ton thp :
Nu i vi cu t d bay hi :
Ta tnh c P :
P = F
aF aW
aP aW
F=P+W
F.aF = P.aP + W.aW
W=FP
17
Chuyn t nng % khi lng sang nng phn mol :

aF
MA
xF =
aF 1 aF
+
MA
MB
aP
MA
xP =
aP 1 aP
+
MA
MB
aW
MA
xW =
aW 1 aW
+
MA
MB
Vi MA, MB: khi lng mol ca cu t nh v cu t nng

Tnh khi lng mol trung bnh ca:
hn hp nguyn liu: MF = xF.MA +(1-xF).MB
sn phm nh:
MP = xP.MA +(1-xP).MB
sn phm y:
MW = xW.MA +(1-xW).MB
Lp bng cn bng vt cht ton thp:

Nng %
Nng phn
Lu lng khi
Lu lng
khi lng
mol
lng, kg/h
mol, kg/h
Nguyn liu
aF
xF
F
MF
Sn phm nh
aP
xP
P
MP
Sn phm y
aW
xW
W
MW
Hn hp
2.5.5. Xc nh ch s hi lu rf v s a l thuyt ti thiu Nmin
Ch s hi lu rf l t s gia lng lng hi lu v lng sn phm nh.

xc nh ch s hi lu rf v s a l thuyt ti thiu Nmin, ta thc hin theo
nhng bc sau:
1- Xc nh rf min: rf min
18
x P y*F
= *
yF x F
Vi y*F - nng phn mol cn bng ng vi xF

2- Xc nh cc gi tr rf = b. rfmin vi b = 1,2 2,5
3- Xc nh cc gi tr B =
xP
rf + 1
4- Trn ng cn bng lng hi x-y ca h hai cu t V ng lm vic ca:

- on luyn: bng cch ni im (xP, yP) vi im (0, B)
- on chng: bng cch ni im (xW, yW) vi giao im ca ng lm
vic ca on luyn vi ng x = xF (nu hn hp nguyn liu vo im si)
5- Xc nh s bc thay i nng NLT bng cch v cc ng thng song song
vi trc honh v trc tung bt u t im xP cho n khi qu im xW. NLT thng
thng khng phi l s nguyn.
6- Gi tr thch hp ca ch s hi lu rf v s a l thuyt ti thiu Nmin tng ng
vi gi tr cc tiu ca NLT(rf + 1)
b
rf
B
NLT
NLT(rf + 1)
19
ng lm vic on luyn
B = xP/(Rx+1)
ng lm vic on chng
xW
xF
xP
2.5.6. Xc nh s a thc t NTT
S a thc t: N TT =
tb =
N LT
tb
P + F + W
3
Vi : P, F, W - hiu sut ca a u tin nh thp, ca a np liu v ca a

cui cng y thp.
Hiu sut a l mt hm ca bay hi tng i v nht ca cht lng:
= f (, )
20
Trong : - bay hi tng i ca hn hp

- nht ca hn hp lng, N.s/m2
bay hi tng i ca cc hn hp thc c xc nh theo cng thc:
y 1 x
1 y x
y, x : nng phn mol ca cu t d bay hi trong pha hi v pha lng

Sau khi tnh c tch ( , ) Tra th Correlation de OConnel xc
nh c P, F, W xc nh tb NTT
21
THC HNH
VN DNG PHN MM PROII M PHNG MT
S S TRONG CNG NGHIP HA HC
I- Gii thiu tng quan
1- Mc ch, vai tr ca thit k m phng
Thit k m phng l qu trnh thit k vi s tr gip ca my tnh vi cc
phn mm chuyn nghip
M phng l mt cng c cho php ngi k s tin hnh cng vic mt cch
hiu qu hn khi thit k mt qu trnh mi hoc phn tch, nghin cu cc yu
t nh hng dn mt qu trnh ang hot ng trong thc t.
Tc ca cng c m phng cho php kho st nhiu trng hp hn trong
cng thi gian vi chnh xc cao hn nu so vi tnh ton bng tay. Hn na,
chng ta c th t ng ha qu trnh tnh ton cc s cng ngh trnh
vic phi thc hin cc php tnh lp khng c c s hoc m mm.
Thit k m phng thng c s dng :
- Thit k (Designing) mt qu trnh mi
- Th li, kim tra li (Retrofitting) cc qu trnh ang tn ti
- Hiu chnh (Troubleshooting) cc qu trnh ang vn hnh
- Ti u ha (Optimizing) cc qu trnh vn hnh
xy dng mt m hnh m phng hiu qu, chng ta phi xc nh ng mc
tiu. Bc u tin trong bt c mt qu trnh m phng no l lng ha cc
mc tiu cng nhiu cng tt. Cc kt qu t c thng ph thuc vo cc
22
yu cu t ra. Nh vy, trc khi m phng mt qu trnh nn t ra cc cu

hi sau :
- Mc ch s dng cng c m phng trong trng hp ny lm g ?
- Qu trnh m phng s thc hin nhng vic g ?
- S phc tp c cn thit khng ?
- Cn thit phi tm ra cc kt qu no t qu trnh m phng ?
Cn nh rng cc gi tr thu c t kt qu m phng ph thuc rt nhiu vo
nhng la chn ban u m chng ta nhp vo.
2- Cc phn mm m phng trong cng ngh ha hc
Trong cng ngh ha hc, ngi ta s dng rt nhiu cc phn mm m phng :
- DESIGN II (WINSIM) : s dng trong cng nghip ha hc ni chung
- PRO/II (SIMSCI) : s dng trong cng nghip ha hc, cng nghip lc ha du
- PROSIM : s dng trong cng nghip ha hc
- HYSIM (HYSYS) : s dng trong cng nghip ch bin kh
Trong cc phn mm k trn, phn mm PRO/II l phn mm ni ting nht,
c s dng rng ri nht trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip.
II- Phn mm PRO/II

1- Lnh vc s dng
Phn mm PRO/II l phn mm tnh ton chuyn dng trong cc lnh vc cng
ngh ha hc ni chung, c bit trong lnh vc lc du, ha du, polymer, ha
dc, ... y l phn mm tnh ton rt chnh xc cc qu trnh chng ct. L
sn phm ca SIMSCI, hnh thnh t nm 1967 v c chnh thc s dng vo
23
nm 1988 sau nhiu ln c ci tin. Hin nay, chng ta ang s dng phin
bn PRO/II 7.0
PRO/II vn hnh theo cc modul lin tip, mi thit b c tnh ring l v ln
lt tnh cho tng thit b.
PRO/II bao gm cc ngun d liu phong ph : th vin cc cu t ha hc, cc
phng php xc nh cc tnh cht nhit ng, cc k xo vn hnh cc thit b
hin i cung cp cho cc k s cng ngh cc k nng biu din tt c
cc tnh ton cn bng vt cht v nng lng cn thit khi m phng cc trng
thi dng ca cc s cng ngh.
Phn mm PRO/II c s dng theo nhm 2 mc ch chnh:
- Thit k mt phn xng mi (Sizing)
- M phng mt phn xng c xy dng trong thc t nghin cu
cc yu t nh hng n s vn hnh ca n (Rating) nh : thay i
ngun nguyn liu, iu kin vn hnh hoc tiu chun k thut ca sn
phm, ...
2- Qu trnh m phng bng phn mm PRO/II
Trc khi tin hnh m phng, chng ta phi din t cc d liu t s thc
t thnh m hnh m phng. Qu trnh ny bao gm cc bc sau :
- Xc nh h n v o : c 3 h n v o : h Anh, h Mt v h SI. Tu
trng hp, chng ta chn h n v o cho thch hp, thng thng chn
h Mt;
- Xc nh thnh phn cu t c trong h : c chn t ngun d liu
phong ph cc cu t ca PROII;
- La chn cc phng trnh nhit ng thch hp : trn c s thnh phn
ha hc ca nguyn liu v iu kin vn hnh ca thit b ;
24
- La chn cc dng nguyn liu v sn phm : xc nh thnh phn, trng

thi nhit ca cc dng;
- Xc nh cc d liu v thit b v iu kin vn hnh cho cc thit b.
Hn na, trong nhiu trng hp chng ta phi thay i s cng ngh thc t
sang mc ch m phng. Mc d c s tng ng gia s cng ngh thc t
v s m phng nhng vn c nhng s khc bit cn ch .
V cng c m phng ch m t trng thi dng nn trong s m phng
khng nn b tr cc thit b iu khin, kim tra.
PRO/II mc nh Condenser c xem l 1 bc thay i nng (1 a l

thuyt) v Reboiler cng c xem l mt bc thay i nng v dng Kettle
c mc nh s dng.
III- L thuyt nhit ng hc

Cc tnh cht nhit ng l c s d liu quan trng nht cho vic tnh ton qu
trnh phn tch ton h thng.
C nhiu phng php tnh ton cc tnh cht ny, trong , quan trng nht l 2
phng php :
- Phng php tng quan : API v Rackett
- Phng php phng trnh trng thi : phng trnh bc ba tng qut, cng
thc Alpha, cc qui lut hn hp, phng trnh SRK, phng trnh PR,
phng trnh SRKP, SRKM, SRKS, ...
Phng php API v Rackett tnh ton kh chnh xc t trng ca pha lng, cn
cc tnh cht nhit ng khc nh : enthalpie, entropie lng v hi, t trng pha hi,
... th c tnh ton rt chnh xc bng cc phng trnh trng thi nh : SRK,
SRKM, ...
25
IV- C s la chn m hnh nhit ng

La chn m hnh nhit ng thch hp cho mt ng dng c th ng mt vai
tr rt quan trng, nh hng ln n chnh xc ca kt qu m phng
Mi phng php nhit ng cho php tnh cc thng s sau :
- Hng s cn bng pha K : th hin s phn b cu t gia cc pha iu
kin cn bng
- Enthapie ca cc pha lng v pha hi : xc nh nng lng cn thit
chuyn mt h t trng thi nhit ng ny sang trng thi khc
- Enthapie ca cc pha lng v pha hi : nhm phc v vic tnh ton cc
my nn, gin n v nng lng t do ti thiu cc thit b phn ng
- T trng ca pha lng v pha hi : tnh ton qu trnh truyn nhit, tr
lc v xc nh kch thc thp chng ct
la chn m hnh nhit ng thch hp, nn da vo cc yu t sau :
- Bn cht ca cc c trng nhit ng ca h nh : Hng s cn bng
lng-hi (VLE : Vapor Liquid Equilibrium) ca cc qu trnh chng ct,
c c hoc bc hi, qu trnh trch ly, ...
- Thnh phn ca hn hp
- Phm vi nhit v p sut
- Tnh sn c ca cc thng s hot ng ca cc thit b
C th, ta c th da vo s sau :
26
27
28
V- Cc phn c bn ca PROII
1- Giao din ca PROII- Qui c ban u
Khi khi ng PROII, u tin s xut hin mt ca s giao din qui c ban u:
Cc nt hoc cc biu tng trong mt vi trng hp c vin quanh bi 1 trong

6 mu: , xanh lc, xanh dng, vng, nu v en. ngha ca mi mu nh sau :
: d liu yu cu cn phi nhp
Xanh lc : d liu mc nh hoc la chn
Xanh dng : d liu bn va cung cp tho mn yu cu
Vng : bo rng s liu bn va nhp ngoi khong cho php
Nu : d liu khng c gi tr
en : d liu khng yu cu nhp vo
29
2- Ca s PRO/II
T File menu Chn New : mt ca s View1 s xut hin cho chng ta mt
flowsheet mi nh sau:
Mn hnh bao gm :
Dng trn cng gi l Application Title Bar (Thanh tiu ng dng), c tn
ca ng dng l PRO/II with PROVISION, km theo l Document Title Bar
(Thanh tiu ti liu) c tn ca chng trnh m phng ang thc hin (chng
hn l View 1 - l tn nguyn ca ti liu khi mi khi ng PRO/II)
Dng th hai gi l Menu Bar (Thanh trnh n) gm 10 mc t File n Help ;
Dng th ba gi l Standard Tool Bar (Thanh cng c chun) cha biu tng ca
cc lnh thng dng
Bn phi v pha di mn hnh l thanh trt dc v thanh trt ngang
Bn phi mn hnh, bn ngoi thanh trt dc l thanh cng c floating PFD (Pipe
Flow Diagram). Nu thanh cng c PFD khng hin th th ta c th gi n nh sau :
click vo biu tng Show or Hide PFD Palette trn Standard Tool Bar
hoc t View Palettes nhp chn (hoc khng) PFD
30
Ngoi ra cn c thanh cng c Run. lm xut hin hoc bin mt thanh cng c
ny cng t View Palettes nhp chn (hoc khng) Run
VI- Cc thao tc thng dng trong m phng bng PRO/II

1- M mt chng trnh m phng mi (Opening a New Simulation)
T File Menu New
Nu bn mun PRO/II lun lun c m vi mt chng trnh m phng mi
Options Menu New File on Startup
2- M mt chng trnh m phng c (Opening an Existing Simulation)

Bn c th m bt k mt chng trnh m phng no c ghi trc chnh sa,
xem hoc in. Qui trnh :
T File Menu Open hin th ca s Open Simulation .
nh tn chng trnh vo hoc chn tn file m phng
OK hoc Enter hin th file Simulation cn thit
3- Ghi mt file m phng ang hin hnh (Saving the Current Simulation)
a- Ghi mt file m phng ang hin hnh
T File Menu Save nu bn cha ghi chng trnh m phng ny ln no th s
hin th ca s Save as nhp tn Chn OK hoc nhp Enter. Cn sau ln ghi
u tin, mun ghi li file ang hin hnh nhp vo biu tng Save
Chng trnh PRO/II s t ng nn 3 file d liu (*.pr1, .pr2, .pr3) v 1 file
flowsheet biu cc dng (*.sfd) thnh mt file n *.prz. V vy, bn cnh vic
gim kch thc ca cc file lu tr cn m bo rng vic ci t file hon thnh
mi khi chng ta ghi cc chng trnh m phng
31
Chc nng Autosave ca PRO/II s t ng to mt file sao chp d phng (backup

file). Nu bn ng hoc thot ra chng trnh m phng m khng ghi th file ny s
b xa. Hy chn Options / simulation Defaults / Autosave t menu bar hin th
ca s Autosave Options nhp chn Automatic Save File every nhp chu k
save (pht) OK
b- Ghi mt file m phng vi mt tn khc
T File Menu chn Save as hin th ca s Save as Nhp tn mi cho chng
trnh m phng Chn OK hoc nhp Enter
4- Xa mt chng trnh m phng (Deleting a Simulation)

T File Menu chn Delete PRO/II s hin th mt danh sch cc file m phng
c
Nhp hoc chn tn ca flie mun xa (Bn khng th xa mt chng trnh m
phng ang hin hnh)
Chn OK hoc nhp Enter PRO/II s xa tt c cc file lin kt vi chng trnh
m phng ny
5- Sao chp mt chng trnh m phng (Copy a Simulation)

PRO/II c th copy tt c cc file lin kt vi chng trnh m phng (3 file d liu
v 1 flowsheet) vo mt file m phng mi hoc ang hin hnh. Nu bn mun
copy vo mt file m phng ang hin hnh PRO/II s hi bn c mun vit ln
file hin hnh ny khng ?
T File Menu chn Copy PRO/II s hin th ca s Select File to Copy
Hy chn tn file cn copy (Bn khng th copy mt chng trnh m phng ang
hin hnh) Nhp tn file ch (target) OK
32
6- Thay i dng ng vin cc dng (Modifying the Flowsheet Stream Border

Style)
Thng thng ng vin cc dng thng c dng hnh ch nht Chng ta c th
thay i thnh ng vin dng trn. Qui trnh nh sau :
-
Right-click vo dng c chn hin th ca s la chn
Chn Display xut hin ca s Stream Style
Chn Circle t drop-down list box ca Stream Label Border
click OK ng vin dng c chn t dng hnh ch nht chuyn thnh

ng vin dng trn
Vi cch nh trn, bn c th thay i dng ng vin cho tng dng ring l. Cn

nu mun, bn c th click chut tri v qut chn mt hnh ch nht bao xung quanh
cc dng mun thay i dng ng vin ri tin hnh qui trnh nh trn. Hoc bn c
th mc nh dng ng vin cho tt c cc dng ngay t u theo qui trnh sau :
-
T Options Menu Drawing Defauts Stream Display hin th ca s

Stream Style
Chn Circle t drop-down list box ca Stream Label Border. V la chn ny

ch c gi tr khi chng ta chn Name mc Stream Label Type OK
7- Hin th tnh cht ca dng trn s m phng

Qui trnh nh sau :
-
Right-click vo dng c chn hin th ca s la chn
Chn Display xut hin ca s Stream Style
Chn Properties t drop-down list box mc Stream Label Type
Mc nh mc Property List l Property Label List s hin th tn, nhit

, p sut v lu lng dng OK
33
8- S dng Flash Hot-Key Tool

PRO/II c mt cng c hu ch cho php hin th nhanh chng cc tnh ton flash ca
bt k dng no c chn l cng c Flash Hot-Key, cung cp mt phng
tin nhanh chng, d dng xc nh hm lng v thnh phn ca pha lng v pha
hi ca bt k dng no
34
9- Xut mt s m phng ra ca s lu tr tm (Exporting the PFD to the

Windows Clipboard)
T Clipboard, bn c th dn mt cch n gin hnh v ln bt k mt chng trnh
son tho no nh trong Microsoft Word. Qui trnh nh sau :
T Menu File Export
Chn Flowsheet Drawing
Click OK PRO/II s hin th mt hp hi thoi khng nh rng flowsheet
c xut ra ca s lu tr tm
10- Nhp mt file PRO/II c sn (Importing a PRO/II Keyword Input File)

Bn c th nhp mt file keyword Input ca PRO/II dng *.inp c sn vo giao din
PRO/II ang hin hnh. PRO/II s t ng chuyn i file ny thnh mt s tnh ton
v chng ta c th tin hnh m phng nh m phng trn mt s PFD, t chng ta
c th chnh sa theo mnh
T Menu File Import
Nhp hoc chn tn ca flie mun nhp
Chn OK hoc nhp Enter
11- Xc nh cc tnh cht v cn bng lng - hi ca cc h 2 cu t (Display

BVLE)
xc nh cc tnh cht v bng lng - hi ca cc h 2 cu t ny p sut thng (1
atm) hay mt p sut bt k no , ta s dng cng c Display BVLE.
Qui trnh nh sau :
Chn h n v
Chn cu t
Chn m hnh nhit ng thch hp
35
Nhp chn biu tng Display BVLE Chn cc cu t, chn p sut v nhp chn
Calculate Ta s c 5 loi biu :
Biu X - Y
Biu T - X - Y
Biu h s Fugacity
Biu hng s cn bng K thay i theo thnh phn mol
Biu hng s cn bng K thay i theo
36
VII- BI TP P DNG
Bi ton 1: M phng s cng ngh ca phn xng tch Mthane
Thp Demethanizer tch methane ra khi hn hp kh trong s s dng turboexpander.
Lu lng dng kh nguyn liu : 8 m3/s
Nhit
: 120 oF
Ap sut
: 602,7 psia (pound per square inch absolute)
(1 psi = 0,06896 bar; 602,7 psia = 588,2 psig; 1pound = 453,6 g)

Thnh phn ca hn hp kh ban u nh sau :
Trong :
Cu t
% mol
Cu t
% mol
N2
7,91
n-C4H10
2,44
CH4
73,05
i-C5H12
0,69
C 2 H6
7,68
n-C5H12
0,82
C 3 H8
5,69
C6H14
0,42
i-C4H10
0,99
C7H16
0,31
Hiu sut ca my nn l 75%; Hiu sut ca thit b gin n: 80%

Yu cu cht lng ca sn phm y l t l C1/C2 = 0.015
Hy xc nh:
1. Cng sut thc ca my nn C1?
2. Thnh phn, nhit v p sut ca cc dng sn phm kh v lng?
Phng php tin hnh: Chng ta s chia s trn thnh 2 vng :
Vng 1 : m phng 3 thit b n gin lm quen vi phn mm PROII
Vng 2 : Chng ta s m phng ton b qu trnh tm hiu nhng im u vit
ca phn mm PROII
37
38
Bi ton 2: M phng thit b tch kh - lng

Cho vo thit b tch kh lng mt dng nguyn liu vi cc d liu sau:
Lu lng : 100 kmol/h; t = 300C ; P = 10 bar
Thnh phn ha hc:
Mthane
: 13 kmol/h
Ethane
: 22 kmol/h
Propane
: 38 kmol/h
Butane
: 22 kmol/h
Pentane
: 5 kmol/h
iu kin lm vic ca thit b tch: 300C v 7 bar

Hy xc nh:
1. Phn mol bay hi ca nguyn liu trong iu kin ca bnh tch?
2. Thnh phn ca lng v hi ra khi thit b tch?
3. Nng sut nhit ca thit b tch?
39
Bi ton 3: Tnh nhit si ca mt hn hp hai pha mt p sut

nht nh
Nguyn liu c thnh phn nh bi ton 2, lu lng = 5500 kg/h.
Hy xc nh:
1. Nhit si ca hn hp nguyn liu ny p sut 7 bar?
2. Hng s cn bng pha ca cc cu t ?
3. Thnh phn hn hp hi cn bng vi lng?
4. Nng sut nhit ca thit b tch?
Gii quyt bi ton
gii quyt bi ton trn, ta tin hnh cc bc:
Gi thit cho hn hp nguyn liu ny i vo mt bnh tch lm vic p sut l 7
bar.
Tin hnh m phng nh bi ton 2
V mun xc nh nhit si ca hn hp ca s Flash Drum, mc Second
Specification Chn Bubble point mc Unit Specification
Do phi xc nh hng s cn bng pha ca cc cu t ca s Flash Drum,
mc Print Option Chn Include Component K - values
S bi ton
Bi ton 4: M phng thp tch propane

Tnh cho thp Depropanizer vi cc d liu ban u nh sau :
Nguyn liu :
-
nng sut : 400 tn/ngy
P = 18 bar
c thnh phn 40% hi gm : 26% khi lng C3 v 74 % khi lng C4
Thp :
-
22 a l thuyt; np liu a 13
p sut nh : 16,5 bar; tr lc : 10 mbar/a l thuyt
thit b ngng t hon ton ; p sut bnh tch : 16,2 bar
Ch tiu cht lng sau :

-
sn phm nh : c 0,5% khi lng C4
40
sn phm y : c 0,5% khi lng C3
Hy xc nh :
-
Ch s hi lu ?
Nng sut nhit ca thit b un si li v thit b ngng t (MkCal/ngy)
Lu lng sn phm nh v sn phm y ?
S bi ton
41
42
Bi ton 5: Xc nh a np liu ti u cho thp tch propane bng

cng c Optimiser

Nguyn liu :
-
P = 18 bar
c thnh phn 40% hi gm : 26% khi lng propane v 74 % khi lng

butane
Thp :
-
22 a l thuyt
p sut nh : 16,5 bar; tr lc : 10 mbar/a l thuyt
thit b ngng t hon ton
p sut bnh tch : 16,2 bar

-
Hy xc nh a np liu ti u nng sut ca thit b un si li l b nht
43
44
Bi ton 6: Xc nh s a l thuyt ti thiu v ch s hi lu ti

thiu cho thp tch propane bng phng php shortcut
Bi ton
Nguyn liu :
-
P = 18 bar
c thnh phn 40% hi gm : 26% khi lng propane v 74 % khi lng

butane
Thp :
-
p sut nh : 16,5 bar
tr lc : 10 mbar/a l thuyt
thit b ngng t hon ton
p sut bnh tch : 16,2 bar

-
Hy xc nh :
-
S a l thuyt ti thiu?
Ch s hi lu ti thiu?
45
CHNG 3:
46
TRCH LY
3.1. Nguyn tc
- Trch ly l qu trnh tch hon ton hay mt phn cht ha tan trong cht lng hay cht
rn bng mt cht lng khc Ch xt cho hn hp lng - lng
- Yu cu ca dung mi:
-
Ha tan chn lc cu t cn tch;
H s khuych tn D ln vn tc chuyn khi ln;
Nhit dung ring v nhit ha hi nh (tit kim khi hon nguyn dung mi);
bay hi ln (nhit si nh);
Khng n mn thit b, khng tc dng ha hc vi cc cu t trong hn hp;
R tin, d kim;
3.2. S
S: dung mi
Hn hp lng A + B
(A: cu t cn tch)
Pha E (A-S + B)
Pha R (B + A-S)
3.3. ng dng
- Trong cng nghip lc ha du: tch cc sn phm c nhit si gn nhau;
- Trong cng nghip dc phm: tch pnicilline t hn hp ln men;
- Trong cng nghip luyn kim: tch kim loi trong dung dch ;
- Trong cng nghip thc phm: tch du bo, tinh du t nguyn liu;
CHNG 4:
47
THIT B PHN NG
4.1. I CNG
4.1.1. PHN LOI THIT B PHN NG
a- Theo pha ca h
Theo bn cht pha : thit b phn ng pha kh, lng hoc rn ;
Theo s pha :
-
thit b phn ng mt pha (ng th) : pha kh hoc lng,
thit b phn ng nhiu pha (d th) :

-
thit b phn ng hai pha : kh-lng, lng-lng, kh-rn, lng-rn
thit b phn ng ba pha : kh-lng-rn.
Theo trng thi pha : thit b phn ng pha lin tc hoc pha phn tn
b- iu kin tin hnh qu trnh
Theo phng thc lm vic:
-
thit b phn ng gin on
lin tc
bn lin tc
Theo iu kin nhit

-
thit b phn ng ng nhit
on nhit
c- Theo iu kin thy ng

Theo chiu chuyn ng ca cc pha :
-
thit b phn ng xui dng, ngc dng hoc dng cho nhau
thit b phn ng dc trc hoc xuyn tm
48
Theo ch chuyn ng :
-
thit b phn ng dng ng ;
thit b phn ng khuy trn hon ton
thit b phn ng nhiu ngn.
Theo trng thi tng xc tc :

-
thit b phn ng tng xc tc c nh ;
thit b phn ng tng xc tc di ng ;
thit b phn ng tng si ;
thit b phn ng tng xc tc ko theo
4.1.2. PHN LOI CC THIT B PHN NG THEO PHNG THC LM

VIC
Tu thuc vo phng thc lm vic, ngi ta chia thit b phn ng thnh 3 loi :
a- Thit b phn ng gin on :
nh ngha : l thit b phn ng lm vic theo tng m, ngha l cc thnh phn tham
gia phn ng v cc cht ph gia (dung mi, cht tr) hoc cc cht xc tc c a
tt c vo thit b ngay t thi im u. Sau thi gian nht nh, khi phn ng t
c chuyn ha yu cu, ngi ta cho dng thit b v tho sn phm ra.
u im :
-
Tnh linh ng cao : c th dng thit b thc hin cc phn ng khc nhau
to ra cc sn phm khc nhau
t chuyn ha cao do c th khng ch thi gian phn ng theo yu cu
Chi ph u t thp do t phi trang b cc thit b iu khin t ng
Nhc im :
-
Nng sut thp do thi gian mt chu k lm vic di : i hi thi gian np liu,
t nng, lm ngui, tho sn phm v lm sch thit b
49
Mc c gii ha v t ng ha thp
Kh iu chnh v khng ch qu trnh do tnh bt n nh ca phng thc lm

vic gin on
Mc gy c hi hoc nguy him i vi ngi sn xut cao hn do mc

t ng ha thp, ngi cng nhn phi tip xc nhiu hn vi cc ha cht
Phm vi ng dng :
-
Ch thch hp vi cc phn xng nng sut nh
Phc v cho mc ch sn xut nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau trong cng mt
thit b
b- Thit b phn ng lin tc :

nh ngha : l thit b m trong cc cht tham gia phn ng c a lin tc vo
thit b v sn phm cng c ly ra lin tc. Sau thi gian khi ng th nhit , p
sut, lu lng v nng cc cht tham gia phn ng khng thay i theo thi gian,
thit b lm vic trng thi n nh
u im :
-
C kh nng c gii ha v t ng ha cao
nng sut cao do khng tn thi gian np liu v tho sn phm
cht lng sn phm n nh do tnh n nh ca qu trnh
Nhc im :
-
Chi ph u t cao, trc ht l do i hi phi trang b cc thit b t ng iu

khin m bo tnh n nh ca qu trnh
Tnh linh ng thp, t c kh nng thc hin cc phn ng khc nhau, to cc

sn phm khc nhau
Phm vi ng dng : thit b phn ng lin tc c s dng thch hp cho cc qu

trnh sn xut vi nng sut ln, cht lng sn phm m bo
50
c- Thit b phn ng bn lin tc :

nh ngha : l thit b m trong c thnh phn cht tham gia phn ng a vo
gin on cn cc cht khc a vo lin tc. Sn phm c th ly ra gin on hay
lin tc
Phm vi ng dng : c thc hin i vi nhng qu trnh khng c kh nng thc
hin theo phng thc lin tc, cn nu thc hin theo phng thc gin on li cho
nng sut thp
Khi tnh ton thit k thit b phn ng phi da trn yu cu ca sn xut (nng
sut v cht lng sn phm). Trn c s cc phng trnh cn bng vt cht v cn
bng nhit - l nhng phng trnh ton hc m t quan h gia cc thng s ng hc,
nhit ng v cc iu kin thc hin qu trnh vi cc thng s c trng cho kch
thc hnh hc ca thit b nh th tch, chiu di thit b, thi gian lu, ... t c th
tnh ton cc kch thc c bn ca thit b.
4.1.3. NHIM V THIT K THIT B PHN NG
Thit k mt thit b phn ng l xc nh kch thc ca thit b t c hiu
sut thu sn phm mong mun, ng thi xc nh nhit , p sut v thnh phn ca
hn hp phn ng iu kin vn hnh ti cc phn khc nhau ca thit b.
Cc s liu cn thit hay cn gi l iu kin thit k bao gm :
-
Cc d liu ban u ca dng nguyn liu nh : lu lng, nhit , p sut,

thnh phn cc cht tham gia phn ng, ...
Ch vn hnh ca thit b : gin on hoc lin tc, on nhit hoc ng

nhit, ...
Yu cu v nng sut v cht lng sn phm.
Thit k ti u da trn nguyn liu, chi ph ban u, chi ph vn hnh v gi tr

thng mi ca sn phm cui cng
51
4.2. CN BNG VT CHT V CN BNG NHIT TNG QUT

4.2.4. Cn bng vt cht
Cn bng vt cht cho mt tc cht c vit di dng tng qut c th p dng cho
bt k mt dng thit b phn ng no.
Trong mt phn t th tch V v mt phn t thi gian t, cn bng vt cht dng
tng qut l :
Lng tc cht
nhp vo phn
Lng tc cht
t th tch
ri khi phn
t th tch
Lng tc cht
phn ng trong
phn t th tch
Lng tc cht
= cn li trong
(III-1)
phn t th tch
S hng th ba ph thuc vo vn tc phn ng trong phn t th tch V v c dng

(-rA).V.t
vi (-rA) - phng trnh vn tc phn ng ha hc
phng trnh (5-1) c th tnh theo khi lng hoc theo mol.
4.2.5. Cn bng nhit
Cn bng nhit nhm mc ch xc nh nhit ti mi im trong thit b phn ng
(hay ti mi thi im nu thit b hot ng gin on) xc nh ng vn tc ti
im .
Trong mt phn t th tch V v mt phn t thi gian t, phng trnh cn bng
nhit tng qut cho thit b phn ng l :
Nhit do tc cht
mang vo phn
t th tch
Nhit do tc cht
mang ra khi
phn t th tch
Nhit trao i
+ vi mi trng
bn ngoi
Nhit tch t
= li trong phn
(III-2)
t th tch
Dng ca phng trnh (III-1) v (III-2) ph thuc vo loi thit b phn ng v

phng php vn hnh. Trong nhiu trng hp, mt hoc nhiu s hng ca phng
trnh trn s khng c.
52
4.3. M T MT S DNG THIT B PHN NG NG TH C BN

Thit b phn ng lin tc
i vi dng thit b ny, ta phn thnh 2 loi c bn :
a- Thit b phn ng dng ng :
Trong thit b phn ng dng ng, nguyn liu c nhp vo mt u ca ng hnh
tr v dng sn phm ra u kia ;
Do thit b ny thng hot ng trng thi n nh, khng c s khuy trn theo
phng dc trc nn tnh cht ca dng chy thay i t im ny n im khc ch
do qu trnh phn ng. V vy, ngi ta gi thit rng trong thit b dng ny, tnh cht
ca cc phn t trn cng mt tit din l nh nhau v khng thay i theo thi gian ;
Chng ta c s n gin ca thit b phn ng dng ng nh hnh v bn di. T
c th biu din s ph thuc ca nng tc cht c xt vo chiu di ca thit
b phn ng l mt ng cong lin tc v gim dn t u vo n u ra ca thit b.
S n gin ca thit b phn ng dng ng
Tc cht
Sn phm
xAo
xAf
u vo
u ra Chiu di thit b
Thit b phn ng dng ny thng s dng 1 trong 3 loi tng xc tc sau : tng xc
tc c nh, di ng v ko theo.
53
V phng din ng hc, c th m t thit b phn ng dng ng theo s sau :

CAo
FAo
xAo= 0
vo
FA
xA
FA+dFA
xA+ dxA
CAf
FAf
xAf
vf
dV
dx
xA
Phng trnh (III-1) v (III-2) c th c vit cho mt n nguyn th tch V :
Lng tc cht
nhp vo phn
t th tch
Lng tc cht
ri khi phn
Lng tc cht
t th tch
phn ng trong
Lng tc cht
= cn li trong
phn t th tch
(III-1)
phn t th tch
i vi phng trnh (III-1) :

-
S hng th nht l FAo.(1 - xA ).t ;
Nu chuyn ha khi ra khi phn t th tch l xA + xA th s hng th hai

l : FAo.(1 - xA - xA).t ;
S hng th ba l (- rA ). V. t ;
S hng th t bng 0 v qu trnh trng thi n nh.
Vy phng trnh (5-1) c vit l :

FAo.(1 - xA ).t FAo.(1 - xA - xA).t (- rA ). V. t = 0
Hay :
FAo. xA (- rA ). V = 0
54
Chia 2 v cho V v ly gii hn khi cho V 0, ta c :
dx A ( rA )
=
dV
FA
0
V FAo l lu lng ban u ca tc cht nn khng i, ly tch phn theo xA t xA1 n

xA2 ta c :
x
dx A
V
=
FA
x ( rA )
A2
(VI - 1)
A1
V d 1 : Phn ng phn hy pha kh ng th 650 oC :

4PH3 (k) P4 (k) + 6H2 (k)
y la phn ng bc mt vi phng trnh vn tc l : ( rPH3 ) = (10 h-1 ) CPH3
Tm th tch bnh phn ng dng ng hot ng 650 oC v 4,6 at t chuyn ha
l 80% vi lu lng dng nguyn liu phosphin tinh cht ban u l 2 kmol/h.
Gii :
t A = PH3, R = P4, S = H2, lc phn ng c vit di dng :
4A R + 6S
Th tch bnh phn ng dng ng c xc nh theo cng thc :
V = FA
x A 2 =0,8
0
x A1 =0
dx A
=F
( rA ) A
0,8
0
dx A
k C
0
p sut khng i, ta c :
CA =
FA (1 x A )
FA
1 xA
=
= CA
V V0 (1 + x A )
1+ xA
0
Ly tch phn, ta c :
xA
FA
dx A
V = FA
=
1 xA
k CA
0
k CA
1+ xA
FA
1+ xA
1
dx
=
(
1
+
)
ln
x
A
A
0 1 x
k CA
1 xA
A
xA
55
Vi cc s liu cho trc :

FAo
= 2 kmol/h
= 10 h-1
xA
= 0,8
= 0,082 at.l/mol.K
C Ao =
Vy :
= 2000 mol/h
4,6
= 0,06
0,082 (650 + 273)
74
= 0,75
4
V=
2000
(1 + 0,75) ln 1 0,75 0,8
10 0,06
1 0,8
V = 7388 lt
b- Thit b phn ng dng khuy trn l tng

C 3 cch vn hnh : lin tc (n nh) , gin on v bn lin tc.
a- Lin tc
b- Gin on
c- Bn lin tc
c c trng bng qu trnh khuy trn l hon ton, do hn hp phn ng ng

nht v nhit v thnh phn trong tt c cc phn ca thit b v ging dng ra ca
sn phm. iu ny c ngha l phn t th tch V trong cc phng trnh cn bng
c th c ly l th tch V ca ton thit b.
56
Ngi ta gi thit rng u vo ca thit b phn ng, nng ca tc cht gim mt

cch t ngt v ng bng nng ca mi im trong ton th tch ca thit b v
nng ca dng sn phm ra. Ta c th biu din s thay i nng ca tc cht
t u vo n u ra ca thit b l mt ng gp khc nh sau :
Nng ca tc cht
CAo
CAf
u vo
u ra
Th tch thit b
Thit b phn ng khuy trn hot ng n nh :

Xt trng hp n gin ch c mt dng nhp liu v mt dng sn phm v tnh
cht ca cc dng ny khng thay i theo thi gian, nh vy :
-
Hai s hng u trong phng trnh cn bng l khng i : Lng tc cht nhp
vo th tch V ca thit b phn ng l FAo(1-xAo).t v lng tc cht ra khi
thit b phn ng l FAo (1-xAf).t ;
V hn hp phn ng trong bnh c nhit v thnh phn ng nht, nn vn

tc phn ng l khng i v c xc nh vi nhit v thnh phn ca dng
sn phm v bng (-rA ).V.t ;
V thit b phn ng hot ng lin tc v n nh nn khng c s tch t tc

cht trong thit b, v vy s hng th t bng 0 ;
Vy phng trnh vt cht vit cho thit b phn ng khuy trn hot ng n nh
trong khong thi gian t l :
FAo(1-xAo).t FAo (1-xAf).t (-rA ).V.t = 0
57
x x Ao
V
V
=
= Af
FA
CA
( rA )f
Hay :
trong :
(IV - 2)
xAo v xAf - chuyn ha ca tc cht trc khi vo thit b v sau khi ra

khi thit b ;
v - lu lng ca dng nguyn liu (l/h)
Nu dng nguyn liu cha cu t A hon ton cha chuyn ha, ngha l xAo = 0 th :
x Af
V
=
FA
( rA )f
(IV - 3)
V d 1 : Xt phn ng pha lng, thun nghch :
A + B R + S
vi k1 = 7 lt/mol.ph v k1 = 3 lt/mol.ph c thc hin trong bnh phn ng dng khuy

trn hot ng n nh c th tch 120 lt.
Hai dng nguyn liu : mt dng cha 2,8mol A/l, mt dng cha 1,6mol B/l c
a vo bnh phn ng vi lu lng th tch bng nhau t chuyn ha ca B gii
hn l 75%. Xc nh lu lng ca mi dng.
2,8 mol A/l
1,6 mol B/l
xB = 75%
58
Gii :
Nng ca cc cu t trong dng nguyn liu ban u l :
CAo = 1,4 mol/l
CBo = 0,8 mol/l
CRo = CSo = 0
Vi chuyn ha ca B l xB = 75%, thnh phn ca hn hp phn ng trong bnh hoc
trong dng sn phm ra l :
CA = CAo CBo.xB
= 1,4 0,8 0,75 = 0,8 mol/l
CB = CBo CBo.xB
= 0,8 0,8 0,75 = 0,2 mol/l
CR = CS = CBo.xB
= 0,8 0,75 = 0,6 mol/l
Lu :
CA = CAo CAo.xA = CAo CBo.xB
Vy :
CAo.xA = CBo.xB
Phng trnh vn tc ca phn ng thun nghch ny l :

(rA) = (rB) = k1CACB k2CRCS
= 7 (l/mol.ph) 0,8(mol/l) 0,2 (mol/l) 3(l/mol.ph) 0,6(mol/l) 0,6 (mol/l)
= 0,04 mol/l.ph
Theo biu thc (IV-2 ), ta c :
V ( rB )f 120(l ) 0,04(mol / l.ph )

V CA x A CB x B
=
=
v=
=
= 8 (l / ph )
v
( rA )f ( rB )f
CB x B
0,8(mol / l ).0,75
0
Vy, lu lng mi dng l 4 lt/ph.
59
c- Thit b phn ng nhiu ngn (tag)

c im :
-
vn hnh lin tc ;
gm nhiu ngn, mi ngn c lp cnh khuy khuy trn lin tc v hn hp

phn ng s chuyn ng t ngn u n ngn cui nh chy trn. V vy c
th xem y l h nhiu bnh phn ng khuy trn lin tc mc ni tip v nng
ca tc cht trong mi ngn l nh nhau v gim dn t ngn u n ngn
cui. Hay ni mt cch khc chuyn ha ca tc cht trong mi ngn l nh
nhau nhng tng dn t ngn u n ngn cui.
Nu s ngn tng n v cc th th tch vi ca mi ngn s gim n ti thiu sao cho

tng th tch l khng i. Lc , s bin thin nng ca tc cht gia hai ngn
lin tip nhau l rt b v ta c th v mt ng lin tc thay cho ng gp khc
biu din s bin thin nng ca tc cht t ngn u n ngn cui. Do , dng
thit b phn ng ny c xem l dng trung gian gia thit b phn ng dng ng v
dng khuy trn lin tc.
CAo
CAf
CAo
CAf
Ngn 1
Ngn 2
Ngn 3
Ngn 4
60
4.4. P DNG PHNG TRNH THIT K

thc hin mt phn ng theo nhng iu kin cho trc, chng ta c th dng
nhiu loi thit b phn ng khc nhau nh : thit b phn ng dng ng, thit b phn
ng khuy trn hot ng lin tc hoc gin on hoc h nhiu thit b phn ng mc
ni tip hoc song song.
Hai thng s thit k nh hng n tnh kinh t ca qu trnh l th tch ca thit b
phn ng v hiu sut thu cc sn phm. Vi mt thit b phn ng c kt cu v th
tch thch hp s cho hiu sut thu sn phm chnh cc i, ng thi hn ch lng
sn phm ph l cc tiu.
Trong chng ny, ta s so snh cc phng n thit k thit b phn ng khc nhau
cho thit b n hoc cho h nhiu thit b phn ng.
4.4.6. SO SNH CC THIT B PHN NG N
4.4.6.1 Thit b phn ng khuy trn hot ng n nh v thit b phn ng

dng ng vi phn ng bc mt v bc hai
Dng phng trnh vn tc tng qut :
( rA ) =
1 dN A
= kC An
V dt
vi n bin i bt k t 0 3
Vi hai dng thit b phn ng ny, chuyn ha l hm ca lu lng nguyn liu,
thnh phn nguyn liu, bc phn ng v h s bin i th tch.
Ta tnh thi gian lu i vi thit b phn ng khuy trn hot ng n nh :
x .(1 + x A )
V C .V C . x
1
kh = = Ao = Ao A =
A
n 1
( rA ) k .C Ao
v
FAo
(1 x A )n
i vi thit b phn ng dng ng :

x
A
dx A
V C .V
1
= = Ao = C Ao
=
( rA ) k .C Aon1
v
FAo
0
(1 + x A )n dx A
0 (1 x )n
A
xA
61
Chia hai phng trnh, v theo v ta c :
(.C )
(.C )
n 1
Ao kh
n 1
Ao
(
C nAo .V
1+ xA )
x A .
(1 x A ) kh
FAo kh
=
= x
C nAo .V
(1 + x A )n
dx A
n
FAo 0 (1 x A )
(V - 1)
Nu khi lng ring khng i, th tch s khng i v = 0, ta c :
(.C )
(.C )
n 1
Ao kh
n 1
Ao
Ly tch phn, vi n 1 :
vi n = 1 :
xA
n
(1 x A ) kh
= x
1
dx
A
n
0 (1 x A )
(.C )
(.C )
xA
n
(1 x A ) kh
=
1
(1 x A )n 1
1 n
(.C )
(.C )
xA
x
A kh
=
ln (1 x A )
n 1
Ao kh
n 1
Ao
n 1
Ao kh
n 1
Ao
(V - 2 )
Phng trnh (V-1) v (V-2) c biu din bng th trn hnh (4-1). Vi cng
nng nguyn liu ban u CAo v lu lng nguyn liu FAo, tung ca gin s
cho ta trc tip t s th tch ca hai dng thit b phn ng trn.
Hnh 4.1:
So snh hot ng ca TBPU khuy trn hot ng n nh v TBPU dng ng cho phn
ng bc n. Vi cng iu kin np liu, trc tung cho gi tr t s Vkh/V
62
4.4.6.2 nh hng ca s bin i t l nng ban u ca tc cht trong

phn ng bc hai
Vi phn ng bc hai loi : A + B sn phm , phng trnh vn tc l :
( rA ) = ( rB ) = k .C A .C B
Hnh (4-1) cho php ta so snh th tch ca hai loi thit b khi nng ban u
ca hai tc cht bng nhau. Tuy nhin trong thc t, nng ban u ca hai tc cht
thng khng bng nhau. T l ti u ph thuc vo cc yu t nh : chi ph phn tch
sn phm ra khi tc cht cha phn ng, chi ph hi lu tc cht, ...
63
Vi M = CBo / CAo > 1 v = 0 , thi gian lu ca tc cht trong thit b phn ng

dng ng l :
C .V
M 1 = Ao
FAo
M xA
1
=
ln
M (1 x A )
kC Ao .(M 1)
C .V
M =1 = Ao
FAo
x
1
=
A
kC Ao 1 x A
Hnh (4-2 ) cho ta so snh s hot ng ca thit b phn ng dng ng vi cc gi

tr khc nhau ca CAo, FAo, M v xA vi = 0.
(C Ao )M 1
(C Ao )M =1
Vi thit b phn ng dng khuy trn, hot ng n nh :
64
C .V
M 1 = Ao
FAo
M =1
xA
=
kC Ao .(1 x A )(M x A )
C .V
xA
= Ao =
2
FAo kC Ao (1 x )
Hnh (4-3 ) cho ta so snh s hot ng ca thit b phn ng dng khuy trn, hot
ng n nh vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca CAo, FAo, M v xA vi = 0. Vi cng iu
kin FAo v CAo, tung ca hai hnh (4-2) v (4-3) cho ta t s ca hai loi thit b.
(C Ao )M1
(C Ao )M=1
V d : Phn ng pha lng : A + B sn phm vi phng trnh vn tc l :

(-rA ) = (500 l/mol.ph ) CA.CB
c thc hin trong thit b phn ng dng ng vn hnh trong cc iu kin sau :
th tch thit b : V = 0,1 l ;
lu lng th tch ca nguyn liu : v = 0,05 l/ph ;
nng ca tc cht trong nguyn liu : CBo = CAo = 0,01 mol/l
65
Hy :
a- Xc nh chuyn ha ca tc cht ?
b- Vi cng vn tc v chuyn ha, tm th tch ca thit b dng khuy trn, hot
ng n nh ?
c- Vi cng vn tc, tnh chuyn ha c th t c trong thit b b dng khuy trn
c cng th tch vi thit b dng ng ?
Khi thay i dng t l nng ban u ca tc cht trong nguyn liu : CBo =
0,015 mol/l v CAo = 0,010 mol/l, hy tnh :
d- Vi cng lu lng nguyn liu np vo, tm chuyn ha ca A trong thit b dng
ng ban u ?
e- Vi cng chuyn ha ban u, tm t l tng nng sut ng vi dng nguyn liu
mi ?
f- Tm lu lng nguyn liu cn thit np vo cho thit b phn ng dng khuy trn,
hot ng n nh c V = 100 l, chuyn ha ca tc cht gii hn l 99% ?
Gii :
a- Xc nh chuyn ha ca tc cht trong thit b phn ng dng ng :
Tnh thi gian lu :
=
Do :
V
0,1(l )
=
= 2( ph )
v 0,05(l / ph )
k.CAo. = 500 (l/mol.ph). 0,01 (mol/l). 2 (ph) = 10
T hnh (4-2), giao im ca ng k.CAo. = 10 v ng M = 1 (nm ngang) cho ta gi

tr ca 1- xA = 0,09 hay xA = xB = 0,91 = 91%
66
b- Th tch ca thit b dng khuy trn, hot ng n nh cng iu kin :

Vi cng vn tc v chuyn ha, tung trn hnh (4-1) cho ta t s th tch ca hai
dng bnh phn ng Vkh / V. Vi xA = 0,91, ta tra c :
Vkh
= 11
V
Vkh = 11V = 11 0,1 = 1,1(l )
c- chuyn ha ca tc cht trong thit b khuy trn hot ng n nh c cng th

tch :
Vi cng th tch bnh th k.CAo. = 10.
Giao im ca ng k.CAo. = 10 v ng M = 1 (nm ngang) trn hnh (4-3) cho ta
gi tr ca 1- xA = 0,28 hay xA = 0,72 = 72%
d- chuyn ha ca tc cht trong thit b dng ng c M 1 :
M = CBo / CAo = 0,015/0,010 = 1,5.
Vi cng lu lng nguyn liu np vo, gi tr ca k.CAo. s khng i v bng 10
(FAo = CAo.V). Trn hnh (4-2), t giao im ca hai ng k.CAo. = 10 v M = 1,5, ta
ngoi suy gi tr ca 1- xA = 0,006 hay xA = 0,994 = 99,4%
e- T l tng nng sut vi dng nguyn liu mi :
Dng nguyn liu mi c M = 1,5 v xA = 0,91. Tung trn hnh (4-3) cho ta t s :
(.C Ao )M =1,5
(.C Ao )M =1
C Ao
v
M =1,5
=
= 0,30
V
C Ao
v
M =1
M CAo v V l ging nhau trong c hai trng hp, do lu lng th tch dng nguyn
liu mi s bng :
v M =1,5 = v M =1
1
0,05
=
= 0,17(l / ph )
0,30 0,30
Nh vy, nng sut tng thm 240%.
67
f- Nng sut ca thit b khuy trn hot ng n nh c V = 100 lt v xA = 99% :

Vi xA = 99% = 0,99 1 - xA = 0,01 v M = 1,5 ; trn biu (4-3) ta suy ra :
kC Ao = kC Ao
kC AoV 500(l / mol . ph ) 0,01(mol / l ) 100(l )

V
= 190 v =
=
= 2,63l / ph
v
190
190
4.4.7. H NHIU THIT B PHN NG
4.4.7.1 Thit b phn ng dng ng mc ni tip v / hoc mc song song

a- Mc ni tip
Xt j thit b phn ng dng ng mc ni tip v gi x1, x2, ...,xj l chuyn ha
ca tc cht A khi ri khi thit b phn ng 1, 2, ..., j.
T cn bng vt cht da trn lu lng mol ca A vo thit b phn ng u tin,
ta vit c cho thit b phn ng th i :
Vi
=
FAo
x Ai
dx A
( r )
A
x Ai 1
Vi j thit b mc ni tip :
j
V1 + V2 + ... + V j
V
V
= i =
FAo i =1 FAo
FAo
x A1
A2
a
dx A
dx A
dx A
=
+
+ .... +
( rA ) x A1 ( rA )
( rA )
x Ao = 0
x Aj 1
x Aj
dx A
( r )
0
Nh vy, vi j thit b phn ng dng ng mc ni tip c tng th tch l V s cho

chuyn ha ng bng chuyn ha trong mt thit b phn ng dng ng c th tch V.
b- Mc song song
i vi cc thit b phn ng dng ng mc song song, s phn phi nguyn liu
phi m bo sao cho thnh phn ti mi nhnh l ging nhau, ngha l t s V/F hay thi
gian lu mi nhnh l bng nhau.
68
Nh vy, vi j thit b phn ng dng ng c th tch l Vi (i = 1 j ) mc song

song s cho chuyn ha ng bng chuyn ha trong mi thit b phn ng v lu
lng ca tc cht np vo h thit b phn ng s bng tng lu lng u vo ca cc
tc cht ca j thit b phn ng.
4.4.7.2 Thit b phn ng khuy trn bng nhau mc ni tip (thit b phn
ng nhiu ngn)
Xt j bnh phn ng khuy trn bng nhau mc ni tip. Gi s = 0
a- i vi phn ng bc mt
Phng trnh cn bng vt cht cho bnh phn ng th i vit cho cu t A l :
i =
hay
C Ao .Vi Vi C Ao ( x Ai x Ai 1 )
=
=
( rA )
FAo
v
C C
C Ao 1 Ai 1 Ai 1
C Ao C Ai 1 C Ai
C Ao
i =
=
kC Ai
kC Ai
C Ai 1
= 1 + ki
C Ai
Vi thi gian lu l ging nhau cho tt c j bnh phn ng khuy trn c th tch Vi bng
nhau. Do :
C Aj 1
C Ao
C
1
C
j
=
= Ao A1 .....
= (1 + ki )
C Aj 1 x Aj C A1 C A 2
C Aj
Vit cho c h vi j bnh phn ng khuy trn :

j ,kh
j
= j.i =
k
C 1 / j
Ao 1
C Aj
i vi h thit b phn ng dng ng :
69
1 C Ao
ln
k CA
T cc phng trnh trn, ta c th so snh hiu qu hot ng ca j bnh phn ng khuy

trn mc ni tip vi mt thit b dng ng hoc mt bnh khuy trn ring l. Kt qu
c trnh by trn hnh (4-7) cho phn ng bc mt v khi lng ring ca h bin i
khng ng k ( = 0 )
b- i vi phn ng bc hai
Vi phn ng bc hai loi hai phn t (M = 1), chng minh tng t nh trn cho j bnh
1
2ki
1 + 1 + 2 1 + 2 1 + 4C k
Ao
i
khuy trn mc ni tip :
C Aj =
Vi thit b dng ng :
C Ao
= 1 + C Ao k
CA
Kt qu c biu din trn hnh (4-8)
70
V d : Mt bnh phn ng dng khuy trn c chuyn ha l 90% tc cht A thnh

sn phm theo phn ng bc hai. Ta d nh thay bnh ny bng hai bnh c tng th tch
bng th tch bnh trc.
a- Vi cng chuyn ha 90%, nng sut s tng bao nhiu ?
b- Nu gi nguyn nng sut nh trng hp mt bnh, chuyn ha s tng bao
nhiu ?
c- Gi s ta mc ni tip bnh th nht vi mt bnh th hai c cng th tch. Vi cng
chuyn ha, nng sut s tng bao nhiu ?
d- Vi cng nng sut, chuyn ha tng bao nhiu ?
71
Gii :
a- Vi cng chuyn ha 90%, nng sut s tng bao nhiu ?
Thay bnh phn ng dng khuy trn bng hai bnh c tng th tch bng th tch
ca bnh u v cng t chuyn ha bng xA = 90% 1 - xA = 0,10. S dng hnh
(4-8) cho phn ng bc hai, ta tra c :
Vi j = 1 :
j =1
= 10
j=1
Do o :
j= 2
va
j =1
=3
C Ao .V
FAo j = 1 10
=
=
= 3,33
C Ao .V
3
FAo j = 2
Vi cung CAo va V
(FAo )j= 2
(FAo )j=1
= 3,33
Nh vy, vi cng chuyn ha l 90%, nu thay mt bnh bng hai bnh c tng
th tch bng th tch ca bnh u th nng sut s tng thm 2,33 ln hay 233%.
b- Nu gi nguyn nng sut nh trng hp mt bnh, chuyn ha s tng bao
nhiu ?
Vi nng sut khng i cho cng th tch bnh nn k, khng i ng
k.CAo. chnh l ng k.CAo. = 90 trong trng hp mt bnh (j = 1) t chuyn ha
l 90%. ng k.CAo. s ct ng j = 2 ti im 1 - xA = 0,046 xA = 95,4%.
Nu thay 1 bnh bng 2 bnh c tng th tch bng th tch ca bnh u m vn
gi nguyn nng sut nh trng hp 1 bnh th chuyn ha s tng thm 5,4%.
c- Gi s ta mc ni tip bnh th nht vi mt bnh th hai c cng th tch. Vi cng
chuyn ha, nng sut s tng bao nhiu ?
Nh trong cu a, ta xc nh c :
j =1
j =2
Vi :
V j = 2 = 2V j =1
72
= 3,33
(FAo ) j =2
(FAo ) j =1
= 2 3,33 = 6,66
Vy, nng sut tng thm 5,66 ln hay 566%.

d- Vi cng nng sut, chuyn ha tng bao nhiu ?
Vi mt bnh t chuyn ha 90%, t hnh (4-8 ) ta tra c : k.CAo. = 90.
Vi hai bnh phn ng th thi gian lu s tng gp i k.CAo. = 180. ng ny s
ct ng j = 2 ti im 1 - xA = 0,026 xA = 97,4%.
Nh vy, chuyn ha tng thm 7,4%.

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MN HC

NGUYN L HA CNG NGHIP

TI LIU THAM KHO

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

Thit b phn ng Bi tp p dng

Thit b trao i nhit

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

6- THAY I DNG NG VIN CC DNG (MODIFYING THE FLOWSHEET STREAM BORDER

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

1.1. PHN LOI CC QU TRNH TRONG CNG NGH HA HC

Cc qu trnh c hc: gm cc qu trnh: p, nghin, sng, cc vt liu

Cc qu trnh thu lc: nghin cu v:

Cc qu trnh nhit: nghin cu v:

Cc nh lut v truyn nhit (dn nhit, cp nhit, bc x nhit, )

Cc qu trnh chuyn khi: nghin cu v:

Cc nh lut v s di chuyn vt cht gia cc pha vi nhau

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

1.2. NHNG KIN THC C BN CA QU TRNH CHUYN KHI

Tu theo c trng ca s di chuyn vt cht v tnh cht ca 2 pha phn loi:

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

2.1. NH NGHA CHNG

- dng tch cc hn hp gm cc cu t c bay hi rt khc nhau

Chng bng hi nc trc tip:

- dng tch cc hn hp gm cc cht kh bay hi v tp cht khng bay hi

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

- thng c ng dng trong trng hp cht c tch khng tan vo nc

Chng chn khng: Dng trong trng hp cn h thp nhit si ca cu

t (i vi cc cu t trong hn hp d b phn hu nhit cao hay c nhit

- L phng php ph bin nht dng tch hon ton hn hp cc cu t d bay

Dung dch l tng:

- l dung dch m trong lc lin kt gia cc phn t cng loi v lc lin kt

Dung dch thc:

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

Ta xt trng hp ph bin nht:

thnh phn ca dung dch 2 cu t

Tun theo nh lut Raout;

Sai lch dng

2.4. CN BNG LNG HI CA HN HP 2 CU T

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

T0A < T0B

xM, yM: thnh phn ca cu t A trong pha lng v pha hi P v TM

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

2.4.5. Gin phn mol x-y

V d ta c gin phn mol x-y ca h 2 cu t Propane v Butane. Trong :

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

2.5. THP CHNG LUYN

Thp chng luyn gm c 2 on :

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

2.5.2. Thit b ngng t nh thp (Condenser)

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

2. Bubble Temperature : Hi i ra t nh thp c lm lnh n nhit im

2.5.3. Thit b un si y thp (Reboiler)

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

Trong , loi Thermosiphon gm 2 loi: without baffles v with baffles.

t c cht lng sn phm y cao hn, ngi ta thit k loi

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

2.5.4. Cn bng vt cht

F.aF = P.aP + W.aW

Nguyn l ha cng nghip

Chuyn t nng % khi lng sang nng phn mol :

Vi MA, MB: khi lng mol ca cu t nh v cu t nng

Lp bng cn bng vt cht ton thp: