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CHUYN : BT NG THC - THCS

Ni dung
Phn 1 : Cc kin thc cn l-u
1 - nh ngha
2 - Tnh cht
3 - Mt s hng bt ng thc hay dng
Phn 2: Mt s ph-ng php chng minh bt ng thc
1 - Ph-ng php dng nh ngha
2 - Ph-ng php dng bin i t-ng -ng
3 - Ph-ng php dng bt ng thc quen thuc
4 - Ph-ng php s dng tnh cht bc cu
5 - Ph-ng php dng tnh cht t s
6 - Ph-ng php lm tri
7 - Ph-ng php dng bt ng thc trong tam gic
8 - Ph-ng php i bin s
9 - Ph-ng php dng tam thc bc hai
10 - Ph-ng php quy np
11 - Ph-ng php phn chng
Phn 3: Cc bi tp nng cao
PHN 4 : ng dng ca bt ng thc
1- Dng bt ng thc tm cc tr
2-Dng bt ng thc gii ph-ng trnh v bt ph-ng trnh
3-Dng bt ng thc gii ph-ng trnh nghim nguyn

Phn I : Cc kin thc cn l-u


1-inhngha

A B A B 0

A B A B 0
2-Tnh cht
+ A>B B A
+ A>B v B >C A C
+ A>B A+C >B + C
+ A>B v C > D A+C > B + D
+ A>B v C > 0 A.C > B.C
+ A>B v C < 0 A.C < B.C
+ 0 < A < B v 0 < C <D 0 < A.C < B.D
+ A > B > 0 A n > B n n
+ A > B A n > B n vi n l
+ A > B

A n > B n vi n chn

+ m > n > 0 v A > 1 A m > A n


+ m > n > 0 v 0 <A < 1 A m < A n
1 1
+A < B v A.B > 0

A B
3-Mt s hng bt ng thc
+ A 2 0 vi A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ An 0 vi A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ A 0 vi A (du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ - A <A= A
+ A B A B

( du = xy ra khi A.B > 0)

+ A B A B

( du = xy ra khi A.B < 0)

Phn II : Mt s ph-ng php chng minh bt ng thc


Ph-ng php1: Dng nh ngha
Kin thc : chng minh A > B
Ta chng minh A B > 0
L-u dng hng bt ng thc M 2 0 vi M
V d 1 x, y, z chng minh rng :
a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy+ yz + zx
b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2xy 2xz + 2yz
c) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +3 2 (x + y + z)
Gii:
a) Ta xt hiu
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy yz - zx
1
= .2 .( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy yz zx)
2
1
= ( x y) 2 ( x z ) 2 ( y z ) 2 0 ng vi mi x;y;z R
2
V (x-y)2 0 vix ; y Du bng xy ra khi x=y
(x-z)2 0 vix ; z Du bng xy ra khi x=z
(y-z)2 0 vi z; y Du bng xy ra khi z=y
Vy x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy+ yz + zx
Du bng xy ra khi x = y =z
b)Ta xt hiu
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - ( 2xy 2xz +2yz )
= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2xy +2xz 2yz
=( x y + z) 2 0 ng vi mi x;y;z R
Vy x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2xy 2xz + 2yz ng vi mi x;y;z R
Du bng xy ra khi x+y=z
c) Ta xt hiu
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +3 2( x+ y +z )
= x 2 - 2x + 1 + y 2 -2y +1 + z 2 -2z +1
= (x-1) 2 + (y-1) 2 +(z-1) 2 0
Du(=)xy ra khi x=y=z=1
V d 2: chng minh rng :

a2 b2 a b
a)

;b)
2
2
c) Hy tng qut bi ton
2

a2 b2 c2 a b c

3
3

gii

a b ab

2
2
2a 2 b 2 a 2 2ab b 2
=

4
4
1
= 2a 2 2b 2 a 2 b 2 2ab
4
1
2
= a b 0
4
2

a) Ta xt hiu

a2 b2 a b
Vy

2
2
Du bng xy ra khi a=b
b)Ta xt hiu
2

a2 b2 c2 a b c

3
3

1
2
2
2
= a b b c c a 0
9
2

a2 b2 c2 a b c

Vy

3
3

Du bng xy ra khi a = b =c
c)Tng qut

a12 a 22 .... a n2 a1 a 2 .... a n

n
n

Tm li cc b-c chng minh A B tho nh ngha


B-c 1: Ta xt hiu H = A - B
B-c 2:Bin i H=(C+D) 2 hoc H=(C+D) 2 +.+(E+F) 2
B-c 3:Kt lun A B
2

V d:(chuyn Nga- Php 98-99)


Chng minh m,n,p,q ta u c
m 2 + n 2 + p 2 + q 2 +1 m(n+p+q+1)
Gii:
m2
m2
m2
m2


mn n 2
mp p 2
mq q 2
m 1 0
4
4
4
4

m
m
m
m
n p q 1 0 (lun ng)
2
2
2
2

m
2 n 0
m
p0

Du bng xy ra khi 2

m
q 0
2
m
2 1 0

n 2

m
m2
p

2
n p q 1

m
q

m 22

Ph-ng php 2 : Dng php bin i t-ng -ng


L-u :
Ta bin i bt ng thc cn chng minh t-ng -ng vi bt ng thc ng hoc bt ng thc -c
chng minh l ng.
Ch cc hng ng thc sau:
A B2 A2 2 AB B 2

A B C 2 A2 B 2 C 2 2 AB 2 AC 2BC
A B3 A3 3A2 B 3 AB 2 B 3

V d 1:
Cho a, b, c, d,e l cc s thc chng minh rng
b2
2
ab
a) a
4
b) a 2 b 2 1 ab a b
c) a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 2 ab c d e
Gii:

b2
ab
4
4a 2 b 2 4ab 4a 2 4a b 2 0
2
(bt ng thc ny lun ng)
2a b 0

a) a 2

b2
ab (du bng xy ra khi 2a=b)
4
b) a 2 b 2 1 ab a b
2(a 2 b 2 1 2(ab a b)
a 2 2ab b 2 a 2 2a 1 b 2 2b 1 0
(a b) 2 (a 1) 2 (b 1) 2 0
Bt ng thc cui ng.
2
2
Vy a b 1 ab a b
Du bng xy ra khi a=b=1
c)
a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 2 ab c d e
4 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 2 4ab c d e
a 2 4ab 4b 2 a 2 4ac 4c 2 a 2 4ad 4d 2 a 2 4ac 4c 2 0
Vy a 2

a 2b a 2c a 2d a 2c 0
Bt ng thc ng vy ta c iu phi chng minh
V d 2:
Chng minh rng: a10 b10 a 2 b 2 a 8 b 8 a 4 b 4
2

Gii:

b10 a 2 b 2 a 8 b 8 a 4 b 4 a12 a10b 2 a 2 b10 b12 a12 a 8b 4 a 4 b8 b12


a 8b 2 a 2 b 2 a 2b8 b 2 a 2 0
a2b2(a2-b2)(a6-b6) 0 a2b2(a2-b2)2(a4+ a2b2+b4) 0
Bt ng thccui ng vy ta c iu phi chng minh
10

V d 3: cho x.y =1 v x.y


Chng minh

x2 y2
2 2
x y

Gii:

x y
2 2 v :x y nn x- y 0 x2+y2 2 2 ( x-y)
x y
2

x2+y2- 2 2 x+ 2 2 y 0 x2+y2+2- 2 2 x+ 2 2 y -2 0
x2+y2+( 2 )2- 2 2 x+ 2 2 y -2xy 0 v x.y=1 nn 2.x.y=2
(x-y- 2 )2 0 iu ny lun lun ng . Vy ta c iu phi chng minh
V d 4:
1)CM:
P(x,y)= 9 x 2 y 2 y 2 6 xy 2 y 1 0 x, y R

a2 b2 c2 a b c
2)CM:
(gi :bnh ph-ng 2 v)
3)choba s thc khc khng x, y, z tha mn:
x. y.z 1

1 1 1
x yz

x y z
Chng minh rng :c ng mt trong ba s x,y,z ln hn 1
( thi Lam Sn 96-97)
Gii:
Xt (x-1)(y-1)(z-1)=xyz+(xy+yz+zx)+x+y+z-1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
=(xyz-1)+(x+y+z)-xyz( )=x+y+z - ( ) 0 (v < x+y+z theo gt)
x y z
x y z
x y z
2 trong 3 s x-1 , y-1 , z-1 m hoc c ba s-1 , y-1, z-1 l d-ng.
N tr-ng hp sau xy ra th x, y, z >1 x.y.z>1 Mu thun gt x.y.z=1 bt buc phi xy ra tr-ng hp trn
tc l c ng 1 trong ba s x ,y ,z l s ln hn 1

Ph-ng php 3:

Dng bt ng thc quen thuc

A/ mt s bt ng thc hay dng


1) Cc bt ng thc ph:
a) x 2 y 2 2 xy
b) x 2 y 2 xy

du( = ) khi x = y = 0

c) x y 4 xy
a b
d) 2
b a
2

a1 a 2 a3 .... a n n
a1 a2 a3 ....an
Vi ai 0
n
3)Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
2
2
a2 a22 .... an2 . x12 x22 .... 2n a1 x1 a2 x2 .... an xn
4) Bt ng thc Tr- b--sp:
abc
aA bB cC a b c A B C
Nu

.
3
3
3
A B C
abc
aA bB cC a b c A B C
Nu

.
3
3
3
A B C
abc
Du bng xy ra khi
A B C
b/ cc v d
v d 1 Cho a, b ,c l cc s khng m chng minh rng
(a+b)(b+c)(c+a) 8abc
Gii:
2
Cch 1:Dng bt ng thc ph: x y 4 xy
2)Bt ng thc C sy:

a b2 4ab ; b c2 4bc ; c a 2 4ac


2
2
2
2
a b b c c a 64a 2 b 2 c 2 8abc

Tac

(a+b)(b+c)(c+a) 8abc
Du = xy ra khi a = b = c
1 1 1
(403-1001)
9
a b c
CMR:x+2y+z 4(1 x)(1 y)(1 z)

v d 2(t gii): 1)Cho a,b,c>0 v a+b+c=1

CMR:

2)Cho x,y,z>0 v x+y+z=1


3)Cho a>0 , b>0, c>0
a
b
c
3

CMR:
bc ca ab 2

4)Cho x 0 ,y 0 tha mn 2 x y 1
v d 3:

;CMR:

x+y

Cho a>b>c>0 v a 2 b 2 c 2 1 chng minh rng


a3
b3
c3
1

bc ac a b 2

1
5

Gii:

a2 b2 c2

b
c
Do a,b,c i xng ,gi s a b c a

b c a c a b
p dng BT Tr- b--sp ta c
a
b
c
a2 b2 c2 a
b
c 1 3 1
2
2
2
a .
b .
c .

= . =
bc
ac
ab
3
bc a c a b 3 2 2
a3
b3
c3
1
1
Vy
Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c=

bc ac ab 2
3
v d 4:
Cho a,b,c,d>0 v abcd =1 .Chng minh rng :
a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 ab c bc d d c a 10
Gii:
2
2
Ta c a b 2ab
c 2 d 2 2cd
1
1 1
Do abcd =1 nn cd =
(dng x )
ab
x 2
1
Ta c a 2 b 2 c 2 2(ab cd ) 2(ab ) 4 (1)
ab
Mt khc: ab c bc d d c a
=(ab+cd)+(ac+bd)+(bc+ad)
1
1
1

= ab ac bc 2 2 2
ab
ac
bc

2
2
2
2
Vy a b c d ab c bc d d c a 10
v d 5: Cho 4 s a,b,c,d bt k chng minh rng:
(a c) 2 (b d ) 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2
Gii: Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski

tac ac+bd a 2 b 2 . c 2 d 2
2
2
m a c b d a 2 b 2 2ac bd c 2 d 2

a2 b2 2 a2 b2 . c2 d 2 c2 d 2

(a c) 2 (b d ) 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2
v d 6: Chng minh rng
a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ac
Gii: Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
Cch 1: Xt cp s (1,1,1) v (a,b,c) ta c
12 12 12 (a 2 b 2 c 2 ) 1.a 1.b 1.c2

3 a 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 2ab bc ac
a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ac iu phi chng minh Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c

Ph-ng php 4:

S dng tnh cht bc cu


8

L-u :

A>B v b>c th A>c


0< x <1 th x 2 <x

v d 1:
Cho a, b, c ,d >0 tha mn a> c+d , b>c+d
Chng minh rng ab >ad+bc
Gii:
a c d 0
a c d
Tac

b d c 0
b c d
(a-c)(b-d) > cd

ab-ad-bc+cd >cd
(iu phi chng minh)
ab> ad+bc
v d 2:
Cho a,b,c>0 tha mn a b c
2

Chng minh

5
3

1 1 1
1

a b c abc

Gii:
Ta c :( a+b- c)2= a2+b2+c2+2( ab ac bc) 0
1
ac+bc-ab ( a2+b2+c2)
2
1 1 1
1
5
ac+bc-ab 1 Chia hai v cho abc > 0 ta c

a b c abc
6
v d 3
Cho 0 < a,b,c,d <1 Chng minh rng (1-a).(1-b) ( 1-c).(1-d) > 1-a-b-c-d
Gii:
Ta c (1-a).(1-b) = 1-a-b+ab
Do a>0 , b>0 nn ab>0
(1)
(1-a).(1-b) > 1-a-b
Do c <1 nn 1- c >0 ta c
(1-a).(1-b) ( 1-c) > 1-a-b-c
(1-a).(1-b) ( 1-c).(1-d) > (1-a-b-c) (1-d)
=1-a-b-c-d+ad+bd+cd
(1-a).(1-b) ( 1-c).(1-d) > 1-a-b-c-d
(iu phi chng minh)
v d 4
1- Cho 0 <a,b,c <1 . Chng minh rng
2a 3 2b 3 2c 3 3 a 2 b b 2 c c 2 a
Gii :
Do a < 1 a 2 1 v
Ta c 1 a 2 .1 b 0 1-b- a 2 + a 2 b > 0
1+ a 2 b 2 > a 2 + b

m 0< a,b <1 a 2 > a 3 , b 2 > b 3


T (1) v (2) 1+ a 2 b 2 > a 3 + b 3
Vy a 3 + b 3 < 1+ a 2 b 2
T-ng t b 3 + c 3 1 b 2 c

c 3 + a 3 1 c 2 a
Cng cc bt ng thc ta c :
2a 3 2b 3 2c 3 3 a 2 b b 2 c c 2 a
b)Chng minh rng : Nu a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 1998 th ac+bd =1998
(Chuyn Anh 98 99)
Gii:
Ta c (ac + bd) 2 + (ad bc ) 2 = a 2 c 2 + b 2 d 2 2abcd a 2 d 2 b 2 c 2 - 2abcd =
= a2(c2+d2)+b2(c2+d2) =(c2+d2).( a2+ b2) = 19982
2
2
r rng (ac+bd)2 ac bd ad bc 1998 2
ac bd 1998
2-Bi tp : 1, Cho cc s thc : a1; a2;a3 .;a2003 tha mn : a1+ a2+a3 + .+a2003 =1
1
2
c hng minh rng : a 12 + a22 a32 .... a2003
( thi vo chuyn nga php 2003- 2004Thanh ha )

2003
2,Cho a;b;c 0 tha mn :a+b+c=1(?)
1
1
1
Chng minh rng: ( 1).( 1).( 1) 8
a
b
c

Ph-ng php 5:

Dng tnh cht ca t s

Kin thc
1) Cho a, b ,c l cc s d-ng th
a ac
a
a Nu
1 th
b bc
b
a
a ac
1 th
b Nu
b bc
b
2)Nu b,d >0 th t
a c
a ac c

b d
b bd d
`
v d 1 :
Cho a,b,c,d > 0 .Chng minh rng
a
b
c
d
1

2
abc bcd cd a d ab
Gii :
Theo tnh cht ca t l thc ta c
a
a
ad
1

(1)
abc
abc abcd
a
a
Mt khc :
(2)

abc abcd
T (1) v (2) ta c
a
a
ad
<
<
abcd
abc abcd
T-ng t ta c
b
b
ba

abcd bcd abcd

(3)

(4)

10

c
c
bc
(5)

abcd cd a abcd
d
d
d c
(6)

abcd d ab abcd
cng v vi v ca (3); (4); (5); (6) ta c
a
b
c
d
1

2 iu phi chng minh


abc bcd cd a d ab
v d 2 :
a c
a ab cd c
Cho: < v b,d > 0 .Chng minh rng
<

b d
b b2 d 2 d
ab ab cd cd c
a c
ab cd
Gii: T < 2 2 2 2

b d
b
b d2 d2 d
b
d
a ab cd c
Vy
<
iu phi chng minh

b b2 d 2 d
v d 3 : Cho a;b;c;dl cc s nguyn d-ng tha mn : a+b = c+d =1000
a b
tm gi tr ln nht ca
c d
gii :
a ab b
a
a
b
b
a
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s :
T :
=> 1 v a+b = c+d

c cd d
c
c
d
d
c
a b
b
a, Nu :b 998 th
998 999
c d
d
a b 1 999
b, Nu: b=998 th a=1 =
t gi tr ln nht khi d= 1; c=999
c d c
d
a b
1
Vy gi tr ln nht ca =999+
khi a=d=1; c=b=999
c d
999

Ph-ng php 6: Ph-ng php lm tri


L-u :
Dng cc tnh bt ng thc -a mt v ca bt ng thc v dng tnh -c tng hu hn hoc tch hu
hn.
(*) Ph-ng php chung tnh tng hu hn :
S = u1 u2 .... un
Ta c gng bin i s hng tng qut u k v hiu ca hai s hng lin tip nhau:
uk ak ak 1
Khi :
S = a1 a2 a2 a3 .... an an1 a1 an1
(*) Ph-ng php chung v tnh tch hu hn
P = u1u2 ....un
Bin i cc s hng u k v th-ng ca hai s hng lin tip nhau:
a
uk = k
ak 1
a
a a
a
Khi P = 1 . 2 ..... n 1
a2 a3
an 1 an 1

11

V d 1 :
Vi mi s t nhin n >1 chng minh rng
1
1
1
1
3

....

2 n 1 n 2
nn 4
Gii:
1
1
1
Ta c
vi k = 1,2,3,,n-1

n k n n 2n
Do :
1
1
1
1
1
n 1

...

...

n 1 n 2
2n 2n
2n 2n 2
V d 2 :
Chng minh rng:
1
1
1
1

....
2 n 1 1
2
3
n

Gii :

Vi n l s nguyn

1
2
2

2 k 1 k
k 2 k
k k 1
Khi cho k chy t 1 n n ta c
Ta c

1 > 2 2 1
1
2 3 2
2

1
2 n 1 n
n
Cng tng v cc bt ng thc trn ta c
1
1
1
1

....
2 n 1 1
2
3
n

V d 3 :
n

Chng minh rng

k
k 1

n Z

Gii:

1
1
1
1

2
k
k k 1 k 1 k
Cho k chy t 2 n n ta c
Ta c

12

1
1
1
2
2
2
1 1 1

32 2 3
.................
1
1
1

2
n
n 1 n
1 1
1
2 2 .... 2 1
2 3
n
n

Vy

k
k 1

Ph-ng php 7: Dng bt ng thc trong tam gic


L-u : Nu a;b;cl s o ba cnh ca tam gic th : a;b;c> 0
V |b-c| < a < b+c ; |a-c| < b < a+c ; |a-b| < c < b+a
V d1: Cho a;b;cl s o ba cnh ca tam gic chng minh rng
a, a2+b2+c2< 2(ab+bc+ac)
b, abc>(a+b-c).(b+c-a).(c+a-b)
Gii
a)V a,b,c l s o 3 cnh ca mt tam gic nn ta c
a 2 a(b c)
0 a b c
2

0 b a c
b b(a c)
0 c a b
c 2 c ( a b)

Cng tng v cc bt ng thc trn ta c


a2+b2+c2< 2(ab+bc+ac)
b) Ta c a > b-c a 2 a 2 (b c) 2 > 0
b > a-c
b 2 b 2 (c a) 2 > 0
c > a-b
c 2 c 2 (a b) 2 0
Nhn v cc bt ng thc ta -c
2
2
2
a 2b 2 c 2 a 2 b c b 2 c a c 2 a b

a 2b 2 c 2 a b c b c a c a b
2

abc a b c
. b c a
. c a b

13

Ph-ng php 8:

i bin s

V d1:
a
b
c
3

(1)
bc ca ab 2
Gii :
zx y
x yz
yzx
t x=b+c ; y=c+a ;z= a+b ta c a=
; b=
;c=
2
2
2
yzx zx y x yz
3
ta c (1)

2
2x
2y
2z
y z
x z
x y

1 1 1 3
x x
y y
z z
y x
z x
z y
( )( )( )6
x y
x z
y z
z x
y x
z y
Bt ng thc cui cng ng v ( 2;
2;
2 nn ta c iu phi chng minh
x z
x y
y z
V d2:
Cho a,b,c > 0 v a+b+c <1
Chng minh rng
1
1
1
(1)
2
2
9
2
a 2bc b 2ac c 2ab

Cho a,b,c > 0 Chng minh rng

Gii:
t x = a 2 2bc ; y = b 2 2ac ; z = c 2 2ab
2
Ta c x y z a b c 1
1 1 1
(1) 9
Vi x+y+z < 1 v x ,y,z > 0
x y z
Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c
x y z 3. 3 xyz

1
1 1 1
3. . 3
xyz
x y z

x y z . 1 1 1 9
x

M x+y+z < 1
1 1 1
Vy
9 (pcm)
x y z
V d3:
Cho x 0 , y 0 tha mn 2 x y 1 CMR x y
Gi :
t x u ,

y v

1
5

2u-v =1 v S = x+y = u 2 v 2 v = 2u-1 thay vo tnh S min

14

Bi tp
1) Cho a > 0 , b > 0 , c > 0

CMR:

2)Tng qut m, n, p, q, a, b >0


CMR
ma
nb
pc
1

bc ca ab 2

Ph-ng php 9:

25a 16b
c

8
bc ca ab

m n p m n p
2

Dng tam thc bc hai

L-u :
Cho tam thc bc hai f x ax 2 bx c
Nu 0 th a. f x 0
x R
b
Nu 0 th a. f x 0
x
a
Nu 0 th a. f x 0
vi x x1 hoc x x2 ( x2 x1 )
vi x1 x x2
a. f x 0
V d1:
Chng minh rng
f x, y x 2 5 y 2 4 xy 2 x 6 y 3 0
Gii:
Ta c (1) x 2 2 x2 y 1 5 y 2 6 y 3 0

(1)

2
2 y 1 5 y 2 6 y 3
4 y2 4 y 1 5y2 6 y 3

y 1 1 0
2

Vy f x, y 0 vi mi x, y
V d2:
Chng minh rng
f x, y x 2 y 4 2 x 2 2 . y 2 4 xy x 2 4 xy 3

Gii:
Bt ng thc cn chng minh t-ng -ng vi
x 2 y 4 2 x 2 2 . y 2 4 xy x 2 4 xy 3 0

( y 1) .x 4 y1 y x 4 y 2 0
2

Ta c 4 y 2 1 y 2 4 y 2 y 2 1 16 y 2 0

V a = y 2 1 0 vy f x, y 0
2

(pcm)

15

Ph-ng php 10: Dng quy np ton hc


Kin thc:
chng minh bt ng thc ng vi n n0 ta thc hin cc b-c sau :
1 Kim tra bt ng thc ng vi n n0
2 - Gi s BT ng vi n =k (thay n =k vo BT cn chng minh -c gi l gi thit quy np )
3- Ta chng minh bt ng thc ng vi n = k +1 (thay n = k+1vo BT cn chng minh ri bin i
dng gi thit quy np)
4 kt lun BT ng vi mi n n0
V d1:
Chng minh rng
1 1
1
1
(1)
2 .... 2 2
n N ; n 1
2
1 2
n
n
Gii :
1
1
Vi n =2 ta c 1 2
(ng)
4
2
Vy BT (1) ng vi n =2
Gi s BT (1) ng vi n =k ta phi chng minh
BT (1) ng vi n = k+1
Tht vy khi n =k+1 th
1 1
1
1
1
(1) 2 2 .... 2
2
2
1 2
k
(k 1)
k 1
Theo gi thit quy np
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2 2 .... 2
2
2
1 2
k
(k 1)
k k 1
k 1

1
1
1
1
1
....

2
2
2
1
(k 1)
k 1 k 1
k

k 11 1
k (k 2) (k 1) 2 k2+2k<k2+2k+1 iu ny ng .Vy bt ng thc (1)-c
2
k
(k 1)
chng minh
V d2: Cho n N v a+b> 0

a n bn
ab
Chng minh rng
(1)

2
2
n

Gii
Ta thy BT (1) ng vi n=1
Gi s BT (1) ng vi n=k ta phi chng minh BT ng vi n=k+1
Tht vy vi n = k+1 ta c

ab
(1)

k 1

a k 1 b k 1
2

a k 1 b k 1
ab ab

.
2
2
2
k

(2)

16

a k b k a b a k 1 ab k a k b b k 1 a k 1 b k 1
.

2
2
4
2
k 1
k 1
k 1
k
k
k 1
a b
a ab a b b

2
4
a k b k .a b 0
(3)
Ta chng minh (3)
(+) Gi s a b v gi thit cho a -b a b

V tri (2)

a k b bk
k

b k .a b 0

(+) Gi s a < b v theo gi thit - a<b a b k a k b k a k b k .a b 0


Vy BT (3)lun ng ta c (pcm)
k

Ph-ng php 11:

Chng minh phn chng

L-u :
1) Gi s phi chng minh bt ng thc no ng , ta hy gi s bt ng thc sai v kt hp vi cc
gi thit suy ra iu v l , iu v l c th l iu tri vi gi thit , c th l iu tri ng-c nhau .T
suy ra bt ng thc cn chng minh l ng
2) Gi s ta phi chng minh lun G K
php ton mnh cho ta :
Nh- vy ph nh lun ta ghp tt c gi thit ca lun vi ph nh kt lun ca n .
Ta th-ng dng 5 hnh thc chng minh phn chng sau :

A - Dng mnh phn o : K G


B Ph nh ri suy tri gi thit :
C Ph nh ri suy tri vi iu ng
D Ph nh ri suy ra 2 iu tri ng-c nhau
E Ph nh ri suy ra kt lun :
V d 1:
Cho ba s a,b,c tha mn a +b+c > 0 , ab+bc+ac > 0 , abc > 0
Chng minh rng a > 0 , b > 0 , c > 0
Gii :
Gi s a 0 th t abc > 0 a 0 do a < 0
M abc > 0 v a < 0 cb < 0
T ab+bc+ca > 0 a(b+c) > -bc > 0
V a < 0 m a(b +c) > 0 b + c < 0
a < 0 v b +c < 0 a + b +c < 0 tri gi thit a+b+c > 0
Vy a > 0 t-ng t ta c b > 0 , c > 0
V d 2:
Cho 4 s a , b , c ,d tha mn iu kin
ac 2.(b+d) .Chng minh rng c t nht mt trong cc bt ng thc sau l sai:
a 2 4b , c 2 4d
Gii :
Gi s 2 bt ng thc : a 2 4b , c 2 4d u ng khi cng cc v ta -c
a 2 c 2 4(b d )
(1)
Theo gi thit ta c 4(b+d) 2ac (2)

17

T (1) v (2) a 2 c 2 2ac hay a c 0 (v l)


Vy trong 2 bt ng thc a 2 4b v c 2 4d c t nht mt cc bt ng thc sai
2

V d 3:
Cho x,y,z > 0 v xyz = 1. Chng minh rng
1 1 1
Nu x+y+z > th c mt trong ba s ny ln hn 1
x y z
Gii :
Ta c (x-1).(y-1).(z-1) =xyz xy- yz + x + y+ z 1
1 1 1
=x + y + z ( ) v xyz = 1
x y z
1 1 1
theo gi thit x+y +z >
x y z
nn (x-1).(y-1).(z-1) > 0
Trong ba s x-1 , y-1 , z-1 ch c mt s d-ng
Tht vy nu c ba s d-ng th x,y,z > 1 xyz > 1 (tri gi thit)
Cn nu 2 trong 3 s d-ng th (x-1).(y-1).(z-1) < 0 (v l)
Vy c mt v ch mt trong ba s x , y,z ln hn 1

18

Phn III :

Cc bi tp nng cao

1/ Dng nh ngha
1) Cho abc = 1 v a 3 36 . . Chng minh rng

Ta c hiu:

a2
b2+c2> ab+bc+ac
3
Gii

a2
b2+c2- ab- bc ac
3
a2 a2
=
b2+c2- ab- bc ac
4 12
a2
a2
= ( b2+c2- ab ac+ 2bc) + 3bc
12
4
3
a
a 36abc
=( -b- c)2 +
12a
2
3
a
a 36abc
=( -b- c)2 +
>0 (v abc=1 v a3 > 36 nn a >0 )
12a
2

a2
b2+c2> ab+bc+ac iu phi chng minh
3
2) Chng minh rng
a) x 4 y 4 z 2 1 2 x.( xy 2 x z 1)
b) vi mi s thc a , b, c ta c
a 2 5b2 4ab 2a 6b 3 0
c) a 2 2b2 2ab 2a 4b 2 0
Gii :
a) Xt hiu
H = x 4 y 4 z 2 1 2 x 2 y 2 2 x 2 2 xz 2 x
Vy :

= x 2 y 2 x z x 1
H 0 ta c iu phi chng minh
b) V tri c th vit
2
2
H = a 2b 1 b 1 1
H > 0 ta c iu phi chng minh
c) v tri c th vit
2
2
H = a b 1 b 1
H 0 ta c iu phi chng minh
2

II / Dng bin i t-ng -ng


1) Cho x > y v xy =1 .Chng minh rng

y2
8
x y 2

Gii :
Ta c

x 2 y 2 x y 2 xy x y 2
2

(v xy = 1)

x y x y 4.x y 4
Do BT cn chng minh t-ng -ng vi
2

2 2

19

x y 4 4x y 2 4 8.x y 2
x y 4 4x y 2 4 0
x y 2 22 0

BT cui ng nn ta c iu phi chng minh


2) Cho xy 1 .Chng minh rng
1
1
2

2
2
1 x 1 y
1 xy
Gii :
1
1
2
Ta c

2
2
1 x 1 y
1 xy
1
1 1
1


2
2
2
1 x 1 y 1 y 1 xy

xy x 2
xy y 2

1 x 2 .1 xy 1 y 2 .1 xy 0
x( y x)
y( x y)

2
1 x .1 xy 1 y 2 .1 xy 0

y x 2 xy 1 0
1 x 2 . 1 y 2 .1 xy

BT cui ny ng do xy > 1 .Vy ta c iu phi chng minh

Iii / dng bt ng thc ph


1) Cho a , b, c l cc s thc v a + b +c =1
1
Chng minh rng a 2 b 2 c 2
3
Gii :
p dng BT BunhiaCpski cho 3 s (1,1,1) v (a,b,c)
Ta c
1.a 1.b 1.c2 1 1 1.a 2 b2 c 2

a b c2 3.a 2 b2 c 2

a 2 b2 c2

1
3

(v a+b+c =1 ) (pcm)

2) Cho a,b,c l cc s d-ng


Chng minh rng

a b c . 1 1 1 9
a

(1)

Gii :
a a b
b c c
1 1 9
b c a
c a a
a
b
a
c b c


3 9
b a c a c b

(1) 1

20

x y
2 Vi x,y > 0
y x
Ta c BT cui cng lun ng
1 1 1
Vy a b c . 9
(pcm)
a b c

p dng BT ph

Iv / dng ph-ng php bc cu


1) Cho 0 < a, b,c <1 .Chng minh rng :
2a3 2b3 2c3 3 a 2b b2c c 2 a
Gii :
Do a <1 a 2 <1 v b <1
Nn 1 a 2 . 1 b 2 0 1 a 2b a 2 b 0
Hay 1 a 2b a 2 b
(1)
2
3
Mt khc 0 <a,b <1 a a ; b b 3
1 a 2 a 3 b3
Vy a 3 b 3 1 a 2 b
T-ng t ta c
b3 c 3 1 b 2c

a3 c3 1 c 2a

2a3 2b3 2c3 3 a 2b b2c c 2 a

(pcm)

2) So snh 31 11 v 17 14
Gii :

Ta thy 3111 < 3211 25

Mt khc 256 24.14 24


Vy 31 11 < 17 14

14

11

255 256

1614 1714

(pcm)

V/ dng tnh cht t s


1) Cho a ,b ,c ,d > 0 .Chng minh rng :
ab
bc
cd
d a
2

3
a bc bc d c d a d a b
Gii :
V a ,b ,c ,d > 0 nn ta c
ab
ab
a bd

(1)
abcd abc abcd
b c
bc
bca
(2)

abcd bcd abcd


d a
d a
d ac
(3)

abcd d ab abcd
Cng cc v ca 4 bt ng thc trn ta c :
ab
bc
cd
d a
2

3
a bc bc d c d a d a b

21

(pcm)

2) Cho a ,b,c l s o ba cnh tam gic


Chng minh rng
a
b
c
1

2
bc ca a b
Gii :
V a ,b ,c l s o ba cnh ca tam gic nn ta c a,b,c > 0
V a < b +c ; b <a+c ; c < a+b
a
aa
2a
T (1)

bc abc a bc
a
a
Mt khc

bc abc
b
a
b
a
2b
2a
Vy ta c
T-ng t ta c

abc ac abc
abc bc abc
c
c
2c

abc ba abc
Cng tng v ba bt ng thc trn ta c :
a
b
c
(pcm)
1

2
bc ca a b

V/ ph-ng php lm tri :


1) Chng minh BT sau :
1
1
1
1
a)

...

1.3 3.5
(2n 1).(2n 1) 2
1
1
1
b) 1

...
2
1.2 1.2.3
1.2.3.....n
Gii :
a) Ta c
1
1 2k 1 (2k 1) 1 1
1
.

2n 1 . 2n 1 2 (2k 1).(2k 1) 2 2k 1 2k 1
Cho n chy t 1 n k .Sau cng li ta c
1
1
1
1
2 1
(pcm)

...
. 1

1.3 3.5
(2n 1).(2n 1) 2 2n 1 2
b) Ta c
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

...
1

.....
1.2 1.2.3
1.2.3.....n
1.2 1.2.3
n 1 .n
1
1
1 1 1
1
< 1 1 ....
2 2 (pcm)
n
2 2 3
n 1 n

22

PHN IV: NG DNG CA BT NG THC.


1/ Dng bt ng thc tm c-c tr
L-u
- Nu f(x) A th f(x) c gi tr nh nht l A
- Nu f(x) B th f(x) c gi tr ln nht l B
V d 1 :
Tm gi tr nh nht ca :
T = |x-1| + |x-2| +|x-3| + |x-4|
Gii :
Ta c |x-1| + |x-4| = |x-1| + |4-x| |x-1+4-x| = 3
(1)
V x 2 x 3 x 2 3 x x 2 3 x 1
Vy T = |x-1| + |x-2| +|x-3| + |x-4| 1+3 = 4
Ta c t (1) Du bng xy ra khi 1 x 4
(2) Du bng xy ra khi 2 x 3
Vy T c gi tr nh nht l 4 khi 2 x 3
V d 2 :
Tm gi tr ln nht ca
S = xyz.(x+y).(y+z).(z+x)
vi x,y,z > 0 v x+y+z =1
Gii :
V x,y,z > 0 ,p dng BT Csi ta c
x+ y + z 3 3 xyz
1
1
3 xyz xyz
3
27
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho x+y ; y+z ; x+z ta c
x y . y z . z x 3 3 x y . y z . x z

2 3 3 x y . y z . z x
Du bng xy ra khi x=y=z=
Vy S

1
3

8 1
8
.
27 27 729

1
8
khi x=y=z=
3
729
V d 3 :
Cho xy+yz+zx = 1
Tm gi tr nh nht ca x 4 y 4 z 4
Gii :
p dng BT Bunhiacpski cho 6 s (x,y,z) ;(x,y,z)

Vy S c gi tr ln nht l

Ta c

xy yz zx

x2 y 2 z 2

1 x2 y 2 z 2

(1)

Ap dng BT Bunhiacpski cho ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) v (1,1,1)


Ta c

( x 2 y 2 z 2 )2 (12 12 12 )( x 4 y 4 z 4 )
( x 2 y 2 z 2 )2 3( x 4 y 4 z 4 )

T (1) v (2) 1 3( x4 y 4 z 4 )

23

(2)

x4 y 4 z 4

1
3
1
3
khi x=y=z=
3
3

Vy x 4 y 4 z 4 c gi tr nh nht l

V d 4 :
Trong tam gic vung c cng cnh huyn , tam gic vung no c din tch ln nht
Gii :
Gi cnh huyn ca tam gic l 2a
-ng cao thuc cnh huyn l h
Hnh chiu cc cnh gc vung ln cnh huyn l x,y
1
Ta c S = . x y .h a.h a. h 2 a. xy
2
V a khng i m x+y = 2a
Vy S ln nht khi x.y ln nht x y
Vy trong cc tam gic c cng cnh huyn th tam gic vung cn c din tch ln nht

2/ Dng BT gii ph-ng trnh v h ph-ng trnh


V d 1 :
Gii ph-ng trnh sau

4 3x2 6 x 19 5x 2 10 x 14 4 2 x x 2
Gii :
Ta c 3x2 6 x 19 3.( x2 2 x 1) 16
3.( x 1)2 16 16
5x 2 10 x 14 5. x 1 9 9
2

Vy 4. 3x2 6 x 19 5x2 10 x 14 2 3 5
Du ( = ) xy ra khi x+1 = 0 x = -1
Vy 4 3x2 6 x 19 5x 2 10 x 14 4 2 x x 2
Vy ph-ng trnh c nghim duy nht x = -1
V d 2 :
Gii ph-ng trnh

x 2 x2 4 y 2 4 y 3
Gii :
p dng BT Bunhia Cpski ta c :

khi x = -1

x 2 x 2 12 12 . x 2 2 x 2 2. 2 2
Du (=) xy ra khi x = 1
2
Mt khc 4 y 2 4 y 3 2 y 1 2 2
Du (=) xy ra khi y = -

1
2

Vy x 2 x 2 4 y 2 4 y 3 2

khi x =1 v y =-

x 1

Vy nghim ca ph-ng trnh l


1
y 2

24

1
2

V d 3 :
Gii h ph-ng trnh sau:
x y z 1
4
4
4
x y z xyz
Gii : p dng BT Csi ta c
x4 y 4 y 4 z 4 z 4 x4

2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x y y z z x
x4 y4 z4

x2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x2 z 2 y 2 x2

2
2
2

y 2 xz z 2 xy x 2 yz
xyz.( x y z )
V x+y+z = 1)
Nn x4 y 4 z 4 xyz
Du (=) xy ra khi x = y = z =

1
3

x y z 1
1
Vy 4
c nghim x = y = z =
4
4
3
x y z xyz
V d 4 :

Gii h ph-ng trnh sau


xy 4 8 y 2
(1)

2
(2)
xy 2 x

T ph-ng trnh (1)

8 y 2 0 hay y 8

T ph-ng trnh (2)

x2 2 x . y 2 2 x

x 2 2 2 x 22 0
( x 2) 2 0
x 2
x 2
Nu x = 2 th y = 2 2
Nu x = - 2 th y = -2 2

Vy h ph-ng trnh c nghim

x 2
v

y 2

x 2 2

y 2 2

3/ Dng bt ng thc gii phng trnh nghim nguyn.


1) Tm cc s nguyn x,y,z tho mn

25

x2 y 2 z 2 xy 3 y 2 z 3

Gii :
V x,y,z l cc s nguyn nn
x2 y 2 z 2 xy 3 y 2 z 3

x 2 y 2 z 2 xy 3 y 2 z 3 0

y2 3y2
x 2 xy
3 y 3 z 2 2z 1 0
4 4

y
2

y
x 3 1 z 1 0
2

2
2

y
2

y
M x 3 1 z 1 0
2

2
2

(*)
x, y R

y
2

y
x 3 1 z 1 0
2

2
y

x 2 0
x 1

1 0 y 2
2

z 1
z 1 0

x 1

Cc s x,y,z phi tm l y 2
z 1

V d 2:
Tm nghim nguyn d-ng ca ph-ng trnh
1 1 1
2
x y z
Gii :
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s x y z
1 1 1 3
Ta c 2 2 z 3
x y z z
M z nguyn d-ng vy z = 1
1 1
1
Thay z = 1 vo ph-ng trnh ta -c
x y
1
1 1
y 2 m y nguyn d-ng
Theo gi s x y nn 1 =
y
x y
Nn y = 1 hoc y = 2
Vi y = 1 khng thch hp
Vi y = 2 ta c x = 2
Vy (2 ,2,1) l mt nghim ca ph-ng trnh
Hon v cc s trn ta -c cc nghim ca ph-ng trnh
l (2,2,1) ; (2,1,2) ; (1,2,2)
V d 3 :

26

Tm cc cp s nguyn tho mn ph-ng trnh

x x y

(*)

Gii :
(*) Vi x < 0 , y < 0 th ph-ng trnh khng c ngha
(*) Vi x > 0 , y > 0
Ta c

x x y x x y2

x y2 x 0

t x k (k nguyn d-ng v x nguyn d-ng )


Ta c k.(k 1) y 2
Nh-ng k 2 k k 1 k 1
k y k 1
M gia k v k+1 l hai s nguyn d-ng lin tip khng tn ti mt s nguyn d-ng no c
Nn khng c cp s nguyn d-ng no tho mn ph-ng trnh .
x 0
Vy ph-ng trnh c nghim duy nht l :
y 0
2

27

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