B CNG THNG

TRNG CAO NG CNG NGHIP TUY HA

KHOA CNG NGH HA
T B MN HA DU

BI GING
HA HC DU M V KH

MC LC

NI DUNG

Trang

MC LC
2
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN DU M V KH
4
1.1. Ngun gc.............................................................................................................4
1.2.Thnh phn ha hc...............................................................................................6
CHNG 2: TNH CHT VT L C TRNG CA DU TH V PHN LOI
DU M
13
2.1.Xc nh cc c trng vt l ca phn on du m
13
2.2.nh gi cht lng ca du m qua cc c trng sau.......................................21
2.3.Cc c tnh ca du th v sn phm du m.....................................................25
2.4.Phn loi du m..................................................................................................29
2.5.Thnh phn v phn loi kh................................................................................30
CHNG 3: CC PHN ON DU M V NG DNG CA CC PHN ON
DU M
31
Gii thiu:
31
3.1.Phn on kh.......................................................................................................32
3.2.Phn on xng....................................................................................................37
3.3.Phn on kerosen................................................................................................48
3.4.Phn on gasoil nh............................................................................................51
3.5.Phn on gasoil nng (Phn on du nhn)......................................................53
3.6.Phn on cn du m (cn gudon)......................................................................58
CHNG 4: C S L THUYT CA QU TRNH CHNG CT
62
4.1.C s l thuyt.....................................................................................................62
4.2.Cc thng s cng ngh nh hng n qu trnh................................................62
CHNG 5: CC QU TRNH CHUYN HA HA HC DI TC DNG
NHIT
64
5.1.S bin i ca cc hyrocacbon di tc dng nhit..........................................64
5.2.Qu trnh cracking nhit.......................................................................................65
5.3.Qu trnh vibsreking.............................................................................................67
5.4.Qu trnh nhit phn (pyrolyse)............................................................................67
5.5.Qu trnh cc ha.................................................................................................67
CHNG 6: CC QU TRNH CHUYN HA HA HC DI TC DNG CA
XC TC
68
6.1.Tnh u vit ca xc tc.......................................................................................68
6.2.Qu trnh cracking xc tc....................................................................................71
6.3.Qu trnh reforming xc tc.................................................................................77
6.4.Qu trnh isomer ha............................................................................................80
6.5.Qu trnh alkyl ha...............................................................................................82
CHNG 7: S LC DU M V KH CA VIT NAM
84
7.1.Vi nt v ngnh du kh Vit Nam...................................................................84
2

7.2.Tim nng ca du th Vit Nam.........................................................................85

B Vng My..........................................................................................................86
7.3.Du th i din cho cc b trm tch Cu Long, Nam Cn Sn v Malay Th Chu
86
TI LIU THAM KHO
90

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN DU M V KH

1.1. Ngun gc
1.1.1. Ngun gc v c
Theo gi thuyt ny trong lng Tri t c cha cc cacbua kim loi nh Al 4C3,
CaC2. Cc cht ny b phn hy bi nc to ra CH4 v C2H2:

Al4C3 + 12H2O
CaC2 + 2H2O

4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4
Ca(OH)2 +C2H2

Cc cht khi u (CH4, C2H2) qua qu trnh bin i di tc dng ca nhit

, p sut cao trong lng t v xc tc l cc khong st, to thnh cc hydrocacbon
c trong du kh.
chng minh cho iu , nm 1866, Berthelot tng hp c hydrocacbon
thm t axetylen nhit cao trn xc tc. Nm 1901, Sabatier v Sendereus thc
hin phn ng hydro ha axetylen trn xc tc Niken v st nhit trong khong
200 3000C, thu c mt lot cc hydrocacbon tng ng nh trong thnh phn
ca du. Cng vi hng lot cc th nghim nh trn, gi thuyt v ngun gc v c
ca du m c chp nhn trong mt thi gian kh di.
Sau ny, khi trnh khoa hc v k thut ngy cng pht trin th ngi ta bt
u hoi nghi lun im trn v:
phn tch c (bng cc phng php hin i) trong du m c cha cc
Porphyrin c ngun gc t ng thc vt.
Trong v qu t, hm lng cacbua kim loi l khng ng k.
Cc hydrocacbon thng gp trong cc lp trm tch, ti nhit t khi vt
qu 150 - 2000C (v p sut rt cao), nn khng nhit cn thit cho phn
ng ha hc xy ra.
Chnh v vy m gi thuyt ngun gc v c ngy cng phai m do c t cn c.
1.1.2. Ngun gc hu c
l gi thuyt v s hnh thnh du m t cc vt liu hu c ban u. Nhng
vt liu chnh l xc ng thc vt bin, hoc trn cn nhng b cc dng sng cun
tri ra bin. trong nc bin c rt nhiu cc loi vi khun hiu kh v ym kh, cho
nn khi cc ng thc vt b cht, lp tc b chng phn hy. Nhng phn no d b
phn hy (nh cc cht Albumin, cc hydrat cacbon) th b vi khun tn cng trc to

thnh cc cht d tan trong nc hoc kh bay i, cc cht ny s khng to nn du

kh. Ngc li, cc cht kh b phn hy (nh cc protein, cht bo, ru cao phn t,
sp, du, nha) s dn lng ng to nn lp trm tch di y bin; y chnh l cc
vt liu hu c u tin ca du kh. Cc cht ny qua hng triu nm bin i s to
thnh cc hydrcacbon ban u:
RCOOR

RCOOH

RCOOH

RH

CO2

RCH2OH

R-CH=CH2

R-CH=CH2

H2O

+ H2

ROH

+ H2O

R-CH2-CH3

Theo tc gi Petrov, cc axt bo ca thc vt thng l cc axit bo khng no, s

bin i to thnh -lacton, sau to thnh naphten hoc aromat:
Thuyt ngun gc hu c ca du m cho php gii thch c nhiu hin tng
trong thc t. Chng hn nh: du m cc ni hu nh u khc nhau, s khc nhau
c th l do vt liu hu c ban u. V d, nu vt liu hu c ban u giu cht
bo th c th to ra loi du parafinic
Du c sinh ra ri rc trong cc lp trm tch, c gi l m. Do p sut
y cao nn chng b y ra ngoi v buc phi di c n ni mi qua cc tng
cha thng c cu trc rng xp. S di chuyn tip tc xy ra cho n khi chng
gp iu kin thun li c th li y v tch t thnh du m.
Trong qu trnh di chuyn, du m phi i qua cc tng xp, c th s xy ra
s hp ph, cc cht c cc b hp ph v li cc lp , kt qu l du s nh hn v
sch hn. Nhng nu qu trnh di chuyn ca du b tip xc vi oxy khng kh, chng
c th b oxy ha dn n to cc hp cht cha cc d nguyn t, lm du b gim
cht lng.
Khi du tch t v nm trong cc m du, qu trnh bin i hu nh t xy ra nu
m du kn. Trong trng hp c cc khe h, oxy, nc kh quyn c th lt vo, s
xy ra bin cht theo chiu hng xu i do phn ng ha hc.
Cc hydrocacbon ban u ca du kh thng c phn t lng rt ln (C 30
C40), thm ch cao hn. Cc cht hu c ny nm trong lp trm tch s chu nhiu bin
i ha hc di nh hng ca nhit , p sut , xc tc (l khong st). Ngi ta
thy rng, c ln chm su xung 30 mt, th nhit trong lp trm tch tng t 0,54
5

 1,200C, cn p sut tng t 3 7,5 atm. Nhng vy su cng ln, nhit , p

sut cng tng v trong cc lp trm tch to du kh, nhit c th ln ti 100
2000C v p sut t 200 1000 at. iu kin ny, cc hydrocacbon c phn t ln,
mch di, cu trc phc tp s phn hy nhit, to thnh cc cht c phn t nh hn,
cu trc n gin hn, s lng vng thm t hn
Thi gian di cng l cc yu t thc y qu trnh crcking xy ra mnh hn.
Chnh v vy, tui du cng cao, ln chm cng su, du c to thnh cng cha
nhiu hydrocacbon vi trng lng phn t cng nh. Su hn na c kh nng
chuyn ha hon ton thnh kh, trong kh metan l bn vng nht nn hm lng
ca n rt cao. Cng chnh v vy, khi tng chiu su ca cc ging khoan thm d du
kh th xc sut tm thy kh thng cao hn.
1.2.

Thnh phn ha hc

1.2.1. Thnh phn hydrocacbon trong du m

Hydrocacbon l thnh phn chnh ca du, hu nh cc loi hydrocacbon (tr
olefin) u c mt trong du m. Chng c chia thnh cc nhm parafin, naphten,
aromat, hn hp naphten aromat.
Hydrocacbon parafinic
Hydrocacbon parafinic (cn gi l alcan) l loi hydrocacbon ph bin nht.
Trong du m chng tn ti ba dng: kh, lng, rn. Cc hydrocacbon kh (C 1 C4),
khi nm trong du, do p sut cao nn chng tn ti th lng v ha tan trong du
m. Sau khi khai thc, do p sut gim, chng thot ra khi du. Cc kh ny gm
metan, etan, propan v butan gi l kh ng hnh, ngoi ra cn c mt lng rt nh
pentan bay hi ra cng.
Trong du m c hai loi parafin: n parafin v izo parafin, trong n
parafin chim a s (25 30% th tch) chng c s nguyn t t C 1 n C45. Cc n
parfin c s nguyn t cacbon bng hoc ln hn C 18, nhit thng chng l cht
rn. Cc parafin ny c th ha tan trong du hoc to thnh cc tinh th l lng trong
du. Khi hm lng cc parafin ln qu cao, du c th b ng c, gy kh khn cho
qu trnh vn chuyn. Hm lng ca chng cng cao, nhit ng c ca du cng
ln. Khi bm v vn chuyn cc loi du ny phi p dng cc phng php sau: Gia
nhit ng ng, cho thm ph gia, tch bt parafin rn ti ni khai thc h im

ng c. Cc parafin rn tch t du th l nguyn liu qu tng hp ha hc,

iu ch cht ty ra tng hp, t si nhn to, phn bn, cht do
Cc izo parafin thng ch nm phn nh v phn c nhit si trung bnh
ca du. Chng thng c cu trc n gin, mch chnh di, nhnh ph t v ngn,
nhnh ph thng l nhm metyl. Cc izo parafin c s cacbon t C 5 n C10 l cc
cu t rt qu, chng lm tng kh nng kh nng chng kch n (tng tr s octan) ca
xng.
Hydrocacbon naphtenic
Naphtenic (xyclo parafin) l mt trong s hydrocacbon ph bin v quan trng
trong du m. Hm lng c th thay i t 30 n 60% trng lng. Chng thng
dng vng 5, 6 cnh, cng c th dng ngng t 2 hoc 3 vng. Cc hydrocacbon
naphtenic c mt trong cc phn on nh (thng l mt vng v t nhnh ph) hoc
phn nhit trung bnh v cao (khi l cc cu t c nhiu vng v nhnh ph
di).

(CH2)11-CH3

(CH2)10-CH3

H3C
CH3

CH3

Hydrocacbon naphtenic l thnh phn rt quan trng trong nhin liu ng c v

du nhn. Cc naphtenic mt vng lm cho xng c cht lng cao; nhng
hydrocacbon naphtenic mt vng c mch nhnh di l thnh phn rt tt cho du
nhn v chng c nht cao v t thay i theo nhit . c bit, chng l cc cu
t rt qu cho nhin liu phn lc, do chng c nhit chy cao, ng thi gi c tnh
linh ng nhit thp.
Hydrocacbon naphtenic trong du m cn l nguyn liu qu t iu ch
cc hydrocacbon thm: benzen, toluen, xylen (BTX), l cc cht khi u trong sn
xut t si tng hp v cht do.
Du m cha nhiu hydrocacbon naphtenic l nguyn liu tt cho sn sut du
nhn c cht lng tt. Chng li c nhit ng c thp nn gi c tnh linh
ng, khng gy kh khn cho qu trnh bm, vn chuyn, phun nhin liu.
7

Hydrocacbon thm (aromat)

Hydrocacbon thm thng gp l loi mt vng v ng ng ca chng
(benzen, toluen, xylen). Cc cht ny thng nm trong phn nh v l cu t lm
tng kh nng chng kch n ca xng. Cc cht ngng t 2, 3 hoc 4 vng thm c
mt trong phn c nhit si trung bnh v cao ca du m; hm lng cc cht ny
thng t hn.
CH3
CH3
CH3
bezen

antraxen

toluen

xylen

pyren

naphten

diphenyl

Khc vi nhin liu xng, nhin liu phn lc v diezen nu hm lng aromat
nhiu th chng lm gim cht lng ca cc loi nhin liu do kh t bc chy v
to cc, to cn trong ng c. Cc cu t aromat mt vng c nhnh ph di l
nguyn liu qu sn xut du nhn c nht v ch s nht cao.
Hydrocacbon loi hn hp naphten aromat
Loi ny rt ph bin trong du, chng thng nm phn on c nhit si
cao. Mt s hydrocacbon hn hp naphten aromat thng gp trong du m c cu
trc nh sau:

tetralin

indan

xyclohexylbenzen

1.2.2. Cc thnh phn phi hydocacbon

Cc cht cha lu hunh

Trong thnh phn phi hydrocacbon cc hp cht lu hunh l ph bin nht,
chng lm xu i cht lng ca du th. Cc loi du cha t hn 0,5% lu hunh l
loi du tt, du cha t 2% lu hunh tr ln l loi du xu. Cc cht cha lu
hunh thng dng sau:
Mercaptan

R-S-H

Sunfua

R-S-R

Disunfua

R-S-S-R

Thiophen
S

S, H2S

Lu hunh t do

Lu hunh dng mercaptan: mercaptan l cc hp cht c nhm SH lin kt trc

tip vi gc hydrocacbon, chng khng bn v d phn hy nhit cao:

3000C

2RSH

5000C

RSH

R-S-R + H2S
R-CH=CH2 +

H2S

Cc cht mercaptan thng c trong phn on nhit si thp, gc

hydrocacbon thng t C1 C8.
Lu hunh dng sunfua v disunfua: cc cht ny thng c cc phn on c
nhit si trung bnh v cao. Gc hydrocacbon c th l mch thng, vng no hoc
vng thm. V d:
(CH2)n

SR

SR

Lu hunh dng thiophen: cc hp cht cha lu hunh dng thiophen c cu

trc mch vng, nh:

S
thiophen

S
benzothiophen

S
dibenzothiophen

Thiophen l loi cht cha lu hunh ph bin nht (chim t 45 92% trong tt
c cc dng hp cht cha lu hunh ca du m). Chng thng c phn nhit
si trung bnh v cao ca du.
9

Lu hunh dng t do: l lu hunh dng nguyn t v dng H 2S. Da

vo hm lng lu hunh dng H2S c trong du m ngi ta phn thnh hai loi
du: du chua lng H2S > 3,7 ml/ 1 lit du, du ngt lng H2S < 3,7 ml/ 1 lit du.
Cc cht cha nit
Cc cht cha nit thng c rt t trong du m (0,01 n 1% trng lng),
chng nm trong phn on c nhit si cao, thng c 1, 2 hoc 3 nguyn t Nit.
Nhng hp cht c mt nguyn t nit thng c tnh baz v l loi chnh. Mt s v
d v cc hp cht cha mt nit nh sau:

pyridin

N
H
pyrol

quinolin

N
H
indol

N
acridin

izo-quinolin

N
H
cacbazol

N
H
benzocacbazol

Cc cht cha oxy

Cc cht cha oxy trong du m thng tn ti di dng axit, xeton, phenol,
ete, estetrong cc axit v phenol l quan trng hn c, chng thng nm nhit
si trung bnh v cao. Cc phenol thng gp l:
OH

phenol

OH

CH3 crezol

OH

naphtol

Cc kim loi nng

Hm lng cc kim loi c trong du thng khng nhiu (vi phn triu).
Chng c trong cu trc ca cc phc kim loi, ch yu l phc ca hai nguyn t V
v Ni. Ngoi ra cn c mt lng rt nh cc nguyn t khc nh Fe, Cu, Zn, Ti
Hm lng kim loi nng nhiu s nh hng n qu trnh ch bin xc tc,
chng s lm ng c xc tc. V vy, i vi qu trnh crcking v reforming, yu cu
hm lng ny khng c qu 5 n 10 ppm.

10

Cc cht nha v asphanten

Nha v asphanten l nhng cht cha ng thi cc nguyn t C, H, O, S, N; c
phn t lng rt ln (500 600 vC tr ln). Nhn b ngoi chng u c mu sm,
nng hn nc, v khng tan trong nc. Chng u c cu trc h vng thm ngng
t cao, thng tp trung nhiu phn nng, nht l trong cn du m. Tuy nhin cng
c th phn bit c nha v asphanten theo cc c im sau y:
Nha

Asphanten

Trng lng phn t: 600

1000 vC

Trng lng phn t: 1000

2500 vC

D tan trong dung mi hu c. Khi tan

Kh tan trong dung mi hu c. Khi tan

to dung dch thc

to dung dch keo

thm ha: 0,14 0,25

thm ha: 0,2 0,7

Cc cht nha v asphanten thng c nhiu phn nng, c bit l phn cn

sau khi chng ct, chng u lm xu i cht lng ca du m. S c mt ca chng
trong nhin liu s lm cho sn phm b sm mu, khi chy khng ht s to cn, u
c xc tc. Tuy nhin, du m no cha nhiu nha v asphanten s l ngun nguyn
liu tt sn xut nha ng
Nc
Trong du m, bao gi cng c ln mt lng nc nht nh, chng tn ti
dng nh tng. Cc nguyn nhn dn n s c mt ca nc trong du m, l:
nc c t khi thnh nn du kh do s ln chm ca cc vt liu hu c di y bin
v nc t kh quyn ngm vo cc m du.
Nc trong du m cha mt lng rt ln cc mui khong. Cc cation v
anion thng gp l: Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-Ngoi ra cn mt s oxit khng
phn ly dng keo nh: Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2.
Khi khai thc du, lng, nc s tch ra khi du. Trong trng hp nc to
thnh h nh tng bn vng, lc mun tch nc phi dng ph gia ph nh.
Cn ch mt s mui khong trong nc b thy phn to ra axit, gy n mn
thit b theo phn ng:
MgCl2 +

2H2O

Mg(OH)2

2HCl

MgCl2 +

2H2O

Mg(OH)Cl

HCl

11

CHNG 2
TNH CHT VT L C TRNG CA DU TH V
PHN LOI DU M
2.1. Xc nh cc c trng vt l ca phn on du m
2.1.1. Thnh phn chng ct phn on
Thnh phn ct l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng cn phi xc nh i vi
cc sn phm trng nh xng, kerosen, izen. Theo thnh phn ct phn on c th
bit c cc loi sn phm thu v khi lung ca chng. Cc phn on du bao gi
cng gm rt nhiu cc n cht khc nhau vi nhit si thay i. Do vy c trng
cho tnh cht bay hi ca mt s phn on l nhit si u v nhit si cui.
Qu trnh chng ct c thc hin trong b chng ct tiu chun Engler.
Cho 100 ml mu vo bnh. Gia nhit nhit t t, tc thng thng t 4 n 5
ml sn phm trong 1 pht. Khi c git lng u tin rt xung bnh hng th nhit
si lc l nhit si u, tip ghi li nhit si ng vi 10, 20, 30, 90% th
tch. n khi no ct thy ngn trong nhit k t cc i tt xung t ngt th l
nhit si cui.
T cc gi tr , ta dng th ph thuc gia % sn phm chng ct c v
nhit si gi l ng cong chng ct.
Mi mt loi nhin liu, c c trng bi thnh phn chng ct nht nh.
Nhng nhn chung, nu cng l xng, hoc cng l kerosen th yu cu v khong
nhit si gn nh nhau.
Thnh phn ct phn on xng ng c c ngha rt quan trng. Nhit si
t 10 n 30% c ngha quyt nh kh nng khi ng ca ng c. Khong nhit
cng thp ng c cng d khi ng khi my ngui. Tuy nhin thp qu, d to
nt hi trong h thng cp nhin liu gy hao tn nhin liu. Nn nhit si 10%
khng vut qu 700C.
Nhit ct 50% c ngha quyt nh kh nng tng tc ca ng c v qu
trnh t nng ng c. Nu nhit ct 50% qu cao khi thay i tc , lng nhin
liu trong my t, cng sut gim iu khin xe kh khn. Do vy nhit ct 50% (t
40% n 70%) cng thp cng tt v d dng tng s vng quay ca ng c ln mc
ti a trong thi gian ngn nht. Tuy vy nu qu thp s to nt hi gy tht thot
nhin liu (v vy khng nn vt qu 1400C).
12

Nhit ct 90% c ngha v mt kinh t, nu nhit 90% cao, xng khng

bc hi hon ton trong bung t. Xng trng thi lng theo xylanh vt qua
xecmng vo cate cha du, lm long du nhn, lm gim kh nng bi trn v mi
mn ng c.
Nhit ct cui nh gi mc bay hi hon ton v lm long du nhn.
Nu nhit si cui cao qu tr du nhn s b ra tri trn thnh xylanh, mi mn
piston, v th nhit si cui khng qu c 2050C.
2.1.2. p sut hi bo ha
p sut hi bo ha l mt trong cc tnh cht vt l quan trng ca cc cht lng
d bay hi. y chnh l p sut hi m ti , th hi cn bng vi th lng. Cht
lng c p sut hi bo ha cng ln th iu kin bo qun, tn tr v vn chuyn
cng phi nghim ngt, tun th cht ch cc bin php an ton phng chng chy n.
p sut hi bo ha Reid l p sut tuyt i 100 0F (37,80C) c trng c
trng cho kh nng bay hi ca phn on xng. l p sut hi bo ha o c
iu kin ca bom Reid 37,80C. i lng ny cng ln bay hi cng cao.
p sut hi bo ha c xc nh trong dng c tiu chun gi l bm Reid
(hnh 5.1).
Cho xng vo bnh 2, ni thng vi bnh 1, ri cho vo bnh n nhit, sau khi n nh
nhit (37,80C) trong 15 pht th m vn ni ton b h thng vi p k thy
ngn. chnh lch h s cho bit p sut hi bo ha ca xng cn o. bc hi ca
xng cng cao, chnh h cng ln.

13

2.1.3. T trng
T trng l t s gia trng lng ring ca mt vt mt nhit nht nh v
trng lng ring ca mt vt khc c chn l chun, xc nh cng v tr. i vi
cc loi sn phm du lng u ly nc ct nhit 4 0C v p sut 760 mmHg lm
chun.
T trng ca du m, hoc mt phn on du m nhit t trn trng lng
ring ca nc 40C, ta c th ghi dt4. d so snh, t trng c biu th cng
mt nhit , phn ln cc nc u ly 20 0C (d204) hoc 15,60C (tng ng vi
600F) so vi nc cng nhit .
mt s nc in hnh l M cn biu th t trng bng 0API. Cng thc
chuyn i t trng sang 0API nh sau:
0

API

141,5
131,5
d 15,6
15,6

14

T trng ca sn phm du m thay i rt nhiu khi nhit thay i, nhng

khng ph thuc vo p sut. Tuy nhin nu p sut cao th c nh hng cht t.
C th xc nh t trng bng phng php nh: dng ph k, cn thy tnh,
picnomet. Phng php picnomet l ph bin nht, dng cho bt k loi cht lng no.
Phng php ny da trn s so snh trng lng ca du vi nc ct trong cng th
tch v cng nhit .
2.1.4. nht
nht l tnh cht ca mt cht lng, c xem l ma st ni ca cht lng v
cn tr s chy ca cht lng. nguyn nhn c nht l do i lc c hc gia cc ht
cu to nn cht lng.
nht ca du m c lin quan nqu trnh bm vn chuyn, s bi trn, s
phun nhin liu trong cc ng c. nht ph thuc vo nhit , khi nhit tng
nht gim.
nht ng lc (hoc ): nht ng lc biu th cho cc cht lng dng
khng c gia tc, c tnh bng cng thc:
= C
Trong : l thi gian chy ca cht lng
C l hng s nht k, khng ph thuc vo nhit m ch ph thuc
vo kch thc hnh hc ca nht k.
Nu nht ln phi dng nht k c ng knh mao qun ln; cn nht ca
cht lng cn o nh, th dng nht k c ng knh mao qun nh; sao cho thi gian
chy ca cht lng khng qu 200 giy.
nht ng lc c tnh bng poaz (P) hay centipoaz (cP).
1 P = 100 cP = 0,1 N.s/ m2 = 1 dyn.s/ cm2 = 1 g/cm.s
nht ng hc ():ng nht ng hc l t s gia nht ng lc hc
v t trng n (c hai u xc nh cng nhit v p sut):

Trong : l nht ng hc, tnh bng stc (St) hoc centistc (cSt)
l nht ng lc
d l trng lng ring, g/cm3
1 St = 1 cm2/s = 100 cSt

15

Xc nh nht ng hc bng cch o thi gian chy ca du qua nht k mao

qun Pinkvic.
nht quy c ( nht Engler): nht quy c hay nht biu kin, cn
gi l nht Engler l t s gia thi gian chy ca 200 ml mu nhit th
nghim v 200 ml nc ct 200C qua ng nh trong dng c o nht:
0

t
E 20

t
0

Trong :

t
E 20
l nht Engler nhit t.

t l thi gian chy ca mu nhit t

0 l thi gian chy ca nc 200C
2.1.5. ng cong im si thc
xc nh thnh phn phn on ca du m, thng tin hnh chng ct trong
b chng ct tiu chun vi cc iu kin quy nh cht ch, gi l chng phc tp
(va chng va luyn).
Qu trnh chng ct nhng vy s cho phn chia cao. Sau dng th quan
h nhit si - phn trm sn phm chng ct so vi du th (% th tch hoc trng
lng). th ny gi l ng cong im si thc.
T kt qu thu c xc nh im si thc, c th xc nh thnh phn cc phn
on ca du m c nhit si n 2000C, 3000C n 4850C (hnh 2.2).

Ni chung, ng cong im si thc l mt ng cong quan trng nht ca

du m. N cho php nh gi c thnh phn ca cc phn on c nhit si
khc nhau. Ngoi ra cn gip cc nh cng ngh xc nh phng n ch bin t
yu cu v cht lng v s lng cc phn on mong mun.

16

2.1.6. im anilin
im anilin l nhit thp nht trong iu kin xc nh, anilin l sn phm
tng ng ha tan vo nhau to thnh mt hn hp ng nht. Khi thnh phn ha
hc khc nhau th gi tr ca im anilin khc nhau. Hydrocacbon thm c im anilin
thp hn so vi cc loi hydrocacbon khc rt nhiu (v hydrocacbon d dng tan trong
anilin hn). Trong cng mt loi hydrocacbon th im anilin tng ln theo trng
lng phn t.
im anilin thng thng c xc nh qua phng php th tch bng nhau
gia anilin v sn phm. Anilin dng xc nh phi khng c mu, va mi chng
ct. Ch dng phn chng ct trong khong 10 n 90%.
Phng php im anilin thng c s dng xc nh thnh phn cc
hydrocacbon thm c trong phn on. hm lng hydrocacbon thm cng ln, im
anilin cng thp.
2.1.7. Nhit chp chy
Nhit chp chy l nhit ti , khi phn on du m c t nng, hi
hydrocacbon s thot ra to vi khng kh xung quanh mt hn hp m nu a ngn
la n gn chng s bng chy ri pht tt nh l mt tia chp.
Nh vy nhit chp chy lin quan n hm lng cc sn phm nh trong
phn on. Du cng c nhiu cu t nh, nhit chp chy cng thp.
Phn on xng: Nhit chp chy khng quy nh, thng l m.
Phn on kerosen: Nhit chp chy t 28 n 600C, thng thng 400C.
Nhit izen: Nhit chp chy cc kn t 35 n 86 0C, thng thng
l 600C.
Phn on du nhn: Nhit chp chy t 130 n 2400C.
C hai phng php xc nh nhit chp chy: Phng php cc kn v
phng php cc h.
Phng php cc kn thng p dng i vi i vi cc sn phm d bay hi
nh kerosen, k c diesen.
Phng php cc h thng p dng i vi cc sn phm khng bay hi nh
du nhn.
Phng php cc kn bao gi cng cho nhit chp chy thp hn so vi
phng php cc h.

17

Xc nh nhit chp chy c ngha rt quan trng trong vic tn cha v bo

qun nhin liu. Nu nhit chp chy ca nhin liu thp, khi bo qun trong b
cha ngoi tri nng nng phi phng c tia la in gn trnh chy n. i
vi nhin liu izen cho xe tng, nu nhit chp chy thp, c ngha l hm lng
cc cu t nh nhiu, rt nguy him cho ngi ngi trong v xe tng phi lm vic
trong iu kin kn hon ton.
Khi xc nh nhit chp chy ca mt phn on no , thy nhit chp
chy khc thng, c th ngh rng trong phn on ln cc nhin liu nh.
2.1.8. Nhit ng c, im ng c v im kt tinh
ng c l mt tnh cht ca du m v sn phm du m. Chng b mt tnh
linh ng khi nhit h thp. Tnh linh ng mt i l do s to thnh nhng mng
kt tinh parafin hoc do nht tng mnh.
Mng tinh th parafin to thnh v trong nhng sn phm du m gm hn hp
hydrocacbon c nhit ng c khc nhau. Khi lm lnh n mt nhit nht
nh, nhng parafin c phn t lng ln kt tinh trc, nhng hydrocacbon c phn
t lng nh hn s chui vo khung ting th , dn n s vn c trc khi ng
c. Thng thng im vn c ln hn im ng c t 3 n 50C.
S ph thuc nhit ng c vo hm lng parafin c biu din qua biu
thc sau:
Tdd0 K 1 K 2 lgC

Trong
C l hm lng parafin rn c trong phn on (% trng lng)
K1, K2 l cc hng s
Trong trng hp hm lng parafin thp, s ng c l do khi gim nhit ,
nht tng mnh lm cho c khi nhin liu ng c li.
Nhng tnh trn ph thuc rt nhiu yu t nh: t l, cu to cc hydrocacbon
trong sn phm du m, kiu lm lnh, nht, lng cc cht nha v asphanten,
hm lng nc
im ng c: l nhit cao nht m sn phm du lng em lm lnh trong
iu kin nht nh khng cn chy c na.
im vn c: l nhit m khi sn phm em lm lnh trong nhng iu kin
nht nh, n bt u vn c do mt s cu t bt u kt tinh.

18

im kt tinh: l nhit sn phm bt u kt tinh c th nhn thy bng mt

thng.
2.1.9. Nhit chy
Nhit chy l lng nhit ta ra khi t chy mt lng nhin liu vi iu kin
l nhit ca nhin liu trc khi t v sn phm chy l 20 0C. Nhit chy l mt
trong nhng c tnh ch yu ca nhin liu. Khi t chy hon ton cc nhin liu
kh, nhin liu lng hoc nhin liu rn u to thnh CO 2 v H2O v ta nhit theo
phn ng:

Cx H y x

y
y
O 2 xCO 2 H 2 O Q
4
2

Trong trng hp nhin liu cha lu hunh s to thnh SO2

Nc to thnh c th th lng hoc th hi.
Gi tr nhit lng cao (Qcao) l lng nhit ta ra khi tt c nc trong sn phm
chy trng thi lng, Qcao = Q1 + Q2:

Cx H y x

H2Ohi

y
y
O 2 xCO 2 H 2 O Q
4
2

H2Olng + Q2

Gi tr nhit lng thp (Qthp) l lng nhit ta ra khi tt c nc trong sn

phm chy trng thi kh.
Hiu gia nhit lng trn v nhit lng di chnh l nhit lng cn thit
nc chuyn t trng thi lng sang trng thi hi, nhit lng ny gi l nhit ha hi
ca nc.
2.1.10.Hm lng nc trong phn on du m
Nhn chung nc khng ha tan trong du m v cc phn on ca du m.
Nhng khi tng nhit th ha tan ca nc trong du m s tng ln.
S c mt ca nc trong mt s phn on du gy nguy him cho qu trnh s
dng, chng hn:
Nu trong du bin th c nc s lm gim cch in.
Trong nhin liu phn lc c nc s gy nguy him, v my bay lm vic
cao ln, nhit h rt thp (khong 50 0C), lng nc c trong nhin liu s to
thnh cc tinh th nc l tc vi phun, gy gin on cung cp nhin liu.
Trong sn sut LPG, khi dn n s h nhit , nc s to thnh cc tinh th nh
gy tc van gim p.

19

Do vy cn phi tch nc ra khi cc phn on sao cho hm lng nc cng

nh cng tt.
2.1.11.Tr s octan
Tr s octan l i lng c trng cho kh nng chng kch n ca nhin liu.
C hai phng php xc nh tr s octan, l phng php nghin cu (RON) v
phng php mt (MON).
Bn cht ca phng php ny l so snh bn chng kch n ca nhin liu th
nghim v nhin liu tiu chun, biu th bng tr s octan. bn chng kch n ca
izo-octan qui c bng 100 v ca n-heptan bng 0.
2.2.

nh gi cht lng ca du m qua cc c trng sau

xc nh gi tr ca du th trn th trng, ng thi nh hng cho cc qu

trnh s dng, ch bin, tnh ton cng sut thit b cho nh my lc du, vic phn
tch, xc nh cc ch tiu ca du th l rt cn thit. C rt nhiu c tnh quan trng,
trong phn ny ch a ra cc tnh cht tiu biu nht, lin quan n s dng v qu
trnh cng ngh ch bin chng.
2.2.1. Thnh phn hydrocacbon trong du m
Hydrocacbon l thnh phn quan trng nht ca du th, trong du chng chim
t 60 n 90% trng lng. Du cha cng nhiu hydrocacbon th cng c gi tr kinh
t cao. Ph thuc vo hm lng ca tng loi: pararfin, naphten, aromat m c th
sn xut c cc sn phm nhin liu c cht lng khc nhau. Du cha naphten,
aromat s cho php sn xut xng c tr s octan cao. Du cha nhiu n-parafin s l
ngun to ra nhin liu izen c cht lng tt, nhng hm lng parafin rn cao qu
s lm tng im ng c ca du, gy kh khn cho qu trnh vn chuyn, bc rt,
phi p dng cc bin php h im ng, gy tn km. Du trung gian naphten parafinic s l nguyn liu tt sn xut ra du nhn c ch s nht cao.
Khi khai thc c du th, nht thit phi xc nh hm lng v c tnh ca
cc hydrocacbon c trong du. C nhiu phng php xc nh chng nhng ph
bin l phng php ha l nh sc k kh, ph hng ngoi (IR) v t ngoi (UV).
2.2.2. T trng
Da vo t trng c th s b nh gi du m thuc loi nng hay nh, mc
bin cht thp hay cao. Theo t trng, ph bin ngi ta chia du thay 3 cp:
Du nh:

d 15
4 0,830

20

Du trung bnh:

d 15
4 0,830 0,884

Du nng:

d 15
4 0,884

Du th cng nh, hiu sut v cht lng cc sn phm trng thu c khi
chng ct cng cao; du cng cha t lu hunh, cng mang nhiu c tnh parafinic
hoc trung gian naphtenic parafinic. Du cng nng th cha cng nhiu cc cht d
nguyn t, cc cht nha v asphanten, khng thun li sn xut cc sn phm
nhin liu v du nhn, nhng li l nguyn liu tt sn xut bitum nha ng v
cc.
2.2.3. H s c trng K
H s ny cho bit du m mang c tnh ca loi hydrocacbon no l ch yu.
H s K dao ng trong khong t 10 n 13, trong :

12,5

H du parafinic

K = 13

H du naphtenic

K = 11,45

H du aromatic

K = 10

10,5

Cc h du trung gian c gi tr K nm gia cc s trn. Bit c h du th l

h g s c hng s dng hp l. Chng hn mt loi du th c K = 12, du s
thuc loi trung gian naphteno parafinic, n cho hiu sut v cht lng ca xng,
kerosen, gasoil cao, bitum thu c t cn du s khng tt.
2.2.4. Hm lng cc hp cht cha cc nguyn t d th
Cc cht cha lu hunh
Lu hunh l hp cht ch yu c trong du th. Chng tn ti nhiu dng:
mercaptan, sunfua, disunfua, H2S, S. Cn c vo hm lng lu hunh ngi ta chia
du m lm ba loi:

Du m t lu hunh

S < 0,5%

Du m c lu hunh

S = 0,51 2%

Du m nhiu lu hunh

S > 2%

Du m cha nhiu lu hunh c gi tr kinh t thp hn du m t lu hunh.

Lu hunh l cht gy nhiu tc hi: Khi t chy to ra SO 2, SO3 gy c hi v n
21

mn ng ng, thit b. Mt khc, khi a du th i ch bin ha hc, lu hunh s

l nguyn nhn gy ng c xc tc, lm gim hiu sut v cht lng sn phm.
Thng thng du cng nng th hm lng lu hunh cng cao.

Hm lng Nit trong du

Cc cht cha nit trong du thng t hn so vi lu hunh. Chng thng c

tnh baz nn c nh hng ln n qu trnh ch bin du trn xc tc axit (qu trnh

crcking, reforming, alkyl ha), n l nguyn nhn gy nn mt hot tnh xc tc,
to cn trong ng c v lm bin mu sn phm.

Cc cht nha v asphanten.

Du m c nhiu nha v asphanten th trong sn phm (du nhn v cn) cng

c nhiu cht . Ni chung nha v asphanten l nhng cht c hi. Nu trong sn

phm c nha v asphanten th kh nng chy s khng hon ton, to cn v tn, lm
tc vi phun ca ng c. Nha l cht d b oxi ha, s lm gim tnh n ng ca sn
phm. Tuy nhin du th cha nhiu nha v asphanten th phn cn li l nguyn liu
tt sn xut bitum. Phn cn grudron ca du th Vit Nam c tng hm lng
nha v asphanten l rt thp nn khng th s dng sn xut bitum.
2.2.5. nht
Da vo nht ca du m c th tnh ton c cc qu trnh bm vn
chuyn. Du c nht cng cao th cng kh vn chuyn bng ng ng. vn
chuyn phi tiu hao nng lng, v vy chi ch vn chuyn s tng ln. i vi du
th cng nng th nht cng cao. i vi cc phn on du m, chng hn du
nhn nht gn nh l mt ch tiu quan trng nht nhm m bo cho qu trnh bi
trn tt.
2.2.6. Nhit ng c
Nhit ng c phn nh tnh linh ng ca du nhit thp. Nu nhit
ng c ca mt loi du no cao th s rt kh khn cho qu trnh vn chuyn,
bm rt, phi tin hnh cc bin php lm gim nhit ng c nh gia nhit gy
tn km.
C hai nguyn nhn dn n du c nhit ng c cao, l: du c nht
ln v du cha nhiu n parafin rn. V d du th Bch H cha nhiu n parafin
rn nn nhit ng c l +330C.

22

2.2.7. Nhit chp chy

Nhit chp chy phn nh hm lng cc hydrocacbon nh c trong du v
cho bit nguy him i vi hin tng chy n khi bo qun v vn chuyn. Nhit
chp chy cng thp, cng gn vi nhit ca mi trng th cn phi thn trng
khi bo qun v vn chuyn. Phi c cc bin php phng gim ti a cc hin
tng chy n.
V d, xng c nhit chp chy thp nn bo qun an ton cho cc bn b
cha xng, ngi ta thng sn nh trng phn x nhit, h thng ti nc lm
mt b, hoc xy b ngm.
2.2.8. Hm lng cc conradson
cc ha conradson l i lng c trng cho kh nng to cc ca phn cn
du m. i lng ny cng cao th hiu sut cc thu c cng cao. Hm lng cc
conradson cng cao cn c ngha hm lng nha v asphanten trong du m s cao,
v c th s dng cn du m loi ny sn xut bitum nha ng vi hiu sut v
cht lng tt.
2.2.9. Kim loi nng trong du
Trong du m thng c nhiu kim loi mc vi lng nh V, Ni, Co, Pb, Ti,
Mntrong ch yu l hai nguyn t Vanadi v Niken. Hm lng cc kim loi
trong du phn nh mc nh hng ca chng khi s dng cc phn on lm
nhin liu v nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh ch bin. V d, nu trong nhin liu t l
c nhiu V, Ni cc kim loi ny s gy thng l do to thnh cc hp kim vi st c
nhit nng chy thp, cn trong phn ng reforming xc tc, cc kim loi Pb, As s
lm xc tc mt hot tnh (ng c xc tc).
i vi du th Vit Nam, hm lng trung bnh ca V v Ni rt thp, hm lng
Vanadi trong phn cn cng ch khong 0,46 ppm, cn Ni l 10,503 ppm.
2.3. Cc c tnh ca du th v sn phm du m
2.3.1. Tnh bay hi
Tnh bay hi c trng cho kh nng chuyn t dng lng sang dng hi ca mt
sn phm.
Ty thuc vo nhit , p sut mt cht c th tn ti dng ny hay dng khc,
hay cc dng nm cn bng vi nhau. i vi cc nguyn cht, p sut xc nh s
ha hi xy ra nhit khng i. Khi p sut tng th nhit ha hi tng. p

23

sut do pha hi gy ra nm cn bng vi pha lng nhit xc nh gi l p sut

hi.
i vi cu t nh d bay hi th p sut hi cng cao v nhit si cng thp.
Ngc li cu t cng nng cng kh bay hi th p sut hi cng thp v nhit si
cng cao.
Nhng i vi cc sn phm du kh c c trng bi khong nhit si. V
d phn on xng, khong nhit si t 300C n 1800C.
Trong qu trnh s dng cc sn phm nng lng phi chuyn t dng lng khi
tn tr sang dng hi khi s dng. V vy n i hi phi c giai on ha hi, i vi
cc sn phm du kh, s ha hi xy ra nhit tng dn trong qu trnh ha hi.
Mt khc, mt c im rt quan trng c lin quan n qu trnh ha hi l s ha
hi tiu th nng lng. Ngc li qu trnh ngng t l qu trnh ta nhit. y l cc
c tnh cn phi ch khi s dng cc sn phm du kh, v n dn n vn nh:
lm h nhit mi trng, kh khi ng ng c iu kin lnh
2.3.2. Tnh bt chy
Chy l qu trnh oxi ha mt cht din ra rt nhanh v km theo ta nhiu nhit,
y l qu trnh phc tp, trong phn ng oxy ha l c s ca qu trnh t chy
cc sn phm du kh bng oxi (khng kh) th s to thnh cc sn phm chy CO 2,
H2O, SO2Nhit tr ca cc cht c th tham kho bng 3.1
(C, H, S)

O2

CO2 + H2O +

SO2 + Q

Cc sn phm du kh c nhit tr cao, t l H/C cng cao v hm lng lu

hunh cng thp th nhit tr cng cao. Nhng qu trnh chy xy ra hon ton nht
thit phi hi t cc iu kin sau:
-

Cn thit phi a sn phm sang dng hi.

S dng lng thch hp khng kh v sn phm: qu trnh chy xy ra th t

l nhin liu v khng kh phi nm trong khong gia gii hn chy di v
gii hn chy trn.

24

Cn c nng lng khi mo: tia la in ca buri, ngn la mi hoc nhit

cao.

Bng 3.1. Nhit chy ca mt s cht

Cht t
Sn phm chy
Nhit tr (kcal/ kg)
C
Kh CO2
8133
H
Hi H2O
29100
S
Kh SO2
2322
2.3.3. Tnh lu chuyn
S lu chuyn ca cc sn phm du kh thng qua hai thng s: t trng v
nht, l hai thng s thay i theo nhit , khi nhit tng t trng v nht
gim, nh hng ny l ng k.
2.3.4. T trng
T trng l t s gia trng lng ring ca mt vt mt nhit nht nh v
trng lng ring ca mt vt khc c chn l chun, xc nh cng v tr. i vi
cc loi sn phm du lng u ly nc ct nhit 4 0C v p sut 760 mmHg lm
chun.
T trng ca du m, hoc mt phn on du m nhit t trn trng lng
ring ca nc 40C, ta c th ghi dt4, v trong h CGS biu th bng g/cm 3. d so
snh, t trng c biu th cng mt nhit , phn ln cc nc u ly 20 0C
(d204) hoc 15,60C (tng ng vi 600F) so vi nc cng nhit .
mt s nc cn biu th t trng bng 0API. Cng thc chuyn i t trng
sang 0API nh sau:
0

API

141,5
131,5
d 15,6
15,6

T trng ca sn phm du m thay i rt nhiu khi nhit thay i, nhng

khng ph thuc vo p sut. Tuy nhin nu p sut cao th c nh hng cht t.
2.3.5. nht
nht l tnh cht ca mt cht lng, c xem l ma st ni ca cht lng v
cn tr s chy ca cht lng. Nguyn nhn c nht l do i lc c hc gia cc ht
cu to nn cht lng.
nht ca du m c lin quan n qu trnh bm vn chuyn, s bi trn, s
phun nhin liu trong cc ng c. nht ph thuc vo nhit , khi nhit tng
nht gim.

25

 nht ng lc (hoc ): nht ng lc biu th cho cc cht lng dng

khng c gia tc, c tnh bng cng thc:
= C
Trong : l thi gian chy ca cht lng
C l hng s nht k, khng ph thuc vo nhit m ch ph
thuc vo kch thc hnh hc ca nht k.
Nu nht ln phi dng nht k c ng knh mao qun ln; cn nht ca
cht lng cn o nh, th dng nht k c ng knh mao qun nh; sao cho thi gian
chy ca cht lng khng qu 200 giy.
nht ng lc c tnh bng poaz (P) hay centipoaz (cP).
1 P = 100 cP = 0,1 N.s/ m2 = 1 dyn.s/ cm2 = 1 g/cm.s
nht ng hc (): nht ng hc l t s gia nht ng lc hc v
khi lng ring ca n (c hai u xc nh cng nhit v p sut):

Trong : l nht ng hc, tnh bng stc (St) hoc centistc (cSt)
l nht ng lc
d l khi lng ring, g/cm3
1 St = 1 cm2/s = 100 cSt
Cc sn phm du kh c nht cng cao th tnh lu ng cng thp. nht
cn nh hng n kh nng bm, kh nng phun sng v kh nng bi trn.
2.3.6. Tnh lu chuyn trong iu kin lnh
Khi nhit ca sn phm du kh gim, nht tng dn n tnh lu chuyn
gim. Nu tip tc gim nhit , bt u xut hin cc vi tinh th rn, cc tinh th ny
to dn n mt lc no lu cht s c li v ng khi lm cn tr qu trnh lu
chuyn. Kh nng kt tinh ph thuc vo cc hydrocacbon c mt trong sn phm v
c xp theo th t tng dn nh sau:
Aromatic < Naphtenic < iso-parafinic < n-parafinic
Nh vy kh nng kt tinh ch yu l do n-parafinic v tng dn khi s nguyn t
cacbon tng. V d nhit kt tinh ca mt s n-parafinic c cho trong bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2. Nhit kt tinh ca n-parafinic
n-parafinic
T0kt (0C)

n-C4H10

n-C8H18
-57

n-C16H34
+18

n-C26H54
+56

n-C44H90
+86
26

2.3.7. Tnh n mn v s c hi ca cc sn phm du m

Khi t chy cc sn phm du kh s sinh ra mt lng ln kh thi gm: CO 2,
CO, SO2, NOx v mui than gy nhim bu kh quyn, c hi i vi con ngi
v thc vt.
Ngoi ra trong khi thi cn c mt lng ch gy nh hng n sc khe cng
ng. Cc hp cht ch hu c i vo c th ngi qua phi v rut thm ch c th
hp th qua da. nh hng c hi ca ch hu ht l i vi h thn kinh. Cc triu
chng nhim c r rng l mt ng, c nhng gic m kinh hong, mt tp trung,
km n, bun nn, ri lon cm xc
Cc hp cht SOx sinh ra trong khi thi khi gp hi nc trong khng kh to
thnh axit gy n mn ng c.
SO2 + 1/2O2

SO3

SO3 + H2O

H2SO4

Ngoi ra trong cc sn phm du kh c th cha cc hp cht axt m chng c

mt nh cc ph gia hoc cc sn phm bin cht to thnh trong qu trnh tn tr, cc
hp cht lu hunh m ch yu l cc hp cht mercaptan (RSH), cc hp cht oxi,
cc axit hu c (RCOOH). S c mt ca chng s gy nn qu trnh n mn ng
ng v cc thit b tn tr.
2.4.Phn loi du m
2.4.1.Da vo bn cht ha hc
Phn loi theo bn cht ha hc c ngha l da vo thnh phn cc loi
hydrocacbon c trong du. Nu trong du, h hydrocacbon no chim phn ch yu th
du m s mang tn loi . V d, du parafinic th hm lng hydrocacbon parafinic
trong phi chim 75% tr ln. Tuy nhin trong thc t, khng c bt k m du no
li c thun chng mt loi hydrocacbon nh vy, nh vy thng ch c du trung
gian; v d, mt loi du no c: hn 50% parafinic, ln hn 25% naphtenic v cn
li l cc loi khc th c gi l du napteno - parafinic
C nhiu phng php khc nhau phn loi theo bn cht ha hc:
Phn loi theo Nelson, Waston v Murphy: theo cc tc gi ny, du m c c
trng bi cc h s K, l mt hng s vt l quan trng, c trng cho bn cht ha
hc ca du m, c tnh theo cng thc:
K

T
d

27

T: nhit si trung bnh ca du th, tnh bng Reomuya (0R), 10R = 1,250C.
d: t trng ca du th, xc nh 15,60C (600F) so vi mc cng nhit .
Gii hn h s K c trng phn chia du m nh sau:
Bng 2.1. H s K c trng ca cc h du m khc nhau

12,15

Du m h parafinic

K = 13

Du m h trung gian

K = 12,10

11,5

Du m h naphtenic

K = 11,45

10,5

Du m h aromatic

K = 10

2.4.2.Phn loi du m theo bn cht vt l

Cch phn loi ny da theo t trng, bit t trng c th chia du th theo ba
cp.
1.

Du nh:

d 15
4 0,830

2.

Du trung bnh:

d 15
4 0,830 0,884

3.

Du nng:

d 15
4 0,884

Hoc c th phn du theo 5 cp sau:

4.

Du rt nh:

d 15
4 0,830

5.

Du nh va

d 15
4 0,830 0,850

6.

Du hi nng:

d 15
4 0,850 0,865

7.

Du nng:

8.

Du rt nng

d 15
4 0,865 0,905
d 15
4 0,905

Ngoi ra trn th trng th gii cn s dng 0API thay cho t trng v 0API
c tnh nh sau:
0

API

141,5
131,5
d 15,6
15,6

Du m c 0API cng nh th du cng nng.

2.5.Thnh phn v phn loi kh
2.5.1.Phn loi
Kh hydrocacbon trong t nhin c phn loi theo ngun gc nh di y:

28

Kh thin nhin: L cc kh cha trong cc m kh ring bit. Trong kh ny

thnh phn ch yu l metan (chim t 70 99%) cn li cc kh khc nh etan,
propan v rt t butan.
Kh ng hnh: l kh nm ln trong du m, c hnh thnh cng vi du,
thnh phn ch yu l cc kh propan, butan, pentan
Kh ngng t (Condensate): Thc cht l dng trung gian gia du v kh (phn
cui ca kh v phn u ca du), bao gm cc hydrocacbon nh propan, butan v
mt s hydrocacbon lng khc nh pentan, hexan, thm ch hydrocacbon naphtenic v
aromatic n gin. iu kin thng, kh ngng t dng lng. Kh ngng t l
nguyn liu qu sn xut LPG v s dng trong tng hp ha du.
2.5.2.Thnh phn
c trng ch yu ca kh thin nhin v kh du m bao gm hai phn: phn
hydrocacbon v phi hydrocacbon.
Cc hp cht hydrocacbon: Ch yu l cc kh metan v ng ng ca n nh:
etan, propan, n butan, izo butan, ngoi ra cn mt t cc hp cht C 5, C6. Hm
lng cc cu t trn thay i ty theo ngun gc ca kh. V d, trong kh thin nhin
cha ch yu l metan, cc kh nng C 3 n C4 rt t; cn trong kh ng hnh, hm
lng cc kh C3, C4 cao hn.
Cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon: Ngoi thnh phn chnh l hydrocacbon, trong
kh thin nhin v kh du m cn cha cc hp cht khc nh: CO 2, N2, H2S, H2, He,
Ar, NeTrong cc loi kh k trn, thng kh N2 chim phn ln. c bit, c nhng
m kh cha He vi hm lng kh cao nh cc m kh t nhin M.
Ngi ta c th s dng cc m kh lm ngun nguyn liu sn xut cc
kh tr, thu hi H2S phc v cho cng nghip.

29

CHNG 3
CC PHN ON DU M V NG DNG CA CC
PHN ON DU M
Gii thiu:
Du m mun s dng c th phi tin hnh phn chia thnh tng phn on
nh. Qu trnh phn chia da vo phng php chng ct thu c cc khong
nhit si khc nhau. u tin, khi khai thc do c s gim p sut nn phn on
kh b tch ra, thng t C1 n C4 v mt lng rt t C5, C6. Sau , ty thuc vo
gii hn nhit si m ta thu c cc phn on sau:
Phn on xng: nhit si nh hn 1800C, bao gm cc thnh phn t C5 - C11.
Phn on kerosen: nhit si t 180 n 2500C, cha cc hydrocacbon t C11 C16.
Phn on gasoil nh (cn gi l phn on diesel): nhit si t 250 - 350 0C
cha cc thnh phn t C16 - C21.
Phn on gasoil nng (cn gi l phn on du nhn), nhit si t 350 n
5000C, bao gm C21 n C25, thm ch n C40.
Phn on cn gudron nhit si trn 500 0C, gm cc thnh phn c s
nguyn t cacbon t C41 tr ln, gii hn cui cng c th n C80.
Cc phn on k trn c ng dng trong nhiu mc ch khc nhau, nhng
ch yu c s dng lm nhin liu hoc to cc sn phm ha hc. c th s
dng vi hiu qu cao nht cc sn phm du m, cn phi nm vng cc c im,
tnh cht ca tng phn on.
3.1.

Phn on kh
Phn on kh bao gm cc hydrocacbon C1 n C4, mt lng rt t C5, C6. Cc

kh ny c th khai thc t m kh hoc tch ra khi khoan du. Kh c ng dng lm

nguyn liu cho cng nghip tng hp ha du v lm nhin liu t.
3.1.1. Kh lm nguyn liu tng hp ha du
Tng hp amoniac
Amoniac (NH3) l nguyn liu ban u tng hp phn m. Qu trnh tng
hp s dng ch yu l kh thin nhin qua cc qu trnh sau:
u tin chuyn ha thnh kh tng hp (qu trnh reforming hi nc)
30

CH4

O2

CO

2H2

CH4

H 2O

CO

3H2

CO

H 2O

CO2 +

H2

Sau khi loi b CO l tip n giai on tng hp amoniac:

N2

3H2

2NH3

+ Q

Xc tc cho phn ng ny l cc oxyt nh Fe 2O3, Fe3O4, FeO, Al2O3, Cr2O3,

TiO2Phn ng ny xy ra p sut cao (25 n 100MPa), nhit 5000C.

Tng hp metanol
Metanol l mt trong nhng nguyn liu v dung mi quan trng trong cng

nghip ha hc. Metanol cn c coi l nhin liu l tng v n c kh nng chy

hon ton khng gy nhim mi trng, ngoi ra n c s dng lm ph gia tng
tr s octan cho xng.
C th tng hp metanol bng cch oxy ha khng hon ton metan theo phn
ng sau:
CH4

[O]

CH3OH

Xc tc s dng trong qu trnh ny c th l: Cc kim loi Fe, Ni, Cu, Pd cc

oxyt ca chng, hoc hn hp oxyt v kim loi.
Ngy nay trong cng nghip, xc tc c s dng l V2O5 vi nguyn liu l h
CH4, O2, NO v cc nhit khc l nhit , p sut.
Trong cng nghip ha cht, mtanol c s dng nh l mt bn sn phm cho
nhiu qu trnh tng hp cng nghip. Phn ln metanol dng cho iu ch
formandehit v mt s cht quan trng nh: Cloruametyl (CH3Cl), metyl amin
(CH3NH2), axit acetic (CH3COOH), vinylmetyl ete (CH3O-CH=CH2), metyl mercaptan
(CH3SH)
Nh vy, oxy ha trc tip metan c th thu c sn phm l metanol v
formaldehyt. Vic s dng NOx nh l cht khi mo hoc cht oxi ha cho phn ng
em li nhng hiu qu r rt. Thnh phn sn phm thu c khi oxy ha trc tip
metan c th tham kho hnh 4.1.
3.1.2. Kh lm nhin liu t
Hin nay trong cng nghip s dng cc loi l t vi nhiu loi nhin liu
truyn thng khc nhau nh D.O, F.O, than, in Phc v cho cng on gia nhit

31

ca cc cng ngh sn xut khc nhau nh: nung, sy, hp. Lng nhin liu s dng
trong lnh lc ny rt ln, do vy vic chuyn i nhin liu cng c ngha to ln.
Chuyn ha kh thnh nhin liu t l hng s dng quan trng v c hiu qu
cao, do cng ngh ha lng kh v ang pht trin trn phm vi ton cu.

Kh t nhin ha lng (LNG)

ngha quan trng nht ca vic ha lng kh t nhin l gim c 600 ln th

tch, lm cho cng vic tn tr, vn chuyn v bo qun tr nn thun li hn rt

nhiu.
Trong qu trnh ha lng kh t nhin, cc kh c nhit si thp s c lm lnh
xung di im sng ca n.
Kh t nhin ha lng c s dng lm nhin liu trong nhiu ngnh kinh t
quc dn nh nng lng, cng nghip, giao thng vn ti, kh t dn dng, v t ra
c u th hn hn so vi cc loi nhin liu khc. Chng hn nh trong ngnh nng
lng, s dng kh t nhin sn xut in s lm gim gi thnh t 30 n 40%.
Xy dng nh my chy bng kh t, vn u t s gim 20% so vi nh my chy
bng than.
Ngy nay, khong 20% tng lng kh tiu th trn th gii l phc v cho vic
sn xut ra nng lng v d tnh con s ny trn th trng s tng mnh trong nhng
nm ti. Nhiu nh my chu trnh hn hp kh ln ang c xy dng, v tng nhanh
trong khi nhiu nh my nng lng sn c ang c trang b li tng hiu qu v
gim cht thi NOx v SOx. Mt s h thng tm c ln cung cp hi qu trnh cng
c s dng, gi l nhit nng lng kt hp (Combined heat and power CHP).
Hin trn th gii vic s dng kh cho pht in l rt ph bin. cc nc c
ngun kh thin nhin di do, kh c s dng cho my pht in chim t l rt cao
(khong 80% sn lng kh khai thc c). Bi v vic s dng kh c tnh u vit
nh sau:
t gy nhim mi trng.
Chi ph u t cho cng ngh s dng kh thp.
Hiu sut nhit cao.
Thi gian xy dng ngn.
Din tch xy dng nh my nh.
Gi thnh sn xut 1 Kwh in t kh thp hn so vi cc loi nhin liu khc.
32

Kh du m ha lng (LPG)
Thnh phn ch yu ca LPG bao gm cc hydrocacbon parafinic nh propan,

butan. Ngoi ra, ty thuc vo phng php ch bin m trong thnh phn ca n c
th c mt mt lng nh olefin nh propylen, butylen.
Khi ha lng, th tch ca cc hydrocacbon gim, v d mt lt propan lng cho
270 lt hi 1 atm, 1 lt butan lng cho 238 lit hi 1 atm. V vy cng nh LNG,
LPG c th vn chuyn, tn tr mt cch d dng v thun tin.
Nhit lng ta ra khi t LPG rt ln (khong 10900 n 13000 kcal/ kg tng
ng vi vi nhit lng ca 1,5 n 2 kg than ci, 1,3 lit du ha hay 1,5 lit xng).
Vi nhit lng c th s dng cho cc l cng nghip, lm nhin liu cho ng c
t trong thay cho xng (trong cc loi t), lm nhin liu dn dng. Ngy nay trn
th gii c xu hng s dng LPG thay cho nhin liu xng chy t, do n c
nhiu u im hn hn so vi cc loi nhin liu khc l nhin liu chy hon ton,
khng c khi, khng c tro, khng ln cc tp cht gy n mn cc phng tin bn
b cha, khng gy nhim. Hm lng kh thi c hi nh NOx, COx rt t.
sn xut LPG, ngi ta va nn va lm lnh n nhit ha lng ca cht
kh. V d, propan ha lng - 42,10C; izo butan - 110C; n butan - 0,50C.
Qua phn phn tch, so snh, nh gi v tng quan gi thnh trn n v nhit
tr v hiu sut t chy gia cc loi nhin liu truyn thng, nhin liu kh thin
nhin v LPG cho thy nu xt v phng din chi ph, th vic chuyn i cc nhin
liu truyn thng sang s dng nhin liu kh thin nhin v LPG s tit kim c
ng k chi ph cho nhin liu tnh trn u sn phm. Kh t c th t c nhit tr
cung cp cao mt cch nhanh chng v cng h nhit nhanh khi ngng s dng. y
l u im ln ca kh trong qu trnh nung, un, nu. Theo ti liu ca Unique Gas
cung cp, hiu qu v nhit tr ca vic s dng kh vi cc loi nhin liu khc l:

Bng 3.1. So snh nhit tr ca cc nhin liu

Nhin liu
in

Nhit tr (Kcal/ kg)

860

T trng

33

Ci

2662

Than ci

6582

Than

8171

Du F.O

10175

0,92 0,99

Du D.O

10675

0,82 0,90

Du th

10175 10840

0,80 0,87

Du ha

11000

0,78 0,84

Nhin liu phn lc

11400

0,71 0,79

Xng ng c

11400

Kh du m ha lng (LPG)

11845

Kh thin nhin ha lng (LNG)

12400

Bn cnh vic gim nhim mi trng kh dng kh thin nhin v LPG cn

tit kim c khong 30 50% thi gian un nng do kh c nhit chy cao hn cc
loi nhin liu khc v c hiu sut cao gp 1,5 ln so vi cc loi cht t khc. y
l loi nhin liu sch, hiu sut chy cao, khng sinh khi v to mui khi chy.
V nguyn tc LPG c s dng nh l mt ngun nguyn liu tin li sch s
nht trong cc loi nhin liu thng dng. LPG c chia thnh 5 lnh vc s dng
chnh:
Dn dng v thng nghip: nu n, si m, n gas trong cc h dn, cc ca
hng n ung v khch sn.
Cng, nng nghip: sy thc phm, nung gm s, hn ct
t: nhin liu cho xe con, xe taxi
Pht in: chy my pht in turbin.
Ha du: sn xut etylen, propylen, butadien cho ngnh nha v c bit sn xut
MTBE l cht lm tng tr s octan.
3.2. Phn on xng
3.2.1. Thnh phn ha hc
Phn on xng bao gm cc hydrocacbon t C 5 n C10, C11 c khong nhit
si di 1800C. C 3 loi hydrocacbon parafinic, naphtenic, aromatic u c mt trong
phn on. Tuy nhin thnh phn s lng cc hydrocacbon rt khc nhau, ph thuc
vo ngun gc du th ban u. Chng hn, t h du parafinic s thu c xng cha
parafin, cn t du naphtenic s thu c xng c nhiu cu t vng no hn.
34

Ngoi hydrocacbon, trong phn on xng cn c cc hp cht lu hunh, Nit

v Oxy. Cc cht cha lu hunh thng dng hp cht khng bn nh mercaptan
(RSH). Cc cht cha Nit ch yu dng pyridin; cn cc cht cha oxy rt t,
thng dng phenol v ng ng. Cc cht cha nha v asphanten u cha c.
3.2.2. Xng lm nhin liu
ng c xng
ng c xng l mt kiu ng c t trong, nhm thc hin chuyn ha nng
lng ha hc ca nhin liu khi chy thnh nng lng c hc di dng chuyn
ng quay. ng c xng bao gm ng c 4 k v ng c 2 k, trong ng c 4
k ph bin hn. Chu trnh lm vic ca ng c 4 k c th hin trong hnh 3.1.
Xng t thng nhin liu ca phng tin c bm chuyn n b ch ha kh
(Carburettor), hoc h thng phun nhin liu c in t. Ti y n c phun sng
v phi trn vi khng kh to thnh hn hp chy. Hn hp nhin liu v khng
kh sau c a vo xylanh ng c thng qua ng gp u vo v van ht.

K ht: Piston i t im cht trn xung im cht di, van ht m ra ht

hn hp xng v khng kh vo xylanh. Lc ny
van thi ng.
K nn: Piston i t im cht di ln im cht trn, lc ny van ht ng li
nn hn hp xng v khng kh. Khi b nn, p sut tng (6-12 kg/cm 2) dn n
nhit tng (250 3500C), chun b cho qu trnh chy tip theo.

35

K chy: Khi piston ln n im cht trn th bugi nh la, s t chy hn

hp xng v khng kh. Khi chy, nhit nng bin thnh c nng y piston xung
im cht di, ng thi truyn chuyn ng qua thanh truyn lm chy my.
K x: Lc ny piston b y xung im cht di, v do qun tnh ca bnh
piston tip tc i ln, van x s m ra kh chy thot ra ngoi v khi piston ln
im cht trn th xylanh thi sch kh thi, van thi s ng li.
Khi piston bt u i xung th van ht li m ra v bt u cho mt chu trnh
mi

Bn cht ca qu trnh chy trong ng c xng

ng c lm vic bnh thng th trong xylanh, cc mt la phi lan truyn

u n, ht lp n n lp kia, vi tc khong 15 n 40 m/s. Nu mt la lan

truyn vi tc qu ln (ngha l s chy din ra cng mt lc trong xylanh) th xem
nh l qu trnh chy khng bnh thng v c gi l chy kch n. l s chy
rt nhanh hn hp nhin liu v khng kh trong bung t do nhit v p sut gia
tng nhanh tip theo s chy khi u ca hn hp chung quanh bugi.

nh hng ca thnh phn nhin liu n tnh cht chy trong ng c. Tr s

octan.
Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca nhin liu xng l phi c kh nng

chng li s kch n. c trng gi l tr s octan.

Tr s octan l mt n v o quy c dng c trng cho kh nng chng
kch n ca nhin liu, c o bng phn trm th tch ca izo-octan (2,2,4
trimetylpentan C8H18) trong hn hp chun vi n-heptan (n C 7H16), tng ng vi
kh nng chng kch n ca nhin liu iu kin tiu chun. S dng thang chia t 0
n 100, trong n heptan c tr s octan bng khng v izo octan c quy c
bng 100.
V nguyn tc, tr s octan cng cao cng tt, tuy nhin phi ph hp vi tng
loi ng c. Xng c tr s octan t 80 n 83 thng c s dng cho cc loi xe
c t s nn nh hn 7,5. Xng c tr s octan t 90 n 95 thng c s dng trong
cc loi xe c t s nn cao trn 9,5 nh cc loi xe ua, xe t cao cp
C hai phng php xc nh tr s octan, phng php nghin cu (gi l tr s
octan theo RON) v phng php mt (gi l tr s octan theo MON). im khc
nhau ca hai phng php ch yu l do s vng quay ca mt th nghim.

36

Theo RON: L tr s octan ca xng th hin khi s dng trong ng c iu

kin tc v ti trng trung bnh. S vng quay ca mt th nghim l 600 vng/
pht.
Theo MON: L tr s octan ca xng c trng cho iu kin hot ng khc
nghit hn, l nhit u vo ca hn hp cao, ti trng ln, v ng c phi tri
qua ch van tit lu m ht tc cao. S vng quay ca mt th nghim l 900
vng/ pht.
Thng thng, tr s octan theo RON thng cao hn MON. Mc chnh lch
phn nh: mt mc no tnh cht ca nhin liu thay i khi ch lm vic
ca ng c thay i, cho nn mc chnh lch cn gi l nhy ca nhin liu i
vi ch lm vic thay i ca ng c. Mc chnh lch gia MON v RON cng
thp cng tt.
Mi loi xng khc nhau c chng kch n cng khc nhau. Ngi ta thy
rng:
Cc hydrocacbon phn t nh nh parafin mch nhnh, cc aromat ch chy c
sau khi im ha, c ngha l loi ny c kh nng chng kch n tt.
Cc n parafin d dng chy gy c khi ngn la cha lan truyn ti, gy ra s
chy kch n.
C th sp xp kh nng chng kch n ca cc hydrocacbon nh sau:
Hydrocacbon thm > olefin mch nhnh > parafin nhnh > naphten c nhnh >
olefin mch thng > naphten > n parafin.
Nh vy, trong xng cha cng nhiu hydrocacbon thm hoc izo-parafin th tr
s octan cng cao. Tr s octan ca mt s hydrocacbon ring r c th tham kho
bng 4.6.

Bng 3.2. Tr s octan ca mt s hydrocacbon khc nhau

Hydrocacbon

Tr s octan
PP RON
PP MON

chnh lch

Cc parafin:
Propan

105,7

100

5,7

n butan

93,6

90,1

3,5
37

izo butan

> 100

99

n pentan

61,9

61,9

izo pentan
Cc olefin:

92,3

90,3

2,0

Propylen

101,4

84,9

16,5

Buten 2

99,6

86,5

13,1

Penten 1

90,9

77,1

13,8

Hexen 1
Cc naptalen:

76,4

63,4

13,0

Xyclopentan

100

85

15

Xyclohexan

83

78,6

4,4

74,8

71

3,8

46,5

40,8

5,7

Benzen

113

111,6

1,4

Toluen

115

102,1

12,9

o - Xylen

> 100

100

m - Xylen

> 100

> 100

p - Xylen

> 100

> 100

1,3,5 - Trimetyl bezen

> 100

114

108

99,3

8,7

Metyl xyclohexan
Etyl xyclohexan
Cc hydrocacbon thm:

Izo - Propyl bezen

Cc phng php nng cao cht lng ca xng

Phn on xng ly trc tip t du m c rt t izo parafin v hydrocacbon

thm, nhiu n parafin, do tr s octan rt thp (ch t t 30 n 60), trong khi

yu cu v tr s octan cho xng ng c phi ln hn 80. V vy phi dng nhng
bin php khc nhau nng cao cht lng ca xng, ngi ta dng cc phng php
sau y:

Phng php dng ph gia

Bn cht ca phng php ny l dng mt s ha cht pha vo xng nhm hn

ch mt s qu trnh oxy ha ca cc hydrocacbon khng gian trc mt la khi

chy trong ng c. Cc loi ph gia c chia lm hai nhm:

38

Ph gia ch bao gm cc cht nh tetrametyl ch (TML), tetretyl ch (TEL), c

tc dng ph hy cc hp cht trung gian hot ng (peroxyt, hydroperoxyt) v do
lm gim kh nng b chy kch n. Kt qu l tr s octan ca xng thc t c tng
ln. C ch dng ph gia ch nh sau:
Phn hy TML trong ng c:
t0C

Pb(CH3)4

Pb

Pb

t0C

O2

4CH3

PbO2

To cht khng hot ng:

R-CH3

R-CH2OOH

O2

R-CH2OOH

RCHO + PbO + H2O + 1/2O2

PbO2

Kt qu l bin cc peroxyt hot ng thnh cc aldehit (RCHO) bn vng, lm

gim kh nng chy kch n. Nhng ng thi PbO kt ta s bm trn thnh xylanh,
ng dn, lm tc ng nhin liu v tng mi mn. Do vy ngi ta dng cc cht
mang a PbO ra ngoi. Cc cht mang thng dng l C 2H5Br hoc C2H5Cl, c
ch tc dng nh sau:
t0 C

C2H5Br
2HBr

PbO

t0C

C2H4
PbBr2

+
+

HBr
H 2O

Cc sn phm PbBr2, H2O l cht lng, c nhit si thp s bc hi v c

kh thi a ra ngoi. Hn hp ph gia ch v cht mang gi l nc ch. Nc ch rt
c nn phi nhum mu phn bit.

Phng php ha hc
Ph gia ch nh phn tch phn trn, ch l ph gia khi cho vo xng lm

tng tr s octan nhiu nht (t 6 n 12 n v octan). Tuy nhin do tnh c hi m

hin nay nhiu quc gia ban hnh lut cm s dng loi ph gia ny. Vit Nam,
t thng 7 nm 2001 bt u chin dch khng s dng xng ch.
C mt s bin php hu hiu t tr s octan cao hn khi khng s dng ch:
39

Pha trn xng c tr s octan cao (nh xng alkyl ha, izomer ha) vo
nhin liu c tr s octan thp.
Nng cp v a thm cc thit b lc du sn xut hn hp xng c tr s
octan cao.
S dng cc ph gia khng cha ch, nh cc hp cht cha oxy: etanol,
MTBE, ETBE, MTBA, TAME
Trong cc ph gia cha oxy ni trn, etanol v MTBE c s dng vi s lng
nhiu nht. Chng hn nh M, MTBE c pha trn ti 15% th tch, etanol ti
10% th tch. Brazil pha trn ti 22% etanol vo xng trong nhiu nm.
Metanol khi dng pha ch thng c tr s octan cao tng t nh cc cht
ph gia khc. u im ln nht ca ph gia ny l: gi tng i r, kh nng iu ch
ph gia ny trong thin nhin tng i d dng. Metanol c th iu ch t cc
nguyn liu th khc nhau. Nhc im ln nht ca ph gia ny l kh nng tan v
hn ca n trong nc c th dn ti nhng hu qu khng tt.
Etanol khng c s dng rng ri nh metanol, n ch c s dng ch yu
cc quc gia c sn ngun nguyn liu thin nhin l ma nh Brazil. Nhc im ca
ph gia ny l ht m rt nhiu, lm tng nguy c chy n ca nhin liu v lm tng
RPV ca nhin liu.
Ph gia Tert butyl alcol l sn phm trung gian ca oxyt propylen. C khong
800.000 tn TBA c sn xut trn ton th gii hng nm, trong khong 400.000
tn c sn xut chu u. Hin nay TBA c s dng pha ch vi metanol (t
l 1: 1) hn hp theo t l ny s lm gim kh nng phn cch gia hai pha ca
metanol, ng thi ci thin RPV ca hn hp. Nhc im ca ph gia ny l nhit
chy mm kh cao ( v vy khng tn cha xng c ph gia ny nhit thp) v
c kh nng ht m cao tuy khng nhiu nh metanol v etanol.
Ph gia Metyl tert butyl ete (MTBE) khi pha vo xng khng lm thay i RPV
ca nhin liu. Kh nng ha tan vi nc ca MTBE thp hn nhiu so vi cc loi
ru khc do vy lng nc ln vo nhin liu s t hn nhiu, s dng MTBE t
nguy him hn so vi cc ph gia khc v nguy c gy chy n t hn so vi ru.
Tuy nhin nhc im ln ca ph gia ny l gi thnh cao, trong khi lng dng
trong xng kh ln (ti a n 15%). MTBE c iu ch bng phng php tng
hp cc izo butylen, m izo butylen khng phi l loi nguyn liu d kim.

40

Bn cnh vic tng tr s octan, hn hp ca xng vi ph gia cha oxy gip

gim thi hydrocacbon v CO t xe c s dng nhin liu.
C th thy r tr s octan ca mt s cht cha oxy in hnh trong bng 3.3.
Bng 3.3. Tr s octan ca cc ph gia cha oxy
Ph gia cha oxy
Metanol

RON
127 136

MON
99 104

Etanol

120 135

100 106

Tert butyl alcol (TBA)

104 110

90 98

Metanol / TBA (50/50)

115 123

96 104

Metyl tert butyl ete (MTBE)

115 123

98 105

Tert amylmetyl ete (TAME)

111 116

98 103

Etyl tert butyl ete (ETBE)

110 - 119

95 - 104

41

Bng 3.4.. c im ca mt s loi xng

Xng nh chng ct trc tip
Cc c tnh

du T

du T

th

th trung th

naphtenic

gian

Xng

Xng

Xng

reforming

Crcking

Alkyl

du

ha

parafinic

RON ban u

77

69

65

93

93

97

thm 0,5% nc ch

87

85

82

99

98

101

T trng d415

0.721

0.685

0.682

0.76

0.74

0.71

p sut hi bo ha Reid

0.43

0.59

0.59

0.45

0.55

0.45

52

42

40

37

37

37

Nhit si u

69

56

55

60

50

65

Nhit si 10%

83

68

71

115

100

107

Nhit si 50%

103

84

93

170

188

119

Nhit si 90%

109

107

97

180

195

147

(bar)
Thnh phn ct (ASTM):

Nhit si cui

42

Bng 3.5. Ch tiu cht lng xng khng ch

Ch tiu

Xng khng ch
RON 92

RON 97

Phng

php

th

1. Tr s octan, min
Theo phng php RON

92

97

10% V, max

70

70

TCVN 2698 -

50% V, max

120

120

1995

90% V, max

190

190

im si cui, max

210

210

Cn cui, % V, max

2.0

2.0

4.0
3.0

4.0
3.0

TCVN 2695

1A

1995
TCVN 2694

Theo phng php MON

2. Thnh phn phn on, 0C

Cn v hao ht % V, max
3. axit, mg KOH/ 100ml, max
4. n mn tm ng 500C, 3h, max

1A

ASTM D2699

5. Hm lng nha thc t mg/ 100ml,

5.0

5.0

1995
ASTM D381

max
6. n nh oxy ha, pht, min
7. Hm lng lu hunh tng, % kh. l. ,

360
0.1

360
0.05

ASTM D1266
ASTM D1266

max
8. Hm lng ch, g/l, max
9. p sut hi bo ha/ Reid 37,8 0C,

0.013
83

0.013
83

ASTM D3237
ASTM D4953

5
10

5
10

ASTM D3606
ASTM D4815

kPa, max
10. Hm lng benzen, %kh.l., max
11. Hm lng MTBE, % V, max

43

Bng 3.6. Tng quan v s phn loi xng t trn th gii hin nay
Phn loi

Ch tiu c trng cho s phn loi

Tr s octan, min

Hm lng ch

1. Xng ch thng dng

MON 72, RON 80

t 0.15 n 0.8 g/l

2. Xng ch c cht lng

MON 86, RON 92

T 0.15 n 0.6 g/l

3. Xng khng ch c cht lng

MON 85, RON 92

Max: 0.015 g/l

4. Xng khng ch c bit

MON 90, RON 95

Khng

Xng my bay
Xng my bay thuc loi xng cao cp, khng th ly c ly c t mt loi

xng thun nht m thng l hn hp ca mt s thnh phn c bit nhm thu c

xng c phm cht tt. Xng my bay phi c nhng tiu chun cn thit sau y.
Tr s octan bng hoc ln hn 100, ngoi ra phi m bo tr s octan khi hn
hp chy thiu xng, tha khng kh v hn hp chy tha xng, thiu khng kh.
ng c my bay khi lm vic c hai qu trnh: qu trnh ct cch bao gi cng phi
s dng cng sut ti a, lng xng trong hn hp phi c tng ti a (gi l hn
hp giu). Trong qu trnh bay, c lc ng c phi gim cng sut, lng xng gim
(hn hp ngho). Tr s octan trong trng hp hn hp giu gi l tr s phm .
Ngi ta th hin tr s octan ca xng my bay bng phn s, trong : t s l tr s
octan, mu s l tr s phm . V d xng loi B 100/ 130 th 100 l tr s octan, 130
l tr s phm .
Thnh phn ct phn on ca xng my bay phi ly hp (t 40 n 180 0C)
trnh c nhiu cu t nh to nt hi trong h thng cp liu, v c nhiu cu t nng,
v khi chy s chy khng hon ton to cn.
Hm lng olefin phi thp (< 3%) trnh s trng hp to nha, lm cho xng
b bin mu v khng bo qun c lu.
Xng my bay thng l xng pha trn, v d, xng loi B 100/ 130 thu c
bng cch trn xng cracking xc tc vi nhng thnh phn cao octan nh izo-octan.
Xng B 91/ 115 l xng pha trn gia xng crking xc tc, xng chng ct trc tip
v thnh phn cao octan. Bng 4.13 cho bit ch tiu cht lng ca xng my bay
theo tiu chun ca Lin X (c).
44

3.2.3. Cc ng dng khc ca xng

Ngoi cng dng chnh l nhin liu, xng cn c s dng lm dung mi hoc
nguyn liu cho tng hp ha du.

Xng lm dung mi
Phn on xng c s dng lm dung mi trong cng nghip sn, cao su, keo

dn, ngoi ra cn s dng trch ly cht bo, trong cng nghip hng liu, dc
liu
Trong cc loi dung mi, ph bin l xng parafinic v aromatic. Thng thng
xng dung mi ly trc tip t du m l xng parafinic, c hm lng hydrocacbon
thm thp. Cc lnh vc ng dng khc nhau ca xng xem bng 4.12.

Xng lm nguyn liu cho tng hp ha du

Xng s dng lm nguyn liu cho tng hp ha du cn gi l phn on

naphta. T phn on ny ngi ta sn xut c cc hydrocacbon thm khc nhau

nh benzen, toluen, xylen. Ngoi ra, cn thu c cc olefin nh nh etylen, propylen,
butadien
thu c cc hydrocacbon thm (BTX), ngi ta s dng cc phn on hp
khi chng ct.
Bng 3.7. Cc ng dng ca xng dung mi
Loi dung
mi
A

Khong si

Mc ch s dng

C
100

Keo, cao su, ty vt m

B
60 80
Trch ly du m, cht bo, ch to nc hoa
C
70 100
Trch ly du m, cht bo, cng nghip cao su
D
95 103
Kh nc ca ru
E
100 130
Cng nghip cao su, sn, ty bn
F
100 160
Cng nghip cao su, sn.
G
30 75
Trch ly hng liu, sn xut dc liu.
White Spirit 135 205
Sn, vecni (thay du thng)
Phn on 60 850C: Phn on cha metyl xyclopentan, xyclohexan cho
40

hiu sut benzen cao nht.

Phn on 80

1000C: Phn on cha naphten C7, cho hiu sut toluen cao

nht.

45

Phn on 105

1400C: Phn on cha naphten C8, cho hiu sut xylen cao

nht.
Xng dng ch bin ha hc cn phi rt sch, v nu trong xng c nhiu S,
N, O s lm ng c xc tc trong qu trnh ch bin. V vy yu cu v hm lng
cc cht d th v kim loi nng c trong xng phi nh sau:
Hm lng S (10

15). 10-4 % trng lng

Hm lng N 1. 10-4 % trng lng

Hm lng Hg, Pb 5. 10-6 % trng lng
Hm lng As 1. 10-7 % trng lng
3.3.

Phn on Kerosen
Phn on ny cn gi l du la: c nhit si t 180 n 250 0C, bao gm cc

hydrocacbon c s cacbon t C11 n C16.

3.3.1. Thnh phn ha hc
Trong phn on ny, hu ht l cc parafin, rt t izo parafin. Cc hydrocacbon
naphtenic v thm mt vng nhiu nhnh ph ngoi ra cn c mt cc hp cht hai
hoc ba vng, c bit loi naphten v thm hai vng chim a s.
3.3.2. ng dng
Phn on kerosen s dng ch yu cho hai mc ch: lm nhin liu phn lc v
du ha dn dng, trong nhin liu phn lc l ng dng chnh.

Kerosen lm nhin liu phn lc

ng c phn lc (Hnh 3.2).
Tuabin chnh ch s dng mt phn ng nng ca sn phm chy bung t

nhm lm quay tuabin my nn, phn ng nng quan trng cn li s c gin n

qua tuy-e ra ngoi vi tc rt ln, to nn mt phn lc tc ng ln ng c, y
ng c tin ln pha trc. y l ng c phn lc tuabin.

46

Hnh 3.2. ng c phn lc

Ch thch:
1. Tuabin my nn khng kh a vo bung t.
2. Tuabin chnh, bin mt phn ng nng ca dng kh thnh chuyn ng
quay, lm quay tuabin my nn.
3. Bung t chnh
4. Bung t ph
nh hng ca bn cht nhin liu n qu trnh chy: nhin liu dng trong
ng c phn lc c ch to t kerosen hoc t hn hp gia phn on kerosen vi
phn on xng.
Yu cu ca nhin liu phn lc l d chy bt k iu kin p sut v nhit
no, chy iu ha, khng b tt trong dng khng kh c tc xoy ln.
m bo c nhit tr cao, nhin liu khng cha nhiu thnh phn aromatic
m ch yu l parafinic v naphtenic.
Nhng an ton cho my bay hot ng cao ln, nhit thp cn hn ch
thnh phn parafinic d b kt tinh v tng cng thnh phn naphtenic nhiu vng.
Cn phi ch n kh nng to cn, to cc ca nhin liu gy nh hng xu n
tnh nng hot ng ca ng c. Kh nng c xp theo chiu gim dn nh sau:
Aromatic > olefin > izo-parafin, naphten > n-parafin
nh gi kh nng to cn cacbon, ngi ta dng i lng chiu cao ngn
la khng khi, l chiu cao ti a ca ngn la khng c khi tnh bng mm, khi
t nhin liu trong n du tiu chun. Chiu cao ngn la khng khi cng cao
chng t nhin liu chy cng hon ton. Chiu cao cng thp, kh nng to cn
cacbon cng ln. Nhng thnh phn khng phi hydrocacbon cha trong nhin liu
u c nh hng xu n tnh cht s dng ca nhin liu. Cc hp cht lu hunh
khi chy to ra cc cht c tnh axit gy n mn nhit thp. Cc hp cht cacbon
cn gy ra cn cacbon trong bung t. Cc hp cht oxy, nh axit naphtenic, phenol
u lm tng kh nng n mn cc thng cha, ng dn nhin liu v cc sn phm to
ra do n mn (cc mui kim loi ca axit naphtenic) li gp phn to cn to tro khi

47

chy bm vo bung t, ch yu l nn in, vi phun, tuy-e thot sn phm gy tr

ngi cho qu trnh.
Cc hp cht Nit lm nhin liu km n nh, bin mu ca nhin liu. cc kim
loi nht l Vanadi, Natri nm trong sn phm chy nhit cao 650 0C n 8500C
khi p vo cc tuabin s gy n mn hp kim hoc gy ph hoi cc chi tit tuabin, v
vy hm lng kim loi v tro trong nhin liu phi rt nh, khong vi phn triu.

Kerosen lm du ha dn dng.
T phn on kerosen, vi khong si 200 n 310 0C c th sn xut du ha, s

dng lm du ha dn dng nh thp sng, un nu. c tnh quan trng ca du ha

l chiu cao ngn la khng khi. m bo ngn la sng, p, r, u, chiu cao
ny phi ln hn 20 mm.
Thnh phn ha hc ca du ha nh hng cn bn n s chy. Du ha c
cha nhiu thnh phn hydrocacbon thm trong khi chy s to nhiu mui khi. Cht
keo v axit naphten lm tc bt trong mung n, lm gim nh sng khi t chy.
Trong thnh phn ca du ha dn dng ch c parafinic v naphten c s nguyn t
cacbon trong phn t t 10 n 14. y l cc cht chy tt cho ngn la xanh, nhit
tr cao.
Nu trong nhin liu cha nhiu lu hunh, khng nhng gy c hi trc tip
cho ngi s dng m cn lm cho bng n m i, khng m bo cng chiu
sng ca ngn la. Ch tiu v du ha dn dng ca Vit Nam xem bng 3.8.
Bng 3.8. Ch tiu du ha dn dng theo tiu chun Vit Nam
Cc ch tiu
Mu Saybolt
Axit tng, mg KOH/g
Chiu cao ngn la khng khi, mm
Thnh phn ct phn on, 0C

Phng php th
ASTM D156
ASTM D3242
ASTM D1322

Mc quy nh
Min 20
Max 0,002
Min 19

im si u

Min 144

im ct 50%

Min 200

im si cui

Min 277

Cn trung bnh
Hm lng lu hunh, %Kl
im chp chy cc kn, 0C
Lng nha thc t, mg/100ml
nht 200C, cSt
n mn tm ng, 2h/1000C

ASTM D1266
ASTM D93
ASTM D381
ASTM D445
ASTM D130

Max 1,00
Max 0,1
Min 36
Max 1,0
Max 3,5
1,0
48

Khi lng ring 150C, g/cm3

3.4.

ASTM D1298

Max 0,83

Phn on Gasoil nh
Gasoil nh, cn gi l phn on du izen, c khong nhit si t 250 n

3500C, cha cc hydrocacbon t C16 n C21.

3.4.1. Thnh phn ha hc
Phn ln trong phn on ny l cc n-parafin, izo-parafin cn hydrocacbon
thm rt t.
Hm lng cc cht cha S, N, O tng nhanh. Lu hunh ch yu dng
disunfua, d vng. Cc cht cha oxy ( dng axit naphtenic) c nhiu v t cc i
phn on ny. Ngoi ra cn c cc cht dng phenol nh dimetylphenol. Trong gasoil
xut hin nha, song cn t, trng lng phn t ca nha cn thp (300 n 400
.v.C).
3.4.2. ng dng ca phn on Gasoil nh
Phn on Gasoil ca du m ch yu c s dng lm nhin liu cho ng c
izen

ng c izen
1 - Thanh truyn; 2 - Xylanh; 3 - Piston; 4,7 - Vi phun nhin liu
5 - Van np khng kh; 6 - Van thi sn phm; 8 - im cht trn
9 - im cht di

Hnh 3.3. M hnh bung t ca ng c izen

49

ng c xng c t s nn thp hn so vi ng c izen. Vi ng c xng, t

l l t 7/1 n 11/1, cn ng c izen l t 14/1 n 17/1, v vy ng c izen
c cng sut ln hn ng c xng trong khi tiu hao cng mt lng nhin liu.
Nguyn l lm vic: Khi piston i t im cht trn xung im cht di, van
np m ra, khng kh c ht vo xy lanh; sau van np ng li, piston li i t
im cht di ln im cht trn, thc hin qu trnh nn khng kh. Do b nn, p
sut tng, dn n nhit tng c th ti 500 n 700 0C. Khi piston ln n gn im
cht trn nhin liu c phun vo xy lanh (nh bm cao p) di dng sng, khi
gp khng kh nhit cao s t bc chy. Khi chy p sut tng mnh y piston t v
tr im cht trn xung im cht di thc hin qu trnh dn n sinh cng c ch v
c truyn qua h thng thanh truyn lm chy my. Piston sau li i t im cht
di ln im cht trn thi sn phm chy ra ngoi qua mt van thi v tip tc
thc hin chu k mi.

Bn cht ca qu trnh chy

Nhin liu sau khi phun vo xylanh khng t chy ngay m phi c mt thi gian

oxy ha su cc hydrocacbon trong nhin liu, to hp cht cha oxy trung gian, c
kh nng t bc chy. Khong thi gian gi l thi gian cm ng hay thi gian chy
tr. Thi gian cm ng cng ngn cng tt, lc nhin liu s chy iu ha.
Nh vy, c thi gian chy tr ngn th trong nhin liu phi c nhiu cc cht
n parafin, v cc cu t ny d b oxy ha, tc l d t bc chy, cn cc izo parafin
v cc hp cht hydrocacbon thm rt kh b oxy ha nn thi gian chy tr di, kh
nng t bc chy km. C th sp xp th t theo chiu gim kh nng oxy ha (tc l
thi gian cm ng) ca cc hydrocacbon nh sau:
n parafin < naphten < n olefin < izo naphten < izo parafin
< izo olefin < hydrocacbon thm.

Tr s xetan
c trng cho kh nng t bc chy ca nhin liu izen, ngi ta s dng

i lng tr s xetan. Tr s xetan l n v o quy c, c trng cho kh nng t

bc la ca nhin liu izen, l mt s nguyn, c gi tr ng bng gi tr ca hn
hp chun c cng kh nng t bt chy. Hn hp chun ny gm hai hydrocacbon: n
xetan (C16H34) quy nh l 100, c kh nng t bc chy tt v - metyl naphtalen
(C11H10) quy nh l 0, c kh nng t bc chy km. Cc hydrocacbon khc nhau u

50

c tr s xetan khc nhau: mch thng cng di, tr s xetan cng cao, ngc li,
hydrocacbon thm nhiu vng, tr s xetan thp.
Nu tr s xetan qu cao s khng cn thit v gy lng ph nhin liu, mt s
thnh phn nhin liu trc khi chy, nhit cao trong xylanh b thiu oxy nn
phn hy thnh cacbon t do, to thnh mui.
Nu tr s xetan thp s xy ra qu trnh chy kch n do: trong nhin liu c
nhiu thnh phn kh b oxy ha, khi lng nhin liu phun vo trong xylanh qu
nhiu mi xy ra qu trnh t chy, dn n chy cng mt lc, gy ta nhit mnh, p
sut tng mnh, ng c run git, gi l chy kch n.
tng tr s xetan c th thm vo nhin liu cc ph gia thc y qu trnh oxy
ha nh: izo propylnitrat, n butylnitrat, amylnitratvi lng khong 1,5% th
tch, cht ph gia c th lm tng tr s xetan ln 15 n 20 n v.
3.5.

Phn on Gasoil nng (Phn on du nhn)

Vi khong si t 350 n 500 0C, phn on ny bao gm cc hydrocacbon t

C21 n C35 hoc c th ln ti C40.

3.5.1. Thnh phn ha hc
Do c phn t lng ln, thnh phn ha hc ca phn on du nhn rt phc
tp: Cc n - parafin v izo - parafin t, naphten v thm nhiu. Dng cu trc hn hp
tng.
Hm lng cc hp cht ca S, N, O tng mnh: hn 50% lng lu hunh c
trong du m tp trung phn on ny, gm cc dng nh disulfua, thiophen, sulfua
vng Cc cht Nit thng dng ng ng ca pyridin, pyrol v cacbazol. Cc
hp cht oxy dng axit. Cc kim loi nng nh V, Ni, Cu, PdCc cht nha,
asphanten u c mt trong phn on.
Thng thng ngi ta tch phn on du nhn bng cch chng ct chn
khng phn cn du m, trnh phn hy cc cht nhit cao.

51

3.5.2. ng dng ca phn on sn xut du nhn

Cng dng ca du bi trn

Cng dng lm gim ma st

Mc ch c bn ca du nhn bi trn gia cc b mt tip xc ca cc chi tit

chuyn ng nhm gim ma st. My mc s mn ngay nu khng c du bi trn.
Nu chn ng du bi trn th h s ma st gim t 100 n 1000 ln so vi ma st
kh. Khi cho du vo my vi mt lp dy, du s xen k gia hai b mt. Khi
chuyn ng, ch c cc phn t du nhn trt ln nhau. Do my mc lm vic
nh nhng, t b mn, gim c cng tiu hao v ch.

Cng dng lm mt

Khi ma st, kim loi nng ln, nh vy mt lng nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh
. Lng nhit ln hay nh ph thuc vo h s ma st, ti trng, tc . tc cng
ln th lng nhit sinh ra cng nhiu, kim loi s b nng lm my mc lm vic mt
chnh xc. Nh trng thi lng du chy qua cc b mt ma st em theo mt phn
nhit truyn ra ngoi, lm cho my mc lm vic tt hn.

Cng dng lm sch

Khi lm vic, b mt ma st sinh ra mn kim loi, nhng ht rn ny s lm cho

b mt cng tc b xc, hng. ngoi ra c th c ct, bi, tp cht ngoi ri vo b
mt ma st. Nh du nhn lu chuyn qua cc b mt ma st, cun theo cc tp cht
a ra cacte du v c lng lc i.

Cng dng lm kn

Trong cc ng c c nhiu chi tit truyn ng cn phi lm kn v chnh xc

nh piston xylanh, nh kh nng bm dnh to mng, du nhn c th gp phn lm
kn cc khe h, khng cho hi b r r, m bo cho my lm vic bnh thng.

Bo v kim loi

B mt my mc, ng c khi lm vic thng tip xc vi khng kh, hi nc,

kh thilm cho kim loi b n mn, h hng. nh du nhn c th lm thnh mng
mng ph kn ln b mt kim loi nn ngn cch c vi cc yu t trn, v vy kim
loi c bo v.

Phn loi du nhn

Theo ngha s dng, du nhn c 2 loi chnh, l:
Du nhn s dng cho mc ch bi trn (gi l du ng c)
52

Du nhn khng s dng cho mc ch bi trn (du cng nghip)

Trong thc t, du ng c chim mt t l kh ln trong cng nghip sn xut
du bi trn ni chung (khong 40%) v c s dng ph bin.

Cc c trng c bn ca du bi trn

nht

nht ca mt s phn on du nhn l mt i lng vt l c trng cho tr

lc do ma st ni ti ca n sinh ra khi chuyn ng. Do vy nht c lin quan n
kh nng bi trn ca du nhn.
thc hin nhim v bi trn, du nhn phi c nht thch hp, phi bm
chc ln b mt kim loi v khng b y ra ngoi, ngha l n phi c ma st ni ti
nh.
nht ca du nhn ph thuc ch yu vo thnh phn ha hc.
Cc hydrocacbon parafinic c nht thp hn so vi cc loi khc. chiu di v
phn nhnh ca mch hydrocacbon cng ln, nht s tng ln.
Cc hydrocacbon thm v naphten c nht cao. c bit s vng cng nhiu
th nht cng ln. Cc hydrocacbon hn hp gia thm v naphten c nht cao
nht.
nht ca du nhn thng c o bng poaz (P), centipoaz (cP), hoc
stc (St), centistc (cSt).

Ch s nht

Mt c tnh c bn na ca du nhn l s thay i nht theo nhit .

Thng thng, khi nhit tng, nht s gim. Du nhn c xem l du bi trn tt
khi nht ca n t b thay i theo nhit , ta ni rng du c ch s nht
cao. ngc li nu nht thay i nhiu theo nhit , c ngha l du c ch s
nht thp.
Ta c th xc nh ch s nht VI theo ton hnh 4.4.
Cch xc nh nh sau: t thc ni 2 im gi tr nht 40 0C v 1000C,
im ct s l gi tr ch s nht VI cn tm.

53

Hnh 4.4. Ton xc nh ch s nht VI

Sn xut du nhn
thc hin c chc nng bi trn tt, du nhn phi c nht kh cao

duy tr c mng du lin tc, mt khc ch s nht phi cao khi my mc lm

vic nhit thng, cng nh nhit cao nht t b thay i (c ngha l
du phi c ch s nht cao). t c mc ch trn, nguyn liu tt nht
sn xut du nhn gc l:
Cc n parafin sau khi tch bt cc cht c phn t lng qu ln
trnh s kt tinh.
Cc hydrocacbon naphtenic hoc thm t vng, c nhnh ph di; cc cu
t ny l nguyn liu l tng sn xut du nhn gc, v chng va c
nht cao (tnh cht ca cc vng naphten, vng thm); va cho ch s
nht cao (tnh cht ca nhnh ph - parafin).
Sau khi c du nhn gc, sn xut du nhn thng phm, ngi ta phi pha
thm cc ph gia nhm mc ch tng cng cc tnh cht sn c, hoc to ra nhng
kh nng m trong du nhn gc cha c. Ph gia pha ch du bi trn phi p
ng c cc yu cu: tan trong du gc, n nh ha hc, khng c hi, c tnh

54

tng hp, bay hi thp v khng phn ng ha hc vi nhau. Cc loi ph gia

thng l:
Ph gia chng oxy ha bao gm cc dn xut ca phenol, amin nh:
CH3

OH

CH3

H3C C

CH3

CH3

CH3

2,6-tert-butyl-p-crezol

phenyl--naphtylamin

Ph gia tng ch s nht

CH3
H2C

CH3
H2C

CH3
poly-izo-butylen

n
COOCH3

polymetacrylat

Ph gia c ch n mn
CH3

H
N
N
H3C

CH2

S
tecpen sunfua

benzothiazol

Ph gia ty ra

SO3R

SO3R

Ca

Ca
SO3R

OH

Ph gia h im ng v nhiu cc loi ph gia khc.

OH
R

R
55

3.5.3. ng dng ca phn on sn xut sn phm trng

Cc sn phm trng l tn gi ca ba loi nhin liu: Xng, kerosen, izen.
l cc loi nhin liu c s dng nhiu nht, quan trng nht. lm tng s lng
cc nhin liu ny, c th tin hnh phn hy gasoil nng bng phng php crking
hoc hydrocrking. Vi cch ny, c th bin cc cu t C 21 n C40 thnh xng (C5
n C11), kerosen (C11 n C16), izen (C16 n C20), nh vy, nng cao hiu sut s
dng ca du m.
3.6. Phn on cn du m (cn gudon)
3.6.1. Thnh phn ha hc
Gudron l phn cn li sau khi phn tch cc phn on k trn c nhit si
ln hn 5000C, gm cc hydrocacbon c s nguyn t cacbon ln hn C 41, gii hn
cui cng c th ln n C80.
Thnh phn ca phn on ny rt phc tp. C th chia thnh 3 nhm chnh sau:

Nhm cht du
Nhm cht du bao gm cc hydrocacbon c phn t lng ln, tp trung nhiu

cc hp cht thm c ngng t cao, cu trc hn hp nhiu vng gia thm v

naphten, y l nhm hp cht nh nht, c t trng xp x bng 1, ha tan trong xng,
n pentan, CS2 nhng khng ha tan trong cn. Trong phn on cn nhm du
chim t 45 n 60%.

Nhm cht nha

Nhm ny dng keo qunh: gm hai nhm thnh phn l cht trung tnh v

cht axit.
Cc cht trung tnh c mu en hoc nu, nhit ha mm nh hn 100 0C, t
trng ln hn 1, d dng ha tan trong xng, naphta. Cht trung tnh to trong nha c
tnh do dai v tnh dnh kt. Hm lng ca n nh hng trc tip n tnh ko di
ca nha, chim khong 10 n 15% khi lng ca cn gudron.
Cc cht axt l cht c nhm COOH, mu nu sm, t trng ln hn 1, d ha
tan trong cloruaform v ru etylic, cht axit to cho nha c tnh hot ng b mt.
Kh nng kt dnh ca bitum ph thuc vo hm lng cht axit c trong nha, n ch
chim khong 1% trong cn du m.

Nhm asphanten

56

Nhm asphanten l nhm cht mu en, cu to tinh th, t trng ln hn 1, cha

phn ln cc hp cht d vng c kh nng ha tan mnh trong cc disunfua (CS 2).
un 3000C khng b nng chy m b chy thnh tro.
Ngoi ba nhm cht chnh ni trn, trong cn gudron cn c cc hp cht c kim
ca kim loi nng, cc cht cacbenkhng tan trong cc dung mi thng thng, ch
tan trong pyridin
3.6.2. ng dng ca phn on cn gudron
Phn on gudron c s dng trong nhiu mc ch khc nhau nh sn xut
bitum, than cc, nhin liu t l. Trong cc ng dng trn, sn xut bitum l ng
dng quan trng nht.

Sn xut bitum

Thnh phn ha hc ca bitum

Bitum l hn hp phc tp ca nhiu loi cht, trong hm lng cc nguyn

t thu c nh sau:
Bng 4..8. Thnh phn nguyn t ca bitum
Cacbon

(C)

80 87%

Hydro

(H)

10 15%

Lu hunh

(S)

2 8%

Nit

(N)

0,5 2%

Oxy

(O)

1 5%

Trong cc nguyn t k trn, hm lng cacbon v hydro chim mt t l tng

i ln. Qua thy rng nhm du l b phn ch yu to thnh bitum.
Cc cht asphanten quyt nh tnh rn ca bitum, c ngha l mun bitum cng
rn th hm lng asphanten cng cao.
Cc cht nha quyt nh tnh do v kh nng gn kt ca bitum
Cc cht du lm tng kh nng chu ng sng gi, nng ma ca bitum.
Mt loi bitum tt, chu thi tit tt, c cao th phi c thnh phn nh sau:
25% nha, 15 n 18% asphanten, 52 n 54% du. T l gia asphjanten v nha
khong 0,5 n 0,6. T l nha so vi du t 0,8 n 0,9.

57

Cn du m cha nhiu parafinic rn l nguyn liu xu nht sn xut bitum.

Bitum s c bn thp, tnh gn kt km do c nhiu hydrocacbon khng phn cc.
Ngc li cn du m loi aromatic hoc naphten aromtic l nguyn liu rt tt
sn xut bitum.

Mt s tnh cht c trng ca bitum

xuyn kim: l i lng c trng cho qunh ca bitum, c tnh bng

milimt chiu su ln xung ca kim t di ti trng 100g trong thi gian 5 giy
250C. ln kim cng nh, bitum cng qunh.
dn di: l i lng c trng cho tnh do ca bitum, c tnh bng
cetimet khi ko cng mt mu c tit din quy nh 25 0C vi tc ko l 5 cm/
pht. dn di cng ln th tnh do ca bitum cng cao.
Tnh n nh nhit: khi nhit thay i, tnh cng, tnh do ca bitum cng thay
i. Nu s thay i cng nh th tnh n nh ca bitum cng cao.
Tnh n nh vi thi gian: L kh nng ca bitum chng li tc ng ca mi
trng xung quanh. Do nh hng ca thi gian m tnh cht v thnh phn ca bitum
thay i. S thay i gi l s ha gi ca bitum.
Tnh n nh ca bitum du m tng i cao, thng th sau 10 n 15 nm s
dng, cc tnh cht ca n mi thay i r rt.

ng dng ca phn on cn lm nhin liu t l

C th s dng trc tip phn on cn du m lm nhin liu t l. Nhit nng

ca nhin liu ny vo khong 10.000 kcal/ kg. T l gia C v H cng thp, nhit
nng ca du cng cao.
Nu trong nhin liu ny c hm lng cc kim loi nng ln, khi chy s to
thnh hp kim vi st c nhit nng chy thp, dn n thng l.

58

CHNG 4
C S L THUYT CA QU TRNH CHNG CT
4.1.

C s l thuyt
Qu trnh chng ct du l mt qu trnh phn chia vt l du th thnh cc phn
on. Ty theo cch tin hnh m ngi ta chia qu trnh chng ct thnh: chng ct
n gin v chng ct phc tp.
Chng ct n gin: chng ct bay hi dn dn, chng ct bay hi mt ln v
nhiu ln
Chng ct phc tp: chng ct c hi lu, chng ct c tinh luyn
Chng ct trong chn khng v chng ct c hi nc
Chng ct chn khng v chng ct vi hi nc
Hn hp cc cu t c mt trong du khng bn nhit cao (h.c cha lu
hunh < cc cht cao pt < parafin < naphten < aromatic)
Khi nhit si ca hn hp p sut kh quyn cao hn nhit phn hy,
ngi ta phi dng chng ct chn khng (VD) hay chng ct vi hi nc (gim p
sut hi ring phn, gim nhit si)
Tuy nhin nhit lng bay hi ca nc khc xa vi nhit t nng cht lng.
Khi tng lng hi nc s lm gim P hbhca du, dn n gim s tch hi. Ti u
nht l lng hi nc khong 2 3% nguyn liu. Khi tin hnh chng ct, nhit
hi nc (380 4500C) phi thp hn nhit hi du.
u im ca chng ct hi nc: tng cng khuy trn, tng b mt bay hi,
t nng cn du trong l ng khi chng chn khng, trnh v ngn nga qu trnh to
cc trong l ng
4.2. Cc thng s cng ngh nh hng n qu trnh
Cc thng s cng ngh nh hng trc tip ti hiu sut v cht lng ca qu trnh
chng ct l: nhit , p sut, phng php chng ct
Ch nhit ca thp chng luyn
Ch nhi ca thp gm: nhit ca nguyn liu vo thp, nhit nh thp, nhit
trong thp v y thp.
Nhit ca nguyn liu (du th) vo thp chng c khng ch ty theo bn
cht c aloi du th, mc cn phn chia sn phm, p sut trong thp v lng hi
nc a vo y thp; nhng ch yu l phi trnh c s phn hy nhit ca
nguyn liu nhit cao. Do vy, nhit l ng t nng phi c khng ch cht
ch.
Nhit y thp chng luyn ph thuc vo phng php bay hi v phn hi
lu y. Nu bay hi phn hi lu y bng mt thit b t nng ring bit (reboiler),
th nhit y thp s ng vi nhit bc hi cn bng p sut ti y thp. Nu
bc hi bng cch dng hi nc qu nhit th nhit y thp s thp hn nhit
vng np liu. Nhit y thp phi chn ti u, trnh s phn hy cc cu t nng
nhng phi tch ht hi nh khi phn cn y.
Nhit nh thp c khng ch nhm m bo c s bay hi hon ton sn
phm nh m khng gy ra s cun theo cc phn nng khc. Mun vy ngi ta phi
dng hi lu nh thp. tch xng khi cc phn on kh, nhit nh thp khi
chng ct p sut kh quyn cn gi trong khong 100 120 0C, cn vi thp chng
59

chn khng khi p sut chng l 10 70mmHg thng khng qu 1200C tch ht
phn gasoil nh cn ln trong nguyn liu
Dng hi lu s to iu kin phn chia tt hn. Hi lu nh thp c 2 dng: hi lu
nng v hi lu ngui.
Ngoi hi lu nh v y, ngi ta cn s dng hi lu trung gian tng cht lng
cc sn phm cnh sn v iu chnh nhit trong thp.
p sut ca thp chng
Khi chng ct du m p sut kh quyn, p sut tuyt i trong thp thng
cao hn mt cht so vi p sut kh quyn, v mi phn ly sn phm ra, p sut
cng c khc nhau, ph thuc vo vic tng hay gim nhit sn phm ly ra khi
thp. p sut trong thp chng ct c khng ch bng mt b phn iu chnh p
sut t thit b ngng t.
Khi chng p sut chn khng, p sut c khng ch trong khong t 10
70mmHg. chn khng cng su, cng cho php chng su hn, song nu p sut
qu thp s kh cho ch to thit b vi nng sut ln.
S lm vic n nh ca thp chng ph thuc vo p sut trong thp. iu ny thy r
trong phn di y.
iu khin, khng ch ch lm vic ca thp chng ct:
iu hnh s lm vic n nh ca thp chng ct, chng ta cn phi nm vng cc
nguyn tc sau:
1. iu chnh p sut trong thp lm thay i im si ca cht lng
2. Nu p sut tng ln, cht lng si nhit cao hn, nu p sut tgn cao qu ,
lng cht lng trong thp nhiu v nh vy s dn n hin tng sc lm gim hiu
qu phn chia.
3. Nu cc iu kin khc trong thp l c nh, th sn phm nh, sn phm cnh
sn v sn phm y tr nn nh hn nu p sut trong thp tng ln.
4. Nu nhit y qu thp, sn phm y s cha nhiu phn nh.
5. Nu nhit cp liu vo thp qu thp, lng hi trn cc khay cha a s nh,
vy phn lng s nhiu v chng chy xung pha di vo b phn chng s cng
nhiu.
6. Nu nhit ca reboiler qu thp (vi s chng ct c reboiler) s khng
tch ht phn nh trong cn v lm tng phn cn.
7. Nu nhit nh qu cao, sn phm nh s qu nng v c nhiu sn phm hn
so vi thit k v ngc li, nu nhit nh qu thp, sn phm nh s qu nh v
c t sn phm hn.
8. Nhit cn thit tch phn on du th nng s cao hn so vi du th loi
nh.
9. Ch nht l nhit nh thp, trnh nhit qu cao m nguyn nhn c th
l do lm lnh khng , dn n thay i ch hi lu, nh hng nhiu n cht
lng sn phm.

60

Chng 5
CC QU TRNH CHUYN HA HA HC DI TC DNG NHIT
5.1. S bin i ca cc hyrocacbon di tc dng nhit
5.1.1. S bin i ca RH parafinic
Cc RH parafinic l hyrocacbon no, trong phn t ch c 2 lin kt chnh: l
lin kt C-C v C-H. Lin kt C-C km bn nhit hn lin kt C-H, nn di tc dng
ca nhit cao s xy ra s phn hy c mch lin kt C-C trc. Khi to thnh
RH c trng lng phn t thp hn.
Nu phn t parafin mi to thnh cn c mch di, n li b phn hy tip.
Ch khi s nguyn t cacbon nh hn 4, lc ny parafin kah1 bn v kh b a lin
kt C-C, nn khi xy ra s t lin kt C-H, to thnh hyro.
V tr t mch C-C ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin tin hnh qu trnh nh nhit
, p sut v thi gian lu ca hn hp phn ng nhit . Nu nhit cng
cao v p sut cng htp, v tr t mch c xc sut ln hn u mch, do vy m
iu kin ny s cho sn phm kh nhiu hn. Nhng nu nhit va phi (450
5300C) v p sut cao th v tr t mch li c xc sut ln v tr gia mch. Do
iu ny d to iu kin thun li tng hiu sut sn phm lng. l c s quyt
nh iu kin cng ngh khc nahu gia cracking nhit v Pyrolise.
C ch ca cc phn ng c ngh l chui gc v xy ra qua cc giai on sau:
To gc t do (khi mo)
Pht trin chui trn c s gc t do
Dng phn ng (tt mch chui)
5.1.2. S bin i ca cc hp cht olefin
Trong du th ban u, hm lng olefin khng ng k. Nhnh di tc dng
ca nhit 6 cao, cc hp cht olefin s c to thnh. Chng c kh nng phn ng
coa hn so vi parafin v kh nng bin i a dng cng ph thuc vo iu kin tin
hnh phn ng (p sut, nhit ).
iu kin nhit thp v p sut cao, olefin c trng lng phn t thp d b
trng hp, phn ng trng hp cng mnh nu p sut cng tng cao. Nhng nu tng
nhit th tc phn ng trng hp li gim xung nhng ch cho phn ng phn
hy, v nu thi gian lu trong vng phn ng cao lu, th s phn hy phn ng cng
xy ra mnh lit.
C ch phn hy olefin cng ging nh parafin, nhng phn ng thun li l t
mch lin kt C-C v tr so vi ni i.
Ngoi phn ng trng hp, phn hy, olefin cn tham gia cc phn ng ngng t,
ankyl ha vi cc RH naphten hay hyrocacbon thm to ra cc hp cht cao phn t
v cui cng l to thnh nha v cc.
5.1.3. S bin i ca RH naphten
RH naphten c bn nhit cao hn so vi parafin c cng s nguyn t cacbon
trong mch. Cc bin i c trng ca RH naphten nhit cao l thng xy ra c
cphn ng u tin theo th t sau:
Kh nhnh ankyl
Kh hyro to olefin vng v sau tip tc to thnh RH thm
Kh naphten n vng thn hparafin v olefin hay diolefin
61

Nh vy r rng l cc naphten khi tham gia phn ng phn hy nhit, sn phm ta

thnh c c trng no hn so vi parafin, v c xu hng to thnh nhiu cc phn t
c trng lng trung bnh, ngha l cho php to nhiu sn phm lng hn so vi
nguyn liu l parafin
5.1.4. S bin i ca RH thm
nhit cao, s bin i RH thm xy ra theo quy lut sau:
Kh nhnh ankyl
Cc gc thm ngng t vi nhau, kh hro to thnh gc
mi c phn t lng ln hn v nhiu vng thm hn.
Cui cng pht trin thnh hp cht cao phn t gi l cacboit hay gi l cc. Nh vy
cc du m khc vi cacbon nuyn t ch chng l h vng thm c ngng t
cao. Cc to ra thng lng ng, bm vo thnh ng phn ng hay thit b trao i
nhit, lm gim tc truyn nhit cng nh gim nng sut ca bm, tng chi ph
vn hnh. Nu nh qu trnh ca chng ta khng nhm mc ch sn xut cc th s c
mt ca RH thm a vng l hon ton khng c li cho qu trnh
5.2. Qu trnh cracking nhit
5.2.4. Mc ch
Bng cch phn hy nhit nhm nng cao hiu xut thu hi xng. Tuy nhin xng thu
c c ch s octane cha cao.

Cracking nhit, vibreking, cc ha l cc qu trnh bin i nguyn liu du m di

tc dng nhit cao thnh cc sn phm rn, lng v kh. Thnh phn v s lng
cng nh cht lng ca sn phm cui c quyt nh bi cc thng s cng ngh
ca qu trnh nh nhit , p sut, thi gian phn ng. Qu trnh bin i gnuyn liu
l mt qu trnh phc tp, xy ra hng lat cc phn ng va ni tip va song song.
Trong cc qu trnh ch bin kh cu trc, c 2 vn quan trng cn phi gii quyt
l:
Ngn nga s to thnh cc trong ng phn ng hay trong cc thit b trao i
nhit
m bo hiu qu s dng cao cc trang thit b trong dy chuyn.
5.2.5. Cc yu t nh hng
Nhit
Nhng thng s cng ngh quan trng nht nh hng n qu trnh cracking
nhit l nhit , p st, thi gian phn ng. Khi tng nhit , tc cracking tng
ln theo qui lut hm s m. Trong khong nhit chn trc, s thay i cc thng
s v nhit v thi gian phn ng c tc dng tng h ln nhau: gi cho su
bin i l nh nhau, khi tng nhit cn phi gim thi gian phn ng. i lng
nhit phn ng l thng s quan trng. Khi tng nhit , tc phn hy tng ln
v ngc li khi gim nhit tc phn ng trng hp li tng ln. Gim nhit
cracking s lm gim tc phn ng a t.
Nh vy, tng hiu sut cc sn phm phn hy ( kh, lng v gim hiu sut
cc sn phm a t (cn, nha, cc) cn thit phi gi nhit cao ng vi thi gian
62

phn ng thch hp. l nhim v chnh ca qu trnh cracking nhit. Cn qu trnh

cc ha, y sn phm chnh l cc, th qu trnh c hiu sut tt ch khi nhit
phn ng nm trong khong nhit va phi.
p sut
p sut xc nh trng thi pha ca h cng nh chiu hng v tc ca phn
ng. p sut khi cracking phn on gasoil nh cn phi m bo trng thi lng ca
tc nhn ra s phn ng, bi v trng thi lng to iu kin tt cho qu trnh trao i
nhit, khng xy qu nhit cc b, s to cc l cc tiu, cn hiu sut xng l cc i.
Nu cracking cn nng, cn phi gi cho h thng trng thi pha hn hp hi
lng. Nhit cng cao, p sut cng thp th pha kh s cng nhiu, tc dng trong
l ng s cng ln v s cho php gim s lng ng cc trong cc ng xon ca l.
Nhng trong qu trnh Vibreking, nh hng ca p sut khng ln. Tng p sut ch
c tc dng lm tng mt t nng sut ca thit b. p sut cao thng lm tng nng
ca cc tc nhn tham gia phn ng trong pha hi, iu s to iu kin thun
li cho cc phn ng kt hp nh phn ng polime ha, ankyl ha v hyro ha m
thi.
5.2.6. Nguyn liu v sn phm
Nguyn liu
Nguyn liu ca cracking nhit ph bin nht l phn on mazut ca chng ct
trc tip (AD), phn on gasoil nng ca qu trnh cracking xc tc hay cn nng ca
qu trnh lm sch. Cht lng ca nguyn liu l mt thng s quan trng xc nh
nh cht lng ca sn phm. Khi iu kin cracking hkng thay i, nhng nu ta
dng nguyn liu c thnh phn ct khc nhau s cho kt qu khc nhau. Khi tng gii
hn nhit si ca nguyn liu, tc phn ng cng tng ln. iu ny c ch r
bng di y
Nguyn liu
Gii hn nhit si (0C)
Hiu sut xng (% kl)
Phn on ligroil
180 220
12.1
Phn on kerosen
220 270
14.9
Phn on gasoil
270 300
15.8
Phn on xola
300 - 350
18.0
ng thi hm lng ca cc RH c trong nguyn liu c nh hng quyt nh n
cht lng sn phm.
Sn phm ca qu trnh
Kh:
Cha nhiu RH olefin v c th cn c cha H 2S, s c dn vo khi phn chia kh
tch ring RH parafin v olefin dng thch hp cho cc mc ch khc nhau nh:
lm nguyn liu cho tng hp ha du hay nhin liu.
Lng (xng):
Sn phm xng c tr s ortan (MON) 55 70, cha nhiu olefin nn thng phi qua
giai on x l bng hyro ha lm sch v cho qua reforming xc tc nhn xng
c tr s ortan cao v n nh ttgasoil thng c dng lm nguyn liu ch
to mui cacbon hay ch to nhin liu FO cc loi khc nhau. Cn nu mang i
hyro ha lm sch th dng ch to nhin liu D.O
Cn cracking nhit:
Cn cracking nhit thng c dng lm nguyn liu ch to FO hay nguyn liu
cho qu trnh cc ha.

63

5.3. Qu trnh vibsreking

Mc ch: lm gim nht cho cc loi nhin liu nng
5.4. Qu trnh nhit phn (pyrolyse)
Mc ch: Nhit phn nhit rt cao nhm thu kh olefin, l cc nguyn liu cng
nghip ha du

5.5. Qu trnh cc ha
5.5.4. Mc ch
T cc loi cn mazut, cn goudron v cn ca cc qu trnh th cp (cracking nhit,
pyrolyse, cracking xc tc ...), qua qu trnh phn hy nhit ta s thu c cc loi cc
lm in cc, cc lm nhin liu luyn kim.

5.5.5. c im ca qu trnh
Qu trnh cc ha nhm sn xut cc du m t cc nguyn liu l cn nng nh:
cn guron, cn cracking nhit hay cn ca qu trnh cracking xc tc. Qu trnh ny
c tin hnh iu kin p sut khng cao v nhit t 450 520 0C. Sn
phaq63m chnh l cc, c dng cho cng nghip luyn kim, in t vin thng
ngoi ra cng thu c cc sn phm khc nh kh, xng, gasoil cc ha.
Qu trnh cc ha l mt dng ca cracking nhit. S to thnh cc l do cc
phn ng ngng t cc RH to thnh cc hp cht cao phn t c ngng t vng
thm cao. Nh vy nu nguyn liu c cha nhiu lai vng khng no, nhiu vng
thm ngng t c mch bn di, l cc cu t d tham gia phn ng ngng t, s cho
hiu sut v cht lng cc tt nah16t. Kh nng to cc v hiu sut cc c nh
gi bng i lng gi l cc ha Condradson. cc ha ca nguyn liu cng
cao, cng cho php nhn nhiu cc hn.
Trong thc t c vi loi dy chuyn cng ngh cc ha: cc ha gin on, cc ha
bn lin tc (cc ha chm), cc h alin tc trong lp si ca cc ht cc

64

CHNG 6
CC QU TRNH CHUYN HA HA HC
DI TC DNG CA XC TC
6.1. Tnh u vit ca xc tc
- Tnh chn lc cao: ch tin hnh nhng phn ng mong mun, hn ch cc phn ng
ph
- Tng tc phn ng: Thc y cc qu trnh phn ng xy ra nhanh hn
- iu kin phn ng mn hn: nhit , p sut cc qu trnh phn ng cn thit
xy ra thp hn so vi khng c xc tc.
6.1.1. Tng quan v Xc tc zeolite
Khi nim v Zeolite:
Zeolite l cc alumo-silicat tinh th rn c cu trc mao qun (pore) ng u. H
thng mao qun c kch thc v c trng hnh hc nht nh i vi mi Zeolit v
nh chng c th phn tch (ry) cc phn t ra hai loi, loi c kch thc phn
t nh hn kch thc mao qun c th khuch tn vo trong mao qun, loi c kch
thc ln hn khng khuch tn qua c.
Zeolit c s dng lm xc tc do chng c hot tnh cao v c tc dng chn lc.
Cu trc ca Zeolite :
Zeolit c cu to t cc n v c s l cc t din TO 4 vi T l cation Si, Al, c
s phi tr 4, cc oxy cc nh ca t din, chng thuc v hai t din k st nhau.
Cc t din TO4 ny lin kt nhau to cu trc khng gian (sodalit), hnh thnh h
thng mao qun bn trong.
Mi nguyn t Al thay th ng hnh cho mt nguyn t Si s lm xut hin mt in
tch m trong mng tinh th.
Cc cch sp xp khc nhau ca t din TO4 quy nh kch thc mao qun khc nhau,
hot tnh v bn ca chng cng khc nhau nhiu.
O2--

O2-O2--

O2--

O2--

Si4+

O2--

Al3+
O2--

Hnh 6.1. n v cu trc c bn ca zeolite

O2--

Cng thc chung ca Zeolit c dng : M2/n.Al2O3.xSiO2.yH2O

Trong :
- Kim loi M ho tr n b tr in tch m trong khung.
- x = SiO2 / Al2O3 l t s mol ca SiO2 i vi Al2O3 trong Zeolit (m un).
- y s phn t nc kt tinh trong Zeolit.
Phn loi Zeolite:
C nhiu cch phn loi Zeolite.

65

Phn loi da vo ngun gc : c hai loi Zeolite t nhin v Zeolite tng

hp. Cc Zeolit tng hp thng t tinh khit cao hn, c ng dng
nhiu hn Zeolit t nhin.
Phn loi theo kch thc mao qun: ta c Zeolit mao qun nh nh Zeolit
A, mao qun trung bnh nh ZSM-5, mao qun ln nh Zeolit X, Y,
Bng 6-1. Phn loi zeolit theo kch thc mao qun

Loi mao qun

Zeolit
Kch thc mao qun (A0)
Nh
Zeolit A
5.0
Trung bnh
ZSM-5, ZSM-11
5.0 8.0
Ln
Zeolit X, Y
> 8.0
Phn loi theo t s Si / Al: ta c Zeolit hm lng Si thp, trung bnh v cao.
Hm lng Si c th c xem xt thng qua thng s m un x ca Zeolit.

Bng 6.2. Phn loi zeolit theo hm lng Si :

T l Si/Al
Thp (1 1.5 )
Trung bnh (2 5 )

Cao ( 20 100 )
Gii hn trn ( )

Loi Zeolit
Zeolit A, X
a. Zeolit t nhin: mordenit, chabazit, erionit,
clinoptilonit.
b. Zeolit tng hp: Zeolit Y, L, omega, mordenit mao
qun ln.
ZSM-5, ZSM-22
Silicalit

66

Bng 6.3. Mt s loi zeolite tiu biu

Loi zeolite

Ngun
gc

A
Na12[(AlO2) 12.(SiO2)12]nH2O

Tng
hp

X, Na86[(AlO2) 86.(SiO2)106]260H2O
Y, Na56[(AlO2) 56.(SiO2)136]260H2O
Faurazit
(Na2,Ca,Mg)30(AlO2) 60.(SiO2)132]260H2O
(Na2,Ca,Mg)30(AlO2) 56.(SiO2)136]260H2O

Tng
hp
T
nhin

Mordenit

T
nhin

ZSM5
ZSM11

Tng
hp

KT MQ T l
Cu trc c bn
(Ao)
Si/Al
Bt din ct
2.2 11.4 1
(24 t din, 48
nguyn oxi)
2.2 12.7

Bt din ct
11.5
(192 t din, 348
>2
nguyn oxi)

2.7 5.7
(nh)
>5
5.9 7.1
(ln)
Cao
5.3 5.7
100

(5 nhm nguyn
t TO4)
Hnh elip
(5-8 t din TO4)

Hnh 6.2. Cu trc khng gian mao qun ca ZSM-5

Hnh 6.3. Cu trc tinh th Zeolite

67

6.1.2. ng dng ca zeolite trong lc ha du

Bng 6.4. Lng xc tc s dng trong lc ho du
Qu trnh tinh ch

Xc tc

Cracking xc tc
Alkyl ho
Hydrocracking

Zeolite
Zeolite
Zeolite

Lng xc tc s dng
1978 (T/n)
1985 (T/n)
280.000
350.000
175.000
240.000
19.000
46.000

Qu trnh cracking xc tc
Thng th dng xc tc di dng hn hp xc tc v nh hnh hay aluminosilicate
tinh th v c gi l xac tc cha zeolite
Trong cracking xc tc, dng zeolite Y siu bn (USY), c cc c tnh:
- C bn nhit cao
- C kch thc l xp ln, d dng cho cc phn t nng i qua
Zeolite Nhit s dng, oC
NaA
650
NaY
700 750
CaY
800
LaY
850
Qu trnh alkyl ho
Dng xc tc:
- D th ho xc tc HF (mang trn cht mang)
- Zeolite: CaNiY, LaHY, zeolite Y c cha canxi v cc nguyn t t him
Qa trnh isomer ho
Dng xc tc lng chc, bao gm:
- Kim loi Pt ng vai tr oxy ho kh
- Cht mang: zeolite 12 MR, ZSM-5, Mordenit, SAPO-11, zeolite .
Qu trnh thm ho alcan
Xc tc s dng: H-ZSM-5, Ga-H-ZSM-5, Ni-H-ZSM-5, Zn-H-ZSM-5, Mo/ZSM-5,
Ag-H-ZSM-5 hoc Pt/zeoilte .
Qu trnh hydrocracking
Xc tc s dng: Fauzasite (X, Y), mordenit, Pentasil, ZSM-5, USY, SAPO
6.2. Qu trnh cracking xc tc
6.2.1. Mc ch ca qu trnh cracking xc tc

68

Ct mnh cacbon di s c mt ca xc tc nhm nng cao hiu sut thu hi xng (

~ 50%).
Xng cracking xc tc c tr s octan cao hn xng cracking nhit, khong 87 91,
p ng nhu cu thng mi nn khng cn phi pha thm nc ch trnh c vic
nhim mi trng.
6.2.2. Cc phn ng chnh trong qu trnh cracking xc tc
- Phn ng b gy to cu t nh (xng, gasoil) nng cao hiu sut thu hi .
- Phn ng ng phn ha to izo mch nhnh tng tr s octan
- Phn ng hydro ha mt s olefin tng tnh n nh ca sn phm.
Ngoi ra cn cc phn ng ngng t, polyme ha v phn ng to cc. s to cc
trong cracking l khng mong mun v cc to ra thng bm trn b mt ca xc tc
lm gim hot tnh xc tc, gim thi gian hot ng ca xc tc.
Hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng trn khc nhau v gi tr cng nh v du. a
s cc phn ng phn hy l cc phn ng thu nhit mnh, cn cc phn ng ng
phn ha, chuyn v hyro, polyme ha v phn ng ngng t l cc phn ng ta
nhit yu. Hiu ng nhit tng cng ca qu trnh cracking xc tc l thu nhit, vi gi
tr thay i t 100 400 KJ/kg nguyn liu ty theo bn cht ca nguyn liu c s
dng trong qu trnh.
C ch ca qu trnh cracking xc tc l c ch ion cacboni. C s ca l thuyt
ny da vo cc tm hot tnh l cc ion cacboni, chng c to ra khi tc dng ca
phn t hyrocacbon ca nguyn liu vi tm axit xc tc loi Brontes (H +) hay Lewis
(L). Mt cch tm tt, thuyt ny bao gm cc giai on sau:
Giai on to ion cacboni
T hyrocacbon parafin
+

CnH2n+1 + H2

CnH2n+2 + H+

CnH2n+3
+

CmH2m+1 + Cn-mH2(n-m)+2

CnH2n+2 + L(H)

CnH2n+1 + LH

T olefin

CnH2n + H+

CnH2n + L

CnH2n+1

CnH2n-1 + LH

T RH naphten
T RH naphten tc dng vi tm axit ca xc tc hay cc ion cacboni khc. Khi to
ra ion cacboni mi tng t nh qu trnh xy ra i vi parafin
T RH thm
Li quan st thy s kt hp trc tip ca H+ vo nhn thm

CH2 - CH3 + H+

CH2 - CH3

Cc RH thm c mch bn di, th s to thnh ion cacboni cng ging nh trng

hp ca parafin
Cc phn ng ca ion cacboni
69

Ion cacboni c to ra t giai on trn li nhanh chng tham gia vo cc phn ng

bin i khc nhau nh:
phn ng ng phn ha

R - C - C - C - C+

C - C+ - C - C - R

phn ng cracking theo quy tc

C-C-

R - C - C - C+ - C - R
(1)
(2)
(3)

R - C+ + C - C = C + +R + +CH3
C

Vi ba v tr (1, 2, 3) trn th xc xut t mch v tr 1 ln hn v tr 2 v 3.

ng thi ion cacboni li nhanh chng tc dng vi olefin hay vi parafin theo phn
ng vn chuyn ion hyrit
+

CnH2n+1 + CmH2m

CnH2n+1 + CmH2m+2

CnH2n + +CmH2m+1
CnH2n+2 + +CmH2m+1

Cc ion mi ny li c th tham gia cc phn ng ng phn ha, cracking hay ankyl

ha, ngng t. Bin i ca ion cacboni tip tc tip din cho n khi n c cu trc
bn vng nht, c bn cao nht. C th sp xp bn ca cc ion cacboni theo th
t sau:
Ion cacboni bc 3 > Ion cacboni bc 2 > Ion cacboni bc 1
bn ca ion cacboni s quyt nh mc tham gia cc phn ng tip theo ca
chng. V ion cacboni bc 3 c bn cao nht nn s cho php nhn hiu sut cao cc
hp cht iso-parafin. Cht lng sn phm c quyt nh bi cc phn ng ca ion
cacboni m c bit l cc phn ng: phn hy, ng phn ha, phn b hyro.
6.2.3. Xc tc cracking
Phn ng cracking ch yu xy ra trn b mt ca xc tc. Chiu hng ca phn
ng ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht ca xc tc, cng nh ph thuc vo cht lng
nguyn liu v cc thng s cng ngh ca qu trnh. Trong qu trnh, cc to ra s
bm trn b mt ca xc tc, lm gim hot tnh ca n. V th vic khi phc li hot
tnh ca xc tc bng qu trnh ti sinh xc tc cng l mt vn ht sc quan trng
cn c gii quyt i vi xc tc cracking cng nghip
Xc tc c dng thngl xc tc rn, xp, c ngun gc thin nhin hay tng
hp, vi b mt bn trong ln. Xc tc cracking u tin c dng l t st thin
nhin c tnh axit. Sau c thay th bng xc tc alumino silicat c hot tnh v
chn lc cao. V cui thp nin 60 ca th k 20, ngu7o2i ta chuyn dn sang
dng zeolit.
Zeolit l hp cht ca alumino silic. l cht tinh th c cu trc c bit,
bng nhng mng cc l rng, rnh rt nh thng vi nhau. V thnh phn ha hc ca
zeolit c th biu din tng qut nh sau : M2/n.Al2O3.xSiO2.yH2O
Khi ch to xc tc cracking, hm lng Na cn phi gim ti mc cc tiu. Ngi ta
cho thy rng, zeolit cha cng nhiu oxit silic, lng oxit nhm cng t th axit ca
n cng tng. ng nhin khi tng t l oxit silic/oxit nhm cn phi lu phi bo
m cu trc ca zeolit khng b phn hy.
Tnh cht hp ph ca zeolit xut hin sau khi chng c tch m, bi v trogn qu
trnh tng hp, cc l rng ca tinh th b cht y bi cc phn t nc. Nc c th
tch khi tinh th khi ta t nng zeolit n nhit 300 3500C.
70

Trong cng nghip ngi ta ch to zeolit 2 dng : xc tc dng cu v xc tc

dng bt. Xc tc dng bt sau ci tin thnh xc tc dng cu c s dng cho
qu trnh cracking lp si (FCC), cn xc tc dng cu vi kch thc 3 5mm s
dng cho qu trnh cracking xc tc chuyn ng (TCC). Xc tc cn phi bn nhit,
bn c, khng gy n mn, mi mn thit b. xc tc phi c hot tnh v chn lc
cao. Ngoi ra xc tc phi bo m d khuych tn nguyn liu n cc tm hot tnh
v sn phm t b mt ra ngoi, m bo s khuych tn ca oxi ti b mt xc tc
d t cc trogn qu trnh ti sinh.
hot tnh ca xc tc cracking
V mc ch ca cracking l nhn xng , nn phang php dng hiu sut xng
thu c nh gi hot ng ca xc tc s n gin hn. Do vy hot tnh
ca xc tc thng c biu din thng qua ch s hot tnh l gi tr ca hiu
sut xng khi cracking nguyn liu mu trong iu kin phng th nghim. Hot tnh
ca xc tc ph thuc vo cc tnh cht l ha ca xc tc, m trc ht l ph thuc
vo thnh phn ha hc ca xc tc cng nh ph thuc vo iu kin cng ngh ca
qu trnh.. Trong thc t ngi ta phn loi xc tc thnh cc lai nh sau :
Xc tc c hot tnh cao : hiu sut xng >45%
Xc tc c hot tnh trung bnh : hiu sut xng 30 - 45%
Xc tc c hot tnh thp : hiu sut xng < 30%
chn lc ca xc tc
Kh nng ca xc tc lm tng tc cc phn ng c li, ng thi lm gim tc
cc phn ng khng mong mun c gi l chn lc ca xc tc. Trong qu
trnh cracking, chn lc ca xc tc quyt nh kh nng to ra cc sn phm c gi
tr ca n : l cc cu t cao tr s ortan cho xng. Ngi ta c th nh gi
chn lc bng cch xc nh t l gia hiu sut xng v cc (hay kh) cng mt
su bin i. Xc tc thng c nh gi ng thi hot tnh v chn lc ca
n so vi xc tc mu khi tin hnh trong cng mt iu kin cracking. T s gia hiu
sut xng / cc ( hay kh) cng ln, th chn lc ca xc tc cng cao. Sau mt thi
gian lm vic, cng ging nh hot tnh, chn lc ca xc tc cng b gim.
iu xy ra do c nhng thay i v tnh cht ca xc tc trong iu kin lm vic.
Nhng thay i tnh cht ca xc tc khi lm vic
Xc tc cracking trong qu trnh lm vic b gim hot tnh v chn lc, hin
tng ny gi l tr ha xc tc. Chng ta c th phn nguyn nhn gy ra s tr ha
xc tc lm hai qu trnh chnh l : do tc dng ca cc cht lm ng c xc tc v
s tr ha do tc dng lm thay i cc tnh cht l ha ca xc tc. C th l do
S tc dng ca cc c t nh NH3, CO2, cc hp ch lu hunh m c bt l H 2S
nhit cao.
S tch t ca cc kim loi nng di dng cc oxit lm thay i chc nng ca xc tc
S tc ng ca nhit cao v hi nc.
Ti sinh xc tc
Ti sinh xc tc ngi ta tin hnh t cc bng khng kh nng trong l ti sinh. Cc
phn ng chy ny ta nhiu nhit. Nhit lng ta ra c dng cp nhit cho xc
tc mang vo l phn ng v ngoi ra cn c tn dng sn xut hi nc dng
trong khu lin hip.
6.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh cracking
Nguyn liu ca qu trnh cracking
Quy lut thng thng l khi tng phn nh ca nguyn liu, hiu sut cc loi
RH C3, C4 v xng u tng, cn hiu sut hyro v cc gim xung, nu nguyn liu
71

l phn ct chn khng c t phn on nng (<14 15%) s lm tng tr s ortan cho
xng cng nh hiu sut xng. Khi nguyn liu cha hm lng nha, asphan v kim
loi khi cracking cn phi qua x l bng hyro nhn c nguyn liu c cht
lng cao, cn nu trong nguyn liu, hm lng nha, asphan v kim loi tng s lm
xu cc ch tiu ca qu trnh
Khi s dng nguyn liu c hng s K cao, s cho php tng cc ch tiu ca qu trnh
cracking xc tc
Nguyn liu c bn ca qu trnh cracking xc tc l phn ct chn khng ca
cn du th khi chng ct kh quyn. Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta c th dng c
phn on nh ca chng ct kh quyn, phn on kerosen gasoil ca cracking nhit
hay cc hacc c trng quan trng nht ca nguyn liu c nh hng quyt nh
n cc ch tiu ca qu trnh cracking l : thnh phn phn on, hng s c trng K,
thnh ph2n nhm hyrocacbon, hm lng nha asphanten, hm lng cc hp
cht nit, lu hunh, kim loi v cc ha.
Trong cng nghip cracking xc tc ngi ta s dng 4 nhm nguyn liu sau :
Nhm 1 : nhm nguyn liu nh c tn l phn on kerosen = xola nhn c
t qu trnh chng ct trc tip v c gii hn si t 210 360 0C, chng c t
trng trung bnh t 0.83 0.86. y l nhm nguyn liu tt nht dng sn
xut xng t v xng my bay.
Nhm 2 : nhm nguyn liu ly t phn on gasoil chng ct chn khng, c
nhit si t 350 5000C. Nhm ny c cc c trng l : t trng trung bng
t 0.88 0.92, trng lng phn t trung bnh t 280 330
Nhm 3 : nhm nguyn liu c thnh phn ct rng, c gii hn si t 210
5000C
Nhm 4 : nhm nguyn liu c nhit si t 300 450 0C. trongs 4 nhm
nguyn liu trn th nhm gasoil chn khng c dng ph bin nht trong qu
trnh cracking xc tc
Ch cng ngh ca cracking
Mc chuyn ha C
i vi hyrocacbon ting khit khi tham gia phn ng, th chuyn ha c
o bng lng sn phm to thnh theo thi gian. Nhng i vi phn on phc tp
nh phn on du m, trong cracking xc tc, gni ta li o lng xng l sn phm
chnh v sn phm ph nh kh v cc. Nu gi y l & th tch ca sn phm vi im
si cui cao hn im si cui ca xng, th chuyn ha C c tnh theo biu thc
C = 100 y
ng nhin cc xc nh nh vy cha st vi thc t. hiu chnh n s bin i
ha l trong qu trnh to xng v kh, ngi ta xc nh bin i theo cng thc sau :
C = 100 y(100 z)
y z l % xng c trong nguyn liu
Tc np liu ring
Tc np liu ring hay tc khng gian an5p liu l t l gia lng nguyn liu
c np trogn mt n v thi gian trn lng xc tc trong reactor, k hiu M/H/M
Np p l p sut ca reactor v c tnh bng at, th chuyn ha C c lin quan vi
M/H/M theo biu thc
C
P.K

100 C M / H / M

Phng trnh biu din trn p dng rt ng vi trng hp xc tc c nh, y

khng xy ra chuyn ng ri hay s xo trn ca hi nguyn liu v sn phm, trogn
72

trng hp cracking xc tc vi lp si ca xc tc, chuyn ha li ph hp vi

cng thc sau :
C
P.K

100(1 C / 100)
M /H /M

y K l hng s tc tng cng ca qu trnh

Khi tng tc np liu ring, s lm gim chuyn ha, cn khi gim tc np
liu ring th chuyn ha tng, v rng tc np liu l i lng ngc vi thi
gian phn ng. Khi s dng xc tc c hot tnh cao, ta c th tng tc np liu
v nh vy s tng c nng sut ca thit b.
Trong thc t nu dng xc tc alumino silicat v nh hnh, tc np liu th tch
ch t 4 5h-1. Nhng nu dng xc tc cha zeolit, tc np liu th tch l 80
120h-1 khi tnh trong ng ng ca reactor v t 20 30h -1 trogn lp si ca
reactor.
Khi tng tc np liu, nu ta tng nhit phn ng, s tng tr s ortan ca xng
v tng hiu sut olefin trong kh. l phng php chnh iu khin ch sn
xut propylen v buten trong qu trnh cracking xc tc.
T l gia lng xc tc trn nguyn liu (X/RH)
Khi dng xc tc cha zeolit, cho php gim t l X/RH xung cn 10/1 so vi
xc tc v nh hnh l 20/1. Nu khi dng xc tc chuyn ng vi kch thc ht xc
tc t 3 5mm, t l X/RH cn thp hn na, ch khong 2 5/1.
Khi thay i t l X/RH s lm thay i nhit ca reactor, thay i thi gian
lu ca xc tc trong reactor v l ti sinh v cng lm thay i lng cc bm trn
xc tc trong mt chu trnh.
Nu ch n nh, tng t l X/RH s lm tng chuyn ha, tng hiu sut cc /
nguyn liu, nhng hm lng cc bm trn xc tc li gim xung. iu ny c
gii thch l do lng cc c dn ra mt lng xc tc ln hn. Khi gi tc
np liu M/H/M l khng i, nu tng t l X/RH th thi gian tip xc gia xc tc
v nguyn liu gim v nh vy hot tnh trung bnh ca xc tc tng ln. l l
do t hiu qu cao vi lp xc tc lp si (FCC). Nh t hiu qu cao m cho php
gim kch thc ca thit b. Nhng d dng nhn thy rng, nu tng cao qu mc
tun hon xc tc, s lm nh hng qu trnh tch hi bm trn xc tc v lm nh
hng n qu trnh ti sinh l ti sinh v cc thit b km theo.
Nhit trong reactor
Nhit trong reactorthng t t 480 5500C. Khi tin hnh tng nhit , th
lc u hiu sut xng tng v sau t n cc i ri gim xung, iu ny l do
qu trnh phn hy tng, lm phn hy cc cu t xgn va c to thnh. Khi tng
nhit , phn n gphn hy tng nhng ng thi cc phn ng bc hai nh ehydro
ha cng tng, lm tng hiu sut RH thm v olefin. Khi trong sn phm kh, hm
lng C1 C3 tng, cn C4 gim. T trng v tr s ortan ca xng cng tng ln. Vy
nhit cao (> 4700C), hiu sut xng gim nhanh, cn hiu sut kh v cc tng (thc
t hiu sut cc khng thay i nhiu).
nh hng ca p sut
Khi tng p sut, hiu sut xng tng ln, hiu sut kh C 1 C3 gim, hm lng olefin
v RH thm gim, hm lng RH no tng v do vy cht lng ca xng gim.
6.3. Qu trnh reforming xc tc
6.3.1. Mc ch
Nng cao cht lng xng, sn xut aromat v H2 cho ha du
73

6.3.2. Cc phn ng chnh

- Kh H2, thm ha naphten v ng vng parafin

- ng phn ha n-Parafin to iso-Parafin
Trong iu kin tin hnh qu trnh reforming cn xy ra cc phn ng ph, tuy
khng lm nh hng nhiu n cn bng ca phn ng chnh nhng li c nh hng
ln n hot ng v bn ca xc tc, l cc phn ng:
Phn ng phn hy v kh ha ca1c hp cht cha oxy, nit, lu hunh to thnh H 2S,
NH3, H2O.
Phn ng phn hy cc hp cht cha kim lai v halogen
Phn ng ngng t cc hp cht trung gian khng bn nh olefin, diolefin vi RH
thm, dn n vic to thnh cc hp cht cc v nha bm trn b mt xc tc.
6.3.3. Nguyn liu v sn phm
Nguyn liu reforming xc tc ngi ta thng dng phn on xng cht lng
thp c khong si t 62 1800C. Trong thc t cng nghip ch bin du, nhn cc
cu t cao ortan cho xng, ngi ta thng dng phn on si n 85 1800C; cn
nhn RH thm ring bit, ngi ta dng cc phn on hp hn:
62 85: nhn benzen
62 105: nhn benzen v toluen
105 104: nhn xylen
Thnh phn ct ca nguyn liu c nh hng nhiu n hiu sut v cht lng
ca sn phm. Nu thnh phn ct c nhit si qu rng, c cha nhiu phn nh s
lm cho hiu sut v cht lng xng gim xung.
Nguyn liu thun li nht cho qu trnh sn xut cc cu t cao ortan (RON = 100) l
phn on si t 105 1400C hay phn on 105 1800C.
nh hng n qu trnh reforming xc tc khng ch l thnh phn ct m quan trng
hn l thnh phn ha hc ca phn on nguyn liu.
Nu hm lng ca naphten trong nguyn liu cng cao, nht l cyclohexan v
dn xut ca n cng nhiu, th phn ng ehydro ha xy ra cng trit v hm
lng RH thm s cng nhiu.
Nu nguyn liu cha nhiu parafin th cc phn ng ca parafin ch gp phn
nh to ra RH thm bng phn ng ehyro vng ha, cn i b phn parafin s
tham gia phn ng isome ha v hyrocacracking, phn ng hyrocrackign cn lm
gim hiu sut hyro do hyro tiu hao cho phn ng ny. Vy nu hm lng parafin
trong nguyn liu cng nh th hiu sut hyro cng cao (ch ng vi xc tc th h
mi)
Cc RH thm c trong nguyn liu thng nh, c bit l khi nguyn liu l
phn on xng ct trc tip. RH thm c nh hng n tc cc phn ng ehyro
ha hay ehyro ha vng theo hng ngn cn cc phn ng ny. V vy, nu mc
ch ca qu trnh l sn xut RH thm ring bit th nn tch trc RH thm khi
nguyn liu.
Cc hp cht phi hyrocacon, c bit l cc hp cht ca lu hunh v nit
trong nguyn liu phi gim ti mc ti thiu v nh hn gii hn cho php. V cc
hp cht ny ch lm tng tc cc phn ng ngng t to nha v cc, u c xc tc,
74

lm gim nhanh hot tnh xc tc. V th nguyn liu trc khi reforming u c
qua cng on x l bn ghyro lm sch lai cc hp ch phi hyrocacbon, olefin,
diolefin, v c kim loi. Cc cht phi hyrocacbon s c loi ra dng hi nh
NH3, H2S v H2O.
Qu trnh hyro ha lm sch nguyn liu
C s l thuyt
Nguyn liu naphta, xng c trn vi hyro tin hnh phn ng nhit
cao v p sut cao. Cc phn ng ha hc s xy ra cng vi qu trnh hyroesunfua
ha l no ha olefin v thm ha, demetal ha v hyrocracking. Khi mc ch x l
nguyn liu cho reforming xc tc, th hyrodesunfua ha v demetal ha l nhim v
chnh ca qu trnh ny, nhng hydrocacbon v cc hp cht cha lu hunh, nit s
c phn ng vi hyro trn xc tc coban hoc xc tc Ni / Mo trn ch mang
cc tp cht ny c tch ra mt cch chn lc v nh cc c tnh ca nguyn
liu c ci thin.
Cc tp cht cha lu hunh, nit, oxy, kim loi khi phn ng vi hyro s to ra cc
hp cht H2S, amoniac, nc v hyrogenat kim loi. Cc hp cht olefin c no ha
v nh m n nh c sn phm.
Cc yu t cng ngh nh hng
Nhit
Nhit ca nguyn liu vo reactor (RIT)c vai tr quan trng thc y phn ng
hyro ha lm sch. Qu trnh desunfua ha tng khi nhit gim. RIT cn thay i
ph hp vi yu cu sn phm, ph hp vi hot tnh ca xc tc v cn phi
gi tc phn ng mong mun. Bnh thng trong iu kin thc t chn RIT =
3250C.
p sut
p sut trogn reactor cng cao, lng cc lng ng trn xc tc cng t v xc tc lm
vic cng lu. Thng thng p sut trong reactor l 29 60kG/cm 2. La chn p sut
lm vic c lin quan n mc tiu hao hyro (t l H2/RH)
T l H2/RH
T l ny l tc ca dng kh hyro tun hon trn tc dng ca naphta nguyn
liu (m3/m3)
tch hon ton S v N2, kh H2 cn phi c tinh khit cao. T l cao qu mc cn
thit s dn n tng gi thnh thao tc, tn thm nhin liu v nng lng.
T l thp qu s dn n tng hm lng cc bm trn xc tc v khng t yu cu
tch cc tp cht. Thc t t l ny l 76.9m3/m3
6.3.4. Sn phm reforming
Xng
Thnh phn ha hc ch yu ca xng reforming xc tc l RH thm v RH parafin,
cn hm lng olefin rt nh (3%), hm lng ca naphten cng thp (<1%). Cc
H.C thm thng tp trung phn on c nhit si cao, do phn b tr s ortan
theo thnh phn ct khng u, tr s ortan phn cui phn on tng rt nhanh so
vi u phn on.
Hyrocacbon thm
RH thm loi benzen, toluen, xylen ch yu nhn c t qu trnh reforming xc tc
Kh hyro k thut
Kh hyro k thut l kh cha hm lng hyro > 80% l mt sn phm quan trng
ca qu trnh reforming xc tc. Kh hyro ny mt phn tun hon li vi nguyn liu
reforming xc tc khi lm sch, cn phn ln chuyn qua cc phn xng lm sch,
75

x l nguyn liu v cc phn on sn phm ct. Dy l ngun hyro r tin nah16t

trogn s cc qu trnh sn xut hyro.
6.3.5. Xc tc reforming
Xc tc c s dng trong reforming l lai xc tc a chc, chc nng oxy ha kh
v chc axit. Chc nng oxy ha kh c nhim v tng tc cc phn ng hyro ha,
kh hyro, cn chc axit c tc dng thc y cc phn ng xy ra theo c ch ion
cacboni nh ng phn ha v hyrocracking...
c xc tc reforming tt, nh vy khi ch to, chng ta phi iu chnh tng quan
gia 2 chc ca xc tc sao cho t c chn lc mong mun. chn lc ca
xc tc (S) c nh gi thng qua biu thc R sau:
R = ehyro vng ha / (hyrocracking + hyroisome ha + ehyro vng ha).
Gi tr ny cng ln, chn lc ca xc tc cng cao.
S thay i tnh cht ca xc tc trong qu trnh lm vic
S u c ca cc c t
Ng c ca cc hp cht cha lu hunh
Ng c ca cc hp cht cha nit
nh hng ca nc
nh hng ca cc kim loi nng khc
nh hng ca hm lng olefin v cc
S thay i tnh cht ca xc tc trong qu trnh lm vic
Nhng thay i c tnh cht tm thi: ngha l c th khi phc li tnh cht nh ban
u bng ti sinh, l nhng thay i do qu trnh to cc hay do s ng c thun
nghch bi cc hp cht cha oxi, nit, lu hunh.
Nhng thay i vnh vin: l nhng thay i khng c kh nng ti sinh, v d s
thiu kt nhit cao m b mt ring ca xc tc v cu trc Al 2O3 cng nh
phn tn ca kim loi Pt gim i. Nhng thay i trn s lm xc tc gi ha v n
mt thi gian no , phn xc tc gi ha ny c thay th bng xc tc mi c
hot tnh cao hn.
Ti sinh xc tc
t cc bng phng php oxy ha
B sung Clo
Sy
Kh bng hyro hon nguyn cc tm kim loi v gii phng cc hp cht
lu hunh tch ng (p>2at, nng H2 > 10%).
6.3.6. Cc yu t nh hng
Nhit
Khi tng nhit , hiu sut xng n nh v hm lng hyro trong kh tun hon
gim xung, cn hm lng RHa, ch s ortan tng, ng thi cc bm trn xc tc
cng tng ln. Khi tng nhit r rng tng hiu sut sn phm kh nh (etan, propan,
iso-butan) v khi nhit tng cc phn ng hyrocracking tng.
Cn phi lu vn to cc trn xc tc tng khi nhit tng. Do vy, m vic
chn nhit trong qu trnh reforming cn phi kt hp vi cc thng s cng ngh
khc.
p sut
Cc phn ng chnh ca qu trnh reforming u l cc phn ng tng th tch. Do
theo quan im nhit ng hc, khi tng p sut s cn tr qu trnh tng th tch, c
ngha l cn tr cc phn ng chnh to RHa ca reforming xc tc.
76

Cn khi tng khe kht ca qu trnh ngha l lm vic p sut hyro thp s cho
php tng tr s ortan ca xng v tng c hiu sut xng, gim lng kh v tng nng
hyro trong kh, nhng tc to cc li tng ln. S to cc trong iu kin sn
xut c th gim bng cch h thp nhit si cui ca nguyn liu (160 0C) v trong
phn nng cha cc thnh phn a vng, chng d ngng t, d to cc.
T l H2/nguyn liu
khe khc ca qu trnh
Trong reforming xc tc, khe kht ca qu trnh chnh l iu kin kh khn hn
ca xc tc. khe kht cng cao, xc tc s gim nhanh hot tnh, gim thi gian lm
vic v tn s tin hnh ti sinh s cao hn, hm lng RH thm s nhiu ln.
Khi ta tng nhit , tr s ortan tng nhng ng thi li lm gim hiu xut xng v
H2, xc tc al2m vic trogn iu kin ny d to cc v chng chng gi ha, nh vy
khe kht l cao.
Nu ta gim tc np liu, NO tng v cng ng thi gim C 5 v H2, lm tng RH
nh v cng tng qu trnh to cc. iu lm cho xc tc chng b gi ha v lm
tng tn s ti sinh, do khe kht trong trng hp ny cng ln.
Nu ta gim o sut, NO tng v cng tng hiu sut C5 v H2, nhng xc tc lm vic
trong iu kin to cc nhanh, do vy khe kht cng l cao.
nh hng ca t l H2/RH cng ging nh nh hng p sut chung ca h thng.

6.4. Qu trnh isomer ha

6.4.1. Mc ch, ngha

Qu trnh isome ha n-parafin c dng nng cao tr s ortan ca phn on

pentan, hexan ca phn xng si 70 0C, ng thi cng cho php nhn cc iso
parafin ring bit nh iso pentan, iso butan t nguyn liu n - butan, n pentan
tng ng, nhm p ng nhu cu ca ngun nguyn liu ha du, tng hp cao su
iso-pren, iso-butan cho alkyn ha hoc iso-buten cho tng hp MTBE.
Bng 6.4. Tr s octan v im si ca C5, C6
Hydrocacbon
im si
RON
MON
n pentan
36
61.7
61.9
2 Metylbutan (iso pentan)
28
92
90.3
n hexan
66.75
24.8
26
2 Metylpentan (iso hexan)
60.3
73.4
73.4
3 - Metylpentan
63.25
74.5
74.3
2, 2 Dimetylbutan (neohexan)
49.73
94.5
93.5
2, 3 - Dimetylbutan
58
103
94
Nhn s liu bng cho thy rng thch hp nht cho qu trnh nhn xng cht lng cao
th phn an C5 C6 nhn c trong khu lin hip ha du cn phi cho qua qu
trnh isome ha

77

6.4.2. C s l thuyt
c trng v nhit ng
Cc phn ng isome ha n peantan v n hexan l cc phn ng ta nhit nn v
mt nhit ng, phn ng s khng thun li khi tng nhit . Mc khc, phn ng
isome ha n-parafin l phn ng thun nghch v khng tng th tch, v th cn bng
ca phn ng ch ph thuc nhiu vo nhit . Nhit thp to iu kin to thnh
cc isome v cho php nhn c hn hp iu kin cn bng v c tr s ortan cao.
Khi isome ha cc n-parafin cn xy ra cc phn ng ph nh phn ng cracking v
phn ng phn b li, v d nh

2C5H12

C4H10 + C6H14

gim tc ca cc phn ng ny v duy tr hot tnh ca xc tc, gni ta thc

hin qu trnh p sut hyro PH2 = 2 4MPa v tun hon kh cha hyro.
6.4.3. Xc tc ca qu trnh isomer ha
Xc tc c dng trong qu trnh isome ha, trc ht phi thc y cho qa trnh to
ion cacboni, ngha l xc tc phi c tnh axit. Cc cht xc tc in hnh thng dng
l xc tc trong pha lng. Ngy nay, ngi ta hay dng xc tc lng chc: kim loi
trn cht mang axit.
Xc tc pha lng
Cht xc tc tiu biu cho nhm ny l clorua nhm khan c hot ha bng anhyrit
clohydric. Sau ny, gni ta dng cc cht xc tc nh AlCl 3 + SbCl3 hay AlBr3 v
cc axit sunfonic hay axit floric. u im ca h xc tc ny l chng c hot tnh
cao. Ti nhit t = 930C c th chuyn ha t cn bng 100% cc n - parafin
thnh iso parafin.
Nhc im ca chng l nhanh chng gim hot tnh v chn lc. Thm vo l
chng rt d t phn hy, chng to nn mi trng axit mnh gy n mn thit b.
Ngy nay, ngi ta ang tm cch hn ch cc nh hng xu ny hon thin cc
ch tiu sn xut iso-parafin.
Xc tc hyro ha trn cht mang axit
Cc xc tc ny thuc nhm xc tc reforming, v bn cht chng c to thnh t 2
thnh phn:
Kim loii c c trng thc y phn ng hydro ha (hay dng l cc kim loi him
Pt, Pd)
Cht mang axit (oxit nhm, oxit nhm v halogen hay aluminosilicat)
Cc cht xc tc ny c chn lc cao hn xc tc trong pha lng, nhng hot
tnh ca chng thng thp hn, v th i hi nhit phn ng cao hn v phn ng
thng c tin hnh trong pha hi. Nhng khi tng nhit th phn ng isome ha
n parafin khng thun li v mt nhit ng. Do cn phi tun hon nguyn liu
cha chuyn ha nng cao hiu sut ca isome hay m bo tr s ortan cao cho
hn hp sn phm.
6.4.4. C ch phn ng isomer ha
Trn xc tc vi thnh phn c axit mnh trn cht mang, phn ng isome ha xy
ra trn tm axit. Vai tr ca kim loi ch lm nhim v hn ch s to cc v bgn
nga s tr ha cc tm axit. Khi c ch c miu t nh sau:

78

+
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 K, +H CH3 -C+- CH3

CH3
CH3 -C+- CH3 + CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 K

CH3 -CH- CH3 + CH3 - C+H - CH2 - CH3

CH3

CH3

y K l tm axit ca xc tc
2. Vi xc tc lng chc, c ch c th miu t nh sau
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

Me, -H2

CH3 - C+H - CH2 - CH3

CH3 -C = CH2
CH3

Me, +H2

CH3-CH=CH-CH3
CH3 -C+- CH3

K, +H+

K, -H+

CH3
CH3 -CH- CH3

CH3 - C+H - CH2 - CH3

CH3 -C = CH2
CH3

CH3

y Me l tm kim loi, K l tm axit ca xc tc

6.5. Qu trnh alkyl ha
6.5.1. Khi nim v mc ch
Sn xut xng cao cp bng vic alkyl ha iso-parafin iso - C 4H10 bng olefin C4H8
thu c iso-octan iso - C8H18 l xng alkylat c tr s ON cao nht, hiu sut t 87%.
EMBED
Visio.Drawing.11

6.5.2. Xc tc c th chia thnh nhng nhm chnh sau:

- AlCl3
- H2SO4
- HF
Khi ankyl ha benzen bng olefin c th dng xc tc khc nh nha trao i
ion hay zeolit.
H2SO4 (94 96%(kl)). Nu nng cao, tnh oxy ha mnh, to nha, SO 2,
SO3 v nc gim hiu sut ankyllat, nu nng axit thp, s xc tin cho qu trnh
polyme ha, d to thnh cc ankyl sunfit tng ng v khi t nng chng d phn r
to thnh cc hp cht gy n mn thit b, lm long nhanh axit sunfuric. Axit sau khi
phn ng c ti sinh bng cch phn hy nhit v cho thm cht kch hot c bic.
HF (>87%(kl)), hn ch v trong qu trnh sinh ra phn ng polyme ha v
nc lm gim nng HF, tuy nhin mc tiu hao HF t hn H2SO4
HF rn v c d th ha, thao tc an ton hn v mi trng sch hn ( hot tnh
tng ng HF(l)), d tch sn phm ankyllat v d th ha xc tc.
Xc tc AlCl3
Zeolit c rt nhiu u im thc y qu trnh nghin cu ng dng xc tc
zeolit trong tng lai cho qu trnh ankyl ha. Khi dng xc tc ny, iu kin cng
ngh cao hn (P,T) nhng t sn phm ph, d tch xc tc v sn phm sch hn.

79

6.5.3. Ankyl ha paraffin

Qu trnh ny c ng dng sn xut cc nhin liu ch s ortan cao cho cc
ng c v hin ang l qu trnh thng dng nht nhiu nc trn th gii.
Xc tc: AlCl3, H2SO4, HF, nh trao i ion, zeolit
H2SO4:
Nng axit (94 96%). Nu nng ln hn thc y qu trnh to nha, SO 2,
SO3, H2S, lm gim hiu sut sn phm. Nu nng thp hn, thc nay qu trnh
ankyl ha to thnh ankylsunfat tng ng, gay n mn thit b.
HF (97%)
Tiu hao nh hn H2SO4, tuy nhin dng lng gay n mn thit b ln. Hin nay
HF c d th ha dng rn to c hng lot u im, hot tnh gn bng HF lng,
trnh c tnh n mn v c hi, d tch sn phm ankyllat.
Zeolit
Ci thin c cc phn ng ph m cc xc tc khc cha ci thin c. a
qu trnh thc hin nhit cao v p sut cao
Tc nhn
Olefin thp phn t, thng C2 - C4
Phn ng
C4H8 + H+
C4H9+
(1)
C4H9+

+ iso-C4H10

iso-C4H9+ + C4H8

n-C4H10 + iso-C4H9+
iso-C8H17

(2)

(3)

(4)
iso-C8H17 + iso-C4H10
iso-C8H18 + iso-C4H9+
+
iso-C4H9 tip tc tham gia phn ng (3).
Ngoi ra cn xy ra cc phn ng ph nh: polime ha, chuyn ha hydro, oligome
ha, cracking
Nguyn liu v sn phm
Phn on butan, buten thu c t qu trnh hp th, chng ct chit tch phn
chia kh ca qu trnh cracking xc tc.
Nhit phn ng
Thi gian phn ng c xc nh bi 2 yu t;
Tc ly nhit ra khi vng phn ng gi nhit n nh chn.
thi gian iso-butan ha tan vo pha axit to nh tng
Do thit b lm vic lin tc nn thi gian c xc nh khng ch qua t l
axit/hyrocacbon trong thit b phn ng (vi H2SO4 (20 - 450) pht, vi HF (10 20) pht).

80

CHNG 7: S LC DU M V KH CA VIT NAM

7.1. Vi nt v ngnh du kh Vit Nam
7.1.1.Qu trnh pht trin chung ca ngnh du kh
Qu trnh pht trin chung ca ngnh du kh c th chia ra lm cc giai on nh
sau:
Trc nm 1975
Pha Bc vi s gip ca Lin X (c), trong nhng nm u ca thp k 60, Tng cc
a Cht tin hnh thm d du kh ti ng bng Sng Hng. Ging khoan u tin
c khoan nm 1969 su 3000m ti Thi Bnh. n nm 1975, pht hin mt m kh
nh ti huyn Tin Hi, tnh Thi Bnh vi tr lng 1.3 t m3.
Pha Nam di ch ngy quyn, cc cng ty nc ngoi tin hnh kho st a vt
l ti thm lc a pha Nam. Trong nhng nm 1974-1975 cc cng ty nc ngoi
khoan 6 ging ti cc b trm tch Nam Cn Sn v Cu Long tuy nhin cc hp ng
u kt thc khi t nc thng nht.
T nm 1975-1980
Trong giai on ny, Petrovietnam k 3 hp ng phn chia du kh v tm kim
thm d v khai thc du kh ti thm lc a pha nam vi Deminex (Ty c), Agip
(Italy), Bow Valley (Canada). Cc cng ty tin hnh khoan mt s ging nhng
cha tin hnh thm lng v do lnh cm vn ca M cho nn cc hp ng ny kt
thc vo nhng nm 1980.
T nm 1981-1988
Nm 1981, Lin doanh du kh Vietsovpetro c thnh lp v i vo hot ng.
Ti m Bch H, Vietsovpetro pht hin c du th trong cc lin kt Oligoxen v
mng phong ha nt n vo ngy 26-6-1986. y l mt pht hin quan trng m ra mt
thi k mi cho nn cng nghip du kh nc ta ng thi gip chng ta c thm kinh
nghim v thm d, tm kim v khai thc du kh ti thm lc a pha Nam.
T nm 1988 n nay
K t khi c chnh sch m ca v c bit l sau khi chnh ph ban hnh Lut u
t nc ngoi v Lut du kh Vit Nam cc cng ty nc ngoi y mnh cc hot
ng tm kim thm d v khai thc du kh theo kiu hp ng phn chia sn phm vi
cng ty hoc tp on du kh quc t. Trong giai on ny cc hot ng khai thc du
kh cng c xc tin mnh m, Vietsovpetro ngoi vic m rng khai thc ti m Bch
H vi sn lng tng nhanh theo thi gian, m i Hng v Rng cng c a vo
khai thc vi nng sut kh ln. Nm 1994, chng ta khai thc c 6,7 triu tn du;
nm 1995 khai thc c 7,5 triu tn du; nm 1997 chng ta khai thc ti 10,1
triu tn du khng k kh v d kin nm 2000, sn lng du kh ca chng ta c th
t 25 n 30 triu tn du quy i (k c kh).

81

7.1.2.Mt s lnh vc cn quan tm

Phn ch bin kh
Trong thng 12-1993, Vit Nam k hp ng vi cng ty Huyndai Heavy Industries
Co. Ltd. thc hin vic xy dng h thng thu gom kh ng hnh t cc ging khai thc
du ca m Bch H a vo t lin bng h thng ng ng ngm di bin. Ngun
kh ny s c cung cp cho nh my ch bin kh Dinh C t ti Long Hi, cc nh
my in B Ra, Ph M (d n GUP).
D n xy dng h thng ng ng dn kh Nam Cn Sn: dn kh thin nhin t cc
m Lan Ty, Lan di khong 400km cng c PetroVietnam, BP v Statoil xy
dng. Lung kh a vo b theo h thng ny s vo khong 5 t m 3 mt nm. Trong
70% sn lng kh ni trn s dng cung cp cho cc nh my in, phn cn li s
dng sn xut phn bn v cc ho cht hu c khc.
Phn lc du
Hin nay chng ta c mt nh my ch bin du kh ca Cng ty ch bin du kh
TP.HCM (SaigonPetro) vi nguyn liu l du th m Bach H. Nh my ny cung cp
cho th trng cc sn phm xng t, du ho dn dng, du DO, FO. Hin nay nng lc
ca nh my vo khong 350.000 tn/nm vi nguyn liu l Condensate v sn phm
ch yu l xng, du ho, DO, LPG.
Song song vi vic ku gi u t vo lnh vc tm kim thm d khai thc du kh chnh
ph nc ta hin nay ang tin hnh xy dng nh my lc du s 1 nng sut 6,5 triu
tn/nm ti Dung qut, Qung Ngi. Cc sn phm ca nh my l: Xng t, du ha
dn dng, nhin liu my bay, DO, FO, Bitum. Cc sn phm ny s cung cp cho th
trng ni a v mt phn dng xut khu ra cc nc khc. Ngoi ra PetroVietnam
ang xc tin chun b gi thu nh my lc du s 2 vi nng sut 6-7 triu tn/nm.
Phn ho du
Do nn kinh t pht trin cha cao cng vi trnh khoa hc k thut cn lc hu, hin
nay chng ta cha kh nng xy dng mt khu lin hp lc ho du hon chnh.
Xut pht t nhu cu thc t hin nay, nh nc ta ch trng pht trin cng nghip ho
du theo hng sau: nhp nguyn liu t nc ngoi sn xut sau t t pht trin
cng ngh v tin ti s dng nguyn liu trong nc to thnh 1 t hp khp kn hon
chnh.

7.2. Tim nng ca du th Vit Nam

Vng trng Sng Hng
Tr lng tim nng thu hi l t 550 n 700 triu m 3 qui du trong ch yu l kh,
chim 14% tr lng du kh Vit Nam, n nay pht trin c 250 t m 3 kh c hm
lng CO2 cao (60 - 90%).
Vng b Ph Khnh
Tim nng l 300 n 700 triu m3 qui du, chim 10% tr lng du kh Vit Nam.
Vng b Cu Long
Tim nng l 700 n 800 triu m 3 qui du, chim 20% tr lng du kh Vit Nam, trong
: 270 tr m3 du, 56 t m3 kh ng hnh, khng ng k kh khng ng hnh.
82

Hin nay ang c cc m c khai thc nh: m Bch H nm 1986, m Rng nm

1994, m Rng ng nm 1998, m Rubi nm 1998. Nh vy tnh n nm 1999 khai
thc c 78,3 triu tn du v 3,5 t m3 kh.
B Nam Cn Sn
Tim nng l 650 n 750 triu m3 qui du, chim 17% tr lng du kh Vit Nam,
trong kh chim 35 38%, vi 74 tr m 3 du, 159 t m3 kh ng hnh, 15 m3 kh khng
ng hnh, 23 triu m3 condensat vi hm lng CO2 khng ng k. Hin nay ging
khoan i Hng ang c khai thc t 1994 n nay c 3 triu tn du.
B Malay Th Chu
Tim nng l 250 n 300 triu m 3 qui du, chim 5% tr lng du kh Vit Nam, trong
12 tr m3 du, 3 t m3 kh ng hnh, 15 m3 kh khng ng hnh, 2 triu m3 condensat
vi hm lng CO2 tng i cao.
B Vng My
Ch yu l kh, tr lng t 1 n 1,5 t m3 qui du, chim 30% tr lng kh Vit Nam.
7.3.

Du th i din cho cc b trm tch Cu Long, Nam Cn Sn v Malay

Th Chu

Bng 7.2. Thng s c bn ca 3 loi du th

Cc thng s

B Cu Long
(Bch H)
40.20
0
15 C 0.8236

T trng 0API
Khi lng ring
(g/ml)
im chy
Hng s c trng K
nht (cSt) 500C
700C
Phn t lng
Hm lng paraffine (%
KL)
Hm lng lu hunh (%
KL)
Hm lng nit (% KL)
Hm lng carbon (% KL)
Hm lng hydro (% KL)
Ch s acid (mg KOH / g)
Ch s conradson (% KL)
Hm lng nha (% KL)
Hm lng asphalten (%
KL)
Hm lng nicken (% KL)
Hm lng vanadi (% KL)

B Nam Cn Sn
(i Hng)
30.25
0.8742

B Malay Th Chu
(PM 3)
38
0.8344

+36
12.39
5.29
3.43
240
27

+22
12.01
6.89
4.51
259
15

+36
12.08
5.49
3.32
252
28

0.04

0.09

0.035

0.03
86.19
13.73
0.037
0.82
1.88
0.5

0.05
86.90
12.08
0.62
3.83
7.4
2.56

0.035
84.44
14.56
0.084
0.55
1.35
0.12

1
<1

5
<1

<1
<1
83

Thnh phn chng ct:

2000C (% KL)
3500C (% KL)
5000C (% KL)

20.11
49.19
78.25

14.58
45.32
74.42

10.47
53.43
88.95

Du th cc b trm tch Vit Nam c nhng c tnh chung ca du th vng ng

Nam . Tuy nhin du th mi b trm tch, mi m, thm ch mi tng va ca mt
ging khoan cng c nhng c tnh ring. Vic nh gi tng qut tnh cht du th
mi b trm tch c ngha quan trng khng nhng trong lnh vc tm kim thm d m
cn rt quan trng trong lnh vc ch bin du th.
Nh my lc du s 1 Dung Qut d kin s i vo hot ng nm 2003, c thit
k trn c s nguyn liu l du th Bch H. Nhng tnh cht chi tit ca tng loi du
s quyt nh n hiu sut, cht lng sn phm ca nh my, do vic nm r tnh
cht nguyn liu du th s gip ch cho qu trnh vn hnh nh my.
Ta thy 3 loi du trong bng 5-1 c nhng c tnh chung v ng thi mi loi du
c nhng c tnh ring c trng.
7.3.1.c tnh chung
C 3 loi du u c hm lng lu hunh rt thp nn c xp vo loi du
ngt. Vi hm lng lu hunh thp to c u th cho du th Vit Nam trn th
trng th gii v l nguyn liu tt cho nh my lc du ca Vit Nam.
Du th Vit Nam c hm lng paraffine kh cao nn im chy ca du rt cao.
iu gy kh khn trong vn khai thc, vn chuyn v tn tr du th.
Du c hm lng kim loi nng nh nicken, vanadi rt thp. iu ny to iu
kin thun li cho vic nghin cu, s dng xc tc trong qu trnh ch bin du th.
7.3.2.c tnh ring ca tng loi du th tng b
Du th Bch H v PM 3 l loi du nh c t trng tng ng l 40.2 0API v
38 API, trong khi du th i Hng l loi du trung bnh nng (c t trng l 30.25
0
API).
- Hm lng lu hunh ca du th Bch H v du PM 3 thp, ch bng so vi
du i Hng.
- im chy v hm lng paraffine trong du Bch H v du PM 3 cao hn
trong du i Hng.
- nht du i Hng cao hn so vi du Bch H v du PM 3.
- Hm lng cc cht gy u c xc tc nh nicken, vanadi trong du i
Hng cao hn so vi du Bch H v du PM 3.
Nhng tnh cht khc nh ch s acid, hm lng cn conradson, hm lng nha, hm
lng asphaltene ca c 3 loi du u rt thp, nhng trong du i Hng cao
nht.
Du Bch H c hm lng thnh phn nh (c nhit si n 200 0C) cao nht. Cc
phn tch su vo tng phn on cho thy: hiu sut phn on naphtha trong du th
Bch H l cao nht, trong khi i vi du th PM 3 l thp nht; du th Bch H c
thnh phn paraffine chim u th, i vi du th i Hng v PM 3 th naphtene v
0

84

aromatique chim u th; du th Bch H v PM 3 khng thun li cho sn xut nhin

liu phn lc, trong khi du th i Hng li rt ph hp; phn on gas oil t du th
i Hng c hiu sut cao, p ng c ch tiu cht lng ca diesel, trong khi du th
Bch H v PM 3 khng t ch tiu cht lng v im chy.
Nh vy nh gi tng qut da trn nhng tnh cht chung ca du th th 3 loi du th
3 b trm tch u thuc loi du ngt c cht lng cao. Trong 3 loi du trn th du
Bch H v PM 3 c tnh cht gn ging nhau v c cht lng cao hn so vi du th
i Hng.
7.3.3.c im chung ca du th Vit Nam
Qua vic phn tch tnh cht c bn ca du th trn, ta c th rt ra mt s tnh
cht ca du th Vit Nam
Bng 7.3. Hiu sut cc sn phm ct trc tip t du th Vit Nam
Cc phn on

Hiu sut, % th tch t du th

Bch H
i Hng
Naphtha
17,81
22,65
Kerozen
13,91
14,70
DO
19,15
27,15
0
Cn kh quyn(>345 C)
48,27
39,45
0
Cn chn khng (>350 C) 14,20
5,00
- Du th Vit Nam thuc loi du nh va phi, c t trng t 30.25 n 40.2 o API.
c tnh nng nh ca du th quyt nh n hiu sut ca sn phm sng, sn phm c
gi tr nht trong du th. Tng hiu sut cc sn phm sng chim khong 50 60%
trng lng du th.
- Du th Vit Nam thuc loi du rt ngt, vi hm lng lu hunh v cc cht
c hi rt thp c th khng cn x l trong qu trnh ch bin. Du th Vit Nam c th
lit vo hng du th t lu hunh nht th gii, cc m du nh vy rt him, y l mt
c im gi tr cho du th Vit Nam.
- Du th Vit Nam c hng s c trng K = 12.01 12.39 l loi du c tnh
paraffine thun khit. Vi hm lng paraffine cao nn du c im chy rt cao, iu
ny lm cho du mt hn tnh linh ng iu kin nhit thp thm ch ngay c iu
kin bnh thng. iu gy nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh khai thc, vn chuyn
v tn tr du th. C th ni y l nhc im ln nht ca du th Vit Nam.
Tm li, da vo nhng c im trn, nu em du th Vit Nam ni chung v du th
Bch H ni ring i ch bin s c nhng c im sau:
- Cc phn on du ha (KO) c tnh cht tt.
- Cc phn on Diesel c ch s Cetan cao
- Sn xut FO c cht lng tt
- Cc phn on du nhn c ch s nht cao
- Cn kh quyn l nguyn liu tt cho cc qu trnh ch bin su.
Tuy nhin bn cnh nhng u im cn c nhng nhc im:
- Phn on Naphtha c ch s Octan thp
85

Hiu sut phn on Kerozen/Jet thp v c nhit kt tinh cao. Do vy, sn

xut nhin liu phn lc cn phi tch parafin.
Phn on Diesel c vn c cao, gy bt li khi s dng vng lnh.
Cc phn on cn c hiu sut du nh thp v ch s nht khng cao.
Bng 7.4. Mt s tnh cht ca du th Bch H v i Hng

Tnh cht
T trng, 0API
Khi lng ring 15 0C
Hm lng parafin rn, %kl
Hm lng lu hunh, %kl
Hm lng Nit, %kl
Cacbon, %kl
Hydro, %kl
Ch s axit, mgKOH/g
Ch s COK conradson,%kl
Hm lng nha, %kl
Hm lng asphalten,ppm
Hm lng niken, ppm
Hm lng vanadi,ppm

Du th Bch H
40,20
0,823
27
0,04
0,03
86,19
13,73
0,037
0,82
1,88
0,50
1
<1

Du th i Hng
30,25
0,874
15
0,09
0,05
86,90
12,80
0,62
3,83
7,40
2,56
5
<1

86

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.

inh Th Ng - Ha hc du m v kh - Nh xut bn KHKT H Ni - 2008.

2.

Lu Cm Lc - Ha du t kh - Vin cng ngh ha hc v du kh -2002.

3.

Kiu nh Kim - Cc sn phm du m & ha du - Nh xut bn KHKT - H Ni

2005.

4.

L Vn Hiu - Cng ngh ch bin du m - Nh xut bn KHKT H Ni - 2008.

5.

Trn Mnh Tr - Du m v du kh Vit Nam - Nh xut bn TP H Ch Minh 1996.

87