Nng sut lao ng Vit Nam- nhn t gc c cu

lao ng v k nng
PGS.TS Nguyn B Ngc- Ths. Phm Minh Thu
Vin Khoa hc Lao ng v X hi
Nng sut lao ng l mt trong nhng thc o nng lc cnh tranh quc
gia. Theo tnh ton ca cc t chc quc t, nng sut lao ng ca Vit Nam hin
ti bng 1/18 nng sut lao ng ca Singapore, bng 1/6 so snh vi Malaysia, 1/3
Thi Lan v Trung Quc. C rt nhiu kin l gii nguyn nhn nng sut lao
ng Vit Nam thp. Trong bi vit ny, chng ti phn tch hai trong s nhng
nhn t c bn lm nng sut lao ng Vit nam thp, l v c cu lao ng
v k nng.
1. Xu hng nng sut lao ng v c cu lao ng
Nm 2013, nng sut lao ng ca Vit Nam tnh theo gi hin hnh t 68,7
triu ng, cao gp gn 2,5 ln so vi nm 2007. Tuy vy, tnh theo gi c nh
2010 th tc tng nng sut lao ng bnh qun giai on 2007-2013 ch t
3,22%/nm. Nguyn nhn r rng nht ca tc tng nng sut lao ng thp l
do nn kinh t khng th duy tr tc tng trng nh trong qu kh khi ch
t tc tng trng kinh t 5,73%/nm trong khi tc tng trng vic lm
vn n nh mc 2,43%/nm.
Bng 11. GDP bnh qun mt lao ng theo khu vc kinh t 2007-2013
n v: triu ng/lao ng
GDP bnh qun cho m t lao ng, gi
hin hnh
Nng nghip
Cng nghip
Dch v
GDP bnh qun cho m t lao ng, gi
so snh 2010
Nng nghip
Cng nghip
Dch v
1

2007

2010

2013

27.6
9.7
56.1
42.0

44.0
16.8
80.3
63.8

68.7
27.0
124.1
92.9

40.3
15.5
81.4
59.3

44.0
16.8
80.3
63.8

48.7
18.3
88.7
66.8

Ngun:Tnh ton t GSO, Nin gim thng k.

Nng nghip l ngnh c lao ng chim t trng ln nht trong tng vic
lm vi 46.8% (2013)tuy nhinnng sut lao ng ca ngnh ny mc rt thp.
Nng sut lao ng ngnh nng nghip c tnh ch bng 1/4,5 nng sut ngnh
cng nghip v khong 1/3,4 nng sut ngnh dch v.Nng sut thp cho thy
hiu qu ca vic s dng lao ng cn thp, cha c nhiu p dng khoa hc cng
ngh. Tuy c mc nng sut lao ng thp nht, tc tng nng sut lao ng ca
ngnh nng lm ng nghip kh n nh l 2,8%/nm, cao nht trong 3 nhm
ngnh.
Cng nghip l nhm ngnh c nng sut lao ng cao nht trong 3 nhm
ngnh vi t trng lao ng chim 21% tng vic lm nm 2013. Tc tng nng
sut ca nhm ngnh ny khng n nh, gim trong 3 nm 2007-2010, phc hi
mnh trong 2010-2013. Trong c giai on 2007-2013, nng sut lao ng nhm
ngnh ny c tc tng chm nht, ch 1.44%/nm.
Dch v l nhm ngnh c t trng lao ng tng u qua cc nm v n
2013 t 32% tng vic lm. Nng sut lao ng nhm ngnh dch v nm 2013
(theo gi hin hnh) t 92.9 triu ng/ngi bng 1,35 ln mc chung. Tuy
nhin, tc tng nng sut ca nhm kh n nh mc 2%/nm.
Bng 22. GDP bnh qun mt lao ng theo thnh phn kinh t 2007-2013
n v: triu ng/lao ng
GDP bnh qun cho m t lao ng, gi
hin hnh
Nh nc
Ngoi nh nc
C vn TNN
GDP bnh qun cho m t lao ng, gi
so snh 2010
Nh nc
Ngoi nh nc
C vn TNN
Ngun:Tnh ton t GSO, Nin gim thng k.

2007

2010

2013

27.6

44.0

68.7

88.3
15.4
135.4

141.4
25.0
221.1

216.5
38.4
392.4

40.3
127.4
22.6
200.0

44.0
141.4
25.0
221.1

48.7
156.8
27.8
255.5

Khu vc ngoi nh nc chim 86.3% tng vic lm l khu vc c nng sut

lao ng rt thpbng 56% nng sut lao ng chung (ch t 38,4 triu/lao ng
vo nm 2013). Trong khi khu vc nh nc chim 10.2% vic lm ca nn
2

kinh t c nng sut lao ng 2013 t 216.5 triu ng/ngi, bng 3,1 ln nng
sut lao ng chung. Khu vc c nng sut lao ng cao nht l khu vc u t
nc ngoi t 392,4 triu ng/ngi, bng 5,7 ln nng sut lao ng chung
nhng lao ng khu vc ny ch bao ph 3.4% lao ng c vic lm c nc. Nhn
chung cc thnh phn s hu u c tc tng nng sut lao ng n nh mc
3-4%/nm.
Theo s liu ca cc t chc quc t1, nng sut lao ng ca Vit Nam nm
2013 qui i theo gi c nh 2005 PPP t 5440 USD/lao ng, bng 1/18 nng
sut lao ng ca Singapore, bng 1/6,5 so snh vi Malaysia, 1/3 Thi Lan v
Trung Quc. Trong khu vc ASEAN, hin ti nng sut lao ng Vit Nam ch cao
hn Myanmar, Cambodia v ang xp x vi Lo.
Bng 3. Nng sut lao n
g thi k 2007-2013 (USD, PPP2005)
2007
ASEAN
Brunei
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
China
India

Japan
Korea, Rep.of

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

9,173
9,396
104,964 100,995
3,333
3,427
7,952
8,253
4,029
4,216
31,907 32,868
2,229
2,282
8,841
8,920
92,260 90,987
12,994 13,205
4,322
4,516
9,227
10,119
6,746
7,021
63,245 62,746
52,314 53,226

9,366
97,758
3,334
8,439
4,399
31,899
2,364
8,795
88,751
12,922
4,669
11,008
7,596
60,055
53,514

9,868
98,831
3,460
8,763
4,636
33,344
2,454
9,152
97,151
13,813
4,896
12,092
8,359
62,681
56,106

10,097
99,362
3,619
9,130
4,865
34,056
2,560
9,168
98,775
13,666
5,082
13,093
8,832
63,018
57,129

10,467
100,051
3,797
9,486
5,115
35,018
2,683
9,571
96,573
14,446
5,239
14,003
9,073
64,351
57,262

10,812
100,015
3,989
9,848
5,396
35,751
2,828
10,026
98,072
14,754
5,440
14,985
9,307
65,511
58,298

Tc tng bnh
qun (%)
2.84
-0.53
2.99
3.63
4.99
1.92
4.07
2.02
1.47
2.23
3.90
8.48
5.99
0.73
1.93

Ngun: ILO: Trends Econometric Models, Jan. 2014; World Bank: World Development
Indicators, 2013.

Theo s liu ca Trung tm nng sut Vit Nam th tc tng nng sut
Vit Nam giai on 2007-2013 l 3.9%, so vi cc nc chu v trong khu vc,
tc tng nng sut Vit Nam thuc nhm trung bnh.
1

ADB-ILO, ASEAN Community 2015: Managing integration for better jobs and shared prosperity, Bangkok,
Thailand, 2014.

Trong nhng nm qua, nn kinh t Vit Nam duy tr kh n nh c cu kinh

t vi 18-20% GDP thuc v khu vc nng nghip, cng nghip-xy dng ng
gp khong trn 38% v phn cn li t 42-44% do dch v mang li. Tuy nhin,
c cu lao ng khng hp l khi t trng lao ng ngnh nng nghip (ngnh
ng gp thp nht vo GDP) chim n 47% tng vic lm; khu vc cng nghip
v xy dng ch chim t trng ln lt l 21,2% v 32%.
Bng 4. C cu kinh t v c cu lao ng theo ngnh (%)
C cu kinh t (%)
Chung
Nng nghip
Cng nghip
Dch v
C cu lao ng (%)
Chung
Nng nghip
Cng nghip
Dch v

2007

2010

2013

100
20.32
38.31
41.37

100
18.89
38.23
42.88

100
17.57
38.57
43.86

100

100

100

52.94
18.95
28.12

49.50
20.95
29.55

46.81
21.18
32.00

Ngun:Tnh ton t GSO, Nin gim thng k.

Thay i m hnh tng trng, chuyn dch c cu kinh t theo hng hin
i, hiu qu v tn dng tt nht nhng li th ca t nc i hi phi y
mnh chuyn dch c cu lao ng. Tuy nhin trong giai on 2007-2013, c cu
lao ng vn chuyn dch rt chm chp. Lao ng trong khu vc nng sut thp
vn chim t trng ln khin nng sut lao ng chung ca Vit Nam thp v nguy
c tt hu tip tc gia tng so vi cc nc trong khu vc.
2. Nng sut lao ng v k nng
Trong thi k cng nghip ha-hin i ha, ngun nhn lc l yu t quan
trng nht quyt nh n s pht trin ca t nc v s sng cn ca cc doanh
nghip. Vit Nam c nh gi l quc gia c lc lng lao ng di do. Nm
2013, dn s t 15 tui tr ln 69,3 triu ngi, lc lng lao ng c nc t
53,7 triu2, t l tham gia lc lng lao ng chim n 77,5%.
Mc d c s lng lao ng ln nhng cht lng lao ng thp. Theo s
liu ca iu tra Lao ng-Vic lm, t l lao ng qua o to Vit Nam kh
thp v khng c nhiu ci thin. Nu vo nm 2007, t l qua o to ca lc
2

LLL bao gm nhng ngi t 15 tui tr ln ang lm vic v nhng ngi tht nghip.

lng lao ng t 15 tui tr ln ch t 17.4% th vo nm 2013, con s ny cng

khng ci thin nhiu vi t l 18,4%. S chnh lch v cht lng ngun lao ng
c th hin r nht l khu vc nng thn v thnh th. thnh th lao ng
c o to chim 30,9%, trong khi nng thn ch c 9%.y chnh l mt ro
cn ln cho vic ci thin nng sut lao ng.
Mt vn quan trng l, o to ngun nhn lc Vit nam cha gn kt
vi nhu cu ca th trng c v s lng, c cu v cht lng. Rt nhiu doanh
nghip phn nh hc sinh, sinh vin ra trng khng p ng c yu cu ca
doanh nghip.Nm 2012, Ngn hng Th gii cng b kt qu kho st v mc
p ng cc k nng ca sinh vin tt nghip i hc so vi yu cu ca nh tuyn
dng ti 7 quc gia ng trong c Vit nam 3 th thi lm vic c nh
gi mc thiu ht nghim trng, cc k nng t duy sng to, k nng cng ngh
thng tin, k nng lnh o, k nng gii quyt vn thiu ht ln. Bo co Pht
trin Vit Nam 20144 vit "Phn ln ngi s dng lao ng ni rng tuyn dng
lao ng l cng vic kh khn v cc ng vin khng c k nng ph hp ("thiu
k nng") hoc v s khan him ngi lao ng trong mt s ngnh ngh ("thiu
ht ngi lao ng c tay ngh")".Kho st ca ILSSA- Manpower nm 2013 cng
cho thy tnh hnh tng t5, gn 30% doanh nghip FDI gp kh khn trong tuyn
dng lao ng trc tip v nhn vin vn phng; thc v cht lng v ng
gi/ng tin cy l nhng k nng thiu ht ln nht, vi khong 30%, trong nhm
lao ng trc tip v qun c phn xng; nhng k nng thiu ht tip theo l
kh nng thch nghi vi nhng thay i, kh nng lm vic nhm, kh nng nhn
bit tip thu v ng dng cng ngh mi, k nng my tnh c bn. iu ny phn
nh mt thc t l cht lng o to nc ta thp, lao ng Vit Nam ang
lm vic ti nhng v tr i hi trnh o to cao hn hoc thm ch thp hn so
vi nhng k nng ang c (tha hoc thiu k nng).
S dng phng php nh gi mc ph hp k nng da trn phn loi
cc nhm ngh nghip chnh ISCO-88 v phn loi trnh hc vn ph hp vi
Tiu chun phn loi gio dc quc t (ISCED) i vi lao ng ang lm vic
Vit Namcho thy,nm 2007 c 28,6% lao ng lm nhng cng vic khng ph
hp vi trnh o to, trong 4,7% lao ng ang lm nhng cng vic thp
3

World Bank, Putting higher education to work, skill and research for growth in East Asia, Regional Report ,
Washington DC, 2012.
4
WB, Vietnam Development Report 2014, Skilling up Vietnam: Preparing the workforce for a modern market
economy, Hanoi 2013.
5
ILSSA-Manpower, Nhu cu k nng lao ng trong khu vc c vn u t nc ngoi, H Ni 2014.

hn trnh o to (tha k nng)v 23,9% ang lm nhng vic cao hn trnh

o to (thiu k nng)6.Con s ny tng ln rt nhiu vo nm 2013 vi cc
ch s ln lt l 49,8%, 5,9%, 43,9%. c bit l i vi lao ng thiu k nng,
t l tng ln gn gp 2 ln.
Bng 5. Lao ng ang lm vic chia theo ngh nghip v trnh CMKT
n v tnh: ngi
S cp,
Chng
ch

Khng c
CMKT
2007
Lc lng v trang
Lnh o
CMKT bc cao
CMKT bc trung
Nhn vin s cp
Nhn vin bn hng, dch v, bo v
Lao ng c KT trong NN
Th th cng
Th lp rp, vn hnh
Lao ng gin n
Tng s
2013
Lc lng v trang
Lnh o
CMKT bc cao
CMKT bc trung
Nhn vin s cp
Nhn vin bo v, dch v, bn hng
Lao ng c KT trong NN
Th th cng
Th lp rp, vn hnh
Lao ng gin n
Tng s

Trung
cp

26,814
3,148
8,868
148,114
25,657
100,024
0
0
2,416
77,367
56,474 1,205,560
320,399
110,566
121,138
2,513,869
219,992
178,128
1,554,038
54,398
42,896
4,953,778
805,639
239,869
817,883
633,603
85,427
26,989,962
463,797
495,293
37,402,217 2,373,274 2,479,619

Cao ng

i hc
tr ln

Tng s

825
3,987
23,553
173,070
237,326 1,613,226
412,327
60,342
16,672
57,410
32,799
59,950
4,674
10,614
37,621
38,735
11,895
16,068
66,461
75,229
844,155 2,108,629

43,642
470,419
1,852,968
1,812,070
626,185
3,004,738
1,666,621
6,075,641
1,564,877
28,090,746
45,207,900

6,736
2,700
18,747
7,140
50,099
108,585
15,448
107,238
45,366
348,014
25,208
3,800
44,394
273,357 2,594,410
220,908
59,382
877,824
438,942
102,432
520,609
28,888
184,584
61,138
120,430
7,642,750
187,903
472,477
125,492
259,109
5,787,930
74,124
115,919
24,317
35,026
5,439,486
385,241
334,423
102,310
42,880
2,641,110
757,812
279,952
73,937
37,804
20,403,669
136,133
379,346
120,420
81,950
42,796,993 1,651,431 2,814,903 1,272,418 3,672,154

85,422
624,650
2,941,169
1,699,488
915,648
8,687,730
6,037,317
6,304,339
3,790,615
21,121,521
52,207,900

Ngun: Tnh ton t iu tra Lao ng-Vic lm, GSO.

Lao ng tha k nng c t l cao ti cc nhm lao ng c trnh trung

cp v cao ng (63% v 40%). T l lao ng thiu k nng ca nhm lao ng
khng c chuyn mn k thut tng vt t 28% nm 2007 ln 52% nm 2013.

Xem bng ph lc xc nh ngh nghip v yu cu v trnh .

C n 40% lao ng ang lm vic trong cc ngh nhn vin s cp l lao

ng tha k nng.Trong khi , t l lao ng thiu k nng c bit cao trong
cc ngh lao ng c k thut trong nng nghip, nhn vin bn hng, dch v, bo
v, th th cng (96%, 88%, 86%). C th hn y chnh l nhng nhm ngh
ang s dng rt nhiu lao ng khng qua o to, khng c chuyn mn k
thut. Vic s dng lao ng khng qua o to vo nhng cng vic i hi
chuyn mn k thut l mt nguyn nhn chnh lm nng sut lao ng thp. Thiu
ht cung lao ng tp trung vo nhm trnh s cp, chng ch ngh.
Bng 6. T l tha v thiu k nng theo mt s c im ngi lao ng (%)

Chung

Tha k nng
2007
2013
4.68
5.92

Thiu k nng
2007
2013
23.91
43.84

Nam
N

5.73
3.62

7.17
4.59

27.09
20.71

44.35
43.29

15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-59
60++

4.12
4.41
3.64
5.4
8.47
5.86

7.76
8.33
3.76
4.03
5.93
7.61

24.31
26.4
25.9
22.35
19.82
14.85

35.61
40.77
48.63
46.14
43.31
39.47

0
0
3.33
31.15
9.01
3.49
5.2
7.23
3.91

0
0
6.02
39.97
9.84
2.89
7.59
10.32
3.39

58.18
12.94
7.38
51.13
83.6
93.24
81.47
52.18
0

36.94
11.78
16.48
56.83
87.79
95.53
86.09
69.6
0

Nng nghip
3.05
3.19
Cng nghip-Xy dng
5.15
7.16
Dch v
7.06
11.16
Ngun:Tnh ton t iu tra Lao ng-Vic lm, GSO.

7.05
55.52
30.53

11.13
65.52
56.44

Lnh o
CMKT bc cao
CMKT bc trung
Nhn vin s cp
Nhn vin bn hng, dch v, bo v
Lao ng c KT trong NN
Th th cng
Th lp rp, vn hnh
Lao ng gin n

Lao ng nam c t l lm vic khng ph hp trnh o to cao hn n

gii (51.5% so vi 48% nm 2013).
Nu trong giai on trc lao ng tha k nng c t l cao hn nhm
tui cao (45 tr ln) v lao ng thiu k nng ri vo nhm lao ng tr nhiu
hn (di 35 tui) th trong giai on sau lao ng tr di 25 tui li l nhm c
t l lao ng tha k nng cao nht v nhm tui c t l lao ng thiu k nng
cao nht l 35-55 tui. iu ny phn nh mt thc t l trong giai on hin nay
mc d c o to nhng s lng sinh vin ra trng khng th tm c
cng vic tng ng v chp nhn lm nhng cng vic c trnh thp ngy
cng tng. Nhu cu v vic lm c k nng khng c cung lao ng p ng
khin t l lao ng lm vic thiu k nng tng vt ti hu ht cc nhm tui.
Xem xt theo ngnh, ngnh dch v l ngnh c t l lao ng tha k nng
cao, ngnh cng nghip v ngnh dch v l hai nhm ngnh c t l lao ng
thiu k nng cao. c bit lao ng ngnh dch v c t l lao ng thiu k nng
tng mnh trong giai on 2007-2013.
Cc phn tch v vn chnh lch gia cung cu k nng cho th trng
lao ng trn minh chng cho nhn nh v o to cha gn vi nhu cu s
dng ca nn kinh t, c v s lng, c cu v cht lng. Ni cch khc thay i
m hnh tng trng v chuyn dch c cu kinh t hu nh cha c h tr t
o to nhn lc ca t nc, k nng lao ng khng th to ng lc cho
tng trng kinh t v nng cao nng sut lao ng.
3. Kt lun
Chuyn dch c cu lao ng theo hng tch cc, hin i v ci thin k
nng l nhng nhn t c bn, chin lc nng cao nng sut lao ng, sc cnh
tranh ca nn kinh t v v th ca Vit Nam trn trng quc t.

PH LC. PHN LOI NHM NGH NGHIP V YU CU TRNH K NNG

TT

Nhm ngh nghip

Yu cu trnh k nng

Lnh o

i hc, Cao ng

CMKT bc cao

i hc

CMKT bc trung

Cao ng, Trung cp

Nhn vin s cp

S cp, chng ch ngh

Nhn vin bn hng, dch v, bo v

S cp, chng ch ngh

Lao ng c KT trong NN

S cp, chng ch ngh

Th th cng

S cp, chng ch ngh

Th lp rp, vn hnh

S cp, chng ch ngh

Lao ng gin n

Khng qua o to